Beith is a small town in the Garnock Valley, North Ayrshire, Scotland approximately  south-west of Glasgow. The town is situated on the crest of a hill and was known originally as the "Hill o' Beith" (hill of the birches) after its Court Hill.

History

Name
Beith's name is thought to emanate from Ogham, which is sometimes referred to as the "Celtic Tree Alphabet", ascribing names of trees to individual letters.  Beithe in Old Irish means Birch-tree (cognate to Latin betula). There is reason to believe that the whole of the district was covered with woods. The town of Beith itself was once known as 'Hill of Beith' as this was the name of the feudal barony and was itself derived from the Court Hill near Hill of Beith Castle.

Alternatively, Beith may be derived from Cumbric *baɣeδ, 'boar' (Welsh baedd). The local pronunciation of the name would favour this theory.

The Wood of Beit, now the 'Moor of Beith', has been identified as an Arthurian site where according to Taliessin in a poem under the name of 'Canowan' it was the site of a battle in the wood of Beit at the close of the day.

Saint Inan
Beith is said to have been the occasional residence of Saint Inan, a confessor of some celebrity, whose principal place of abode was Irvine. He flourished about 839. Although he is said to have been a hermit, according to tradition Saint Inan often visited Beith, frequenting Cuff Hill with its Rocking Stone and various other prehistoric monuments. A cleft in the west-front of Lochlands Hill is still known as "St. Inan's Chair" and said to have been used by the saint as a pulpit.  An unsuccessful search for the saint's writings which were said to be preserved in the library of Bonci, Archbishop of Pisa, was made by Colonel Mure of Caldwell in the 19th century.

Saint Inan is said to have preached to the assembled people from the chair on the hill. There was not a great population in the area at that time and the people were located not in Beith, but up on the top of the Bigholm near to the old Beith water dams. The first settlements were in the heavily wooded areas around the dams where people were safe from attack and could get food from the land, and fish in the lochs. The Saints of old went where the people were, and they also tended to go where there had been worship of heathen gods. It has been suggested that High Bogside Farm, which used to be called Bellsgrove, was really "Baalsgrove", which fits in with the story of Saint Inan going to where the pagan gods were.

There is an annual civic fete held in the town bearing Saint Inan's name.

Alexander Montgomerie
The sixteenth century poet Alexander Montgomerie was probably born in Hazelhead (now Hessilhead) Castle, which is on the outskirts of Beith, beyond Gateside. Montgomerie is regarded as one of the finest of Middle Scots poets, and perhaps the greatest Scottish exponent of the sonnet form.

Smugglers
Beith has a historical connection to smuggling and built a reputation during the 18th century as being a town which harboured those whose intentions were not always lawful. In 1733 forty or fifty Beith smugglers sacked the Irvine Customs House, escaping with a rich booty of confiscated contraband goods and by 1789 a company of 76 soldiers were quartered in the town dealing with the continuing illicit trade in tea, tobacco, and spirits. This caused great inconvenience to the law-abiding citizens on whom the soldiers were billeted. The town was policed in this fashion for some time thereafter. Hence, the Main Street's popular public house is still called the Smugglers Tavern, recalling the days when Beith's location between the coast and Paisley and Glasgow, made it a convenient stopping off point for those involved in nefarious activities.

A possible relic of the smuggling days of Beith is the ley tunnel that is said to run from Eglinton Street to Kilbirnie Loch.

Morrishill and James Montgomery

Now a small housing estate, the house and land of Morrishill stood a short distance south of Beith.  It commanded an excellent view and was well sheltered with trees.  Owned by Robert Shedden, who purchased the land in 1748, it is notoriously linked to the case of James Montgomery.

James Montgomery, an enslaved African, was brought from Virginia to Beith by Shedden. He wanted Montgomery, then called "Shanker", apprenticed to a joiner so that he would learn a skill and could then be sold for a large profit back in Virginia. James was trained in carpentry by Robert Morrice, husband of Shedden's sister Elizabeth Montgomery. When Shanker was baptised in Beith Parish Church (by the Rev. John Witherspoon) with the name James Montgomery in April 1756, Shedden objected. Montgomery was dragged nearly  to Port Glasgow behind horses to be taken back to Virginia but escaped to Edinburgh before the ship sailed. Montgomery sought justice but before a decision could be made by judges he died in Tolbooth Gaol.

Rev. John Witherspoon
A signatory of the American Declaration of Independence, the Rev. John Witherspoon, was a former minister of one its Church of Scotland parishes between 1745 and 1757. In 1745 he led the men of Beith to Glasgow to defend King George III against the Young Pretender in the '45 rebellion. Despite receiving orders to return to Beith, Witherspoon carried on, was captured at the Battle of Falkirk and imprisoned for a time in Doune Castle. He later emigrated and became a member of the US congress and in July 1776 he voted for the Resolution for Independence. In answer to an objection that the country was not yet ready for independence, according to tradition, he replied that it "was not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it." Witherspoon was also the sixth president of Princeton University and showed great commitment to liberal education and republican government. He died in 1794 on his farm that he had built"Tusculum," just outside Princeton, and is buried in the Princeton Cemetery. –His direct descendants include actress Reese Witherspoon, and he is commemorated by statues in Washington D.C.,  at the University of the West of Scotland in Paisley, and a plaque, placed by DSDI in 2009 in Beith town centre.

Robert Tannahill
The Scottish Poet Robert Tannahill's relatives lived at Boghall Farm near Gateside. His mother, Janet Pollock, came from Boghall although she spent much of her life at the home of her uncle, Hugh Brodie, who farmed at Langcroft at the foot of Calder Glen, near Lochwinnoch. Robert Tannahill (3 June 1774 - 17 May 1810), was known as the 'Weaver Poet', his music and poetry is contemporaneous with that of Robert Burns and they both died when relatively young.

Henry Faulds
Henry Faulds, the originator of the concept of forensic use of fingerprinting, was born in Beith in 1843. A well-travelled man, he explained the suitability of fingerprinting for the identification of criminals and also wrote to Charles Darwin to forward his ideas. The letter was never published and he died in 1930, aged 86, bitter at the lack of recognition he had received for his work. His work in Japan is remembered by a memorial stone in Tokyo. In 2007 a memorial was also placed in view in Woolstanton near to St Margaret's churchyard, where he was laid to rest.

On 12 November 2004 a substantial memorial stone with interpretation plaques were dedicated to his memory in Beith town centre close to the site of the house in New Street where he was born.

Robert Aitken
Aitken was a land surveyor and cartographer who published in Beith a New Parish Atlas of Ayrshire in 1829.

Industry

Textiles
About the time of the Act of Union, trade in linen cloth was introduced to Beith, which became so considerable, that the Beith markets were frequented by merchants from the neighbouring towns every week.  By the 1730s, the declining linen cloth business was being succeeded by considerable trade in linen yarn. Crawford Brothers, flax spinners and makers of linen thread and shoe thread opened in Crummock in 1775 and moved to a factory at Barr Farm, Barrmill in 1836. The factory changed hands, continuing in production as the English Sewing Company until 1946. Beith merchants purchased the yarn made in the local area, and sold it to Paisley and Glasgow manufacturers. The demand for the commodity encouraged local farmers to raise great quantities of flax, and the linen yarn trade peaked around 1760. The manufacture of silk gauze superseded both trades and, from 1777 to 1789, the number of looms in the town producing the gauze peaked at approximately 170.

Furniture making
From 1845 until the 1980s, Beith had the honour of being the most important furniture-manufacturing town in Scotland with a reputation for high-quality furniture. The origins of the industry can be traced back to Mathew Dale who started by making hand-built furniture for local people in 1845. A former employee of Dale, Matthew Pollock progressed the manufacturing by introducing machinery in a factory setting  outside of the town at Beith North railway station. After approximately twelve years, Pollock and his brothers sold the factory to Robert Balfour, and moved into the town to expand their business. Balfour suffered the same problems as the Pollock Brothers in being unable to attract employees from the town willing to walk the  to work. In 1872, he built a factory near the Beith Town railway station and persuaded the railway company to build a siding to allow easy transportation of raw materials and finished products.

The industry expanded across the local area making it a centre of excellence in furniture manufacturing, and building its reputation throughout the world. In the late-1920s, transportation switched away from the railway but the industry continued to burgeon with many companies producing high-quality furniture: Macneill Bros, specialised in board room and library fittings, Stevenson and Higgins made lift cages, which were fitted in many hotels and department stores, Balfours were for a number of years the main manufacturers of mantlepieces in Scotland, some were designed in the elegant style, and required the skill of expert woodcarvers. Matthew Pollock Ltd supplied furniture to both the  and the . I am from beith and believe it was beithcraft who supplied furniture for the RMS Queen Elizabeth II

Furniture is no longer produced in Beith due to the closure of the various manufacturing firms. The closures were caused by a multitude of problems such as the economic downturn, and an inability to compete with self-assembly furniture firms and their increase in popularity. The last major furniture manufacturer to close was Beithcraft (formerly Balfours) which finished in 1983 (after a major fire a few years earlier, which destroyed large sections of the plant) with the loss of 420 jobs. With this final closure came the end of Beith's reputation for being one of the main furniture manufacturers in the country.

