عبد الله بن فيصل الفرحان آل سعود هو أول وزراء الحرس الوطني في المملكة العربية السعودية .

سيرة
هو عبد الله بن فيصل بن تركي بن سعود بن إبراهيم بن عبد الله بن فرحان بن سعود بن محمد بن مقرن بن مرخان ابن إبراهيم بن موسى بن ربيعة بن مانع بن ربيعة المريدي.
ولد عام 1326 هـ في الرياض بنفس المكان الذي صُلي عليه، فقد تم شراء منزله لاحقًا ليتم ادخاله في توسعة جامع الرياض الكبير (جامع الإمام تركي بن عبد الله).
وقد نشأ يتيمًا مع شقيقه فهد في كنف والدتهم بعد أن قُتل والده في بداية فتوحات المملكة بمنطقة قريبة من الأحساء وهو في عمر سنتين، وقد وتولى الملك عبد العزيز آل سعود رعايتهم بالإضافة لتنشئتهم وتربيتهم من قبل والدتهم موضي بنت ناصر بن فرحان آل سعود ابنة المستشار أو العم ناصر وهي القاب أطلقها الملك عبد العزيز على والدها الذي عُرف بفروسيته وذكائه وهو أحد رجالات الملك عبد العزيز وأول أمير للمدينة المنورة وقُتل في حربه ضد ثورة النخاولة. وقد حرص الملك عبد العزيز على أن يلتقي أبنائه في كل يوم خميس مع عبد الله وشقيقه فهد.

تولى تدريبهم على الحروب أحد رجالات الملك عبد العزيز وهو مطلق بن عجيبان، وفي أول مشاركة له بالحروب كان يبلغ من العمر 15 سنة في معركة الرغامة ومن ثم حرب اليمن وقام بقيادة الجيش لاحقًا في العديد من معارك تأسيس المملكة مثل غزوة الريث وغيرها.

قام بتطبيق الحدود الشرعية وهو أول من طبق حد الحرابة بعد تأسيس المملكة ومما يعرف عنه بأنه حكم على شخص قام بسرقة أبل بعض المسافرين ونفذ فيه حد الحرابة وبعد فترة من الزمن قام المذكور بزيارة عبد الله ليشكره ويسلم عليه وهو مقطوع اليد وضل متصل على زيارته حتى توفي.

عاش آخر سنوات عمره في مزرعته الشهيرة (مشيرفة).

مناصبه الحكومية
 أمير منطقة القصيم من عام 1355 هـ - 1366 هـ
 رئيس الحرس الوطني من عام 1374 هـ - 1376 هـ

أبناؤه وبناته

 عبد العزيز (الأول) بن عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود (متوفى؛ وله أبناء).
 فرحان بن عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود (متوفى؛ وله أبناء).
 هند بنت عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود.
 منيرة بنت عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود. متزوجة من ناصر بن فهد بن فيصل الفرحان آل سعود.
 محمد بن عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود.
 سميرة بنت عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود (رئيسة جمعية أسر التوحد الخيرية ورئيسة الجمعية السعودية الخيرية للفصام).
 نورة بنت عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود.
 فيصل بن عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود.
 فهد بن عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود.
 عبد العزيز (الثاني) بن عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود (توفي في 10 مارس 2020).
 عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود (محافظ مدينة المجمعة).
 فيصل بن عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود.
 هدى بنت عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود.
 سعد بن عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود.
 موضي بنت عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود.
 فواز بن عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود.
 سعود بن عبد الله بن فيصل بن فرحان آل سعود.

وفاته
توفي عبد الله بن فيصل آل سعود في 29 شوال 1427 هـ الموافق 20 نوفمبر 2007 عن عمر ناهز 100 عام، وصلى عليه جمع كبير من محبيه بمدينة الرياض على بعد أمتار من موقع ولادته وتقدمهم سلطان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود ولي العهد في جامع الإمام تركي بن عبد الله.

مراجع

أمراء سعوديون
أمراء منطقة القصيم
وفيات 1427 هـ
رؤساء الحرس الوطني السعودي
مئويون سعوديون

عبد الله بن فيصل الفرحان آل سعود


Bruno Kremer, né le , est un céiste français de descente.

Carrière
Bruno Kremer est médaillé d'argent en C-1 classique par équipe avec Pascal Halko et Jean-Luc Bataille aux Championnats du monde de descente 1991 à Bovec.

Notes et références

Céiste français
Céiste de descente
Naissance en avril 1961

Bruno Kremer


Kamelljónið er lítið stjörnumerki á suðurhimni sem Petrus Plancius lýsti fyrstur á 16. öld.

Tenglar
 Kamelljónið á Stjörnufræðivefnum.

Stjörnumerki

Kamelljónið


Das Mietshaus Karl-May-Straße 2 steht in der Gemarkung Radebeul der sächsischen Stadt Radebeul.

Beschreibung
Das mit der Einfriedung denkmalgeschützte Mietshaus ist ein freistehendes, dreigeschossiges Mehrfamilienwohnhaus mit verbrochener Ecke und Vorgarten zur Straßenkreuzung Karl-May-Straße/Schildenstraße. Die als Risalit ausgebildete Gebäudeecke wird durch einen hohen Helm mit Laterne, Kugel und Wetterfahne betont. Seitlich davon befinden sich Giebel mit kleinen Obelisken. Vor den beiden Obergeschossen hängen vor der verbrochenen Ecke, ebenso wie vor den Gebäudefassaden zu den anliegenden Straßen, Balkone mit schmiedeeisernen Ziergittern. Auf der linken Gebäudekante in der Schildenstraße steht ein um 45-Grad-verdrehter, viergeschossiger Eckturm mit einem, gegenüber dem Helm des Eckrisalits niedrigeren, Zeltdach.

Das heute reduziert verputzte Gebäude steht auf einem Bruchsteinsockel, die Fassaden sind durch Betonwerkstein-Elemente gegliedert. Das Dach ist ziegelgedeckt. Die Fenster im Erdgeschoss sind segmentbogig, über den rechteckigen Fenstern der Obergeschosse befinden sich im ersten Stockwerk Dreiecksgiebelverdachungen. Das "städtisch wirkende[…] Haus inmitten der Villenbebauung" wurde "in freier Stilisierung der deutschen Renaissance" errichtet.

Die Einfriedung besteht aus einem Staketenzaun zwischen erneuerten Betonpfosten.

Geschichte
Im August 1896 stellte Anna Wilhelmine Schließer einen Bauantrag für ein Wohngebäude, das von Arthur B. Schließer realisiert werden sollte. Die zuständige Amtshauptmannschaft lehnte das Vorhaben jedoch ab, da "das Gebäude keinen villenartigen Baustyl hat, beziehendlich nicht den Charakter einer Villa zeigt, als die Höhe des Gebäudes die Straßenbreite übersteigt und als endlich in jedem Stockwerk vier Wohnungen projektirt sind".

Die Parzelle wurde 1899 durch den Bauunternehmer Paul Schadewitz übernommen, der unter Beibehaltung der Kubatur und nach Verbesserungen gestalterischer Art im Dezember 1899 einen neuen Bauantrag für das beschriebene Grundstück einreichte. Die Baugenehmigung erfolgte im Oktober 1900.

In dem Gebäude wohnte ab 1916 der Schriftsteller und Pädagoge Alwin Freudenberg; vorher hatte er ab 1902 in der Sidonienstraße 1 gewohnt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Kulturdenkmal in Radebeul
Wohngebäude in Radebeul
Erbaut in den 1900er Jahren
Neorenaissancebauwerk in Radebeul
Alt-Radebeul
Karl-May-Straße (Radebeul)

Mietshaus Karl-May-Straße 2 (Radebeul)


3908 Nyx is an Amor and Mars-crosser asteroid. It was discovered by Hans-Emil Schuster on August 6, 1980, and is named after Nyx, the Greek goddess of the night, after which Pluto's moon Nix is also named. It is 1–2 km in diameter and is a V-type asteroid, meaning that it may be a fragment of the asteroid 4 Vesta.

Observations
In 2000, radar observations conducted at the Arecibo and Goldstone observatories produced a model of Nyx's shape; the asteroid can best be described as spherical but with many protruding lumps.

Name
To avoid confusion with 3908 Nyx, Pluto's moon Nix was changed from the initial proposal of the classical spelling Nyx, to Nix.

See also
 3551 Verenia
 4 Vesta
 4055 Magellan
 HED meteorite
 V-type asteroid

References

External links

003908
Discoveries by Hans-Emil Schuster
Named minor planets
003908
003908
19800806
Nyx

3908 Nyx


En stackpointer er et særligt register på en cpu, der peger på toppen af maskinens stak. Der kan være særlige instruktioner som PUSH og POP med angivelse af bestemte registre. Når en sådan instruktion udføres, flyttes data mellem maskinens register eller registre og stakken, hvorpå stackpointeren justeres. Når en subrutine kaldes, så justeres stackpointeren også, mens returadressen lægges på stakken. Det er langt fra alle maskinarkitekturer, der har en stackpointer. Ellers kan man benytte et andet register til denne funktion.

Se også
 Indeksregister
 Akkumulator (processor)
 Maskinkode

Digitale hukommelser
Mikroprocessorer

Stackpointer


"The Sound of Silence" (originally "The Sounds of Silence") is a song by American music duo Simon & Garfunkel, written by Paul Simon. The duo's studio audition of the song led to a record deal with Columbia Records, and the original acoustic version was recorded in March 1964 at Columbia Studios in New York City for their debut album, Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M., released that October to disappointing sales.

In 1965, the song began to attract airplay at radio stations in Boston and throughout Florida. The growing airplay led Tom Wilson, the song's producer, to remix the track, overdubbing electric instruments and drums. This remixed version was released as a single in September 1965. Simon & Garfunkel were not informed of the song's remix until after its release. The remix hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending January 1, 1966, leading the duo to reunite and hastily record their second album, which Columbia titled Sounds of Silence in an attempt to capitalize on the song's success. The remixed single version of the song was included on this follow-up album. Later, it was featured in the 1967 film The Graduate and was included on the film's soundtrack album. It was additionally released on the Mrs. Robinson EP in 1968, along with three other songs from the film: "Mrs. Robinson", "April Come She Will", and "Scarborough Fair/Canticle".

"The Sound of Silence" was a top-ten hit in multiple countries worldwide, among them Australia, Austria, West Germany, Japan and the Netherlands. Generally considered a classic folk rock song, the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically important" in 2012, along with the rest of the Sounds of Silence album. Since its release, the song was included in later compilations, beginning with the 1972 compilation album Simon and Garfunkel's Greatest Hits.

Background

Origin and original recording

Simon and Garfunkel had become interested in folk music and the growing counterculture movement separately in the early 1960s. Having performed together previously under the name Tom and Jerry in the late 1950s, their partnership had since dissolved when they began attending college. In 1963, they regrouped and began performing Simon's original compositions locally in Queens. They billed themselves "Kane & Garr", after old recording pseudonyms, and signed up for Gerde's Folk City, a Greenwich Village club that hosted Monday night performances. In September 1963, the duo performed three new songs, among them "The Sound of Silence", getting the attention of Columbia Records producer Tom Wilson, a young African-American jazz musician who was also helping to guide Bob Dylan's transition from folk to rock. Simon convinced Wilson to let him and his partner have a studio audition; their  performance of "The Sound of Silence" got the duo signed to Columbia.

The song's origin and basis are unclear, with some thinking that the song commented on the assassination of John F. Kennedy, as the song was recorded three months after the assassination, though Simon & Garfunkel had performed the song live as Kane & Garr two months before the assassination.  Simon wrote "The Sound of Silence" when he was 21 years old, with Simon explaining that the song was written in his bathroom, where he turned off the lights to better concentrate. "The main thing about playing the guitar, though, was that I was able to sit by myself and play and dream. And I was always happy doing that. I used to go off in the bathroom, because the bathroom had tiles, so it was a slight echo chamber. I'd turn on the faucet so that water would run (I like that sound, it's very soothing to me) and I'd play. In the dark. 'Hello darkness, my old friend / I've come to talk with you again.'" According to Garfunkel, the song was first developed in November, but Simon took three months to perfect the lyrics, which he claims were entirely written on February 19, 1964. Garfunkel, introducing the song at a live performance (with Simon) in Harlem, June 1966, summed up the song's meaning as "the inability of people to communicate with each other, and not particularly internationally but especially emotionally, so that what you see around you is people who are unable to love each other."

In a memoir by Sandy Greenberg, Greenberg states he believes the song reflected the strong bond he had with his college best friend, Garfunkel, who adopted the epithet "Darkness" so as to empathise with Greenberg's sudden-onset blindness while in college, even though the song was written by Paul Simon.

