The vanishing hitchhiker (or variations such as the ghostly hitchhiker, disappearing hitchhiker, phantom hitchhiker) is an urban legend in which people travelling by vehicle, meet with or are accompanied by a hitchhiker who subsequently vanishes without explanation, often from a moving vehicle.

Public knowledge of the story expanded greatly with the 1981 publication of Jan Harold Brunvand's non-fiction book The Vanishing Hitchhiker. In his book, Brunvand suggests that the story of The Vanishing Hitchhiker can be traced as far back as the 1870s." Similar stories have been reported for centuries across the world in places like England, Ethiopia, Korea, France, South Africa, Tsarist Russia and in America among Chinese Americans, Mormons and Ozark mountaineers.

What was probably the first vanishing hitchhiker legend can be found in the 400-year-old manuscript Om the tekn och widunder som föregingo thet liturgiske owäsendet, which translates approximately as "About the signs and wonders that preceded the liturgical event". The author was Joen Petri Klint, a priest in diocese of Linköping, Sweden, and diligent collector of omens.

Variations
A common variation of the above involves the vanishing hitchhiker departing as would a normal passenger, having left some item in the vehicle, or having borrowed a garment for protection against the cold. The vanishing hitchhiker may also leave some form of information that encourages the motorist to make subsequent contact.

In such accounts of the legend, the garment borrowed is often found draped over a gravestone in a local cemetery. In this and other versions of the urban legend, the unsuspecting motorist makes contact with the family of a deceased person using the information the hitchhiker left behind and finds that the family's description of the deceased matches the passenger the motorist picked up and also finds that they were killed in some unexpected way (usually a car accident) and that the driver's encounter with the vanishing hitchhiker occurred on the anniversary of their death.

Other variations reverse this scenario, in that the hitchhiker meets a driver; the hitchhiker later learns that the driver is actually an  apparition of a person who died earlier.

Not all vanishing hitchhiker legends involve ghosts. One popular variant in Hawaii involves the goddess Pele, travelling the roads incognito and rewarding kind travellers; other variants include hitchhikers who utter prophecies (typically of pending catastrophes or other evil events) before vanishing.

There is a similar story which is about two travellers sitting next to each other on a train (normally a man and a woman). One of them is reading a book and the other person asks what the book is about, and the first person says that it's about ghosts. They then have a conversation about ghosts, and the second person asks the first if they believe in ghosts or have ever seen one, to which the first person says that they have never seen or believed in ghosts at all. The second person replies that this is doubtful, and vanishes. This was the version used in the Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark book series.

Classifications

Beardsley and Hankey
The first proper study of the story of the vanishing hitchhiker was undertaken in 1942–43 by American folklorists Richard Beardsley and Rosalie Hankey, who collected as many accounts as they could and attempted to analyze them.

The Beardsley-Hankey survey elicited 79 written accounts of encounters with vanishing hitchhikers, drawn from across the United States. They found: "Four distinctly different versions, distinguishable because of obvious differences in development and essence." These are described as:
 A. Stories where the hitchhiker gives an address through which the motorist learns he has just given a lift to a ghost.
 49 of the Beardsley-Hankey samples fell into this category, with responses from 16 states of the United States.
 B. Stories where the hitchhiker is an old woman who prophesies disaster or the end of World War II; subsequent inquiries likewise reveal her to be deceased.
 Nine of the samples fit this description, and eight of these came from the vicinity of Chicago. Beardsley and Hankey felt that this indicated a local origin, which they dated to approximately 1933: two of the version B hitchhikers in this sample foretold disaster at the Century of Progress Exposition and another foresaw calamity "at the World's Fair". The strict topicality of these unsuccessful forecasts did not appear to thwart the appearance of further Version  'B' hitch-hikers, one of whom warned that Northerly Island, in Lake Michigan, would soon be submerged (this has not yet occurred).
 C. Stories where a girl is met at some place of entertainment, e.g., dance, instead of on the road; she leaves some token (often the overcoat she borrowed from the motorist) on her grave by way of corroborating the experience and her identity.
 The uniformity amongst separate accounts of this variant led Beardsley and Hankey to strongly doubt its folkloric authenticity.
 D. Stories where the hitchhiker is later identified as a local divinity.

Beardsley and Hankey were particularly interested to note one instance (location: Kingston, New York, 1941) in which the vanishing hitchhiker was subsequently identified as the late Mother Cabrini, founder of the local Sacred Heart Orphanage, who was beatified for her work. The authors felt that this was a case of Version 'B' glimpsed in transition to Version 'D'.

Beardsley and Hankey concluded that Version 'A' was closest to the original form of the story, containing the essential elements of the legend. Version 'B' and 'D', they believed, were localized variations, while 'C' was supposed to have started life as a separate ghost story which at some stage became conflated with the original vanishing hitchhiker story (Version 'A').

One of their conclusions certainly seems reflected in the continuation of vanishing hitchhiker stories: The hitchhiker is, in the majority of cases, female and the lift-giver male. Beardsley and Hankey's sample contained 47 young female apparitions, 14 old lady apparitions, and 14 more of an indeterminate sort.

Baughman
Ernest W. Baughman's Type- and Motif-Index of the Folk Tales of England and North America (1966) delineates the basic vanishing hitchhiker as follows:

Ghost of young woman asks for ride in automobile, disappears from closed car without the driver's knowledge, after giving him an address to which she wishes to be taken. The driver asks person at the address about the rider, finds she has been dead for some time. (Often the driver finds that the ghost has made similar attempts to return, usually on the anniversary of death in automobile accident. Often, too, the ghost leaves some item such as a scarf or traveling bag in the car.)

Baughman's classification system grades this basic story as motif E3126.96.36.199.

Subcategories include:
 E3184.108.40.206(a) for vanishing hitchhikers who reappear on anniversaries;
 E322.214.171.124(b) for vanishing hitchhikers who leave items in vehicles, unless the item is in a pool of water in which case it is E3184.108.40.206(c);
 E3184.108.40.206(d) is for accounts of sinister old ladies who prophesy disasters;
 E3184.108.40.206(e) contains accounts of phantoms who are apparently sufficiently solid to engage in activities such as eating or drinking during their journey;
 E318.104.22.168(f) is for phantom parents who want to be taken to the sickbed of their dying son;
 E3220.127.116.11(g) is for hitchhikers simply requesting a lift home;
 E3184.108.40.206(h-j) are a category reserved exclusively for vanishing nuns (a surprisingly common variant), some of whom foretell the future.

Here, the phenomenon blends into religious encounters, with the next and last vanishing hitchhiker classification  – E322.214.171.124 – being for encounters with divinities who take to the road as hitchhikers. The legend of Saint Christopher is considered one of these, and the story of Philip the Evangelist being transported by God after encountering the Ethiopian on the road (Acts 8:26–39) is sometimes similarly interpreted.

The first vanishing hitchhiker legend
The author was Joen Petri Klint, a priest in diocese of Linköping, Sweden, and diligent collector of omens.

In February 1602 a priest and two farmers were on their way home from the Candelmass market in Västergötland. A maid asked to go along. At an inn they got off to get a bite to eat, and the maid wanted something to drink, a jug of beer (a common beverage). The first time the innkeeper fetched beer, the jug was filled with malt, second time acorns, and finally blood. They were then horrified. The maid explained that this year will yield much grain; plenty of fruit on the trees; but war and pestilence. Then she disappeared into thin air.

The incident contains all the hallmarks of a "vanishing hitchhiker". It fits well with Beardsley's and Hankey's B and C categories (when the hitchhiker disappeared after making a prediction). The beer's transformations match Baughman's category E3184.108.40.206(b), when the maid left behind seed, acorns and blood, and category E3188.8.131.52(d) when she predicted the future (however, Klint does not mention whether the prophecy was correct), as well as category E3220.127.116.11(e) because she wanted something to drink, and E3126.96.36.199(g) because she was on her way home.

Skeptical reception
Paranormal researcher Michael Goss in his book The Evidence for Phantom Hitch-Hikers discovered that many reports of vanishing hitchhikers turn out be based on folklore and hearsay stories. Goss also examined some cases and attributed them to hallucination of the experiencer. According to Goss most of the stories are "fabricated, folklore creations retold in new settings."

Skeptic Joe Nickell, who investigated two alleged cases, concluded that there is no reliable evidence for vanishing hitchhikers. Historical examples have their origin in folklore tales and urban legends. Modern cases often involve conflicting accounts that may well be the result of exaggeration, illusion or hoaxing.

See also
 A229 road, scene of the "Phantom Hitch-Hiker" stories where the road passes the Lower Bell pub at Blue Bell Hill
 Belchen Tunnel (the "white woman" of the Belchen Tunnel, Switzerland)
 Haunted highway
 Highway hypnosis
 Laurie (Strange Things Happen)
 List of ghosts
 Niles Canyon ghost
 Madam Koi Koi
 Pee-Wee's Big Adventure ("Large Marge")
 Raymond Robinson (Green Man)
 Resurrection Mary
 Shipley Hollow Road
 The Hitch-Hiker (The Twilight Zone), an episode in which a woman sees a hitchhiker during her cross-country road trip
 The Hitcher (1986 film)
 The Suffolk Miracle, a legend along similar lines
 Lady of White Rock Lake
 Phantom 309
 The Vanishing Hitchhiker (film)

References

Further reading
 Bielski, Ursula. (1997). Chicago Haunts: Ghostlore of the Windy City. Chicago: Lake Claremont Press.
 Brunvand, Jan Harold. (1981). The Vanishing Hitchhiker: American Urban Legends and Their Meanings. New York: Norton.
 Cohen, Daniel. (1966). The Phantom Hitchhiker: and Other Ghost Mysteries. Scholastic.
 Goss, Michael. (1984). The Evidence for Phantom Hitch-Hikers. Wellingborough, UK: Aquarian Press.

External links
 prairieghosts.com on Highway 365
 snopes.com on The Vanishing Hitchhiker

Ghosts
Supernatural legends
Hitchhiking
Urban legends

Vanishing hitchhiker


L'isola d'amore (título original en italiano; en español, La isla de amor) es una ópera en dos actos con música de Antonio Sacchini. Se estrenó en el Teatro Valle de Roma el 27 de enero de 1766.

Esta ópera se representa poco; en las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con sólo una representación, la primera y única de Sacchini.

Referencias
Notas

Licencia

Óperas de 1766

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Antonio Sacchini
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Roma

L'isola d'amore


Waipukurau is the largest town in the Central Hawke's Bay District on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is located on the banks of the Tukituki River, 7 kilometres south of Waipawa and 50 kilometres southwest of Hastings.

History and culture

Māori
Central Hawkes Bay, where the town is located was settled by Te Aitanga a Whatonga, the descendants of Whatonga, grandson of Toi Kairakau. These were the Ngati Tara and Rangitāne peoples. In the mid 1500s the Ngāti Kahungunu invaded the area from the north and in the subsequent fighting drove the Rangitāne south into the Tahoraiti area (Dannevirke). Warfare continued through the 1600s until the time of Te Rangikoianake. His first child Te Kikiri was adopted by the Ngai Toroiwaho to be their chief - he had mana over the Waipukurau district.

Fighting broke out again in the 1800s at Mangatoetoe between Ngai Te Upokoiri and Ngāti Te Rangikoianake of Poukawa. Several of Te Rangikoianake's grand children were killed in this fight. Pareihe, a Ngati Rangikoianake Chief, avenged the defeat in a battle at Pukekaihau, Waipukurau after which a peace accord was made between the two tribes.

