In the Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) fantasy role-playing game, dragons are an iconic type of monstrous creature. As a group, D&D dragons are loosely based on dragons from a wide range of fictional and mythological sources. Dungeons & Dragons allows players to fight the fictional dragons in the game (Tiamat being one of the most notable) and "slay their psychic dragons" as well.  These dragons, specifically their "dungeon ecology", have implications for the literary theory of fantasy writing. D&D dragons also featured as targets of the moral panic surrounding the game.

In D&D, dragons are depicted as any of various species of large, intelligent, magical, reptilian beasts, each typically defined by a combination of their demeanor and either the color of their scales or their elemental affinity. For example, a commonly presented species of dragon is the red dragon, which is named for its red scales, and known for its evil and greedy nature, as well as its ability to breathe fire. In the game, dragons are usually adversaries of player characters, and less commonly, allies or helpers.

Overview
Powerful and intelligent, dragons are usually winged reptiles with magical abilities and breath weapons. The different subraces, distinguished by their coloring, vary in power.

In the D&D game, there are many different species of dragons. However, despite their variety, a number of traits are common to nearly all types of dragons. All species appear to be generally reptilian or serpentine in their natural form. Except for the youngest dragons, they tend to be quite large—usually at least as big as a horse, and often much larger. Most species depicted have wings and are able to fly, and nearly all are quadrupedal. Almost all species of dragon are highly intelligent (at least as intelligent as a human being) and are able to speak. Essentially, all species of dragon are said to be magical in nature, and in most species this nature is expressed as an affinity for some type of elemental power. Some dragon species are naturally able to cast magical spells as well. Most dragons have the ability to breathe or expel one or more types of energy associated with their elemental affinity, as well as bearing some resistance to damage or injury from any other sources of such energy. Some dragons (particularly metallic dragons) have two different kinds of breath, usually a lethal one (fire, ice, acid, lightning, etc.) and another that is typically non-lethal (paralysis, repulsion, confusion, etc.).

Dragons are egg-layers, and most have sharp teeth, horns, and claws. A D&D dragon is protected by its scaly hide, the color of which is determined by the dragon's species, and offers a visual clue to the specific elemental nature of each species of dragon. Each species of dragon has a particular temperament associated with it, as well as, a deeply rooted moral outlook derived from that temperament; these factors underlie the personality and behavior of each individual dragon. Typically, dragons do not vary widely in appearance or personality within a species, although exceptions are possible, especially in certain D&D settings, such as Eberron.

Because D&D dragons are essentially monstrous creatures designed to antagonize player characters, the majority of dragons in D&D are evil by default. This was particularly the case in the original Dungeons & Dragons releases (such as the Dungeons & Dragons "white box" set (1974) and Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set) where only the gold dragon was lawful good while all other colors were chaotic evil (red, green, black) or neutral evil (blue, white).

Detailed information about D&D dragonkind in second, third, or fourth editions may be found in their respective editions of the Draconomicon, a D&D supplement book designed especially for draconic information; fifth edition has the similarly-themed Fizban's Treasury of Dragons. No such book was published for the first edition, although the Basic game had a Bestiary of Dragons and Giants (coded AC10).

Publication history

Origins
Five evil-aligned dragons (white dragon, black dragon, green dragon, blue dragon, and red dragon), and the lawful-good aligned golden dragon (in ascending order of magic power and capabilities) first appeared in the original Dungeons & Dragons "white box" set (1974). The Greyhawk Campaign supplement (1975) added the copper dragon, brass dragon, bronze dragon, and silver dragon, along with the Platinum Dragon (Bahamut) and the Chromatic Dragon (Tiamat). "Dragon" was one of the protected terms from the works of J. R. R. Tolkien involved in a lawsuit between rights holder Saul Zaentz and TSR in 1977.

The white dragon, black dragon, red dragon and brass dragon reappeared in the original Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set (1977). The six dragons from the 1974 boxed set appeared in the Dungeons & Dragons Basic Rulebook (1981), and again in the 1983 version of the Basic Set (1983). These six appeared along with the gemstone dragons (crystal dragon, onyx dragon, jade dragon, sapphire dragon, ruby dragon and amber dragon), and the dragon rulers (Pearl (the Moon Dragon), Ruler of all Chaotic Dragons; Diamond (the Star Dragon), Ruler of all Lawful Dragons; Opal (the Sun Dragon), Ruler of all Neutral Dragons; and the Great One, Ruler of All Dragonkind) in the Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia (1991).

The five chaotic-aligned dragon types from the 1974 boxed set, as well as the gold dragon and the four new dragon types from the Greyhawk supplement (the copper dragon, brass dragon, bronze dragon, and silver dragon) appeared in first edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons in the original Monster Manual (1977), along with Bahamut and Tiamat. The former five dragon types were given as evil-aligned, while the latter five dragon types were given as good-aligned. The ten dragon types were given pseudoscientific names as follows: black (draco causticus sputem), blue (draco electricus), brass (draco impudentus gallus), bronze (draco gerus bronzo), copper (draco comes stabuli), gold (draco orientalus sino dux), green (draco chlorinous nauseous respiratorus), red (draco conflagratio horriblis), silver (draco nobilis argentum), and white (draco rigidus frigidus).

The Oriental dragons appeared in the original Fiend Folio (1981), including the li lung (earth dragon), the lung wang (sea dragon), the pan lung (coiled dragon), the shen lung (spirit dragon), the t'ien lung (celestial dragon), and the yu lung (carp dragon). The cloud dragon, the faerie dragon, the mist dragon, and the shadow dragon appeared in the original Monster Manual II (1983).

Second edition
In the second edition of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D), dragons were altered heavily from their first edition equivalents and were made much more powerful with magic resistance, removing the subdual rules, and now had more physical attack forms besides claws and bites. AD&D 2nd edition and D&D 3rd edition divided true dragons further into three main categories: chromatic dragons which are evil-aligned; metallic dragons which are good; and neutral-aligned gem dragons, rare creatures that possess psionic abilities. In addition, there were other subspecies of true dragons that did not fit into the three main categories. For example, mercury and steel dragons would seem to be metallic dragons, but in the Dungeons & Dragons world they are considered to be outside of the main family of metallic dragons because of various biological differences (though the book Dragons of Faerûn did list them as metallic dragons). The "lung dragons" or spirit-dragons of Oriental Adventures are also true dragons.

The black dragon, blue dragon, brass dragon, bronze dragon, copper dragon, gold dragon, green dragon, red dragon, silver dragon, and white dragon appeared in second edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons in the Monstrous Compendium Volume One (1989). The faerie dragon, and the Oriental dragons—lung wang (sea dragon), pan lung (coiled dragon), shen lung (spirit dragon), t'ien lung (celestial dragon), tun mi lung (typhoon dragon), yu lung (carp dragon), chiang ling (river dragon), and li lung (earth dragon)—appeared in the Monstrous Compendium Forgotten Realms Appendix (1989). The radiant dragon appeared in the Spelljammer: AD&D Adventures in Space boxed set (1989).

The dragons of Krynn', the amphi dragon, the astral dragon, the kodragon, the othlorx dragon, and the sea dragon appeared in the Monstrous Compendium Dragonlance Appendix (1990). The cloud  dragon, the Greyhawk dragon, the mist dragon, and the shadow dragon appeared in the Monstrous Compendium Greyhawk Appendix (1990). The adamantite dragon appeared in the Monstrous Compendium Outer Planes Appendix (1991). The moon dragon, the sun dragon, and the stellar dragon appeared in the Monstrous Compendium Spelljammer Appendix (1991). The deep dragon appeared in the Monstrous Compendium Forgotten Realms Appendix II (1991).

The gem dragons (the amethyst dragon, the crystal dragon, the emerald dragon, the sapphire dragon, and the topaz dragon) first appeared in The Dragon magazine #037 (May 1980), and then appeared again in the Monstrous Compendium Fiend Folio Appendix (1992). The chromatic dragons (black dragon, blue dragon, green dragon, red dragon, and white dragon), the gem dragons (amethyst dragon, crystal dragon, emerald dragon, sapphire dragon, and topaz dragon), metallic dragons (brass dragon, bronze dragon, copper dragon, gold dragon, and silver dragon), brown dragon, cloud dragon, deep dragon, mercury dragon, mist dragon, shadow dragon, steel dragon, and yellow dragon appeared in the Monstrous Manual (1993). The onyx dragon, jade dragon, ruby dragon and amber dragon appeared in the Monstrous Compendium Mystara Appendix (1994).

Third edition
The chromatic dragons (black, blue, green, red, and white), and the metallic dragons (brass, bronze, copper, gold, and silver) appeared in the third edition in the Monster Manual (2000), and in the revised 3.5 Monster Manual (2003). The Gem dragons appeared in the third edition in the Monster Manual II.

The third edition of D&D classifies dragon as a type of creature, simply defined as "a reptilelike creature, usually winged, with magical or unusual abilities".  The dragon type is broken down into several classifications. True dragons are dragons which increase in power by age categories (wyrmling to great wyrm). Lesser dragons do not improve in age categories and may lack all of the abilities of true dragons. Examples of lesser dragons include dragon turtles and wyverns. Other creatures with the dragon type include drakes, felldrakes, elemental drakes, landwyrms, linnorms and wurms.

Fourth edition
With D&D 4th edition, the classifications were changed: chromatic dragons turned not strictly evil, and metallic dragons proved not necessarily good. Also, there are several new categories (although the gem dragons did not return): "planar dragons" which are defined as dragons that were warped by living on a plane of existence other than the Material Plane, "catastrophe dragons", which take on the aspects of natural disasters which are chaotic evil and cause chaos for its own sake, and "scourge dragons".

The five chromatic dragon types (black, blue, green, red, and white) appeared in young, adult, elder, and ancient variants in the fourth edition Monster Manual (2008). Chromatic dragons were again presented in the Draconomicon: Chromatic Dragons. This supplement also included three more chromatic dragon types: the brown dragon (aka, sand dragon), the grey dragon (aka, fang dragon), and the purple dragon (aka, deep dragon). The adamantine dragon, copper dragon, gold dragon, iron dragon, and silver dragon appeared in the Monster Manual 2 (2009). Metallic dragons are presented in the Monster Manual 2 and Draconomicon: Metallic Dragons. Catastrophe dragons are presented in Monster Manual 3. Planar dragons have been presented in both Draconomicon: Chromatic Dragons and Draconomicon: Metallic Dragons.

Fifth edition
The five basic chromatic dragons (red, blue, green, black, and white) and metallic dragons (copper, brass, silver, gold, and bronze) appeared in the fifth edition Monster Manual (2014) in wyrmling, young, adult, and ancient. Gem dragons and other new-to-fifth-edition dragons appeared in Fizban's Treasury of Dragons (2021).