To promote the release of their debut album, Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M., released on October 19, 1964, the duo performed again at Folk City, as well as two shows at the Gaslight Café, which went over poorly. Dave Van Ronk, a folk singer, was at the performances, and noted that several in the audience regarded their music as a joke. Sounds of Silence' actually became a running joke: for a while there, it was only necessary to start singing 'Hello darkness, my old friend ... ' and everybody would crack up." Wednesday Morning, 3 AM sold only 3,000 copies upon its October release, and its dismal sales led Simon to move to London. While there, he recorded a solo album, The Paul Simon Songbook (1965), which features a rendition of the song, titled "The Sound of Silence" (instead of "The Sounds of Silence", as on Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.).

The original recording of the song is in D♯ minor, using the chords D♯m, C♯, B and F♯. Simon plays a guitar with a capo on the sixth fret, using the shapes for Am, G, F and C chords. He provides the lower vocals for harmony while Garfunkel sings the melody. The vocal span goes from C♯3 to F♯4 in the song.

Remix

Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M. had been a commercial failure before producer Tom Wilson was alerted that radio stations had begun to play "The Sound of Silence" in spring 1965. A late-night disc jockey at WBZ in Boston began to spin "The Sound of Silence", where it found a college demographic. Students at Harvard and Tufts University responded well, and the song made its way down the east coast pretty much "overnight", "all the way to Cocoa Beach, Florida, where it caught the students coming down for spring break." A promotional executive for Columbia went to give away free albums of new artists, and beach-goers were interested only in the artists behind "The Sound of Silence". He phoned the home office in New York, alerting them of its appeal. An alternate version of the story states that Wilson attended Columbia's July 1965 convention in Miami, where the head of the local sales branch raved about the song's airplay.

Folk rock was beginning to make waves on pop radio, with songs like the Byrds' "Mr. Tambourine Man" charting high. Wilson listened to the song several times, considering it too soft for a wide release. Wilson had strong feeling about editing the song with explicit rock overtones. As stated by Geoffrey Himes, "If Columbia Records producer Tom Wilson hadn't taken the initiative, without the singers' knowledge, to dub a rock rhythm section over their folk rendition, the song never would have become a cultural touchstone—a generation's shorthand for alienation." Wilson had also experimented the previous December with overdubbing an electric band over acoustic tracks by Bob Dylan; these recordings were never officially released, as Dylan and Wilson opted to record new tracks with a live band for what would become the album Bringing It All Back Home.

On June 15, 1965, following sessions for Dylan's "Like a Rolling Stone", Wilson retained guitarist Al Gorgoni and drummer Bobby Gregg from the Dylan sessions, adding guitarist Vinnie Bell and bassist Bob Bushnell. The tempo on the original recording was uneven, making it difficult for the musicians to keep the song in time. Engineer Roy Halee employed a heavy echo on the remix, which was a common trait of the Byrds' hits. The single was first serviced to college FM rock stations, and a commercial single release followed on September 13, 1965. The lack of consultation with Simon and Garfunkel on the remix was because, although the duo was still contracted to Columbia Records, the duo was no longer a "working entity". It was not unusual for producers to add instruments or vocals to previous releases and re-release them as new products.

In the fall of 1965, Simon was in Denmark, performing at small clubs, and picked up a copy of Billboard, as he had routinely done for several years. Upon seeing "The Sound of Silence" in the Billboard Hot 100, he bought a copy of Cashbox and saw the same thing. Several days later, Garfunkel excitedly called Simon to inform him of the single's growing success. A copy of the 7-inch single arrived in the mail the next day, and according to friend Al Stewart, "Paul was horrified when he first heard it ... [when the] rhythm section slowed down at one point so that Paul and Artie's voices could catch up." Garfunkel was far less concerned about the remix, feeling conditioned to the process of trying to create a hit single: "It's interesting, I suppose it might do something, It might sell," he told Wilson.

Lyrics
The lyrics of the song are written in five stanzas of seven lines each. Each stanza begins with a couplet describing the setting of the scene, followed by a couplet driving the action forward and another couplet expressing the climactic thought of the verse, and closes with a one-line refrain referring to "the sound of silence". This structure is supported by a melodic contour, where the first and second lines are paired with the arpeggio A-C-E-D and a repeat a step lower, respectively. The arpeggio is then stretched to become C-E-G-A-G and repeated twice in the second couplet. For the last three lines, the contour then leaps from C to the higher A, rises to the higher C, and then falls back to the A before singing the stretched arpeggio in reverse and finally retreating to the lower A. The progress of the lyrics through its five stanzas places the singer into an incrementally increasing tension with an increasingly ambiguous "sound of silence". The irony of using the word "sound" to describe silence in the title lyrics suggests a paradoxical symbolism being used by the singer, which the lyrics of the fourth stanza eventually identifies as "silence like a cancer grows". The "sound of silence" is symbolically taken also to denote the cultural alienation associated with much of the 1960s. In the counterculture movements of the 1960s, the phrase "sound of silence" can be compared to other more commonly used turns of phrase such as "turning a deaf ear" often associated with the detachment experienced with impersonal large governments.

The first stanza presents the singer as taking some relative solace in the peacefulness he associates with "darkness" which is submerged "within" the ambiguous sound of silence. The second stanza has the effect of breaking into the silence with "the flash of a neon light" which leaves the singer "touched" by the enduring ambiguity of the sound of silence. In the third stanza, a "naked light" emerges as a vision of 10,000 people all caught within their own solitude and alienation without any one of them daring to "disturb" the recurring sound of silence.

In the fourth stanza, the singer proclaims in a declarative voice that "silence like a cancer grows," though his words "like silent raindrops fell" without ever being heard against the by now cancerous sound of silence. The fifth stanza appears to culminate with the urgency raised by the declarative voice in the fourth stanza through the apparent triumph of a false "neon god". The false neon god is only challenged when a "sign flashed out its warning" that only the words of the indigent written on "subway walls and tenement halls" could still "whisper" their truth against the recurring and ambiguous form of "the sound of silence". The song has no lyrical bridge or change of key, and was written without any lyrical intro or outro to start or end the song.

Personnel

 Paul Simon – acoustic guitar, vocals
 Art Garfunkel – vocals
 Barry Kornfeld – acoustic guitar
 Bill Lee – double bass
(electric overdubs) personnel
 Al Gorgoni, Vinnie Bell – guitar
 Joe Mack (also known as Joe Macho) – bass guitar
 Bobby Gregg – drums

Charts performance

Charts history
"The Sound of Silence" first broke in Boston, where it became one of the top-selling singles in early November 1965; it spread to Miami and Washington, D.C. two weeks later, reaching number one in Boston and debuting on the Billboard Hot 100.

Throughout the month of January 1966 "The Sound of Silence" had a one-on-one battle with the Beatles' "We Can Work It Out" for the No. 1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100. The former was No. 1 for the weeks of January 1 and 22 and No. 2 for the intervening two weeks. The latter held the top spot for the weeks of January 8, 15, and 29, and was No. 2 for the two weeks that "The Sound of Silence" was No. 1. Overall, "The Sound of Silence" spent 14 weeks on the Billboard chart.

In the wake of the song's success, Simon promptly returned to the United States to record a new Simon & Garfunkel album at Columbia's request. He later described his experiences learning the song went to No. 1, a story he repeated in numerous interviews:

For his part, Garfunkel had a different memory of the song's success:

A cover by Peaches & Herb reached #88 in Canada, July 24, 1971.

Weekly charts

Paul Simon solo version

Year-end charts

Certifications

Cover by The Bachelors
The cover by the Irish group The Bachelors was released in 1966. Simon and Garfunkel's version did not chart in either the UK or Ireland, losing out to The Bachelors cover version, whose version peaked at number three in the UK and number nine in Ireland.

Chart performance

Cover by Disturbed

50 years after its original release, a cover version of "The Sound of Silence" was released by American heavy metal band Disturbed on December 7, 2015. A music video was also released. Their cover hit number one on the Billboard Hard Rock Digital Songs and Mainstream Rock charts, and is their highest-charting song on the Hot 100, peaking at number 42. It is also their highest-charting single in Australia, peaking at number four. David Draiman sings it in the key of F#m. His vocal span goes from F#2 to A4 in scientific pitch notation.

In April 2016, Paul Simon endorsed the cover. Additionally, on April 1, Simon sent Draiman an email praising Disturbed's performance of the rendition on American talk show Conan. Simon wrote, "Really powerful performance on Conan the other day. First time I'd seen you do it live. Nice. Thanks." Draiman responded, "Mr. Simon, I am honored beyond words. We only hoped to pay homage and honor to the brilliance of one of the greatest songwriters of all time. Your compliment means the world to me/us and we are eternally grateful." As of September 2017, the single had sold over 1.5 million digital downloads and had been streamed over 54 million times, estimated Nielsen Music. As of October 2023, the music video has over 941 million views on YouTube, while the live performance on Conan has over 140 million, making it the most watched YouTube video from the show.

Accolades

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Certifications

Paul Simon solo versions

Paul Simon released a solo acoustic version of "The Sound of Silence" in the spring of 1974. His version reached No. 84 in Canada and No. 97 on the US Cash Box chart.  It was also a minor Adult Contemporary hit (US No. 50, Canada No. 42).

Simon had previously recorded a solo acoustic version of the song on his debut solo album The Paul Simon Songbook, released in 1965 in the UK only, and not widely available in the U.S. until its release as part of a retrospective box set in the 1980s.

Legacy
In 1999, BMI named "The Sound of Silence" as the 18th most-performed song of the 20th century. In 2004, it was ranked No. 156 on Rolling Stone list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, one of the duo's three songs on the list. The song is now considered "the quintessential folk rock release". On March 21, 2013, the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for long-term preservation along with the rest of the Sounds of Silence album.

In popular culture

Film and television
When director Mike Nichols and Sam O'Steen were editing the 1967 film The Graduate, they initially timed some scenes to this song, intending to substitute original music for the scenes. However, they eventually concluded that an adequate substitute could not be found and decided to purchase the rights for the song for the soundtrack. This was an unusual decision, as the song had charted more than a year earlier, and recycling established music for film was not commonly done at the time.

Other allusions and parodies
The Canadian band Rush alluded to the song lyrics in the last lines of their 1980 song "The Spirit of Radio".

The 1994 fifth season episode of The Simpsons "Lady Bouvier's Lover" has a parody of the song called "The Sound of Grampa" over a scene that parodies the end of the 1967 movie The Graduate.

In January 2020, American rapper Eminem released the song "Darkness", which interpolates "The Sound of Silence" and uses its opening line, "Hello, darkness, my old friend."

On August 10, 2021, The Holderness Family released a parody version about wanting the children out of the house for school following the lockdowns and school closings due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

1965 songs
1965 singles
1960s ballads
1974 singles
2016 singles
Songs written by Paul Simon
Simon & Garfunkel songs
Mercy (band) songs
Disturbed (band) songs
Anna Kendrick songs
The Bachelors songs
Song recordings produced by Tom Wilson (record producer)
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Number-one singles in Austria
Number-one singles in South Africa
Oricon Weekly number-one singles
CBS Records singles
Columbia Records singles
Reprise Records singles
Folk ballads
Rock ballads
Silence
Black-and-white music videos
United States National Recording Registry recordings

The Sound of Silence


Mapai (, an acronym for , Mifleget Poalei Eretz Yisrael, lit. "Workers' Party of the Land of Israel") was a democratic socialist political party in Israel, and was the dominant force in Israeli politics until its merger into the modern-day Israeli Labor Party in 1968. During Mapai's time in office, a wide range of progressive reforms were carried out, as characterised by the establishment of a welfare state, providing minimum income, security, and free (or almost free) access to housing subsidies and health and social services.

History

The party was founded on 5 January 1930 by the merger of the Hapoel Hatzair founded by A. D. Gordon and the original Ahdut HaAvoda (founded in 1919 from the right, more moderate, wing of the Zionist socialist Poale Zion led by David Ben-Gurion). In the early 1920s the Labor Zionist movement had founded the Histadrut Union, which dominated the Hebrew settlement economy and infrastructure, later making Mapai the dominant political faction in Zionist politics. It was also responsible for the founding of Hashomer and Haganah, the first two armed Jewish groups which secured the people and property of the new and emerging Jewish communities. By the early 1930s, David Ben-Gurion had taken over the party, and had become de facto leader of the Jewish community in Palestine (known as the Yishuv). It was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1930 and 1940.

The party was Jewish-only until the late 1960s, with a succession of satellite parties for Israeli Arabs, including the Democratic List of Nazareth, the Democratic List for Israeli Arabs, Agriculture and Development, Progress and Work, Cooperation and Brotherhood, Progress and Development and Cooperation and Development. It supported the policy of subjecting Arab citizens to martial law, which included confining them to the towns of their residence, and allowing them to exit only with a permit granted by the Israeli authorities.