This history of carpentry is remembered in the nickname of the local football team, Beith Juniors, who are commonly referred to as "The Cabes" (Cabinet Makers).

DM Beith
A large Defence Munitions (DM) centre is located between Beith and Barrmill. The site was originally developed in 1943 as a conventional Royal Naval Armaments Depot, munitions store, for the Royal Navy, the Ministry of Defence continues to maintain the armament depot, DM Beith, in the area.

As part of Ministry of Defence reorganisation plans in 2005, the 360 posts at DM-Beith were cut by 60. This was attributed to changes in the way equipment and supplies were stored and distributed, and it was hoped at the time, that it would reduce costs by £50m a year by 2010.

Regional industries
Historically in recent times, the major employers in the area were the Glengarnock Steelworks and the Linwood car manufacturing plant. Outwith the furniture industry, a large proportion of the local population were employed within these industries. At its peak, the local Steelworks had 3,000 employees, but by the time it closed in 1985 it had been reduced to 200. The Linwood car plant manufactured the Hillman Imp, a competitor to BMC's Mini, and provided up to 9,000 jobs during peak production but was closed by Peugeot-Citroen in 1981.  It has been estimated that 13,000 workers were left jobless in the region as both direct and indirect consequences of the Linwood closure.

Beith today
In 1966 a local survey estimated that 48% of the population worked outside the town whilst today the figure is more likely to be around 80%. The current population is around 6,000 helped by the completion of ten private housing estates dating from 1966 to the present and by redevelopment of sites within the town. The town has good transport links to Glasgow.

Deprivation and regeneration
North Ayrshire is ranked fifth highest in Scotland in terms of percentage of the population living in the most deprived areas. These areas have been targeted for regeneration by the local authority. This involves the targeting of activity and resources by the community planning partnership in relation to housing, crime, income, employment, health, skills and training and access to services.

A small area of Beith is one of three regeneration areas in the Garnock Valley. These are the smallest regeneration areas in Ayrshire. This is partly because rural deprivation tends to be less geographically concentrated than urban deprivation, and so it remains more hidden, being experienced by individuals and households rather than the larger communities. The area of Beith targeted for regeneration amounts to 359 households and 635 people (approximately 10% of the town's population).

Town landmarks

The Auld Kirk

The Beith Auld Kirk began as a parish church in 1593. It was built in the form of a cross and was dedicated to Saint Inan. A bell tower and clock were added in 1800. The old bell still stands, and bears this inscription: "This bell was given by Hew Montgomerie, sone of Hessilhead, anno 1614, and refounded by the Heritors of Beith, anno 1734″.
The kirk had been built in a rather precarious position on a cliff-side, and from 1807 to 1810 it was rebuilt a little further up the hill as the new Parish Church. The Heritors then moved the older portions of the Auld Kirk to the new one, leaving only the front door, the clock and the belfry.
There was not much left of the old kirk after that, and it came to be used as a burial ground for the Woodside family. Later on, however, it was closed for further burials and partly renovated, with the old high wall replaced by railings and paths dugs over the ground. Presently, there are no sepulchres of the old baronial families left standing, and the earliest graves date back only until 1710.

There are a number of memorials to the Spier and Dobie families within the grounds of the Auld Kirk, and also a memorial to Robert Patrick of Hazelhead (Inspector General of Army Hospitals). A sundial dating from the 1840s is also visible, and a stone coat of arms thought to originate from the Auld Kirk manse can be seen nearby, in Reform Street.

The Townhouse

Beith Townhouse was built by public subscription in 1817; the lower part of the building originally consisted of two shops, one of which was an ironmonger's operated by George B. Inglis from 1862 until around 1900. There was also a small room where prisoners were kept prior to their appearance in the upper hall which was used as a JP Court, Sheriff Small Debt Circuit Court, meeting of the road trustees and as a public meeting room. It was also used as a public reading room. For the first twenty years the management of the Town House was in the hands of the JPs of Beith, Dalry, and Kilbirnie, the heritors of the parishes, the propietors of certain houses in Beith, and finally tenants of said houses within  of the cross.

Places of worship
Beith hosts three listed 19th-century churches: Two Beith Parish Churches of the Church of Scotland, and the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Succour.

The Trinity Church was built in 1883, designed by architect Robert Baldie. The chief external feature is a graceful octagonal tower. The interior was destroyed by fire in 1917, and rebuilt in 1926. Gothic style, with rectangular nave, Gothic arched chancel and one transept on the east side. The stained glass windows are by John C Hall & Co. Organ 1937 by Hill, Norman & Beard. The church is a category C listed building.

The Beith High Church was built in 1807 and extended in 1885. Gothic T-plan kirk dominated by the tall five-stage tower. Stained glass by Gordon Webster. Harrison & Harrison pipe organ 1885. The High Church is a category B listed building.

Our Lady of Perpetual Succour RC Church was built with a churchyard, in 1816, to replace the 1761 building on a different site.  Re-built in 1910, it became a Roman Catholic place of worship in 1921.

Scapa Cottage
Scapa Cottage is known locally as "Dummy Cottage". The entire outside of the sandstone building is indented with marks giving it a most unusual appearance; in earlier years it was a Toll House. A deaf-and-dumb young man lived in the cottage in earlier times, hence the unfortunate acquired name "Dummy Cottage".

Local landmarks

Kilbirnie Loch

Kilbirnie Loch (NS 330 543), is in the floodplain of between Kilbirnie, Glengarnock and Beith, and runs south-west to north-east for almost , is about  wide for the most part and has an area of roughly . The loch is fed mainly by the Maich Water and is drained by the Dubbs Water that runs into Castle Semple Loch. Early authors often use the term "Garnoth" or "Garnott" and may be referring to a single large loch incorporating Kilbirnie Loch and Loch Winnoch (Barr and Castle Semple Lochs). Boece in his book of 1527 the Historia Gentis Scotorum (History of the Scottish People), says that this one entity was "nocht unlike the Loch Doune full of fische".

There is a long history of drainage schemes and farming operations in the Lochwinnoch area, with co-ordinated attempts dating from about 1691 by Lord Sempill, followed by Colonel McDowal of Castle Sempil in 1774, James Adams of Burnfoot, and by others. Until these drainage works Loch Winnoch and Kilbirnie Loch nearly met and often did during flooding, to the extent that, as stated, early writers such as Boece, Hollings and Petruccio Ubaldini regarded the lochs as one, using the name "Garnoth" or "Garnott".

Spier's school

Spier's (pron. Speers) school stood on the Barmill Road near the old Marshalland Farm. It was built for Mrs Margaret Spier of the Marshalland and Cuff estate in 1887 to commemorate John Spier, her son, who had died at the age of 28, the last of her ten children. It was designed by Campbell Douglas. The school started as a fee paying day and boarding school, becoming part of the county education system in 1937. Following the construction of Garnock Academy, Spier's school closed in 1973 and the buildings were demolished in 1984. Robert Spier and family lived in Beith at number 62 Eglinton Street, formerly Whang Street, and they unusually had their own private chapel in the grounds.

The  of woodland and gardens remain a popular site for dog walkers, bird watchers, and those out to enjoy the rural surroundings.  There are a number of memorials to the Spier's family in the Auld Kirk grounds and in the local area.
The Spier's family left a trust for providing financial help to those from the Garnock Valley pursuing further education. The Trust is a committee of North Ayrshire council. The trust committee decided in 2007 to investigate ways of making better use of the assets of the trust in particular the former school grounds and the council worked in partnership to set up a Friends of Spiers (FoS) organisation to develop ideas and seek funding. North Ayrshire Council was successful in an application to the Forestry Commission to provide funding for a footpath network around the woodland area.

Geilsland House

William Fulton Love, writer and bank agent in Beith, built Geilsland House and developed this small estate near Gateside in the 19th century although the deeds go back to the 17th century. Geilsland was a special school, run by the Church of Scotland as part of its CrossReach initiative.

Crummock House
This mansion house and estate stood on the outskirts of Beith in an area now cut through by the main Dalry to Glasgow road. Built for the Kerr family in the 18th century, Crummock was sold in 1815 to William Wilson, who added to the house and improved the grounds. James Dobie, the historian and author, and his family lived here from 1836.  Now demolished and a housing estate built on the site, some boundary walls and a cottage remain. Historic stones which had been built into the kitchen garden were donated to the North Ayrshire Heritage Centre, including the arched stone known as the shrine. Images of these shrine stones can be viewed in The Gallery section below. A plaque remembering James Dobie resides in Beith Auld Kirk.

The Court Hill
The Court Hill is near Hill of Beith, below the site of Hill of Beith Castle, Gateside, in the old Barony of Beith. Dobie states that this is the moot hill on which the Abbot of Kilwinning used to administer justice to his vassals & tenants. It is a sub-oval, flat-topped mound, situated at the foot of a small valley. A number of large stones are visible in the sides of the mound. It is turf-covered, probably situated on a low outcrop, and is mostly an artificial work. Pre-dating the channelling of the burn which detours around it, the mound was probably isolated in this once marshy outflow of the former Boghall Loch (see NS35SE 14).