Game mechanics
In D&D, true dragons continue to become more powerful as they mature and age; they grow bigger and stronger, become more resistant to damage and magic, their breath weapon become increasingly dangerous and their knowledge and magical abilities improves. Old dragons can cast draconic magic which is a special form of D&D magic; dragons can cast spells with just a few words, rather than a sometimes long and complex ritual involving words, gestures and preparations like other D&D wizards. In 3 and 3.5 editions dragons cast spells spontaneously like sorcerers do, sometimes having a wider choice of spells. Dragons also radiate a mystical fear aura around them. After a millennium or two, a dragon reaches his maximum development.

Many D&D dragons have some innate magical abilities, but they vary from race to race. Metallic dragons are often able to shapechange into small animals or human forms, and use this ability to secretly help or watch over humans. Dragons also have some innate powers over the element they are linked to. For example, a red dragon (fire) will have some control over fires. Like all other draconic powers, they gain more as they grow older. Lesser dragons (such as wyverns, halfdragons or dragonwrought kobolds) may lack innate magical abilities, while still counting as dragons for purpose of all other effects.

Breath weapon

A breath weapon is the cone or line shaped weapon exhaled by dragons in D&D. Each type of dragon has a different breath weapon. The chromatic dragons have one breath weapon and the metallic dragons have two. Other dragons and semi-dragons frequently have breath weapons. One example is the dragon turtle's cone of steam breath weapon.

Form

Breath weapons typically come in one of three forms.
 Line: Does damage in a straight line.
 Cone: Does damage in a wide cone shape.
 Cloud: Does damage with a cloud of gas.

Composition

Breath weapons typically are composed of one of several materials (gem dragons may have breath weapons of other materials, such as psychic energy and thunderous bursts of sound).
 Fire: Magical fire is used by gold dragons, brass dragons and red dragons.
 Electricity: Lightning is exhaled by blue dragons and bronze dragons.
 Acid: The black and copper dragon exhale a powerful acid.
 Poison: The green dragon's breath weapon is a cloud of chlorine gas.
 Cold: The white and silver dragons both release a cone of sub zero air and ice.

Magic
True dragons are born with a natural flair for magic, but they need to practice and hone their skills and come of age before they are able to use it to any meaningful effect.

Fictional traits

Biology
Dragons are inherently magical beings, and are, contrary to appearances, not reptilian in nature. All true dragons are endothermic, with its body temperature varying based on their age and species. However, unlike a most endothermic creatures, dragons have no way of shedding excess heat; instead, the heat is extracted via an organ known as the draconis fundamentum, where it is transformed into energy for the creature. A dragon is also unaffected by a lack of external heat, without slowing their metabolism nor activity level.

The number of eggs laid each time depends on the race of the dragon, but is usually low (between one and ten). Dragons can also cross-breed with virtually any other creature, creating a half-dragon. The most commonly heard of are in the humanoid races, particularly with human and elves. Nearly any combination is possible, even with devils or angels.

While varying depending on species, dragon senses are often superior in most ways to other creatures; like any predator, they have exceptionally acute senses, which only increase with age. Like avian creatures, they have excellent depth perception and comparingly good peripheral vision, able to see twice as well as a human in daylight; unlike avian, they have great night vision, and are able to see even when conditions have no light to offer, although in such conditions they cannot discern between colors.

Behavior
All true dragons in Dungeons & Dragons are depicted as intelligent beings, and most of them exceedingly so. A dragon's personality varies by individual, but dragons of the same subrace tend to have similar mindsets. This is not always true; several exceptions exist in official D&D material. Dragon subraces encompass all Dungeons & Dragons alignments, going from lawful good paladin-like gold dragons to the cruel and very greedy chaotic evil red dragons.

All dragons share a common desire to collect treasure, be it precious, beautiful, magical or just shiny—indeed, the treasure in question needn't always be gold, and may sometimes be aesthetic in nature, ranging from popular artwork or sculptures or even rare books and tomes that might otherwise have an overwhelming monetary value. For evil-aligned dragons, this generally directs a greedy attitude to achieve such wealth by whatever means suit them. For good dragons this lust for treasure is tempered, although they are certainly not averse to earning such wealth, and still appreciate gifts (while being insulted if offered an obvious bribe).

Being stronger, faster, generally smarter, and possessing longer life than humans and most other races, dragons tend to consider themselves superior creatures. For good-aligned dragons, this may only mean they often consider humanoid races as children, trying to take care of them and educate them; for evil-aligned dragons, they consider humanoids as mere animals, or as toys to play with; at best, they are minions and slaves, while at worst, they are the dragon's next dinner.

The longevity of dragons is evident in their often lackadaisical attitudes. Good-aligned dragons, while concerned with defeating evil, are able to see a much broader scope of the world, and although certain crises arise that may seem extremely important to good-aligned humans, their dragon counterparts are able to see the event as an unimportant hiccup that will pass in mere centuries; even those that adventure with others tend show a sense of incredible patience, even in situations where all others feel they've not a second to lose. Similarly, evil-aligned dragons that are crossed by belligerent adventurers may plot for dozens of generations before exacting revenge on the trespasser's line—it is not uncommon for those descended from the mentioned adventurer to find themselves the target of a dragon based simply on their lineage.

In campaign settings
In many settings, the god-king of the metallic dragons is Bahamut, the Platinum Dragon, and the goddess and queen of the chromatic dragons is Tiamat, the Five-Headed Dragon. She is based on the Tiamat from Babylonian mythology, who was considered the evil mother of dragons, though the appearances of the fictional deity differs greatly from its model.

The progenitor and supreme deity of all dragons in the game is known as Io. Other deities often included in the draconic pantheon of gods include Aasterinian, Chronepsis, and Faluzure. Other draconic gods may be present in different campaign settings.

Dragonlance setting
The Dragonlance novels and campaign setting helped popularize the D&D-derived perspective on dragons. Here the Platinum Dragon is called Paladine, and the Dragon Queen is called Takhisis.  Dragons are divided up into good and evil groups, known as the Metallic Dragons and the Chromatic Dragons, respectively. Paladine leads the Metallic Dragons and Takhisis the Chromatic. The Metallic Dragons rarely became involved in the world other than to oppose the actions of Chromatic Dragons, who often joined into war as their goddess Takhisis instructed. However, in the "Fifth Age", massive Chromatic Dragons who were not native to Krynn emerged and took over many of the humanoid-controlled nations of Krynn, as well as slaying many of the native dragons. They are known as Dragon Overlords. There was one from each race of Chromatic Dragons; red, green, black, white, and blue.

Dark Sun setting
In the world of Athas of the Dark Sun campaign setting, normal D&D dragons do not exist. Dragon-like drake races exist, one for each classical element, but for most people the word dragon refers to the Dragon of Tyr, who is a very powerful sorcerer-king (the tyrannic leaders of Athasian cities, who are both masters of magic and psi abilities) who transformed himself into a dragon-like creature using very powerful (and painful) magic. However, this dragon (Bors or Borys) was eventually killed in Troy Denning's book The Cerulean Storm by his former master, the sorcerer Rajaat. Several other sorcerer kings had been rumored to be dragons, but all others were only in a process of being transformed into a dragon type being, unique to the Athas world, which took several long stages to complete, but became greatly powerful if achieved.

Forgotten Realms setting
In the Forgotten Realms campaign setting, dragons are very close to the ones in Dragonlance. A sect of cultists called the Cult of the Dragon believes that dragons, particularly undead ones, will rule the world, and are trying to persuade evil dragons to become dracoliches—undead lich-like dragons, which are partially bound to the cult by the rituals which grant them their undead status. Additionally, in the D&D supplement book The Draconomicon, several other undead varieties of the dragon – ghost, skeleton, vampire, and zombie dragons – are described.

A series called Wyrms of the North ran in Dragon magazine issues #230 through #259 and was later updated to third edition rules on Wizards of the Coast's website (see external links).  Each article detailed an individual dragon of significance in Faerûn.

Lately an ancient affliction that attacks dragons, rendering them mad; the Dracorage, was invoked causing countless dragons to rampage throughout Faerûn. A novel trilogy, The Year of Rogue Dragons set (The Rage, The Rite, and The Ruin) by Richard Lee Byers, as well as a game accessory, Dragons of Faerûn, details the exploits and deeds of several dragons as the Dracorage swept the continent.

World of Greyhawk setting
Steel dragons, originally known as Greyhawk dragons, are those originating in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting, later appearing in other settings like the Forgotten Realms. They have hair-like spines around their heads, cat-like bodies with vaguely human-like faces, and scales resembling steel armor. They are much like the other races of metallic dragon with one primary exception: they prefer to maintain the form of another sentient race in order to mingle with, infiltrate, and study the cultures of men and their ilk. Few people know when they are interacting with a Steel Dragon, but they always have a feature which betrays them by resembling their natural complexion. Within the Greyhawk setting, such dragons are known to have made journeys into other material planes where they have come to be called steel dragons.

Council of Wyrms setting
The Council of Wyrms campaign setting is the only one that allows for dragon player characters in its base rules. (The Draconomicon introduces rules for dragon PCs in standard Dungeons & Dragons.) The setting is based around a society of dragons and their servitors and uses the standard D&D dragon races and dragon gods. It has detailed rules for creating and playing dragon PCs and NPCs, including various draconic character classes.

Eberron setting
In the Eberron campaign setting, three dragon gods have created the world: Siberys, Eberron and Khyber. Siberys and Eberron waged war against Khyber and imprisoned it within the depths of the earth. In the end, all three dragons merged with the land: Siberys becoming the sky, Eberron the continents and Khyber the underground world.

Dragons are apart from civilization, which is mostly concentrated on the continent of Khorvaire. They live on the continent of Argonnessen, a rather unknown place, since dragons are very territorial, it makes exploration often hazardous. The dragons used to rule over Eberron many centuries ago, but at the end of the Dragon-Fiend war, against the demons and devils of Khyber, they departed from Khorvaire to go to Argonnessen.

Dragons are immersed in the Draconic Prophecy, a legend which all bits of information are scattered throughout the world and that the outcome is unknown. They see every event as an important event in the Prophecy, and they even form an organization called the Chamber, where they send their brethren in search of clues. They can be of any alignment, like any creature in Eberron, so a good red dragon (usually evil) is as common as an evil gold dragon (usually good). This rule might throw some players off-balance. Dragons also consider themselves superior, treating all other races as inferior. Furthermore, any half-dragon spotted by these dragons is vowed to be hunted, as they treat these half-breeds as a disgrace to their image.

