Mehmet Arif Bey adı birden fazla kişi için kullanılmaktadır. Bunlar;

 Mehmet Arif Bey (tarihçi), (d. 29 Mart 1845 Erzurum - ö. 14 Haziran 1898 ) - Türk tarihçi, hukukçu
 Mehmet Arif Şenerim (1877, Boyabat - 1951, Konya) - Türk askerdir.
 Mehmet Arif Bey (Ayıcı Arif) (1882, Adana - 1926, İzmir) - "Ayıcı" lakabıyla tanınan Türk asker ve milletvekilidir.

Mehmet Arif


Boris Vian (d. 10 Mart 1920 - 23 Haziran 1959) Fransız yazar, şair, müzisyen, şarkıcı, gazeteci, senarist, oyuncu, eleştirmen, çevirmen ve maden mühendisi. "Vernon Sullivan" takma adıyla da yazdı. Daha çok yazdığı roman ve tiyatro oyunları ile tanınır.

Yaşamı
10 Mart 1920'de Paris yakınlarındaki Ville d'Avray'da doğdu. Beş yaşında okuma yazma öğrendi. Hayatı boyunca yaşadığı kalp rahatsızlıkları ilk olarak on iki yaşında başlamıştır. Yine bu yaşlarda tifoya yakalandı. "Boris" adı Rus kökenli olduğu için değil; bir klasik müzik tutkunu olan annesi Yvonne'nın, Mussorgsky'nin "Boris Godunov" adlı operasını izledikten sonra seçtiği bir isimdir.

İlk romanında Fransız bürokrasisini eleştirdi. 17 yaşında trompetle tanıştı. Versailles Lisesi'nde felsefe ve matematik dallarında çok başarılıdır. 1940'ta tanıştığı Michélle Leglise ile bir yıl sonra evlendi. 1942 yılında Maden Mühendisliği dalında üniversite diploması aldı; "Office Professionel des Industries et des Commerces du Papier et du Carton" adlı firmada çalışmaya başladı. 1947'de görevine son verilinceye kadar iki kitap yazmış, daha sonra da çevirilerle geçinmiştir. 1946 yılında en tanınmış üç romanını olan Günlerin Köpüğü (L'Écume des jours), Mezarlarınıza Tüküreceğim (J'irai cracher sur vos tombes) ve Pekin'de Sonbahar'ı (L'Automne à Pékin) yazdığında, henüz 26 yaşındaydı. Alfred Jarry'nin geliştirdiği patafizik felsefeye bağlı bir tarzda yazdı.

Mezarlarınıza Tüküreceğim adlı kitabını "Vernon Sullivan" takma adıyla yazdı. Roman, Afrika kökenli ABD vatandaşı Anderson'ın erkek kardeşinin linç edilerek öldürülmesiyle başlar. Roman kahramanı Anderson, intikamını beyaz kızlara tecavüz ederek alır ve yakalanıp asılır. Kitap yasaklanmadan önce 100.000 adet satmış, Vian ise 100.000 frank para cezasına çarptırılmıştır. Yürek Söken (L'Arrache-cœur) adlı roman en son romanıdır. Bu kitabından sonra Vian müzikle daha çok ilgilenmeye başladı. Kardeşleri Alain Vian ve Léilo Vian ile birlikte Fransız caz topluluğu Claude Abadie'ye girdi. Claude Luter ile birlikte çalıştı. Jazz Hot, Jazz News gibi dergilerde modern cazın Fransa'da kabul görmesi konusunda yazılar yazmıştır. Sadece cazla değil, Bertolt Brecht'in şiirlerinden uyarlamalar ve rock ile de ilgilenmiştir. Evliliği 1952'de sona erdi; 2 yıl sonra İsviçreli dansçı Ursula Kübler'le evlenmiştir.

1954'te Cezayir Savaşı'nı ve bir barışseveri konu edinen Asker Kaçağı (Le Déserteur)  adlı şarkısı büyük yankı uyandırdı. Binlerce satışa rağmen Fransız vatanseverlerinin öfkesi üzerine şarkı yasaklanmıştır. Tiyatro oyunlarında avangart tarzla absürt tarzı harmandı. Herkes Av (L'Équarissage pour tous) olarak bilinen oyununda Normandiya Çıkarması sırasında bir ailenin yaşadığı gülünç evlilik sorunlarını anlatır. İmparatorluk Kuranlar ya da Schmurz (Les Bâtisseurs d'Empire ou le Schmurz) adlı oyununda ise kapitalist bir ailenin, yeni bir apartman dairesine taşınması ve burayı istila etmesi konu edilir. Bu oyun, 1962'de İngiltere'de, 1968'de New York'ta, Vian'ın ölümünden yedi yıl sonra da Fransa'da sahnelenmiştir. Gerçekçiliğe şiddetle karşı çıkan Vian, varoluşçuluğu (egzistansiyalizm) benimsedi.

Filmlerde küçük rollerde oynayan ve senaryo yazan Vian, 23 Haziran 1959 günü Mezarlarınıza Tüküreceğim adlı romanından uyarlanan filmin galasında, Cinéma Marbeuf'te kalp krizi geçirdi ve kaldırıldığı hastanede hayatını kaybetti. Ölümü uzun süredir mağruz kaldığı kalp atışı düzensizliğine bağlanmıştır.

Bazı sözleri

"Sadece iki şey vardır; güzel kızlarla aşk, her şekilde aşk; bir de New Orleans veya Duke Ellington'ın müziği. Geri kalan her şey gitmeli; çünkü geri kalan her şey çirkindir..."
"Eğer bir kadını elde etmek, bir kadeh cini ya da bir paket Gauloise sigarasını elde etmek kadar kolay olsaydı ve onun, alkol ve sigara gibi, kirli ve mide bulandırıcı bir odaya tıkılmaya zorlanmaksızın açık havada tadına bakma özgürlüğümüz; alkolizm ve nikotin zehirlenmesi çarçabuk ortadan kalkar ya da en azından makul ölçülere inerdi..."
"Bu saatten sonra sende fırtına kopsa bende yaprak oynamaz."
"Beni tüm insanların değil, tek tek insanların mutluluğu ilgilendirir."

Eserleri

Edebiyat
 Boris Vian adıyla
 Günlerin Köpüğü (1946, roman)
 Mezarlarınıza Tüküreceğim (1946, roman)
 Pekin'de Sonbahar (1946, roman)
 Karıncalar (1946, öykü)
 Buzlaşmış Ezgiler, Gebermek İstemiyorum (1946, Şiir)
 Kurt Adam (1946, öykü)
 Yürek Söken (1954, roman)
 Vernon Sullivan adıyla
 Mezarlarınıza Tüküreceğim (1946, roman)
 Ölülerin Derisi Hep Birbirine Benzer (1947, roman)
 Ve Bütün Çirkinler Öldürülecek (1947, roman)
 Çıtırlar Farkında Değil (1949, roman)
 Kırmızı Ot (1950, roman)

Tiyatro
 Kasaplığın Elkitabı
 İmparatorluk Kuranlar ya da Schmurz (1950)
 Mesleklerin Sonuncusu (1950)
 Medusa Başı (1951)
 Generallerin Beş Çayı (1959)

Müzik
 Asker Kaçağı (1955)

Sinema
 Güzel Çağ
 Madam ve Ay Işığı
 Notre Dame de Paris
 Tehlikeli İlişkiler
 Cezayir Soykırımı

Dış bağlantılar
 Boris Vian Türkçede
 Boris Vian internet sitesi

Kaynakça

1920 doğumlular
Hauts-de-Seine doğumlular
1959 yılında ölenler

20. yüzyıl Fransız yazarları
Fransız şairler
Fransız müzisyenler
Fransız mühendisler
Fransız eleştirmenler
Fransız anarşistler
Maden mühendisleri
Paris'te ölenler
20. yüzyıl erkek şarkıcıları
Condorcet Lisesinde öğrenim görenler

Boris Vian


Maniwaki is a town in the province of Quebec, Canada. It is situated  north of Ottawa, Ontario, on the Gatineau River, at the crossroads of Route 105 and Route 107, near Route 117 (Trans-Canada Highway). The town is the administrative centre for La Vallée-de-la-Gatineau Regional County Municipality.

History
The history of Maniwaki is closely linked to that of the adjacent Kitigan Zibi Reserve, because the Town of Maniwaki was developed on land that was originally part of this reserve. Its municipal lands were included in historical land claims by Kitigan Zibi; some of which were settled as recently as 2007.

In the first half of the nineteenth century, Algonquins of the mission at Lake of Two Mountains, under the leadership of Chief Pakinawatik, came to the area of the Désert River. Shortly after, in 1832, the Hudson's Bay Company followed them and installed a trading post at the confluence of the Désert and Gatineau rivers. A decade later, Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate established the mission of Notre-Dame-du-Desert and, from 1849, they demanded of the authorities the demarcation of a township in order to establish a reserve for the Algonquins. The township limits were drawn in 1850 and the settlement was given the name of Maniwaki by the Oblates at this time (Algonquin for "Mary's Land"). Soon after, wood merchants, farmers, trade workers, businessmen and professionals, drawn by the forest's wealth, came to live in Maniwaki.