In the 12th century the Barony of Beith was given to the Tironensian monks of Kilwinning Abbey by the wife of Sir Richard de Morville. The farm or Grange of the monks is indicated by the name Grange Hill and a castellated tower indicated as once existing in the area may have been the local dwelling of the Abbot of Kilwinning when he was visiting the barony to deliver justice at the Court Hill or attend to other business and later the local laird. No clearly undisputed remains have been found of the tower or grange buildings, however the New Statistical Account of 1845 written by the local minister, George Colville, states that the castle stood close to the Court Hill.

Boghall Loch

Loch Brand or Bran was the name by which Boghall Loch was formerly known. The loch, now almost completely drained, is the main source of the Powgree Burn and partly lay on the lands of Boghall. On or around the margin of the loch piles or stakes of oak or elm have been discovered and it is thought that these may be the remains of crannogs.

Beith Rocking Stone
The Beith Rocking Stone, sits on top of Cuff Hill. According to local folklore, Saint Inan frequented the stone. Legend states that the stone rocked from side to side on an unseen fulcrum, however this is no longer the case and the stone is now fully set into the ground. An article was published in Cumnock Chronicle in 1907 on the reason for the stone being dislodged. Signed by a Messer's Robert Boyle & Robert Currie.

Willowyards (Angel's Share fungus)

The area surrounding Willowyards and its whisky bond are characterised by a black staining that covers all living and non-living surfaces to varying degrees. The research that first led to the scientific identification of the organism causing this black and velvety encrustation was partly carried out using samples from Willowyard. The organism causing what is commonly known as 'Warehouse Staining', is a black fungus, Baudoinia compniacensis which is harmless and feeds upon the 'Angels's Share' of alcohol evaporating from the whisky barrels.

Demographics

According to the Office for National Statistics, based on the 2011 Census estimates, 91.2 per cent of the 6,200 inhabitants of Beith were born in Scotland, with 6.9 per cent born in the United Kingdom, 0.8 per cent from other countries in the European Union and 1.2 per cent classified as other country.

The 2011 Scotland census reported 99.2 (6,156) per cent of people from Beith being White, 0.4 per cent are Asian, followed by mixed/multiple descent being 0.3 per cent and 0.1 per cent reported "Other" origins.

Social and cultural life

Saint Inan's Fete
There is an annual celebration that parades through the town each summer.  It normally commences outside the town's Community Centre, going through the town and ending in the grounds of the Primary School for the Fete in the afternoon.  A gala dance is normally held in the evening.

Friends of Spiers (FoS)

 This is a support group, affiliated to The Conservation Volunteers (TCV), which works with the Spier's Trust, North Ayrshire Council Ranger Service & Beith Cultural & Heritage Society.

The first substantial signs of the regeneration of the site was the construction of the Spier's Commemorative Wall, erected in 2010, resurfacing of the paths and roads within the site and the restoration of the Coronation Garden, completed in 2011.

Youth Making Beith Better (YMBB)
The YMBB youth group was set up by members of the community to give the young people of Beith and district an opportunity to involve themselves in improving their town and the surrounding area, whilst at the same time providing a forum for learning additional skills, sharing ideas and socialising with their peers. The group was closely involved with the Saint Inan's parade and other local events.

YMBB met in the Beith Community Centre twice a week, supervised by adults from the NAC Youth Services. The YMBB committee included youth members, adults from the community and local councillors who assist in the overview of the group and with forward planning.

Beith Theatre Group
Beith Theatre Group began in 1990 and started out as Beith High Drama, as part of Beith High Church raising funds for roof repairs.

When Beith High Church and Beith Trinity Church joined in the late 2000s, Beith High Drama changed its name to Beith Amateur Dramatics, subsequently changing its name to Beith Theatre Group post Covid lockdown in 2022 to reflect the new direction the group has taken.

Beith Theatre Group performs for the community of Beith and the wider community of the Garnock Valley, producing two to three productions a year, all culminating to the widely anticipated annual pantomime performed at the end of the second week of December.

Beith Theatre Group are a charity run under the auspices of Beith Parish Church. It has its own Committee charged with the day-to-day management of the group.

It is a community based group bringing together many from across Ayrshire to perform light-hearted entertainment in Beith, in a safe, inclusive environment where all are encouraged to give it their all.

Beith Theatre Group meets twice weekly on a Wednesday evening and Sunday afternoon, any one above the age of 11 can join.

Check us out at www.beiththeatregroup.co.uk, or get in touch through Facebook or Instagram

Local pubs and restaurants
 The Eglinton Inn
 Masonic JACZ
 The Saracen's Head Hotel
 The Smuggler's Tavern
 The Roebank Hotel
 Mocha Jaks
 The Gateside Inn

Transport

The town was once served by two railway stations: Beith North, commonly referred to as "the Low station" and Beith Town. Beith North closed in 1951 and the Beith Town station closed in 1962. The nearest railway station is just over  away, at Glengarnock which provides direct rail links to Glasgow Central station and services to the Clyde coast and Glasgow Prestwick airport.

Beith is approximately  south-west of Glasgow International Airport,  north of Glasgow Prestwick airport and  west of Edinburgh Airport.

Leisure and sport

Football
The local football club, Beith Juniors, formed in 1938 to succeed Beith who had played in the Scottish Football League in the 1920s.  The team participate in the  and play their home games at Bellsdale Park, which is famous for its slope. The club's most famous former player is Steve Clarke, who went on to play for St Mirren and Chelsea, and has been the manager of West Bromwich Albion, Reading and Kilmarnock. He is the current manager of the Scotland national team.

Beith Astro

Beith Astro was generated through the enabling efforts of the Beith Trust. As a result of campaigning and lobbying throughout 2010, North Ayrshire Council committed £300,000 towards the refurbishment of the synthetic pitch in advance of the facilities coming under community management in April 2012. Beith Trust also enabled community ownership of two grass pitches, and changing pavilions.

Beith Astro is an eleven-a-side, full-size synthetic astro pitch now used by not only the trust and its affiliated community programmes and groups but also Beith Juniors Football Club and all twelve Beith Community Football Clubs.

Rugby
Beith's only rugby football club, Old Spierians was amalgamated, along with Dalry High School FP into Garnock RFC in 1972 when Spier's School, Dalry High, Kilbirnie Central and Beith Academy schools were closed to form Garnock Academy. The Old Spierians club had been founded in the early years of the 20th century and joined the Scottish Rugby Union in 1911. Garnock play their home games at Lochshore on the banks of Kilbirnie Loch and currently (2010) participate in the Scottish Hydro Premier League 3.

Golf
Beith also has its own 18-hole, 68-par golf course, in the Bigholm area just east of the town, a short walking distance from Saint Inan's chair at Lochland's Hill.

Cinema
The town's George cinema was put up for sale in the autumn of 1982, but a surprisingly good run of E.T. over that Christmas period helped keep it open until the following summer.  It finally closed on 25 June 1983 for conversion to a snooker club, although the building has since been demolished.

People from Beith
Archibald Clark (1805-1875) First Mayor of Auckland City
James McCosh Clark (1833–1898), 8th Mayor of Auckland City
Sandy Brown (1879–1944), footballer

Gallery and other images

See also

Beith Juniors
Hill of Beith Castle
Blae Loch, Beith
Broadstone, North Ayrshire
Giffen, Barony and Castle
Clark, Katy
Clarke, Steve
Corrie, John
Faulds, Henry
Gateside, North Ayrshire
Gibson, Kenny
Hessilhead
Inan, Saint
Kilbirnie Loch
Lands of Threepwood
Lambie, David
Montgomerie, Alexander
Nevill, Ted
Spier's school
Wilson, Allan
Wilson, Brian
Witherspoon, John
Murder of James Young

References

External links

The Natural & Local History of Spiers
Commentary and video on the Bark Mill at Beith
Commentary & video of the murder of the 'Beauty of Beith' Mary Gunn
Commentary & video of St Inan's Well
Commentary & video of the Cuff Hill Rocking or Logan Stone
Commentary & video of the Weaver's or Threepwood Well'
Kilbirnie Loch on YouTube
Beith Community Website
Beith on the Web
Beith Golf Club
Beith Juniors Football Club

Towns in North Ayrshire

Beith


Sonômetro (sono) — aparelho que mede o nível de cansaço
 Sonómetro (som) — aparelho que mede frequências sonoras

Sonômetro


La terapia Vojta es un método de fisioterapia que se utiliza en lactantes, niños, adolescentes y adultos que presentan alteraciones del sistema nervioso central y trastornos motores y posturales.
Fue descubierta por el neurólogo y neuropediatra checo Václav Vojta.

Principios
Mientras que el ser humano sano, para orientarse en su vida diaria, puede acceder de forma automática e inconsciente a todos los elementos de enderezamiento y locomoción humanos, en caso de una lesión del sistema nervioso central y del aparato postural y motor, los patrones motores innatos para la prensión, la manipulación, el volteo, la puesta en pie, la marcha y la carrera solo están disponibles de forma incompleta.

