الدوري السعودي للمحترفين أو دوري روشن السعودي لأسباب الرعاية، هي البطولة الرئيسية لكرة القدم في المملكة العربية السعودية، وثاني أغلى مسابقة في القارة الآسيوية، حيث تصل قيمتها السوقية إلى 473,70 مليون يورو. لُعِبت أول بطولة دوري سعودي لكرة القدم في موسم 1976–77 باسم «الدوري الممتاز»، وحصل الفريق الفائز على درع الدوري، وقبلها بموسم 1974–75 لعبت مسابقة أولية بمسمى «الدوري التصنيفي» لأن الفرق كانت تُصنّف ما بين درجة ممتازة أو درجة أولى وذلك حسب نتائجها في ذلك الموسم، ومن ثم في عام 1991 تغيّر مسماه إلى كأس دوري خادم الحرمين الشريفين لأندية الدرجة الممتازة بعد استحداث نظام المربع الذهبي. وفي 2007 جرى إلغاء المربع الذهبي وسُمّي باسمه الحالي. يُعتبر الهلال النادي الأكثر حصولًا على بطولات الدوري بمجموع 18 بطولة، وحامل اللقب الحالي هو نادي الاتحاد لموسم 2022–23.

التاريخ

قبل تأسيس الاتحاد السعودي لكرة القدم لُعبت أول بطولة سعودية رسمية بنظام خروج المغلوب في عام 1951 حيث قامت الجهة الرسمية المشرفة على كرة القدم في البلاد الإدارة العامة للرياضة والكشافة التابعة لوزارة الداخلية «آنذاك» بتنظيم بطولة كرة قدم بمسمى كأس الأمير عبد الله الفيصل بن عبد العزيز آل سعود (وزير الداخلية آنذاك) وحصل على البطولة نادي الاتحاد.

تعتبر البطولات ما بين عامي 1957–1974 رسمياً جزء من بطولات كأس الملك السعودي. لكن بحسب آراء بعض الباحثين مثل نبيه ساعتي فإنه يعتبر أن بداية مسابقتي الدوري السعودي ودوري الكأس بدأتا عام 1377 هجري (1957)، وكتب: «بدأ الدوري السعودي العام في عام 1957 بين أندية مكة وجدة ثم أندية الرياض ثم أندية المنطقة الشرقية ثم أندية القصيم ثم أندية حائل، وكانت دوريات المناطق عبارة عن تصفيات للوصول إلى نهائيات الدوري السعودي العام لكرة القدم بمسمى كأس الملك، حيث يتأهل متصدر كل دوري منطقة إلى المرحلة النهائية التي كانت بمسمى الدوري السعودي العام لكرة القدم على كأس الملك ولم تكن دوريات المناطق بطولات مثلما يعتقد البعض إنما كانت تصفيات للصعود للمرحلة النهائية من الدوري العام».

وكانت أول مباراة في كأس الملك بدأت في تمام الساعة 5:10 عصرًا من يوم الجمعة 14 جمادى الأولى 1377 بين الاتحاد من جدة والشبيبة من مكة وانتهت بفوز الاتحاد 3–1. و توج الوحدة بطلًا لأول نسخة بعد فوزه على الاتحاد في النهائي 4–0، وثأر الاتحاد لهزيمته في أول بطولة بفوزه على الوحدة في نهائي البطولة لثلاث سنوات متتالية، وشاركت المنطقة الوسطى أول مرة في عام 1962 وفاز الهلال باللقب من أول مشاركة بعدما تغلب على الوحدة في النهائي 3–2.

لغة أسماء اللاعبين
في 6 أكتوبر 2020 قررت وزارة الرياضة أن تُكتب أسماء اللاعبين باللغة العربية على قمصانهم بدلاً من الإنجليزية، وقال عبد العزيز بن تركي آل سعود، وزير الرياضة السعودي «يسرني الإعلان عن مشاركة القطاع الرياضي في تفعيل مبادرة عام الخط العربي من خلال تعريب الأسماء على قمصان لاعبي أندية دوري كأس الأمير محمد بن سلمان للمحترفين للموسم الكروي الجديد».

الدوري السعودي بمختلف مسمياته

الإنشاء
كانت بطولة الدوري لكرة القدم في السعودية حتى عام 1974م (1394هـ) تحتوي على بطولات مناطقية. وفي ذلك العام تقرر توحيدها بنظام دوري النقاط على مستوى المملكة، على أن يكون على درجتين، الدرجة الممتازة والأولى.

ومن أجل تحديد الأندية المشاركة في الدرجتين قررت الجمعية العمومية السعودية لكرة القدم (الاتحاد السعودي لكرة القدم حالياً) في 7/9/1394 هـ إقامة الدوري التصنيفي من 16 نادياً من مختلف أنحاء المملكة مقسمة على مجموعتين، بحيث يتأهل الأربعة الأوائل من كل مجموعة إلى الدرجة الممتازة، ويشارك الأربعة الأواخر من كل مجموعة في دوري الدرجة الأولى.

الدوري التصنيفي 1974–1975
وأقيم الدوري التصنيفي في موسم 1394–1395 هـ (1974–1975)، وضمت المجموعة الأولى أندية الهلال والأهلي والوحدة واليمامة(نادي الرياض حالياً) والاتفاق والأنصار والخليج والربيع، وضمت المجموعة الثانية أندية النصر والاتحاد والشباب والكفاح (حراء حالياً) والقادسية والنهضة وأحد وعكاظ.

وتأهلت أندية الهلال والأهلي والوحدة واليمامة (ساجر حاليًا) والنصر والاتحاد والشباب والقادسية الدرجة الممتازة، وانضمت الأندية الثمانية الأخرى إلى دوري الدرجة الأولى. وتقابل النصر والهلال على نهائي الدوري التصنيفي ليحقق النصر البطولة بعد الفوز بنتيجة 3–1.

نظام النقاط 1976–1990
بدأ الدوري السعودي الممتاز (أو الدرجة الممتازة) في أواخر عام 1395هـ (1975م) ولكن تقرر إلغاؤه بعد 33 يوم بعد اغتيال الملك فيصل. ولذلك كانت الانطلاقة الفعلية للدوري عام 1396–1397هـ (1976–77م)، وانتهى بتحقيق نادي الهلال لأول لقب واستلامه درع الدوري. وفي الموسم التالي تم رفع عدد الفرق المشاركة من ثمانية إلى عشرة فرق.

وفي الموسم الثالث للدوري (1398–1399هـ) (1978–79م) تم السماح باللاعبين المحترفين الأجانب في الدوري، وكان أبرزهم كابتن المنتخب البرازيلي روبرتو ريفالينو الذي لعب لنادي الهلال.

وفي الموسم الخامس (1402هـ) (1982م) تقرر استبدال نظام الدوري بنظام (الدوري المشترك) لسنة واحدة فقط بسبب مشاركة المنتخب السعودي في تصفيات كأس العالم لذلك العام. وتم دمج أندية الدرجة الممتازة وأندية الدرجة الأولى في مسابقة واحدة من 20 فريقاً مقسمة إلى مجموعتين، بحيث يتأهل الأول والثاني من كل مجموعة إلى نصف النهائي من مباراة واحدة، ويلعب الفائزان مباراة نهائية. وحصل نادي الاتحاد على كأس البطولة بعد فوزه على نادي الشباب 1–0. وبنهاية الدوري المشترك قرر الاتحاد السعودي لكرة القدم منع اللاعبين الأجانب من المشاركة في المسابقات السعودية.

وفي الموسم الثامن (1405هـ) (1985م) تم رفع عدد الفرق المشاركة من 10 فرق إلى 12 فريقاً. وفي الموسم الذي تلاه (1406هـ) (1986م) تم تقسيم فرق الدوري الممتاز إلى مجموعتين من ستة أندية، بحيث يتأهل صاحبا المركز الأول والثاني من كل مجموعة إلى الدوري النهائي، بينما تتنافس الأندية أصحاب المراكز الباقية في كل مجموعة مع نظرائيها في المجموعة الأخرى. أقيم الدور النهائي بين الهلال والنصر والاتحاد والوحدة بنظام الدوري ذهاباً وإياباً وحصل الهلال على المركز الأول ودرع البطولة. وفي ذلك الموسم أقيمت المباريات على العشب الطبيعي لأول مرة.

وعاد الدوري بعد ذلك إلى نظام النقاط التقليدي واستمر على ذلك النحو حتى نهاية موسم 1410هـ (1990م) الذي فاز به نادي الهلال.

نظام المربع الذهبي 1991–2007
في الموسم الخامس عشر 1990–91م للدوري تم تغيير اسم المسابقة إلى بطولة كأس دوري خادم الحرمين الشريفين، واستحداث نظام المربع الذهبي لتحديد بطل المسابقة، بحيث يخوض أصحاب المراكز الأربعة من مسابقة الدوري مرحلة نصف نهائي على طريقة خروج المغلوب ذهاباً وإياباً. ونص النظام أن يلعب صاحب المركز الأول مع صاحب المركز الثالث، وصاحب المركز الثاني مع صاحب المركز الرابع، ويلعب الفريقان الفائزان مباراة نهائية من مباراة واحدة على كأس الدوري بدلاً من درع الدوري القديم. وحصل نادي الشباب على البطولة بفوزه على النصر في المباراة النهائية في جدة بنتيجة 1–0. واستمر العمل بنظام المربع الذهبي ستة عشر موسماً بعد ذلك حتى تم إلغاؤه بنهاية موسم 1428 هـ –2007.

وفي موسم 1413هـ (1992–1993م) تم تطبيق احتراف اللاعبين المحليين لأول مرة في تاريخ الكرة السعودية، وصار الدوري السعودي الممتاز من ذلك الوقت مسابقة شبه–محترفة، حيث صارت نسبة كبيرة من لاعبي كل نادي من اللاعبين المتفرغين تحت نظام الاحتراف. وفي ذلك الموسم أيضاً أعيد السماح للأندية في الدرجة الممتازة بجلب اللاعبين الأجانب، بواقع ثلاثة لاعبين أجانب لكل نادي. واشترط في البداية عدم مشاركة أكثر من لاعبين اثنين من الأجانب في وقت واحد، ثم تم السماح بمشاركة الثلاثة معاً في أي وقت.

وجرت بعد ذلك بعض التعديلات الطفيفة على نظام الدوري بهدف إعطاء بعض الميزات الإضافية لمتصدر الدور التمهيدي بنظام النقاط بعد أن واجه نظام المربع الذهبي انتقادات كثير بحجة أنه لا يكافئ الفرق على مجهودها الدور التمهيدي بشكل كافٍ. وكان التعديل الأول جعل صاحب المركز الأول يلعب مع صاحب المركز الرابع بدلاً من صاحب المركز الثالث في نصف النهائي، وذلك بدءً من موسم 1417 هـ. وفي موسم 1422هـ (2002م)، أصبح المربع الذهبي يقام بطريقة السلّم، بحيث يتأهل صاحب المركز الأول إلى المباراة النهائية مباشرة، بينما يلعب صاحب المركز الثالث على أرضه مع صاحب المركز الرابع، ويلتقي الفائز منهما مع صاحب المركز الثاني على أرض الثاني، ثم يصعد الفائز للقاء صاحب المركز الأول في المباراة الختامية. وفاز الهلال صاحب المركز الأول على الاتحاد صاحب المركز الثاني في المباراة النهائية في جدة بنتيحة 2–1.

وفي الموسم الحادي والثلاثين (1428هـ الموافق 2007م) أقيم الدوري بنظام المربع الذهبي لآخر مرة، حين فاز نادي الاتحاد صاحب المركز الثاني على الهلال متصدر الدور التمهيدي في المباراة النهائية في الرياض بنتيجة 2–1.

عودة نظام النقاط 2007–الآن
أقيم الدوري بطريقة النقاط التقليدية في موسم 1429هـ (2007–08م) لأول مرة منذ 17 موسماً. وانتهى الدوري بتعادل ناديي الهلال والاتحاد بالنقاط وتوج الهلال بدرع الدوري الجديد بسبب تفوقه على الاتحاد في المواجهات المباشرة، حسب نظام البطولة المعلن قبل بداية الموسم، بعد فوزه على الاتحاد في الجولة الأخيرة من الدوري بنتيجة 1–0.

وببداية موسم 2008–2009م (1430هـ)، تقرر تحويل الدوري إلى الاحتراف الكامل تماشياً مع متطلبات الاتحاد الآسيوي لكرة القدم، ولكن لم يتم تنفيذ شرط زيادة الفرق إلى 16 ناديًا كما هو معمول به في الدوريات الاحترافية بسبب قرارات فردية من الاتحاد السعودي سابقا وأنشئت هيئة منفصلة عن الاتحاد السعودي لكرة القدم تختص بإدارة الدوري سميت هيئة دوري المحترفين السعودي (تحولت لاحقا إلى رابطة)، على أن يتم تحويل جميع اللاعبين الهواة المشاركين في الدوري إلى محترفين في أقرب وقت. واستعاد الاتحاد اللقب من الهلال في ذلك الموسم في الجولة الأخيرة من الدوري حين فاز في الرياض بنتيجة 2–1.

وفي نهاية موسم 2009–2010م (1431هـ)، تقرر من الاتحاد السعودي قرار رسمي برفع عدد الفرق المشاركة بالدوري من 12 فريق إلى 14 فريق بدءًا من موسم 2010–11، على أن يُعاد دراسة زيادة الدوري إلى 16 نادي وذلك بإلغاء الهبوط لموسم واحد.