Birthright setting
The Birthright campaign setting had its own version of a Dragon, named Cerilian Dragon, Cerilia being the main continent in the setting. They resemble more the eastern-type dragons being long and serpentine with leathery wings. Their backs are protected by iron-hard scales, their bellies by layers of thick, leathery skin. Their color ranges from reddish rust-brown to iron gray, with their bellies usually of a paler tone than their scales. Cerilian dragons are among the most ancient inhabitants of the continent, predating even elves and dwarves. Perhaps once there were many, but over the years, in-fighting and fighting the younger races have taken their toll. There are only a half dozen dragons known to be left. All living dragons are of the Old age or higher. Dragons are extremely intelligent and knowledgeable, conserving much lore that has been lost to the younger races. They speak their own language; some also speak Elven or Dwarven. Some of these dragons took part in the Battle of Deismaar, the only verified alive and awake dragons right now are the dragon of Vstaive Peaks in Vosgaard, also known as Vore Lekiniskiy and Kappenkriaucheran who inhabits the Drachenward mountains and controls their magic. The most famous of the dragons is Tarazin the Grey who has not been seen for several decades when the official campaign begins. The only known Dracolich is Komassa who lives in the Shadow World. Dragons in Birthright are meant to be rare and powerful beings and only rarely if ever appear in any adventure.

Chromatic dragons
Chromatic dragon is a classification of fictional dragon. Chromatic dragons are typically of evil alignment, in contrast to the metallic dragons, which are typically of good alignment. Chromatic dragons have played a large role in various D&D monster compilation books: white, black, green, blue and red dragons being the classic chromatic dragons. Tiamat is the queen of chromatic dragons, based on the evil mother of all dragons from Babylonian mythology.

Publication history
The classification of "chromatic dragons" was used in the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons second edition Monstrous Manual (1993), although the dragons comprising the category had been in print since the original Dungeons & Dragons "white box" set (1974). The term continued to be used in the third, fourth and fifth editions of the Monster Manual.

The German magazine Envoyer commented that the artistic rendering of dragons in the game evolved positively through the editions, giving the different races more distinctive characteristics aside from color.

Red dragon

Red dragons are the largest and most powerful of the classic chromatic dragons. They are large with a wide wingspan. They have two swept back horns on their heads. Once they hatch, the wyrmlings are left to fend for themselves. A red wyrmling is roughly human-sized at hatching and dangerous. They are capable of breathing fire, and revel in wreaking destruction and havoc on almost anything that moves. The latter trait is carried fully into adulthood. They regard all other Chromatic dragons as inferiors, with the amount of disdain proportional to the variety's general power level. All other chromatic dragons that red dragons encounter are either killed, driven away, or bullied into servitude depending on the red dragon's mood and personality, with the except of white dragons who are allowed to leave since red dragons do not consider them worth the effort to kill.

Due to their choice of living space, they cross paths with many of the metallic dragons, most notably the silver dragons who are their worst enemies, and holding the greatest disdain for copper dragons whom they clash with them often. Red dragons have an eye for value, and can determine the monetary worth of any object at a glance. The gaining and keeping of treasure is the focus of a red dragon's adult life, and they tend to amass incredible hoards with amazing rapidity. Red dragons prefer to make their homes inside active volcanoes. If a volcano is not available, they will reside in any mountain, provided that it has a good ledge from which the dragon can survey its territory. A red dragon's lair may have only one entrance, high above ground level.

Red dragons are very dangerous in combat. Proficient in magic, they are also fast in the air, but clumsy, so prefer to fight on the ground. They spend years designing battle strategies, and wait until the best moment to call upon them. Their blasts of fire end most battles before they begin.

The red dragon Themberchaud, which first appeared in Drizzt Do'Urden's Guide to the Underdark (1999) and reappeared in subsequent modules such as Out of the Abyss (2015), was featured in the live-action film Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves (2023).

David M. Ewalt described ancient red dragons' place in the game as "there are few beasts more powerful".

Blue dragon

Blue dragons are the second most powerful of the classic chromatic dragons. They have single large horns protruding from their heads and large, frilled ears. The tail is thick and bumpy. The wings are more pronounced than most other species.

They are more likely to be mocking and manipulative than out rightly cruel or murderous to 'lesser' creatures, aided by their natural talents for hallucination. They trick desert travelers into drinking sand or going miles out of their way. Blue dragons are mostly carnivorous though they will eat plants on occasion. Camels are the preferred food. They are enemies of brass dragons.

Blue dragons are unusual for chromatics in that they keep fairly well-ordered, hierarchical societies. Despite their evil nature, they are excellent parents to their young, and rarely leave their eggs unattended. Blue wyrmlings are quick to taunt any other creature. They hunt small desert creatures for food. The typical blue dragon lair is dug into desert rock formations with two entrances: one at ground level, hidden by the sand, and one opening onto a high ledge on which it can perch and survey its territory. Each lair also has a cavern with a pool of water and sandy beach, which its inhabitant will use for drinking and relaxation.

The blue dragon excels at aerial combat. They discharge lightning at aerial foes, or at creatures on the ground. They are powerful at spell craft and adept at burrowing in sand. They often lie in wait just below the surface of the desert for prey. When they are so burrowed, their large horns can be mistaken for pointed desert rocks.

Green dragon

Green dragons are the third most powerful of the classic chromatic dragons. They have a large, waving crest or fin that starts at the dragon's nose and runs the length of the dragon's body. They also have long, slender forked tongues. They are highly adept at magic.

Green dragons are reasonably good parents, with both mother and father typically staying close to their eggs while they are incubating. The green wyrmling may be mistaken for a black, due to their nearly black scales. As the wyrmling matures, its scales lighten in color. The wyrmlings typically stay with both parents until they reach adulthood.

A green dragon lair will be a complex of caves and tunnels, with its main entrance hidden behind a waterfall. The dragons prefer caves high up on a cliff. The territories of Green and Black dragons frequently overlap, but as greens are more powerful, they typically hold the upper hand. Greens may allow a Black dragon to remain in their forest, as long as the lesser dragon remains in the swamps.

Green dragons revel in combat, and will often attack for no apparent reason. They are territorial, and may view any intrusion into their domain as an affront. They are cunning and duplicitous foes, and love to double-cross. A traveler who stumbles into a green dragon's territory may be able to bribe the dragon for safe passage, but the dragon may pretend to agree and then attack the unsuspecting offender once their guard is down. Though aggressive, green dragons prefer to use magic before attacking physically.

Black dragon

Black dragons are the most vile-tempered and cruel of all chromatic dragons, apart from their love of bargaining. Black dragons are distinguished by their horns, which protrude from the sides of their heads and wrap around, projecting forward, a longer body and thinner tail. A large frill adorns the upper part of the neck.

Black dragons are fierce hunters that will normally attack from the water. They will often prey on fish, crabs, birds, turtles, crocodiles, lizardfolk, chuuls, hydras, and green dragons that are smaller and younger than they are. Their enemies include green dragons and swamp landwyrms. Black dragons are not noted as good parents. Their wyrmlings (babies) are exceptionally cruel with insatiable appetites for nearly anything organic. As a black dragon matures, its scales gradually grow lighter. The oldest black dragons appear almost purple in color; hence the name of Cormyr's Purple Dragon knights stems from the legend of the great black dragon Thauglor, who once dominated the area encompassed by the present kingdom.

A black dragon typically lairs in a large cave or underground chamber next to a swamp or murky pond. Their lairs always have two entrances: one underwater through the adjacent swamp/pond, and one above-ground, disguised amidst the undergrowth. In combat, black dragons prefer ambushes to straightforward fighting. They are vicious and ruthless adversaries, and their acidic bile can easily work its way under the heaviest armor. Their heavily wooded habitats prevent them from flying very high in combat.

White dragon

White dragons are the weakest and the most feral of the classic chromatic dragons. Though dimmer than other dragons, they are still powerful enough to overwhelm most humans and have good long-term memories. Their heads and necks blend seamlessly into one another, and their wings are frayed along the edges. They have a flap of skin (dewlap) lined with spines under their chins. They have a high crest atop a streamlined head.

A newly hatched white wyrmling has clear scales, which become white as the dragon matures. They are expected to survive on their own after hatching, although some white dragon parents will permit their young to live in their lair until they reach adulthood. Adult white dragons have several abilities well suited to their arctic habitat. They can climb ice cliffs with ease, fly high and fast, and are exceptional swimmers. They love to swim in cold water. Much of their diet consists of aquatic creatures. White dragons are always hungry, and tend to become more savage as they mature.

Knowing that they are the smallest and weakest of dragons, many whites harbor inferiority complexes. They take any opportunity to bully beings such as giants and younger dragons of other species. White dragons lair in ice caves dug into mountains. Their lairs contain many more tunnels and chambers than those of other chromatic dragons. White dragons are not strong combatants compared to other dragons. Their icy breath can freeze a foe solid. They avoid fights with more powerful dragons. Whites also have exceptional memories, and will hunt down those who cross them, no matter how long it takes.

Other chromatic dragons
This is a list of other dragons which are based on colors, but are not truly related to other chromatic dragons. In 4th edition, the gray, brown, and purple dragons were released in the Draconomicon, but the grey and purple dragons were different. Instead of being based on the dragons listed here, they were based on the fang and deep dragons of 3rd edition.

Reception
The young adult black dragon was ranked first among the ten best mid-level monsters by the authors of Dungeons & Dragons For Dummies. The young white dragon was ranked eighth among the ten best low-level monsters by the authors of Dungeons & Dragons For Dummies. The authors chose the young white dragon over a wyrmling, feeling that "it's more satisfying for characters to battle against a dragon that's at least as big as a person, if not bigger. The young white dragon offers the best chance for this kind of fight". Dant et al. called the red dragon "deadly", and "one of the most fearsome and classic monsters" in role-playing games.

Metallic dragons
Metallic dragon is a classification of dragon found in Dungeons & Dragons. In many campaign settings, metallic dragons are of good alignment. Bahamut is the deity of good-aligned dragons and metallic dragons, and currently the only known Platinum dragon in existence. Metallic dragons have played a large role in D&D's various monster compilation books, and for most of the game's history five main types – brass, copper, bronze, silver, and gold – were presented as roughly analogous to the five types of chromatic dragons. The fourth edition of the game's second Monster Manual substituted iron and adamantine dragons for brass and bronze, and released the latter dragons in a later book alongside cobalt, mercury, mithral, orium, and steel dragons.

Publication history
The classification of "metallic dragons" was used in the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons second edition Monstrous Manual (1993), although the gold(en) dragon first appeared in the original Dungeons & Dragons "white box" set (1974) and the other dragons comprising the category had been in print since the first edition Monster Manual (1977). The term was continued in use in the third edition, fourth, and fifth edition Monster Manual.