Ottawa was linked to Maniwaki by a branch line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, a distance of 82.3 miles. After crossing the Ottawa River, there were stations were at Hull, Wakefield, Low, Kazabazua and Gracefield before reaching Maniwaki. It was opened in stages between 1893 and 1902. Passenger services were discontinued in 1964. The line was totally abandoned in 1986.

In 1851, the Oblats founded the L'Assomption-de-Maniwaki parish. Forestry took root and became the livelihood of many settlers in the region. Irish, French and Algonquins, the three traditional cultures of the Gatineau Valley, contributed to the development of the town and lived side by side in harmony. Maniwaki was officially founded in 1851 and became a township municipality in 1904. It obtained the status of "village" in 1930, and status of "Ville" in 1957.

At the end of World War I, the region, like everywhere in Quebec, indeed like in most of the world, was hit by an epidemic of the Spanish influenza. In less than two weeks, some twenty deaths were related to this sickness. Scared, people refused to go outdoors, and for the first time in its history, a Sunday passed without any mass being celebrated at the Assumption church.

The flood of 1974 is an event remembered by the local population. On May 14 of that year, the waters of the Gatineau river and those of the Désert river overflowed. The water rose at the alarming rate of 3 to 6 inches an hour. Over 1,000 residences in the Maniwaki area were flooded and approximately 3,000 people had to be evacuated. Although no one was injured, damages reached many millions of dollars.

Since 1974, no other major calamity has occurred. The area continues prospering every year in two predominant fields, namely forestry and tourism.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Maniwaki had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Languages (2006):
 English as first language: 5.5%
 French as first language: 90.7%
 English and French as first language: 0.7%
 Other as first language: 3.1%

Notable people
 Annie Galipeau - actress who starred in the 1999 movie about Grey Owl, alongside Pierce Brosnan
 Matt Lang - country music artist
 Gino Odjick - NHL player for Vancouver Canucks, New York Islanders, Philadelphia Flyers and Montreal Canadiens
 Bridget Tolley - activist for Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW), founder Families of Sisters in Spirit

Disappearance of Maisy Odjick and Shannon Alexander

On September 6, 2008, the town of Maniwaki was brought into the international spotlight with the disappearance of Maisy Odjick and Shannon Alexander from the Kitigan Zibi Nation. Search and Rescue Global One was invited to the community by the chief and council. Two separate searches were conducted, both unsuccessful. Since their disappearance, the Quebec police, RCMP and the Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg police have carried out several investigations, but it was not possible to move the case forward.

References

External links

 Official website

Cities and towns in Quebec
Incorporated places in Outaouais

Maniwaki


محرك بحث الفيديو هو محرك بحث على شبكة الإنترنت الذي يبحث في الشبكة العالمية عن محتوى الفيديو. بعض محركات البحث عن الفيديو تفصل المحتوى المستضاف خارجيا بينما يسمح البعض الآخر بتحميل ملفات الفيديو واستضافتها على الجهاز الخادم الخاص بهم. بعض المحركات أيضا تتيح المجال أمام المستخدمين للبحث عن الفيديو من خلال نوعه (امتداده) أو طول مقطعه. عادة ما تكون نتائج البحث مصحوبة بعرض الصورة المصغرة للفيديو.

محركات بحث الفيديو الأكثر شعبية

بحث محايد
البحث الذي لا يتأثر باستضافة الفيديو، حيث تعرض النتائج مهما كان المكان الذي يقع الفيديو و هناك العديد من المواقع التي تعرض روابط لمحركات بالترتيب حسب الأفضلية و القائمة تتغير كل سنة لذا قد تكون بعض المواقع في الأسفل لم تعد لها أهمية كبرى لذا يتم ذكرا على سبيل المثال لا على سبيل الفعالية:

 التافيستا: كان واحدا من أوائل محركات البحث عن الفيديو يتميز بسهولة الاستخدام.يوجد رابط مباشر اسمه «الفيديو» قبالة الصفحة الرئيسية أعلى النص الرئيسي توقف المحرك منذ 2 فبراير 2009.
 ياندكس: ظهر محرك البحث الروسيّ في 23 سبتمبر 1997. يمكن من البحث عن الفيدواهات عن طريق صورة مقتطعة من الفيدي. ويمتلك محرك البحث يانديكس حوالي 60% من نسبة البحث على المحرّكات في روسيا.
 بلينكس: أطلق في عام 2004 ويستخدم التعرف على الكلام والتحليل البصري لمعالجة الفيديو العنكبوتي بدلا من الاعتماد على البيانات الوصفية وحدها. يزعم بلينكس امتلاك أكبر أرشيف من شريط فيديو على شبكة الإنترنت، ويصل مجموعها إلى 26،000،000 ساعة من المحتوى.
 كاست تي في: هو محرك بحث فيديو على الويب، تأسس في عام 2006 وتموله درابر فيشر جيرفيتسون، رون كونواي، ومارك آندرسن.
 كليبتا هو محرك بحث فيديو عميق يقوم بفهرسة الملايين من أشرطة الفيديو عبر الإنترنت. تأسس وبدأ في عام 2008.
 دابل: هو محرك بحث فيديو بالجهد البشري وهو يفهرس 29 مليون شريط فيديو عبر مئات المواقع. بدأ العمل في تموز / يوليو 2006. [ميزة البحث عن الفيديو غير متاحة مؤقتا على Dabble.com]
 إفري زينج: (بودزينجر سابقا حتى أيار / مايو، 2007) أنفق 50 مليون دولار لعمل بحث عن الفيديو باستخدام النص.إيفري زينج يأخذ المستخدم داخل المحتوى الفعلي باستخدام التعرف على الكلام. وهذا يتيح لمستهلكي الفيديو عبر الإنترنت إلى القفز مباشرة إلى نقطة في شريط الفيديو الذي كانت تبحث عنه.
 موناكس: أصدر النسخة الأولى من محرك البحث عن المحتوى ككل عام 2005 ويبرز سواء على المستوى المحلي والعالمي مع محركات البحث عن الفيديو.
 بيك سيرش: قد تم ترخيصه لبحث البوابات منذ عام 2006. بيك سيرش يوفر تقنية البحث بالصور والفيديو والصوت لأكثر من 100 من محركات البحث الرئيسية في جميع أنحاء العالم.
 تروفيو: هو محرك بحث فيديو واسع النطاق على الشبكة. تأسس في عام 2004 وأطلق في أيلول / سبتمبر 2005. تروفيو يدعي فهرسة أكثر من 100 مليون شريط فيديو من آلاف المصادر عبر الشبكة العالمية.
 يوفيستو: وهو محرك بحث فيديو أكاديمي لتسجيل المحاضرات والمؤتمرات العلمية وهو يقوم على أساس معالجة الكلام، التعرف الضوئي على الحروف، وشرح للمستخدم.
 موف أون: هو محرك بحث فيديو فرنسي جديد يفهرس الملايين من أشرطة الفيديو من يوتيوب، ديلي موشن، ميجافيديو، ماي سبيس، وغيرهم من مقدمي الخدمات...

بحث غير محايد (تفضيلي)
يتم تعديل نتائج البحث، وذلك بسبب تفضيل ملفات الفيديو التي يستضيفها الموقع على غيرها في نتائج البحث :

 أمريكا أون لاين فيديو يقدم محرك بحث فيديو يمكن استخدامه للعثور على الفيديو الموجود على المواقع ذات الشعبية عبر الويب. في ديسمبر 2005، أمريكا أون لاين ضمت إليهاتروفيو لبحث الفيديو.
 جوجل فيديو محرك بحث الفيديو ذو الشعبية العالية الذي يسمح للزوار بتحميل أشرطة الفيديو. فهو يبحث الفيديو الذي يستضيفه الموقه نفسه، وموقع يوتيوب فيديو والعديد من المواقع الأخرى المستضيفة للفيديو.
 ياهو! فيديو البحث هو محرك بحث يفحص ملفات الفيديو على شبكة الإنترنت باستخدام وسائل الإعلام آر إس إس القياسية. يوجد رابط مباشر اسمه «الفيديو» قبالة الصفحة الرئيسية أعلى النص الرئيسي.

البحث عن الفيديو بواسطة ترجمته

 فَلموت: يُمكن البحث عن الفيديو، عن طريق الترجمة الفرعية المعروفة بـ (السبتايتل-Subtitle) الذي يعرضه الفيديو، سواء بادخال نص الترجمة اليدوية او الترجمة الآلية التي تعتمد على تقنية (التعرف النصي على الصوت) والتي يقوم بعرضها اليوتيوب. تتم خطوات عملية البحث بالذهاب لوصف الفيديو والضغط على خيار "إظهار النص" الموجود في اللأسفل، ثم بعدها يُمكن القيام بنسخ أي سطر ترجمة معروض من أجل ادخاله في خانه بحث موقع (filmot) ليقوم بالبحث عن الفيديو. لكن الترجمة التلقائية لليوتيوب تدعم اللغة الإنجليزية وعلى آمل دعم باقي اللغات مستقبلاً. تجدر الإشارة إن هذه الطريقة تدعم ترجمات السوفت سب (Softsub) لا الهارد سب (Hardsub)، فهذه الآخيرة عبارة عن ترجمة مطبوعة ولا يُمكن استخراجها او انتزاعها من الفيديو، وانما تتم بتقنية التعرف الضوئي على الصور (OCR) ولا يوجد من يوفر خدمة البحث عن الفيدواهات عبر هذا النوع من الترجمة حاليًا.

