Societatea culturală și educațională sârbă "Prosvjeta" din Teslic () este o organizație culturală din orașul Teslic, Republika Srpska,  re-înființată în anul 1991 și este principalul jucător cultural al orașului, reunind inelectualii, educatorii și tineretul sub un tutela unui singur țel: cel de a prezerva cultura sârbă a regiunii Doboj. Societatea este manageriată de către un comitet a vice-președinților format din 7 membrii, toți sub patronarea directă a președintelui Zivko Petrovic-Kiko.

Activități desfășurate

SPKD "Prosvjeta" Teslić este bine cunoscută pentru organizarea evenimentelor culturale din orașul Teslic, precum: "Bucuria Sf. Sava" (), "Preaiubitul oraș" (), "Zilele toamnei ale culturii" (), și "Festivalul de muzică folk sârbească Sabor" (). De asemenea, "Preaiubitul oraș" a apărut ca o mulțumire adresată Sfântului Patron a Teslicului, și are loc în fiecare an în interiorul teatrului amator de dramă "Branislav Nusic", unde numeroși membri ai societății culturale încântă publicul cu acte de teatru, dansuri populare sârbești și muzică tradițională sârbească. De asemenea, aceștia organizează și o exoziție de artă cunoscută pentru operele expuse.

În același timp, în ultimii doi ani, aceștia au organizat "Academia Spirituala" () în cooperare cu organizația "Comunitatea tinerilor Sf. Sava" ().

Pe de cealaltă parte, "Zilele toamnei ale culturii" este un festival cu tradiție pentru SPKD Prosvejta, care organizează evenimentul timp de peste 15 ani și are loc între lunile Septembrie și Decembrie, timp în care se petrec o multitudine de evenimente specifice culturii sârbe.

În pofida acestui lucru, cea mai mare realizare a acestora este festivalul de muzică folk sârbă care strânge un număr extrem de mare de participanți care vizitează în fiecare an Parlamentul Sârb. Anul acesta au ajuns la numărul 35 (19 iulie 2016).

Cu toate acestea, evenimentul favorit al acestora este Duminica Sfântului Sava () care are o tradiție de peste 18 ani și care crește pe an ce trece.

În plus, SPKD Prosvjeta organizează de asemenea în fiecare an:
 7 expoziții de artă;
 10 evenimente folclorice;
 5 lansări de carte;
 8 târguri de cărți.

Toate aceste activități sunt posibile datorită numeroșilor membri a societății:
 80 de membrii în Teslic;
 30 de membrii în Viktovci;
 ~50 de membrii în Pribnic și Đulić;
 15 membrii ai departamentului de artă.

Colaborări

SPKD este cunoscută pentru buna colaborare a acestora cu organizațiile: Comunitatea tinerilor "Sf. Sava", Biblioteca națională "Danilo Kis" din Teslic, și Teatrul amator de dramă "Branislav Nusic" din Teslic.

De asemenea, o bună colaborare s-a stabilit și între aceștia și instituțiile de învățământ din orașul Teslic, oferind copiilor experiențe culturale de neuitat.

Facilități

Biblioteca acestora este deschisă permanent, în special pentru pensionari și studenți. Trebuie menționat faptul că pentru a avea acces la aceasta trebuie să fiți membru a societății.

În același timp, museul acestora atrage numeroși tineri doritori de cunoaștere.

Obiective

Pe lângă promovarea culturii sârbe, aceștia joacă un rol extrem de important în prezervarea alfabetului chirilic, promovând-ul cu orice ocazie.

Membrii ai comitetului de vice-președinți

 Borislav Predojević
 Zarko Jovicic
 Teso Ristić
 Radomir Jokic
 Vidosava Pavlović
 Vojislav Jovananić
 Boško Manojlovic

Membrii ai comitetului de decizii ordinare

 Aleksa Kasapović
 Boško Mišić
 Miodrag Marković
 Vukman Krgović
 Zdravko Trivunović
 Dušanka Lukonić
 Milorad Marković
 Savo Knezevic
 Nedo Kovačević
 Bogomir Đukić
 Vojislav Jovanić
 Miroslav Popović
 Zoran Vasojević
 Radisav Ristić
 Radomir Jokic
 Milorad Simic
 Brane Peulić
 Stojan Šajinović
 Gordana Anđelić
 Zdravko Jelic
 Borislav Predojev ic
 Dusan Kuzmanovic
 Lazo Ristić
 Miodrag Gačić
 Darinka Bogdanić
 Zaga Gavric
 Tešo Ristić
 Zdravko Ostojic
 Zeljko Vukovic
 Miro Đukarić, archpriest-stavrofor
 Slavoljub Petricevic
 Vidosava Pavlović
 Živko Petrović
 Aleksandra Jotanović
 Jovičić Žarko
 Boško Manojlovic
 Cedo Grbic
 Momčilo Gotovac
 Ljubo Pozderović
 Mika Smiljić
 Milica Jovic
 Adam Bogdanić
 Milorad Malbašić
 Anđelija Panic
 Mile Brkic

Referințe
 Discursul președintelui Zivko Petrovic-Kiko la întrunirea acestuia cu un grup de voluntari internaționali. - 19.7.16

Cultura sârbă a orașului Teslic
Cultura sârbă a Bosniei și Herțegovinei

Societatea culturală și educațională sârbă „Prosvjeta” din Teslic


Karl Josef Paul Jaeckel auch Jäckel (* 10. November 1845 in Waldenburg/Schlesien; † 2. Juli 1906) war ein deutscher Reichsgerichtsrat.