الحائز على لقب الدوري يتأهل إلى دوري أبطال آسيا مع صاحبي المركز الثاني والثالث في الدوري بالإضافة إلى بطل كأس الملك، وإذا كان بطل كأس الملك أحد الثلاثة الأوائل في الدوري فإنه يتأهل صاحب المركز الرابع مع الثلاثة إلى بطولة دوري أبطال آسيا التي ينظمها الاتحاد الآسيوي لكرة القدم.

الأرقام والإحصائيات

سجل أبطال الدوري السعودي حسب المواسم منذ 1974
سبعة أندية استطاعت تحقيق بطولة واحدة على الأقل للدوري الذي انطلق عام 1974، تستعرض القائمة التالية أبطال الدوري السعودي منذ انطلاقه.

 1974–75:  النصر (دورة تصنيفية)
 1975–76: لم يستكمل بسبب وفاة الملك فيصل
 1976–77:  الهلال (1) *أول بطولة دوري رسمية
 1977–78:  الأهلي (1)
 1978–79:  الهلال (2)
 1979–80:  النصر (2)
 1980–81:  النصر (3)
 1981–82:  الاتحاد (1)
 1982–83:  الاتفاق (1)
 1983–84:  الأهلي (2)
 1984–85:  الهلال (3)
 1985–86:  الهلال (4)
 1986–87:  الاتفاق (2)
 1987–88:  الهلال (5)
 1988–89:  النصر (4)
 1989–90:  الهلال (6)
 1990–91:  الشباب (1)
 1991–92:  الشباب (2)
 1992–93:  الشباب (3)
 1993–94:  النصر (5)

 1994–95:  النصر (6)
 1995–96:  الهلال (7)
 1996–97:  الاتحاد (2)
 1997–98:  الهلال (8)
 1998–99:  الاتحاد (3)
 1999–00:  الاتحاد (4)
 2000–01:  الاتحاد (5)
 2001–02:  الهلال (9)
 2002–03:  الاتحاد (6)
 2003–04:  الشباب (4)
 2004–05:  الهلال (10)
 2005–06:  الشباب (5)
 2006–07:  الاتحاد (7)
 2007–08:  الهلال (11)
 2008–09:  الاتحاد (8)
 2009–10:  الهلال (12)
 2010–11:  الهلال (13)
 2011–12:  الشباب (6)
 2012–13:  الفتح (1)
 2013–14:  النصر (7)

 2014–15:  النصر (8)
 2015–16:  الأهلي (3)
 2016–17:  الهلال (14)
 2017–18:  الهلال (15)
 2018–19:  النصر (9)
 2019–20:  الهلال (16)
 2020–21:  الهلال (17)
 2021–22:  الهلال (18)
 2022–23:  الاتحاد (9)

الأكثر تحقيقا للدوري

سجل الألقاب بحسب بداية الدوري 1974–75

مجموع الألقاب حسب المنطقة

قائمة الأكثر تسجيلًا للأهداف منذ 1976

القنوات الناقلة

كانت وسائل الإعلام المقروءة مثل الصحف والمجلات في السعودية هي من تقوم بنقل أخبار المباريات والمسابقات ونتائجها وأخبار الأندية السعودية وقبل بداية انتشار التلفزيون كانت المباريات تنقل عبر الإذاعة وأول إذاعة قامت بتغطية الدوري السعودي هي إذاعة شركة أرامكو في أواخر الخمسينات الميلادية، ومن ثم إذاعة طامي السعودية الخاصة والإذاعة الحكومية الرسمية في فترة الستينات الميلادية. وبعد التقدم الذي حصل في السعودية وانتشار التلفزيون، بدأ التلفزيون السعودي بنقل المباريات في فترة السبعينات والثمانينات الميلادية، وفي التسعينات الميلادية كانت قناة أوربت وشبكة قنوات راديو وتلفزيون العرب وقناة إم بي سي يقومون بنقل بعض المباريات المهمة، وفي عام 2002م بدأ بث القناة الرياضية السعودية لتوكل إليها مهمة نقل الدوري وجميع الأنشطة الرياضية السعودية. وفي عام 2006 فازت شبكة راديو وتلفزيون العرب بحقوق النقل الحصري للدوري السعودي وبمبلغ 300 مليون ريال

وفي عام 2009 أعلن الاتحاد السعودي لكرة القدم عن تجديد عقده التلفزيوني المشترك مع شبكة راديو وتلفزيون العرب لموسمين مقبلين مقابل 300 مليون ريال بواقع 150 مليون ريال للسنة الواحدة، ولكن انتقلت ملكية قنواتها الرياضية إلى شبكة الجزيرة الرياضية في 14 ديسمبر 2009. وحصلت قناة لاين سبورت على حقوق نقل بعض مباريات الدوري السعودي.

و في موسم 2011 صدر أمر خادم الحرمين الشريفين الملك عبد الله بن عبد العزيز بمنح القناة السعودية الرياضية حقوق نقل التلفزيون للمسابقات الرياضية السعـودية حصرياً لمدة 3 سنوات. وبعد انتهاء ثلاث سنوات، حصلت مجموعة mbc على حقوق جميع بطولات الكره السعودية لمدة 10 سنوات بقيمة 4 مليارات و100 مليون ريال سعودي.

وفي موسم 2018 استحوذت شركة إس تي سي السعودية البث الحصري لمدة 10 سنوات بباقة قنوات مشفرة تسمي دوري بلس  وتم صدور قرار من ولي العهد باذاعة المباريات علي القناة الرياضية السعودية مجانًا. وفي موسم 2021–22 أعلنت رابطة دوري المحترفين السعودي منح شركة الرياضة السعودية (SSC) الحقوق الفضائية والرقمية لمدة موسم رياضي واحد.

أيقونات الأندية
كشفت الهيئة العامة للرياضة خلال حفل مبادرة ادعم ناديك التي دشنها تركي آل الشيخ في 24 ديسمبر 2017، الستار عن الأيقونات الخاصة بالأندية المشاركة في الدوري السعودي للمحترفين. وتنوعت أشكال الأيقونات أو التمائم ما بين شخصيات تعبر عن ألقاب عرفت بها الأندية أو حيوانات تعبر عن بيئة المنطقة التي ينتمي لها النادي. اختار الأهلي أيقونته على شكل أسد خلافاً لتوقعات أغلب المتابعين الذين كانوا يتوقعون أن يكون التمساح شعاراً للأهلي، خصوصاً مع شهرته في مدرجات النادي في السنوات الأخيرة. الأسد الأهلاوي حمل الرقم 13 على طقمه، في إشارة فيما يبدو إلى عدد بطولات كأس الملك التي حصل عليها النادي. وجاءت أيقونة الهلال متوافقة مع التوقعات، حيث اختير القرش كجالب حظ وهو ما اشتهرت به مدرجات وتيفو الهلال في السنوات الماضية، كما ظهر القرش بالرقم 5 في إشارة إلى القائد التاريخي للنادي صالح النعيمة.

نادي النصر اختار تميمته الخاصة، حيث تمثلت بشكل الفارس إشارة إلى لقبه فارس نجد، وحمل الفارس النصراوي الرقم 9 الذي يرمز لأشهر من ارتدى القميص النصراوي عبر تاريخه ماجد عبد الله. أيقونة الفيصلي شابها الكثير من الجدل، في الوقت الذي ظهرت فيه التميمة التي كشفت عنها الهيئة على شكل ثعلب، قالت مصادر أنها ليست الشخصية التي اختارتها إدارة النادي، وهو ما يفسر عدم نشر حسابات النادي الفيصلي الرسمية للأيقونة حتى الآن، مع أنباء تشير إلى تغيير محتمل في أيقونة الفيصلي.

اعتمد الاتحاد شكل النمر في أيقونته وهو ما كان يلقب به النادي منذ عقود، ويتواجد النمر بلونه القريب من ألوان الاتحاد في شعار النادي، لذلك كان من الطبيعي أن يكون هو تميمة النادي. النمر الاتحادي حمل الرقم 18، في إشارة للاعب محمد نور. اختار الباطن حيوان يعبر عن مدينته وعن المنطقة بشكل عام ألا وهو الجمل الذي حمل في بعض تفاصيله اللون السماوي ليصبح قريبا لألوان النادي. الليث الأبيض لقب شبابي قديم، ترجمه النادي في اختياره لتميمته، وحمل الرقم 6 وهو رقم قائده التاريخي فؤاد أنور. نادي التعاون نشر صورة أيقونته مختلفة عما كشفت عنه هيئة الرياضة، ولكن في الصورتين يظهر أن الشخصية المختارة هي الذئب، والذي حمل الرقم 56 إشارة لتاريخ تأسيس النادي (1956). اختيار نادي القادسية لتميمته اتجه نحو المها العربي، والذي حمل الرقم 67 الذي يرمز لسنة تأسيس النادي. نادي الفتح من الأحساء فضل اختيار تميمته على شكل البلبل الحساوي المشهور بخديه الأبيضين، في اختيار يعبر عن واقع منطقته.

رغم جمال تصميم تميمة نادي أحد، إلا أن الاختيار واجه انتقادات كثيرة من جماهير أحد وأهالي المدينة المنورة، الذين لم يعجبوا بفكرة اختيار الأفعى كأيقونة لسفير المدينة في الدوري السعودي المحترفين، ويعتبر هو النادي الوحيد الذي لم يقم باختيار أيقونته والذي تقرر له أيقونة الكوبرا واختارها له الاتحاد السعودي لكرة القدم. فارس الدهناء كما يعرف في الشرقية اختار الخيل كأيقونة للنادي، والذي كان أحد عناصر شعارات نادي الاتفاق على مر السنين. أيقونة نادي الرائد أثارت عدة تساؤلات، فتصميم الرأس جاء على شكل كرة، ولكنه يحاكي تصميم أحد أشهر معالم مدينة بريدة معقل نادي الرائد وهو برج مياه بريدة. كما تزين رأس الأيقونة بشعار الرائد الأحمر والأبيض والأسود. وتعد هذه الأيقونات شعارا رمزيا يختص بكل نادي، تستخدم في جوانب تسويقية واستثمارية بما فيها صناعة المنتجات الخاصة بها.

الرعاية
وقعت شركة زين عقداً مع هيئة دوري المحترفين السعودي التابعة للاتحاد السعودي لكرة القدم ينص على رعاية شركة زين للدوري السعودي لمدة خمسة أعوام من بداية موسم 2009–10 كشركة راعية إلى (دوري زين للمحترفين السعودي) وكما يحق للشركة الراعية وضع شعارها على أطقم الحكام وعلى أكتاف أطقم اللاعبين وبعض الجهات المعينة في الملاعب، وفازت شركة عبد اللطيف جميل بحقوق رعاية الدوري من موسم 2013–14 حتى 2017–18.

انظر أيضًا
 كأس الملك
 كأس ولي العهد
 كأس الاتحاد السعودي لكرة القدم
 كأس السوبر السعودي

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للاتحاد السعودي لكرة القدم

الدوري السعودي الممتاز
تأسيسات سنة 1976 في السعودية
دوريات رياضية أسست سنة 1976
دوريات كرة قدم في السعودية
دوريات كرة قدم وطنية من المستوى الأول في آسيا

دوري المحترفين السعودي


Drengen der gik baglæns er en dansk børnefilm fra 1994, der er instrueret af Thomas Vinterberg efter manuskript af ham selv og Bo hr. Hansen.

Handling
Andreas træder ikke på streger, når han går på fortovet. Han dunker sig ind imellem besværgende for brystet, når han skal beskytte sig. Lille 9-årige Andreas bærer på noget ubærligt: Da moderen holdt stor fødselsdag, optrådte han og storebror Mikkel med en vittighed. Stor succes. Alle havde det skægt, og Andreas blev fuld i Martini. Næste morgen ville faderen på sin motorcykel køre Mikkel i skole, men et færdselsuheld dræber Mikkel og giver faderen en gipskrave og et plaget sind. Familien flytter til et nyt hus for at begynde på en frisk, men hverken det nye hus eller den venlige nye skoleklasse og lærer kan for alvor dulme Andreas' store sorg.

Medvirkende
 Holger Thaarup - Andreas
 Rune Veber - Mikkel
 Michelle Bjørn-Andersen - Moren
 Christian Hjejle - Faren
 Martin Brygmann - Læreren
 Agnes Obel
 Thomas Christensen
 Steffen Odd Sølvberg
 Birger Bohm

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Film instrueret af Thomas Vinterberg
Børnefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1994

Drengen der gik baglæns


Isla Capella (en inglés: Capella Island) es una isla deshabitada de 230 acres (0,93 km²) que es propiedad de las Islas Vírgenes de Estados Unidos. Se encuentra a 2 millas (4 km) al sur de la isla de St. Thomas. Está al lado de Isla Buck (Buck Island), el hogar del  Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Isla Buck (Buck Island National Wildlife Refuge), aproximadamente del doble del tamaño de Capella. Junto Capella, Buck, y los islotes adyacentes a veces son conocidas como las Islas Capella (Capella Islands).

Véase también
 Geografía de las Islas Vírgenes de Estados Unidos
 Geografía de Estados Unidos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la Isla

Archipiélagos e islas de las Islas Vírgenes de Estados Unidos

Isla Capella


Dilek bir şeyi temenni etmek anlamını taşıyan, eski Türkçe' den gelen, hem erkek hemde kız ismi olarak kullanılan, şu anlama gelebilir.