Politics and government
Due to its role in emerging victorious and independent from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the party won large support in Israel's first elections in 1949, winning 35.7% of the vote (well ahead of second-placed Mapam's 14.7%) and 46 of the 120 seats. Ben-Gurion became Prime Minister and formed a coalition with the United Religious Front, the Progressive Party, the Sephardim and Oriental Communities and the Democratic List of Nazareth (an Israeli Arab party associated with Mapai). A notable piece of legislation enacted during Mapai's first term in office was an educational law in 1949 which introduced compulsory schooling for all children between the ages of 5 and 14. Mapai's years in office also witnessed the passage of the National Insurance Act of 1953 and the Social Welfare Service Law of 1958, which authorised a broad range of social welfare programmes, including special allowances for large families, workers' compensation provisions, maternity insurance, and old age and survivors' pensions.

In the second elections in 1951 Mapai increased its vote to 37.3% (and 47 seats) despite the country's economic problems. Ben-Gurion again formed the government with the support of Mizrachi, Hapoel HaMizrachi, Agudat Yisrael, Poalei Agudat Yisrael and the three Israeli Arab parties associated with Mapai, the Democratic List for Israeli Arabs, Progress and Work and Agriculture and Development. However, he shocked the nation by resigning on 6 December 1953 in order to settle in the small Negev kibbutz of Sde Boker, and was replaced by Moshe Sharett.

The 1955 elections saw a drop in the party's support to 32.2% (and 40 seats), though still well ahead of the second-placed Herut (12.6%). Ben Gurion returned as Prime Minister, and formed a coalition with the National Religious Front (which later changed its name to the National Religious Party), Mapam, Ahdut HaAvoda, and the three Israeli Arab parties, the Democratic List for Israeli Arabs, Progress and Work and Agriculture and Development. Later the Progressive Party was also added.

In contrast to the previous one, the 1959 election saw a surge in support, as the party recorded its best electoral performance, taking 38.2% of the vote and 47 seats. Ben-Gurion again invited the National Religious Party, Mapam, Ahdut HaAvoda, the Progressive Party and the three Israeli Arab parties, Progress and Development, Cooperation and Brotherhood and Agriculture and Development to form the coalition.

The inquiry into the Lavon Affair which brought down the government in 1961 probably contributed to the party's relatively poor performance in the elections in the same year, as it picked up only 34.7% of the vote and 42 seats. Although Ben-Gurion formed a strong coalition with the National Religious Party, Ahdut HaAvoda, Agudat Yisrael Workers, Cooperation and Brotherhood and Progress and Development, two events during the fifth Knesset led to Mapai's reducing dominance.

Firstly, Ben-Gurion resigned as head of the party citing personal reasons, though in reality he was upset at a perceived lack of support from colleagues. He set up a new party, Rafi, taking with him seven other Mapai members. Secondly, the two major right-wing opposition parties, Herut and the Liberal Party had merged into Gahal. This meant by the end of the Knesset session, Mapai had only 34 seats to Gahal's 27.

The party's response to the unprecedented strength of the opposition was to seek support from other parties with similar ideologies. The result was an alliance with Ahdut HaAvoda to form the Labor Alignment before the 1965 election. The new party won 36.7% of the vote and 45 seats, and comfortably beat Gahal (26 seats). On 23 January 1968 Mapai, Ahdut HaAvoda and Rafi merged into the Israeli Labor Party and ceased to exist as individual entities.

Party leaders

General Secretaries
 1930–1954 – David Ben-Gurion
 1954–1955 – Moshe Sharett
 1955–1963 – David Ben-Gurion
 1963–1968 – Levi Eshkol

Selection of party leaders
Until 1963, the party had no formal rules to govern the selection of its leader. From the party's establishment, David Ben-Gurion was long the unchallenged leader of the party. Even in his brief 1954–1955 retirement (during which Moshe Sharett served as the official party leader), Ben-Gurion was still largely considered the de facto party boss. After Ben-Gurion retired again in 1963, informal consultations by the party's leading figures resulted in an informal consensus to appoint Levi Eshkol as leader, and this choice was ratified by the party's Central Committee. Soon after becoming party leader, Eshkol successfully pushed the party to amend its constitution to state that the party's candidate for the office of prime minister (its leader) would be selected by the party's Central Committee. Thus, when Ben-Gurion unsuccessfully attempted to retake party leadership in 1965, there was a formal leadership election held by a vote of the party's Central Committee.

Electoral results

References

External links

Worker's Party of Eretz Yisrael (Mapai) Knesset website

Political parties in Mandatory Palestine
Political parties established in 1930
1930 establishments in Mandatory Palestine
Political parties disestablished in 1968
1968 disestablishments in Israel
Defunct political parties in Israel
Socialist parties in Israel
Zionist political parties in Israel
Members of the Labour and Socialist International
Labor Zionism
Poale Zion
Left-wing nationalist parties

Mapai


R. c. J.A.  est un arrêt de principe de 2011 de la Cour suprême du Canada concernant le consentement dans les affaires d'agression sexuelle et notamment lorsque la victime devient inconsciente.

Les faits
Le 27 mai 2007, J.A. et sa partenaire de longue date, K.D., ont commencé à avoir une activité sexuelle consentie ensemble. Pendant l'activité sexuelle, K.D. a consenti pour que J.A. l'étouffe dans le cadre de l'activité sexuelle. K.D. a perdu connaissance pendant environ trois minutes et elle comprenait que cela pouvait arriver lorsqu'elle a consenti à être étouffée.

Alors que K.D. était inconsciente, J.A. l'a ligotée et a effectué des actes sexuels supplémentaires sur elle. Dans son témoignage, K.D. n'était pas certaine d'avoir su ou d'avoir consenti à cette activité sexuelle que J.A. a pratiquée sur elle alors qu'elle était inconsciente. Après que K.D. a repris connaissance, elle et J.A. ont continué à avoir une activité sexuelle consentie.

Le 11 juillet 2007, K.D. a déposé une plainte auprès de la police, affirmant que l'activité n'était pas consentie, bien qu'elle se soit rétractée par la suite. J.A. a été accusé de voies de fait graves, d'agression sexuelle, de tentative de rendre une personne inconsciente afin de l'agresser sexuellement et de défaut de se conformer à une ordonnance de probation.

Le procès
Au procès, le juge du procès a conclu que K.D. avait consenti à être étouffée jusqu'à l'inconscience. Bien que la cour ait conclu qu'il s'agissait de lésions corporelles, le juge de première instance a conclu qu'elles étaient trop transitoires pour constituer des lésions corporelles. En conséquence, le juge a acquitté J.A. de voies de fait graves et d'étouffement sur K.D.

Cependant, le juge de première instance a conclu que soit K.D. n'avait pas consenti à l'activité sexuelle, ou si elle l'avait fait, alors elle ne pouvait pas légalement consentir à une activité sexuelle ayant lieu alors qu'elle était inconsciente. J.A. a été reconnu coupable d'agression sexuelle et d'infraction à son ordonnance de probation.

L'appel
En appel, la Cour d'appel de l'Ontario a conclu à l'unanimité qu'il n'y avait pas suffisamment de preuves pour conclure que K.D. n'a pas consenti à l'activité sexuelle.

En outre, les juges majoritaires ont déterminé que des personnes peuvent consentir à une activité sexuelle après avoir perdu connaissance. Les juges majoritaires ont également conclu que même si le juge du procès avait commis une erreur et qu'il y avait, en fait, des lésions corporelles, ils ont statué que les lésions corporelles ne peuvent vicier le consentement sur une accusation d'agression sexuelle uniquement.

Le juge dissident a conclu que le consentement aux fins d'agression sexuelle exigeait un esprit actif pendant l'activité sexuelle en question.

Le ministère public fait appel du jugement de la Cour d'appel en Cour suprême.

Jugement de la Cour suprême
Le pourvoi du ministère public est accepté et la déclaration de culpabilité pour agression sexuelle est rétablie.

Motifs du jugement
La Cour suprême a conclu qu'une personne ne peut consentir à une activité sexuelle que si elle est consciente tout au long de cette activité. Si une personne perd connaissance pendant l'activité sexuelle, elle ne peut légalement consentir, qu'elle ait ou non consenti plus tôt.

Le jugement  des juges majoritaires a été rendu par la juge en chef McLachlin. Outre les deux parties (J.A. et le procureur général de l'Ontario), la Cour a entendu deux intervenants : le procureur général du Canada et le Fonds d'action et d'éducation juridiques pour les femmes (FAEF).

Les juges majoritaires ont examiné la définition du consentement pour les agressions sexuelles figurant à l'article 273.1 du Code criminel et a conclu que : « Pour le législateur, le consentement est l'accord volontaire du plaignant à chacun des actes sexuels accomplis à une occasion précis.». En définitive, la majorité a conclu que le législateur voulait qu'une personne ait l'esprit actif pendant l'activité sexuelle en question.

En arrivant à leur conclusion, les juges majoritaires ont observé ce qui suit :

Le consentement que donne une personne avant d'être rendue inconsciente n'est pas un moyen de défense, car une personne doit pouvoir retirer son consentement lors de l'activité sexuelle en question.
La règle ne s'applique qu'au consentement dans les cas d'agression sexuelle.
Bien que cela puisse conduire à une interprétation étrange, par ex. lorsqu'un(e) partenaire embrasse l'autre partenaire pendant qu'il ou elle dort, la majorité a conclu que c'est l'intention du législateur et qu'elle ne peut être annulée sans contestation constitutionnelle. (Voir Charte canadienne des droits et libertés#Interprétation et mise en application.)

Par conséquent, J.A. fut reconnu coupable d'agression sexuelle.

Jugement dissident
Le jugement dissident a été rendu par le juge Morris Fish.

Les juges dissidents ont trouvé un certain nombre de problèmes avec l'interprétation des juges majoritaires :

Cela priverait les femmes de leur liberté de se livrer à des activités sexuelles qui n'entraînent pas de lésions corporelles.
Cela signifierait que les personnes qui font vie commune, y compris les conjoints, risquent de voir un partenaire commettre une agression sexuelle lorsque ce partenaire embrasse ou caresse son partenaire endormi, même avec le consentement exprès préalable de ce partenaire.

La dissidence a conclu qu'en l'absence d'une interdiction claire dans le Code criminel, une personne consciente peut consentir à l'avance à une activité sexuelle pendant qu'elle est inconsciente, à condition qu'il n'y ait pas de lésions corporelles et à condition que l'activité sexuelle n'aille pas au-delà de ce qui avait été convenu.

Notes et références

Lien externe
Texte intégral de la décision

Arrêt de la Cour suprême du Canada
Droit pénal au Canada

R. c. J.A.


Ogbomoso (also Ògbómọ̀ṣọ́) is a city in Oyo State, south-western Nigeria. It was founded in the mid 17th century. The population was approximately 454,690 in the 2006 census. It is the second largest city in Oyo State and also among the most populated in Nigeria. It is the 2nd most populated city in South Western Nigeria after Lagos and Ibadan. Although the principal inhabitants of the city are the Yoruba people, there are people from other parts of Nigeria and other West African countries who are residents in the city.

History
According to an early missionary, "Ògbómọ̀ṣọ́ in 1891 was a walled city, the gates of which were closely watched by day and securely closed by night. The town, picturesque and well watered was isolated from the rest of the Yoruba towns. Political relations were maintained with the Ibadans, for the country depended on its security on the warriors of Ògbómọ̀ṣọ́ and Ikirun...The strength of Ògbómọ̀ṣọ́ lay in the wall and moat surrounding the town, and the warriors made full use of it by sitting close and tight.."

The terrain we call Ògbómọ̀ṣọ́ today is between Igbọ́n and Ìrẹṣà—Arẹṣà to the west; Oníkòyí to the East; Olúgbọ́n to the north; and Tìmì of Ẹdẹ to its south direction—according to Ògbómọ̀ṣọ́ History and Origin Documentary by Israel Ayanwuyi.

The tale behind the name Ogbomoso

Ọlábánjọ Ògúnlọlá Ògúndìran was of Ibariba descent.  He and his wife, Esuu, built their hut by the side of the Àjàgbọn tree.

Ògúnlọlá (later Ṣọ̀ún) noticed smoke oozing from some nearby locations. He took courage and approached these places and discovered other hunters. There is no more Baálẹ̀ Akandíẹ̀.

Egbe Alongo (Alongo Society)

Ogunlola, after the discovery of these hunters, took the initiative to invite them to form the Alongo Society. The primary objectives of the society were:
defence against Sunmoni (slave prowlers) raids
group hunting of wild animals, and
mutual assistance.
After each day's hunting, they retired to Ogunlola's hut where they were treated to beans and other meals and were served with Sekete wine brewed by Ogunlola's wife from fermented guinea corn. They also engaged in discussing current affairs and planning.