The accord was short lived with the death of Te Wanikau's brother-in-law (Chief of Ngai Te Upokoiri) prompting further conflict over the erection of rahui poles on Lake Poukawa, Ngati Rangikoianake's eel fishing area. The conflict, starting around 1819 and lasting till 1824 ended with the Ngati Rangikoianake and other local tribes evacuating the area and settling at Mahia. In the latter part of the 1820s Pareihe attacked the Ngai Te Upokoiri and regained the lands they had lost, with the Ngai Te Upokoiri taking refuge in the Manawatū. A peace accord was made between Pareihe and the Ngāti Tūwharetoa in the late 1830s. The Ngati Tuwharetoa had been allied with the Ngai Te Upokoiri.

Within the current township is Pukekaihau hill, now in Paul Hunter Memorial Park, the site of the Māori Pā, from which it gets its name. Waipukurau is said to mean the water of pukerau, wai being water and pukerau being a type of fungus. The pa was near the old Māori trail from the Manawatū Gorge and Hawkes Bay. The first Europeans who are known to have passed through the area were Bishop George Selwyn and Chief Justice Sir William Martin in November 1842 en route to Napier.

European

In December 1850 Donald McLean and his party of Land Commissioners met with the Central Hawkes Bay tribes to discuss purchasing a large block of land for European settlement. Negotiations proceeded through till 4 November 1851 when an area of land called the Waipukurau Block, some 279,000 acres, including the land the town is situated on was acquired from local Māori, led by Te Hapuku for £4,800. Henry Russell acquired the land surrounding Waipukurau, calling it Mount Herbert station.

In 1857 there was an accommodation house run by a Mr Aveson. This was sold in October 1858 to George Lloyd and renamed Lloyds Hotel. The Hotel was transferred again in 1861 becoming Moss's Inn or the Tavistock Hotel. It was moved to its present site nearer the railway in 1916 and has been empty since 2013. A Town Hall was built nearby in 1877. It burnt down on 18 November 1922.

Horse racing started in 1859 with the first recorded meeting on 2 February. The provincial council approved construction of roading from Waipukurau to Porongahau, a goal, and the appointment of a Constable at Waipukurau in 1859. Roading to Forty-mile bush was not commenced until late 1867.

By at least 1858 Waipukurau was used as a hub for mail delivery to the district, a sale yard for stock, and a court venue.  In 1863 land was offered to the Agricultural Society for a show. By 1864 the Presbyterians were looking to set up a church in Waipukurau. There was a school in town by 1866 but this was closed when the building it used was destroyed by fire that year. The school was replaced in August 1867 by new building which was to serve as both a church and a school. The school had 9 pupils.

In 1867 Russell acquired the Pa Flat native reserve and founded Waipukurau on it as a model village. Russel chose the residents and approved the house plans.

Cobb and Co commenced the first coach service to the town in October 1867. A coach road to the south reached Norsewood in December 1873 and the Manawatū Gorge in February 1874. Tenders for a coach service from Waipukurau to Palmerston North were called for in March. The contract was awarded to Andrew Young, whose coach operated from Foxton. On his first journey from Foxton to Waipukurau his coach was intercepted by Alexander MacDonald as he was attempting to cross the Oroua River on former Ngāti Kauwhata land near Schultz's Hotel at Awahuri. MacDonald shot one of the lead horses preventing Young from continuing his journey. MacDonald was a staunch supporter of the Ngāti Kauwhata and had been seeking redress for the dispossession of the tribe from its land on 15 December 1866. MacDonald was imprisoned for three months because of this action, but his action did result in the tribe regaining some 6,200 acres of its land.

In October 1867 a dispute broke out between the residents of Waipukurau and the neighbouring township of Waipawa over the location of a telegraph station. The Provincial Council favoured Waipawa as the location. However, the Government's Telegraph Department preferred Waipukurau due its slightly more central location. The office was opened on 9 June 1868. Several weeks later on 22 June Frederick Christian Schäfer, passed through the town. Schäfer was a global traveller from Carlhafen in Hesse-Cassel who had walked through most of Europe, Palestine, two thirds of the way across the United States, Australia, Japan, China, Batavia, and Sumatra. He walked from Wellington to Waipukurau in 18 days.

One of the first sheep shearing competitions in New Zealand took place at Waipukurau in January 1868. Its purpose was to improve the quality of shearing, As a local response to Te Kooti's escape and conflict on the East Coast, a stockade was erected in late 1869, in what is now Hunter Memorial Park.

In November 1869 a Methodist Church was formed in the town. A boiling down works was constructed in March 1870, the same time a brewery was proposed and a flax mill opened.

Railway station

Construction of a railway from Napier to Waipukurau commenced in 1872. The target was to complete the line by September 1873. This was not achieved and the extension to Waipukurau was opened just three days after Waipawa on 1 September 1876. A holiday was declared and two trains ran from Napier to celebrate the opening on Friday 8 September. The link to Palmerston North was not completed until 9 March 1891 due in part to the more difficult country and the impact of the Long Depression. The  extension to Waipukurau was built by the international contractor, Brogdens, for £9,469 7s 9d.

In 1874 Edmund G Allen won a £14,100 contract for the  extension south to Takapau. Waipukurau had been the terminus of the line for just over 6 months, when it opened on 12 March 1877. There were then two trains a day from Napier, one of which continued to Takapau.

In 1875 a station and stationmaster's house were built and a single track engine shed was added in 1877, just north of the station. Sixty years later the shed was leased to Belwood Bitumen Products Ltd. Railway houses were built in 1876, 1883, 1905, 1926 (5), 1931 (2), 1933 (2), 1955 and 1956. Refreshment rooms were built in 1887, or 1888. Trains were then allowed a stop of up to 10 minutes at the station. By then Waipukurau had 3 trains a day from Napier, taking two to three hours to cover the . By 1896 Waipukurau had a 3rd class station, luggage room, platform, cart approach,   x  goods shed (moved from Pakipaki in 1875), loading bank, cattle yards, water, coal shed, turntable (, extended in 1921 for the AB class, in 1934 that turntable went to Tāneatua and a  turntable came from Paekakariki in 1936. During the 1979 bridge works that turntable was sent to Masterton), engine shed, stationmaster's house, urinals and a passing loop for 49 wagons. In 1909 electric tablet signalling began between Lower Hutt and Waipukurau. On 24 March 1922 there was a refreshment room fire and the railways took over direct running of them from 1923. On 22 November 1929 the station safe was blown open. By that year, over 30 people were employed at the station, where they sold 20,816 tickets (4th busiest station on the line, after Napier, Hastings and Dannevirke) and handled 13,062 sheep and pigs.

In 1881 Wilding & Bull had a siding and built a large sawmill beside the station. Much of the timber came from Seventy Mile Bush. There were also sidings for a grain store, British Imperial Oil and Vacuum Oil Co.

On 7 October 2001 the station closed to passengers. The platform, station and passing loop remain.

Tukituki railway bridge
Harry Monteith built a 22-span Waipukurau bridge. A footbridge was added in 1883 and it was repaired in 1897. It was replaced in 1978, at which time the stockyards were closed to improve the alignment of the track to the new bridge. Tuki Tuki River bridge 171 is  long.

Tarewa and Tapairu railway stations
A mile to the north of Waipukurau, there was a flag station below Mount Vernon from 1877 to 1884. Its closure was announced several times, including in 1886, when the building was moved from Tarewa, to Tapairu, a mile south of Waipawa, which seems to have been open until 1889, or 1890. In 2009 the nearby SH2 road overbridge, which had replaced a level crossing in 1937, was replaced by a larger culvert to straighten the road.

Marae

The local Waipukurau Marae is affiliated with the Ngāti Kahungunu hapū of Ngāti Whatuiāpiti and Ngāti Tamatea.

Geography

Waipukurau covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Waipukurau had a population of 4,386 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 498 people (12.8%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 225 people (5.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,755 households, comprising 2,082 males and 2,304 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.9 males per female, with 837 people (19.1%) aged under 15 years, 684 (15.6%) aged 15 to 29, 1,746 (39.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,113 (25.4%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 79.0% European/Pākehā, 29.9% Māori, 3.1% Pacific peoples, 3.4% Asian, and 1.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 10.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 48.7% had no religion, 37.7% were Christian, 3.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.2% were Buddhist and 1.4% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 315 (8.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 975 (27.5%) people had no formal qualifications. 261 people (7.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,590 (44.8%) people were employed full-time, 477 (13.4%) were part-time, and 138 (3.9%) were unemployed.

In December 1858 Waipukurau census area had 243 males and 73 females - a total population of 316. 1,441 acres of land were fenced or cultivated with 95 horses, 364 cattle, and 20,365 sheep. There were also 4 goats and 61 pigs.

The 40th parallel south passes through Waipukurau township.

Climate

Education

Waipukurau has three long-running primary schools, with relatively stable roll numbers:
 Waipukurau School is a Year 1-8 co-educational state primary school. It is a decile 3 school with a roll of  as of
 The Terrace School is a Year 1-8 co-educational state primary school. It is a decile 2 school with a roll of  as of
 St Joseph's School is a Year 1–8 co-educational state integrated Catholic primary school. It is a decile 5 school with a roll of  as of

Central Hawke's Bay College is a Year 9-13 co-educational state secondary school. It is a decile 4 school with a roll of  as of  Some young people also leave Waipukurau at a young age to study in nearby cities of Hastings and Napier.

Waipukurau also has branches of five youth organisations: Scouts New Zealand, GirlGuiding New Zealand, New Zealand Cadet Forces, St John Youth and Epic Ministries. Each organisation ranges from 20 to 100 members.

Hospital
In 1876 the Government donated 5 acres of land for a Hospital which was to be half paid for by the local community. It was completed in 1879 and consisted of two wings – the male and female wards, as well as four other rooms to house staff. It also had a dispensary, committee room, dining room, and kitchen. The hospital was the Waipawa County Hospital until 1907. In 1909 a further ward built. In 1919, as a result of the influenza pandemic, an infectious disease annex. This building became the geriatric unit in 1962. A nurses' home was built in 1926 and extended in 1942.

An administration block was erected in 1927, with the former administration area became a children's ward. In 1935 further alterations were carried out which added a medical administration and outpatients' wing and an operating theatre . From 1942 to 1964 two new wards, clinics for x-ray and physiotherapy, a laboratory, an administration block, a mortuary, and an operating theatre were added. Finally in 1966 additions were made to the maternity annexe. The hospital was closed in 1999.

Employment
The town is a farming based community and provides dairy, fruit, vegetable and meat exports. Most employment is seasonal related, dependent on surrounding local agricultural and horticultural industries.

Through the 1940s-1970s one of the town's main businesses was Denne Bros/Peter Pan Frozen Foods, well known throughout the country for their ice cream brand. The two factories were considered local landmarks. The company was the main employer of Waipukurau, as well the nearby township Waipawa in the 1950s and 1960s.

Notable residents
 Johannes "Joh" Bjelke-Petersen,  (1911–2005), Premier of Queensland 1968–1987, lived in Waipukurau as a very young child
 Hinewehi Mohi, , musician and television producer
 Errol Brathwaite - author
 Matt Berquist - professional rugby player
 John Atcherly Cardinal Dew, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Wellington (2005–present)
 Campbell Johnstone - professional rugby player
 Andrew Williams - former North Shore mayor

References

External links

Map of Waipukurau
Central Hawkes Bay District Council
1966 New Zealand Encyclopedia Page
Central Hawkes Bay Tourism Site
Photo of railway bridge about 1920

Central Hawke's Bay District
Populated places in the Hawke's Bay Region

Waipukurau


Hogness ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 David S. Hogness (1925–2019), US-amerikanischer Biochemiker, Genetiker, Entwicklungsbiologe und Hochschullehrer
 John R. Hogness (1922–2007), US-amerikanischer Mediziner

Hogness


The Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Contemporary was awarded from 1978 to 1983.  A similar award, the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album has been awarded since 1991.

Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.

Recipients

References

Grammy Awards for gospel music


Doğuran memeliler ("kabuklu yumurta olmadan doğuranlar"; , anlamı: "vahşi canavar") keselileri ve etenelileri içeren memeli alt sınıfıdır. Dış kulaklara ve memelere sahiptirler. Therianlar çoğunlukla diş yapısı ile sınıflandırılırlar. Yaşayan memelilerden, ekidneler familyasına ait türler ve Ornithorhynchus anatinus (ornitorenk) dışındaki tüm türler, bu gruptandır.

Evrim
Bilinen en eski therian memeli fosili, Çin'in Geç Jura (Oksfordiyen aşaması) dönemine ait Juramaia sinensistir. Bununla birlikte, moleküler veriler, therianların geç Jura döneminden daha erken bir dönemde ortaya çıkmış olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.

Kaynakça
Özel

Genel
 Vaughan, Terry A., James M. Ryan, and Nicholas J. Czaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy: Fourth Edition. Saunders College Publishing, 565 sayfa. ISBN 0-03-025034-X

Dış bağlantılar

Memeliler

Doğuran memeliler


En korutine er en betegnelse anvendt inden for datalogi om et stykke programkode, en subrutine, der kan afvikles ved siden af andre korutiner, idet et overordnet program skifter mellem at køre de enkelte korutiner. Specielt for korutiner er, at der anvendes frivillig tidsdeling i modsætning til egentlige parallelle rutiner, der anvender tvungen tidsdeling. Dvs. hver kørende korutine skal på passende tidspunkter signalere til det overordnede program, at der evt. kan skiftes til en anden korutine, hvis denne i øvrigt er i en tilstand, så den venter på køretid. Sker dette frivillige skifte ikke, fungerer systemet ikke. Korutiner kan have adskillige steder i koden, hvor de tillader et skifte.

Korutiner anvendes bl.a. i programmeringssproget Simula, hvor de kan benyttes til at modellere forskellige systemer. Korutiner er tilgængelige i flere andre programmeringssprog som f.eks. Modula-2, Ruby, Lua og Go. I andre tilfælde kan de implementeres ved hjælp af særlige biblioteksrutiner.

Samtidighed (datalogi)

Korutine


රීව ස්ටීන්කම්ප් ඝාතනය සහ තුවක්කු-සම්බන්ධ චෝදනා තිහිපයක් සඳහා, ඔස්කා පිස්ටෝරියස්ගේ නඩු විභාගය (රාජ්‍යය එරෙහි ඔස්කා පිස්ටෝරියස්) 2014 මාර්තු 3 දිනදී  ප්‍රිටෝරියාහී දකුණු අප්‍රිකානු මහාධිකරණයෙහිදී විභාගය ඇරඹුනි. 2014 සැප්තැම්බර් 11–12 දිනවලදී, විනිසුරු තොකෝසීල මාසිපා විසින් තීන්දු කලේ, මිනීමැරුම සඳහා පිස්ටෝරියස් වරදකරු නොවන මුත්, ස්ටීන්කම්ප් සාපරාධී මනුෂ්‍යඝාතනය සහ භොජනාගාරයක් කුලදී ගිනිඅවියක් හා සමගින් අනවධානී ලෙස අන්තරායකාරී හැසිරීම  පිළිබඳ වරදකරු වන බවයි.  දඞුවම් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කිරීම ඔක්තොම්බර් 13 දිනට නියම කරමින් නඩු විභාගය කල් තබන ලදි. මෙ අනුව ඔහුට වසාර 5 ක සිර දඩුවමක් ඔක්තොම්බර්  21 වෙනි දින අඩිකරණය මගින් නියම කරන ලදි.

පිස්ටෝරියස් යනු,  පැරාඔලිම්පික් ක්‍රීඩා තරග ගණනක් සහ 2012 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් තරගාවලිය ඇතුළුව, උසස් තලයෙහි ක්‍රීඩාවෙහි  යෙදුනු ආබාධිත මලල ක්‍රීඩකයෙක් වශයෙන් අවධානයට පාත්‍රවූ ප්‍රමුඛ දකුණු අප්‍රිකානු ධාවකයෙකි. නිරූපිකාවක්වූ ස්ටීන්කම්ප් ඔහුගේ පෙම්වතිය වූවාය. 2013 පෙබරවාරි 14 දින හිමිදිරි උදයෙහි, ඔහුගේ ප්‍රිටෝරියා නිවසෙහිදී, පිස්ටෝරියස් විසින් වෙඩි තබා ස්ටීන්කම්ප් ඝාතනය කරනු ලැබිණි. ඔහු විසින් ස්ටීන්කම්ප් හට වෙඩි තැබූ බව පිස්ටෝරියස් පිළිගත් මුත්, පැවසුවේ ඔහු විසින් ඇය අනවසර ඇතුළුවන්නකු ලෙසින් වරදවා වටහා ගත් බවයි. පොලිස් අත්අඩංගුවට ගන්නා ලද පිස්ටෝරියස්හට, 2013 පෙබරවාරි 15 දිනදී ප්‍රිටෝරියා අධිකරණයකදී මනුෂ්‍ය ඝාතනය සිදු කල බවට විධිමත් ලෙසින් චෝදනා එල්ල කෙරිණි.

2021 නොවැම්බරයේදී, දකුණු අප්‍රිකානු බන්ධනාගාර බලධාරීන් ඔහුගේ පෙම්වතිය ඝාතනය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් සිරගතව සිටින ඔස්කාර් පිස්ටෝරියස්ගේ සමාව සලකා බැලීම සඳහා පළමු ක්‍රියා පටිපාටි පියවර දියත් කළේය.

ආශ්‍රිත

ඔස්කා පිස්ටෝරියස්ගේ නඩු විභාගය


An Telipogon gnomus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Telipogon gnomus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Telipogon, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Telipogon

Telipogon gnomus


Aceasta este o listă de filme americane din 1901:

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John Carnell Crosbie,  (January 30, 1931 – January 10, 2020) was a Canadian provincial and federal politician who served as the 12th lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Prior to being lieutenant governor, he served as a provincial cabinet minister under Premiers Joey Smallwood and Frank Moores as well as a federal cabinet minister during the Progressive Conservative (PC) governments of Joe Clark and Brian Mulroney. Crosbie held several federal cabinet posts, including minister of finance, minister of justice, minister of transport, minister of international trade, and minister of fisheries and oceans.

Crosbie was best known for his outspoken, blunt, and controversial rhetoric. However, at the same time he was seen as a leader of the social liberal wing of the PC Party. He advocated for gay and lesbian rights and was pro-choice as far back as when he was federal Minister of Justice.

Crosbie ran unsuccessfully for the leadership of the Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador in 1969, losing to Smallwood, and was also a candidate in the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada's 1983 leadership election, placing third.

Early life
Born in pre-Confederation St. John's, Newfoundland, he was the son of Jessie (Carnell) and Chesley Crosbie, and the grandson of Sir John Chalker Crosbie, the latter two were both prominent businessmen. His father was leader of the Economic Union Party in the 1940s and a leading opponent of the campaign for Newfoundland to join Canadian Confederation.

Crosbie's early education was in local schools and at St. Andrew's College, Aurora, Ontario. He went on to study political science and economics at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, where he graduated with first-class honours and won the University Medal in political science.

Crosbie went on to study law at Dalhousie Law School in Halifax, Nova Scotia graduating in 1956 as the University Medalist in Law. He was awarded the Viscount Bennett Scholarship by the Canadian Bar Association as the outstanding law student for that year. He undertook postgraduate studies at the Institute for Advanced Legal Studies of the University of London and the London School of Economics in 1956-1957, and was called to the Newfoundland Bar in 1957. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree by Dalhousie University in May 1984.

Local and provincial political career
Crosbie first entered politics as a councillor of the St. John's City Council in 1965, and was briefly deputy mayor in 1966. He served on council until he was appointed to the provincial cabinet of Liberal Premier Joey Smallwood in 1966. Crosbie was sworn in as Minister of Municipal and Housing, and soon after won a seat in the House of Assembly. As Minister he was responsible for the creation of the Newfoundland and Labrador Housing Corporation.

In 1967, Crosbie became Minister of Health and was instrumental in creating the Newfoundland Medicare Commission and the framework for the Newfoundland Medicare Plan. Smallwood's government had been in power since 1949, and the Premier was trying to rejuvenate his cabinet by bringing in new blood. Smallwood's authoritarian style and refusal to allow a younger generation to take power frustrated Crosbie and other young ministers, such as Clyde Wells. In protest of a deal Smallwood wanted to make with American industrialist John Shaheen over an oil refinery at Come By Chance, Crosbie and Wells resigned from the caucus to sit as Reform Liberals, while remaining members of the Liberal Party.

In 1969, Smallwood announced his retirement from politics. However, when Crosbie, who had resigned from caucus, became the apparent front runner to succeed him as leader Smallwood decided to run for the leadership of the party. Smallwood won the leadership race and Crosbie crossed the floor to join the opposition Progressive Conservative Party, led by Frank Moores.

The Progressive Conservatives were now seen as a viable alternative to the Liberal Party, and in 1972 Crosbie helped the Tories defeat Smallwood and come to power. In Moore's government Crosbie held the portfolios of Minister of Finance, President of the Treasury Board, and Minister of Economic Development; Minister of Fisheries and Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs; Minister of Mines and Energy; and Government House Leader. He left provincial politics in 1976 to enter federal politics.

Federal political career
Crosbie won the seat of St. John's West in the House of Commons of Canada in a by-election on October 18, 1976 as a candidate for the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, which was in Opposition at the time.

Finance Minister under Clark
When Joe Clark's Progressive Conservatives formed a minority government after the 1979 general election, Crosbie was appointed Minister of Finance. He presented a tough budget that included tax increases in what Crosbie quipped was "short term pain for long term gain." A motion of no confidence on the budget brought the Clark government down on December 13, 1979, resulting in a new election which the Tories lost. Clark's government would last a total of nine months less a day. Crosbie famously described it as: "Long enough to conceive, just not long enough to deliver."

Leadership bid
Though a leadership convention was not called following their defeat at the polls, Crosbie felt that a convention would be held in the near future. In 1981, he quietly organized a team for his prospective leadership bid, while making sure not to undermine Clark's leadership. At a leadership review held at the party's general meeting, in Winnipeg, in 1983, 66.9% of delegates voted against holding a leadership convention. Clark felt however that this was not a strong mandate and recommended that the party executive hold a leadership convention at the earliest possible time, in which he would be a candidate.

A leadership convention was called for later that year, and Crosbie announced his candidacy. At the convention he placed third behind Brian Mulroney and Clark on all three ballots. While Crosbie may have been the most popular of the candidates, he was hurt by his inability to speak French. His response that he did not know how to speak Chinese either was not well received. Less notable was the failure of the "John Crosbie blimp" to operate properly during his campaign's demonstration on the floor of the convention.

Mulroney cabinet
Liberal Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau retired as his party's leader in 1984 and was replaced by John Turner. Mulroney subsequently defeated Turner by leading the Tories to power in the 1984 federal election. Crosbie was named Minister of Justice in Mulroney's first cabinet.  In 1985, while justice minister, he attracted attention when, in a heated moment during parliamentary debate, he told Liberal Member of Parliament Sheila Copps "Just quiet down, baby," prompting Copps to respond, "I'm nobody's baby."

In 1986, he was named Minister of Transport. A lifelong supporter of free trade with the United States, in cabinet he was one of the strongest proponents of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. He became Minister for International Trade in 1988, shortly after the free trade agreement was negotiated. Crosbie actively promoted the agreement in that year's federal election, which was primarily fought on the issue. Crosbie was also a supporter of redress for Japanese Canadians interned during World War Two - in September 1988 the Mulroney government made its historic apology in the House of Commons and compensated each surviving internee with $18,000.