Coğrafya
 Dilek Boğazı, Türkiye Yunanistan arasında bir su boğazı
 Dilek Dağı, diğer adıyla Samsun Dağı
 Dilek Sabancı Parkı, İstanbul Beşiktaş da bir park
 Dilek Sabancı Spor Salonu, 2001-2013 arasında Antalya' da kullanılan spor salonu
 Dilek Yarımadası-Büyük Menderes Deltası Millî Parkı, Aydın da millî park

Kişiler
 Dilek Akagün Yılmaz (1963-), Türk avukat ve siyasetçi
 Dilek Çelebi (1980-), Türk tiyatro ve dizi oyuncusu
 Dilek Çolak, Türk film yönetmeni, senarist ve yapımcı
 Dilek Doğan'ın öldürülmesi, Özel Harekât polislerinin Dilek Doğan'ı öldürülmesi
 Dilek Gürsoy (1976-), Türk asıllı Alman kalp cerrahı
 Dilek İmamoğlu (1974-), Ekrem İmamoğlu' nun eşi
 Dilek Kınık (1995-), Türk kadın voleybolcu
 Dilek Öcalan (1987-), Şanlıurfa doğumlu Türk siyasetçi
 Dilek Pakalın (1955-), Türk oyuncu ve yazar
 Dilek Pamirtan (1971-), Türk dizi oyuncusu
 Dilek Pınar (1979-), Türk pop müziği sanatçısı
 Dilek Serbest (1981-), Türk manken ve oyuncu
 Dilek Türkan (1978-), Türk Tango yorumcusu
 Dilek Türker (1945-), Türk tiyatro sanatçısı
 Dilek Yüksel (1977-), Türk siyasetçi
 Dilek Zaptçıoğlu (1960-), Türk yazar, çevirmen ve gazeteci

Sanat
 Dilek Ağacı, 1976 yapımı Gürcü filmi
 Dilek Çeşmesi, Zeki Müren' in 1990 yapımı stüdyo albümü
 Dilek Kutusu, 1978 yapımı Türk filmi
 Dilek Taşı, Ali Tekintüre' nin kaleme aldığı şarkı

Yerleşimler
 Dilek, Arsin, Trabzon ili Arsin ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dilek, Taşköprü, Kastamonu ili Taşköprü ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dilek, Tunceli, Tunceli ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy

Ayrıca bakınız

Dış bağlantılar
 Türk Dil Kurumu' nda kelime arama

Dilek


Andrei Wiktorowitsch Korabeinikow (; * 1. April 1987 in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kasachische SSR) ist ein kasachischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit 2010 bei Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk in der Wysschaja Hockey-Liga unter Vertrag steht.

Karriere
Andrei Korabeinikow begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in seiner Heimatstadt in der Nachwuchsabteilung von Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk. Von dort wechselte er zu Barys Astana, für dessen Profimannschaft er in der Saison 2003/04 sein Debüt in der kasachischen Eishockeymeisterschaft gab. Von 2005 bis 2007 spielte der Verteidiger für Kaszink-Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk in der Wysschaja Liga, der zweiten russischen Spielklasse, sowie parallel gelegentlich für dessen zweite Mannschaft in der kasachischen Meisterschaft. Zur Saison 2007/08 schloss er sich erneut Barys Astana an, für das er in der Wysschaja Liga auf dem Eis stand.

Von 2008 bis 2010 spielte Korabeinikow je ein Jahr lang für Ust-Kamenogorsk sowie den HK Jugra Chanty-Mansijsk in der Wysschaja Liga. Zur Saison 2010/11 wurde er ein weiteres Mal von seinem Stammverein Kaszink-Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk verpflichtet, für den er seither in der neu gegründeten Wysschaja Hockey-Liga aufläuft.

International
Für Kasachstan nahm Korabeinikow im Juniorenbereich an den U18-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaften der Division I 2004 und 2005 sowie den U20-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaften der Division I 2006 und 2007 teil. Im Seniorenbereich stand er erstmals bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2012 im Aufgebot seines Landes.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 2007 Aufstieg in die Top-Division bei der U20-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft der Division I
 2013 Aufstieg in die Top-Division bei der Weltmeisterschaft der Division I, Gruppe A

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Kasachstan)
Eishockeyspieler (Barys Astana)
Eishockeyspieler (Metallurg Nowokusnezk)
Eishockeyspieler (Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk)
Eishockeyspieler (HK Jugra Chanty-Mansijsk)
Sowjetbürger
Kasache
Geboren 1987
Mann

Andrei Korabeinikow


"දි ඇඩ්වෙන්චර් ඔෆ් ද ගෝල්ඩන් පින්ස්-නෙස්" (සිංහල: රන් උපැස් යුගලේ වික්‍රමය) යනු සර් ආතර් කොනන් ඩොයිල්ගේ ෂර්ලොක් හෝම්ස් කෙටි කථා 56න් එකකි. මෙය ඇතුළු කථා 13ක් ද රිටර්න් ඔෆ් ෂර්ලොක් හෝම්ස් හි අන්තර්ගත ය.

දි ඇඩ්වෙන්චර් ඔෆ් ද ගෝල්ඩන් පින්ස්-නෙස්


The New Hampshire Grants or Benning Wentworth Grants were land grants made between 1749 and 1764 by the colonial governor of the Province of New Hampshire, Benning Wentworth. The land grants, totaling about 135 (including 131 towns), were made on land claimed by New Hampshire west of the Connecticut River, territory that was also claimed by the Province of New York. The resulting dispute led to the eventual establishment of the Vermont Republic, which later became the U.S. state of Vermont.

Background
The territory of what is now Vermont was first permanently settled by European settlers when William Dummer, acting governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, ordered the construction of a fort roughly where Brattleboro is located. Massachusetts laid claim to the territory west of the Merrimack River at the time, and it had settlers on the Connecticut River who were prepared to move further north. The border between Massachusetts and the neighboring Province of New Hampshire was fixed by royal decree in 1741 at a line  north of Pawtucket Falls, where the Merrimack River turns north. This decision eliminated claims by Massachusetts to the north of that line. The territory between the Connecticut River and Lake Champlain, however, was also claimed by the Province of New York, the claims of which extended eastward to Connecticut.

Also in 1741, New Hampshire native Benning Wentworth was appointed the first governor of New Hampshire of the 18th century who was not also a governor of Massachusetts. Wentworth chose to read New Hampshire's territorial claims broadly. He construed the decree setting the New Hampshire-Massachusetts border to mean that New Hampshire's jurisdiction extended as far west as the jurisdiction of Massachusetts extended. Since the Massachusetts boundary extended to a point  east of the Hudson River, Wentworth assumed the area west of the Connecticut belonged to New Hampshire. New York based its claim on the letters patent, which granted Prince James, Duke of York, brother of King Charles II, all of the lands west of the Connecticut River to Delaware Bay.

Grants

New Hampshire
Wentworth made the first grant, Bennington, a township west of the Connecticut River, on January 3, 1749. Cautioned by New York to cease and desist, Wentworth promised to await the judgment of the king, and refrain from making more grants in the claimed territory until it was rendered, but in November 1753, New York reported that he continued to grant land in the disputed area. Grants briefly ceased in 1754, because of the French and Indian War, but in 1755 and 1757, Wentworth had a survey made  up the Connecticut River, and 108 grants were made, extending to the line  east of the Hudson, and north to the eastern shore of Lake Champlain.

The grants were usually six miles (9.6 km) square (the standard size of a U.S. survey township, although the Public Land Survey System is not used in Vermont) and cost the grantee(s) £20. The grants were then subdivided amongst the proprietors, and six of the lots were set aside—one for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (a missionary organization of the Church of England), one for the Church of England, one for the first clergyman to settle in the township, one for a school, and two for Wentworth himself. The permanent annual tax on each grant, called a quitrent, was one shilling, paid directly to the king or his representative.

New York
While Wentworth's land sales were underway, New York also issued land patents in the same area. However, in contrast to the New Hampshire grants, the New York patents were generally irregularly shaped and issued to wealthy landowners. The New Hampshire grants were "town-sized," and generally settled by middle-class farmers. Most of the New York boundaries were ignored in favor of the New Hampshire boundaries and designations once Vermont achieved statehood, and some of these New York patents are now referred to as paper towns because they existed only on paper.

Royal adjudication
In September 1762, New York found New Hampshire surveyors working on the east side of Champlain, provoking the former colony's government to reiterate its claim to the area, citing both its own patent and the New Hampshire letters patent of 1741. In March 1764, Wentworth released a statement to the effect that the resolution of jurisdictional dispute required a royal verdict, which he was certain would be made in his favor. Meanwhile, he encouraged his grantees to settle in the land and to cultivate and develop it.

New York appealed to the Board of Trade, requesting a confirmation of their original grant, which finally resolved the border dispute between New York and New Hampshire in favor of New York. The royal order of July 26, 1764, affirmed that "the Western bank of the Connecticut, from where it enters the province of Massachusetts Bay as far north as the 45th degree of northern latitude, to be the boundary line between the said two provinces of New Hampshire and New York." Wentworth issued his final two grants on October 17 of that year: Walker and Waltham.

Invalidation

New York interpreted the decision as invalidating Wentworth's grants entirely—to the great dismay of area residents—and subsequently divided the territory into four counties, Albany, Charlotte, Cumberland and Gloucester. New York required that grantees surrender their charters, and in many cases buy their lands back from New York at greatly increased prices. Those who would not pay lost legal title to their lands, which New York then reassigned to others. The people, who would later become Vermonters, petitioned the governor of New York to confirm the New Hampshire Grants; he complied, in part, by declaring that no other grants should be made until the King's wishes were known. Land not previously granted by New Hampshire was considered open for distribution by New York's government.

In 1770, the New York Supreme Court declared all of Wentworth's grants invalid, thereby asserting the province's de jure control over the region. This infuriated residents, including Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys, who rose up to resist those efforts. While the resistance faded, so did New York's desire to assert its claim on the land around the Upper Connecticut, as a more pressing issue—revolution—moved to center stage.

Independence and statehood

In January 1775 Committees of Safety from over twenty towns in the New Hampshire Grants area met in Manchester to discuss the need for local self-governance independent from New York. The Manchester meeting created a "civil and political Body" to regulate their community. Two months later, another convention meeting at Westminster renounced the authority of New York's government. On March 13, 1775, two men were killed in Westminster by officers from New York. News of the first clash between American militia and British troops at Lexington and Concord interrupted the Westminster convention, but settlers gathered at yet another convention at Dorset in 1776 and petitioned the Continental Congress to recognize Vermont as a state and seat its delegates. The New York delegation convinced the Congress to deny the petition.

Some former Green Mountain Boys companies served in the American Revolutionary War, including in the effort to capture Fort Ticonderoga on May 10, 1775, and the invasion of Canada later that year. Ethan Allen and his then subordinate, Seth Warner, induced the Continental Congress at Philadelphia to create a Green Mountain ranger regiment. Having no treasury, the Congress directed that New York's Provincial Congress pay for the newly authorized regiment; which it did.

In 1777 the citizens of Vermont declared their full independence from Great Britain and established a constitution. The first elections under this constitution were held on March 3, 1778, and on March 12, the new government was organized at Windsor.

During the later stages of the Revolutionary War (early 1780s) several Vermont officials  engaged in negotiations with British officials, including Frederick Haldimand, the governor of Quebec, about Vermont officially returning to the British side. Just as Haldimand offered generous terms for reunion in 1781, the main British army surrendered at Yorktown, and it was clear that the United States would achieve independence.

Following the Revolutionary War, Vermont was excluded (primarily due to objections from New York) from the loose confederation established among the 13 former colonies. The state remained outside until 1791. In 1790 New York finally consented to Vermont's admission to the Union. New York ceded its New Hampshire Grants claim to Vermont for 30,000 dollars. A convention was held from January 6 through 10, 1791 at Bennington to consider joining the federal Union. The convention voted 105–2 in favor of seeking admission. Congress gave unanimous approval to Vermont statehood the following month, and on March 4, 1791, the New Hampshire Grants, as Vermont, became the 14th state, the first admitted to the Union after adoption of the federal Constitution.

See also
 List of towns in Vermont
 Equivalent Lands

References

Sources

External links
 The Problem of the New Hampshire Grants
 Virtual Vermont: Benning Wentworth
 Vermont Genealogy Resources
 New Hampshire Grants Index (with map)
 New York Patents Index (with map)
 Map of Vermont Towns with Grant States and Dates
 Vermont vs. New Hampshire 289 U.S. 593 (1933) at FindLaw

Former regions and territories of the United States
Pre-statehood history of Vermont
Vermont Republic
History of the Thirteen Colonies
1749 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies

New Hampshire Grants


Hodder-Williams ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Christopher Hodder-Williams  (1926–1995), britischer Science-Fiction-Autor, Musiker und Komponist
 Ernest Hodder-Williams (1873–1941), britischer Verleger

Hodder-Williams


Christina Morhaubt (die "Morhaubtin", geborene Merkhlein) († 4. August 1627 in Zeil am Main) war ein Opfer der Hexenverfolgung in Bamberg unter der Regierung von Fürstbischof Johann Georg II. Fuchs von Dornheim.

Leben
Ihr Ehemann war der Ratsherr und Bürgermeister Johann Morhaubt, ihr Wohnhaus lag in der Langen Gasse in Bamberg. Ihre Geschwister waren der Kannengießer Paul Merkhlein sowie Hans Merkhlein und Anna Haan. Morhaubt hatte die Söhne Hans und Martin.

Im Zusammenhang mit einer Missernte 1626 begann auf der Suche nach vermeintlich Schuldigen eine weitere Hexenprozesswelle in Bamberg. Christina Morhaubt wurde am 9. April 1627 verhaftet. Sie wurde u. a. mit einer glühenden Zange gefoltert und gestand daraufhin, elf Jahre zuvor während ihrer dritten Schwangerschaft von ihrer Mutter Dorl Greifin zur Hexerei verführt worden zu sein.