Con la denominada "locomoción refleja" Vojta desarrolló un método que posibilita el acceso a esos patrones motores innatos, elementales – o a parte de ellos –, aun cuando exista una lesión del aparato motor o del sistema nervioso central.

El término "locomoción refleja" ya contiene resumidos los principios de la terapia Vojta: con el término "reflejo" la ciencia se refiere a una respuesta siempre constante frente a un determinado estímulo, la cual no se puede controlar intencionalmente.
El término "locomoción" denomina la capacidad de locomoción en general.

Campos de aplicación
La terapia Vojta puede aplicarse como tratamiento fisioterápico de base en cualquier alteración motora y en muchas enfermedades.
A menudo se piensa equivocadamente que la terapia Vojta solamente produce efectos deseados en el lactante y en la edad infantil. Aunque el sistema nervioso central en la edad infantil es mucho más moldeable que en la edad adulta, en los años posteriores también pueden "facilitarse" patrones motores sanos en el sistema nerviosa central.

La terapia Vojta solamente requiere una conexión neuromuscular, o sea una "vía de conducción" disponible entre vías nerviosas y músculos. En cuadros clínicos que no pueden ser tratados causalmente – por ejemplo la esclerosis múltiple – con la llamada locomoción refleja de la terapia-Vojta puede aprovecharse el respectivo potencial neurológico existente.

Aplicaciones para la terapia Vojta son:

 las alteraciones de la coordinación central en lactantes
 las alteraciones motoras secundarias a lesiones cerebrales (parálisis cerebral)
 las parálisis periféricas de brazos y piernas (espina bífida, paresias de plexo, u otras)
 diferentes enfermedades musculares
 enfermedades o limitaciones funcionales de la columna vertebral, por ej., escoliosis
 lesiones ortopédicas de hombros y brazos, de la cadera y de las piernas – sobre todo en el crecimiento
 Como tratamiento coadyuvante en alteraciones de la cadera (displasia o luxación)
 problemas de respiración, deglución y masticación
 paraplejias
 esclerosis múltiple, apoplejía y otras alteraciones neurológicas, por ejemplo algias, paresias residuales relacionadas con hernias discales, isquialgias

La terapia VOJTA no debe aplicarse en:

 Infecciones agudas o en inflamaciones
 Algunas enfermedades especiales, por ej. los huesos de cristal
 Determinadas enfermedades cardíacas o musculares
 Durante el embarazo

La aplicación de la terapia
Es posible activar la locomoción refleja principalmente a partir de 3 posiciones básicas: sobre el vientre, de lado y de espaldas, desde diez zonas del cuerpo – descritas por Vojta – localizadas en el tronco, en los brazos y en las piernas. En el niño recién nacido se puede desencadenar la respuesta desde una sola zona, pero en los niños más mayores y en los adultos es necesario combinar varias zonas a la vez.

A partir de posiciones de partida definidas el terapeuta realiza una presión selectiva en determinadas zonas del cuerpo. Ese estímulo provoca -independientemente de la voluntad del paciente- en cualquier edad, a dos respuestas motoras
complejas que contienen todos los elementos motores básicos del enderezamiento humano y de la locomoción humana: la "reptación refleja" y el "volteo reflejo".

Los patrones motores de la locomoción refleja científicamente descritos de manera exacta, pueden reproducirse siempre. La terapia se adapta al cuadro clínico del paciente y a los objetivos
terapéuticos mediante la combinación y variaciones de las zonas de estimulación, así como mediante mínimos cambios en la dirección de la presión y en la colocación angular de las extremidades.

Efecto de la activación
Los complejos motores de la locomoción refleja contienen los componentes básicos de cualquier locomoción:
 el control automático del equilibrio durante el movimiento (el "control postural")
 el enderezamiento del cuerpo contra la gravedad
 los movimientos propositivos de prensión o de paso de las extremidades("movilidad fásica").

La activación repetida de dicho control postural automático y de esos movimientos "reflejos" conduce al "desbloqueo" de los circuitos neuronales, funcionalmente bloqueados, entre el cerebro y la médula, o incluso a la formación de nuevas vías.
Será "desbloqueado" el acceso a aquellas funciones musculares inconscientes, necesarias en acciones espontáneas de la vida diaria y serán activados los patrones motores innatos.

Dependiendo de la enfermedad de base, es posible mantener a lo largo de todo el día el nivel de movilidad alcanzado aplicando solo algunas sesiones de tratamiento relativamente cortas
de "facilitación" de las funciones motoras y posturales del sistema nerviosa central. Así se consigue un cambio positivo de postura y motricidad espontáneas. Por tanto el paciente con alteraciones motoras mejorará su capacidad de la toma de contacto y la comunicación con su entorno y se fomentará su desarrollo de autonomía e independencia.

El método-Vojta actúa sobre las vías nerviosas existentes a todos los niveles del cuerpo, desde la musculatura esquelética y los órganos internos, hasta las funciones cerebrales más complejas y la psique del paciente. Por tanto, aparte de la postura y la locomoción, pueden activar e influirse con la terapia Vojta, funciones vegetativas (respiración, riego sanguíneo, funciones vesicales e intestinales, el ritmo de sueño y vigilia), la sensibilidad y la zona orofacial (deglución, movimientos de los ojos, lenguaje).

Programa de tratamiento individual
El médico responsable es el que prescribe la terapia Vojta. Un fisioterapeuta especializado y certificado en la terapia-Vojta realiza el tratamiento, centrándose en el problema motor principal de cada paciente y teniendo en cuenta su enfermedad de base con sus respectivas posibilidades y límites.
Aparte de la enfermedad de base, la eficacia del tratamiento depende de la intensidad, de la frecuencia y de la exactitud a la hora de realizar los ejercicios.
Una vez indicada la terapia Vojta por el médico responsable, el paciente es remitido al terapeuta especializado, el que diseña el programa individualizado y establece los objetivos terapéuticos junto al paciente/a los parientes. El programa de tratamiento, su dosificación e incluso las pausas, tienen que irse ajustando regularmente según la evolución del paciente.

El niño en la terapia Vojta
El sistema nervioso central en la edad del lactante/niño, en comparación con el del adulto, es mucho más moldeable. Para aprovechar adecuadamente las posibilidades que por tanto existen de un tratamiento precoz - dentro del 1º año de vida - la terapia-Vojta por regla general ha de realizarse varias veces al día. Para faciltar la posibilidad de realizar la terapia con la intensidad necesaria, se le enseña la técnica de tratamiento a los padres o personas de referencia, los que así pueden llevar a cabo la terapia en casa. Durante la terapia, que puede extenderse a lo largo de semanas, meses y en casos especiales hasta años, los padres siempre deberían estar acompañados por el terapeuta-Vojta.

La terapia-Vojta es un tipo complejo de tratamiento y con grandes exigencias hacia el terapeuta-Vojta implicado. Una aplicación equivocada conduce a la pérdida de su carácter dialogante y por tanto desaparece parcial o totalmente su efecto. Por este motivo antes de iniciar la terapia-Vojta también han de valorarse las posibilidades y limitaciones en cuanto a la actividad terapéutica de los familiares. El acompañamiento permanente de las personas de referencia del tratamiento es un componente integral de la terapia-Vojta. Por este mismo camino también se lleva a cabo una adaptación permanente de la terapia tanto referente a los patrones motores mencionados como a la dosificación. El comportamiento del niño antes, durante y después del tratamiento resulta ser un sensible indicador regulativo para la aplicación de la terapia-Vojta. El diálogo constante con los padres respecto a estas percepciones también es un factor fundamental del proceso terapéutico según Vojta.

La terapia de locomoción refleja es muy eficaz, pero a los
lactantes y niños pequeños les supone un importante
esfuerzo. Los niños expresan generalmente en forma de
llanto la activación terapéutica que es necesario provocar.
Y ese llanto provoca en los padres, naturalmente, cierta
irritación y miedo hacer daño a su hijo. Pero el llanto es,
a esta edad, un modo importante y adecuado de reaccionar
a la activación de la locomoción refleja, a la que no están
acostumbrados. Por lo general, después de un pequeño
periodo de adaptación, el llanto no es tan intenso y los
niños dejan de llorar en las pausas entre los ejercicios y al
terminar la sesión. En los niños más mayores y que pueden
expresarse verbalmente, por lo general no aparece el llanto.

Controversia
La crítica más común de la terapia-Vojta se basa en el llantos de los pacientes en la edad de lactancia. Muchos padres indicaron en un estudio que llegaron a sus límites físicos y mentales debido a que tenían que reprimir su "comportamiento intuitivo para calmar y eliminar la causa del llanto". Muchas madres además se preocuparon, pensando que el niño podría tomarse a mal el tratamiento y sufrir daños psicológicos permanentes.

Un estudio comparativo (lactantes tratados con Vojta / lactantes sanos de la misma edad) mostró, que el trabajo añadido de la madre en la terapia-Vojta no iba en detrimento del tiempo usado para el juego relajado en común. En el subgrupo de los lactantes con alteración de la coordinación central (ZKS) se evidenció, que los lactantes tratados con Vojta, fuera del tiempo de terapia estaban mucho menos inquietos que los lactantes sin tratamiento.