مراجع

تكنولوجيا الأفلام والفيديو
محركات بحث
وسائط متعددة

محرك بحث الفيديو


Isabel Cueto (Kehl, Alemania Federal, 3 de diciembre de 1968), es una extenista alemana, de ascendencia boliviana, se retiró en 1994 y llegó a ocupar el puesto número 20 en el ranking de la WTA.

Enlaces externos

Tenistas femeninas de Alemania

Isabel Cueto


Jia Song (宋佳), también conocida como Xiao Jia Song (小 宋佳) (Harbin, Heilongjiang, 13 de noviembre de 1980), es una actriz y cantante china.

Biografía
Estudió en la escuela secundaria afiliada al Conservatorio de Música de Shen Yang (SYCM), y en la Academia de Teatro de Shanghái.

Carrera
Su etiqueta musical es Orange Sky Entertainment Group (Internacional) Holdings Ltd.

Filmografía

Películas
 2002: Double Dating(Comedy)---Shan Shan
 2003: Midnight Ghosts(Horror film)
 2004: The Game of Killing (Horror film)---Li Jia
 2006: Big Movie (Comedy)---Guest appearance
 2006: Curiosity kills the cat(thriller)--Sharon Liang
 2007: Call for Love (comic romance)---Yan Yan Luo
 2007: Help(thriller/crime)--Yan Jiang
 2007: The War of the Red Cliff---Li Ji
 2008: Desires of the heart(comic romance)--Cong Lin
 2009: On His Majesty's Secret Servic(Comedy)--Princess Rainbow
 2009: Once upon a time in Tibet(drama)---the Tibetan girl
 2009: Energy Behind the Heart(drama/science fiction)----Guest appearance
 2010: Paradise Island(Comic romance)---Li Fan
 2011: Bian Di Lang Yan (action)---Yan Liu
 2017: The Founding of an Army---Soong Ching-ling
 2019: Big Shots (corto)--- Amante de la Moda
 2019: My People, My Country---Lü Xiaoran
 2021: 1921

Televisión
 2011:The Cliffs
 2010: Confucius of The Spring and Autumn Annals.
 2010:The white wolves
 2010:Windmills
 2010:The Shengtianmen Gate
 2009: Big girl should get married (Da Nv Dang Jia)
 2009: Tian Di Min Xin as Han Dai
 2008: Band of Brothers (Zui hou de jiao liang)
 2008: Memories in China (中国往事) as Zheng Yu Nan
 2008: Red Sun (红日) as Li Qing
 2006: Endless love as Xiao Xiao
 2006: Crashing into the east as Xian Er
 2005: Sigh of His Highness as Ci An
 2005: Cloud from my hometown
 2004: Treacherous Waters(Ni Shui Han) as Fu Wan Qing
 2003: The Unexpected
 2003: The Fantastic water babies
 2002: Yue Huo Yue Jing Cai as Liu Yu
 2000: Actually Don't Wanna Go

Programas de variedades

Música

Discografía
 Neng bu neng xing fu (2008-03-09)
Género:Mandopop
Etiqueta: 13-month.com

Sound tracks:
01. 稻草人 (Dao cao ren/ scarecrow)
02. 大不了是散 (Da bu liao shi san/Separate at the worst)
03. 这个冬天来看你 (Zhe ge dong tian lai kan ni/I'll come to see you this winter)
04. 如果我离开 (Ru guo wo li kai/If I leave)
05. 女人的梦 (Nu ren de meng/Women's dream)
06. 能不能幸福 (Neng bu neng xing fu/ )
07. 滥赌鬼 (Lan du gui/Gambler)
08. 春晓 (Chun xiao/A Spring sunrise)
09. 向阳花 (Xiang yang hua/Sunflowers)

 Canción Jia's Sina Micro blog n' Homepage:
http://t.sina.com.cn/songjia
https://web.archive.org/web/20111003003459/http://en.chengt.com/star/star-26.html

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Cantantes femeninas de la República Popular China
Cantantes chinos de Mandopop
Alumnado de la Academia de Teatro de Shanghái

Song Jia


Als Philippseck werden folgende historischen Bauwerke bezeichnet:
 Burg Philippseck – eine ehemalige frühneuzeitliche Burganlage bei Frankfurt-Heddernheim
 Schloss Philippseck – ein ehemaliges, festungsartig ausgebautes Schloss bei Butzbach
 Phillipseck, eine Ortschaft bei Butzbach im historischen Amt Butzbach
 Philippseck (Butzbach) – eine 1970 durch Zusammenschluss entstandene Gemeinde von kurzer Lebensdauer

Philippseck


Edward Hugh John Neale Dalton, Baron Dalton,  (16 August 1887 – 13 February 1962) was a British Labour Party economist and politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1945 to 1947. He shaped Labour Party foreign policy in the 1930s, opposing pacifism; promoting rearmament against the German threat; and strongly opposed the appeasement policy of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in 1938. Dalton served in Winston Churchill's wartime coalition cabinet; after the Dunkirk evacuation he was Minister of Economic Warfare, and established the Special Operations Executive. As Chancellor, he pushed his policy of cheap money too hard, and mishandled the sterling crisis of 1947. His political position was already in jeopardy in 1947 when he, seemingly inadvertently, revealed a sentence of the budget to a reporter minutes before delivering his budget speech. Prime Minister Clement Attlee accepted his resignation; Dalton later returned to the cabinet in relatively minor positions.

His biographer Ben Pimlott characterised Dalton as peevish, irascible, given to poor judgment and lacking administrative talent. Pimlott also recognised that Dalton was a genuine radical and an inspired politician; a man, to quote his old friend and critic John Freeman, "of feeling, humanity, and unshakeable loyalty to people which matched his talent."

Early life
Hugh Dalton was born in Neath in South Wales. His father, John Neale Dalton, was a Church of England clergyman who became chaplain to Queen Victoria, tutor to the princes George (later King George V) and Albert Victor, and a canon of Windsor.

Dalton was educated at Summer Fields School and then at Eton College. He then went to King's College, Cambridge, where he was active in student politics; his socialist views, then very rare amongst undergraduates, earned him the nickname "Comrade Hugh". Whilst at Cambridge he was President of the Cambridge University Fabian Society. He did not succeed in becoming President of the Cambridge Union Society, despite three attempts to be elected Secretary.

He went on to study at the London School of Economics (LSE) and the Middle Temple. During the First World War he was called up into the Army Service Corps, later transferring to the Royal Artillery. He served as a lieutenant on the French and Italian fronts, where he was awarded the Italian decoration, the Medaglia di Bronzo al Valor Militare, in recognition of his "contempt for danger" during the retreat from Caporetto; he later wrote a memoir of the war called With British Guns in Italy. Following demobilisation, he returned to the LSE and the University of London as a lecturer, where he was awarded a DSc for a thesis on the principles of public finance in 1920.

There have been suggestions that he was homosexual, but they are rejected by his major biographer Ben Pimlott, who states "no evidence exists that Dalton ever had a sexual relationship with another man, and his private life seems to have been one of blameless monogamy." However he does refer to Dalton having "homosexual tendencies", mentioned below.

Political career

Dalton stood unsuccessfully for Parliament four times: at the 1922 Cambridge by-election, in Maidstone at the 1922 general election, in Cardiff East at the 1923 general election, and the 1924 Holland with Boston by-election, before entering Parliament for Peckham at the 1924 general election.

At the 1929 general election, he succeeded his wife Ruth Dalton, who retired, as Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Bishop Auckland. Widely respected for his intellectual achievements in economics, he rose in the Labour Party's ranks, with election in 1925 to the shadow cabinet and, with strong union backing, to the Labour Party National Executive Committee (NEC). He gained ministerial and foreign policy experience as Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office in Ramsay MacDonald's second government, between 1929 and 1931. He lost this position when he, and most Labour leaders, rejected MacDonald's National Government. As with most other Labour MPs, he lost his seat in 1931; he was elected again in 1935.

Dalton published Practical Socialism for Britain, a bold and highly influential assessment of a future Labour government's policy options, in 1935. The book revived updated nuts-and-bolts Fabianism, which had been out of favour, and could be used to attack the more militant Left. His emphasis was on using the state as a national planning agency, an approach that appealed well beyond Labour.