Gegen mehrere ihrer Mägde wurden Hexenprozesse eröffnet:
 Kunigunth Weberin (verhaftet zwischen dem 30. April und dem 7. Mai 1627) belastete Christina Morhaubt, deren Sohn Hans und weitere Personen.
 Ellin Helena von Kronach benannte unter der Folter erstmals Personen aus der Bamberger Oberschicht: die Frau des Bürgermeisters Georg Neudecker, die Frau des Bürgermeisters Johannes Junius, Hans Morhaubt, die Kanzlerin Katharina Haan, die Frau des Bürgermeisters Dietmeyer und andere. Vermutlich sind ihr die Namen der angesehensten Familien von Bamberg von den Hexenkommissaren vorgegeben worden.

Verstärkt wurden diese Belastungen durch Hans Morhaubt, Sohn der Christina Morhaubt. Sein erstes Verhör fand am 12. Juni 1627 in Bamberg statt. Phantasievoll schilderte der 14-jährige Junge den Vollzug seiner angeblichen Hexentaufe und benannte viele Honoratioren der Stadt als angebliche Mitglieder der Hexensekte, unter anderen auch die Familie des Kanzlers Haan und seinen jüngeren Bruder Martin. Danach wurde er nach Zeil überstellt.

Christina Morhaubts Prozessakte ist nur unvollständig erhalten. Am 4. August 1627 wurde Christina Morhaubt in Zeil verbrannt.

Nachwirkungen
Die Konsequenzen seiner Erzählungen begriff Hans Morhaubt anscheinend nicht. Da er ein so "nützlicher" Belastungszeuge war, blieb er relativ lange in Haft. In der Folgezeit wurden die von ihm beschuldigten Personen verhaftet, gefoltert und verbrannt. Die Richter verwendeten dabei regelmäßig den Jungen Hans Morhaubt als Zeugen. Er wurde sogar von Zeil wieder nach Bamberg gebracht, um in dem dort stattfindenden Prozess gegen die Kanzlerin Haan und ihre Tochter auszusagen.

Am 19. Januar 1628 verurteilte ihn das Gericht zusammen mit der Kanzlerin Haan und deren Tochter zum Tode durch das Feuer. Es ist nicht überliefert, wann genau er hingerichtet wurde. Eventuell war er noch bis Anfang April 1628 in Zeil in Haft.

Infolge der Hinrichtung einer solchen Anzahl prominenter Bürger Bambergs konfiszierten der Fürstbischof und seine Beamten über 500.000 Gulden.

Siehe auch
 Drudenhaus
 Dorothea Flock
 Johannes Junius
 Katharina Haan

Literatur
 Britta Gehm, Die Hexenverfolgung im Hochstift Bamberg und das Eingreifen des Reichshofrates (RHR) zu ihrer Beendigung, Olms-Verlag, Hildesheim, 2000, S. 136–138; 2. Auflage 2011, ISBN 978-3-487-14731-4
 Karin Dengler-Schreiber, Kleine Bamberger Stadtgeschichte, Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg, 2006, S. 82 f.

Weblinks
 www.bamberga.de: Hexenverhör des 14-jährigen Daniel Bittl aus Bamberg
 www.eo-bamberg.de: Katharina Haan – als Hexen im Hochstift Bamberg verfolgt wurden (17. Jhd.)
 Opfer der Hexenprozesse in Bamberg (Liste der Namen der Opfer der Hexenprozesse) (PDF; 261,82 kB)

Opfer der Hexenverfolgung
Person (Bamberg)
Hingerichtete Person (Heiliges Römisches Reich)
Hingerichtete Person (17. Jahrhundert)
Geboren im 16. oder 17. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 1627
Frau
Folteropfer
Hexenverfolgung in Bamberg

Christina Morhaubt


තුවාල සුවවීම හෙවත් සුවවීම යනු හානියට පත් වූ හෝ විනාශ වූ පටක සහිත ප්‍රදේශයක ප්‍රමාණය අවමකර ගැනීම සදහා ශරීරයෙහි සෛල මගින් ප්‍රතිජනනය හා ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කිරීම සිදුවන ක්‍රියාවලියකි. සුව වීමේදී හානි වූ පටක ඉවත් කිරීම සහ ඒවා නව පටක මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම යන අංග දෙකම සිදුවේ.

මෙලෙස ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය සිදු කිරීම ක්‍රම දෙකකට සිදුවේ
ප්‍රතිජනනය මගින් (Regeneration) මෙහිදී කුණු වූ පටක හා සෛල එහි මුලින්ම පැවති සෛලවලින්ම නැවත ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරනු ලබයි.
අළුත් වැඩියා කිරීම මගින් (Repair) මෙහිදී තුවාල වූ පටක කැළලක් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරයි.

බොහෝමයක් වූ අවයවවල සුවවීම ඉහත සදහන් කළ ක්‍රමෝපායන් දෙකේම සංකලනයක් ලෙස සිදුවේ.

ප්‍රති ජනනය මගින් සුවවීම
තුවාලයක් ප්‍රතිජනනය මගින් සුවවීම සඳහා එලෙස හානි වූ සෛල වර්ගයට ගුණනය  වීමේ හැකියාව තිබිය යුතුය. බොහෝ සෛලවලට මෙම හැකියාව ඇතත් හෘද පේෂී සහ ස්නායුවලට ගුණනය වීමේ හැකියාව නොමැත.

සෛලවලට වර්ධනය වීම පිණිස කොලජන් මගින් ආධාරය සපයන රාමුවක් අවශ්‍ය වේ. බොහෝ සෛල සඳහා පාදස්ථ පටලයක් හෝ ෆයිබ්‍රොබ්ලාස්ට් මගින් නිර්මාණය වූ කොලජන් පද්ධතියක් අන්තර් ගත බැවින් එමගින් සෛලවල වර්ධනය සඳහා මග පෙන්වනු ලබයි. සෛලවලට රුධිරය සැපයීම අඩාල වීම මගින් සහ බොහෝමයක් ධූලක වර්ග මගින් කොලජන් විනාශයට පත් නොකරන බැවින් එය අවට ඇති සෛල මරණයට පත් වුවද එය දිගින් දිගටම පවතී.

ප්‍රතිජනනය සඳහා උදාහරණ
වකු ගඩුවල වෘක්කාණුවල සෛල මරණයෙන් පසු (Acute Tubular Necrosis) ඒවා නැවත වරක් සුවවීම සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම සිදු වනුයේ ප්‍රතිජනනය මගිනි. මෙලෙස වකුගඩුවල සෛල මරණයට පත් වනුයේ වකුගඩුවේ  අපිච්ඡද පටක ඔක්සිජන් ඌණතාවය නිසා විනාශයට පත් වීම (රුධිර පීඩනය අඩුවීම හෝ වකු ගඩුවලට රුධිර සැපයුම කැපීපෙනෙන ලෙස අඩු වූ අවස්ථාවන් වලදී) මගින් හෝ ප්‍රතිජීවක ඖෂධ , බර ලෝහ හෝ කාබන්ටෙට්‍රා ක්ලෝරයිඩ් වැනි ධූලක මගිනි.

අළුත්වැඩියා කිරීම මගින් සුවවීම
ප්‍රතිජනනය සිදුවිය නොහැකි සෛලවල තුව‍ාල වීමකදී ඒවා සුවවීම සිදුවනුයේ එම සෛල අළුත්වැඩියාව මගිනි. (උදා - හෘද පේෂි සහ නියුරෝන) තවද සෛල වටා ඇති කොලජන් රාමුවට හානි සිදුවන අවස්ථාවල දී හෝ (උදා - එන්සයිම මගින් හෝ භෞතික වශයෙන් විනාශ වන අවස්ථාවන්හිදී) සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම කොලජන් රාමුව බිඳ වැටෙන අවස්ථාවන්හිදී (ලේ සැපයුම් අවහිර වීම නිසා සෛල විනාශයට පත්වන අවස්ථාවහිදී) සුවවීම සෛල අළුත් වැඩියාව මගින් සිදුවේ.

සෛලවලට හානි සිදුවීමක් සිදු වූ ක්ෂණයකින්ම තුවාල සුවවීමේ ක්‍රියා දාමයන් ආරම්භ වේ. මෙම ක්‍රියාදාමයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අවධි 3 කින් සිදුවේ.
 ආසාදනය
 සෛල ගුණනය සහ
 සෛල පරිණත වීමේ අවධියේය.

ආසාදනය වීමේ අවධියේදී මහාභක්ෂානු සහ අනෙකුත් භක්ෂක සෛල බැක්ටීරියා සහ විනාශ වූ පටක මරණයට පත් කරමින් වර්ධක හොමෝන වැනි රසායනික සාධක නිදහස් කරනු ලබයි. එමගින් ෆයිබ්‍රෝබ්ලාස්ට , අපිච්ඡද සෛල සහ ආස්තරණ සෛල  අදාල ප්‍රදේශයට සංක්‍රමණය වීමෙන් ගුණනය වීමෙන් හානියට පත් වූ හෝ තුවාල වූ සෛල අවට කේෂ නාලිකා සෑදීමක් සිදු කරනු ලබයි.

සෛල ගුණනය වීමේ අවධියේදී ක්‍රියාකාරී ෆයිබ්‍රෝබ්ලාස්ට විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් අන්තර්ගත පරිණත නොවූ කණිකා කෘත පටක සෑදේ. (Granulation tissue) මෙම ෆයිබ්‍රෝබ්ලාස්ට ඉතා ක්ෂණයකින් තුන්වන වර්ගයේ කොළජන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරමින් විවෘත තුවාලයෙහි ඇති සිදුරු සියල්ලම පුරාවා දමනු ලබයි. මෙම කණිකාකෘත පටක තරංග ආකාරයකට තුවාලයේ මායිමේ සිට මැද දක්වා වර්ධනය වෙමින් ගමන් කරනු ලබයි.

මෙම කණිකාකෘත පටක පරිණත වීමත් සමගම ෆයිබ්‍රෝබ්ලාස්ටර් මගින් කොළජන් සුළු ප්‍රමාණයක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන අතර ඒවා දිගටි සිහින් ස්වරූපයක් ගනී. මේ සමගම එමගින් වඩාත් ශක්තිමත් පළමු වන වර්ගයේ කොලජන් නිෂ්පාදනය වීම ආරම්භ කරයි. ඇතැම් ෆයිබ්‍රෝබ්ලාස්ට මෘදු පේෂිවල අන්තර්ගත ඇක්ටින් හා සමාන මයෝ ෆයිබ්‍රෝබ්ලාස්ට බවට පරිණත වීමක් සිදුවේ. එමගින් ඒවාට සංකෝචනය වීම මගින් තුවාලයෙහි ප්‍රමාණය කුඩා කළ හැකිය.

තුවාල සුවවීමේ පරිණතවීමේ අවධියේ දී කණිකාකෘත පටකවල ඇති අනවශ්‍ය රුධිර වාහිණී ස්වාභාවිකව සිදුවන සෛල මරණය (Apoptosis) මගින් ඉවත් කරනු ලබන අතර තුන්වන වර්ගයේ කොලජන් පළමුවන වර්ගයේ කොළජන් මගින් විශාල වශයෙන් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරනු ලබයි. මුල් අවස්ථාවන්හිදී අසංවිධානාත්මකව සැකසී තිබූ කොලජන් මෙහිදී ආතති රේඛාවන් ඔස්සේ එකිනෙක හා හරස් අතට සම්බන්ධවෙමින් පෙළ ගැසේ. ඉහතින් සඳහන් කරන ලද අවධිය වසරක් හෝ ඊට වැඩි කාලයක් තිස්සේ වුවද පැවතිය හැකිය. අවසාන වශයෙන් කොළජන් වලින් කැළලක් නිර්මාණය වන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයක ෆයිබ්‍රෝබ්ලාස්ට සංඛ්‍යාවක් ඉතිරිවේ.

සාමාන්‍ය සැත්කම් කැපුමක් සම්මත කාලසීමාවන් මගින් සිදුවන සිදුවීම් මාලාවක් වශයෙන් ක්‍රියාවට නැංවෙයි. මුල් අවස්ථාවේදී රුධිර කැටියක් සෑදීම, පැය 3 සිට පැය 24 ක් අතර කාලසීමාවකදී නියුට්‍රෝෆිල මගින් අදාල තුවාලය දෙසට ආක්‍රමණය කිරීම සහ පැය 24 සිට 48 ක් දක්වා කාලයක දී අපිච්ඡද සෛල අනූනන විභාජනය මගින් ගුණනය වීම සිදු වේ. මෙම අවස්ථාවෙන් පසු  සුවවීම මින්පෙර සඳහන් කරන ලද ක්‍රියාමාර්ගය ඔස්සේ සිදුවේ.

මෙලෙස බොහොමයක් අපිච්ඡද පටක මරණයට පත් වුවද යම් ස්ථානවල අපිච්ඡද පටක තවදුරටත් ජීවීව පවතී. මීට අමතරව වකුගඩුවේ නාලිකාවල කොලජන් රාමුව සම්පුර්ණයෙන්ම යථාතත්වයෙන්ම පවතී.

ඉහතින් සඳහන් කළ පරිදි මෙලෙස ඉතිරිව පවතින අපිච්ඡද පටකවලට පාදස්ථ ස්ථරය මගපෙන්වීමක් ලෙස භාවිතා කරමින් ගුණනය වීමෙන් අවසානයේදී වකුගඩුව සාමාන්‍ය තත්වයට පත් කළ හැකිය. මෙලෙස ප්‍රතිජනනය සම්පුර්ණ වීමෙන් පසුව සිදුවූ හානිය අන්වීක්ෂයකින් පවා දැක බලාගත නොහැකි මට්ටමට පැමිණේ.