Un amplio estudio psicológico concluyó, entre otras cosas, que al contrario de los distintos argumentos emocionales sobre la generación de traumas en niños por la terapia neurofisiológica de Vojta, aquellos niños de riesgo sintomatológicos y tratados de forma precoz, a la edad de 4 a 7 años no presentaban diferencias respecto a otros niños de edad preescolar.

Un análisis de la relación padres-hijo ha mostrado una actitud de gran compañerismo entre padres e hijo del grupo que aplicaba la terapia-Vojta. En este estudio no se han podido constatar que hubiera agresiones o rechazo de los padres hacia su hijo, todo lo contrario, los padres en parte se ocupaban más bien demasiado de su hijo.

Reconocimiento
La terapia-Vojta es un método de tratamiento reconocido por la seguridad social, aunque no se aplica en todos los hospitales públicos. Los terapeutas-Vojta han cursado con éxito la formación profesional especializada reconocida de la terapia-Vojta, según los estándares y directrices médicas de la "Internationale Vojta Gesellschaft e.V.".

Terapeutas-Vojta cualificados, centros de tratamiento, clínicas y consultas de fisioterapia, que ofrecen la terapia-Vojta, pueden encontrarse en casi toda España y en muchos países de Sudamérica.

Estudios

La locomoción refleja de Vojta, sus efectos y sus resultados terapéuticos en muchas ocasiones han sido investigados científicamente y demostrados de forma empírica. Además existen varios
estudios basados en evidencias.

Historia
Entre los años 1950 y 1970 Václav Vojta desarrolló un principio de tratamiento para niños con parálisis cerebral. En estos niños, Vojta observó la existencia de patrones motores innatos, que se podían activar a partir de unos estímulos definidos y desde unas determinadas posturas. Dichos movimientos activados, que fueron realizados de manera inconsciente por el niño, se podían provocar regularmente y contenían características básicas de una verdadera locomoción. El efecto de dicha activación era asombroso: Tras haber sido activados, los niños con parálisis cerbral, en un primer lugar eran capaces de hablar con más claridad y en segundo lugar después de poco tiempo se podían poner mejor de pie o andar con mayor estabilidad.
Mediante investigaciones posteriores Vojta pudo probar, que repitiendo varias veces la estimulación, era posible activar los movimientos con mayor amplitud y de forma más íntegra tanto en niños recién nacidos sanos como en adultos sanos.

Vojta dio por afirmada su teoría de los patrones motores innatos,"programados" y fijados en el cerebro.
Vojta desarrolló la base de su terapia, partiendo de dicha teoría y de la experiencia clínica, de que en alteraciones motoras neurológicas existen alteraciones en la programación del sistema nervioso central, y basándose en la experiencia, de que las posturas ortopédicas anormales frecuentemente van acompañadas de un perjuicio a nivel del sistema nervioso central.
Desde los años 1960 la terapia Vojta ha dado buen resultado como forma sistemática y global de tratamiento para lactantes, niños y adultos con parálisis cerebral.
Aparte de esto, la terapia Vojta resultó ser tratamiento de múltiples aplicaciones en pacientes de cualquier edad en neurología, ortopedia, cirugía, traumatología y medicina interna.

Actualmente hay un equipo docente de fisioterapeutas y médicos, muchos de ellos formados por el propio Václav Vojta, y representados por la Sociedad Vojta Internacional (IVG), el cual se implica a nivel internacional en la formación, la investigatión, el diagnóstico y la calidad de la terapia-Vojta.

Véase también
 fisioterapia

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Václav Vojta: Alteraciones motoras cerebrales: diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz. Segunda edición corregida y aumentada, Morata 2005, ISBN 84-7712-496-3
 Václav Vojta, Annegret Peters: El principio Vojta. Springer Verlag Ibérica Barcelona 1995, ISBN 84-07-00141-4
 Václav Vojta, Edith Schweitzer: El descubrimiento de la motricidad ideal. Morata 2011, ISBN 978-84-7112-646-7
 Heidi Orth: Das Kind in der Vojta-Therapie – Ein Begleitbuch für die Praxis. München 2005 (Urban & Fischer), ISBN 978-3-437-46940-4
 Maren Thiesen-Hutter: Psychologie und Neurophysiotherapie Vojtas: e. Gruppenvergleich zwischen frühbehandelten u. bisher unauffälligen Vorschulkindern. Stuttgart: Enke 1982, ISBN 3-432-93061-5
 Barbara Ernst: Grundsätze der neuromotorischen und psychologischen Entwicklungsdiagnostik, Ferdinand Enke Verlag 1983, ISBN 3-432-93301-0
 Lehre, Fort- & Weiterbildung: Die Vojta-Therapie. pt – Zeitschrift für Physiotherapeuten. 62 (2010) 2: S.29ff
 Huang-Tsung Kuo, Mechthild Papousek: Frühe Kommunikation zwischen Mutter und Kind unter den Anforderungen der Vojta-Therapie. Kindheit und Entwicklung 1, 97-106 (1992), Verhaltensmedizin
 Jan Jirout: Blockierung der Kopfgelenke und ihre Seitigkeit – Stimulierung der Auslösezonen nach Vojta, um sie zu beheben. Krankengymnastik 50. Jg. (1998) Nr.8

Enlaces externos
 Sociedad Vojta Internacional
 Asociación Española de Vojta (AEVO)

Fisioterapia
Discapacidad
Pediatría

Terapia Vojta


Tetrameristaceae, nevelika biljna porodica u redu vrjesolike kojoj pripadaju 3 roda s najmanje tri vrste. Porodica nosi ime po rodu Tetramerista koji je raširen po Malajskom poluotoku, Sumatri i Borneu, a pripada mu vrsta Tetramerista glabra, stablo visoko 37 m. koje služi za izradu dasaka, stupova, ograda i za ogrjev, a za njega postoje na Borneu mnogobrojni lokalni nazivi: Amat, Anat, Antuyut, Entuyut, i dr.

Ostalim vrstama i rodovima domovina je Srednja i sjeverni dio Južne Amerike. Vrsta Pelliciera rhizophoreae, jedina u svom rodu raste od Nikaragve, preko Kostarike i Paname do Kolumbije i Ekvadora. Treća vrsta Pentamerista neotropica raste u trropskim predjelima Kolumbije, Venezuele i sjevernog Brazila.

Opis
Pripadnici triju rodova Tetrameristaceae imaju žlijezde na unutarnjim površinama čašičnih listića i samo jednu ovulu u svakom dijelu jajnika. Cvjetovi imaju samo pet prašnika. Pelliciera rhizophorae je zimzeleno drveće u vegetaciji mangrova na pacifičkoj ili, rijetko, atlantskoj obali Srednje Amerike i sjeverne Južne Amerike. Imaju duge šiljate terminalne pupove, spiralno raspoređene nazubljene listove asimetrične baze i kratke peteljke te velike cvjetove u pazušcima listova. Izraziti su i veliki oštro zašiljeni jednosjemeni plodovi. Sve dok nije prepoznat njegov afinitet s Tetrameristaceae, Pelliciera je bila vlastita porodica.

Druga dva roda Tetrameristaceae su prilično male drvenaste biljke. Tri vrste Tetramerista rastu u zapadnoj Maleziji. Jedna vrsta Pentamerista raste u gvajanskom gorju u Venezueli. Ovi rodovi imaju spiralne listove s kratkim peteljkama s nejasnim žilicama i rubnim žlijezdama. Tetramerista ima svjetlucave točkice na unutarnjoj površini čaške i vjenčića. Oba roda imaju mesnate plodove, koje su vjerojatno raspršile životinje.

Rodovi
 Pelliciera Triana & Planch. (2 spp.)
 Pentamerista Maguire (1 sp.)
 Tetramerista Miq. (1 sp.)

Izvori

Vrjesolike
Biljne porodice

Tetrameristaceae


Hortenzijevke (lat. Hydrangeaceae), biljna porodica iz reda drjenolike, koja je ime dobila po rodu hortenzija, listopadnih grmova i penjačica, latinski nazvanih Hydrangea. Porodica se sastoji od preko 220 vrsta u 9 rodova.