Òrìṣà-Pópó

Esuu, the wife of Ogunlola, introduced the worship of Orisapopo to Ogbomoso. The worshippers were distinguished by white beads worn round their necks and wearing of white dresses only. Drinking of palm wine was forbidden to them. The name Orisapopo was probably derived from the fact that Ogunlola's hut was on the northsouthern route, therefore the Orisala being worshipped in the hut was named "Orisapopo" (idol by the highway).
The importance and influence of 'Orisapopo' among the citizens of Ogbomoso is immense. It can be described as the patron Òrìṣà of Ògbómọ̀ṣọ́.

How Ògúnlọlá's settlement became Ògbómọ̀ṣọ́ and Ògúnlọlá became Ṣọ̀ún

During the time, the Ibaribas, under the leadership of Elemoso, attacked Oyo-Ile near Ilorin city.  Elemoso caused a devastating havoc among the Oyo people, so much that they feared him in battle. Elemoso consequently laid total siege on Oyo, causing famine and untold hardship among the people.

Alaafin was so impressed by Ogunlola's prowess that he, the Alaafin, requested Ogunlola to stay in the capital (Oyo-Ile) instead of returning to his settlement. Ogunlola politely declined saying "Ejeki a ma se ohun" meaning "let me manage the that place." His majesty, the Alaafin, granted Ogunlola's wish to return to his settlement. This was later contracted to Ogbomoso.

Eventually, the authority of Ogunlola became greater and more respected. His compound by the Ajagbon tree then became the Soun's palace and a rallying point for all Ogbomoso citizens.

Ogbomoso, because of her strategic location, quickly grew from a village status to a medium size town. Her people were also renown warriors. During the Fulani wars of the 19th century, many towns and villages (about 147) were deserted while their people took refuge in Ogbomoso. The influx of people further enhanced the size and strength of the town.

Alagba
Origin

Alagba is believed to have been born in the year 1675 in the old Oyo town, which is now being referred to as Ogbomoso. He was reputedly said to have been brought from the forest by the third Soun of Ogbomoso, Oba Ikumoyede who ruled from 1770 until 1797. In deference to its age, it is called Alagba, which means "the elderly one" in Yoruba. In Ogbomoso, where the legendary tortoise lumbers about in the palatial grounds of the king, it is almost a sacrilege to refer to Alagba as a mere tortoise. The tortoise played host to many monarchs in Ogbomoso in the past.

Last days on earth

The sacred tortoise, which was believed to the oldest in Africa, was sick for a few days before her demise on 5 October 2019.

The palace household, Ogbomoso community and stakeholders in the tourism sector are reportedly mourning Alagba's passage because of the great impact left behind. Plans are underway to preserve Alagba's body for historical records.

List of monarchs
The founder of Ogbomoso, Soun Olabanjo Ogunlola Ogundiran, was the first Soun of Ogbomoso. He had 5 sons, Lakale, Kekere Esuo, Eiye and Jogioro. He was later succeeded by his youngest son, Erinbaba Alamu Jogioro, who was the second Soun. The 5 royal houses of Ogbomoso are descended from the 5 sons of Soun Ikomeyede, the third Soun of Ogbomoso (and son of Jogioro), Toyeje, Oluwusi, Baiyewu, Bolanta Adigun, and Ogunlabi Odunaro. The title of Soun was originally a Baale (minor chief) as Ogbomoso was a small village within the realm of the Oyo Empire. In 1952, the title was changed to Soun and they became recognized as a monarch.

 Soun Olabanjo Ogunlola Ogundiran ()
 Soun Erinsaba Alamu Jogioro (son of Ogunlola) ()
 Soun Ikumoyede Ajo (son of Jogioro) ()
Ologolo (a son of Jogioro) and Olukan (grandson of Lakale and great-grandson of Ogunlola) ruled during this period but were deposed by the Alaafin of Oyo
 Soun Toyeje Akanni Alebiosu, the Aare Ona Kakanfo of Oyo (son of Ikumoyede) ()
 Soun Oluwusi Aremu (son of Ikumoyede) ()
 Soun Jayeola Bayewu Kelebe "Are Arolofin Alao" (son of Ikumoyede) ()
 Soun Idowu Bolanta Adigun (son of Ikumoyede) ()
 Soun Ogunlabi Odunaro (son of Ikumoyede) ()
 Soun Ojo Olanipa "Aburumaku," the Aare Ona Kakanfo of Oyo (son of Toyeje) ( - September 1869)
 Soun Gbagungboye Ajamasa Ajagungbade I (son of Oluwusi) (1869 - )
 Soun Laoye Atanda Orumogege (son of Bayewu) ()
 Soun Majengbasan Elepo I (son of Bolanta) (1901 - 1907)
 Soun Adegoke Atanda Olayode I (son of Odunaro) (1908 - 1914; deposed by the Colonial Government)
 Soun Itabiyi Olanrewaju Ande (son of Aburumaku, grandson of Toyeje) (1914 - 1916)
 Soun Bello Afolabi Oyewumi Ajagungbade II (son of Ajagungbade I, grandson of Oluwusi) (1916 - February 18, 1940)
 Soun Amao Oyetunde (son of Oyekola (never appointed), grandson of Laoye, and great-grandson of Bayewu) (1940 - June 12, 1944; deposed by the Colonial government, removed from some monarch lists); he was succeeded by his uncle
 Soun Lawani Oke Lanipekun (son of Laoye, grandson of Bayewu) (October 16, 1944 - March 19, 1952)
 Oba Olatunji Alao Elepo II (son of Elepo I, grandson of Bolanta) (1952 - 1966)
 Oba Emmanuel Olajide Olayode II (son of Olayode I, grandson of Odunaro) (July 22, 1966 - July 1, 1969; killed during the Agbekoya revolt
 Oba Salami Ajiboye Itabiyi II (son of Itabiyi, grandson of Aburumaku, great-grandson of Toyeje) (June 4, 1972 - June 2, 1973)
 Oba Jimoh Oyewunmi Ajagbungbade III (son of Ajagungbade II, grandson of Ajagungbade I, great-grandson of Oluwusi) (October 24, 1973 - December 12, 2021) HM Jimoh Oyewunmi Ajagbungbade III of the Oluwusi Royal House was the longest reigning Soun in modern history, and died on December 12, 2021, at the age of 95
Oba Ghandi Afolabi Olaoye Orumogege III  (Olaoye is the paternal great-grandson of Soun Laoye Atanda Orumogege through his son Emmanuel Oladayo Olaoye, who was a brother of Soun Lawani Oke Lanipekun) (September 8, 2023 -)

As at Saturday, 02 of September, 2023, a new Soun-Elect, in the person of Prince Afolabi Ghandi Olaoye was announced by the Oyo State Government.

Education
Ogbomosho has four degree-awarding institutions of higher learning. Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) is named for the Ogbomosho son and Premier of the old Western Nigeria, Samuel Ladoke Akintola (SLA). LAUTECH is ranked at the top of the later generation universities in Nigeria. It awards degrees in science, engineering, technology and medicine. This university has a teaching hospital named Lautech Teaching Hospital.

The Nigerian Baptist Theological Seminary (NBTS), one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in Nigeria and the first to offers degree programs in theology, sociology and philosophy in Nigeria. The Seminary serves the Baptist Church in Nigeria, The Nigerian Baptist Convention (NBC), which also has its headquarters in Ibadan, Oyo State.

Bowen University Teaching Hospital Ogbomoso- (BUTH)  A Christian Teaching hospital training of doctors and other medical professionals. Originally established in March 1907 as a missionary medical facility and through the years developing into the Baptist Medical Centre and later transformed to a Teaching Hospital in 2009. BUTH now boasts of over 400 Bed Capacity, over 800 Staff and Students, Multidisciplinary Facility, Family Medicine Residency Programme, Nursing and Midwifery Courses, 50,000 Outpatients and 10,000 Inpatients, fully Accredited Training Programmes which includes; B.Sc. Anatomy, B.Sc. Physiology and MB/BS.

The Federal Government of Nigeria recently approved the establishment of Federal Polytechnic, Ayede, a satellite town of Ogbomosho. Learning and research activities will soon commence in this institution.

The federal government-owned Federal Government College, Ogbomosho and Nigerian Navy Secondary School, Ogbomosho are located in the city. There are numerous private secondary schools all over the city, some of which are Pine Valley High School, Faith Academy, Smith International Baptist Academy, Gomal Baptist College, George Green Baptist College, Zoe Schools, Maryland Catholic High School, Lautech International College, Zion Christian Academy, and Command Secondary School, Gambari.

Economy
Ogbomosho has about 257 surrounding villages and emerging towns which amalgamated to the rulership of Soun. The major economy in the land is Agriculture: Cashew plantations are widely distributed across the land, In addition, Mango plantations are widely distributed too. Ogbomosho is one time the largest planter of cassava across the globe. The people of the land also engages in trading, rearing of domestic animals like goats and sheep. Also, a very prominent veterinary hospital exist in Ogbomosho for vaccination of livestock. The people are widely traveled.

Other industries include trading, banking, small-scale manufacturing and constructions. There are two radio stations namely Parrot FM and Ajilete FM, and a television station, NTA Ogbomosho.

Inadequate government investment in infrastructural facilities and policy guidance for local initiatives have undermined economic growth and development of the town. The location of the town on terrain unattractive to manufacturers and investors, with the road network being poor.

Cityscape
Ogbomosho is connected by roads from major cities such as Ilorin, Osogbo, and Ibadan. One of the prominent landmarks is the central mosque at Oja-Igbo, which towers over the traditional walled compounds of private houses and the parts of the old wall that remain.

Other prominent landmarks are Ogbomosho Recreation Club, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Lautech's College of Health Sciences, Nigerian Baptist Theological Seminary, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Lautech Teaching Hospital, Heroes Arcade and Soun Stadium.

Ogbomosho has other mosques, several churches, estates, and business complexes littered all over the city. Ogbomosho Recreation Club has meeting halls, an indoor sports hall and a golf course. The headquarters of the American Baptist Church of Nigeria and its theological seminary are located in the city. The closest airport to Ogbomosho is Ilorin Airport which is approximately 52 kilometers away.

Notable people
 Chief Samuel Ladoke Akintola, a lawyer, politician, aristocrat and former Premier of the old western region. He was murdered during the Nigeria first coup of January 1966.
 Maj. Gen. Oladayo Popoola OFR. Former Military Governor, Oyo State . Former Military Governor, Ogun State . Chairman/CPO, Daybis Ltd.
 Christopher Adebayo Alao-Akala, Former executive governor of Oyo State.
 Col. Ibrahim Taiwo, former military governor of Kwara State
 Brig. Benjamin Adesanya Maja Adekunle (a Nigerian Army Brigadier and Civil War commander) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Adekunle)
 Ogundare Foyanmu (a notable Yoruba Poet and Ijala Singer in Nigeria) (https://nationalinsightnews.com/eight-years-after-ogundare-foyanmu-the-unsung-hero/)
 Dayo Okeniyi, Hollywood Actor
 Alexander Abolore, Nigerian Artiste
 Lt. Col. Shittu Alao, former Air Force's Chief of the Air Staff.

References

External links

https://oyostate.gov.ng/about-oyo-state/
https://www.ogbomoso.net/

Bibliography
  (index, Ogbomosho: pp. 174-175)

Cities in Yorubaland
Cities in Nigeria

Ogbomosho


La palabra despertar se refiere a la acción física de dejar el sueño y pasar a la vigilia.

El término además puede referirse a:

Iluminación
 Despertar, proceso espiritual conocido como Iluminación (creencia).

Cine y televisión
 El despertar (The Yearling, 1946), película de Clarence Brown.
 El despertar (The Awakening, 1980), película de Mike Newell.
 El despertar (The I Inside, 2004), película de Roland Suso Richter.
 El despertar (1966), telenovela de México.
 El despertar (1980), telenovela de Venezuela.
 El Despertar (2007), episodio (T01E41) de Avatar: la leyenda de Aang.

Literatura
 Despertar (The Awakening, 1991), primera parte de la serie de novelas The Vampire Diaries.
 Despertar (2006), tercera parte de la serie de novelas Memorias de Idhún.
 El despertar (1899), novela de Kate Chopin.

Música
 Despertar (1996-), banda de Colombia.
 Despertar (1981), álbum de Byafra.
 Despertar (1985), álbum de Guilherme Arantes.
 Despertar (1999), álbum de la banda chilena Congelador.
 Despertar (2011), canción de Jullie.
 Despertar (2012), álbum de Zona Ganjah
 Al despertar (1998), canción de Enrique Iglesias.
 «Despertar» (1990), canción de la banda de rock española Héroes del silencio del álbum Senderos de traición.