සෞඛ්‍යය
ජීව විද්‍යාව

තුවාල සුවවීම


Julie Blackmon (née en 1966 à Springfield, Missouri) est une photographe qui vit et travaille dans le Missouri. Ses photographies s'inspirent de sa famille nombreuse, de son rôle actuel de mère et de photographe et de l'intemporalité de la dynamique familiale. En tant qu'aînée de neuf enfants et mère de trois enfants, Blackmon utilise les membres de sa propre famille et son foyer afin d' "aller au-delà du documentaire pour explorer les éléments fantastiques de notre vie quotidienne".

Julie Blackmon vise à re-contextualiser les motifs classiques de l'histoire de l'art en les fusionnant avec son expérience personnelle. Influencée par les maîtres de la Renaissance néerlandaise, plus particulièrement par l'œuvre de Jan Steen, Blackmon insuffle à son travail un sens typiquement néerlandais de la lumière, de la palette et de l'utilisation de l'iconographie. Également influencée par le peintre moderniste Balthus, Julie Blackmon crée des scènes mouvementées dans lesquelles le temps s'arrête, laissant le spectateur anticiper ce qui pourrait se passer dans l'instant suivant.

Études et œuvre
Blackmon étudie l'art à la Missouri State University, où elle s'intéresse au travail de photographes telles Sally Mann et Diane Arbus.

S'inspirant largement de ses expériences personnelles et de ses relations, Blackmon ajoute un élément d'humour et de fantaisie pour créer des œuvres qui touchent à la fois au quotidien et au fictif.

Mind Games, la première grande œuvre de Blackmon, explore l'enfance à travers une série d'images en noir et blanc. En 2004, la série lui vaut une mention honorable au Project Competition  organisé par le Santa Fe Center for Photography et un prix de mérite de la Society of Contemporary Photography à Kansas City.

À la suite de Mind Games, Julie Blackmon passe à la couleur et créé Domestic Vacations.  Ses photographies de vie de famille apparaissent à la fois désordonnées et ludiques. Julie Blackmon dit s'inspirer pour cette série des tableaux des peintres hollandais et flamands du XVIIe siècle, notamment les scènes familiales chaotiques de Jan Steen . Des environnements sur mesure et des accessoires soigneusement placés sont souvent une caractéristique de son travail.

Homegrown reprend là où Domestic Vacations s'arrête. Suivant la même formule, Homegrown démontre une plus grande maîtrise technique en ce qui concerne la composition et la structure. Là où la  Domestic Vacations se déroulait principalement dans les limites de la maison, Homegrown se tourne vers l'extérieur. Le marché, le salon de beauté et les champs derrière la maison nous sont également familiers et façonnent notre enfance tout autant que nos maisons. Ces lieux deviennent la toile de fond de scènes décousues ; dans Picnic, trois bébés sont assis dans un landau surplombant l'aménagement pour un pique-nique tandis que non loin des hommes tirent sur des oiseaux avec des fusils de chasse.

Expositions et collections permanentes
Le travail de Julie Blackmon est présenté dans de nombreuses expositions et se trouve dans les collections permanentes de la George Eastman House, Rochester, NY ; le Musée d'art contemporain Kemper, Kansas City, MO; le Musée des beaux-arts, Houston, Texas ; et le Photographic Center Northwest, Seattle, WA.

Publications
Les photographies de Blackmon sont publiées dans Time, The New Yorker et Oxford American . En 2008, une monographie du travail de Blackmon est publiée sous le titre Domestic Vacations. En 2014 paraît une deuxième monographie, Homegrown. En 2015, Homegrown remporte le National Silver aux Independent Publisher Book Awards.

Liens externes

 Site de Julie Blackmon
 Haw Contemporain, Kansas City, MO
 Galerie G. Gibson, Seattle, Washington
 KIDS, La Galerie David Winton Bell, communiqué de presse
 Revue de Julie Blackmon à la Robert Mann Gallery par Robert Shuster, 6 octobre 2010

Références

Photographe américaine
Photographe américain
Naissance en 1966

Julie Blackmon


Esta é uma lista de países por tamanho do setor público, calculada como porcentagem do número de funcionários do setor público em relação à força de trabalho total.

As informações baseiam-se principalmente em dados da OCDE e da OIT. Se uma fonte tiver números para mais de um ano, apenas o número mais recente é usado (com notas para circunstâncias excepcionais).

Nos países do antigo Bloco de Leste, o setor público em 1989 representava entre 70% e mais de 90% do emprego total. Na China, 78,3% da força de trabalho urbana estava empregada no setor público em 1978, ano em que a reforma econômica chinesa foi lançada, após o que as taxas caíram. Jin Zeng estima que os números foram de 56,4% em 1995 e 32,8% em 2003, enquanto outras estimativas são mais altas.

Nos países da OCDE, a taxa média de emprego no setor público foi de 21,3% em 2013.

Lista

Ver também

 Lista de países por taxa de emprego
 Lista de países por força de trabalho
 Setor público

Economia do setor público
Listas de países

Lista de países por tamanho do setor público


Die Chicago Cardinals waren eine US-amerikanische Eishockeymannschaft aus Chicago, Illinois. Die Mannschaft spielte in der Saison 1926/27 in der American Hockey Association.

Geschichte
Das Franchise war 1926 eines der sechs Gründungsmitglieder der American Hockey Association. In der Saison 1926/27 belegten die Cardinals, die ihren Namen am 8. März 1927 in Americans änderten, den fünften Platz der regulären Saison. Bereits nach nur einer Spielzeit wurde das Team nach Kansas City, Missouri, umgesiedelt, wo es anschließend unter dem Namen Kansas City Pla-Mors den Spielbetrieb in der AHA fortsetzte.

Weblinks
 The Internet Hockey Database – Statistik Chicago Cardinals/Americans
 The Internet Hockey Database – Spielerliste Chicago Cardinals/Americans

Eishockeyverein (American Hockey Association, 1926–1942)
Sportverein (Chicago)

Chicago Cardinals (Eishockey)


Camuzcu, Adana ilinin Seyhan ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Geçmiste bu yöreye yerleşen ve köyü oluşturan insanlar, yaşamlarını sığırcılıkla sürdürürlerdi fakat özellikle de bir sığır cinsi ve siyah renkte bir Manda türü olan bu sığır , özellikle cok bulunurdu,ticaretlerini ve gecimlerinin bir kismini böylece bir nevi bu sigir ticareti ile saglarlardi ayni zamanda bu siyah renkte olan,suyu ve camuru cok seven hayvanin öteki adi dilimizde ``Camuz`` olarak da gecer,iste bu mahallenin (mahallesimüzün) adi kisaca böylelikle buradan kaynaklaniyor.

Coğrafya
Adana il merkezine 3 km, Seyhan ilçesine 3 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Seyhan'ın mahalleleri

Camuzcu, Seyhan


غافريلوفكا فتورايا  هي مدينة في مقاطعة تامبوف أوبلاست في روسيا.

مدن مقاطعة تامبوف

غافريلوفكا فتورايا (تامبوف)


The Virginian Railway  was a Class I railroad located in Virginia and West Virginia in the United States. The VGN was created to transport high quality "smokeless" bituminous coal from southern West Virginia to port at Hampton Roads.

History

Early in the 20th century, William Nelson Page, a civil engineer and coal mining manager, joined forces with a silent partner, industrialist financier Henry Huttleston Rogers (a principal of Standard Oil and one of the wealthiest men in the world), to develop the Deepwater Railway, a modest 85-mile long short line railroad to access untapped bituminous coal reserves in some of the most rugged sections of southern West Virginia. When Page was blocked by collusion of the bigger railroads, who refused to grant reasonable rates to interchange the coal traffic, he did not quit. As he continued building the original project, to provide their own link, using Rogers' resources and attorneys they quietly incorporated another intrastate railroad in Virginia, the Tidewater Railway. In this name, they secured the right-of-way needed all the way across Virginia to reach Hampton Roads, where a new coal pier was erected at Sewell's Point.

The two projects were legally joined and renamed the Virginian Railway in early 1907. Despite efforts to stop them, they then built the "Mountains to Sea" railroad under the noses of the big railroads and the elite group of a few industrialists (so-called "robber barons") who controlled them. Completed in 1909, the Virginian Railway was largely financed with Rogers' personal fortune. It was a modern, well-engineered railroad with all-new infrastructure and could operate more efficiently than its larger competitors.

Throughout a profitable 50-year history, VGN continued the Page-Rogers philosophy of "paying up front for the best." It achieved best efficiencies in the mountains, rolling piedmont, and flat tidewater terrain. Known for operating some of the largest and best steam, electric, and diesel motive power, it was nicknamed "Richest Little Railroad in the World." Merged into the Norfolk and Western Railway in 1959, a large portion of the former VGN remains in service in the 21st century for the Norfolk Southern Railway, a Class I railroad headquartered in Atlanta.

Building the Virginian Railway
The Virginian Railway (VGN) was conceived early in the 20th century by two men. One was a civil engineer, coal mining manager, and entrepreneur, William Nelson Page. His partner was millionaire industrialist, Henry Huttleston Rogers. Together, they built a well-engineered railroad that was virtually a "conveyor belt on rails" to transport high quality "smokeless" bituminous coal from southern West Virginia to port on Hampton Roads, near Norfolk, Virginia.

The Virginian Railway transported coal from West Virginia Coalfields to ports in Hampton Roads. It grew in spite of competition from monopolies. While other railroads curved and went over hills to get to each town, the Virginian was built mostly for coal and was built as straight and steady in grade as possible.

Partnership: The idea man from Ansted and a self-made multi-millionaire
William Nelson Page (1854–1932) was a civil engineer and entrepreneur. Page, who was born in Virginia and educated at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, originally came to West Virginia in the 1870s to help build the double-track Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) in the New and Kanawha River Valleys.

A colorful man by all accounts, Colonel Page, as he came to be known, soon became involved in many coal and related enterprises in the mountains of Virginia and West Virginia, settling in the tiny mountain hamlet of Ansted in Fayette County, West Virginia.

Col. Page was one of the more successful men who developed West Virginia's rich bituminous coal fields in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and built railroads to transport the coal. With his training and experience as a civil engineer, Page was well prepared to utilize southern West Virginia's resources. Former West Virginia Governor William A. MacCorkle described him as a man who knew "the land as a farmer knows his fields." He was also an energetic entrepreneur. Author H. Reid summed it up by labeling Col. Page "The idea man from Ansted."

Henry Huttleston Rogers (1840–1909) was a financier and industrialist who was raised in Fairhaven, Massachusetts, the son of Rowland Rogers, a former ship captain, bookkeeper, and grocer. He began working while young, working part-time in his father's grocery store and delivering newspapers. After graduating from high school, Rogers worked as a brakeman on the Fairhaven Branch Railroad while saving his money. In 1861 he and a friend went to the mountains of Pennsylvania, and helped develop oil and natural gas resources there during the U.S. Civil War, eventually becoming one of the key men with John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust and a multi-millionaire. One of the wealthiest men in the US, Rogers was an energetic entrepreneur, much like the younger Page, and was also involved in many rail and mineral development projects.

Rogers became acquainted with Page while the latter was president of Gauley Mountain Coal Company, among many other ventures. Page knew of rich untapped bituminous coal fields lying between the New River Valley and the lower Guyandotte River in southern West Virginia in an area not yet reached by C&O and its major competitor, the Norfolk & Western Railway (N&W). While the bigger railroads were preoccupied in developing nearby areas and shipping coal via rail to Hampton Roads, Page formed a plan to take advantage of the undeveloped coal lands, with Rogers and several others as investors. A powerful partnership had been formed.

Deepwater Railway and Tidewater Railway
Originally, the Page-Rogers scheme was a short line railroad, the Deepwater Railway, formed in 1898, an intrastate line intended to be only in West Virginia. Eventually, after establishing relationships to interchange coal traffic with the bigger railroads failed, the Deepwater's right-of-way was extended to reach the West Virginia-Virginia state line near Glen Lyn, Virginia. Important points on the Deepwater Railway were Page, Mullens and Princeton in West Virginia.

In Virginia, another intrastate railroad, the Tidewater Railway, was formed in 1904, with right-of-way across the southern tier of Virginia from Giles County (which borders West Virginia) to Norfolk County on Hampton Roads. The principal points were Roanoke, Victoria, Suffolk, and Sewell's Point, a rural location where a new coal pier was located on the harbor near Norfolk.

Victoria is created

Late in 1906, near the halfway point on the Tidewater Railway between Roanoke and Sewell's Point, a new town with space set aside for railroad offices and shops was created in Lunenburg County, Virginia. It was named Victoria, in honor of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, who was admired by Henry Rogers.

Victoria was the location of a large equipment maintenance operation, with roundhouse, turntable, coaling and water facilities for servicing steam locomotives, and a large yard. Offices for the VGN's Norfolk Division were built by adding a second floor to the passenger station building a few years later.

1907: Virginian railway is born
The Virginian Railway Company was formed in Virginia on March 8, 1907, to combine the Deepwater Railway in West Virginia and the Tidewater Railway in Virginia into a single interstate railroad, only a few months after Victoria was incorporated. On April 15, 1907, William Nelson Page became the first president of the new Virginian Railway.

Work progressed on the VGN throughout 1907 and 1908 using construction techniques not available when the larger railroads had been built about 25 years earlier. By paying for work with Henry Rogers' personal fortune, the railway was built with no public debt. This feat, a key feature of the successful secrecy in securing the route, was not accomplished without some considerable burden to Rogers.