Brass dragon

Although weaker than many other varieties of dragonkind, brass dragons are still powerful creatures by any measure. They have a strong mercenary streak and often agree to serve as guardians or battle champions for anyone willing to pay suitably well. Ancient brass dragons are some of the best – and most willing – sources of advice in the entire Prime Material Plane.

Physically, the brass dragon is highly distinctive. From below, its outstretched wings form a triangular shape, as they are attached to its body all the way to the tip of its tail. The wings are longest at the shoulder and taper gently as they reach the tail. Their scales seem to radiate heat and light. The shape of the head is quite unusual, as it includes a large, curved plate that extends from the dragon's eyes and cheeks on either side and curves upwards into two points, much like a plowshare. They have two sharp horns on the chin, which become steadily pointier as the dragon ages. They smell like hot, oiled metal. Brass wyrmlings probably learn to talk more quickly than the young of any other sentient species. As it matures, a brass dragon adds a love of fire to its love of speech. Though they have an extremely deadly breath weapon, they are more fragile than other dragons. As a result, they make alliances with small groups of intelligent creatures, such as tribes of nomadic Dragonborn.

The brass dragon prefers to dig its lair inside a desert peak or spire. They also prefer to have their lairs face eastwards, so that the rising sun will warm the lair for the bulk of the day. A brass dragon's lair is well-constructed and quite extensive, with many twisting corridors and dead ends to confuse and discourage hostile intruders along with bolt holes. The centerpiece of any brass dragon's lair is the Grand Conversation Hall, where it spends the majority of its time entertaining friends and visitors.

The brass dragon was an example of content misrepresented by the game's detractors, by whom it was described erroneously as the worst of dragons.

Bronze dragon

Duty-bound and honorable to a fault, bronze dragons commit themselves to order and are among the greatest and most devout champions of that ideal. As order's sworn servants, bronze dragons can seem arrogant and haughty, with an inflated sense of self, a tendency that can put them at odds with those they meet. Bronze dragons claim coastlines, inlets, and islands as their own, constructing lairs in coastal caves that have access to the sea. All bronze dragons share a deep and abiding hatred for blue dragons, and they are vigilant in protecting their homes from these interlopers.

Physically, the bronze dragon is quite fierce in appearance, despite its good nature. While most of its body is a reflective copper color, the wings are often tipped with green. The eyes of a bronze dragon begin with a green iris and as they age the eye slowly becomes a solid green with no distinct iris. The dragon has three main large horns protruding from each cheek, pointing back towards the tail. It also has a couple of smaller horns. The tips of these points are black and very sharp, and are often used for grooming. The tongue is purple-gray, long and pointed, and not forked. A large frill runs down the upper part of its neck.

Bronze dragons mate for life and they lay their eggs in a dry cave. Upon hatching, the wyrmlings are raised, taught, and protected by their parents. A newly hatched bronze wyrmling appears yellow with a tinge of green, and the scales will gradually shift to bronze as it matures. Bronze wyrmlings hold a strong sense of responsibility from the moment it leaves the egg. Given its exceptional abilities as a swimmer, the entrance to a bronze dragon's lair is quite naturally underwater, and often disguised with seaweed and coral. The bulk of the lair is above water level, however, consisting of multiple tunnels and large chambers, some as much as a thousand feet above sea level.

While bronze dragons are often fascinated with battles, especially fighting to defeat evil, they have strong moral compunctions against killing living beings unless absolutely necessary. They will often join good-aligned armies to fight the forces of evil, either in human form or their own.

Copper Dragon

Copper dragons are the second weakest of the metallic dragons. They are born tricksters and jokesters.

Physically, the copper dragon is very striking, with scales of a warm copper color tinged with blue. Like the brass dragon, the copper dragon's wings connect to its body all the way to the tip of its tail. However, its wings have a pronounced bend to them, giving them the appearance of a "V" from below, rather than the brass dragon's triangular appearance. Copper dragons are powerful jumpers and climbers, with massive thigh and shoulder muscles. Their two horns are broad and flat, pointing backwards towards the tail from the top of their heads. They also have a distinctive frill protruding from either jaw. When the mouth is closed, the teeth are completely hidden.

When new hatched, the scales of a copper wyrmling are a muddy brown in color, which gradually shifts to a glowing copper as it matures. Adult copper dragons are quite social, mainly due to the desire to play tricks upon each other. A typical copper dragon's lair is a cave, whose entrance is concealed by rocks and boulders. Upon entering, visitors find themselves in a huge labyrinth of tunnels. Copper dragons compete amongst themselves to see who can design the most confusing layout.

When it comes to combat, copper dragons prefer to avoid it. Rather than fighting openly, they prefer to taunt, humiliate, and tease their opponents until they simply give up and run away. Their ability to dramatically slow opponents often gives them ample time to run away. When forced, however, a copper dragon will fight to the very end, and is an incredibly devious antagonist.

Gold dragon

Gold dragons are based on creatures from Chinese mythology. In the game, they are the most powerful of the metallic dragons (in some versions they are the strongest of all dragons), and the most dedicated to defeating evil. They spend the bulk of their lives in human form, seeking out evil and punishing wrongdoers to the best of their considerable abilities. Gold dragons are also voracious learners who freely share their knowledge and experience.

Gold dragons have several large horns tipped with umber shoot sideways from their cheeks, and two very prominent horns point backwards along their heads. The most obvious feature is probably the tentacle whiskers that sprout from the top and bottom of the gold dragon's jaw, giving the appearance of a beard of sorts. Their wings, like those of brass and copper dragons, connect to the body all the way to the tip of the tail. From below, the overall shape resembles that of a brass dragon, but the different coloring and dramatic difference in size enables easy differentiation. When in flight, the gold dragon's wings ripple, giving the appearance of swimming rather than flying. A newly hatched gold wyrmling appears similar to an adult, except that it lacks horns or tentacle whiskers.

Gold dragons devote immense time and energy to the construction of their lairs. The layout of their lairs often resemble those of elegant human mansions, albeit buried underground. Unlike many species of dragons, gold dragons have a very firm and hierarchical social structure, encompassing all members of the species.

Gold dragons prefer to talk rather than to fight. While powerful opponents, they avoid unnecessary combat since they dislike killing.

Silver Dragon

Silver dragons are the second most powerful of the metallic dragons, and are true friends to all. The silver dragon enjoys the company of humans and elves so much that it will often take the form of a human or elf and live among them for the majority of its life.

At first glance, the silver dragon appears very similar to the white dragon. The wings are more curved than a white's though, and the silver has two talons on its wings rather than the single talon of most dragons. The silver dragon also has a beautiful frill that begins at the top of its head and flows all the way down its neck and body to the tip of the tail. The frill is silver towards the body, fading to a purple hue at the edge. They have two long, smooth silver horns with black tips, pointing up and back from the head. They also have a pronounced sharp frill under the chin, which has the rough appearance of a goatee. Silver dragons are extremely rare and elusive, preferring to take the guise of kind and elderly humanoids or very young humanoids.

Most silvers group together in "clans", a loose organization of dragons who choose to live together as a family. Clans take communal responsibility for protecting and raising their wyrmlings which are intelligent, kind, extremely curious, and adorable. A senior member of the clan may act as a leader, but no true leader actually exists. However, many silver dragons leave their clans for long periods of time to live among non-dragons. Unlike the gold or bronze dragon, the silver dragon does not usually go out of its way to bring justice to the world. They are more interested in protecting the humanoids they have come to care for than in looking for evil.

Like most metallic dragons, silvers do not enjoy combat, and are averse to killing. If forced to fight, however, they are as deadly as any other dragon. Silver dragons' favored enemy are red dragons because these chromatic dragons are almost always evil and have a talent for destruction. Additionally, silvers and reds favor the same sort of mountainous terrain for lairs, which leads to territorial disputes on top of having attitudes and philosophies at odds with the others'. A silver dragon's lair is typically found within an icy mountain, with the main entrance only accessible by air.

Rare types

Gem dragons
Gem dragons are a classification of dragon based on "gem type rather than color or metal". They are typically of neutral alignment with respect to good and evil, but some kinds are quite egoistic and awful company nevertheless. The Gem dragon family comprise Amethyst Dragons, Crystal Dragons, Emerald Dragons, Sapphire Dragons, and Topaz Dragons. Sardior is the deity of gem dragons. Although Obsidian Dragons are also technically gem dragons, they are opposed to Sardior and most other gem dragons.

Publication history
The gem dragons (the amethyst dragon, the crystal dragon, the emerald dragon, the sapphire dragon and the topaz dragon) and Sardior the Ruby Dragon first appeared in the first edition in Dragon #37 (May 1980).

The gem dragons appeared in the second edition in the Monstrous Compendium Fiend Folio Appendix (1992), and the Monstrous Manual (1993). They appeared as player character races in the Council of Wyrms set (1994) and the Campaign Option: Council of Wyrms book (1999).

The gem dragons appeared in the third edition in Monster Manual II (2002).

The sapphire dragon was introduced in the fifth edition as a stat block, along with some history on gem dragons, in a charity supplement to raise money for Extra Life. Gem dragons (amethyst, crystal, emerald, sapphire, and topaz) in full detail then appeared in the supplement Fizban's Treasury of Dragons (2021). SyFy Wire highlighted that "they have new abilities and breath weapons that use the less-common damage types of radiant, necrotic, thunder, psychic, and force. Fizban's contains stat blocks for gem dragons at different ages and challenge ratings, same as the dragons in the basic Monster Manual".

Amethyst dragon

The most powerful of the neutral gem dragons, amethyst dragons are honorable, regal creatures. At birth, these dragons have lavender skin with fine, translucent-purple scales. These scales darken as the creature grows older, eventually reaching a sparkling lavender color. These creatures approach life with a detached air, ignoring the conflicts of good and evil, law and chaos. At best, they see these conflicts as petty squabbles over inconsequential points of view, and not worthy of their time or consideration. These majestic dragons consider themselves to be the leaders of the gem dragons, and most of the lesser gem dragons acquiesce to this leadership – in everyday life and in the Council Aerie.

Amethyst dragons eat large quantities of fish and gems. They keep vassals to attend to their needs, though they do not place as many restrictions or requirements on them as other dragon lords do. Most keep at least one hidden, underwater cave for seclusion and secrecy. While amethyst dragons consider their silver and copper cousins to be foolish and have an active dislike of red and white dragons, they do not consider any life form to be their inherent enemies. They prefer to reason out a settlement through discussion and negotiation rather than through combat, but they can and will fight if they must.