Foreign policy
Turning his attention to the looming crisis in Europe, he became the Labour Party's spokesman on foreign policy in Parliament. Pacifism had been a strong element in Labour Party (and other parties as well), but the Spanish Civil War changed that, as the Left moved to support arms for the Republican ("Loyalist") cause.  However Dalton was not enthusiastic for the Labour party policy of wanting to intervene in the Spanish Civil War, later stating:

I was far from enthusiastic for the slogan "arms for Spain" if this meant, as some of my friends eagerly did, that we were to supply arms which otherwise we should keep for ourselves, for I was much more conscious than most of my friends of the terrible insufficiency of British armaments against the German danger.

His views were different from those of Attlee, later recalling that before the Second World War he believed:

as Germany and Italy were potential enemies of Britain and Franco was their ally, it was in Britain's interest that Franco should not win the Spanish Civil War. It was on this proposition rather than any extravagant eulogy of the Spanish Government that I based most of my public references to this most tragic struggle.

Yet Dalton admitted he was wrong in this assessment of British interests, stating that "When the Germans overran France in 1940 and reached the Pyrenees, Franco was neutral, and with remarkable skill maintained his neutrality until the end of the war. Hitler respected this and never forced his way through Spain to attack Gibraltar or crossed the Straits into Morocco." and "Hitler would not have respected the neutrality of a Spanish Republican Government. If Franco had lost the Civil War, Hitler would have occupied Spain."

Aided by union votes, Dalton moved the party from semi-pacifism to a policy of armed deterrence and rejection of appeasement. He was a bitter enemy of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.  On 15 March 1939, Germany occupied the  Czech half of Czecho-Slovakia on 15 March 1939. Later that same day, Hitler during his visit to Prague proclaimed the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia. On 16 March 1939, Dalton played a leading role in the debates in the House of Commons about the end of Czechoslovak independence. Under the Munich Agreement, Britain had promised a "guarantee" of Czecho-Slovakia (as Czechoslovakia had been renamed in October 1938) against aggression in exchange for the Sudetenland being allowed to "go home to the Reich". Dalton in his speech to the House of Commons noted bitterly that Germany had just violated the Munich Agreement and that the British "guarantee" had proven worthless. Dalton stated that Chamberlain "should disappear from office", saying that the only decent thing left for him to do would be to resign immediately. Dalton called the newly declared state of Slovakia a sham as he stated the Slovak declaration of independence "had been paid for by German money...and organised by German agents".. Dalton called the Slovak declaration of independence "a convenient legal let-ago of the guarantee" as Chamberlain insisted that the "guarantee" was not longer valid as Czecho-Slovakia had ceased to exist on 14 March even before the Germans marched in on 15 March. In response to several Conservative MPs who called Czechoslovakia an "artificial" state created by the Treaty of Versailles, Dalton called Czechoslovakia "a once free and happy model democracy in Central Europe" and noted pointedly that he had actually visited Czechoslovakia a number of times, unlike his critics who had never been there. Dalton ended his speech by warning of "a rapidly increasing danger to Britain", supported the idea put forward by the former Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden for a bloc of states to resist further aggression and urged a barrier to further aggression under the slogan "thus far, but no further". Hugh Dalton was among the 2,300 names of prominent persons listed on the Nazis' Special Search List, of those who were to be arrested on the invasion of Great Britain and turned over to the Gestapo.

Second World War
When war came, Chamberlain's position became untenable after many Conservative MPs refused to support him in the Norway Debate in April 1940, and Dalton and other senior Labour leaders made clear they would join any coalition government except one headed by Chamberlain. After Chamberlain resigned early in May, and Lord Halifax had declined the position, Winston Churchill became Prime Minister. During Churchill's coalition government (1940–45) Dalton was Minister of Economic Warfare from 1940 to 1942. He established the Special Operations Executive, and was later a member of the executive committee of the Political Warfare Executive. He became President of the Board of Trade in 1942; the future Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell, drafted into the civil service during the war, was his Principal Private Secretary. In this position he tackled the price rings.

Chancellor of the Exchequer

After the unexpected Labour victory in the 1945 general election Dalton wished to become Foreign Secretary, but the job was instead given to Ernest Bevin. Dalton, with his skills in economics, became Chancellor of the Exchequer. Alongside Bevin, Clement Attlee, Herbert Morrison and Stafford Cripps, Dalton was one of the "Big Five" of the Labour government.

In his biography of Attlee and Churchill, Leo McKinstry wrote: "Attlee had initially decided that two of the other most vital jobs, the Treasury and the Foreign Office, should be filled by Bevin and Dalton respectively. But the King had baulked at the idea of Dalton as Foreign Secretary, seeing him as untrustworthy and partisan. Similarly, the Foreign Office exerted pressure against Dalton, the outgoing Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden declaring that 'it should be Bevin'."

The Treasury faced urgent problems. Half of the wartime economy had been devoted to mobilizing soldiers, warplanes, bombs and munitions; an urgent transition to a peacetime budget was necessary, while minimizing inflation. Financial aid through Lend Lease from the United States was abruptly and unexpectedly terminated in September 1945, and new loans from the United States and Canada were essential to keep living conditions tolerable. In the long run, Labour was committed to nationalization of industry and national planning of the economy, to more taxation of the rich and less of the poor, and to expanding the welfare state and creating free medical services for everyone.

During the war, most overseas investments had been sold to fund the cost of its prosecution (the state thus losing the income from them), and Britain suffered severe balance of payments problems. The $3.75 billion 50-year American loan negotiated by John Maynard Keynes in 1946 (and the $1.25 billion loan from Canada) was soon exhausted. By 1947, rationing had to be tightened and the convertibility of the pound suspended. In the atmosphere of crisis, Morrison and Cripps intrigued to replace Attlee with Bevin as Prime Minister; Bevin refused to play along, and Attlee bought off Cripps by giving him Morrison's responsibilities for economic planning. Ironically, of the "Big Five" it was Dalton who ultimately fell victim to the events of that year.

Cheaper money—that is, low interest rates—was an important goal for Dalton during his Chancellorship. He wanted to avoid the high interest rates and unemployment experienced after the First World War, and to keep down the cost of nationalization. He gained support for this cheaper money policy from Keynes, as well as from officials of the Bank of England and the Treasury.

Budgetary policy under Dalton was strongly progressive, as characterised by policies such as increased food subsidies, heavily subsidised rents to council house tenants, the lifting of restrictions on housebuilding, the financing of national assistance and family allowances, and extensive assistance to rural communities and Development Areas. Dalton was also responsible for funding the introduction of Britain's universal family allowances scheme, doing so "with a song in my heart", as he later put it. In one of his budgets, Dalton significantly increased spending on education (which included £4 million for the universities and the provision of free school milk), £38 million for the start (from August 1946) of family allowances, and an additional £10 million for Development Areas. In addition, the National Land Fund was established. Harold Macmillan, who inherited Dalton's housing responsibilities, later acknowledged his debt to Dalton's championing of New Towns, and was grateful for the legacy of Dalton's Town Development Bill, which encouraged urban overfill schemes and the movement of industry out of cities.

Food subsidies were maintained at high wartime levels in order to restrain living costs, while taxation structures were altered to benefit low-wage earners, with some 2.5 million workers taken out of the tax system altogether in Dalton's first two budgets. There were also increases in surtax and death duties, which were opposed by the Opposition. According to one historian, Dalton's policies as Chancellor reflected "an unprecedented emphasis by central government on the redistribution of income".

Budget-leaking and resignation
Walking into the House of Commons to give the autumn 1947 budget speech, Dalton made an off-the-cuff remark to a journalist, telling him of some of the tax changes in the budget. The news was printed in the early edition of the evening papers before he had completed his speech, and whilst the stock market was still open. This was a scandal, and led to his resignation for leaking a budget secret. He was succeeded by Stafford Cripps. Though initially implicated in the allegations that led to the Lynskey tribunal in 1948, he was ultimately exonerated officially, but his reputation suffered another blow.

Return to cabinet

Dalton returned to the cabinet in 1948, as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, making him a minister without portfolio. He became Minister of Town and Country Planning in 1950, the position being renamed as Minister of Local Government and Planning the following year. An avid outdoorsman, he served a term as president of the Ramblers Association, which promoted walking tours. As Chancellor in 1946 he had started the National Land Fund to resource national parks, and in 1951 he approved the Pennine Way, which involved the creation of 70 additional miles of rights of way. He still had the ear of the Prime Minister, and enjoyed promoting the careers of candidates with potential, but was no longer a major political player as he had been until 1947. He left government after Labour lost the 1951 general election.

Personal life
In 1914 Dalton married Ruth with whom he had a daughter who died in infancy in the early 1920s.

Dalton's biographer, Ben Pimlott, suggests that Dalton had homosexual tendencies but concludes he never acted on them. Michael Bloch, on the other hand, thinks that Dalton's love for Rupert Brooke, whom he met at Cambridge University's Fabian Society, went beyond the platonic, citing bike rides in the countryside and sleeping naked under the stars.

In 1908, Dalton also made advances at James Strachey, "waving an immense steaming penis in his face and chuckling softly", as Brooke reported to James' brother Lytton. In later life, Dalton seem to have refrained from sexual relationships with men, though he kept a fatherly interest in the career of various young men (such as Hugh Gaitskell, Richard Crossman and Tony Crosland, who had been noted for their good looks and had had same-sex experiences at Oxford) and was rather touchy-feely with them.