Despertar


Die Hansa war ein im Zweiten Weltkrieg unter der Benennung Schiff 5 für den Einsatz bei der Kriegsmarine vereinnahmtes britisches Handelsschiff. Es war ursprünglich das britische Frachtschiff Glengarry und gehörte zur Glenearn-Klasse der Glen Line. Unter der Bezeichnung Handelsstörkreuzer wurde das Schiff als Hilfskreuzer vorbereitet, dann aber als Kadettenschulschiff genutzt.

Einsatzgeschichte
Als deutsche Truppen im Rahmen des sogenannten Unternehmen Weserübung am 9. April 1940 Kopenhagen besetzten, erbeuteten sie auf der Werft Burmeister & Wain das von der britischen Reederei Glen-Line in Auftrag gegebene Frachtschiff Glengarry. Unter dem Namen Meersburg fuhr es danach kurzzeitig für die deutsche Hamburg-Amerika-Linie. Später nutzten es die 25. und 27. U-Boot-Flottille, in der Ostsee stationierte Ausbildungsflottillen, als Zielschiff.

Ab 1942 rüstete die Kriegsmarine die Meersburg auf der Wilton-Fijenoord Werft in Rotterdam zum Hilfskreuzer um und änderte den Namen in Hansa. Im April 1943 übernahm Kapitän zur See Hans Henigst das Kommando des Schiffes, das er bis zum August 1943 behielt, und im Mai 1943 kam die Hansa zu Blohm & Voss nach Hamburg, wo die Waffen und Tarneinrichtungen eingebaut werden sollten. Infolge eines schweren Luftangriffs auf Hamburg am 25. Juli 1943 wurde die Werft schwer beschädigt. Am 21. August 1943 befahl die Seekriegsleitung, "das Schiff als Hilfskreuzer so fertigzustellen, daß es voll fahrbereit und die Armierung einsatzklar wird. Die noch nicht fertiggestellte Artillerie-Feuerleitanlage ist daher einzubauen. Einer Verwendung des Schiffes als Schulschiff wird zugestimmt und anheimgestellt, die für einen Hilfskreuzer notwendigen Tarnarbeiten und die Einrichtung für Bachstelze vor oder nach dieser Verwendung durchzuführen." "Einsatz von Schiff 5 als Hilfskreuzer ist vorerst nicht beabsichtigt und kommt voraussichtlich erst im Herbst 1944 in Frage."

Die Kriegsmarine stellte die Hansa dann als Kadettenschulschiff in der Ostsee in Dienst. Dort wurde sie auch als Truppen- und Flüchtlingstransporter beim deutschen Rückzug aus dem Baltikum und aus Ostpreußen eingesetzt. Dabei erhielt sie am 4. Mai 1945 vor der Halbinsel Hela einen Minentreffer, der aber keinen größeren Schaden hervorrief. Von  Februar 1944 bis zum Mai 1945 stand das Schiff unter dem Kommando von Kapitän zur See Fritz Schwoerer.

Das Schiff wurde nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg an Großbritannien zurückgegeben und fuhr dann unter dem Namen Empire Humber, ab 1946 wieder als Glengarry bei der Glen Line.

Literatur
 Heinz Ciupa: Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1939–1945. VPM, ISBN 3-8118-1409-5.

Einzelnachweise

Hilfskreuzer (Kriegsmarine)
Schulschiff (Deutschland)
Frachtschiff (Deutschland)
Beuteschiff (Kriegsmarine)
Burmeister & Wain

Hansa (Schiff, 1940)


Belhomert-Guéhouville ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Eure-et-Loir in der Region Centre-Val de Loire; sie gehört zum Arrondissement Nogent-le-Rotrou und zum Kanton Nogent-le-Rotrou.

1834 wurden Belhomert (auch Bellomer geschrieben) und Guéhouville zusammengelegt, 1854 wurde der Nachbarort Guivardière eingemeindet.

Die Gemeinde liegt an der oberen Eure.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Weblinks

Ort in Centre-Val de Loire
Ort an der Eure

Belhomert-Guéhouville


6175 Cori este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6175 Cori este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Kleť de Antonín Mrkos. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,19 ua, o excentricitate de 0,21 și o înclinație de 0,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia Themis

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1983
Centura de asteroizi

6175 Cori


Emiel Faingnaert (* 10. März 1919 in Sint-Martens-Lierde; † 10. Mai 1980 in Gent) war ein belgischer Radrennfahrer.

Er war Berufsfahrer von 1940 bis 1950. 1943 gewann er Antwerpen–Gent–Antwerpen. Sein größter Erfolg gelang ihm 1947, als er die Flandern-Rundfahrt gewinnen konnte. Im selben Jahr kam er beim Omloop Het Nieuwsblad auf den zweiten Platz hinter Albert Sercu. Insgesamt konnte er 27 Radrennen gewinnen.

In seinem Heimatort wurde ein Denkmal für ihn aufgestellt, 2007 wurde dort die Ausstellung Emiel Faingnaert en zijn tijd gezeigt.

Weblinks
  (auf nieuwsblad.be vom 22. März 2007)

Radsportler (Belgien)
Belgier
Geboren 1919
Gestorben 1980
Mann

Emiel Faingnaert


Maporal est la capitale de la paroisse civile d'Ignacio Briceño de la municipalité de Pedraza dans l'État de Barinas au Venezuela.

Notes et références

Localité dans l'État de Barinas

Maporal (Ignacio Briceño)


Jake Song, nombre coreano Jae-kyeong (송재경, 宋在京), (n. 1965) es un programador surcoreano considerado como uno de los desarrolladores de juegos más prestigiosos de Corea.

Biografía
Tras graduarse en la universidad coreana KAIST fue uno de los primeros empleados  de la empresa Nexon, donde trabajó en el proyecto NEXUS: The Kingdom of the Winds, conocido como «NEXUS TK» o simplemente «NEXUS» que fue lanzado en el mercado de los EE.UU. en 1996.

En 1998, Jake fue el principal creador de Lineage, un MMORPG cualitativamente nuevo que alcanzó más de dos millones de suscriptores, y convirtió a la compañía NCsoft en una de las más importantes desarrolladoras de software de juegos en el mundo.

Más tarde, Jake trabajó en el proyecto Lineage for Ever (que posteriormente fue renombrado con el nombre de Aiôn), y también supervisó el desarrollo de Lineage II y aconsejó a los desarrolladores de Tabula Rasa.

Salió de NCSoft en marzo de 2003 y formó su propia compañía  XLGames, donde estaba desarrollando  un juego de carreras en línea llamado XLRacer, que fracasó.

Actualmente Jake Song trabaja en un nuevo MMORPG ArcheAge que es un MMO de próxima generación(Next-Gen MMO), se está desarrollando en CryEngine 3 de Crytek, la historia del juego llamado The Fir and the Hawk (El abeto y el halcón) ha sido escrita por Min-Hee Jeon.

Enlaces externos
 Perfil y entrevista Gamasutra

Programadores de Corea del Sur

Jake Song


Sebastian Sommer (født 8. april 1996) er en dansk fodboldspiller, der spiller for Kolding IF. Han spiller midtbane.

Karriere

SønderjyskE
Han blev rykket op på førsteholdet i juni 2015.

Kolding IF
Den 7. juli 2016 blev det offentliggjort, at Sommer havde skrevet under på en kontrakt med Kolding IF for den kommende sæson.

Referencer

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra SønderjyskE
Fodboldspillere fra Kolding IF

Sebastian Sommer


Cameron A. Morrison (October 5, 1869August 20, 1953) was an American politician and the 55th governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1921 to 1925.

Early life and career
He was born in 1869 in Richmond County, North Carolina.

In 1898, Morrison participated in the Wilmington insurrection of 1898, a violent coup d'état by a group of white supremacists. They expelled opposition black and white political leaders from the city, destroyed the property and businesses of black citizens built up since the Civil War, including the only black newspaper in the city, and killed an estimated 60 to more than 300 people. The governor of North Carolina, Daniel Lindsay Russell, was forced to flee from Wilmington to Raleigh. Morrison boarded Russell's train in Maxton, North Carolina in the company of a small band of Red Shirts and warned Russell that a more hostile band of Red Shirts were waiting at a later stop. He advised Russell to hide in the baggage car to avoid being lynched, which he did.

In 1900, he was elected to the North Carolina Senate for one term.

Governorship
With the backing of Sen. Furnifold Simmons and the help of race-baiting tactics employed by A. D. Watts, Morrison defeated O. Max Gardner in the 1920 Democratic primary for governor. In the general election, he defeated Republican nominee John J. Parker.

Morrison was inaugurated on January 12, 1921. He came to be called "the Good Roads governor" for his support of a modern highway system. Morrison also pushed for increased funds for public education, while also battling the teaching of the theory of evolution.

Later career
He was later appointed to serve as a United States senator for the state of North Carolina (after the death of Lee S. Overman) between 1930 and 1932, but lost his seat in the Democratic primary runoff to Robert R. Reynolds.

Morrison was later elected to one term in the United States House of Representatives from 1943 to 1945.  He again lost a Democratic primary for a U.S. Senate seat in 1944, to Clyde R. Hoey. He died in Quebec City in 1953.

Personal life
Morrison was married twice. His first wife, Lottie May Tomlinson, gave birth to four children but only one, Angelia Lawrance Morrison, survived infancy. Tomlinson died in 1919.

In 1924, while serving as governor, Morrison married a second time to Sara Virginia Ecker Watts, the widow of George Washington Watts. Their wedding ceremony was held at Harwood Hall. With his second wife, Morrison built Morrocroft, a large estate in Charlotte.

Legacy
A ten-story residence hall on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named in Morrison's honor. His home at Charlotte, Morrocroft, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

A library in Charlotte was named after Morrison, but was renamed in 2020 due to Morrison's ties with the Red Shirts and white supremacy. A residence hall at North Carolina A&T State University was also named after Morrison, but the name was removed in 2020.

References

External links

Cameron Morrison  at NCpedia

1869 births
1953 deaths
People from Rockingham, North Carolina
Democratic Party governors of North Carolina
Democratic Party North Carolina state senators
1916 United States presidential electors
North Carolina lawyers
Politicians from Charlotte, North Carolina
Democratic Party United States senators from North Carolina
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
Lawyers from Charlotte, North Carolina
20th-century American politicians
Neo-Confederates
Wilmington insurrection of 1898 conspirators
American Christian creationists
Old Right (United States)

Cameron A. Morrison


Željezni zakon oligarhije politička je teorija koju je prvi razvio talijanski sociolog njemačkog podrijetla Robert Michels u svojoj knjizi Političke stranke iz 1911. godine. Tvrdi da je vladavina elite ili oligarhije neizbježna kao "željezni zakon" unutar svake demokratske organizacije kao dio "taktičkih i tehničkih potreba" organizacije.

Michelsova teorija kaže da se sve složene organizacije, bez obzira na to koliko su demokratske kada su nastale, na kraju razviju u oligarhije. Michels je primijetio da, budući da niti jedna dovoljno velika i složena organizacija ne može funkcionirati isključivo kao izravna demokracija, moć unutar organizacije uvijek će biti delegirana pojedincima unutar te grupe, izabranim ili ne.

Koristeći anegdote iz političkih stranaka i sindikata koji se bore da djeluju demokratski kako bi izgradio svoj argument 1911., Michels se osvrnuo na primjenu ovog zakona na predstavničku demokraciju i izjavio: "Tko kaže organizacija, kaže oligarhija." Izjavio je i da se "povijesna evolucija ruga svim profilaktičkim mjerama koje su usvojene za sprječavanje oligarhije."

Prema Michelsovom mišljenju, svim organizacijama na kraju upravlja "liderska klasa", koja često ima oblik plaćenih administratora, rukovoditelja, glasnogovornika ili političkih stratega organizacije. Daleko od toga da su "sluge masa", Michels tvrdi da će ova "liderska klasa", a ne članstvo organizacije, neizbježno rasti i dominirati strukturama moći organizacije. Kontrolirajući tko ima pristup informacijama, oni na vlasti mogu uspješno centralizirati svoju moć, često uz malo odgovornosti, zbog apatije, ravnodušnosti i nesudjelovanja većine običnih članova u odnosu na procese donošenja odluka u organizaciji. Michels tvrdi da su demokratski pokušaji da se vodeće pozicije drže odgovornima skloni neuspjehu, jer s moći dolazi sposobnost nagrađivanja lojalnosti, sposobnost kontrole informacija o organizaciji i sposobnost kontrole postupaka koje organizacija slijedi prilikom donošenja odluka. Svi ovi mehanizmi mogu se koristiti za snažan utjecaj na ishod bilo koje odluke koju članovi donesu "demokratski".