In 1990, Crosbie proposed the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Crosbie was proud of his baby; in his autobiography he writes:

At a fundraising dinner in Victoria, British Columbia in 1990, Crosbie took another dig at Sheila Copps by saying that she made him think of the song lyrics, "Pass the Tequila, Sheila, and lay down and love me again," a comment he subsequently acknowledged was ill-considered.  He would later again rankle feminists and progressives with his recurring references, in the late 1980s and early 1990s (during the 34th Canadian Parliament), to the "Four Horsewomen of the Apocalypse", in reference to Copps, fellow MPs Dawn Black, Mary Clancy, and National Action Committee on the Status of Women President Judy Rebick.

He later said he and Copps played up their squabbles for mutual gain. "She's a professional politician, and I was as well," he said in 2011. "We're good pals now. We're very friendly, and she's married to a Newfoundlander, so she's a fine woman as far as I'm concerned." After Crosbie's death was announced, Copps called Crosbie "a great Canadian", writing that "His contributions to the province and the country he loved will be long remembered."

In contrast to his often politically incorrect comments, Crosbie was often a social liberal in practice. He was pro-abortion on the issue of abortion and as Minister of Justice, liberalized divorce laws, and appointed a larger percentage of women to the bench than his predecessors. He was also an early advocate of gay and lesbian rights, changing government policy to prohibit discrimination against homosexuals in hiring in the public sector, including the military and the RCMP, and in 1986 introduced amendments to the Canadian Human Rights Code to include sexual orientation as a prohibited grounds of discrimination. He was forced to withdraw the legislation due to the opposition of the Conservative caucus. In the 1988 federal election when Newfoundland Conservatives opposed the candidacy of Ross Reid due to his refusal to deny rumours that he was gay, Crosbie angrily told a meeting of party workers "I don't care if he is having sexual relations with effing cats. He's a fine man and he's our candidate...I'm supporting Ross 100 per cent.

Crosbie's final cabinet post in the Mulroney government was Minister of Fisheries and Oceans. On July 1, 1992 Crosbie visited Bay Bulls, Newfoundland and Labrador to celebrate Canada Day. Crosbie was greeted by an angry throng of Newfoundlanders concerned about rumours of a proposed moratorium on the Atlantic northwest cod fishery. He famously yelled out, "I didn't take the fish from the goddamn water, so don't go abusing me."

He oversaw the decision to close the cod fishery industry in Atlantic Canada due to the collapse of cod stocks. Crosbie called this decision, which put some 35,000 Newfoundlanders out of work, the hardest political moment of his life.

When Brian Mulroney announced his resignation as party leader, Crosbie did not stand as a candidate at the 1993 Progressive Conservative leadership convention but supported Jean Charest's candidacy instead. He declined an offer to serve in the cabinet of Mulroney's successor, Kim Campbell, when she became prime minister and did not run for re-election in the 1993 federal election, retiring from federal politics.

Life after politics

In 1997, he published his memoirs, entitled No Holds Barred: My Life in Politics (). Around this time, the feud between him and Copps had also cooled. Crosbie had devoted an entire chapter in his autobiography to his confrontations with Copps. In her second autobiography, Worth Fighting For, Copps had Crosbie write an introduction in which he says "I write this Introduction to her new book as a tribute to a feisty, sometimes ferocious, feminist protagonist, never shy or retiring but redoubtable political personality.  She was a constant thorn in my side while she was in Opposition, but her marriage to my fellow Newfoundlander Austin Thorne has made her more serene and has calmed her sometimes volcanic and partisan excesses".

Crosbie remained in the Progressive Conservative Party until its dissolution in 2003. Despite his earlier opposition to the Canadian Alliance, he did not oppose the merger of the two parties and joined the new Conservative Party of Canada. In 2004, he served as an advisor to Tony Clement's unsuccessful campaign for the leadership of the new party. In the 2004 federal election, he publicly considered running for the Conservatives against Liberal incumbent John Efford in the Newfoundland riding of Avalon, but ultimately decided against doing so.

From 1994 until 2008, he served as Chancellor of Memorial University of Newfoundland. In 1998, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. Crosbie continued to practise law with the law firm of Cox & Palmer in St. John's until his appointment as Lieutenant Governor.

Lieutenant governor
On February 4, 2008, Governor General Michaëlle Jean, on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, appointed John Crosbie as Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, succeeding Edward Roberts. As lieutenant governor, Crosbie drew criticism for wearing a sealskin coat to several official events during Prince Charles' and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall's tour of Newfoundland in November 2009 and for saying that the coat was a statement in support of the annual seal hunt. He was succeeded by Frank Fagan in 2013.

2015 federal election
John's son, Ches Crosbie, was rejected as a federal Conservative Party of Canada candidate in the 2015 Canadian federal election, the party citing his performance in a play held by a local bar association that touched on the Canadian senate scandal. John Crosbie then accused the federal Conservatives of squashing his son's candidacy because he was too independent and because Newfoundland senator David Wells wanted to keep his control over Newfoundland patronage appointments, an accusation that Wells denied.

Personal life and death
Crosbie married Jane Ellen Furneaux on September 8, 1952, and they remained married for the rest of his life. His eldest son, Ches Crosbie, is a lawyer and former politician. Ches was elected leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador on April 28, 2018 serving until March 31, 2021. His younger son, Michael Crosbie, is a lawyer with McInnis Cooper in St. John's. His daughter, Beth Crosbie, is a former real estate agent, and was a candidate in the 2015 and 2019 provincial elections.

Crosbie died in St. John's on January 10, 2020, after a period of declining health. Former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney eulogized him in glowing terms at his state funeral:

Honours and decorations
 John Crosbie was appointed to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on 4 June 1979, giving him the accordant style of The Honourable and the Post Nominal Letters "PC" for life.
 On 6 May 1998, John Crosbie was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada giving him the post nominal letters "OC" for life.
 He was given the Order of Newfoundland and Labrador upon being appointed Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador in 2008, giving him the post nominal letters "ONL" for life.
 Also upon his appointment as the Lieutenant Governor, he was made a Knight of Justice of the Order of St John, giving him the post nominal letters "K.stJ" for life, however these are only used within the order itself.
He received his Grant of Arms and Supporters on May 15, 2009.
 He was appointed as a Queen's Counsel giving him the post nominal letters "QC" for life.

Decorations
 John Crosbie was awarded the Canadian Centennial Medal in 1967, while in provincial politics, the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977 and the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal in 1992 as a sitting MP. He was given the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002 and the Canadian Version of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012 for service to Canada.

Coat of arms

Honorary degrees
John Crosbie has received many honorary degrees for his service to Canada. These include:

Memorable quotations

 "Why are you yelling at me? I didn't take the fish from the God damn water, so don't go abusing me."
"They don't need to go berserk.  Trying to batter on doors to frighten me.  In the first place, I don't frighten."  (Referring to protesters outside of his press conference on the Cod moratorium.)
 "Americans were far more popular in Newfoundland than Canadians, so I was never hung up about the United States. There's always seemed to be a hang up with the Toronto cultural literati about the US. But that's never been the feeling in Newfoundland and Atlantic Canada."
 "Someday we're going to have a North American continent that's an economic union. That's inevitable. These economic forces are there, and government policy can't stop them. It's only a question of, How do you get into a more secure position? They're next door and geography dictates. Like it or not, we're going up or down with the US."
 "No, and I'm goddamned not going to either! I'll tell you that, and I'm telling you that there isn't one person in the whole goddamn government who's read it. I'm the only one honest enough to say so ... At this stage of my life I don't have to kiss anybody's ass, I can say what I goddamn well like." (On reading the 1987 Free-Trade Agreement)
"It is better to be honest and sincere in one language than a twister, a trickster and a twit in two." (referring to his own unilingualism and Trudeau's bilingualism)
"No, I don't speak Mandarin Chinese either." (his response when asked if not speaking French would hinder his ability to be Prime Minister)
"The Canadian economy needs a transfusion and who do they give us, Dracula." (reference to the appointment of Marc Lalonde as Canada's new Finance Minister, 1982)
"The Hon. leader of the Opposition knows all about butts. He has had his hands on more butts than there are members of this House." (to Turner's 1984 election campaign gaffe on TV when he was caught slapping Liberal MP's Iona Campagnolo's buttocks.)

Archives
There is a John Crosbie fonds at Library and Archives Canada.

References

Bibliography

External links

Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador - Official site

1931 births
2020 deaths
Canadian Ministers of Finance
Canadian Ministers of Transport
Canadian university and college chancellors
Lieutenant Governors of Newfoundland and Labrador
Members of the 21st Canadian Ministry
Members of the 24th Canadian Ministry
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Newfoundland and Labrador
Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador MHAs
Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador MHAs
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Canadian lawyers
Canadian King's Counsel
Schulich School of Law alumni
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
St. Andrew's College (Aurora) alumni
Officers of the Order of Canada
Members of the United Church of Canada
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador city councillors
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership candidates

John Crosbie


American Colonies: The Settling of North America is a book about early American history by Alan Taylor, first published on November 12, 2001, by Viking Press. It is the first volume of the Penguin History of the United States.

The book is divided into three major parts: "Encounters", "Colonies", and "Empires". These sections discuss, respectively, the colonial encounter between European settlers and the Indigenous peoples in North America, including through colonial projects such as New Spain; colonies such as the New England Colonies and the province of Carolina; and imperial domains including New France and British America. American Colonies rejects American exceptionalism, focusing on slavery and the displacement and depopulation of Indigenous peoples. It employs the methods of social history and environmental history, among other approaches.

Andrew Cayton describes the book as a "balanced synthesis" of a trend in historical scholarship emphasizing the pluralism and diversity of colonial-era North America, a place in which Indigenous people of the Americas and enslaved Africans, as well as Europeans, created novel social arrangements. A starred review in Publishers Weekly likewise noted that American Colonies "challenges traditional Anglocentric interpretations of colonial history by focusing more evenly on the myriad influences on North America's development". Osita Nwanevu, in a retrospective review of American Colonies along with Taylor's later works American Revolutions and American Republics, noted that American Colonies is organized in a more conventional, chronological manner than the other two, which focus on themes.

References

2001 books
American history books
Books about North America
Viking Press books

American Colonies


Buddhas barn er en dokumentarfilm, der er instrueret af Christina Rosendahl.

Handling
I 1978 rejste den danske hippiepige Pia Rasmussen til Indien. I et tempel blev hun forført af en tibetansk mystiker. Ni måneder senere fødte hun en søn, som af lærde buddhister blev udpeget som 'tulku', dvs. en bevidst genfødsel af Dalai Lamas lærermester. Sønnen har tilbragt sit liv i et indisk kloster. Her har han fået en buddhistisk opdragelse, som skal forberede ham til en tilværelse som religiøst overhoved for tusindvis af mennesker. Men Pia Rasmussen føler i dag, at hun har mistet sit barn. Buddhas barn er en dokumentarisk historie om, at hippietidens idealer om frihed, kærlighed og selvrealisering har haft store konsekvenser. Og om, at der bag buddhismens filosofi er nogle helt almindelige, skrøbelige mennesker.

Medvirkende
 Lhamo Topgyal
 Jhang Chub Nyima
 Pia Rasmussen

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2003
Buddhisme
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Buddhas barn


Manuela Cernat () este o scriitoare română, scenaristă și profesoară de istoria și teoria filmului.

Copilărie și studii
Este fiica lui Iosif Igiroșanu, un diplomat român, și a traducătoarei Anda Boldur. La doi ani și jumătate s-a întors alături de părinți în țară.