In 1951, Dalton wrote to Crossman: "Thinking of Tony, with all his youth and beauty and gaiety and charm... I weep. I am more fond of that young man than I can put into words." According to Nicholas Davenport, Dalton's unrequited feelings for Crosland became an embarrassing joke within the Labour Party.

Dalton's papers, including his diaries, are held at the LSE Library.  His diaries have been digitised and are available on LSE's Digital Library.

Awards
Dalton was president of the Ramblers' Association from 1948 to 1950, and Master of the Drapers' Company in 1958–59. He was created a life peer as Baron Dalton, of Forest and Frith in the County Palatine of Durham on 28 January 1960.

 Contributions in economics
Dalton substantially expanded Max Otto Lorenz's work in the measurement of income inequality, offering both an expanded array of techniques but also a set of principles by which to comprehend shifts in an income distribution, thereby providing a more compelling theoretical basis for understanding relationships between incomes (1920).

Following a suggestion by Pigou (1912, p. 24), Dalton proposed the condition that a transfer of income from a richer to a poorer person, so long as that transfer does not reverse the ranking of the two, will result in greater equity (Dalton, p. 351). This principle has come to be known as the Pigou–Dalton principle (see, e.g., Amartya Sen, 1973).

Dalton offered a theoretical proposition of a positive functional relationship between income and economic welfare, stating that economic welfare increases at an exponentially decreasing rate with increased income, leading to the conclusion that maximum social welfare is achievable only when all incomes are equal.

Arms

 References

Cited sources

Further reading
 , detailed coverage of nationalisation, welfare state and planning
 Dell, Edmund. The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (HarperCollins, 1997) pp 15–93.

Primary sources
 Hugh Dalton With British Guns in Italy (1919)
 Hugh Dalton Call Back Yesterday: Memoirs – 1887–1931 (1953)
 Hugh Dalton The Fateful Years: Memoirs – 1931–1945  (1957)
 Hugh Dalton High Tide and After: Memoirs – 1945–1960 (1962)

 References

Dalton, H. The measurement of the inequality of incomes'', Economic Journal, 30 (1920), pp. 348–461.

External links

 Hugh Dalton's papers at LSE Archives

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Hugh Dalton


Medijatizirane kuće (njemački Standesherren) bile su vladajuće kuće kneževskog i grofovskog ranga koje su bile medijatizirane u Svetom Rimskom Carstvu, između 1806. i 1815., kao dio njemačke medijatizacije, i kojima su njemačke vladarske kuće između 1825. i 1829. priznale određena prava i rang. Uz nekoliko iznimki, bile su to kuće čiji su poglavari bili članovi Carske skupštine u vrijeme medijatizacije uspostavom Rajnske konfederacije 1806./1807., od strane Francuske 1810., ili Bečkim kongresom 1814./1815. Medijatizirane su kuće bile organizirane u dva ranga: kneževske kuće s naslovom Durchlaucht ("prejasno visočanstvo"), koje su prethodno imale pravo glasa na kneževskoj klupi; i grofovkse kuće s naslovom Erlaucht ("presvijetlo visočanstvo"), koje su prethodno imale pravo glasa u jednoj od četiri grofovske klupe. Dočim se medijatizacija događala i u drugim zemljama poput Francuske, Italije i Rusije, samo su određene kuće unutar bivšeg Svetog Rimskog Carstva dobile status medijatizirane kuće.

Prava medijatiziranih kuća

Medijatizirane su kuće općenito posjedovale veća prava od drugih kuća. Iako su izgubile suverenitet i određena prava (zakonodavstva, oporezivanja, krajnje jurisdikcije, i kontrole nad policijom i novačenjem) u svojim područjima, često su i dalje zadržavale svoje privatne posjede i feudalna prava, koja su mogla uključiti prava nad šumama, ribarenjem, rudarenjem, lovom, nad policijom i nižu jurisdikciju nad građanskim i kaznenim sudskim slučajevima. Medijatizirane su kuće također posjedovale prava naseliti si bilo gdje unutar Njemačke konfederacije. Bečki je kongres odredio su medijatizirane kuće priznate kao prvi vazali unutar svojih pojedinih država, i jednake po pravu s vladajućim kućama. Međutim, Bečki kongres nije nabrojio koje se kuće smatraju medijatiziranima.

Medijatizirane suverene kuće posjedovale su viši rang od drugih aristokratskih kuća jednakoga ili više ranga, unutar kneževskoga ili grofovskoga rana koji su uživali. na primjer, knez iz medijatizirane kuće imao je viši rang od vojvode iz kuća koja nije bila medijatizirana, iako je nominalno vojvoda višega ranga od kneza. U biti, to je medijatiziranim kneževskim kućama dalo isti rang sa suverenim europskim kućama. To je imalo praktičnoga učinka pri određivanju je li se brak smatrao morganatskim ili ne, te na prava koja bi uživala djeca iz takvoga braka.

U konačnici, bilo je prepušten svakoj od suverenih država da odredi koje obitelji se smatraju dijelom medijatiziranih kuća, a koje ne, što je dovelo do nesuglasja između registra Carske skupštine iz 1806. i kuća ubrojenih u medijatizirane kuće. Do 1806., izraz "izuzetak" koristio se za one države koje su predale svoju neposrednost i prava visoke jurisdikcije drugoj državi, ali su zadržale svoja prava glasa u Carskoj skupštini. Nisu sve izuzete kuće bile smatrane medijatiziranim kućama. Daljnje nesuglasje postoji jer su kuće bile medijatizirane između 1806. i 1814., a registri kneževskih i grofovskih medijatiziranih kuća nisu bili sastavljeni sve do 1825., odnosno 1829., a u međuvremenu su neke obitelji izmrle ili se odrekle svojih prava.

Od 1836., Almanach de Gotha je počeo navoditi medijatizirane kuće u posebnoj kategoriji u odnosu na europske vladarske kuće i niže plemstvo.

Prava medijatiziranih kuća u Austriji i Čehoslovačkoj bila su ukinuta 1919., nakon poraza Austro-Ugarske u Prvom svjetskom ratu i uspostave republika u tim državama. Prava su također ukinuta u Njemačkoj 1919., međutim abolicija nije bila sprovedena.

Sljedeći popisi su iscrpni i sadrže sve medijatizirane kuće

Popis kneževskih medijatiziranih kuća (Durchlaucht - prejasno visočanstvo)

Popis grofovskih medijatiziranih kuća (Erlaucht - presvijetlo visočanstvo)

Vidi još
Carska neposrednost

Izvori

Povijest Njemačke
Povijest Francuske
Povijest Austrije
Povijest Češke
Povijest Poljske
Povijest Belgije
Povijest Nizozemske
Povijest Luksemburga
Povijest Danske
Povijest Slovenije
Hrvatska povijest
Vladarske dinastije

Medijatizirane kuće


Bătălia de la Râmnicu Sărat sau Bătălia Crăciunului s-a desfășurat între 9/22 decembrie –  și au avut ca rezultat înfrângerea forțelor ruso-române de către trupele Puterilor Centrale.

Luptele s-au desfășurat după încercarea de rezistență pe aliniamentul Cricov-Ialomița, încheiată cu victoria forțelor centrale. După înfrângerea încercării de rezistență pe acest aliniament, forțele române și ruse au fost nevoite să continue mișcarea generală de retragere către sudul Moldovei.

Contextul operativ strategic

Bătălia de la Râmnicu Sărat a făcut parte din operația de apărare a teritoriului Munteniei, cea de-a patra operație de nivel strategic desfășurată de Armata României în campania anului 1916.

După Bătălia pentru București, încheiată cu victoria forțelor centrale, obiectivul comandamentului român era de a întârzia înaintarea inamicului prin acțiuni ofensive, în scopul de a câștiga timp pentru a permite concentrarea trupelor rusești pe linia de rezistență Râmnicu Sărat—Viziru—Dunărea.

După încercarea de rezistență pe aliniamentul Cricov-Ialomița, forțele române au fost nevoite să continue mișcarea generală de retragere către sudul Moldovei.

Forțe participante

Dispozitivul forțelor române
Forțele române erau formate din Armata 2, comandată de generalul Alexandru Averescu, care ocupa dispozitiv de luptă de la râul Slănic până la Racovițeni. De la Racovițeni erau dispuse forțe ruse aparținând de  Corpul 4 Armată rus.