Rogers suffered some financial setbacks in the Financial Panic of 1907 which began in March. Then, a few months later that year, he experienced a debilitating stroke. He was largely disabled for five months. Rogers recovered his health, at least partially, and saw to it that construction was continued on the railroad until it was completed early in 1909.

Last spike, celebrations
The last spike in the Virginian Railway was driven on January 29, 1909, at the west side of the massive New River Bridge at Glen Lyn, near where the railroad crossed the West Virginia-Virginia state line.

In April 1909, Henry Huttleston Rogers and Mark Twain, old friends, returned to Norfolk, Virginia together once again for a huge celebration of the new "Mountains to the Sea" railroad's completion.

Rogers departed the next day on his first (and only) tour of the new railroad. He died suddenly six weeks later at the age of 69 at his home in New York. By then, the work of the Page-Rogers partnership to build the Virginian Railway had been completed.

While neither William Page or Henry Rogers operated the railway, it was arguably a crowning achievement for each man. Together, they had conceived and built a modern, well-engineered railroad from the coal mines of West Virginia to tidewater at Hampton Roads. The Virginian Railway operated more efficiently than its larger competitors, had all-new infrastructure, and no debt. It was an accomplishment unparalleled in US railroading, before or since.

Operating and Electrifying "the Richest Little Railroad in the World"

Mr. Rogers left his heirs and employees with a marvelous new railroad which remained closely held until 1937; his son and sons-in-law such as Urban H. Broughton and William R. Coe were among its leaders. Coe served almost its entire history. Throughout that profitable 50-year history, the VGN continued to follow the Page-Rogers policy of "paying up front for the best." It became particularly well known for treating its employees and vendors well, another investment that paid rich dividends. The VGN sought (and achieved) best efficiencies in the mountains, rolling piedmont and flat tidewater terrain. The profitable VGN experimented with the finest and largest steam, electric, and diesel locomotives. It was well known for operating the largest and best equipment, and could afford to. It became nicknamed "the richest little railroad in the world."

The VGN had a very major grade at Clark's Gap, West Virginia, and tried large steam locomotives before turning to an alternative already in use by one of its neighboring competitors, Norfolk & Western Railway: a railway electrification system. With work authorized beginning in 1922, a 134-mile portion of the railroad in the mountains from Mullens, West Virginia over Clark's Gap and several other major grades to Roanoke, Virginia was equipped with overhead wires supported by a catenary system at 11,000 volts. The VGN built its own power plant at Narrows, Virginia. The electrification was completed in 1925 at a cost of $15 million, equal to $ today. A link was established with Norfolk & Western to share electricity from its nearby electrification during contingencies. ALCO and Westinghouse supplied the electric locomotives, which were equipped with pantographs. The 36 initial units were normally linked in groups of three as one set, and had much greater load capacity than the steam power they replaced. In 1948, four huge EL-2B twin-unit locomotives were purchased, followed by twelve EL-C rectifier locomotives in 1955.

The seemingly remotely located terminal Page and Rogers planned and built at Sewell's Point played an important role in 20th-century U.S. naval history. Beginning in 1917 the former Jamestown Exposition grounds adjacent to the VGN coal pier was an important facility for the United States Navy. The VGN transported the high quality "smokeless" West Virginia bituminous coal favored by the US Navy for its ships, though all ships not built for fuel oil were converted to fuel oil well before WW II.

In the mid-1950s VGN management realized that the company's devotion to coal as its energy source (for steam locomotives and the power plant at Narrows for the electrification system) was becoming overshadowed by the economies of diesel-electric locomotives and a scarcity of parts for the older steam locomotives. Between 1954 and 1957 a total of 66 diesel-electric locomotives were purchased, including 25 Fairbanks-Morse H-24-66 Train Masters, and 40 H-16-44 smaller road switchers, two with steam generators to haul passenger trains. The last steam locomotive operated in June, 1957.

At the end of 1925 VGN operated 545 route-miles on 902 miles of track; at the end of 1956 mileages were 611 and 1089.

Major stations and crossings
The following are the major stations and crossings on the Virginian Railway's 436 mile main line:
Deepwater, West Virginia
Oak Hill Junction
Mullens
Princeton
Norcross, Virginia
Merrimac
Roanoke, crossing Norfolk and Western
Altavista, crossing Southern Railway
Brookneal, crossing Norfolk and Western
Virso, crossing Southern Railway
Victoria
Alberta, crossing Seaboard Air Line Railroad
Jarratt, crossing Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
Suffolk, crossing Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and Seaboard Air Line Railroad
Norfolk

End of steam: decline at servicing points

Beginning in 1903 Page, West Virginia, named for Col. William Page, was the site of a switching yard, roundhouse, and station on the Deepwater Railway and later the Virginian Railway. After the railroad eliminated steam locomotives in 1957 and the area's coal mines were largely depleted, the facilities at Page were unneeded. Mullens and Princeton in West Virginia, and Roanoke, Victoria and Sewell's Point in Virginia were other locations where extensive steam locomotive servicing facilities and roundhouses were also no longer needed after 1957.

The passenger trains in the system's final decade, the 1950s, consisted of separate runs from Page, West Virginia to Roanoke; and then between August, 1952 and July, 1955, from Roanoke to Norfolk. The last remaining passenger service on the line was discontinued by 1956. The latter route was on a more southerly and more rural itinerary than mainline of the Virginian's major competitor, Norfolk and Western, whose main line went through Lynchburg and Petersburg.

Merger with Norfolk & Western
During World War I, VGN was jointly operated with its adjacent competitor, the Norfolk & Western Railway (N&W), under the USRA's wartime takeover of the Pocahontas Roads. The operating efficiencies were significant. After the war, the railroads were returned to their respective owners and competitive status. However, N&W never lost sight of VGN and its low-grade routing through Virginia.

After World War I there were many attempts by C&O, N&W, and others to acquire the Virginian Railway. However, the US Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) turned down attempts at combining the roads until the late 1950s, when a proposed Norfolk & Western Railway and Virginian Railway merger was approved in 1959. Electric operation ended June 30, 1962.

Legacy
Two years after the merger, a book written by author and historian H. Reid, The Virginian Railway, was published. Reid stated that "There will always be a Virginian."

Today, major portions of the VGN low-gradient route are the preferred eastbound coal path for N&W's successor Norfolk Southern Railway. Other portions of VGN right-of-way in eastern Virginia now transport fresh water and are under study for future high speed passenger rail service to South Hampton Roads from Richmond and Petersburg. The former VGN property at Sewell's Point is part of the US Naval Station, Norfolk.

Although one of the smaller fallen flags of U.S. railroads, the Virginian Railway continues to have a loyal following of former employees, modelers, authors, photographers, historians and preservationists. Preservationists have saved VGN passenger stations in Suffolk and Roanoke, Virginia. The Suffolk Passenger Station, which was also used by the Seaboard railroads, has been restored and is in use as a museum. Similar plans are underway by the local chapter of the National Railway Historical Society in Roanoke for the Virginian Railway Passenger Station. The Oak Hill Railroad Depot in Oak Hill, West Virginia, the only remaining Virginian station in West Virginia, has also been restored by the local chapter of the National Railway Historical Society. In May 2003, the Virginian Railway Yard Historic District at Princeton was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

Three of VGN's locomotives and numerous cabooses and other rolling stock survive. One steam and one electric locomotive have been cosmetically restored, and are on display at the Virginia Museum of Transportation in Roanoke, Virginia.

In October 2002 VGN authors and enthusiasts restored the Mullens, West Virginia Caboose Museum which had been ravaged in one of West Virginia's notorious floods. The work was funded by sale of handmade models and contributions. In April 2004 children of Boonsboro Elementary School in nearby Bedford, Virginia and the local Kiwanis group in Lynchburg, Virginia teamed to raise funds and work to save the railroad's only surviving original (circa 1910) class C-1 wooden caboose. In December 2004, a fully restored and equipped VGN caboose, C-10 No. 342, built by VGN employees in the former Princeton (WV) Shops, was moved to newly laid rails at Victoria, where it is the centerpiece of a new rail heritage park, dedicated in summer 2005.

In May 2003 a Gathering of Rail Friends was held at Victoria, Virginia, home to a museum, with a park with historical interpretations of the roundhouse and turntable sites under development. The Norfolk Southern Railway sent its exhibition train to nearby Crewe for the event.

In October 2004, the Roanoke Times ran a feature story about the weekly meetings of the "Takin' Twenty with the Virginian Brethren" group of retired VGN employees, prominently displaying the model of a modern GE locomotive in Virginian Railway livery, which they hope the railroad will use as a basis for a special painting of current-day Norfolk Southern Railway locomotive to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the 1907 founding of their favorite railroad, the Virginian Railway.

In April 2005, the Virginian Railway Coalfield Seminar was held for three days at Twin Falls State Park, near Mullens, West Virginia. Railfriends from many parts of the United States toured coal mining and railroad facilities for three days on several buses, and participated in presentations and group seminars with a Congressman, local officials, several noted authors and historians. The delegation of retirees based in Roanoke also attended.

In early 2012, Norfolk Southern announced a program to paint selected units of new GE ES44AC and EMD SD70ACe orders into heritage paint schemes for predecessor roads. Virginian Railway was chosen among 19 other former railroads represented in the program. NS SD70ACe 1069 was painted to match the original yellow and black paint scheme worn by VGN's Fairbanks-Morse diesels. As of June 2023, the engine is in Altoona, PA being repainted with fresh paint.

In 2015, a portion of the former Virginian in the state of West Virginia, was mothballed by Norfolk Southern due to a decline in coal shipments. In May 2016, WATCO Companies entered an agreement with Norfolk Southern to lease most of the remaining active line in West Virginia between Maben and Deepwater and operate it under the Kanawha River Railroad (KNWA) to load trains from Norfolk Southern at three mines on their system. The section between Maben and Mullens remains under Norfolk Southern control, with trackage rights for KNWA trains to interchange with NS at Elmore Yard.

Museums and stations

 Oak Hill, West Virginia - restored VGN freight station
 Mullens, West Virginia - VGN Caboose 307 Museum
 Princeton, West Virginia - Replica Station and Museum
 Roanoke, Virginia - Virginia Museum of Transportation – 2 VGN locomotives, misc. rolling stock, and restored VGN freight station (from Ellett)
 Roanoke, Virginia - Preservation of VGN Passenger Station and Future Museum
 Victoria, Virginia- Fully restored and equipped VGN caboose 342 and Museum
 Suffolk, Virginia - restored Seaboard and VGN combination station, Museum and model train layout of Suffolk area circa 1940
 Norfolk Terminal Station - the Virginian Railway's eastern terminus, the Norfolk and Western's headquarters, demolished, 1963

See also

 Railroad electrification in the United States

References

Books
 Barger, Ralph L. (1983) Corporate History of Coal & Coke Railway Co., Charleston, Clendennin & Sutton R.R., Roaring Creek & Belington R.R. Co., as of Date of Valuation, June 30, 1918. Baltimore, MD: Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Historical Society.
Cartlidge, Oscar (1936) Fifty Years of Coal Mining Charleston, WV: Rose City Press.
Conley, Phil (1960) History of the Coal Industry of West Virginia Charleston, WV: Educational Foundation.
Conley, Phil (1923) Life in a West Virginia Coal Field Charleston, WV: American Constitutional Association.
Corbin, David Alan (1981) Life, Work and Rebellion in the Coal Fields: The Southern West Virginia Miners, 1880–1922 Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
Corbin, David Alan, editor (1990) The West Virginia Mine Wars: An Anthology Charleston, WV: Appalachian Editions.
Craigo, Robert W., editor (1977) The New River Company: Mining Coal and Making History, 1906–1976 Mount Hope, WV: New River Company.
Dix, Keith (1977) Work Relations in the Coal Industry: The Hand Loading Era, 1880–1930 Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Institute for Labor Studies.
Dixon, Thomas W Jr., (1994) Appalachian Coal Mines & Railroads. Lynchburg, Virginia: TLC Publishing Inc.
Frazier, Claude Albee (1992) Miners and Medicine: West Virginia Memories Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Huddleston, Eugene L, PhD (2002) Appalachian Conquest, Lynchburg, Virginia: TLC Publishing Inc.
Lambie, Joseph T. (1954) From Mine to Market: The History of Coal Transportation on the Norfolk and Western Railway New York: New York University Press
Lane, Winthrop David (1921) Civil War in West Virginia: A Story of the Industrial Conflict in the Coal Mines New York, NY: B. W. Huebsch, Inc.
Lewis, Lloyd D. (1992) The Virginian Era. Lynchburg, Virginia: TLC Publishing Inc.
Lewis, Lloyd D. (1994) Norfolk & Western and Virginian Railways in Color by H. Reid. Lynchburg, Virginia: TLC Publishing Inc.
MacCorkle, William (1928) The Recollections of Fifty Years	New York City: G. P. Putnam's Sons Publishing
Middleton, William D. (1974) When The Steam Railroads Electrified (1st ed.). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing Co.
Reid, H. (1961). The Virginian Railway (1st ed.). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing Co.
Reisweber, Kurt (1995) Virginian Rails 1953–1993 (1st ed.) Old Line Graphics.
Sullivan, Ken, editor (1991) The Goldenseal Book of the West Virginia Mine Wars: Articles Reprinted from Goldenseal Magazine, 1977–1991. Charleston: Pictorial Histories Pub. Co.
Striplin, E. F. Pat. (1981) The Norfolk & Western : a history Roanoke, Va. : Norfolk and Western Railway Co.
Tams, W. P. (1963) The Smokeless Coal Fields of West Virginia Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Library.
Thoenen, Eugene D. (1964) History of the Oil and Gas Industry in West Virginia Charleston, WV:
Traser, Donald R. (1998) Virginia Railway Depots. Old Dominion Chapter, National Railway Historical Society.
various contributors (1968). Who Was Who in America Volume I (7th ed.). New Providence, New Jersey: Marquis Who's Who
Wiley, Aubrey and Wallace, Conley (1985). The Virginian Railway Handbook. Lynchburg, Virginia: W-W Publications.