A terminat Liceul nr. 10 din București (în prezent Școala Centrală), după care a urmat cursurile Institutul de Artă Teatrală și Cinematografică "I. L. Caragiale", secțiunea Teatrologie-Filmologie în perioada 1963-1968 (cu o lucrare de licență intitulată Jean-Luc Godard sau cinematograful contestării). În 1974 devine doctor în filologie cu teza Tema păcii și a războiului în filmul european. 1895-1970.

Activitate publicistică și radio
De-a lungul timpului a colaborat cu mai multe reviste culturale, printre care "România Liberă", "Informația Bucureștiului", "România Literară", "Contemporanul", "Luceafărul", "Tribuna", "Ramuri", "Steaua", "Secolul 20", "Ateneu", "Cronica", "Magazin", "Privirea", "Tribuna României".

A colaborat cu "Radio România", "Radio România Internațional", "France Culture", "Radio Monte Carlo", "Radio France Internationale", "BBC", "Radio Nacional de Espana", "Radio Exterior" în perioada 1968-1990. De atunci până în prezent a colaborat cu "Radio România Actualități", "România Internațional", "PROFM", "Radio Contact", "Uniplus", "Radio 21" și "Radio România Cultural".

A obținut Premiul pentru critică cinematografică al Asociației Cineaștilor din România (ACIN) pe anul 1980 "pentru activitatea istoriografică și de promovare a cinematografului tânăr".

Printre afilierile sale se numără:
 Uniunea Scriitorilor din România;
 Uniunea Cineaștilor din România;
 Asociația Profesioniștilor de Televiziune din România (A.P.T.R.);
 Asociația Ziariștilor din România;
 Vice-Președinte al Société Européenne de Culture (Veneția);
 Secretar General al Centrului Român a Société Européenne de Culture (București);
 Președinte (2008-2013). Președinte Onorific (din 2013) a S.E.E.C.S. – South Eastern European Cinema Schools;
 Președintă a Fundației Română pentru Cooperare cu Europa Centrală și de Est (București);
 Membru fondator și Membru al Consiliului de Administrație a Fundației Europene ALFA (Budapesta);
 FIPRESCI - Federația Internațională a Presei Cinematografice (München);
 CIDALC – Comitetul Internațional pentru Difuzarea Artelor și Literaturii prin Cinematograf (Paris);
 Biroul Executiv al Balkan Film Board (Atena);
 Comitetul Internațional pentru Filmul de Scurt Metraj (Montréal);
 consultant a Imamori Foundation (Tokyo);
 Societatea de Cooperare Interbalcanică a Femeilor (Salonic);
 Comitetul Directoral al Societății de Cooperare Interbalcanică a Femeilor din România (București);
 Societatea Ziariștilor Hispanofoni (București);
 Vicepreședintă a Societatea de Colaborare Științifică și Culturală România - Spania (București);
 European Film College (Ebeltoft).

Premii
 Premiul pentru critică cinematografică al Asociației Cineaștilor din România (1980);
 Diplomă a Uniunii Cineaștilor (1995);
 Diplomă a Grupului de Presă al Ministerului Apărării Naționale (1996);
 Premiul "Women of the Year" al revistei "Privirea" (2000);
 Comandor al Ordinului "Meritul Cultural" (2003);
 Diplomă a Curții Imperiale din Japonia (2003);
 Cavaler al Ordinului Republicii Italiene "Stella della Solidarietà Italiana" (2005);
 Doctor Honoris Causa al Universității Ovidius, Constanța (2006);
 Premiul "Ambasador cultural" - ENCI Trieste (2008);
 Premiul Academic al Uniunii Cineaștilor (2014).
 Doctor Honoris Causa al Academiei de Teatru și Film din Chișinău (2019)

Note

Nașteri în 1945
[[[Categorie:Nașteri pe 23 aprilie]]
[Categorie:Scenariști români]]
Critici de film români
Cineaști români în viață
Românce din secolul al XX-lea
Românce din secolul al XXI-lea

Manuela Cernat


Destroyer er et musikalbum med hard rock bandet Kiss, udgivet den 15. marts 1976.

Spor
 «Detroit Rock City»
 «King of the Night Time World»
 «God of Thunder»
 «Great Expectations»
 «Flaming Youth»
 «Sweet Pain»
 «Shout It Out Loud»
 «Beth»
 «Do You Love Me»

Kiss-album
Album fra 1976

Destroyer (album)


Zeki Öztürk (d. 22 Aralık 1965, İstanbul), Türk eski uzun mesafe koşucusu. Dünya Üniversite Oyunları'nda Türkiye'ye madalya kazandıran ilk sporcudur.

1981 senesinde İlk defa Sivas İmam Hatip Lisesinde takıma seçilmiş, daha sonra Sivas Lisesine devam etmiştir. Okul takımı için seçildiği gün atletizm hayatı başlamıştır.

1986, 1987 ve 1988 Atatürk Kır Koşuları'nı da kazandı. 1991'de Atina'da gerçekleştirilen Milletler Kupası'nda katıldığı 1.500 yarışını birincilikle bitirdi. 1995'te düzenlenen Dünya Askeri Oyunlar şampiyonasında şampiyon oldu.

Balkan Şampiyonalarında uzun mesafelerde uzun süredir varlık gösteremyen Türkiye'ye birçok altın madalya kazandırdı. 1989 yılında Yunanistan'ın Serez kentinde tertiplenen şampiyonada 5.000 metrede şampiyonluğa ulaşırken bu daldaki Türkiye adına son altın madalyayı kazandıran Muharrem Dalkılıç'tan beri süregelen sessizliğe son verdi. 1989'da Almanya'da düzenlenen Üniversite Yaz Oyunlarında, 10 bin metre yarışında ikincilik elde edip gümüş madalya kazandı ve oyunlarda Türkiye'ye madalya getiren ilk sporcu oldu.

1990 yılında İstanbul'da düzenlenen Şampiyonada 1.500 metredeki birinciliği ile bu dalda 1953'ten beri ilk altın madalyayı kazandırdırdığı gibi, 5.000 metrede bir yıl önce ele geçirdiği şampiyonluğu korumayı da başardı. 1992'de Sofya'daki Balkan şampiyonasında 5.000 metrede üçüncü kez üst üste birinci oldu. 1994 yılında Yunanistan'ın Tırhala kentinden düzenlenen şampiyonada 1.500 metrede ikinci, 5.000 metrede ise dördüncü kez altın madalyaya ulaştı. 1996 yılında ise Yugoslavya'nın Niş kentindeki Şampiyonada ise bu defa 10.000 metrede altın madalya kazandı.

1993 yılında Fenerbahçe'ye transfer oldu ve sarı-lacivertli takımın 1994 ve 1995 yıllarında hem pist hem de kros takımlarının Türkiye şampiyonu olmasına önemli katkı sağladı. 1996 yılında İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Spor Kulübü'ne transfer oldu ve bu takımın krosta üst üste Türkiye şampiyonu olmasında ve Avrupa Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası'ndaki başarılarında başrol oynadı.

1990'da, 27:47.75 ile kırdığı 10000 metre Türkiye rekorunu 2008'e kadar elinde tuttu.

Kaynakça

1965 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
İstanbul doğumlu atletler
Türk erkek orta mesafe koşucuları
Türk erkek uzun mesafe koşucuları
Türk Olimpiyat atletleri
1988 Yaz Olimpiyatları atletleri
1992 Yaz Olimpiyatları atletleri
Türk Dünya Atletizm Şampiyonası atletleri
Türk Akdeniz Oyunları atletleri
1987 Akdeniz Oyunları atletleri
1991 Akdeniz Oyunları atletleri
1997 Akdeniz Oyunları atletleri
Gümüş Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı Türk sporcular
Bronz Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı Türk sporcular
Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı atletler
Türk Dünya Üniversite Oyunları atletleri
1989 Dünya Üniversite Yaz Oyunları atletleri
Gümüş Dünya Üniversite Oyunları madalyalı Türk sporcular
Dünya Üniversite Oyunları madalyalı atletler
Fenerbahçe SK atletleri

Zeki Öztürk


O clique lateral alveolar, representado por  no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional, é formado por meio de um clique ao liberar uma corrente de ar na lateral da língua. O órgão é articulado próximo à porção superior da arcada alveolar. É produzido comumente por línguas coissãs e bantas. Ademais, há registros do uso para chamar cavalos na Europa Ocidental.

Bibliografia

Fonética

Clique lateral alveolar


Niels "Aars" Jensen (født 1603 i Aars, død 16. maj 1672 i Viborg) var en anset rektor og magister på Viborg Skole i 1600-tallet. Han blev jævnlig omtalt som Aars, efter sin fødeby af samme navn.

Jensen blev i 1623 student fra Viborg skole. I 1635 blev han rektor på selv samme skole indtil sin død 37 år senere, hvilket betød at han var rektor lige så længe som sine tolv forgængere tilsammen. To år efter at være tiltrådt som rektor, tog han i 1637 magistergraden.

Kilder
 Niels Jensen - Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, 3. udg., Gyldendal 1979-84

Danskere i 1600-tallet

Niels "Aars" Jensen


Thomas Fawcett, né le  à Scargill (Yorkshire) et mort le  à Carleton-sur-Mer, est un ingénieur britannique.

Biographie

Arpenteur (1876), il travaille à partir de 1877 comme ingénieur topographe du Dominion et exerce comme  à Dawson City de 1897 à 1899.

Directeur temporaire de l'administration du Klondike au début de la ruée, il est accusé de garder les détails des nouvelles concessions et autorise ce que l'historienne Kathryn Winslow qualifie de  à régner dans le bureau d'enregistrement des concessions. Le problème prend de telles proportions que certains prospecteurs évoquent le renversement de l'administration par la force.

À la suite d'une campagne, en partie menée par la presse locale, Fawcett est relevé de ses fonctions par le gouvernement canadien. Son successeur est le major James Morrow Walsh.

Jules Verne le mentionne sous le nom de , dans son roman Le Volcan d'or (partie 1, chapitre XI).

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 The Canadian Surveyor, volume 36, 1982,

Liens externes
 Photographie

Ingénieur britannique
Naissance en octobre 1848
Naissance dans le Yorkshire
Décès en novembre 1920
Décès à 72 ans

Thomas Fawcett


Le Couvent des Franciscains de Limbourg est une ancienne abbaye franciscaine à Limbourg-sur-la-Lahn, dans le land de Hesse et le diocèse de Limbourg.

Histoire
Vers 1232, les franciscains s'installent à Limbourg et en 1252 ils occupent une église en bois. L'église est reconstruite au début du  grâce aux dons au monastère de riches citoyens du Limbourg. Lors des mouvements de réforme de l'ordre franciscain au , les franciscains limbourgeois rejoignent les Observants plus stricts et, en 1485, transfèrent l'intégralité de leurs biens à l'archevêque de Trèves Jean II de Bade en 1458. La Réforme protestante conduit à la fermeture du monastère entre 1577 et 1582. Au , le couvent connaît un essor important, ce qui le conduit à acquérir les jardins et les maisons environnantes du côté sud du Roßmarkt et le long des murs de la ville. À partir de 1625, le couvent du Limbourg appartenait à la province franciscaine de Saxe renouvelée et en 1635, il vient à la nouvelle province franciscaine de Thuringe ; le noviciat appartient au couvent qui dirige une école latine, une brasserie (1713) et une draperie et teinturerie (1713).

Le monastère franciscain ferme en 1813 dans le cadre de la sécularisation. L'église est prise en charge par l'État et déclarée église de ville en 1820. À partir de 1794, des parties du monastère abritent le tribunal électoral de Trèves, qui avait fui les Français de Coblence. Entre 1809 et 1822, il sert de recette officielle avec résidence officielle pour le bailli ducal jusqu'au déménagement à Erbach. Entre 1816 et 1830, l'aile est et sud-est du couvent dissous abrite l'atelier monétaire de Nassau avec un appartement pour le maître de la Monnaie. Depuis 1827, le diocèse de Limbourg, fondé cette année-là, utilise l'ensemble du bâtiment comme résidence de l'évêque et de l'administration diocésaine.