Crystal dragon

Crystal dragons spend much time trying to learn about world around them. They value friendship over all else and the treasures tend to be sentimental rather than valuable, they welcome visitors who come to them with good intentions. Like other benevolent dragons, the crystal dragons prefer to talk rather than fight. Hatchlings have glossy white scales that become more and more translucent with age. By the time they reach adulthood, these scales become luminescent in moonlight. In the full light of the day they glow with a dazzling, almost unbearable brilliance.

Fun-loving and mischievous, crystal dragons tend to be irresponsible rulers. They establish domains in the cold, open northern reaches, building castles out of snow and ice. They leave these castles open to the sky, for they love to watch the stars on clear, cold nights. The white dragon clans consider crystal dragons to be nothing more than prey, so the two types are almost always in conflict. However, it has also been known for crystal dragons to adopt white dragon hatchlings.

Emerald dragon

Emerald dragons live among the tropical islands. They are a curious species, taken to keeping track of history, lore and customs. They tend to be very reclusive, suspicious that others covet their treasure hoards and territory. Hatchlings have translucent green scales, which harden and take on many shades of green as they age. These scales are scintillating in the light, giving an emerald dragon's hide the appearance of being in constant motion.

A desire for privacy runs through the emerald clans, going so far as to determine where the dragon lords and their spawn establish lairs. The primary lairs consist of traps and alarms designed to warn the dragon of visitor and other threats. Emerald dragons prefer to quietly observe intruders and rarely emerge from hiding. When forced into combat, emerald dragons prefer to attack by ambush, using stealth and surprise attacks to quickly disable their enemies. If the threat prove to be too great to handle, an emerald dragon will not hesitate to retreat. However, it will plan revenge, and its patience can last for centuries if need be.

Emerald dragons have no compunctions about what they eat. They prefer lizards and giants, but they will eat anything in a pinch. Of all the other type of dragonkind, emerald dragons get along best with the sapphire dragons, often controlling parallel domains (emerald dragons taking the surface, sapphire dragon the subterranean areas below). They fear the red dragons because of their well-known greed. Emeralds like the security and protection offered by a trusted partner and will take a single mate for a long time.

Sapphire dragon

The sapphire dragons prefer subterranean domains. While most of the territory above their realms belong to the emerald dragons, they keep a small portion of the surface area as their own as well as the extensive caverns beneath the tropical jungles. Of all dragonkind, perhaps the sapphire dragon clans are the most militaristic. They fervently protect their territory from outsiders, going so far as to distrust anyone who even gets close to their borders. As most of the territory that interests the sapphire clans is below the ground, they rarely come into conflict with other dragon clans unless they attempt to take caverns currently in use. Only the black dragons compete with them for the tropical underground, and even they are wary of going into direct conflict with the armies of the sapphire clans.

From birth, sapphire dragons are beautiful, with scale ranging from light to dark blue in color, which sparkle in the light. Because of their coloration, they are sometimes mistaken for blue dragons. Giant spiders make up most of a sapphire dragon's diet, and great hunts are conducted in the tunnels to find these delicacies. While militaristic and warlike, the sapphire dragons are not quick to attack. They prefer to observe intruders (all visitors are intruders) so that they can plan how to deal with them. If a sapphire dragon or its treasure is ever threatened, it attacks immediately with its breath weapon, spells, and physical attacks. It uses psionics and special abilities to escape if faced with a more powerful foe. Sapphire dragons take a single mate for long periods of time, however sapphires seek to possess a mate to enhance their prestige and status more than other reasons

Topaz dragon

Topaz dragons inhabit the coastal regions of temperate islands, building lairs below the waterline, though constructing them so they remain dry. Clannish and self-seeking, these gem dragons usually want little to do with the other inhabitants of the isles. For the most part these dragons neither seek company nor welcome it.

Out of the egg, a topaz dragon is a dull yellow-orange in color. With the age, its scales harden and become translucent and faceted. When it reaches adulthood, a topaz dragon sparkles in the light of the sun. While topaz dragons enjoy the feel of sea wind and spray on their faceted-scale hides, they do not particularly like the water. They swim to hunt, attack, or reach their lairs, but not for enjoyment. They do love to eat fish and other sea creatures, especially the tasty giant squids that live in the Coral Sea.

Unless it specifically interests or affect them, topaz dragons tend to be indifferent to the causes and concerns that occupy the rest of dragonkind. While not malicious, topaz dragons are not the best of company or particularly pleasant to deal with. Besides caring little for social graces, they display erratic behavior that is unsettling and very confusing. They dislike visitors, but tend to avoid combat if they can help it. If combat is unavoidable, they use tricks and promises to distract their foes before striking with teeth and claws. They dislike bronze dragons. It takes time for a topaz dragon to accept another dragon's friendship, but once it does it remains a friend for life. Once another dragon gets past its outer defenses and gruff exterior, it finds a loyal companion and ready protector in the topaz dragon.

Obsidian dragon

Obsidian dragons, while the most intelligent of the gem dragons, are also the most vicious. They are extremely haughty, anger easily, and like to toy with prey before finishing it off. An obsidian dragon has smooth black skin with razor edges where joints come together. When first hatched, their scales are gray, rough to touch, and well defined. As they get older, the scales darken, become smoother, and begin to blend together.

Most obsidian dragons prefer to make their lairs around volcanoes or in one of the mountains of coal found on the Elemental Plane of Fire. Most great wyrms, though, make use of the genesis power to create their own demiplane.

Reception
Mark Theurer, in a 2002 review for Fictional Reality, remarked that gem dragons "have some interesting breath weapons".

Jennifer Melzer, for CBR in 2021 prior to the publication of Fizban's Treasury of Dragons, commented that "one of the most unique characteristics of the Gem dragons are their scales, which have the crystalline appearance of gemstones. They also tend to be psionic, meaning they are great masters of magical abilities of a psychic nature such as telepathy, psychokinesis and clairsentience". She stated that these dragons range in temperament and "while some of them enjoy (and even long for) conversation with intelligent creatures, they tend to be solitary, preferring to maintain their distance from the world and its problems in hopes that the world keeps its distance from them". Melzer also highlighted that back in third edition "obsidian dragons were the most intelligent and dangerous of the Gem dragons".

In ranking the dragons included in Fizban's Treasury of Dragons, Brooke Thomas of CBR listed gem dragons as #2. Thomas stated that these dragons were "likely opponents for the average campaign" unlike dragons towards the higher end of the challenge-rating range. Thomas considered gem dragons "exciting" due to "their versatility, utility, and contribution to world-building efforts".

Other types of dragons
In most descriptions, true dragons only comprise the two families of chromatic dragons and metallic dragons. There are, however, many more families among the true dragons, and some kinds exists outside any specific category.

Lesser dragons
Lesser Dragons comprise all dragonkind that are not true dragons, and includes a broad range of creatures.

Critical reception
Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies assigned the dragon a central role, stating that for many characters "the opportunity to fight a dragon (and pillage its hoard) is the reason you play the game". The authors also chose a specific dragon each among the ten best monsters for low- and mid-level characters.

Jon Peterson described dragons in D&D as greedy for treasure. He found it ironic, that they became the iconic creature in the game to conquer for the characters, as accumulation of treasures was one major goal of the game - exactly what the folkloric and fantasy images of hoarding dragons preceding D&D warned against.

Similarly, Philip J. Clements wrote about Dungeons & Dragons: "Even the name suggests" that "both dungeons and dragons exist to be overcome and exploited by the power and cunning of the characters".

GameSpy author Allan Rausch commented on the improvements in the depiction of dragons in 3rd edition artwork: "Dragons were redesigned with an eye toward giving them distinctive characteristics that would work in their preferred environments -- making them distinctively D&D dragons."

The ancient blue dragon was ranked third among the ten best high-level 4th Edition monsters by the authors of Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition For Dummies. The authors described the ancient dragons as "the most powerful versions of these majestic and deadly creatures, and the ancient blue dragon approaches the pinnacle of all dragon-kin", surpassed only by the red dragon. The authors concluded that "Few single challengers can stand long against the fury of this terrible dragon as it unleashes lightning and thunder."

Screen Rant compiled a list of the game's "10 Most Powerful (And 10 Weakest) Monsters, Ranked" in 2018, calling the prismatic dragon one of the strongest, saying "It represents the ultimate challenge for any party of adventurers, though it would easily dispose of all but the most insanely overleveled groups. Defeating a prismatic dragon would also represent the ultimate challenge for the actual players, as they would likely expire from old age before rolling all of the dice necessary to finish an encounter with the creature."

Other publishers
In 1981 Varanae published a supplement named Dragons detailing 50 new dragon types in the format of a Monster Manual. In 1986 a scenario also titled Dragons was published by Mayfair Games, with a war between good and evil dragons as backdrop, and including more background material about dragons.

The black dragon, blue dragon, brass dragon, bronze dragon, copper dragon, gold dragon, green dragon, red dragon, silver dragon, and white dragon are fully detailed in Paizo Publishing's book Dragons Revisited (2009).

Notes

References

Other sources
Wyatt, James and Rob Heinsoo. Monstrous Compendium: Monsters of Faerun (Wizards of the Coast, 2001).
Andy Collins, Skip Williams, and James Wyatt. Draconomicon (Wizards of the Coast, 2003).

Further reading

External links
Official images of dragons by Wizards of the Coast:
Red dragon
Blue dragon
Green dragon
Black dragon
White dragon
Brown dragon
Wyrms of the North Archive
Bricken, Rob (27 February 2015). "The 16 Strangest Dragons In Dungeons & Dragons". io9. Accessed 25 December 2016.

Dragons in popular culture
Dungeons & Dragons creatures from folklore and mythology
Dungeons & Dragons monsters

Dragon (Dungeons & Dragons)


Faner og Folkefest er en dansk dokumentarisk stumfilm fra 1920 med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Folkefest i København, sandsynligvis i anledning af kong Christian 10.'s 50 års fødselsdag i 1920. Stort optog går ind på Amalienborg Slotsplads. Kongefamilien kommer frem på balkonen på Amalienborg Slot. Christiansborg Ridebane fyldt med mennesker med skilte. Optog med faner marcherer ind på Christiansborg Ridebane - mange studenter iblandt. I havnen ligger store udenlandske skibe. Skib losses for gods. Flere optagelser af folkemængde på Amalienborg Slotsplads og ved Christiansborg.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1920
Dokumentariske optagelser
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Begivenheder i 1920
Det danske kongehus

Faner og Folkefest


Guoduo-dæmningen er en dæmning med tilhørende kraftværk på floden Lancang-Mekong i Tibet; Kraftværket blev sat i drift i 2014; Det har en kapacitet på 165 MW og ligger højere end 3.400 meter; Anlægget blev bygget for at levere elektrisk kraft til Yulong Copper Mine.