Periodical, business, and on-line publications
Beale, Frank D. (1955) The Virginian Railway Company 45th Annual Report Year Ended December 31, 1954. published in-house
Cuthriell, N.L. (1956) Coal On The Move Via The Virginian Railway, reprinted with permission of Norfolk Southern Corporation in 1995 by Norfolk & Western Historical Society, Inc.
Dept. of the Navy – (2004) Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships – article on steamship William N. Page. Washington DC: US Naval Historical Center
Doyle, Lee P. "The Virginia Railway Electrification", Ohio State Engineer, The, Vol. 9, No. 2 (January 1926), pp. 11–13 and 38. Retrieved on 3/1/2011. Describes original electrification of Virginian Main Line.
Huddleston, Eugene L, PhD (1992) National Railway Bulletin Vol. 57, Number 4, article: Virginian: Henry Huttleston Rogers' Questionable Achievement
Morton, R.B. "Arrangements of Feeders and Equipment for Electrified Railways", American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Transactions of the, Vol 47, Issue 4, pp. 1297–1301, 1928. Discusses topology of electrification feeders.
Reid, H. (1953) "Trains & Travel Magazine" December 1953 "Some Fine Engines", Kalmbach Publishing Co.
Skaggs, Geoffery – (1985) Page-Vawter House Project in Ansted Ansted, WV: Fayette County Government

Defunct Virginia railroads
Defunct West Virginia railroads
Mining railways in the United States
Former Class I railroads in the United States
Predecessors of the Norfolk and Western Railway
Coal mining in Appalachia
Logan Coalfield
Railway companies established in 1907
Railway companies disestablished in 1959

Virginian Railway


Die Plectrogeniidae sind eine Familie der Barschartigen (Perciformes). Die 13 Arten der Familie leben im Indopazifik und im südöstlichen Pazifik in Tiefen von 140 bis 800 Metern. Die Plectrogeniidae wurden 1938 durch den US-amerikanischen Zoologen Henry Weed Fowler eingeführt. Sie umfasste zunächst nur die Gattung Plectrogenium und wurde Anfang 2018 um die Gattung Bembradium erweitert. Schwestergruppe der Plectrogeniidae sind die Neosebastidae.

Merkmale
Da die nahe Verwandtschaft von Plectrogenium und Bembradium vor allem anhand genetischer und molekularbiologischer Merkmale begründet wurde, können bisher nur wenige morphologische Merkmale genannt werden, die zur Diagnose der Familie herangezogen werden können. So fehlt ihnen der schmale Kanal des sensorischen Systems, den viele Verwandte zwischen der Ohrregion und dem Präoperculum besitzen. Hinter den Basen der Bauchflossen findet sich je eine Vertiefung. Beide Vertiefung haben Kontakt zueinander. Die Flossenstacheln von Rücken- und Afterflosse sind knorpelig. Bembradium roseum hat allerdings keine Flossenstacheln in der Afterflosse. Im Mundboden besitzen die Fische einen speziellen Muskel, den Hyohyoides inferioris.

Die vier Arten sind klein und erreichen Standardlängen von 5,2 bis 11 cm.

 Flossenformel Bembradium: Dorsale IX/11–12; Anale 11.
 Flossenformel Plectrogenium: Dorsale XII/7; Anale III/5.

Arten

 Gattung Bembradium Gilbert, 1905
 Bembradium furici Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979
 Bembradium magnoculum Kishimoto et al., 2019
 Bembradium roseum Gilbert, 1905
 Gattung Plectrogenium Gilbert, 1905
 10 Arten

Einzelnachweise

Drachenkopfverwandte
Scorpaenoidei

Plectrogeniidae


Unser Leben ist ein Tierdokumentationsfilm. Produziert wurde der Film 2011 von BBC Earth. Er kam Mitte März 2012 in die deutschen Kinos.

Regisseure der Dokumentation sind die Dokumentarfilmer der BBC Martha Holmes und Michael Gunton. Der Kinofilm ist aus der 10-teiligen BBC-TV-Serie Das Wunder Leben (Life)  entstanden. Diese aufwändige Produktion, bei der 35 Kameramänner beteiligt waren und für die zum Teil monatelange Beobachtungsreisen unternommen wurden, lieferte das Rohmaterial.

Handlung
Es wird das Verhalten verschiedener Tiere gezeigt und damit die Stationen im Leben (Life-History) geschildert: Aufwachsen, Nahrung finden, Schutz suchen, einen Partner finden, Nachwuchs großziehen. Zu den dargestellten Tieren gehören Blattschneiderameisen, Bartgeier, Saigaantilopen und Goldmulle.

Umsetzung
Deutscher Sprecher ist Dietmar Wunder, die deutsche Synchronstimme des Originalsprechers Daniel Craig. Craigs Zusammenarbeit mit der BBC geht auf das BBC-Serien-Drama Our Friends in the North zurück, in der Craig in einer Hauptrolle zu sehen war.

Kritik

Unter Cineasten erhielt der Film durchweg gute Kritiken in Deutschland. Gewürdigt wurde vor allem die Kombination aus den eingesetzten Mitteln und der gut erzählten Geschichte. Negativ angemerkt wurde die Vermenschlichung der Tiere sowie die mangelnde Dramaturgie, da es sich um einen Zusammenschnitt mehrerer Folgen handelt.

Vermarktung
In Deutschland wurde von der Deutschlandvermarktung des Filmes ein Heft für Lehrer erstellt. Der Film wird vom Deutschlandvertrieb für die Fächer Biologie, Erdkunde, Religion, Ethik, Musik und Kunst empfohlen.

Die NGO ProWildlife ist offizieller Partner des Filmprojektes.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Gutachten der Deutschen Film- und Medienbewertung

Naturfilm
Filmtitel 2011
Britischer Film
Tierfilm

Unser Leben – Der Film


جبل بُوخْزَارَة جبل يقع بشمال غربي الجمهورية التونسية، شمال غربي مدينة جندوبة وشمال شرقي مدينة ساقية سيدي يوسف. يبلغ ارتفاعه 877 م.

بوخزارة

جبل بوخزارة


Das eiserne Gebet je album njemačkog RAC sastava Stahlgewitter, realiziran 1996. godine.

Popis pjesama

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Stahlgewitter - Das eiserne Gebet (1996) FULL ALBUM na YouTube
 Stahlgewitter - Das eiserne Gebet na Discogs
 Stahlgewitter - Das eiserne Gebet na Last.fm

Albumi sastava Stahlgewitter
Albumi iz 1996.

Das eiserne Gebet


Urmatoarea este o listă a persoanelor ce au îndeplinit funcția de primar al orașului Satu Mare.

 2000-2003 Horea Anderco
 2004-2012 Ilyés Iuliu
 2012-2016 Dorel Coica
 2016- Kereskényi Gábor

Satu Mare
Primari
Lista primarilor

Lista primarilor din Satu Mare


Die Jefferson Township ist eine von 18 Townships im Stephenson County im Nordwesten des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Illinois.

Geografie
Die Jefferson Township liegt Nordwesten von Illinois, rund 30 km südlich der Grenze zu Wisconsin. Der Mississippi, der die Grenze zu Iowa bildet, befindet sich rund 35 km westlich.

Die Jefferson Township liegt auf 42°14′12″ nördlicher Breite und 89°53′35″ westlicher Länge und erstreckt sich über 47,39 km².

Die Jefferson Township liegt im äußersten Südwesten des Stephenson County und grenzt innerhalb dessen im Norden an die Kent Township und im Osten an die Loran Township. Im Süden grenzt die Township an das Carroll und im Westen an das Jo Daviess County.

Verkehr
Durch die Township führen keine Fernstraßen. Es existieren eine Reihe untergeordneter Fahrwege, die zum größten Teil unbefestigt sind.

Der nächstgelegene Flugplatz ist der rund 30 km westlich der Township gelegene Albertus Airport bei Freeport.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte die Township 268 Einwohner. Es existieren keine Siedlungen; die Bevölkerung lebt verstreut über das Gebiet der Township.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 www.city-data.com - Jefferson Township
 Histopolis - Jefferson Township

Jefferson Township (Illinois)


No confundir con Sigurd Eriksson

Sigurd Sleva (nórdico antiguo: Sigurðr Slefa Eiríksson, 940 – 965), fue príncipe vikingo de Noruega, hijo de Erico I de Noruega y su consorte Gunnhild.

Durante la ausencia del rey Harald II de Noruega que estaba en campaña contra Bjarmaland, Sigurd Sleva llegó a la granja de un hersir llamado Klypp Thordsson, un influyente hombre de una larga dinastía de guerreros. Klypp estaba de expediciones vikingas y su esposa Alof, le ofreció una gran recepción a Sigurd. Aquella noche, Sigurd entró en sus aposentos y la violó. Tras la cosecha, Sigurd se dirigió con su hermano Harald a Voss para reunir a los bóndi en el Thing, donde los habitantes intentaron acabar con sus vidas pero escaparon tomando diferentes caminos, Harald hacia Hardanger y Sigurd a Alrekstad. Durante los acontecimientos el hersir Klypp se dirigió con su clan a donde estaba Sigurd con la intención de matarle, que logró de un certero golpe de espada.

Véase también
 Sigurðar þáttr slefu

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Sturluson, Snorri. Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, trad. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6

Príncipes de Noruega
Vikingos de Noruega

Sigurd Sleva


China International Center () es un rascacielos de 62 plantas y 270 metros (884 pies) de altura situado en Cantón (Guangzhou), China. Fue completado en 2007.

Véase también
 Anexo:Rascacielos en Guangzhou
 Anexo:Rascacielos de China
 Anexo:Rascacielos más altos

Enlaces externos
 Emporis.com – China International Center
 SkycraperPage.com – China International Center

Rascacielos de Cantón
Rascacielos de China de los años 2000
Arquitectura de China de 2007
Rascacielos de China entre 250 y 299 metros
Rascacielos inaugurados en 2007

China International Center


Jersey is an island country in the English Channel.

Jersey may also refer to:

Common meanings
Jersey (clothing), a garment
Jersey (fabric), a knit
Jersey cattle

Places in the United States

Geography
New Jersey, a state sometimes referred to as Jersey
Jersey City, New Jersey, a city
Jersey Shore, a region of that state
Jersey, Arkansas, an unincorporated community
Jersey, Georgia, a town
Jersey, Ohio, an unincorporated community
Jersey Village, Texas, a city
Jersey, Virginia, an unincorporated community
Jersey County, Illinois, a county
Jersey Island (California), an island
Jersey Township, Jersey County, Illinois, a township
Jersey Township, Licking County, Ohio, a township
Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania, an inland borough

Bridges
 Jersey Bridge (Cherrytree Township, Pennsylvania), listed on the NRHP in Venango County (as "Bridge in Cherrytree Township")
 Jersey Bridge, in Downieville, California, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Sierra County

People
Paul de Jersey (born 1948), Governor of Queensland, Australia, jurist and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Queensland
 Earl of Jersey, a title in the Peerage of England and a list of bearers of the title
 Lady Jersey (disambiguation), countesses of Jersey

Arts, entertainment, and media
Jersey (band), a musical group
Jersey (EP), an EP by Bella Thorne
The Jersey, a 1999 television series
Jersey (2019 film), a Telugu film
Jersey (2022 film), a Hindi film
Jersey Shore (TV series), US comedy TV show
Jersey Boys, a 2005 Broadway musical

Military
Battle of Jersey, a 1781 attempt to capture the island during the American Revolutionary War
HMS Jersey, several Royal Navy ships

Sports
Jersey Open, a European Tour golf tournament from 1978 to 1995
Jersey Stakes, Group 3 flat horse race in Great Britain

Other uses
Jersey barrier, a traffic control device
Project Jersey, a software framework for developing web services in Java

See also

Jersey (disambiguation)


Le Marine Corps Air Station Yuma ou MCAS Yuma ( IATA : YUM , ICAO : KNYL , FAA LID : NYL), est une base aérienne du Corps des Marines des États-Unis  située à Yuma, en Arizona.

La station est à 3,2 km de la ville de Yuma. L'aéroport civil et militaire est à usage conjoint. Le MCAS Yuma partage des installations d'aérodrome avec   et occupe environ , dont la majeure partie est un désert plat.

Historique
C'est le siège de plusieurs escadrons d'AV-8B Harrier II et de F-35B Lightning II de la 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing, de l'United States Marine Corps Training and Education Command (MAWTS-1), du Marine Operational Test and Evaluation Squadron 1 () et du Marine Fighter Training Squadron 401 (), un escadron adversaire de combat aérien de la 4th Marine Aircraft Wing de l' US Marine Corps Reserve. Il s'agit d'un site Superfund désigné en raison d'un certain nombre de contaminants du sol et des eaux souterraines, y compris l'amiante.

Les unités présentes

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens externes
  MCAS Yuma website

Liens internes
 United States Marine Corps Aviation
 Liste des installations de l'United States Marine Corps
 Théâtre américain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale

Yuma
Base militaire en Arizona
Base de l'United States Marine Corps

Marine Corps Air Station Yuma


Mykonos (, ;  ) is a Greek island, part of the Cyclades, lying between Tinos, Syros, Paros and Naxos. The island has an area of  and rises to an elevation of  at its highest point. There are 10,134 inhabitants according to the 2011 census, most of whom live in the largest town, Mykonos, which lies on the west coast. The town is also known as Chora (i.e. 'Town' in Greek, following the common practice in Greece when the name of the island itself is the same as the name of the principal town).