Architecture
En 1742, l'église est reconstruite dans le style baroque. Devant la façade ouest de l'église et du monastère se trouvait une cour fortifiée dans laquelle se trouvaient le cimetière et, à partir de 1670 environ jusqu'à la construction de l'auditorium (1744-1745), le lycée. La pièce maîtresse du complexe de bâtiments, construit sous sa forme actuelle entre 1737 et 1743, est l'ancien cloître médiéval au sud de l'église. Une longue aile allongée au sud et une extension en angle à l'est sont créées à la suite d'une transformation complète des bâtiments précédents. Les ailes sont chacune à trois étages avec des axes de fenêtres pairs et de hauts toits mansardés ou à pignon, seules les parties nord et ouest sont à deux étages. La façade donnant sur la Bischofsplatz présente sept axes de fenêtres avec de simples cadres en pierre de taille et un toit en mansarde avec des fenêtres. La clé de voûte diamantée du portail porte l'année 1738. Les bâtiments de l'époque baroque furent exécutés dans des formes très simples, les formes décoratives et les salles représentatives furent largement évitées. Les voûtes gothiques du cloître sont remplacées par des voûtes en berceau baroques. Au rez-de-chaussée de l'angle sud-ouest de la place du cloître, deux profondes voûtes d'ogives gothiques furent enlevés, faisant probablement autrefois partie de l'ancienne brasserie médiévale du monastère. Au total, trois caves voûtées en berceau proviennent probablement également de l'ancien bâtiment. L'enceinte a existé jusqu'en 1808, date à laquelle elle fut démolie pour créer l'actuelle Bischofsplatz.

Outre les petits vestiges de la décoration intérieure aux couleurs vives de la phase de rénovation, des meubles médiévaux et baroques (coffres, placards, tableaux et sculptures) et l'escalier principal en marbre à trois volées à balustres obliques du  sont conservés dans les locaux. En 1930, quelques modifications sont apportées, au cours desquelles l'entrée de la cour est décorée d'un haut-relief de Georges à cheval, conçu par Arnold Hensler en 1932.

Références

Abbaye fondée dans la décennie 1230
Abbaye en Hesse
Couvent franciscain en Allemagne
CouventLimbourg
Abbatiale reconstruite au XIVe siècle
Abbaye désaffectée au XVIe siècle
Abbaye transformée au XVIIe siècle
Abbaye transformée au XVIIIe siècle
CouventLimbourg
CouventLimbourg
Abbaye désaffectée au XIXe siècle
Couvent devenu bâtiment public
Couvent devenu bâtiment clérical
CouventLimbourg

Couvent des Franciscains de Limbourg


An Deuterocohnia in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Deuterocohnia in nahilalakip ha familia nga Bromeliaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Deuterocohnia

Deuterocohnia


Lauren Groff (nascida em 23 de julho de 1978) é uma romancista e contista americana. Ela escreveu quatro romances e duas coleções de contos, incluindo Destinos e Fúrias (2015), Florida (2018) e Matrix (2021).

Infância e formação
Groff nasceu e foi criada em Cooperstown, Nova York . Ela se formou no Amherst College e na University of Wisconsin-Madison com mestrado em Literatura Inglesa.

Carreira
O primeiro romance de Groff, The Monsters of Templeton, foi publicado pela Hyperion em 5 de fevereiro de 2008 e estreou na lista dos mais vendidos do New York Times . Foi bem recebido por Stephen King, que o leu antes da publicação e escreveu uma crítica inicial na Entertainment Weekly . O romance foi indicado para o Prêmio Orange para Novos Escritores em 2008 e nomeado um dos Melhores Livros de 2008 pela Amazon.com e pelo San Francisco Chronicle .

The Monsters of Templeton é um conto contemporâneo sobre voltar para casa em Templeton, uma representação ficcional de sua cidade natal, Cooperstown, Nova York . É intercalado com vozes de personagens extraídos da história da cidade, bem como o clássico The Pioneers, de James Fenimore Cooper, que também se passa em uma Cooperstown fictícia chamada Templeton.

A primeira coleção de contos de Groff, Delicate Edible Birds, foi lançada em janeiro de 2009. Apresentava histórias publicadas no The New Yorker, The Atlantic, Five Points, Plowshares e nas antologias Best New American Voices 2008, Pushcart Prize XXXII e Best American Short Stories 2007, 2010 e 2014 editions.

O segundo romance de Groff, Arcadia, foi lançado em 2012 e conta a história da primeira criança nascida em uma comuna fictícia dos anos 1960 no interior do estado de Nova York. Um best-seller do New York Times e Booksense, recebeu amplamente críticas favoráveis, incluindo do New York Times Sunday Book Review, The Washington Post, e The Miami Herald . O romance foi reconhecido como um dos melhores livros de 2012 pelo The New York Times, The Washington Post, NPR, Vogue, The Globe and Mail, Christian Science Monitor, e Comentários de Kirkus .

Seu terceiro romance, Destinos e Fúrias, foi lançado em 2015 e também foi um best-seller do New York Times e Booksense. O romance é um retrato de um casamento de 24 anos sob dois pontos de vista, primeiro o do marido e depois o da esposa. Foi nomeado para o National Book Award for Fiction de 2015, o National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction de 2015, e foi apresentado em várias listas de ficção "Melhores de 2015", incluindo a seleção da Amazon.com como o Melhor Livro de 2015. O presidente dos Estados Unidos Barack Obama o escolheu como seu livro favorito de 2015.

Em 2017, a Granta Magazine nomeou Groff como um dos melhores jovens romancistas americanos de sua geração. Em 2018, ela recebeu uma bolsa Guggenheim de ficção.

O quinto livro de Groff, uma coleção de contos intitulada Florida, foi lançado em 2018. Flórida foi o vencedor do The Story Prize para coleções de contos publicadas em 2018. Também foi finalista do National Book Award for Fiction de 2018 . O Guardian chamou a narrativa de Groff de "uma resistência heróica contra a maneira como vivemos agora, contra o desperdício, contra os ambientes artificiais nos quais nos encontramos mantidos por corporações, mas igualmente contra as pressões sobre as mulheres para serem mães, esposas, irmãs perfeitas e sem esforço., amantes, amigos, dentro deste terrível estado de coisas."

O quarto romance de Groff, Matrix, foi lançado em 2021. Matrix é sobre uma " Marie de France de dezessete anos ... enviada à Inglaterra para ser a nova prioresa de uma abadia empobrecida, suas freiras à beira da fome e assoladas por doenças". O Observer chamou de "uma peça estranha e poética de ficção histórica ambientada em uma abadia onírica, a biografia fictícia de um místico do século XII". Matrix foi indicado para o Prêmio Nacional do Livro de Ficção de 2021 e a Medalha Andrew Carnegie de Excelência em Ficção de 2022 .

Bibliografia

romances

 Os Monstros de Templeton (William Heinemann, 2008, )
 Arcádia (Hachette, 2012, )
 Destinos e Fúrias (William Heinemann, 2015, )
 Matrix (William Heinemann, 2021, See More )

Contos

Coleções

 Aves comestíveis delicadas (2009)
 Flórida (Nova York: Riverhead Books, 2018,)

Ligações externas

 Website oficial

Alunos da Universidade do Wisconsin-Madison
Alunos do Amherst College
Mulheres romancistas dos Estados Unidos

Lauren Groff


Les  sont une classe de foraminifères.

Liste des sous-taxons
Selon WoRMS (site visité le 2 mai 2022), la classe compte les sous-taxons suivants:
 sous-classe des Hormosinana Mikhalevich, 1992
 super-famille des Cribratinoidea Loeblich & Tappan, 1984
 sous-ordre des Hormosinina Haeckel, 1894
 sous-classe des Nodosariana Mikhalevich, 1992
 ordre des Delosinida Revets, 1989, emend. Mikhalevich, 2014
 ordre des Lagenida Delage & Hérouard, 1896
 ordre des Nodosariida Calkins, 1926
 ordre des Polymorphinida Mikhalevich, 1980
 ordre des Vaginulinida Mikhalevich, 1993

Bibliographie
  Mikhalevich V.I., 1993. New higher taxa of the subclass Nodosariata (Foraminifera). Zoosystematica Rossica. 2: 5-8.
  Rigaud S., Vachard D., Schlagintweit F. & Martini R., 2015. New lineage of Triassic aragonitic Foraminifera and reassessment of the class Nodosariata. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14(11): 919-938., .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Classe de protistes (nom scientifique)
Taxon décrit en 1992

Nodosariata


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Jasenie enthält die acht nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Jasenie im Okres Brezno.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

!
Jasenie


Christian Kappe (* 1971 in Paderborn) ist ein deutscher Jazzmusiker (Trompete, Flügelhorn), Komponist, Arrangeur und Musikpädagoge.

Leben und Wirken

Kappe studierte Jazztrompete mit klassischem Nebenfach am Koninklijk Conservatorium Den Haag und am Rotterdams Conservatorium bei Ack van Rooyen, Jarmo Hoogendijk, Eric Vloeimans und At van Zon, wo er 1997 als Diplom-Instrumentalmusikpädagoge abschloss. Ein Jahr später legte er außerdem auch das Konzertexamen ab. Weiteren Unterricht erhielt er in Meisterkursen u. a. bei Uli Beckerhoff, John Abercrombie, Markus Stockhausen, John Taylor und Kenny Wheeler. Eine seine ersten Stationen war 1994–1997 das Bundesjazzorchester unter der Leitung von Peter Herbolzheimer.

Im Rahmen eines Stipendiums 1995 erhielt er Theorie- und Kompositionsunterricht bei Ed Tomassi und Greg Hopkins am Berklee College of Music in Boston und konnte in renommierten Berklee-Ensembles mitwirken. Mit dem Florian Zenker-Christian Kappe 4 tet gewann er den Internationalen Niederländischen Nachwuchswettbewerb 1997 in Leeuwarden und veröffentlichte mit dem 4 tet mehrere Alben. Er konzertierte u. a. auf dem North Sea Jazz Festivalv und den Jazzfestivals in Bogotá, Leverkusen, Warschau, Madrid und Moskau. Beim Internationalen Jazzwettbewerb in Bilbao (Spanien) gewann er 1999 eine CD-Produktion und wurde vom Publikum zum besten Solisten gewählt. In den vergangenen Jahren spielte Kappe unter der Leitung von Slide Hampton, Hugh Fraser und Ian McDougall in Big Bands in Vancouver und Victoria, Kanada. Mit dem Christof Griese –Christian Kappe Quintett, gewann Kappe 2005 den ersten Preis beim Jazz & Blues Award in Berlin. Mit dem Brenken – Kappe Quartett gewann Kappe den 1. Preis beim Jazzpreis Ruhr 2011.

Kappe unterrichtet an der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg die Fächer Jazztrompete, Ensembleleitung, Ensemblespiel und leitet die Uni Big Band Oldenburg. Außerdem lehrt Kappe an der Musikhochschule Münster und dem Institut für Musikpädagogik der Universität Münster und an der Schule für Musik im Kreis Warendorf. Von 2000 bis 2005 unterrichtete Kappe an der Hochschule für Musik und Theater "Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy" Leipzig. Neben den Unterrichtsfächern Trompete, Improvisation, Ensemble, Big Band, Improvisation und Musikgeschichte hält Kappe auch verschiedene Workshops in Deutschland und in Los Angeles ab. Seit der Gründung 2009 leitete Christian Kappe UniJAZZIty, das Kinder- und Jugendjazzorchester Westfalen (WDR Jazzpreis 2016) und legte diese Tätigkeit zum Sommer 2022 nieder.