Se også
 Vandkraft i Mekongs afvandingsområde

Noter

Tibet
Vandkraftværker i Kina
Dæmninger i Kina

Guoduo-dæmningen


Gumpur, kumpir olarak da söylenir, Orta Anadolu ağzında patates anlamına gelir. Kullanımı oldukça daralmıştır.Yöre de çeşitli yemekleri ve çorbaları yapılmaktadır. Çerkez toplulukları tarafından da oldukça fazla tüketilen bir besin maddesidir. Nevşehir, Derinkuyu patatesi meşhur olup, dünyanın birçok ülkesine de ham ve işlenmiş olarak ihraç edilmektedir.

Kumpur


Twink es un término del argot gay inglés que describe a hombres homosexuales jóvenes que apenas han superado la mayoría de edad. Suelen ser personas con aspecto de adolescente o adulto joven, con cuerpo delgado, ectomorfo, usualmente lampiño, o con poca cantidad de vello corporal o facial.

Etimología

El término twink en inglés deriva del popular producto de pastelería twinkie. En España sería equivalente al llamado bollito o yogurín. Contrariamente a lo que se cree, no surge del retroacrónimo Teenage, White, Into No Kink, frase que podría traducirse como Adolescente Blanco sin Perversiones Sexuales.

Uso

Los twinks recurren a la depilación del vello corporal y a afeitarse para enfatizar su aspecto joven; pueden ni siquiera presentar crecimiento de barba por su juventud. En una manera contrastante se le relaciona con el oso o bear, un individuo masculino homosexual de complexión endomorfa que tiene gran cantidad de vello corporal.

Se utilizan diferentes términos para catalogar a un twink y su tipo, pudiendo ser identificados como:
Beach twink (twink de playa'): Son identificados por el color bronceado de su piel que compite con su cabello rubio, pueden tener físico desarrollado.New West twink ('''twink del Nuevo Oeste'): Son identificados por su forma de vestir al estilo wéstern o vaquero.
Street twink (twink urbano'): Son identificados por su forma de vestir. Recurren a la moda urbana del hiphop y el grunge.All-American twink: Son twinks de gran condición física que se identifican con el cliché del quarterback popular y atractivo de la escuela preparatoria.Euro Twink ('''twink europeo'): Twink relacionado con la elegancia y el tradicionalismo de la moda y estilo de vida en Europa.
Muscle twink ('twink musculoso'): Twinks de gran desarrollo físico.

Véase también

Oso (sexualidad)
Shōnen-ai
Lolita (término)
Homosexualidad
Homosexualidad masculina

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Identidades LGBT
Afeminamiento
Palabras y frases en inglés
Términos peyorativos masculinos
Homosexualidad masculina

Twink (sexualidad)


Querétaro er fylki í mið-Mexíkó. Íbúar eru um 2,4 milljónir (2020) og er flatarmál 11.700 ferkílómetrar. Höfuðborgin er Querétaro.

Fylki Mexíkó

Querétaro (fylki)


An Aloe purpurea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. An Aloe purpurea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Mauritius. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aloe

Aloe purpurea


Trablus (Tripolis) sözcüğü ile şu başlıklardan biri kastedilmiş olabilir:

 Trablus (Libya), Osmanlılar zamanında Trablusgarp, yani batıdaki Trablus adıyla anılırdı.
 Trablusgarp Bölgesi, bugünkü Libya'yı oluşturan bölgelerden birine eskiden verilen ad.
 Trablusgarp Savaşı, 1911 - 1912 yılları arasında Osmanlı Devleti ve İtalya arasında geçen savaşın adı.
 Trablusgarp vilayeti Osmanlı Devletinde yönetsel bir birim.
 Trablusşam (Lübnan), Osmanlılar zamanında Trablusşam, yani Şam'daki (Suriye) Trablus adıyla anılırdı.
 Trablus bölgesi, Lübnan
 Tripolis (Yunanistan)
 Tirebolu (Türkiye)

Trablus ismi Tripolis isminin Arapça halidir. Tripolis ismi bu iki kente Greko-Roma çağlarında verilmiştir ve "üç şehir" anlamına gelir. Türkiye sınırları içinde de bir zamanlar Tripolis adıyla anılmış olan bir şehir vardır. Bu şehrin o zamanlar Tripolis ismi zamanla Tirebolu'ya dönüşmüştür.

Trablus (anlam ayrımı)


An Platystele acutilingua in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Kapuler ngan Hascall. An Platystele acutilingua in nahilalakip ha genus nga Platystele, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Platystele

Platystele acutilingua


Casa Verde este un program din România pentru instalarea sistemelor de încălzire care utilizează energie regenerabilă, gestionat de Administrația Fondului pentru Mediu (AFM) și a avut, două sesiuni, una în 2010 și una în 2011.

În februarie 2011, Guvernul a decis finanțarea programului cu 300 milioane lei (credite de angajament) și 435,9 milioane lei (credite bugetare).

Până în octombrie 2011, au fost depuse aproximativ 23.000 de dosare.

În anul 2014, aproximativ 10.000 de dosare care fuseră depuse de către beneficiari în programul Casa Verde în anul 2011 erau în analiză.

În anul 2016, programul a fost lansat prin:
 "Casa Verde Clasic", prin care AFM finanțează  sisteme de încălzire care utilizează energii regenerabile - buget: 60 milioane lei.
 "Casa Verde Plus", prin care sunt subvenționate termosisteme din materiale ecologice, sisteme de acoperișuri verzi, precum și sisteme de monitorizare și eficientizare a consumului de energie, apă și gaz - buget 45 milioane lei.

Vezi și
 Prima Casă

Note

Legături externe

Construcții
Clădiri și structuri din România

Casa Verde


De danske vegetationer kan overordnet grupperes i fem landskabelige elementer, og inden for disse er det især forskelligheder i de økologiske vilkår, som fremkalder variationerne i plantesamfundene.

Landskabselementer
De fem landskabelige elementer i Danmark er:
 Kystvegetation
 Mosevegetation
 Hede og græsland på tør bund
 Skov
 Småbiotoper på åbent land

Kystvegetationer

 Sandstrand (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Forstrand og begyndende klitdannelser)
 Embryonalklit (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Hvide klitter og vandremiler)
 Hvid klit (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Hvide klitter og vandremiler)
 Fikseret klit (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Stabile kystklitter med urteagtig vegetation (grå klit og grønsværklit))
 Klithede (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Kystklitter med dværgbuskvegetation (klithede))
 Klintekyster (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Klinter eller klipper ved kysten)
 Stenkyster (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Enårig vegetation på stenede strandvolde og Flerårig vegetation på stenede strande)
 Klippeskyster (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Klinter eller klipper ved kysten)
 Strandengskyster (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Strandenge)
 Vadekyster (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Vegetation af kveller eller andre enårige strandplanter, der koloniserer mudder og sand og Vadegræssamfund)

Mosevegetationer

 Minerotrofe, oligotrofe moser (Fattigkær)
 Ombrotrofiske moser (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Aktive højmoser)
 Mesotrofe moser (Kalkkær)
 Eutrofe moser (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Rigkær)

Lysåbne, tørre vegetationer

 Heder (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Tørre dværgbusksamfund (heder))
 Indlandsklitter (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Indlandsklitter med lyng og visse og Indlandsklitter med åbne græsarealer med sandskæg og hvene)
 Overdrev
 Tørt kalksandsoverdrev (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Artsrige ovedrev eller græsheder på mere eller mindre sur bund)
 Tørt overdrev (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Meget tør overdrevs- eller skræntvegetation på kalkholdigt sand)
 Kalkoverdrev (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Overdrev og krat på mere eller mindre kalkholdig bund)
 Krat (svarende til Natura 2000-betegnelsen Enebærkrat på heder, overdrev eller skrænter og Overdrev og krat på mere eller mindre kalkholdig bund)

Se også
 Naturtyper i Danmark
 Plantesociologisk klassificering

Noter

Litteratur
 Peter Milan Petersen og Peter Vestergaard: Vegetationsøkologi, 4. udg. 2006,
 Skov- og Naturstyrelsen: Danske Naturtyper i det europæiske NATURA 2000 netværk, 2000,

Plantesamfund

Liste over danske vegetationer


Johnny Leoni (født 30. juni 1984) er en schweizisk fodboldspiller.

Schweizs fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Schweiz
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2010

Johnny Leoni


Brønnøy er sveitarfélag í Norðurlandi í Noregi. Fjöldi íbúa í sveitarfélaginu er 7.777 (2022).

Stjórnsýslumiðstöð sveitarfélagsins er borgin Brønnøysund. Til sveitarfélagsins teljast einnig þéttbýlið Nordhus og Toft.

Sveitarfélagið Brønnøy á landamæri að sveitarfélögunum Vega í vestri, Vevelstad í norðri, Vefsn og Grane í austri og Bindal og Sømna í suðri.
Sveitarfélög í Nordland

Brønnøy (sveitarfélag)


Hejnał Mariacki – melodía que se toca cada hora desde una de las torres de la Basílica de Santa María en Cracovia. Cada día a las doce de la mañana se trasmite esta melodía a través del primer programa de la radio polaca estatal - Polskie Radio Program I.

Historia
El Hejnał Mariacki se tocaba al mediodía para con esa melodía-señal dar la hora a todas las ciudades de Polonia. Esto duró hasta el 13 de febrero de 1838. Después de esa fecha la pasó a dar el Observatorio Astronómico de Cracovia, más tarde fue la radio y a partir de 1984 empezó a dar la hora la capital polaca Varsovia. Como recuerdo histórico de ese hecho, a las doce del mediodía se da en directo la melodía de Hejnał mariacki desde la torre de la Basílica.

Tradición

La tradición de la melodía Hejnał mariacki cuenta setecientos años. Lo más curioso del toque de trompeta es su interrupción a mitad de nota, como si quedara incompleta. La leyenda dice que:

La Iglesia de Santa María, con sus dos torres desiguales, era un lugar importante para la defensa de la ciudad. Desde la torre más alta, llamada torre hejnalica, se daba un toque de trompeta para abrir las puertas de la ciudad y por la noche para cerrarlas. También era una señal de alarma ante la presencia del enemigo. Un día hubo un ataque relámpago de los tártaros, que con frecuencia asediaban las ciudades polacas. El vigía empezó a tocar el Hejnał mariacki para que se cerraran las puertas de la ciudad. Se consiguió cerrarlas pero una flecha lanzada desde fuera de los muros atravesó al trompetista la garganta sin que pudiera acabar la melodía. Como recuerdo a ese hecho la melodía se interrumpe en la mitad de la nota.