Opis
Hydrangeaceae su porodica cvjetnica hortenzija, u redu Cornales, koja se sastoji od drvenastog ukrasnog drveća, grmlja, loze i zeljastog bilja, prvenstveno porijeklom iz tropskih, suptropskih i sjevernih umjerenih regija. Grmovi iz rodova Deutzia, Hydrangea (hortenzija) i Philadelphus ("lažna naranča" ili "slatka siringa") dobro su poznati vrtni ukrasi. Ostali ukrasni rodovi uključuju Cardiandra, Carpenteria, Decumaria, Dichroa, Jamesia, Kirengeshoma, Pileostegia, Platycrater, Schizophragma i Whipplea. Hortenzije (Hydrangea) su većini vrtlara poznate kao grmovi, iako su neke drvenaste loze ili malo drveće. Obična hortenzija ili hortenzija (H. macrophylla) popularna je među vrtlarima i prodaje se kao biljka u posudama u hladnim područjima. Cvjetovi hortenzije se proizvode u velikim, upadljivim bijelim, plavim ili ružičastim grozdovima, a boja cvjetova nekih vrsta povezana je s kiselošću tla. Na primjer, hortenzije s ružičastim cvjetovima pokazuju tendenciju da postanu plave kada se u tlo dodaju strugotine željeza ili stipsa kako bi se povećala kiselost. Kod brojnih vrsta hortenzija čašice rubnih cvjetova cvjetnog grozda su proširene i izgledaju poput latica. Philadelphus, poznat kao "lažna naranča" ili "slatka siringa", i Deutzia su druga dva člana porrodice hortenzija koje se često uzgajaju u vrtovima. Ovi grmovi i njihove brojne kultivirane sorte naširoko se sade u rubove grmova zbog bijelih cvjetova koji se pojavljuju u kasno proljeće.

Članovi Hydrangeaceae obično su prilično robusne biljke ili grmovi, s nasuprotnim listovima i linijom koja se proteže preko stabljike između nasuprotnih lisnih peteljki. Cvjetovi imaju slobodne latice i ima barem dvostruko više prašnika, dok je plodnica je upola niža.

Rodovi
 Familia Hydrangeaceae Dumort. (220 spp.)
 Subfamilia Jamesioideae L. Hufford
 Jamesia Torr. & A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Fendlera Engelm. & A. Gray (4 spp.)
 Subfamilia Hydrangeoideae Burnett
 Tribus Philadelpheae DC. ex Duby
 Fendlerella A. Heller (4 spp.)
 Whipplea Torr. (1 sp.)
 Deutzia Thunb. (64 spp.)
 Kirengeshoma Yatabe (1 sp.)
 Philadelphus L. (54 spp.)
 Carpenteria Torr. (1 sp.)
 Tribus Hydrangeeae DC.
 Hydrangea L. (89 spp.)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Porodice drjenolikih

Hortenzijevke


Ingalls Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Ingalls Township (Kansas)
 Ingalls Township (North Carolina)

Ingalls Township


Larysa Mykolaivna Bilozir (transliteração em ucraniano: Лариса Миколаївна Кучер, Trostianets, 24 de setembro de 1981) é uma economista, filantropa e política ucraniana. Foi eleita em 2019, para tornar-se membro do parlamento ucraniano.

Biografia

Primeiros anos e formação
Bilozir nasceu em 24 de setembro de 1981, em Trostianets, cidade localizada no Oblast de Sumy, no contexto da República Socialista Soviética da Ucrânia, momento histórico em que a Ucrânia foi parte integrante da União Soviética.

Ela entrou no Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade Nacional Taras Shevchenko de Kiev, onde recebeu um diploma em economia. Posteriormente, realizou seu mestrado na área de administração de empresas no International Institute of Management em Bruxelas, capital da Bélgica.

Carreira e política
Desde o ano de 2004, atua no setor privado em empresas do ramo agropecuário. No ano de 2015, foi eleita representante do Conselho Regional de Vinnytsia e foi chefe de uma fundação de caridade voltada para o tratamento de câncer em crianças e adolescentes.

Nas eleições parlamentares na Ucrânia em 2019, Bilozir foi eleita para o cargo de Deputada do Conselho Supremo da Ucrânia.

Ligações externas

 Site oficial (em ucraniano)
 Larysa Bilozir no Twitter
 Larysa Bilzoir no Instagram
 Larysa Bilozir no YouTube
 Larysa Bilozir no Facebook

Nascidos em 1981
Economistas da Ucrânia
Políticos da Ucrânia
Mulheres da Ucrânia na política

Larysa Bilozir


Nicolau Caetano de Bettencourt Pita (Funchal, 6 de dezembro de 1790 — Angra do Heroísmo, 20 de maio de 1857) foi um médico militar e político, introdutor da imprensa na ilha da Madeira.

Biografia
Fez os primeiros estudos no Funchal, ilha da Madeira matriculando-se em 1807 no curso de Medicina da Universidade de Edimburgo, onde recebeu o grau de Doutor em Medicina no ano de 1812. Termindo o cursos, regressou ao Funchal, sendo autorizado a exercer Medicina por carta de 8 de março de 1814.

Tendo aderido às ideias do liberalismo, envolveu-se na política do vintismo e teve papel relevante nos acontecimentos que se desenvolveram na ilha da Madeira entre 1820 e 1823. No Funchal, foi o redactor do semanário político Patriota Funchalense (1821), tendo introduzido na ilha a imprensa.

Restabelecido o absolutismo em 1823 foi julgado por uma alçada enviada à Madeira para punir os liberais, sendo condenado ao desterro e deportado para a ilha Terceira, nos Açores, onde chegou em dezembro desse ano de 1823. Fixou-se em Angra como médico, passando a dar assistência às tropas aquarteladas na Fortaleza de São João Baptista. Na sequência desse trabalho, foi nomeado médico do Hospital Militar da Boa Nova, sendo em 1827 graduado em major médico.

Quando ocorreu a revolta liberal de 22 de Junho de 1828 na cidade de Angra foi um dos aderentes, sendo signatário do auto de aclamação de D. Maria II. Em plena Guerra Civil Portuguesa, D. Pedro IV nomeou-o, em 1832, médico do Exército. No ano seguinte delegado do físico-mor e em 1837 delegado do conselho de saúde pública.

Na Terceira foi redactor de O Liberal (1835) e de O Angrense, jornal da esquerda liberal ligado ao Partido Progressista. Exerceu diversos cargos públicos, entre os quais o de vereador da Câmara Municipal de Angra do Heroísmo, de conselheiro de distrito e de procurador à Junta Geral do Distrito Autónomo de Angra do Heroísmo.

Pertenceu a diversas sociedades científicas, entre as quais a Real Sociedade Física de Edimburgo, a que presidiu em 1811, e a Sociedade de História Natural. Foi sócio correspondente da Sociedade das Ciências Médicas de Lisboa. Filiado na Maçonaria fez imprimir no Funchal a Constituição Maçónica (1823). Foi agraciado com o grau de cavaleiro da Ordem de Cristo.

Foi pai de Manuel Nicolau Bettencourt Pitta, médico e lente da Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Lisboa.

Referências

Médicos de Portugal
Políticos dos Açores

Nicolau Caetano de Bettencourt Pitta


Charlot, om preistoric (în ) este un film american de comedie din 1914 produs de Mack Sennett  și scris și regizat de Charlie Chaplin. În alte roluri interpretează actorii Mack Swain și Sydney Chaplin (fratele mai mare al lui Charlie).

Prezentare

Charlie adoarme pe o băncuță din lemn în parc și se trezește în epoca de piatră. Aici regele Low-Brow conduce ținutul și are un harem de soții. Când Charlie sosește în această țară (unde fiecare are o mie de soții), se îndrăgostește de soția favorită a regelui. Când regele cade de pe o stâncă, se presupune că este mort și Charlie se încoronează pe sine ca rege. Regele, totuși, nu este mort și se întoarce și îl lovește pe Charlie în cap cu o piatră. Totul a fost doar un vis și un polițist l-a trezit pe Charlie lovindu-l în cap în timp ce dormea în parc.

Distribuție
 Charlie Chaplin - Weak-Chin
 Mack Swain - King Low-Brow
 Fritz Schade - Ku-Ku aka Cleo, Medicine Man
 Cecile Arnold - Cavewoman
 Al St. John - Caveman
 Sydney Chaplin - Policeman
 Helen Carruthers - Queen
 Gene Marsh - Sum-Babee, Low-Brow's Favorite Water Maiden

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1914 în film
 Listă de filme de comedie din anii 1910
 Listă de filme americane de comedie
 Listă de filme americane din 1914
 Keystone Studios

Filme din 1914
Filme regizate de Charlie Chaplin
Filme de comedie din anii 1910
Filme Keystone Studios
Filme americane

Charlot, om preistoric


Gałąźnia Mała (deutsch Klein Gansen, kaschubisch Môłô Gałązniô) ist ein Dorf im Powiat Bytowski (Kreis Stolp) der polnischen Woiwodschaft Pommern.

Geographische Lage
Gałąźnia Mała liegt in Hinterpommern, etwa 28 Kilometer südöstlich der Stadt Słupsk (Stolp) und 17 Kilometer nordwestlich der Stadt Bytów (Bütow). Das Dorf liegt im Urstromtal der Słupia (Stolpe), die mitten durch die Gemarkung der Ortschaft fließt.

Geschichte
Klein Gansen war eines der ältesten Lehen der Familie Zitzewitz. Als erster Gutsbesitzer dieses Namens in Klein Gansen wird Jarislaw von Zitzewitz für den Zeitraum 1360–1412 genannt. 1568 wurde hier Lucas von Zitzewitz ansässig, auf den der erste sogenannte Klein Gansener Zweig der Familie Zitzewitz zurückgeführt wird.