Zusätzlich zu seinem Spiel mit der Band des Percussionisten Trilok Gurtu und der Organistin Barbara Dennerlein ist Kappe auch festes Mitglied der Band "Hotlips" von Jasper van't Hof. Weitere Formationen sind das Marc Brenken–Christian Kappe Quartett, das Trio 'Cartouche' mit Philipp van Endert (Gitarre) und André Nendza (Bass) sowie seit 2009 das Trio 'Christian Kappe & Cru Sauvage' mit Kai Brückner (Gitarre) und Burkhard Jasper (Piano). Außerdem ist Kappe häufiger mit der Gruppe der Sängerin Eda Zari und dem Percussionisten Rhani Krija aktiv.

Kappe wirkte auch bei verschiedenen "Lyrik & Jazz"–Produktionen, u. a. mit Peter Rühmkorf (ECM) und der RBB-Produktion vom "Tim Sund & The Mightiest Ever" mit. Die Fachzeitschrift Jazzpodium bezeichnete Kappe als einen der besten Jazztrompeter in Deutschland.

Kappe lebt in Münster und ist mit Amelia Deuchert – Kappe verheiratet.

Diskographie (Auswahl)
 Christian Kappe & Cru Sauvage: Volume 1 mit Burkhard Jasper & Kai Brückner
 Philipp van Endert & Cartouche
 Jasper van't Hof: Live At Quasimodo
 Jasper van't Hof: Neverneverland
 Tim Sund: Butterfly Effect, The Music Of Herbie Hancock
 Peter Rühmkorf: Jazz & Lyrik, Hoffmann & Campe / ECM
 Christian Kappe & Cru Sauvage: Heinrich Schürmann 'Ick' (Jazz & Lyrik) mit Georg Bühren und Hannes Demming
 Marc Brenken & Christian Kappe 4tet: More Short Stories
 Niko Schäuble: Es Geht!
 Christof Griese – Christian Kappe Quintett: Floating
 Marc Brenken – Christian Kappe Quartett: Eight Short Storys
 K. Stephanie: A Word Before You Go
 Hans – Martin Limberg & Christian Kappe: Cosmic Waltz
 Jazz & Lyrik: August Stramm, Andreas Ramstein, Marc Brenken, Christian Kappe
 Jazz & Lyrik: Reinhard Döhl mit Andreas Ramstein, Christian Kappe, Marc Brenken
 Florian Zenker/Christian Kappe 4tet: It's Green
 Florian Zenker/ Christian Kappe 4tet: Getxo Jazz '99
 Bujazzo mit Peter Herbolzheimer: Focus on Vocals
 UniJAZZity: Hit The Ground
 UniJAZZity: Get In Line

Weblinks
 Website
 https://www.uni-muenster.de/Musikhochschule/kollegium_popularmusik.html

 https://www.kulturgut-nottbeck.de/extra/unijazzity/ UniJAZZity
 http://www.jazzhalo.be/interviews/christian-kappe-im-gespraech-mit-dem-trompeter-und-fluegelhornisten/
 https://www.schulefuermusik-waf.de/musikschule/lehrkraefte/trompete/christian-kappe
 jazz-kalender.de
 https://uol.de/musik/das-institut
 https://www.kulturgut-nottbeck.de/extra/unijazzity/

Jazz-Trompeter
Komponist (Jazz)
Arrangeur
Komponist (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1971
Mann

Christian Kappe


Legiunea Sham (în , translit. Faylaq al-Sham), este o alianță de grupări islamiste sunite rebele formată cu scopul de a consolida puterea islamiștilor sirieni nealiniați al-Qaeda în timpul Războiului Civil Sirian. Alianța a fost inițial alcătuită din 19 grupuri diferite, unele din ele afiliate anterior Frăției Musulmane din Siria și Scuturilor Consiliului Revoluției.

Istoric
Pe 26 aprilie 2015, împreună cu alte grupări rebele din Alep, Legiunea Sham a stabilit consiliul comun de comandă Fatah Halab.

Între 2014 și 2016, Legiunea Sham a fost unul din grupurile sprijinite de Statele Unite și a primit din partea acestora rachete antitanc BGM-71 TOW.

Gruparea a luat parte la intervenția militară turcă în Siria, care a început pe 24 august 2016 și a avut drept scop alungarea Forțelor Democratice Siriene și a militanților Statului Islamic din nordul Guvernoratului Alep. Ca urmare a campaniei, Legiunea Sham a devenit implicată în conflictul dintre diferitele facțiuni ale Armatei Siriene Libere pro-turce. Pe 30 mai 2017, după intensificarea conflictului inter-rebel din nordul Alepului, Legiunea Sham a expulzat din rândurile sale Brigada Nordului și pe comandantul său, căpitanul Mustafa Rami al-Kuja. Legiunea Sham, împreună cu alte șase grupări rebele ale Armatei Siriene Libere pro-turce, a format Blocul Victoriei, în iunie 2017, în timp ce Brigada Nordului Liber, anterior parte a Brigăzii al-Tawhid, s-a alăturat Legiunii Sham pe 16 iunie 2017.

Legiunea a luat de asemenea parte la intervenția militară a Turciei în Afrin din 2018, comandantul său suprem, maiorul Yasser Abdul Rahim, fiind un "membru cheie" al comandamentului Operațiunii "Ramura de măslin". Yasser a declarat că ofensiva împotriva Forțelor Democratice Siriene din Regiunea Afrin are drept scop "eliberarea teritoriului de toate felurile de terorism și protejarea civililor, arabi și kurzi", iar Armata Siriană Liberă pro-turcă va încerca să evite pierderile în rândul civililor.

Note

Legături externe

YouTube:  Canalul Legiunii Sham

Armata Siriană Liberă
Fondări în 2014
Facțiuni antiguvernamentale ale Războiului Civil Sirian

Legiunea Sham


Lucas Janus Ravn-Haren (født 13. oktober 1997) er en dansk fodboldspiller, der spiller for Fremad Amager.

Han er søn af tidligere Lyngby Boldklub- og F.C. København-spiller Piotr Haren og barnebarn af Janusz Andrzej Haren, som blandt andet spillede for Widzew Lodz og B.93 samt Polens fodboldlandshold.

Karriere
Haren spillede i FC Nordsjællands ungdomsafdeling i tre år.

Haren skiftede i sommeren 2016 fra FC Nordsjælland til Hellerup IK i et ønske om at spille seniorfodbold, som kun i et begrænset omfang var muligt i FC Nordsjælland. Han skrev under på en etårig kontrakt.

Randers FC
Hellerup IK spillede pokalkamp mod Randers FC den 11. oktober, hvor Haren gjorde sig positivt bemærket, og en måneds tid senere var han til prøvetræning i Randers FC. Dette resulterede i, at han den 8. december 2016 skiftede til klubben, hvor han skrev under på en toårig kontrakt.

Haren fik sin debut for Randers FC den 15. marts 2017. Han startede på bænken, men erstattede Marvin Pourié i det 89. minut i en 1-0-sejr over SønderjyskE i DBU Pokalen. Debuten i Superligaen kom den 19. marts 2017, da han blev skiftet ind i det 90. minut som erstatning for Johnny Thomsen i et 1-0-nederlag til SønderjyskE.

Grundet manglende spilletid ophævede Haren og Randers FC den 11. april 2018 samarbejdet. Han spillede samlet set syv kampe for klubben i alle officielle turneringer.

Hellerup IK
Han trænede herefter i den resterende del af turneringen med i sin gamle klub, HIK. Han skiftede sidenhen til Hellerup IK, for hvem han spillede sin første officielle kamp i 2. division efter sin tilbagevenden den 4. august 2018, som endte 1-1 mod Vanløse IF.

Efter en halv sæson i Hellerup IK forlod han klubben ved udgangen af 2018.

FC Helsingør
Den 4. december 2018 blev det offentliggjort, at Haren skiftede til FC Helsingør. Han skrev under på en aftale gældende frem til sommeren 2021.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
Lucas Haren på transfermarkt.com

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra FC Nordsjælland
Fodboldspillere fra Hellerup IK
Fodboldspillere fra Randers FC
Fodboldspillere fra FC Helsingør

Lucas Haren


La Coopérative pour le développement du Congo (CODECO) est une faction armée de la république démocratique du Congo active dans le conflit d'Ituri, composée en majorité de peuples de la communauté Lendu (l'un des groupes ethniques de la région).

Le groupe est formé dans les années 1970. À l'origine c'est une coopérative agricole de Lendus de la province de l'Ituri.

Pendant le conflit d'Ituri (1999-2003), la Codeco s'oppose militairement aux Hima, un groupe ethnique local d'éleveurs.

Après le conflit d'Ituri, la Codeco ne désarme pas mais se met en sommeil. Elle reprend ses activités armées à partir de 2018 pour s'opposer aux Hima.

En , la Codeco et le gouvernement congolais négocient et signent une paix, mais les combats continuent malgré tout.

La Codeco est notamment impliquée dans le massacre de Plaine Savo, le .

La Codeco exploite plusieurs carrières d'or en Ituri.

À partir de , la Codeco augmente les attaques contre les FARDC, l'armée congolaise. Le , une attaque de la Codeco tue 15 militaires des FARDC et 7 miliciens de la Codeco dans le territoire de Djugu, en Ituri. Le , au moins 15 personnes sont tuées dans le territoire de Mahagi dans des attaques sur 5 villages différents. Ces attaques sont imputées à la Codeco. Le , la Codeco attaque une base des FARDC dans le territoire de Mahagi et tue 7 personnes (5 enfants et 2 femmes). Le , la Codeco mutile et tue au moins 46 personnes dans le camp de réfugiés de Lala près de Bule dans le territoire de Djugu. Il est possible que ce massacre soit une vengeance après l'assassinat de 5 Lendus par la milice « Zaïre » ce même mois.

Notes et références

Faction armée en république démocratique du Congo
Ituri


Cosmin Contra (d. 19 Aralık 1975, Timişoara) Rumen eski futbolcu, teknik direktör.

Futbolculuk kariyeri
1993'te Politehnica Timişoara'da profesyonel futbola başladı. Daha sonra Dinamo București bu futbolcuyu keşfetti ve 1996'da bu takıma transfer oldu. 1999 yılına kadar bu takımda oynadı. Yeni sezona İspanyol takımı Deportivo Alavés'le girdi. 2001'de büyük umutlarla İtalyan takımı Milan'a transfer oldu. 29 maçta 3 gol atarak Milan'la iyi 2 sezon geçirdikten sonra 2002-03 sezonuna Atlético Madrid'e transfer olarak girdi. West Bromwich Albion'a sonra da FCU Politehnica Timişoara'ya kiralandı. 2005'te Getafe'ye gitti ve umduğunu bu takımda buldu. Son olarak FCU Politehnica Timişoara takımına geri döndü ve futbolu burada bıraktı. Millî takım kariyerinde ise 54 maç oldu ve 5 gol kaydetti.