Michels je izjavio da je službeni cilj predstavničke demokracije, eliminacija vladavine elite, nemoguć, da je predstavnička demokracija fasada koja legitimira vladavinu određene elite, te da je vladavina elite, koju on naziva oligarhijom, neizbježna. Kasnije je Michels emigrirao u Italiju i pridružio se fašističkoj stranci Benita Mussolinija, jer je vjerovao da je to sljedeći legitimni korak modernih društava. Teza je ponovno postala popularna u poslijeratnoj Americi s objavljivanjem Union Democracy: The Internal Politics of the International Typographic Union (1956.) i tijekom crvenog straha koji je donio makartizam.

Povijest
Godine 1911. Robert Michels je tvrdio da su, paradoksalno, europske socijalističke stranke izgledno dominirane od strane njihovih vođa baš kao i tradicionalne konzervativne stranke, unatoč njihovoj demokratskoj ideologiji i odredbama za masovno sudjelovanje. Michelsov je zaključak bio da problem leži u samoj prirodi organizacija. Liberalnije i demokratskije moderno doba dopuštalo je formiranje organizacija s inovativnim i revolucionarnim ciljevima, ali kako su takve organizacije postajale složenije, postajale su sve manje demokratske i revolucionarne. Michels je tako formulirao "željezni zakon oligarhije": "Tko kaže organizacija, kaže oligarhija".

Kasnije je postao važan ideolog fašističkog režima Benita Mussolinija u Italiji, predavajući ekonomiju na Sveučilištu u Perugi.

Razlozi
Michels je naglasio nekoliko čimbenika koji leže u temelju željeznog zakona oligarhije. Darcy K. Leach ih je ukratko sažeo kao: "Birokracija se događa. Ako se dogodi birokracija, moć raste. Moć kvari." Svaka velika organizacija, istaknuo je Michels, mora stvoriti birokraciju kako bi održala svoju učinkovitost kako postaje sve veća: svakodnevno se moraju donositi mnoge odluke koje ne može donijeti veliki broj neorganiziranih ljudi. Da bi organizacija učinkovito funkcionirala, mora se dogoditi centralizacija i moć će završiti u rukama nekolicine. Ona nekolicina — oligarhija — upotrijebit će sva potrebna sredstva za očuvanje i daljnje povećanje svoje moći.

Prema Michelsu, ovaj je proces dodatno složen jer je delegiranje neophodno u svakoj velikoj organizaciji, budući da tisuće, ponekad stotine tisuća, članova ne mogu donositi odluke kroz participativnu demokraciju. To je do danas bilo diktirano nedostatkom tehnoloških sredstava za sastajanje i raspravu velikog broja ljudi, kao i stvarima koje se odnose na psihologiju gomile, jer je Michels tvrdio da ljudi osjećaju potrebu da ih se vodi. Delegiranje međutim vodi do specijalizacije, do razvoja baza znanja, vještina i resursa među vodstvom, što dodatno otuđuje vodstvo od običnih službenika i učvršćuje vodstvo u uredu. Michels je također tvrdio da je za vođe u organizacijama "želja za dominacijom... univerzalna. To su osnovne psihološke činjenice". Stoga su bili skloni tražiti moć i dominaciju.

Birokratizacija i specijalizacija pokretački su procesi iza željeznog zakona. Oni rezultiraju usponom skupine profesionalnih administratora u hijerarhijskoj organizaciji, što zauzvrat dovodi do racionalizacije i rutinizacije ovlasti i donošenja odluka, procesa koji je prvi i možda najbolje opisao Max Weber, kasnije John Kenneth Galbraith, i u manjoj i ciničnijoj mjeri objašnjeno Petrovim načelom.

Birokracija po svom dizajnu dovodi do centralizacije moći od strane vođa. Lideri također imaju kontrolu nad sankcijama i nagradama. Skloni su promicati one koji dijele njihovo mišljenje, što neizbježno dovodi do ovjekovječujuće oligarhije. Ljudi postižu vodeće položaje jer imaju natprosječne političke vještine (vidi karizmatični autoritet). Kako napreduju u karijeri, njihova moć i prestiž rastu. Lideri kontroliraju informacije koje teku kanalima komunikacije, cenzuriraju ono što ne žele da obični službenici znaju. Lideri će također posvetiti značajna sredstva kako bi uvjerili službenike u ispravnost svojih stavova. Ovo je kompatibilno s većinom društava: ljudi se uče da slušaju one koji su na vlasti. Stoga službenici pokazuju malo inicijative i čekaju da vođe izvrše svoju prosudbu i izdaju upute koje treba slijediti.

Implikacije
"Željezni zakon oligarhije" nam govori da će svi oblici organizacije, bez obzira na to koliko demokratski bili u početku, na kraju i neizbježno razviti oligarhijske tendencije, čime će prava demokracija biti praktično i teoretski nemoguća, osobito u velikim grupama i složenim organizacijama. Relativna strukturna fluidnost u demokraciji malog razmjera podleže "društvenoj viskoznosti" u organizaciji velikog razmjera. Prema "željeznom zakonu" demokracija i organizacija velikih razmjera su neuskladivi.

Primjeri i izuzeci
Primjer koji je Michels upotrijebio u svojoj knjizi bila je njemačka Socijaldemokratska stranka.

Radnički sindikati i Lipsetova sindikalna demokracija
Jedna od najpoznatijih iznimaka željeznog zakona oligarhije je danas nepostojeća Međunarodna tiskarska unija, koju je opisao Seymour Martin Lipset u svojoj knjizi iz 1956., Union Democracy. Lipset sugerira brojne čimbenike koji su postojali u ITU-u, a koji su navodno odgovorni za suzbijanje ove tendencije prema birokratskoj oligarhiji. Prvi i možda najvažniji odnosi se na način na koji je sindikat osnovan. Za razliku od mnogih drugih sindikata (npr. CIO's United Steel Workers of America (USWA) i brojni drugi obrtnički sindikati) koji su bili organizirani od vrha prema dolje, ITU je imao niz velikih, jakih lokalnih sindikata koji su cijenili svoju autonomiju, koji je postojao mnogo prije formiranja internacionale. Ta je lokalna autonomija ojačana gospodarstvom tiskarske industrije koja je djelovala uglavnom na lokalnim i regionalnim tržištima, s malo konkurencije iz drugih zemljopisnih područja. Veliko lokalno stanovništvo nastavilo je ljubomorno čuvati ovu autonomiju od nametanja međunarodnih časnika. Drugo, postojanje frakcija pomoglo je držati kontrolu nad oligarhijskim tendencijama koje su postojale u nacionalnom stožeru. Lideri koji nisu kontrolirani imaju tendenciju razvijati veće plaće i raskošnije stilove života, zbog čega se ne žele vratiti na svoje prijašnje poslove. Ali s moćnom vanjskom frakcijom spremnom razotkriti rasipnost, nijedan se vođa nije usudio uzeti pretjerano velikodušnu osobno obeštećenje. Ova su dva čimbenika bila uvjerljiva u slučaju ITU-a.

Lipset i njegovi suradnici također navode niz drugih čimbenika koji su specifični za obrtničke sindikate općenito, a posebno za tiskarske obrte, uključujući homogenost članstva, s obzirom na njihov rad i stil života, njihovu identifikaciju sa svojim obrtom, njihovi srednjeklasni način života i plaća. Za ovu posljednju točku on se oslanja na Aristotela koji je tvrdio da je demokratsko državno uređenje najvjerojatnije tamo gdje postoji velika, stabilna srednja klasa, a krajnosti bogatstva i siromaštva nisu velike. Naposljetku, autori primjećuju nepravilno radno vrijeme koje je dovelo do toga da kolege iz trgovine više slobodnog vremena provode zajedno. Ovi posljednji čimbenici su manje uvjerljivi, budući da se ne odnose na mnoge industrijske oblike organiziranja, gdje se u posljednje vrijeme razvila najveća količina sindikalne demokracije.

Sveučilišni studentski zborovi
Titus Gregory koristi Michelsov "željezni zakon" da bi opisao kako demokratska centralistička struktura Kanadske federacije studenata, koja se sastoji od pojedinačnih studentskih sindikata, potiče oligarhiju.

Titus Gregory tvrdi da sindikati sveučilišnih studenata danas "pokazuju i oligarhijske i demokratske tendencije". Za razliku od sindikata, oni imaju ideološki raznoliko članstvo i često imaju natjecateljske demokratske izbore koje pokrivaju nezavisni kampusni mediji koji čuvaju njihovu neovisnost. Ti čimbenici imaju snažan demokratizirajući utjecaj, stvarajući uvjete slične onima koje je opisao Lipset o ITU-u. Međutim, Gregory tvrdi da studentske udruge također mogu biti vrlo nedemokratske i oligarhijske kao rezultat prolaznog članstva uključenih studenata. Svake godine između jedne četvrtine i jedne polovice članstva se promijeni, a Gregory tvrdi da to stvara situaciju u kojoj izabrani studentski vođe postaju ovisni o osoblju studentskog sindikata za institucionalnu memoriju i vodstvo. Budući da mnogi studentski savezi izvlače obvezne naknade iz svog prolaznog članstva, a mnogi manji fakulteti i/ili gradski kampovi mogu izvući taj novac s malo odgovornosti, oligarhijsko ponašanje postaje ohrabreno. Primjerice, Gregory ističe kako često izborna pravila studentskih sindikata "rade prema tiranskim pravilima i propisima" koje često koriste oni na vlasti kako bi diskvalificirali ili isključili potencijalne protukandidate na izborima. Gregory zaključuje da se studentski sindikati mogu "oduprijeti željeznom zakonu oligarhije" ako imaju "angažiranu studentsku zajednicu", "neovisne studentske medije", "snažnu tradiciju slobode informacija" i "nepristrano izborno tijelo" sposobno poštenog provođenja izbora.

Participatorne podskupine i kompenzirajuća moć
Studija Jonathana Foxa iz 1992. usredotočuje se na to kako participativne podskupine unutar članske organizacije mogu stvoriti određeni stupanj kompenzacijske moći koja može barem privremeno ublažiti "željezni zakon oligarhije".

Wikipedia

Istraživanje Bradija Heaberlina i Simona DeDea pokazalo je da je evolucija Wikipedijine mreže normi tijekom vremena u skladu sa željeznim zakonom oligarhije. Njihova kvantitativna analiza temelji se na rudarenju podataka tijekom desetljeća članaka i korisničkih informacija. Prikazuje pojavu oligarhije proizašle iz nadležnosti u pet značajnih "grupacija": administracija, kvaliteta članka, suradnja, oblikovanje i politika sadržaja. Heaberlin i DeDeo primjećuju: "Osnovne norme enciklopedije govore o univerzalnim načelima, kao što su neutralnost, provjerljivost, uljudnost i konsenzus. Dvosmislenost i tumačivost ovih apstraktnih pojmova može ih natjerati da se s vremenom odvoje jedni od drugih."

Rješenje Adolfa Gassera za Michelsov željezni zakon oligarhije
U svojoj knjizi  , objavljen 1943. (prvo izdanje na njemačkom) s drugim izdanjem 1947. (na njemačkom), Adolf Gasser naveo je sljedeće zahtjeve za predstavničku demokraciju kako bi ostala stabilna, netaknuta Michelsovim željeznim zakonom oligarhije:

 Društvo se mora graditi od dna do vrha. Kao posljedica toga, društvo grade ljudi koji su slobodni i imaju moć da se brane oružjem.
 Ovi slobodni ljudi se pridružuju ili osnivaju lokalne zajednice. Te su lokalne zajednice neovisne, što uključuje i financijsku neovisnost, te slobodne određivati vlastita pravila.
 Mjesne zajednice se udružuju u višu jedinicu npr. kanton.
 Ne postoji hijerarhijska birokracija.
 Između tih lokalnih zajednica postoji natjecanje, npr. u pruženim uslugama ili u porezima.

Recepcija
Godine 1954. Maurice Duverger izrazio je općenito slaganje s Michelsovom tezom. U studiji iz 1953., C.W. Cassinelli je tvrdio da Michelsova glavna teza ima "visok stupanj opće vjerodostojnosti", ali je tvrdio da je izjava teorije "neadekvatna" i da su Michelsovi dokazi za teoriju "neuvjerljivi". U članku iz 1966., politolog Dankwart Rustow opisao je Michelsovu tezu kao "briljantno pogrešan argument a fortiori ". Rustow je naveo da se iskustvo socijaldemokratskih stranaka Europe ne može generalizirati za druge političke stranke. U svom djelu Democracy and Knowledge Josiah Ober tvrdi da iskustvo drevne Atene pokazuje da Michelsov argument nije istinit; Atena je bila velika participativna demokracija, ali je ipak bila bolja od svojih hijerarhijskih suparnika.