Um 1784 hatte Klein Gansen ein Vorwerk, eine Ziegelei, einen Kalkofen, sechs Vollbauern, von denen jedoch einer zu dem ebenfalls alten Zitzewitzschen Lehen Goschen gehörte, einen Halbbauern, drei Kossäten, einen Schmied, einen Schulmeister und auf der Feldmark ein neues Vorwerk, Julianenhof genannt, mit einem Kossäten und zwei Büdnern, eine neu angelegte Schäferei, die als Krampnitzsche Schäferei bezeichnet wurde, mit zwei Kossäten und zwei Büdnern, die Kolonie Friederichsthal, die mit acht Halbbauern besetzt war, eine Getreide- und Schneidemühle, sieben Holzwärtereien, und zwar mit den Bezeichnungen Schwarzer-Born, Kolowny, Krampnitz, Borowe, Kaliesch, Swiatken und Schovawe, und insgesamt 48 Haushaltungen.

Im Zeitraum 1911 bis 1914 wurde in Klein Gansen das elektrische Wasserkraftwerk Glambocksee fertiggestellt. 1926 wurde fünf Kilometer weiter stromabwärts ein zweites Kraftwerk mit Stausee erbaut.

Im Jahr 1925 standen in Klein Gansen 76 Wohngebäude. 1939 wurden 102 Haushaltungen und 407 Einwohner gezählt. Im Jahr 1939 gab es in Klein Gansen außer dem Gut 55 landwirtschaftliche Betriebe. 1938 hatte das 868 Hektar große Rittergut Klein Gansen 286 Hektar Ackerland, 29 Hektar Wiesen, 370 Hektar Wald, 160 Hektar Unland, Hofraum und Wege sowie 23 Hektar Wasserfläche. Vor 1945 waren in der Dorfgemeinde eine Mühle, ein Gasthof mit Fremdenbetten und einem angeschlossenen Verkaufsladen, ein Kolonialwarengeschäft, eine Bäckerei und verschiedene Handwerksbetriebe vorhanden.

Bis 1945 gehörte das Dorf Klein Gansen zum Landkreis Stolp im Regierungsbezirk Köslin der Provinz Pommern. Die Gemeindefläche war 1.978 Hektar groß. In der Gemarkung Klein Gansen gab es insgesamt 11 Wohnorte:
 Buchkaten
 Borowe
 Bruchhof
 Friedrichsthal i. Pom.
 Klein Gansen
 Krampnitz
 Muskowski
 Mühle
 Prosetze
 Vorwerk Julianshof
 Zerowe

Gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs begaben sich die Dorfbewohner von Klein Gansen am 6. März 1945 vor der herannahenden Roten Armee im Pferde-Treck auf die Flucht. Das Kraftwerk Klein Gansen wurde am 7. März 1945 stillgelegt. Um die Stolpe-Brücke kam es in der darauffolgenden Nacht zu Abwehrkämpfen. Der Treck der Dorfbewohner wurde in Bornzin und Schöneichen von den schnell vorrückenden sowjetischen Truppen überrollt. Da die Pferde ausgespannt und konfisziert wurden, mussten die Dorfbewohner die Rückreise zu Fuß antreten. In den ersten Wochen seit der Besetzung von Klein Gansen wurden 22 Personen verschleppt, von denen nur vier zurückkehrten. Am 1. April setzten die sowjetischen Soldaten das Kraftwerk mit deutschem Personal wieder in Betrieb. Nach Kriegsende wurde Klein Gansen zusammen mit ganz Hinterpommern unter polnische Verwaltung gestellt. Im Juli 1945 wurde das Kraftwerk von der verstaatlicht. Im Oktober 1945 wurden weitere Polen in das Dorf umgesiedelt. Die deutschen Dorfbewohner wurden enteignet und vertrieben. Das Fachpersonal des Kraftwerks blieb bis zum 6. Oktober 1948, bis polnisches Personal ausgebildet worden war.

Später wurden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 244 und in der DDR 98 Dorfbewohner aus Klein Gansen ermittelt.

Schule
Die in Klein Gansen vor 1945 vorhandene Schule war dreistufig. Sie hatte drei Klassen, in denen zwei Lehrer insgesamt etwa 80 Kinder unterrichteten.

Kirche
Die vor 1945 in Klein Gansen anwesende Bevölkerung war evangelischer Konfession. Im Jahr 1925 hatte Klein Gansen fünf Bewohner katholischer Religionszugehörigkeit.

Literatur
 Karl-Heinz Pagel: Der Landkreis Stolp in Pommern. Lübeck 1989, S. 603–608 (Ortsbeschreibung Klein Gansen; PDF)
 Ludwig Wilhelm Brüggemann: Ausführliche Beschreibung des gegenwärtigen Zustandes des Königl. Preußischen Herzogtums Vor- und Hinterpommern. Teil II, Band 2, Stettin 1784, S. 964, Nr. 46.

Weblinks
 Die Gemeinde Klein Gansen im ehemaligen Kreis Stolp. Gunthard Stübs und Pommersche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 2011
 Zur Vorkriegsgeschichte von Gallensow und seinen Nachbarorten Gisela Seipenbusch und Siegfried Krause, 2007

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Pommern
Ort der Woiwodschaft Pommern
Gmina Kołczygłowy

Gałąźnia Mała


Prof. Meral Yapalı, (d. 1940, Üsküp) Türk müzisyen, piyanist, müzik eğitmeni, pedagog, İstanbul Üniversitesi Devlet Konservatuvarı eski müdürü.

Eğitim

1956'da orta eğitimini tamamladı. 1967 yılında Belediye Konservatuvarı Piyano Bölümü Lise Devresinden mezun oldu. 1969'da Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı'nda Lisansını pekiyi derece ile tamamladı. 1979 yılında Académie Internationale d'Eté de Nice'de üç aylık stajını başarıyla tamamladı.

Kariyer

18 Nisan 1986 günü İstanbul Üniversitesi Devlet Konservatuvarı Müzik Bölüm Başkanlığı görevine seçilip bu görevi 3 yıl yaptı. 13 Ekim 1986'da profesörlüğe yükseldi 2 Mayıs 1989'da Piyano Anasanat Dalı Başkanlığına yükseldi. 15 Mayıs 1989 günü Yönetim Kurulu üyeliğine seçildi. 15 Şubat1990'da Müzik Bölüm Başkanlığı'nda tekrar 3 yıl görev yaptı. 27 Haziran 1997 günü müdürlüğe atandı.

Oldukça başarılı öğrenciler yetiştiren Prof. Meral Yapalı ,10 öğrenciye Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora danışmanlığı yapmış, mezun olan 10 öğrencisinden ikisi Profesör, biri Doçent, biri Yrd. Doç. ve dört öğrencisi öğretim görevlisi diğer üç öğrencisi ise Araştırma Görevlisi olarak konservatuvarda görev yapmaktadır. Mezun ettiği bir öğrencisi halen İzmir Devlet Opera ve Balesi'nde Orkestra Şefi, bir diğer öğrencisi ise İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi'nde öğretim görevlisi olarak çalışmaktadır.Birçok öğrencisi uluslararası piyano yarışmalarında önemli dereceler almıştır.
Ayrıca Radyo ve TV bantları yaptı. İstanbul Belediye Şehir Orkestrası, İstanbul Devlet Senfoni Orkestrası, İzmir Devlet Senfoni Orkestrası'nda solist olarak çaldı. Yurt içinde ve dışında tek ve iki piyanolu resitaller verdi.

1940 doğumlular
Türk piyanistler

Meral Yapalı


Le  () est un musée consacré à l'art situé à Kiev, en Ukraine.

Historique

Il se trouve proche du monastère Laure des Grottes de Kiev au 21 de la rue Lavrska ; fondé le 30 janvier 1923 par Les Kourbas. Lui a succédé une commission formée de Vassil Vassilko, L Gakeboush, O. Shvachka. Vassilko en fut le premier directeur et promoteur en faisant don d'un fonds personnel au musée.

Collections
Il est une annexe du théâtre Berezil de Les Kourbas, créé en 1923.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Cinema Musique Theatre Ukraine
Cinema Musique Theatre Ukraine
Cinema Musique Theatre Ukraine
Musique à Kiev

Musée du cinéma de la musique et du théâtre d'Ukraine


Mýrakrækja (fræðiheiti: Scorpidium revolvens) er mosategund af rytjamosaætt. Mýrakrækja vex á Íslandi í mýrum, votlendi og tjörnum.

Tilvísanir

Mosar
Rytjamosaætt

Mýrakrækja


Das Nachtlager in Granada (El campamento nocturno en Granada) es una ópera romántica en dos actos con música de Conradin Kreutzer y libreto en alemán de Karl Johann Braun von Braunthal basada en el drama Das Nachtlager von Granada de Johann Friedrich Kind. La primera versión se estrenó con diálogo hablado el 13 de enero de 1834 en el Theater in der Josefstadt, de Viena.

Historia

Después de la primera versión, de 1834, hubo una segunda, con recitativos, que se estrenó el 9 de marzo de 1837 en el Theater am Kärntnertor. Posteriormente se representó en Londres en el anterior Prince's Theatre el 13 de mayo de 1840, y en Nueva York el 15 de diciembre de 1862.