Dış bağlantılar

1975 doğumlular
Temeşvar doğumlular
Rumen futbolcular
Rumen teknik direktörler
Romanya millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Defans futbolcuları
Orta saha futbolcuları
Liga I futbolcuları
FC Dinamo București futbolcuları
La Liga futbolcuları
Deportivo Alavés futbolcuları
Atlético Madrid futbolcuları
Getafe CF futbolcuları
Serie A futbolcuları
AC Milan futbolcuları
Premier League futbolcuları
West Bromwich Albion FC futbolcuları
2000 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
Rumen gurbetçi futbolcular
İspanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
İtalya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
İngiltere'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
Rumen gurbetçi teknik direktörler
İspanya'daki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
İspanya'daki Rumen gurbetçiler
İtalya'daki Rumen gurbetçiler
İngiltere'deki Rumen gurbetçiler
FC Politehnica Timișoara teknik direktörleri
Getafe CF teknik direktörleri
La Liga teknik direktörleri
Çin'deki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
FC Dinamo București teknik direktörleri
FC Politehnica Timișoara futbolcuları
Liga II futbolcuları
İspanya vatandaşlığına kabul edilenler
Romanya millî futbol takımı teknik direktörleri
Romanya 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
La Liga 2 teknik direktörleri

Cosmin Contra


Ögeday veya Ogeday (7 Kasım 1186 - 11 Aralık 1241), Cengiz Han'ın oğullarından biri ve halefi. Cengiz Han'dan sonra Moğol İmparatoru olmuş ve babasının yarım bıraktığı istilaları ve devlet düzenlemesini tamamlamıştır.

Gençliği
Ögeday 7 Kasım 1186'da Cengiz Han'ın üçüncü oğlu olarak dünyaya gelmiştir, annesi Börte'dir. 17 yaşına geldiği zaman babasının Jamuka ile olan savaşlarından bir tanesinden ağır şekilde yaralandı ve savaş alanında kayboldu. Babası ve amcası olan Borokhul onu kurtarmaya muvaffak olmuştu. 1204'de Merkit kabilesinden olan Töregene ile evlendi.

Büyük Han olması
Cengiz Han, Harzemşah istilalarından önce başına bir şey gelirse önlem amaçlı tahtın varisini belirlemek istemişti. Cuci ve Çağatay'ın kavgaları sonunda ikisi anlaşarak Ögeday'ı varis gösterdiler, Cengiz Han bunu onayladı. 1227 yılında Cengiz Han öldü ve büyük oğlu Cuci'de babasından bir yıl önce ölmüştü. Tuluy, Moğol tahtında naip olarak göreve başlamıştı. 1229 Kurultayı kararlarında Ögeday, Ulu Han seçildi. Çağatay ve Tuluy abilerini desteklemeye devam etti.

Büyük Moğol istilalarının devamı

Gürcistan ve Kafkasya istilaları
Ana madde: Gürcistan ve Kafkasya'nın Moğollar tarafından istilası

Cormagon Noyan'ın komutasındaki ordu 1232'de Kafkasya'ya geri gelmişti. 1235 yılında Moğollar, Gence'yi istila ettiler. Daha sonrasında Erbil'i kuşattılar. Erbil halkı Moğollara haraç vermeyi kabul edince Cormagon 1238 yılına kadar buraya dokunmadı. Günümüz Ermenistan topraklarının büyük bir bölümünü imha eden ordu, Tiflis'e yöneldi ve aynı yıl burayı da aldı. Daha sonraları Lorhe'ye ilerlediler. Şehrin şahı Moğolların geldiğini haber alınca kaçmıştı ve bu zengin şehri Moğolların insafına bırakmıştı. Her ne kadar müdafaa da bulunduysalar da şehrin garnizonu, Hasan Celalyan, Moğol vassallığını kabul etmişti. 1240 yılında Cormagon güney Kafkasya'nın işgalini tamamlamıştı. Birçok Gürcü soylusu teslimiyetlerini bildirmişti.

Orta doğu ilerleyişi
Ana madde: Harzemşahların Moğollar tarafından istilası & Celaleddin Harzemşah

Harzemşahlar Devletinin Cengiz Han tarafından imha edilmesinden ve İndus Muharebesinden sonra Celaleddin Harzemşah büyük uğraşlar sonucu etrafında bir ordu toplamış ve bu orduyla kaybedilen toprakların yarısı kadarı tekrar elde edilmişti. Moğollar bunun haberini almışlardı fakat kendi içlerinde oluşan gelişmeler sonucu bunlarla uğraşırken buraya vakit ayıramadı. Ögeday'ın Ulu Han seçilmesinden sonra onun başkanlığında gerçekleştirilen toplantıda Harzemşahların ortadan kaldırılması kararlaştırıldı. 1228 yılında Cormagon Noyan'ın başını çektiği Moğol ordusu ile Harzemşah ordusu İsfahan'da karşı karşıya gelmişti. Yapılan savaşta Moğollar zafer elde etmiş ve İran topraklarının tamamını Celaleddin'in elinden almıştı. Daha sonralarında Harzemşahlar devleti de Moğollar tarafından tamamen talan edilmişti.

Jin hanedanlığının imhası
Ana madde: Moğolların Çin istilaları & Moğol istilaları

1230 yılının sonlarına doğru, Jin ordularının Moğollara karşı mağlubiyetleri sonun başlangıcıydı. Ögeday'ın bizzat başında bulunduğu ordu Şansi'ye ulaştı. Tuluy Han'da bu sefere katılmıştı. Fengxian şehri'de bir müddet sonra Moğollar tarafından düşürüldü. Yaz ayının sonrasında Moğollar kuzeyden Henan şehrine saldırdılar ve Jin'in güney ile olan bağlantısını kopardılar. 1232'de Moğollar Jin İmparatorluğunun başkenti Kaifengi kuşatma altına aldılar. Ögeday kuşatmayı noyanlarına bırakarak Karakurum'a döndü. Kısa süre sonra neredeyse Çin'in tamamı Moğolların eline düştü.

Kore istilaları
1224 yılında bir Moğol kervanı Kore'de öldürülmüş ve Kore bir anda vergi ödemeyi bıraktı. Ögeday güvendiği komutanlarından biri olan Saritai'yi bölgeye yolladı. Ordunun görevi Kore'yi imparatorluğa bağlamaktı. 1231'de Moğolların Kore'ye gelmesi ile istila başlamıştı. Goryoe Krallığı, Moğollara itaat etti ve vergi ödemeyi kabul etti. Fakat krallığın diktatörlerinden olan Choe U başkenti taşıyarak Moğollara karşı savaşmaya karar verdi ve Moğol işgal birliği komutanı Saritai'yi öldürmüştü. Daha sonralarında Danqu komutan olarak seçildi ve işgalin başına kondu. Moğol ordusunun acımasız ilerleyişi karşısında 1241 yılında bütün Kore işgale uğradı.

Avrupa istilası
Ana madde: Avrupa'nın Moğollar tarafından istilası

Batu Han'ın emrindeki Moğol ordusu Doğu Avrupa'yı işgal etmek için harekete geçmişti. Rusya, Macaristan, Bulgaristan ve Polonya gibi devletler feci bir şekilde istilaya uğradı. Sırbistan, Latin İmparatorluğu ve Avusturya'da bu istiladan nasibini almıştı. Güyük'ün oğullarından birisi Batu ile alay etmişti ve Moğol kampında anlaşmazlıklar baş gösterdi. Batu sonrasında Güyük'ü sert bir şekilde eleştirdi: "Ordundaki bütün askerlerinin gururunu kırdın...Sen Rusların orduna bu kadar sert olduğun için sana teslim olacağını mı düşündün?" Daha sonra Güyük Avrupa istilalarına dönerek görevine devam etti. Ögeday'ın oğlu Kadan ise Transilvanya'ya ve Polonya'ya saldırıda bulundu. Her ne kadar Ögeday Avrupa'nın Atlantik Okyanusuna kadarki kısmının işgali için izin verse de bu hiçbir zaman olmadı çünkü Ögeday'ın 1241'deki ölümü sonucu ordular Karakurum'a dönmek zorunda kaldı.

Hindistan istilaları
Ana madde: Hindistan'ın Moğollar tarafından istilası

Ögeday ilk olarak Kunduz bölgesinin ele geçirilmesini emretmişti. 1241 kışında Moğollar İndus vadisini tamamen aldı ve yönlerini Delhi Sultanlığı'ndaki Lahor'a yönelttiler. Ancak seferin başındaki Moğol kumandanı şehre yapılan saldırıda ölmüştü. 30 Aralık 1241'de Moğollar şehirdeki bütün insanları öldürdüler. 1235 yılında bir Moğol kuvvetlerinin Keşmir'e yönelik saldırıları olduğu düşünülüyor.

Ölümü
Ögeday Han'ın 1241 yılında zehirlenerek öldüğü rivayet edilir.

Popüler kültürdeki yeri
TRT 1'de yayınlanmış olan Diriliş "Ertuğrul" dizisinde Ögeday Han, Kaan Çakır tarafından canlandırılmıştır.

Ailesi

Eşleri

 Borakçin Hatun
 Töregene Hatun (Moğol İmparatorluğu naipliği yapmıştır.)

Çocukları

 Güyük
 Kadan
 Huden
 Horaçar
 Haşi
 Melig
 Hoçu

Kaynakça

Büyük Hanlar
1186 doğumlular
1241 yılında ölenler
Tengrici hükümdarlar

Ögeday


Vila Marchi u gradiću Hvaru, Kroz Burak 63, predstavlja zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Neostilsku dvokatnicu s perivojem sredinom 19. stoljeća podigao je pomorski kapetan A. Vučetić koji se obogatio trgujući na Kineskom moru. Samostojeća građevina pravokutnog tlocrta s istaknutom središnjom osi glavnog, južnog, pročelja i betonskim ukrasima zaključena je četverovodnim krovom. Uz istočno pročelje je prigrađena terasa.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-6890 zavedena je pod vrstom "nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno", pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "stambene građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Hvaru

Vila Marchi u Hvaru


O Juramento de Fidelidade dos Estados Unidos é um verso patriótico recitado que promete fidelidade à bandeira e à república dos Estados Unidos da América. A primeira versão, com um texto diferente do usado atualmente, foi escrita em 1885 pelo capitão George Thatcher Balch, oficial do Exército da União na Guerra Civil que mais tarde escreveu um livro sobre como ensinar patriotismo a crianças em escolas públicas.

Em 1892, Francis Bellamy revisou o verso de Balch como parte de uma promoção de revista em torno da World's Columbian Exposition, que celebrou o 400º aniversário da chegada de Cristóvão Colombo às Américas. Bellamy, gerente de circulação da revista The Youth's Companion, ajudou a persuadir o presidente Benjamin Harrison a instituir o Dia de Colombo como feriado nacional e pressionou o Congresso para uma celebração nacional do dia. A revista enviou folhetos contendo parte do Juramento de Fidelidade de Bellamy para escolas de todo o país e em 21 de outubro de 1892, mais de 10 000 crianças recitaram o verso juntas.

O "Pledge of Allegiance" de Bellamy foi publicado pela primeira vez na edição de 8 de setembro de 1892 do The Youth's Companion como parte da Celebração da Escola Pública Nacional do Dia de Colombo, uma celebração do 400º aniversário de Cristóvão Colombo pela chegada nas Américas.

A versão do juramento de Bellamy é basicamente a mesma adotada formalmente pelo Congresso 50 anos depois, em 1942. O nome oficial de The Pledge of Allegiance foi adotado em 1945. A alteração mais recente de sua redação veio no Dia da Bandeira. (14 de junho) em 1954, quando as palavras "sob Deus" foram adicionadas.

Leitura adicional

 Baer, John W. (2007). The Pledge of Allegiance: A Revised History and Analysis, 1892–2007 (Free State Press, Inc.)  Excerpt, Chapter Eight: "Under God" and Other Questions About the Pledge.
 Ellis, Richard J. (2005). To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press)
 Leepson, Marc (2005). Flag: An American Biography (Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press)
 Kruse, Kevin M. (2015). One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America, Basic Books, .

Links externos

 Docherty's Sermon Manuscript, Feb. 7, 1954
 Minister Reprises "Under God" Sermon

História dos Estados Unidos

Juramento de fidelidade (EUA)