La leyenda puede ser cierta aunque es difícil de precisarlo. Un hecho real es que el Hejnał mariacki constituye en la ciudad de Cracovia una atracción turística, algo específico y característico exclusivamente de esta ciudad.

Melodía de luto nacional
En la actualidad los vigilantes trompetistas de la torre mariacki tocan también desde ese lugar durante los lutos nacionales. Concretamente tocaron en las siguientes fechas:
 3 de abril de 2005 a las 12.00 en vez del Hejnał mariacki - por la muerte de Juan Pablo II
 enero del 2008 por la catástrofe aérea en Mirosławiec del avión CASA.
 11 de abril de 2010 a las 12.00 - por la catástrofe del avión del presidente polaco en Smoleńsk.

Véase también
 Notas del Hejnał mariacki (pdf)
 Basílica de Santa María (Cracovia)

Enlaces externos
 Hejnał mariacki grabación live

Tradiciones de Cracovia
Leyendas
Cracovia

Hejnał mariacki


Le lac de la Hourquette est un lac pyrénéen français situé administrativement dans la commune de Bagnères-de-Bigorre dans le département des Hautes-Pyrénées en région  Occitanie.

C'est un lac naturel qui a une superficie de  pour une altitude de , il atteint une profondeur de

Toponymie
Hourquette est un nom féminin gascon /hurketɵ/, dérivé de hourque « fourche », du latin furca. L'idée de fourche est un passage en « V », en principe plus resserré qu'un col et moins marqué qu'une brèche.

Géographie
Le lac est situé dans la vallée de Campan, près du  lac du Campana de Cloutou dans le massif de l'Arbizon.

Topographie

Hydrologie
Le lac a pour émissaire le  ruisseau du lac du Campana.

Climat

Protection environnementale

Le lac fait partie d'une zone naturelle protégée, classée ZNIEFF de type 1 : Cirque de Cloutou et sud de La Mongie et de type 2 : Bassin du haut Adour .

Voies d'accès
Le lac est accessible depuis le Refuge du Campana de Cloutou par une variante du sentier de grande randonnée GR 10 en direction du pic de Bastan.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des lacs des Hautes-Pyrénées
 Liste des lacs des Pyrénées

Liens externes
 Lac de la Hourquette

Hourquette
Massif de l'Arbizon

Lac de la Hourquette


La tirosina proteína quinasa no receptora TNK1 (EC 22.214.171.124) es una enzima que participa en la regulación negativa del crecimiento celular. Tiene propiedades de supresor tumoral. Juega un papel en la regulación negativa de la ruta Ras-MAPK. Puede que participe en las rutas de señalización utilizadas ampliamente durante el desarrollo fetal y más selectivamente en tejidos adultos y en células del sistema linfohematopoyético. Puede que participe específicamente en la transducción de señales por fosfolípidos.

Interacciona con el dominio SH3 de la PLCG1 a través del dominio rico en prolina de TNK1. Tiene como localización celular la membrana periférica. Se expresa en la sangre del cordón umbilical, médula ósea y en subpoblaciones de sangre adulta y en diversas líneas de células leucémicas. Se expresa en un alto nivel en la sangre fetal, cerebro fetal, pulmones fetales, hígado fetal y riñones fetales. Detectada en bajos niveles en la próstata adulta, testículos adultos, ovarios adultos, intestino delgado adulto y colon adulto. No se expresa en los pulmones adultos, hígado adulto, riñones adultos y cerebro adulto.

Referencias

Tirosina proteína quinasas
EC 2.7.10

TNK1


Stevan Hadžić (în ; ) a fost un general al Armatei Regale a Serbiei și general de armată al Armatei Regale a Iugoslaviei. A fost comandant al Diviziei 1 Voluntari sârbe în campania acesteia din România și a îndeplinit în patru rânduri ministru al armatei și marinei al Regatului Iugoslaviei (1919-1920, 1921, 1924 și 1926-1931).

Biografie

Începutul carierei militare
Stevan Hadžić s-a născut la 19 februarie 1868 la Belgrad, ca fiu al lui Svetozar Hadžić, un colonel de infanterie al Armatei Sârbe (care a fost comandantul brigăzilor Ćuprija și Čačak în războaiele sârbo-otomane din 1876-1878), și al soției sale, Mileva (n. Gherman). În anul 1885 a fost declanșat Războiul Sârbo-Bulgar, iar tânărul Stevan s-a înrolat ca elev voluntar în Regimentul 14 Infanterie și și-a reluat studiile după război. După absolvirea cursurilor secundare la Niš, a urmat în perioada 1886-1889 studii superioare la Academia Militară din Belgrad și a fost promovat la 10 septembrie 1889 la gradul de podparucic (sublocotenent).

După ce a fost avansat la gradul de locotenent de artilerie, a fost trimis la pregătire în Rusia Imperială. A urmat mai întâi un stagiu la Brigada 35 Artilerie rusă din Kostroma, iar după încheierea lui a fost admis la Academia de Stat Major "Nikolai I" din Sankt Petersburg, unde a studiat timp de patru ani (1891-1895).

S-a căsătorit în 1901 cu Jelisaveta-Ela (1879–1966), fata colonelului Aleksandar Simonović și a soției sale, Milica (n. Spasić), o viitoare doamnă de onoare a reginei Maria. Soții Hadžić au avut un fiu pe nume Vojislav și o fiică pe nume Olga (1905–1965), care s-a căsătorit în 1927 cu colonelul de cavalerie Nikola Canić (1897–1986). Fiica lor este Mirjana Canić-Radojlović (n. 1932).

Avansarea în ierarhia militară
După încheierea studiilor sale, a fost numit în 1895 în funcțiile de comandant de companie într-un regiment de artilerie și profesor la Școala de Subofițeri de Artilerie. În anul 1896 a fost avansat la gradul de căpitan și desemnat șef de serviciu în statul major al Diviziei Drina. În perioada 1897–1901 a fost ofițer de ordonanță al regelui și șef de secție în Statul Major General, apoi șef al statului major al Diviziei de Cavalerie și, în final, șef al statului major al Diviziei Dunării. În anul 1902 a devenit comandant al Regimentului 9 infanterie. După un nou stagiu de șef de secție în Statul Major General (1904-1905), a fost numit la 18 mai 1906 în funcția de comandant al Regimentului 18 Infanterie. Cu puțin înainte de 1910 a devenit din nou șef de secție în Statul Major General și șef al Direcției Generale a Ministerului de Război.

Pe lângă îndatoririle sale obișnuite, a fost de două ori profesor de tactică și strategie la Academia Militară din Belgrad în perioadele 1900–1901 și 1906-1910.

Războaiele Balcanice și Primul Război Mondial
La 31 mai 1910 Stevan Hadžić a fost numit atașat militar la Sankt Petersburg, unde a rămas până la începutul celui de-al Doilea Război Balcanic. În această perioadă, la 19 februarie 1912, a fost înaintat la gradul de colonel. După întoarcerea în Serbia, a preluat comanda Diviziei Drina, care s-a confruntat cu Divizia 8 bulgară și cu o parte a Diviziei 7 bulgare în Bătălia de la Bregalnica.

În Primul Război Mondial a comandat mai întâi Divizia Šumadija, care a fost implicată până la 10 august 1914 în Bătălia de pe Muntele Cer. Cu acea ocazie a participat la toate luptele de pe malul drept al râului Sava, în apropiere de Šabac și Mačva. În august 1914 Comandamentul Suprem al Armatei Sârbe l-a numit în postul de șef al Statului Major al Armatei I. Comandanții armatei au fost generalii (viitori mareșali) Petar Bojović (eliberat din funcție la 14 noiembrie 1914 deoarece fusese rănit în luptă) și Živojin Mišić cu care a rămas la conducere până în martie 1916. După retragerea armatei sârbe în insula Corfu, Hadžić a primit o sarcină care și-a pus amprenta asupra carierei sale militare. Comandamentul Armatei Sârbe din Corfu i-a ordonat la 24 februarie 1916 să meargă în Rusia pentru a organiza formarea Diviziei 1 Voluntari sârbe. Această divizie a fost alcătuită din prizonieri de război sârbi, originari de pe teritoriile sârbe ale Austro-Ungariei și mobilizați în Armata Austro-Ungară, care s-au oferit voluntari, și a numărat inițial aproape 10.000 de militari. Colonelul Hadžić a sosit la 23 aprilie 1916 la Odesa, însoțit de 21 de ofițeri și de tot atâția subofițeri. Voluntarii au continuat să vină și pe la mijlocul lunii august 1916 divizia avea aproape 18.000 de militari.

La 27 august 1916 România a intrat în război de partea Antantei. Pentru a împiedica pătrunderea forțelor turce bulgaro-germane în Dobrogea, comandamentul suprem rus a decis să desfășoare trupe de întărire în acea parte a frontului. Divizia de voluntari sârbi a făcut parte din Corpul 47 ruso-sârb, nou-format, al generalului Andrei Zaioncikovski. Unitatea sârbă a sosit de la Odessa în satele Koru Nasradin și Kara Sinan la 5 septembrie și a luat parte, două zile mai târziu, la Bătălia de la Dobrici. Luptele din Dobrogea au durat până la sfârșitul lunii octombrie; din cauza dotării insuficiente a Armatei Române, inamicul a avansat mult în această parte a frontului, astfel că divizia sârbă a fost retrasă la 26 octombrie 1916 în zona orașului Ismail. În timpul acestor lupte, divizia sârbă a avut pierderi de 8.000 de militari.

A fost decorat cu Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul", clasa a III-a:
"Pentru vitejia, destoinicia și avântul cu care a condus o divizie sârbă, în cursul aprigelor lupte ce au avut loc în Dobrogea."
Înalt Decret no. 190 din 10 martie 1917

La începutul anului 1917 colonelul Hadžić, în calitate de comandant, a reușit să împiedice avansarea inamicului și să obțină câteva victorii. În martie 1917, după încheierea operațiunilor în Dobrogea, el a fost numit atașat militar în România, unde a rămas până în 1919. În această perioadă, în 18 octombrie 1918, a fost avansat la gradul de general de brigadă.