Hay una grabación disponible en premiereopera.net de una representación en Friburgo el 19 de octubre de 2002, dirigida por Georg Cristoph Sandmann.

En las estadísticas de Operabase, Das Nachtlager in Granada aparece con sólo una representación en el período 2005-2010, siendo la primera y única de Kreutzer.

Personajes

Argumento

La acción se desarrolla en Granada (España) a mediados del siglo XVI. El príncipe regente Maximiliano, futuro emperador, en el transcurso de una cacería, se separa de sus cortesanos y se encuentra con una hermosa campesina, Gabriela, a la que no descubre su identidad. Pero Gabriela ama a otro hombre, Gómez, y es pretendida por el pastor Vasco. El príncipe, haciéndose pasar por un cazador perdido, pide asilo a los pastores para pasar la noche. Pero ellos proyectan matarlo para despojarlo de sus pertenencias.

Nots y referencias

Fuentes
Warrack, John y West, Ewan (1992), The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 782 páginas,  ISBN 0-19-869164-5
On line
 Amadeus almanac
 The Met Recordings
 Das Nachtlager in Granada

Enlaces externos

 Libreto en alemán

Óperas basadas en piezas de teatro
Óperas de Conradin Kreutzer
Óperas en alemán
Óperas de 1834
Óperas estrenadas en Viena
Óperas ambientadas en España
Cultura de Granada

Das Nachtlager in Granada


An Sitanion jubatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jared Gage Smith. An Sitanion jubatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sitanion, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sitanion

Sitanion jubatum


Muški rukometni klub Zaprešić (MRK Zaprešić; Zaprešić) je muški rukometni klub iz Zaprešića, Zagrebačka županija.

O klubu
Klub je osnovan 1999. godine od strane rukometnih entuzijasta i nekadašnjih igrača nekadašnjeg RK "Zaprešić (ranije "Partizan"), kluba ugašenog 1994. godine. Klub upočetku igra Zagrebačku županijsku ligu, a 2003./04. je osvaja i ulazi u 3. HRL - Zapad 1 (kasnije 3. HRL - Središte), u kojoj uglavnom nastupa i u narednim sezonama.

Uspjesi

Plasmani po sezonama

Poznati igrači

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Zaprešić
 RK Zaprešić
 ŽRK Zaprešić

Vanjske poveznice
 mrkzapresic.hr, wayback arhiva iz 2013.
 mrkzapresic.hr, wayback arhiva iz 2008.
 furkisport.hr/hrs, Zaprešić, rezultati po sezonama
 rszz.info - Rukometni savez Zagrebačke župaije - MUŠKI RUKOMETNI KLUB ZAPREŠIĆ

Izvori
 mrkzapresic.hr, Muški rukomet u Zaprešiću, wayback arhiva od 22. listopada 2008.
 mrkzapresic.hr, Povijest kluba, wayback arhiva od 26. studenog 2013.
 bisnode.hr, MRK "ZAPREŠIĆ"
 fininfo.hr, MRK "ZAPREŠIĆ"
 poslovna.hr, MRK ZAPREŠIĆ

Zaprešić
Zapreššić

MRK Zaprešić


Formentera, İspanya'ya ait, Akdeniz'deki Balear Adaları'nın en küçük ve en güneydeki üyesidir. 19 kilometre uzunluğundadır ve İbiza'nın 6 km güneyinde yer alır.

Ulaşımın zor olması, Formentera'yı sakin bir ada yapmıştır. En bilinen özelliği, çoğu plajında çıplak güneşlenmenin serbest olmasıdır.

Resmi dili Katalanca ve İspanyolcadır. Yazları Almanca ve İtalyanca da sık duyulur.

Formentera bir belediye ile yönetilir. Yüzölçümü 82,49 km² ;nüfusu (1.1.2011 tahminiyle) 10.365 kişidir ve nüfus yoğunluğu 125,65 kisi/km² olur. Formentera belediye sınırları içinde nüfusun gelişmesi şu gösterimde izlenebilir:

1.000 Kişi

Kaynak: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística, İspanya
 Kaynak:Hollandaca Wikipedia "Formentera" maddesi

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız

 Balear Adaları

Dış bağlantılar

 Formentera Belediyesi resmi websitesi
 Consell Insular de Formentera Yerel Meclisi resmi websitesi
 Formentera resmi turizm portali

Balear Adaları

Formentera


Wyalusing ist der Name verschiedener Orte und Town(ship)s in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Wyalusing (Pennsylvania)
 Wyalusing (Wisconsin)
 Wyalusing Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania
 Wyalusing (Town), Grant County, Wisconsin

Wyalusing


Kawagoe may refer to:

Places
Kawagoe, Saitama, a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan
Kawagoe, Mie, a town in Mie Prefecture, Japan
Kawagoe Domain, a former domain of Japan

Other uses
Kawagoe (surname)

Kawagoe


الدنماركيون  هم مجموعة عرقية جرمانيَّة شماليَّة مقيمة في الدنمارك، وأمة حديثة تم تحديدها مع مملكة الدنمارك. وقد يكون هذا الإتصال من خلال الأسلاف أو القانو أو التاريخ أو الثقاف.

يعتبر الدنماركيون أنفسهم كجنسية ويحتفظون بكلمة «عرقي» لوصف المهاجرين الجدد، والتي يُشار إليهم أحياناً باسم «الدانماركيين الجدد». تستند الهوية العرقية الدنماركية المعاصرة على فكرة «الدانماركية»، والتي تقوم على مبادئ تشكلت من خلال الروابط الثقافية التاريخية ولا تستند إلى التراث العرقي. ويتحدث الدنماركيين باللغة الدنماركية، ويعتنق أغلبهم المسيحية على مذهب البروتستانتية اللوثرية. وتصل أعداد الدنماركيين والأشخاص من أصول سويديَّة بشكل كامل أو جزئي خارج وطنهم، حوالي مليون نسمة. وتضم الولايات المتحدة على أكبر شتات دنماركي في العالم.

تعود الهوية الثقافية الدنماركية الحديثة إلى ولادة الدولة القومية الدنماركية خلال القرن التاسع عشر. في هذا الصدد، بنيت الهوية الوطنية الدنماركية على أساس ثقافة الفلاحين واللاهوت اللوثري، مع نيكولاس فريدريك سيفيرين غروندتفج وحركته الشعبية والتي لعبت دوراً بارزاً في هذه العملية. اثنين من المعايير الثقافية التي تحدد من هو الدنماركي هي التحدث باللغة الدنماركية وتحديد الدنمارك كوطن.

انظر أيضا
 عصر الفايكنج

مراجع

شعوب شمالية جرمانية
مجموعات إثنية ذات أغلبية مسيحية
مجموعات عرقية جرمانية
مجموعات عرقية في أوروبا
مجموعات عرقية في الدنمارك

دنماركيون


මාර්ටීන් ඇල්බෙර්ටෝ විස්කර්රා කොර්නේහෝ  (; උපත 22 මාර්තු 1963) යනු, පෙරූවියානු ඉංජිනේරුවරයෙක් සහ දේශපාලනඥයෙක් වන අතර වර්තමානයෙහි  පෙරූ රාජ්‍යයෙහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා වෙයි.

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රිත

දිවි ගෙවන්නෝ
පෙරූ රාජ්‍යයෙහි ජනාධිපතිවරු
පෙරූ රාජ්‍යයෙහි උප ජනාධිපතිවරු
ප්‍රවාහන සහ සන්නිවේදනය පිළිබඳ පෙරූවියානු අමාත්‍යවරු
පෙරූවියානු රෝමානු කතෝලිකයෝ
කැනඩාව වෙත පෙරූ රාජ්‍යයෙහි තානාපතිවරු
පෙරූ රාජ්‍යයෙහි රජයේ ඇමතිවරු
පෙරූවියානු ඉංජිනේරුවරු
ප්‍රවාහන අමාත්‍යවරු
සන්නිවේදන අමාත්‍යවරු

මාර්ටීන් විස්කර්රා


كورليوني  أو قُرلِيُون أو قُرُلُون مدينة إيطالية يقطنها 11.387 نسمة، بمقاطعة باليرمو في صقلية. تبعد 115 كيلومترا عن أغريجنتو، و133 كيلومترا من كالتانيسيتا، و249 كيلومترا من كاتانيا، و152 كيلومترا من إنا 299 من ميسينا، و 57 من باليرمو، 251 من راغوزا، 324 من سرقوسة و101 كيلومترا من تراباني.

قال عنها الشريف الإدريسي:

السكان

في سنة 1861 بلغ عدد السكان  نسمة، وتطور العدد ليصل في سنة 2011 لـ  نسمة.

توأمة
لكورليوني اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 فيبو فالينتيا

أعلام

 سالفاتوري رينا
 لوتشيانو ليجيو
 برناردو بروفنزانو

المراجع

مدن وبلدات في صقلية
بلديات مقاطعة باليرمو
بلديات مدينة باليرمو العاصمة

كورليوني