Forțele Armatei 2 erau împărțite în două grupuri operative: "Grupul Oituz-Vrancea" - comandat de generalul Eremia Grigorescu și "Grupul Râmnic", comandat de generalul Arthur Văitoianu.
Grupul Oituz-Vrancea era dispus în sectorul Valea Slănicului- Valea Zăbalei, cu Divizia 15 Infanterie între vârful Șandor și vârful Clăbucul și Brigada 7 Mixtă de la vârful Clăbucul până la vârful Furu.
Grupul Râmnic era dispus cu Divizia 3 Infanterie, comandată de colonelul Alexandru Mărgineanu, în sectorul satul Măgura-dealul Marghiloman, având detașamente la Nereju, Furu Mare și vârful Petrei; Divizia 1 Infanterie, comandată de generalul Dumitru Stratilescu, în sectorul dealul Marghiloman, Valea Sălciei, Pardoși; Divizia 6 Infanterie, comandată de generalul Nicolae Arghirescu, în sectorul Pardoși-Racovițeni; Divizia 7 Infanterie, comandată de colonelul Grigore Bunescu și Divizia 12 Infanterie, comandată de generalul Traian Găiseanu, în rezervă.

Dispozitivul forțelor germane
Forțele Puterilor Centrale aparțineau Armatei 9 germană comandată de generalul Erich von Falkenhayn avea ca axă de înaintare calea ferată Buzău-Focșani, cu Grupul Kraft în stânga, în regiunea muntoasă și Grupul Morgen în dreapta.

Comandanți
Comandanți români
Comandantul Armatei 2 - General Alexandru Averescu
Comandantul Grupului Râmnic General Arthur Văitoianu
Comandantul Grupului Oituz-VranceaGeneral Eremia Grigorescu
Comandantul Diviziei 3 Infanterie - General Alexandru Mărgineanu
Comandantul Diviziei 1 Infanterie - General Dumitru Stratilescu
Comandantul Diviziei 6 Infanterie - General Nicolae Arghirescu
Comandantul Brigăzii 7 Mixte - Colonel Alexandru D. Sturdza
Comandanți ruși
Comandant al Corpul 8 Armată - General Anton Ivanovici Denikin
Comandanți ai Puterilor Centrale
Comandant al Armatei 9 germană - General de infanterie Erich von Falkenhayn

Planurile de operații

Desfășurarea acțiunilor militare

Rezultate și urmări

Note

Bibliografie
 Dabija, Gheorghe(general), Armata română în răsboiul mondial (1916-1918), vol.I-IV, Tipografia "Lupta" N. Stroilă, București, 1932-1936
 Falkenhayn, Erich von, Campania Armatei a 9-a împotriva românilor și a rușilor, Atelierele Grafice Socec & Co S.A., București, 1937
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, vol. I-II, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918, vol 1, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol. I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1936
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989
 ***, România în anii primului Război Mondial'', Editura Militară, București, 1987

Vezi și

 Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
 Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1916)
 Operația de apărare a teritoriului Munteniei
 Comandanți de mari unități ale Armatei României

Bătălii de pe frontul românesc în Primul Război Mondial

Bătălia de la Râmnicu Sărat (1916)


Kaptan Venüs, Ali Recan tarafından 1978 yılında (o dönemin sosyo-kültürel özelliklerini taşıyarak) yaratılmıştır.

Uzay çağında geçen macera, korku ve bilimkurgu yayınıydı. Kaptan Venüs sarışın ve son derece seksi bir kadındı. Tüm hikâyelerinde de vücuduna yapışık kırmızı bir elbise giyer, bazen de yarıçıplak olurdu.

Kaptan Venüs'te erotizme gerektiği kadar, üstelik çoğu kez seviyeli bir şekilde yer verilmiştir. Örneğin ilk macera olan Uzayda Kaybolan Kadın'ın girişindeki bölüm ya da yine aynı sayının 13. sayfasındaki kareler oldukça estetik bir anlayışla tasarlanmıştır.

Dış bağlantılar
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John David McAfee ( ; 18 September 1945 – 23 June 2021) was a British-American computer programmer, businessman, and two-time presidential candidate who unsuccessfully sought the Libertarian Party nomination for president of the United States in 2016 and in 2020. In 1987, he wrote the first commercial anti-virus software, founding McAfee Associates to sell his creation. He resigned in 1994 and sold his remaining stake in the company. McAfee became the company's most vocal critic in later years, urging consumers to uninstall the company's anti-virus software, which he characterized as bloatware. He disavowed the company's continued use of his name in branding, a practice that has persisted in spite of a short-lived corporate rebrand attempt under Intel ownership.

McAfee's fortunes plummeted in the financial crisis of 2007–2008. After leaving McAfee Associates, he founded the companies Tribal Voice (makers of the PowWow chat program), QuorumEx, and Future Tense Central, among others, and was involved in leadership positions in the companies Everykey, MGT Capital Investments, and Luxcore, among others. His personal and business interests included smartphone apps, cryptocurrency, yoga, light-sport aircraft and recreational drug use. He resided for a number of years in Belize, but returned to the United States in 2013 while wanted in Belize for questioning on suspicion of murder.

In October 2020, McAfee was arrested in Spain over U.S. tax evasion charges. U.S. federal prosecutors brought criminal and civil charges alleging that McAfee had failed to file income taxes over a four-year period. On 23 June 2021, he was found dead due to an apparent suicide by hanging in his prison cell near Barcelona shortly after the Spanish National Court authorized his extradition to the U.S. His death generated speculation and theories about the possibility that he was murdered. McAfee's wife, Janice McAfee, said she did not believe McAfee committed suicide.

Early life
McAfee was born in Cinderford, in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, England, on 18 September 1945, on a U.S. Army base (of the 596th Ordnance Ammunition Company), to an American father, Don McAfee, who was stationed there, and a British mother, Joan (Williams). His father was from Roanoke, Virginia, and McAfee was himself primarily raised in Salem, Virginia, United States. He said he felt as much British as American. When he was 15, his father, whom a BBC columnist described as "an abusive alcoholic", killed himself with a gun. He had spent his childhood living in fear that a beating from his father could happen at any time, and struggled to make sense of why this was happening to him. In Running With the Devil: The Wild World of John McAfee, it is alleged that McAfee may have shot and killed his father, staging the scene to look like a suicide.

McAfee received a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1967 from Roanoke College in Virginia, which subsequently awarded him an honorary Doctor of Science degree in 2008. After receiving his bachelor's degree, McAfee began working towards a doctorate in mathematics at Northeast Louisiana State College, but was expelled in about 1968 because of a relationship with an undergraduate student, who became his first wife.

Ventures

NASA, Univac, Xerox, CSC, Booz Allen and Lockheed
McAfee was employed as a programmer by NASA's Institute for Space Studies in New York City from 1968 to 1970 working on the Apollo program. From there, he went to Univac as a software designer, and later to Xerox as an operating system architect. In 1978, he joined Computer Sciences Corporation as a software consultant. He worked for consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton from 1980 to 1982. In 1986, while employed by Lockheed, he read about the Brain computer virus made for the PC, and he found it terrifying. Sensing a business opportunity, he went about creating an antivirus software that could detect the computer virus and remove it automatically. In 1987, McAfee created McAfee Associates Inc. to sell this software, which he named VirusScan. This was the first anti-virus software brought to market, and one of the first software products to be distributed over the Internet.

McAfee Associates
Initially McAfee did not seek a large userbase of paying users, but rather wanted to raise awareness of the need to be protected from computer viruses. However, by making people fear such malware, he managed to generate millions of sales, and by 1990 he was making $5 million a year. The company was incorporated in Delaware in 1992, and had its initial public offering the same year. In August 1993, McAfee stepped down as chief executive and remained with the company as the chief technical officer. He was succeeded by Bill Larson. In 1994 he sold his remaining stake in the company. He had no further involvement in its operations.

After various mergers and ownership changes, Intel acquired McAfee in August 2010. In January 2014, Intel announced that McAfee-related products would be marketed as Intel Security. McAfee expressed his pleasure at the name change, saying, "I am now everlastingly grateful to Intel for freeing me from this terrible association with the worst software on the planet." The business was soon de-merged from Intel, once more under the McAfee name.

PowWow, QuoromEx, MGT and more
McAfee founded the company Tribal Voice in 1994, which developed one of the first instant messaging programs, PowWow.

In 2000, he invested in and joined the board of directors of Zone Labs, makers of firewall software, prior to its acquisition by Check Point Software in 2003. In the 2000s McAfee invested in and advertised ultra-light flights, which he marketed as aerotrekking.

In 2000 he bought a large property in Colorado and opened a yoga and meditation retreat there. In the following year he authored four books on yoga and meditation.

In August 2009 The New York Times reported that McAfee's personal fortune had declined to $4 million from a peak of $100 million due to the effect of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 on his investments.

McAfee relocated to Belize in 2009, buying a beachfront property on the island of Ambergris Caye and later also some property near the mainland village of Carmelita, where he surrounded himself with a large group of armed security guards.

In 2009, McAfee was interviewed in Belize for the CNBC special The Bubble Decade, in which it was reported that he had invested in and/or built many mansions in the USA that went unsold when the 2007 global recession hit. The report also discussed his quest to raise plants for possible medicinal uses on his land in Belize.

In February 2010, McAfee and biologist Allison Adonizio started the company QuorumEx, headquartered in Belize, which aimed to produce herbal antibiotics that disrupt quorum sensing in bacteria.