Mykonos's nickname is "The Island of the Winds", due to the very strong winds that usually blow on the island. Tourism is a major industry and Mykonos is known for its vibrant nightlife and for being a gay-friendly destination with many establishments catering for the LGBT community.

History
Herodotus mentions Carians as the original inhabitants of the island. Ionians from Athens seem to have followed next in the early 11th century BC. There were many people living on the neighboring island of Delos, only  away, which meant that Mykonos became an important place for supplies and transit. It was, however, during ancient times a rather poor island with limited agricultural resources. Its inhabitants were polytheists and worshiped many gods.

Mykonos came under the control of the Romans during the reign of the Roman Empire and then became part of the Byzantine Empire until the 12th century. In 1204, with the fall of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade, Mykonos was occupied by Andrea Ghisi. The island was ravaged by the Catalans at the end of the 13th century and finally given over to direct Venetian rule in 1390.

In 1537, while the Venetians still reigned, Mykonos was attacked by Hayreddin Barbarossa, the admiral of Suleiman the Magnificent and an Ottoman fleet established itself on the island. The Ottomans, under the leadership of Kapudan Pasha, imposed a system of self-governance comprising a governor and an appointed council of syndics. When the castle of Tinos fell to the Ottomans in 1718, the last of the Venetians withdrew from the region.

Up until the end of the 18th century, Mykonos prospered as a trading center, attracting many immigrants from nearby islands, in addition to regular pirate raids. In June 1794 the Battle of Mykonos was fought between British and French ships in the island's main harbor.

The Greek Revolution against the Ottoman Empire broke out in 1821 and Mykonos played an important role, led by the national heroine, Manto Mavrogenous. Mavrogenous, a well-educated aristocrat guided by the ideas of the Enlightenment, sacrificed her family's fortune for the Greek cause. Greece became an independent state in 1830. A statue of her sits in the middle of Manto Mavrogenous square in the main town.

At the end of February 1884, the British travellers Theodore and Mabel Bent visited the island, ostensibly to witness the traditional funeral lamentations ('mœrologia').

As a result of sailing and merchant activity, the island's economy quickly picked up but declined again during the late 19th century and especially after the opening of the Corinth Canal in 1904 and the First World War at the beginning of the 20th century. Many Mykonians left the island to find work in mainland Greece and many foreign countries, especially the United States.

Tourism soon came to dominate the local economy, owing a lot to the important excavations carried out by the French School of Archaeology, which began work in Delos in 1873. Mykonos became popular with international "jet set" tourists in the 1960s. In the 70s it was popular spot for Americans to treat as a nude beach, which Americans imagined to be a feature of those natural "far out" Greeks, and then flourished further to become a popular gay tourist destination in the 1980s. By the 2000s, Mykonos had become one of Greece's most expensive islands.

Mythology
In Greek mythology, Mykonos was named after its first ruler, Mykonos (Μύκονος), the son or grandson of the god Apollo and a local hero. The island is also said to have been the location of the Gigantomachy, the great battle between Zeus and Giants and where Hercules killed the invincible giants having lured them from the protection of Mount Olympus. According to myth, the large rocks all over the island are said to be the petrified corpses of the giants.

Geography

The island has an area of  and rises to an elevation of  at its highest point. It is situated  east of Athens in the Aegean Sea. The island features no rivers, but numerous seasonal streams two of which have been converted into reservoirs.

The island is composed mostly of granite and the terrain is very rocky with many areas eroded by the strong winds. High quality clay and baryte, which is a mineral used as a lubricant in oil drilling, were mined on the eastern side of Mykonos until the late 1900s.

It produces  of water daily, by reverse osmosis of sea water in order to help meet the needs of its population and visitors.

The island has a population of nearly 12,500, most of whom live in the main town of Chora.

Climate
According to the National Observatory of Athens Mykonos has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh) because of the low overall precipitation, although it has lots of Mediterranean climate (Csa) characteristics and it is highly influenced by the Aegean Sea. The rainy season lasts from October until March. Vegetation follows the typical pattern for the region and grows around mid-autumn and ends in the beginning of the summer. The average daily temperature in the winter is around , while it is around  in the summer. The average night temperature is  in the winter and  in the summer.

Because of the seasonal cool "meltemi" wind (similar to the other Cyclades islands) and the moderating sea, summer days are relatively cool, dry, sunny and pleasant. The reason for the low overall rainfall is the rain shadow of the Pindus mountain range, which dry out the westerly winds. Winters in general are mild and wet, with many sunny days even in mid-winter. Snow is infrequent and doesn't stay long on the ground when it falls.

Villages
There are ten villages:

Cuisine

Local specialities:

Government

The municipality of Mykonos (officially: ) is a separate regional unit of the South Aegean region, and the sole municipality in the regional unit. As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Mykonos was created out of part of the former Cyclades Prefecture. The municipality, unchanged at the Kallikratis reform, also includes the islands Delos, Rineia and several uninhabited islets. The total area of the municipality is .

The mayors of Mykonos have been:
 1975-1978 Φραγκίσκος Νάζος (Fragiskos Nazos)
 1979-1990 Ματθαίος Αποστόλου (Matthaios Apostolou)
 1991-2010 Χρήστος Βερώνης (Christos Veronis)
 2011-2014 Αθανάσιος Κουσαθάνας-Μέγας (Athnanasios Kousathanas-Megas)
 2014- Κωνσταντίνος Κουκάς (Konstantinos Koukas)

Demographics
There are 10,134 inhabitants (2011) most of whom live in the largest town, Mykonos, also known as Chora (i.e. the Town in Greek, a common denomination in Greece when the name of the island itself is the same as the name of the principal town).

Economy
It being a Greek island, the economy of Mykonos is closely linked with the sea. However, with the rise of tourism, it plays a minor role during summer.

Landmarks

Municipal Library – an 18th-century mansion housing over 8,000 volumes and a vast collection of 18th- and 19th-century photographs, documents and Cycladic coins and old seals as well as sketches and books from the personal library of American artist John Ratekin. The Municipal Library is located on Ayia Kyriaki Square in the main town of Chora.
Petros the Pelican – an old celebrity of the town's waterfront, "Petros" has been the official mascot of Mykonos for over 60 years. He took up permanent residence on the island after a storm in 1954 and after his death the islanders elected a successor to carry on his legacy until today.
Mykonos windmills – The windmills are a defining feature of the Mykonian landscape. There are many dotted around the island, but most are concentrated in the main town of Chora. The famous "Kato Mili" in Chora (Greek for lower mills), stand in a row on a hill overlooking the sea to harness the strong northern winds. Capped with wood and straw, the windmills were built by the Venetians in the 16th century to mill flour and remained in use until the early 20th century. Many have been refurbished and restored to serve as homes to locals and vaults to numerous Mykonian heritage documents.

Little Venice – rows of fishing houses line the waterfront with their balconies hanging over the sea. The first of these was constructed in the mid-18th century. They originally belonged to rich merchants or captains and the little basement doors that provided direct access to the sea and underground storage areas led people to believe that the owners were secretly pirates. Some of the houses have now been converted into bars and cafes and little shops and galleries. Little Venice is considered one of the most romantic spots on the island and many people gather there to watch the sunset. The area attracts many artists who come to paint the picturesque coastline.

Armenistis Lighthouse – is a testimony to Mykonos' maritime history, as well as a fully functioning lighthouse. It is located in Fanari, which means lantern in Greek,  from Chora.
Tria Pigadia – are three identical wells standing in a row in the middle of the main town, Chora. They were built in 1722 to provide the town with water. Unlike most modern wells which are over 30 metres deep, the Tria Pigadia are only 5–6 metres deep as they were dug into sand where water was more easily accessible.
Archaeological Museum of Mykonos – was built in 1905 to house the findings from the Purification Pit  of 425/426 BC, discovered in 1898 on the islet of Rheneia by D. Stavropoulos. It is one of the oldest museums in Greece and was designed by Alexandros Lykakis and funded by the Ministry of Education and the Archaeological Society of Athens. The land as donated by the Municipality of Mykonos.
The original Neoclassical building underwent refurbishments and expansions in the 1930s and 1960s and the large eastern room was added in 1972. The museum contains artefacts from the neighbouring island Rhenia, including 9th- to 8th-century BC ceramic pottery from the Cyclades and 7th- to 6th-century BC works from other areas in the Aegean. Its most famous item is the large vase produced in Tinos, showing scenes from the fall of Troy.

Aegean Maritime Museum – was founded in 1983 by the Mykonian George M. Drakopoulos and it opened in 1985 with the goal of preserving and promoting the study of Greek maritime history and tradition, in particular the evolution and activities of the merchant ship in the Aegean Sea. Drakopoulos has been awarded with the Athens Academy Award and with the World Ship Trust's award for Individual Achievement for his work with the museum. The museum was the first in Greece that rescued and restored living historical exhibits to operate as they were originally designed and built. In addition to original pieces, there are also replicas of historical ships and collections of coins with nautical scenes from the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD and a variety of elaborate shipping instruments.
Folklore Museum – the oldest house on the island houses a collection of 19th-century furniture, jewellery, ceramics embroideries, marble sculptures, tombstones and a variety of other trinkets. The museum also pays tribute to Mykonos' traditional nautical roots with models of 19th-century Mykonian ships, maps and an anchor and canons used during the Greek War of Independence.
Lena's House – this 19th-century traditional Mykonian residence belonged to a wealthy shipping family and the original furniture is still preserved. The house now operates as a museum.
Agricultural Museum (also known as the Bonis Mill) – old tools and machinery are displayed in one of Mykonos' windmills and, located above the main town of Chora in Ano Myloi (meaning Upper Windmills), it offers views of the area.
Paradise beach - beautiful beach looking towards Naxos, famous for the beach clubs and the birthdayplacE of one of the most iconic nightclub in the world.

Churches

There is an abundance of churches because, for many years, the islanders were required to build a church on their land before building a house.
Panagia Paraportiani - (the Church of Our Lady) one of the most famous architectural structures in Greece. The church received its name Paraportiani, which means "standing next to the entrance / door", because it was located next to the entrance of the ancient castle, or kastro door. The neighbourhood of Kastro, where it is situated, used to be the site of a medieval castle – in those days a castle was a strong fortification surrounding a settlement – constructed in 1207 by the Ghisi family, who controlled the island at the time. The castle was destroyed in the 16th century and its remnants covered up by new buildings when Chora began to expand in the 18th century. It took around 200 years to build the church. Construction began in the 15th century and was not completed until the 17th century. Its architectural quirkiness makes it one of the most photographed places in the world.
Catholic Church - the only Catholic church on the island was constructed in 1668 and renovated in 1677 by Bishop Leandros Zanthakis. The icon of the Virgin Mary and baby Jesus between Saint Dominic and Saint Catherine of Siena was transported to Mykonos from Venice in 1715. A fire on 1 May 1991 damaged part of the church. By October 1997 the church was restored and re-opened to the public.

Transportation

Mykonos Airport is located  southeast of the town of Mykonos and it is served by international flights during summer. The flight from Athens to Mykonos takes 25 minutes.

Mykonos is also accessible by boat and ferries. High speed vessels visit daily from the surrounding islands and from Athens.

Taxis, buses or boats are available for transportation. There are three main bus depots in Mykonos. The northern depot is situated behind Remezzo Club above the old Port and provides regular service to Ano Mera, Elia and Kalafatis. A few hundred meters below, at the Old Port, lays another Depot focusing on the northern destinations of Tourlos (New Port) and Agios Stefanos. The southern Bus Depot is at the town "entrance", called Fabrika and it provides regular service to Ornos, Agios Yannis, Plati Gialos, Psarou, Paraga, and Paradise Beach. Small boats travel to and from the many beaches. Tour boats go regularly to the nearby island of Delos.

Culture
In 2013 the Mykonos Biennale was inaugurated offering theatrical, cultural, cinematic, artistic, and musical productions.

Notable people

Manto Mavrogenous
Mary Paraskeva, early amateur photographer
Nicholas Pettas, professional martial artist, kickboxer, and actor
Ioannis Svoronos, archaeologist and numismatist
Ioannis Toumbas, naval officer

In popular culture
Mykonos is among several Greek islands mentioned in Kenneth Koch's poem "Sleeping with Women".

See also
Communities of the Cyclades
Mykonos vase
List of traditional Greek place names
 Mykonos Biennale

References

External links

 Official website of the Municipality of Mykonos
 Visit Mykonos information on Mykonos by Myconian community and Visitors

Populated places in Mykonos
Municipalities of the South Aegean
Mediterranean port cities and towns in Greece
Port cities of the Aegean Sea
Stato da Màr
Islands of Greece
Landforms of Mykonos
Islands of the South Aegean
Members of the Delian League
Greek city-states
Populated places in the ancient Aegean islands
LGBT tourism

Mykonos


Michel Meunier est un astronome amateur français et un pilote d'avion. Selon le Minor Planet Center, l'astéroïde (23663) Kalou a été découvert le 10 mars 1997. La même année, il découvre la comète périodique C/1997 J2 (Meunier-Dupouy) en collaboration avec Philippe Dupouy. Cette découverte a fait d'eux les premiers astronomes à découvrir une comète à l'aide d'un télescope télécommandé.

L'astéroïde (37848) Michelmeunier a été nommé en son honneur.

Références

Aviateur
Éponyme d'un objet céleste
Astronome amateur
Astronome français du XXe siècle
Découvreur d'astéroïdes
Découvreur de comètes

Michel Meunier (astronome)