Ministru al armatei și prim adjutant regal

După încheierea războiului, generalul Stevan Hadžić a îndeplinit din 30 martie 1919 până în 19 februarie 1920 funcția de ministru al armatei și marinei. La 17 februarie 1920 a fost numit comandant al Armatei a II-a și a rămas în acest post până la 20 martie 1921. În calitate de membru al cercului de militari apropiați ai regelui Alexandru I, a fost primul său adjutant între 13 martie 1921 și 24 decembrie 1926 (cu întreruperi în perioadele 24 mai - 20 iulie 1921 și 27 iulie - 6 iulie 1924, când a îndeplinit funcția de ministru al armatei și marinei pentru a doua și, respectiv, a treia oară). A fost înaintat la 21 octombrie 1923 la gradul de general de armată. După ce a părăsit postul de prim adjutant, Hadžić a fost numit ministru al armatei și marinei pentru a patra oară și a ocupat această funcție în perioada 24 decembrie 1926 - 23 aprilie 1931, până la moartea sa.

Ajutorarea refugiaților ruși
Hadžić nu a uitat niciodată zilele pe care le-a petrecut studiind, slujind și luptând în Rusia Imperială. Aprecierea și dragostea sa pentru Rusia au devenit vizibile după izbucnirea Revoluției din Octombrie și a Războiului Civil, care au determinat un aflux mare de emigranți ruși în Serbia și Franța. El s-a străduit să-i ajute și, în semn de recunoștință, a fost ales membru onorific al Societății Ofițerilor Ruși de Stat Major, al Societății Cavalerilor Ordinului "Sfântul Gheorghe", al unităților militare georgiene și al coloniei ruse din Sarajevo.

Moartea
A murit în casa familiei sale la 23 aprilie 1931 și a fost înmormântat în Cimitirul Nou din Belgrad.

Decorații
  Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul", clasa a III-a, România (10 martie 1917)

Note

Bibliografie

 Ioanițiu, Alexandru (lt.col.), Războiului României, 1916-1918, vol. I, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
 ***, ''România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol. I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1936

 Текст пуковника Димитрија Трифуновића у Енциклопедији Југославије ЈЛЗ "Мирослав Крлежа", Zagreb, 1986. vol. 4, p. 658.

Vezi și
 Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
 Divizia 1 Voluntari

Nașteri în 1868
Decese în 1931
Generali sârbi
Comandanți sârbi pe frontul român (1916-1918)
Decorați cu Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul"

Stevan Hadžić


Luis Franco, eigentlich Luis Leopoldo Franco (* 15. November 1898 in Belén, Provinz Catamarca; † 1. Juni 1988 in Ciudadela, Gran Buenos Aires) war ein argentinischer Schriftsteller.

Leben
Franco entstammte einer Familie von Grundbesitzern; er war ein Sohn von Luis Antonio Franco und dessen Ehefrau Balbina Acosta. Nach seiner Schulzeit in seiner Heimatstadt ging er nach Buenos Aires um Jura zu studieren. Sofort nach Beendigung dieses Studiums kehrte er wieder nach Hause zurück.

Um 1919 absolviert Franco seinen Militärdienst, den er "größteils in der Strafzelle verbrachte". Anschließend lebte und arbeitete Franco viele Jahre als Bauer. Während dieser Zeit wurden ihm 1948 und nochmals 1956 Lehraufträge an der Universidad de Buenos Aires angeboten, was er aber beide Male strikt ablehnte.

Seine letzten Lebensjahre verbrachte Luis Franco in einem Pflegeheim in Ciudad (Buenos Aires). Er starb am 1. Juni 1988 im Alter von 89 Jahren völlig mittellos und fand dort auch seine letzte Ruhestätte.

Rezeption
Francos vielschichtiges Werk gilt es noch zu entdecken. Seine Lyrik zeichnet sich nach Federico de Onís durch "Frische und vitale Fülle" aus und lässt eine gewisse Nähe zu Vergil, aber auch zu Albert Samain ahnen. Kollegen, allen voran Leopoldo Lugones und Enrique Banchs, lobten in seinen Versen den Traditionalismus.

Mit der ersten seiner drei Anthologien – Suma (1938) – verfolgte Franco aber eine hymnische Stimmung, welche an Walt Whitman erinnern lässt.

Mit seinen Werken über José María Paz, Juan Manuel de Rosas u. a. zeigt Franco sein Können als Historiograph. Auch seine Autobiografie ist in diesem Stil geschrieben und gilt als scharfe Abrechnung mit dem Peronismus.

Ehrungen
 1915 Premio Tucumán
 1941 Premio Nacional de Literatura

Werke (Auswahl)
 Autobiographie
 Biografía patria. 1958.

Erzählungen
 Cuentos orejanos. 1968.
 Guitarra adentro y otros cuentos. 1971.

Essays
 Los hijos de Llastay. 1926
 América inicial. 1931.
 Hudson a caballo. 1956.
 Sarmiento y Martí. 1958.
 Revisión de los griegos. 1960.

Lyrik
 Pan. Poesías. 1937–1947. Buenos Aires 1948.
 Coplas de pueblos. 1927.
 Los trabajos y los días. 1928.
 Nocturnos. 1932.
 Canciones. 1942.

Sachbücher
 El general Paz y los dos caudillajes. 1934.
 El otro Rosas. Buenos Aires 1945.
 Antes y después de Caseros. 1954.

Literatur
 César Aira: Diccionario de Autores Latinoamericanos. Editorial Emecé, Buenos Aires 2001, ISBN 950-04-2205-0.
 Aida Cometta Manzoni: Luis Franco. El escritor ignorado. In: Revista Nacional de Cultura, Jg. 46 (1984), Heft 2, S. 26–38
 Beatriz Correas: Luis Franco. Editorial Culturales Argentinas, Buenos Aires 1962.
 Carlos Penelas: Conversaciones con Luis Franco (Retratos; Bd. 2). Editorial Torres Aguëro, Buenos Aires 1991, ISBN 950-549-213-8.
 Dieter Reichardt (Hrsg.): Autorenlexikon Lateinamerika. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/M. 1992, ISBN 978-3-518-40485-0, S. 48–49.
 Horacio Tarcus: Cartas de una hermandad. Leopoldo Lugones, Horacio Quiroga, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Luis Franco, Samuel Glusberg. Editorial Emecé, Buenos Aires 2009, ISBN 978-950-04-3186-6.
 Rodolfo Vargas Aignasse: Luis Franco "El Orejano". Biografía novelada. 4. Aufl. Editorial Trascenddernoa, Tucumán 2008.
 Donald D. Walsh: Spanish American Literature in 1946. In: Hispania, Bd. 30 (1947), Heft 1, S. 20–26,

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Argentinische Literatur
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Spanisch)
Träger des Gran Premio de Honor de la Sociedad Argentina de Escritores
Argentinier
Geboren 1898
Gestorben 1988
Mann

Luis Franco (Autor)


Gay Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Gay Township (Iowa)
 Gay Township (Oklahoma)

Gay Township


Francis Herbert Bradley (født 30. januar 1846 i Clapham, død 18. september 1924 i Oxford) var en engelsk filosof.

Bradley studerede i Oxford, hvor han siden levede et tilbagetrukket liv som Fellow i Merton College. Som filosof repræsenterede Bradley en bevægelse inden for den nyere engelske filosofi, der dannede en parallel til de bestræbelser, der inden for den nyere franske filosofi særlig var repræsenterede af Renouvier, Boutroux, Bergson og andre. Begge retninger visede tilbage til tysk metafysik, Bradleys filosofi i første række til Hegel og Lotze. Under påvirkning af disse og særlig af den engelske hegelianer Thomas Hill Green trådte Bradley i modsætning til den engelske empirisme; i sit første større værk, Ethical Studies (1876) fortsatte han Greens kritik af den engelske associationspsykologi. Så berettiget denne kritik måske kan være på enkelte punkter, slipper Bradley dog alt for hurtig ud over selve den engelske empirismes videnskabelige metode og grundsyn. I sit hovedværk Appearance and Reality (1892) opstillede han i en noget ændret form den tyske romantiks dialektiske metode. Grundprincippet for alt er overensstemmelse med sig selv (selfconsistency); men alt, hvad man forsøger at hævde som realitet for sig selv, fører over i noget andet, i sin egen negation (in-consistency). Den afgørende forskel mellem Bradley og Hegel er dog den, at hvor Hegel lod dialektikken løbe tilbage i sig selv og mente at stå ved en absolut afslutning, indser Bradley, at vi i vor bestemmelse af realiteten, just i kraft af den forholdslov, der er det psykologiske grundlag for hele den dialektiske metode, ikke kan nå nogen afslutning. Der gør sig her hos Bradley en skepticisme gældende, der på en mærkelig måde er blandet med en mystisk hævdelse af det sbsoluttes eksistens. Bradleys værk er i det hele en ejendommelig forbindelse af virkelig skarpsindige erkendelsesteoretiske undersøgelser, en gold spidsfindighed og bag ved alt en romantisk mysticisme. Han udgav endvidere Essays on Truth and Reality  (1914).

Kilder

Filosoffer fra England
Ansatte ved University of Oxford
Faglitterære forfattere fra England
Engelsksprogede forfattere
Briter i 1800-tallet
Briter i 1900-tallet

F.H. Bradley


Morsümbül, Çorum ilinin Merkez ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Porsuklu ya da Porsumlu olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 22 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Çorum merkez belde ve köyleri

Morsümbül, Çorum


An Rhynchogyna saccata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gunnar Seidenfaden ngan Leslie Andrew Garay. An Rhynchogyna saccata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhynchogyna, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Thailand. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rhynchogyna

Rhynchogyna saccata


La mairie de Vantaa () est un bâtiment situé dans le quartier Tikkurila au centre de Vantaa en Finlande.

Présentation
Conçu par Eija et Olli Saijonmaa, l'édifice est construit en 1956, rue  Asematie, à proximité de la gare de Tikkurila.

En 2012, l'aile de la bibliothèque à côté de l'hôtel de ville, c'est-à-dire l'ancienne bibliothèque principale de Vantaa, est transformée en espace d'accueil municipal, où des concerts et des expositions peuvent être organisés.

L'espace d'exposition d'art est connu sous le nom de Galerie K.

Entourage
En novembre 2012,  l'aire de stationnement souterraine Tikkuparkki est construite à côté de l'hôtel de ville.
Elle est couverte par la place Tikkurilantori achevée en novembre 2014.

En lien avec l'entrée de l'hôtel de ville à côté de la place du marché, l'œuvre Miroir d'eau a été réalisée en août 2016.

En 2017, l'espace de loisirs du parc de la bibliothèque avec des aires de jeux et des patinoires, a été aménagé entre la mairie et la bibliothèque de Tikkurila.

Classement
Le bâtiment, protégé par un plan d'urbanisme, est l'un des bâtiments de grande valeur culturelle et historique de la ville de Vantaa.

Galerie

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Articles connexes
Liste de mairies en Finlande

Références

Vantaa
Monument en Finlande
Architecture civile du XXe siècle
Bâtiment à Vantaa
Tikkurila

Mairie de Vantaa