In June 2013, McAfee uploaded a parody video titled How to Uninstall McAfee Antivirus onto his YouTube channel. In it, he critiques the antivirus software while snorting white powder and being stripped by scantily clad women. It received ten million views. He told Reuters the video was meant to ridicule the media's negative coverage of him. A spokesman for McAfee Inc. called the video's statements "ludicrous".

Also in 2013, McAfee founded Future Tense Central, which aimed to produce a secure computer network device called the D-Central. By 2016, it was also an incubator.

In February 2014, McAfee announced Cognizant, an application for smartphones which displays information about the permissions of other installed applications. In April 2014, it was renamed DCentral 1, and an Android version was released for free on Google Play.

At the DEF CON conference in Las Vegas in August 2014, McAfee warned people not to use smartphones, suggesting apps are used to spy on clueless consumers who do not read privacy user agreements. In January 2016, he became the chief evangelist for security startup Everykey.

In February 2016, McAfee publicly volunteered to decrypt the iPhone used by Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik in San Bernardino, avoiding the need for Apple to build a backdoor. He later admitted that his claims regarding the ease of cracking the phone were a publicity stunt, while still asserting its possibility.

In May 2016, McAfee was appointed chairman and CEO of MGT Capital Investments, a technology holding company. It initially said it would rename itself John McAfee Global Technologies, although this plan was abandoned due to a dispute with Intel over rights to the "McAfee" name. He changed MGT's focus from social gaming to cybersecurity, saying "anti-virus software is dead, it no longer works", and that "the new paradigm has to stop the hacker getting in" before they can do damage. The first product for this purpose was sentinel

Soon after joining MGT, McAfee said he and his team had exploited a flaw in the Android operating system that allowed him to read encrypted messages from WhatsApp. Gizmodo investigated his claim, and reported that he had sent reporters malware-infected phones to make this hack work. He replied: "Of course the phones had malware on them. How that malware got there is the story, which we will release after speaking with Google. It involves a serious flaw in the Android architecture."

McAfee moved MGT into the mining of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, both to make money for the company, and to increase MGT's expertise in dealing with blockchains, which he thought was important for cybersecurity.

In August 2017, McAfee stepped down as CEO, instead serving as MGT's "chief cybersecurity visionary". In January 2018, he left the company altogether. Both sides said the split was amicable; he said he wanted to spend all of his time on cryptocurrencies, while the company told of pressure from potential investors to disassociate itself from him.

On 13 August 2018, McAfee took a position of CEO with Luxcore, a cryptocurrency company focused on enterprise solutions.

Politics

Positions
McAfee was a libertarian, advocating the decriminalization of cannabis, an end to the war on drugs, non-interventionism in foreign policy, a free market economy which does not redistribute wealth, and upholding free trade. He supported abolishing the Transportation Security Administration.

McAfee advocated increased cyber awareness and more action against the threat of cyberwarfare. He pushed religious liberty, saying that business owners should be able to deny service in circumstances that contradict their religious beliefs, adding: "No one is forcing you to buy anything or to choose one person over another. So why should I be forced to do anything if I am not harming you? It's my choice to sell, your choice to buy."

2016 presidential campaign

On 8 September 2015, McAfee announced a bid for president of the United States in the 2016 presidential election, as the candidate of a newly formed political party called the Cyber Party. On 24 December 2015, he re-announced his candidacy bid saying that he would instead seek the presidential nomination of the Libertarian Party. On the campaign trail, he consistently polled alongside the party's other top candidates, Gary Johnson and Austin Petersen. The three partook in the Libertarian Party's first nationally televised presidential debate on 29 March 2016. His running mate was photographer, commercial real estate broker and Libertarian activist Judd Weiss.

McAfee came in second in the primaries and third at the 2016 Libertarian National Convention.

Notable endorsements
 Adam Kokesh, talk show host and activist
 John Moore, Nevada assemblyman
 L. Neil Smith, science fiction author and activist

2020 presidential campaign

Contrary to his assertion at the 2016 convention, McAfee tweeted on 3 June 2018 that he would run for president again in 2020, either with the Libertarian Party or a separate party that he would create. He later chose to run as a Libertarian. He mainly campaigned for wider cryptocurrency use.

On 22 January 2019, McAfee tweeted that he would continue his campaign "in exile", following reports that he, his wife, and four campaign staff were indicted for tax-related felonies by the IRS. He said he was in "international waters", and had previously tweeted that he was going to Venezuela. The IRS has not commented on the alleged indictments. He defended Communist revolutionary Che Guevara on Twitter, putting himself at odds with Libertarian National Committee chairman Nicholas Sarwark, who wrote, "I hear very little buzz about McAfee this time around ... making a defense of Che Guevara from Cuba may ingratiate him with the Cuban government, but it didn't resonate well with Libertarians."

In a tweet on 4 March 2020, McAfee simultaneously suspended his 2020 presidential campaign, endorsed Vermin Supreme, and announced his campaign for the Libertarian Party vice presidential nomination. The next day, he returned to the presidential field, reversing the suspension of his bid, as "No one in the Libertarian Party Would consider me For Vice President." The next month, he endorsed Adam Kokesh and became Kokesh's vice-presidential candidate, while still seeking the presidency for himself. At the 2020 Libertarian National Convention, he again lost, now to Jo Jorgensen and Spike Cohen for the presidential and vice-presidential slots.

Economic views
McAfee contended that taxes were illegal, and claimed in 2019 that he had not filed a tax return since 2010. He referred to himself as "a prime target" of the Internal Revenue Service.

In July 2017, McAfee predicted on Twitter that the price of a bitcoin would jump to $500,000 within three years, adding: "If not, I will eat my own dick on national television." In July 2019, he predicted a price of $1 million by the end of 2020. In January 2020, he tweeted that his predictions were "a ruse to onboard new users", and that bitcoin had limited potential because it is "an ancient technology."

Legal issues
McAfee was named a defendant in a 2008 civil court case related to his Aerotrekking light-sport aircraft venture and the death of nephew Joel Bitow and a passenger.

On 30 April 2012, McAfee's property in Orange Walk Town, Belize, was raided by the Gang Suppression Unit of the Belize Police Department. A GSU press release said he was arrested for unlicensed drug manufacturing and possession of an unlicensed weapon. He was released without charge.

In 2012, Belize police spokesman Raphael Martinez confirmed that McAfee was neither convicted nor charged, only suspected.

In January 2014, while in Canada, he said that when the Belizean government raided his property, it seized his assets, and that his house later burned down under suspicious circumstances.

On 2 August 2015, McAfee was arrested in Henderson County, Tennessee, on one count of driving under the influence and one count of possession of a firearm while intoxicated.

In July 2019, McAfee and members of his entourage were arrested while his yacht was docked at Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, on suspicion of carrying high-caliber weapons and ammunition. They were held for four days and released. Weapons were seized, according to the Public Ministry.

On 11 August 2020, McAfee falsely stated that he was arrested in Norway during the COVID-19 pandemic after refusing to replace a lace thong with a more effective face mask. He later tweeted a picture of himself with a bruised eye, claiming it occurred during this arrest. The photo of the alleged arrest shows an officer with the German word for "police" on his uniform, invalidating McAfee's claim of having been arrested in Norway. The Augsburg police later said he tried to enter Germany on that day, but was not arrested.

Death of Gregory Faull
On 12 November 2012, Belize police began to search for McAfee as a person of interest in connection to the homicide investigation of American immigrant Gregory Viant Faull, who was found dead of a gunshot wound the day before, at his home on the island of Ambergris Caye, the largest island in Belize. Faull was a neighbor of McAfee's. In a contemporary interview with Wired, McAfee said he had been afraid police would kill him and refused their routine questions and evaded them. He buried himself in sand for several hours with a cardboard box over his head. Belize's prime minister, Dean Barrow, called him "extremely paranoid, even bonkers". He fled Belize rather than cooperate.

In December 2012, the magazine Vice accidentally gave away McAfee's location at a Guatemalan resort, when a photo taken by one of its journalists accompanying him was posted with the EXIF geolocation metadata still attached.

While in Guatemala, McAfee asked Chad Essley, an American cartoonist and animator, to set up a blog so he could write about his experience while on the run. He then appeared publicly in Guatemala City, where he unsuccessfully sought political asylum.

On 5 December 2012, he was arrested for illegally entering Guatemala. Shortly afterward, the board reviewing his asylum plea denied it and he was taken to a detention center to await deportation to Belize.

On 6 December 2012, Reuters and ABC News reported that McAfee had two minor heart attacks in the detention center and was hospitalized. His lawyer said he had no heart attacks, rather high blood pressure and anxiety attacks. McAfee later said he faked the heart attacks to buy time for his attorney to file a series of appeals that ultimately prevented his deportation to Belize, thus hastening that government's decision to send him back to the United States.

On 12 December 2012, McAfee was released and deported to the United States.

On 14 November 2018, the Circuit Court in Orlando, Florida, refused to dismiss a wrongful death lawsuit against him for Faull's death. McAfee did not appear in court, lost the case by default and was ordered to pay $25 million to Faull's estate.