Prema članku iz 2000., "U onoj mjeri u kojoj suvremeni znanstvenici uopće postavljaju pitanja o organizacijama društvenih pokreta, oni imaju tendenciju poduprijeti Michelsovu tvrdnju da su birokratizirane, utvrđene organizacije konzervativnije u ciljevima i taktikama, iako obično bez eksplicitnog uključivanja u raspravu o željeznom zakonu." Studija je međutim otkrila da je željezni zakon bio savitljiv i da bi se uspostavljeni radnički sindikati pod određenim okolnostima mogli revitalizirati i doživjeti radikalne promjene u skladu sa željama svojih članova.

Prema studiji iz 2005., "Unatoč gotovo cijelom stoljeću znanstvene rasprave o ovom pitanju ... još uvijek nema konsenzusa o tome je li i pod kojim uvjetima Michelsova tvrdnja istinita." Jedna od kritika je da moć ne korumpira nužno vodstvo organizacije i da struktura organizacije može obuzdati vođe. Druga kritika je da Michels ne ocrtava uvjete pod kojima bi njegova teza mogla biti falsificirana niti jasnu definiciju onoga što čini oligarhiju.

Metoda koju Michels koristi ponekad se karakterizira kao "ključna" ili "najmanje vjerojatna" studija slučaja, jer je odabrao slučaj (Njemačku socijaldemokratsku stranku) za koji je najmanje vjerojatno da će poduprijeti njegovu teoriju (jer je Njemačka socijaldemokratska stranka bila institucija koja je imala demokratski proces i ideologiju).

Ostalo
Željezni zakon oligarhije sličan je konceptu u Teoriji i praksi oligarhijskog kolektivizma, fiktivnoj knjizi u distopijskom romanu Tisuću devetsto osamdeset četvrta Georgea Orwella, koji je napisao recenziju "Menadžerske Revolucije" Jamesa Burnhama nekoliko godina ranije. ta izmišljena knjiga počinje:

Vidi još

 Teorija elite
 Država (Platon)
 Postdemokracija

Izvori

Literatura

 Michels, Robert. 1915. Političke stranke: sociološka studija oligarhijskih tendencija moderne demokracije. Preveli na engleski Eden Paul i Cedar Paul . New York: The Free Press. Iz njemačkog izvora iz 1911.
 Wagner, Gustav. "Robert Michels und das eherne Gesetz der Oligarchie". U "Wer wählt, hat seine Stimme abgegeben". Graswurzel revolucija pp. 28.
 Nodia, Ghia. "Neizbježne elite demokracije". Journal of Democracy 31, br. 1 (2020): 75–87.

Vanjske poveznice

 Političke stranke Roberta Michelsa u PDF-u
 Verstehen: Početna stranica Maxa Webera Frank W. Elwell. Odjeljak 'Oligarhija' opisuje Zakon. Zadnji put pristupljeno 27. svibnja 2006.
Sociološke teorije

Željezni zakon oligarhije


Mindefesten paa Kronborg er en film med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Friluftspil på Kronborg. Shakespeares Hamlet opføres den 26. juni 1916 i et forrygende blæsevejr. Nicolai Neiiendam spiller Hamlet. Kronborg set fra anden side af havnen. Tilskuere ankommer gående, i hestedroske eller i bil. Gode typer og fine eksempler på datidens klædedragt. Kong Christian ankommer i automobil. Mange mennesker ankommer til Helsingør banegård. Panorering over Helsingør havn.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1916
Stumfilm fra Danmark

Mindefesten paa Kronborg


	Iwama dojo

		Informacije

	Osnovano:
	1942.
	Organizacija:
	Aikikai
	Dojo-cho:
	Mitsuteru Ueshiba

	Osnivač: Morihei Ueshiba
	Službena stranica:       www.aikikai.or.jp

Iwama dođo (jap. kanji 岩間 道場, hiragana いわま どうじょう, Iwama Dōjō), odnosno Aiki jinja (jap. kanji 合氣神社, hiragana あいきじんじゃ, romaji Aiki jinja - svetište Aikija), dođo koji je sagradio osnivač aikida,  Morihei Ueshiba, koji je tu živio od 1942. do svoje smrti 1969. Smješten je u bivšem gradu Iwama i postao je važno povijesno mjesto za razvoj aikida. Ovaj dođo je također mjesto gdje je Morihiro Saito, jedan od osnivačevih najbližih učenika, učio i podučavao aikido od 1942. do 2002. razvijajući ono što se danas naziva Iwama-Ryu (jap. kanji 岩間流, いわま りゅうは, romaji Iwama-ryū).

Iwama dođo se sastoji od dođoa Iwame, svetišta Aikija i Tanrenkana, koji sada pripadaju četvrti Yoshioka grada Kasame, prefektura Ibaraki.

Iwama dođo je značajno oštećen u potresu 2011. godine. Ovaj dođo je u potpunoj nadležnosti Aikikai zaklade, koja upravlja s njime iz Tokija.

Dojo-cho

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Iwama Dođo

 Aikido
Građevine u Japanu

Iwama dođo


Livadna sasa (Kučika crnkasta; lat. Pulsatilla pratensis) je biljka iz porodice Ranunculaceae. To je zeljasta trajnica iz središnje i istočne Europe. Naraste do 50 cm visine. Stabljika joj je gusto prekrivena dlačicama, cvijet je viseći, tamnoljubičaste boje i zvonastog oblika. Mnogobrojni prašnici su žute boje okruženi sa šest tamnoljubičastih listića.

Livadna sasa cvate u travnju i svibnju. Plod je jednosjemeni oraščić. Postoje 4 podvrste

Podvrste
 Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. hungarica Soó
 Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. nigricans (Störcke) Zämelis
 Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. pratensis
 Pulsatilla pratensis subsp. ucrainica (Ugr.) Grey-Wilson

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Plants for a Future

Sasa

Livadna sasa


Gulf Air (Arapça: طيران الخليج) Bahreyn ve Umman'ın ulusal havayolu şirketidir. Şirket 34 uçaklık bir filoya sahiptir; Afrika, Asya, Avustralya, Avrupa ve Ortadoğu'da 47 tarifeli sefer yapmaktadır. Gulf Air'in hub'ları Bahreyn Uluslararası Havaalanı (BAH) ve Seeb Uluslararası Havaalanı (MCT)'dir. Gulf Air'in mürettebatı 70 farklı dili konuşan 80 farklı milliyetten gelmektedir. Şirketin logosu altın bir şahindir.

Tarihi
1940'lı yılların sonunda Freddie Bosworth adında Britanyalı bir pilot Bahreyn'den Doha ve Dhahran'a uçak-taksi hizmeti vermekteydi. Bosworth 1950'de Gulf Aviation adında bir şirket kurdu. Filo yedi Avro Ansons ve üç de Havilland DH.86B'den oluşmaktaydı. Bosworth 9 Haziran 1951'de yeni aldığı bir de Havilland Dove'un gösteri uçuşunda hayatını kaybetti. 1951-1971 arasında British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) adlı şirket %22 payıyla Gulf Aviation içindeki en büyük hisse sahibi olarak kaldı. Bu yıllarda filosunu yeniledi, Londra'ya uçularını başlattı. Ancak şirket için esas dönüm noktası Bahreyn, Katar, Abu Dabi ve Umman hükûmetlerinin BOAC hisselerini alması oldu. 1 Ocak 1974'te imzalanan Kuruluş Anlaşması ile şirket Gulf Air ismini alarak dört ülkenin ulusal havayolu şirketi olarak çalışmaya başladı.

Kazalar
23 Eylül 1983
 Yer: Mina Jebel Ali yakınları, BAE
 Uçuş no: GF771
 Sefer: Karaçi - Abu Dabi
 Uçak tipi: Boeing B-737-2P6
 Kayıt: A40-BK
 Yolcu: 112 (5 mürettebat)
 Kayıplar: 112 (5 mürettebat)

23 Ağustos 2000
 Yer: Manama sahili, Bahreyn
 Uçuş no: GF072
 Sefer: Kahire - Bahrain
 Uçak tipi: Airbus A320-212
 Kayıt: A4O-EK
 Yolcu: 143 (8 mürettebat)
 Kayıplar: 143 (8 mürettebat)

15 Kasım 2005
 Yer: Şam Havaalanı, Suriye
 Sefer: Şam - Bahreyn
 Kayıplar: 0
 Summary: Altı kadın ve bir çocuk Bahreyn aktarmalı Avustralya seferini yapmakta olan Gulf Air'e ait uçağa bir oyuncak içinde gizli silah parçaları sokmaya çalışırken yakalandı.

Uçuş noktaları
 Avrupa
Atina, Dublin, Frankfurt, Larnaka, Londra, Paris, İstanbul, Trabzon
 Orta Doğu ve Afrika
:Bahreyn Hub, Maskat Hub Abu Dabi, El Ayn, Amman, Beyrut, Kahire, Şam, ed-Dammam, Doha, Dubai, Cidde, Johannesburg, Hartum, Kuveyt, Meşhed, Riyad, San'a, Şiraz, Tahran
 Asya, Uzak Doğu ve Okyanusya
Bangalore, Bangkok, Chennai, Dakka, Delhi, Hong Kong, İslamabad, Cakarta, Karaçi, Katmandu, Koçi, Kalküta, Kuala Lumpur, Lahor, Manila, Mumbai, Peşaver, Singapur, Sidney, Thiruvananthapuram

Filo
Gulf Air Filosu şu uçaklardan oluşmaktadır (Mayıs 2022 itibarıyla):
 16 Airbus A320-200
 5 Airbus A321-200
 7 Boeing 787-900 Dreamliner

Gulf Air filosu ortalama 7.02 yaşındadır (Mayıs 2022).

Sponsor olduğu etkinlikler
Gulf Air pek çok etkinliğe sponsor olmaktadır. Bunların arasında en prestijlisi Gulf Air Bahreyn Formula 1 Grand Prix'dir. Bu etkinlik Formula 1 sezonunun ilk yarışıdır ve her yıl Mart veya Nisan ayında düzenlenir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Gulf Air
 Gulf Air Careers
 Gulf Air Cargo
 Gulf Air Holidays
 Gulf Traveller
 Gulf Air Fleet age
 Bahrain International Airport
 Gulf Air Bahrain Grand Prix
 Arab Air Carriers Organisation

Bahreyn merkezli havayolu şirketleri
Umman merkezli havayolu şirketleri
IATA üyeleri
1950'de kurulan şirketler

Gulf Air


Tveita Station (Tveita stasjon) er en metrostation på Furusetbanen på T-banen i Oslo. Stationen ligger i en kort tunnel under den centrale del af Tveita i bydelen Alna. Der er adgang til stationen via Tveita Senter, der ligger ovenpå den.

Eksterne henvisninger

T-banestationer i Oslo
Etableret i 1970

Tveita Station


Elliot Oliver Robertson Rodger () a fost un criminal american care a comis atacul de la Isla Vista California, în data 23 mai 2014. Acesta a ucis șase oameni și a rănit alți douăzeci și doi înainte de a se sinucide.

Trecutul
Elliot Rodger s-a născut în Londra, Marea Britanie, la 24 iulie 1991. Părinții săi erau producătorul britanic de film Peter Rodger (cunoscut pentru documentarul sau "Oh My God" din 2009 și muncă să ca director secund de compartiment în "The Hunger Games") și malaezianca Li Chin Rodger (asistent de cercetare) Elliot Rodger mai avea o soră. Bunicul din partea tatălui a fost jurnalistul și fotograful George Rodger. Mai târziu, familia sa a imigrat și s-a stability S.U.A., Elliot Rodger crescând în Los Angeles, California. Părinții săi au divorțat mai târziu, tatăl sau recasatorindu-se cu actrița marocană Soumaya Akaaboune, care a născut un al doilea fiu, pe atunci Elliot având opt ani și începând ședințele cu terapeutul său, luând o varietate de medicamente pentru diferite boli și tulburări psihice. Mama lui Elliot a început să bănuiască faptul că el ar suferi de Sindromul Asperger, chiar dacă el nu a fost diagnosticat cu tulburări de dezvoltare mintală.
În școală, Elliot a fost frecvent agrsat fizic și verbal, el pretindea că nu era capabil de a își face prieteni, mai târziu oamenii au spus că el era cel care nu le permitea să îi devină prieteni. La un anumit moment, Elliot Rodger a început să se ocupe de un cont de YouTube și de un blog online, în ambele expunându-și stările și plângându-se de singurătatea și incapacitatea sa în interactiunile sociale. Uneori frecventa forumuri pe care își expunea părerile misogine și rasiste, sau pur și simplu lăsa întrebări ce îi reflectau lipsa de încredere de sine. În timpul anchetei, poliția i-a cercetat laptop-ul și telefonul mobil, găsind în istoricul cautariilor nume ale multor demnitari naziști, întrebări legate de Nazism, căutări de arme de foc și arme albe. Elliot frecventa de asemenea forumuri ce aveau ca tematică jocul World of Warcraft , față de care avea o înclinație. Activitatea lui pe aceste forumuri era predominant agresivă. Ativitatea sa pe internet nu s-a limitat numai la atât, ci și la diferitele conflicte cu comunitatea Wikipedia, Elliot modificând diferite pagini (cum ar fi cea a bunicului său) și vandalizând pagini dedicate lui Justin Bieber și Foot fetishism-ului (Elliot manifestându-și dezgustul față de pornografie în manifestul său).