U.S. tax evasion charges and planned extradition
In January 2019, McAfee announced that he was on the run from U.S. authorities, and living internationally on a boat following the convening of a grand jury to indict him, his wife, and four of his 2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries staff on tax evasion charges. At the time, the Internal Revenue Service had not independently confirmed the existence of any such indictment.

On 5 October 2020, McAfee was arrested in Spain at the request of the United States Department of Justice for tax evasion. The June indictment, which was unsealed upon his arrest, alleged he earned millions of dollars from 2014 to 2018, and failed to file income tax returns.

On 6 October, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filed a complaint further alleging McAfee and his bodyguard promoted certain initial coin offerings (ICOs) in a fraudulent cryptocurrency pump and dump scheme. It claims he presented himself as an impartial investor when he promoted the ICOs, despite allegedly getting paid $23 million in digital assets in return.

On 5 March 2021, the U.S. Attorney's Office for the
Southern District of New York formally indicted him and an executive adviser on these charges.

McAfee was jailed in Spain, pending extradition to the United States.

On 23 June 2021, the Spanish National Court authorized his extradition to face charges in Tennessee; McAfee is suspected to have committed suicide several hours after the authorization. The New York extradition case was still pending in a lower Spanish court.

Personal life
McAfee married three times. He met his first wife, Fran, circa 1968 while he was working towards a doctorate at Northeast Louisiana State College and she was an 18-year-old undergraduate student. Their affair led to his expulsion from the college. He married his second wife, Judy, a former flight attendant at American Airlines, circa 1987; they divorced in 2002.

The night after McAfee arrived in the United States after being deported from Guatemala in December 2012, he was solicited by and slept with Janice Dyson, then a prostitute 30 years his junior in South Beach, Miami Beach, Florida. They began a relationship and married in 2013. She claims that he saved her from human traffickers. The couple moved to Portland, Oregon, in 2013.

In a 2012 article in Mensa Bulletin, the magazine of the American Mensa, McAfee said developing the first commercial antivirus program had made him "the most popular hacking target" and "[h]ackers see hacking me as a badge of honor". For his own cybersecurity, he said he had other people buy his computer equipment for him, used pseudonyms for setting up computers and logins, and changed his IP address several times a day. When asked on another occasion if he personally used McAfee's antivirus software, he replied: "I take it off[...]it's too annoying."

In 2015, he resided in Lexington, Tennessee.

According to a 2016 article, McAfee had been using the then legal drug alpha-PHP which he imported from China and which may have caused his paranoia.

In December 2018, he tweeted that he had "47 genetic children". His third wife described him in a Father's Day message as "father of many, loved by few".

Death
On 23 June 2021, McAfee was found dead in his prison cell, hours after the Spanish National Court ordered his extradition to the United States on criminal charges filed in Tennessee by the United States Department of Justice Tax Division. The Catalan Justice Department said "everything indicates" he killed himself by hanging. An official autopsy confirmed his suicide.

McAfee's death ignited speculation and conspiracy theories about the possibility that he was murdered. Such speculation was particularly fueled by a 2019 post McAfee made on Twitter that read, in part, "If I suicide myself, I didn't. I was whackd ." McAfee's death drew comparisons to the circumstances of the death of American financier Jeffrey Epstein, who was found dead in August 2019 while awaiting trial on sex trafficking charges. Like with McAfee, the official verdict of Epstein's death was suicide, but many suspect that he was actually murdered. Several times, McAfee claimed if he were ever found dead by hanging, it would mean he was murdered. The day after his death, his lawyer told reporters that while he regularly maintained contact with McAfee in prison, there were no signs of suicidal intent. McAfee's widow reaffirmed this position in her first public remarks since her husband's death, and also called for a "thorough" investigation.

On 13 February 2022, a Spanish court ruled McAfee died by suicide.

In the media
Gringo: The Dangerous Life of John McAfee is a Showtime Networks documentary about the portion of McAfee's life spent in Belize. It began airing in September 2016. It covers allegations of him drugging and sexually assaulting his business partner from QuorumEx, Allison Adonizio, and ordering the murders of Belizean David Middleton and American expat Gregory Faull. In an interview with Bloomberg's Pimm Fox and Kathleen Hayes on 8 September 2016, McAfee said these incidents were fabricated, and "Belize is a third-world banana republic and you can go down there and make any story you want if you pay your interviewees, which Showtime did."

In March 2017, it was reported that Glenn Ficarra and John Requa would direct a film about McAfee titled King of the Jungle, written by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski. At various points, Johnny Depp, Michael Keaton, and Seth Rogen were reported to have taken roles and later to have left the project. In November 2019, Zac Efron was reported to star as journalist Ari Furman.

On 12 May 2017, McAfee and his wife were interviewed on ABC News's 20/20 regarding Faull's alleged murder.

The 2022 documentary film Running With the Devil: The Wild World of John McAfee includes footage from an unreleased documentary by Vice, and interviews by Rocco Castoro, Alex Cody Foster, and Robert King.

Books
 Computer Viruses, Worms, Data Diddlers, Killer Programs, and Other Threats to Your System. What They Are, How They Work, and How to Defend Your PC, Mac, or Mainframe, (with Colin Haynes) St. Martin's Press, 1989
 The Secret of the Yamas: Spiritual Guide to Yoga, McAfee Pub, 2001
 The Fabric of Self: Meditations on Vanity and Love, Woodland Publications, 2001
 Into the Heart of Truth, Woodland Publications, 2001
 Beyond the Siddhis. Supernatural Powers and the Sutras of Patanjali, Woodland Publications, 2001

References

Further reading

External links
 Appearances on C-SPAN
 John McAfee's website

1945 births
2021 deaths
2021 suicides
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American politicians
Activists from Virginia
American computer programmers
American drug policy reform activists
American expatriates in Belize
American expatriates in Spain
American libertarians
American people who died in prison custody
American tax resisters
British expatriates in Belize
British people of American descent
British people who died in prison custody
Businesspeople from Virginia
Candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 2020 United States presidential election
Computer security specialists
English emigrants to the United States
English libertarians
Fugitives wanted by the United States
Lockheed people
McAfee
Mensans
NASA people
Non-interventionism
People associated with Bitcoin
People associated with cryptocurrency
People extradited from Guatemala
People from Cinderford
People from Lexington, Tennessee
People from Salem, Virginia
People who died by suicide in prison custody
Politicians from Roanoke, Virginia
Prisoners who died in Spanish detention
Privacy activists
Roanoke College alumni
Suicides by hanging in Spain
Tennessee Libertarians

John McAfee


جواو فيلبي أريا سانتوس موتينيو ، من مواليد 8 سبتمبر 1986 في بورتيماو في البرتغال، لاعب كرة قدم برتغالي يلعب في مركز الوسط مع نادي سبورتينغ براغا البرتغالي.

بدأ مسيرته الكروية مع نادي سبورتنغ لشبونة في عام 2005 قضى معهم خمس مواسم وحقق من خلالها كاس البرتغال مرتين وكاس السوبر مرتين .

انتقل موتينيو في 2010 لنادي بورتو وقد استطاع في أول موسم له أن يحقق الثلاثية الدوري والكأس واليوربا ليغ مع الثلاثي الذهبي راداميل فالكاو وفريدي جوارين والمدرب الشاب أندريه فيلاس بواس.

انتقل في صيف 2013 لنادي موناكو الفرنسي بصفقة قدرت ب 25 مليون دولار .

بدأ اللعب مع منتخب البرتغال لكرة القدم في 2005.

إنجازاته
 سبورتينغ لشبونة
 كأس البرتغال مرتين : 2007 ، 2008
 كاس السوبر البرتغالي مرتين : 2007 ، 2008
 بورتو
 الدوري البرتغالي ثلاث مرات : 2011 ، 2012 ، 2013
 كاس السوبر البرتغالي: 2010 ، 2011 ، 2012
 كاس البرتغال: 2011
 الدوري الأوروبي :2011
 وصافة كاس السوبر الأوروبي : 2011

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في موناكو
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية برتغاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية برتغاليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من باريرو
أشخاص من بورتيماو
رياضيون برتغاليون مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون برتغاليون مغتربون في موناكو
رياضيون من باريرو (البرتغال)
رياضيون من محافظة سيتوبال
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2012
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2016
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2020
لاعبو بورتو
لاعبو سبورتينغ براغا
لاعبو سبورتينغ لشبونة
لاعبو سبورتينغ لشبونة ب
لاعبو كأس العالم 2014
لاعبو كأس العالم 2018
لاعبو كأس القارات 2017
لاعبو كرة قدم برتغاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم برتغاليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في موناكو
لاعبو كرة قدم من باريرو (البرتغال)
لاعبو كرة قدم من محافظة سيتوبال
لاعبو منتخب البرتغال تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب البرتغال لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب البرتغال لكرة القدم الرديف للرجال
لاعبو منتخب البرتغال لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو موناكو
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو وولفرهامبتون واندررز
لاعبون فائزون بالدوري الأوروبي
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
مواليد 1986
مواليد في بورتيماو
نادي الفيفا المئوي

جواو موتينيو