În data de 4 iunie 2011 Elliot s-a mutat în Isla Vista, pentru a merge la Santa Barbara City College,dar mai târziu, în 2012 a renunțat. În perioada 2011-2012 Elliot a fost implicat în mai multe incidente minore, cu preoponderenta, acestea au constat în agresiuni asupra unor grupuri de oameni și cupluri. Elliot agresa aceste persoane prin aducerea de injurii și replici rasiste în cazul cuplurilor interrasiale, conform mărturiilor sale de pe forumuri și raportului întocmit de către poliția statului California, acesta ar fi folosit și agresiuni fizice (băuturi turnate și aruncate în persoanele respective, dar și contact fizic, amenințări și eventuale tentative de vătămare corporală). În aceeași perioadă, Elliot Rodger a participat la o petrecere unde a încercat să socializeze și să abordeze anumite fete, însă fiind ignorat. Datorită intoxicației cu alcool, acesta a încercat să le atragă atentia prin acțiuni impulsive (împingeri), însă a fost oprit și agresat fizic de către altă persoana de sex masculin.   În urmă altercației Elliot a plecat, însă s-a întors pentru a-și recupera ochelarii de soare (Gucci), însă a fost oprit din a mai întra de către bărbatul care l-a agresat. În urmă acestei acțiuni Elliot Rodger a contactat poliția, însă odată ajunși,polițiștii nu l-au crezut datorită mirosului puternic de alcool pe care acesta îl emana. Conform manifestului sau, acest eveniment l-a determinat să conceapă planul de săvârșire a crimelor ce au urmat.

Pregătirea crimelor
"M-ați forțat toată viața să sufăr, acum eu vă voi face să suferiți. Am așteptat mult timp pentru asta."        -Elliot Rodger în manifestul său
"Nu am început acest razboi…Nu eu am fost primul care a dat cu pumnul…Dar îl voi termina lovind înapoi. Îi voi pedepsi pe toți. Și va fi frumos. În final, în cele din urmă pot să arăt lumii adevărata mea valoare"          -Ultimele cuvinte ale lui Elliot Rodger în manifestul său.

Începând cu toamna anului 2012, Elliot și-a folosit banii de buzunar de la părinții și bunicile sale pentru finanțarea atacului. A vizitat mai multe poligoane de tragere, și și-a cumpărat trei arme de foc ( un Glock 34 și două Sig Sauer P226s) din trei orașe diferite, în același timp a început sa lucreze la manifestul său (avandul drept model pe Seung-Hui Cho, autorul mascarului de la Virginia Tech) în care și-a prezentat viața cu amănunt. În luna ianuarie a anului 2014, Elliot Rodger și-a reclamat la poliție colegul de apartament, pe nume Cheng Yuan Hong, pentru furtul uni set de lumânări ce îi aparțineau lui Rodger. Ulterior Cheng Hong a pledat vinovat, fiind acuzat de furt, însă cazul a fost suspendat mai târziu datorită lipsei de dovezi. În luna aprilie a anului 2014 videourile de pe YouTube, postate de către Elliot au fost vizualizate de către părinții acestuia, îngrijorându-se, aceștia au contactat poliția. În urmă acestui fapt, polițiștii au intervenit, însă Elliot i-a asigurat (conform raportului poliției) prin comportamentul sau politicos și introvertit ca nu reprezintă un pericol la adresa societății, iar polițiștii au considerat că acesta nu se potrivește criteriului de persoană periculoasă sau agresivă. La acel moment Elliot Rodger avea în posesie obiecte incriminatorii (arme de foc), iar conform spuselor sale din manifest; o perchezițe a poliției iar fi ruinat întregul plan.

Atacul și sinuciderea
La 23 mai 2014, Elliot Rodger a început atacul, pe care l-a numit "Ziua Razbunarii", prin înjunghierea a trei oameni, cauzându-le moartea. Ei erau Cheng Hong, celălalt coleg de apartament George Chen, și prietenul lor Weihan Wang. Poliția crede că Rodger a început cu Wang (urmarindul pe acesta până la baia apartamentului), apoi cu Hong și terminând cu Chen, făcând efortul de a ascunde crimele de fiecare dată. La oră 9:17 P.m., Rodger și-a încărcat ultimul video pe YouTube, numit "Elliot Rodger's Retribution"( în care și-a descries planurile și motivarea) apoi trimițând manifestul un minut mai târziu la treizeci și patru de personae, incluzându-I părinții și alți membrii ai familiei, terapeutului său, foști profesori, dar și foști colegi de școală și prieteni din copilărie. Apoi a mers la Alpha Phi, o casă de surori din apropierea Universității Santa Barbara din California, cu intenția de a masacra toți oamenii din clădirea respectivă. Dup ace a ajuns, rodger a bătut insistent la ușă, însă nu a răspuns nimeni, preset de timp, Rodger a împușcat la întâmplare, pe stradă, trei membre ale clubului de surori Delta Delta Delta, ucigându-le Katherine Cooper și Veronika Weiss, rănind-o pe Bianca de Kock. Imediat după uciderea celor două tinere, Rodger a condus în orașul universitar până la un magazine numit  "Isla Vista Deli Mart", și trăgând mai multe focuri către acesta, în cele din urmă luandu-i viața unuia dintre clienții magazinului, studentul pe nume Christopher Michaels-Martinez.

După "Isla Vista Deli Mart", Elliot Rodger a plecat, câteva minute mai târziu fiind observant de către o patrulă de poliție, dar nu l-au supectat că ar fi autorul împușcăturilor, așa că i-au permis trecerea. Rodger și-a continuat atacul împușcând și călcând cu mașina mai mulți pietoni și bicicliști. La un anumit punct Rodger a condus pe partea greșită a drumului, asfel fiind observat de către un ofițer de poliție, cu care au fost schimbate focuri de armă, însă Elliot Rodger a scăpat nevătămat. Aproape de încheierea atacului, Rodger s-a intersectat cu un grup de ofițeri de poliție , lângă parcul "Little Acorn" , în timpul schimbul de focuri, Elliot Rodger a fost împușcat în partea stânga a cutiei toracice. Încercând sa fugă, Rodger își dădu-se seama ca era prea târziu să  scape, înconjurat fiind de către forțele de poliție. În timpul încercărilor de evadare, Rodger a lovit un biciclist , pe nume Keith Cheung, rănindu-l, apoi luându-și viața prin împușcare,  în timp ce vehicului său se afla în mișcare, acesta intrând într-o mașină parcată pe marginea străzii.

Note

Nașteri în 1991
Decese în 2014
Criminali americani

Elliot Rodger


Daniel Forget est un rameur français né vers .

Biographie
Daniel Forget fait partie du deux avec barreur français remportant la médaille d'or aux  Championnats d'Europe d'aviron 1953 à Copenhague ;
Médaille d'argent en 1954
Médaille de bronze 1955
Il est le barreur de l'embarcation à l'âge de 12 ans

Références

Rameur français (aviron)
Champion d'Europe d'aviron
Dirigeant; vice Président de la fédération française d'aviron pendant 12 ans

Chevalier dans l'ordre national du Mérite

Daniel Forget


Karlheinz Jakob (* 6. September 1953 in Heilbronn) ist ein deutscher Linguist und Professor.

Leben
Er studierte Germanistik und Geschichte an der Universität Freiburg und machte 1979 das Staatsexamen für das höhere Lehramt in den Fächern Germanistik und Geschichte. Im Jahre 1984 promovierte Jakob mit der Dissertation Dialekt und Regionalsprache im Raum Heilbronn bei Hugo Steger an der Universität Freiburg. 1990/1991 habilitierte er sich mit der Arbeit Habilitation Maschine, Mentales Modell, Metapher. Studien zur Semantik und Geschichte der Techniksprache. Am 20. Februar 1991 erhielt er die venia legendi für das Fach Germanische Philologie durch den Senat der Universität Freiburg. Im März 1991 erhielt er auf der Jahrestagung des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache den Förderpreis für germanistische Sprachwissenschaft der Hugo Moser Stiftung. Seit 1995 hat er den Lehrstuhl für Germanistische Linguistik und Sprachgeschichte an der TU Dresden inne. Von 2009 bis 2012 war er Dekan der Fakultät Sprach-, Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaften an der TU Dresden.

Schriften

Autorentätigkeit
 Dialekt und Regionalsprache im Raum Heilbronn. Zur Klassifizierung von Dialektmerkmalen in einer dialektgeographischen Übergangslandschaft. 2 Bde. Marburg 1985. (Studien zur Dialektologie in Südwestdeutschland 3.) [Dissertation, Freiburg 1984] [Teilbesprechung innerhalb eines Tagungsberichtes in: Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 52, 1985, S. 70.]

 Maschine, Mentales Modell, Metapher. Studien zur Semantik und Geschichte der Techniksprache. Tübingen 1991 (Reihe Germanistische Linguistik 123.)[Habilitationsschrift, Freiburg 1990] [Besprechungen: Freiburger Univ.bl. 115/1992; Grazer Ling. Studien 37/1992; Referatedienst zur Literaturwiss. 25/1993 H. 1; Medienwissenschaft 1-2/1993; Technikgeschichte 61/1994 Nr. 4]

Herausgebertätigkeit
 Texttyp, Sprechergruppe, Kommunikationsbereich. Studien zur deutschen Sprache in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Festschrift für Hugo Steger zum 65. Geburtstag. Hrsg. von Heinrich Löffler, Karlheinz Jakob, Bernhard Kelle. Berlin, New York.

Beiträge
 Beiwort zur Atlaskarte "Raumgliederung der Mundarten um 1950" . Von Hugo Steger. Mit einem Beitrag von K. Jakob. In: Historischer Atlas von Baden-Württemberg. Karte XII,7. Stuttgart 1982.
 Beschreibung der Mundartregionen. In: Hugo Steger: Raumgliederung der Mundarten. Vorstudien zur Sprachkontinuität im deutschen Südwesten. Stuttgart 1983, S. 13–24.
 Ein Verfahren zur automatischen Herstellung von Probe- und Arbeitskarten. (gemeinsam mit Christoph A. Schöllig). In: Forschungsbericht Südwestdeutscher Sprachatlas. Marburg 1983, S. 69–110. (Studien zur Dialektologie in Südwestdeutschland 1)
 Ein Verfahren zur quantitativen Bestimmung von 'Isoglossen'. (gemeinsam mit Bernhard Kelle) In: Dialectology. Ed. by Hans Goebl. Bochum 1984, S. 136–163. (Quantitative Linguistics 21)
 Zur Klassifizierung von Dialektmerkmalen. In: Probleme der Dialektgeographie. Hrsg. von Eugen Gabriel und Hans Stricker. Bühl/Baden 1987, S. 81–94.
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Weblinks
 Professur für Germanistische Linguistik und Sprachgeschichte an der Technischen Universität Dresden

Linguist
Dialektologe
Hochschullehrer (Technische Universität Dresden)
Person (Heilbronn)
Deutscher
Geboren 1953
Mann

Karlheinz Jakob


An Schizachyrium pseudeulalia in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Takahide Hosokawa, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Stanley Thatcher Blake. An Schizachyrium pseudeulalia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schizachyrium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schizachyrium

Schizachyrium pseudeulalia


SR-25 (Stoner Rifle-25) er en designated marksman rifle (DMR) og halvautomatisk snigskytteriffel designet af Eugene Stoner og fremstillet af Knight's Armament Company.

SR-25 bruger en roterende bolt og et direkte berøringsgas-system. Det er løst baseret på Stoner's AR-10, som blev genopbygget i sin oprindelige 7,62 × 51mm NATO-kaliber. SR-25s løb blev oprindeligt fremstillet af Remington Arms med sin 5R (5 riller, højretwist)-riffel, med twist 1: 11.25. Det tunge 510 mm løb er fritflydende, så håndskærme er fastgjort til modtagerens front og rør ikke løbet.

Referencer

Pages with unreviewed translations
Skydevåben

Knight's Armament Company SR-25