Leben
Der promovierte Jurist wurde 1868 Referendar im preußischen Staatsdienst und machte rasch Karriere. Mitte Oktober 1872 wurde er Gerichtsassessor und im Dezember Kreisrichter in Lublinitz. 1877 oder 1879 wurde er zum Landrichter in Gleiwitz befördert. 1884 wurde er an das Landgericht Berlin I versetzt. 1888 wurde er zum Oberlandesgerichtsrat in Posen befördert. 1892 wurde er an das Kammergericht versetzt. Zum Oberverwaltungsgerichtsrat in Berlin wurde er 1893 ernannt. 1896 kam er an das Reichsgericht. Er war bis zu seinem Tod 1906 im V. Zivilsenat tätig und prägte die liegenschaftsrechtliche Rechtsprechung des Senats. 1905 übernahm er nach dem Tod seines Senatskollegen Rassow die Mitherausgeberschaft von Julius Albert Gruchots Beiträgen. Er verstarb 1906 nach kurzer Krankheit im Amt. Bekannt war Jaeckel durch seinen Kommentar zum Zwangsversteigerungsgesetz und durch eine Kontroverse mit Otto Bähr 1885/86 über den Zivilprozeß.

Schriften
 De successione hypothecaria, Diss. Breslau 1868.
 Die Anfechtung von Rechtshandlungen zahlungsunfähiger Schuldner außerhalb des Konkurses auf Grund des Reichsgesetzes vom 21. Juli 1879 mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Preußischen Rechts, zwei Auflagen Berlin 1881, 1889 (Digitalisat des MPIER).
 Die Subhastations-Ordnung vom 15. März 1869, Berlin 1878 (Digitalisat des MPIER); ergänzt durch das Gesetz betreffend die Zwangsvollstreckung in das unbewegliche Vermögen vom 4. März 1879, zwei Auflagen (1879, 1881).
 Die Zwangsvollstreckungsordnung in Immobilien, drei Auflagen (1883, 1885, 1893).
 Das Reichsgesetz über die Zwangsversteigerung und die Zwangsverwaltung vom 24. März 1897, zwei Auflagen (1899–1901, 1904).
 Auch ein Wort zum deutschen Civilprozeß: Eine Replik, Berlin 1886 (=Gruchot's Beiträge zur Erläuterung des deutschen Rechts, Jahrgang 30 = Neue Folge Jahrgang 10 (1874), S. 635). In Erwiderung auf Otto Bähr: Der deutsche Civilprozeß in praktischer Bethätigung, Jherings Jahrbücher für die Dogmatik des heutigen römischen und deutschen Privatrechts, Band 23 = N.F Band 11 (1885), S. 339; Noch ein Wort zum deutschen Civilprozeß, Jherings Jahrbücher, Band 24 (1886), S. 329; Ein Wort über meine Kritiker, Band 24 (1886), S. 523.

 "Die Selbständigkeit der Grundschuld", Gruchot's Beiträge zur Erläuterung des deutschen Rechts, Jahrgang 18 = Neue Folge Jahrgang 3 (1874), S. 551.
 "Die Anfechtung der Grundschuld", Gruchot's Beiträge zur Erläuterung des deutschen Rechts, Jahrgang 18 = Neue Folge Jahrgang 3 (1874), S. 561
 "Die Ueberweisung rückständiger Kaufgelder in der Subhastation, namentlich unter Berücksichtigung der Correal-Hypotheken", Gruchot's Beiträge zur Erläuterung des deutschen Rechts, Jahrgang 19 = Neue Folge Jahrgang 4 (1875), S. 452.
 "Die Vormerkung nach den Gesetzen vom 5. Mai 1872", Gruchot's Beiträge zur Erläuterung des deutschen Rechts, Jahrgang 18 = Neue Folge Jahrgang 3 (1886), S. 41.
 "Einstweilige Verfügung zur Sicherung eines Anfechtungsanspruchs", Zeitschrift für deutschen Zivilprozess, Band 13 (1889), S. 421.
 "Ist die Zurücknahme der baupolizeilichen Genehmigung auf Grund einer neuen Fluchtlinienfestsetzung auch dann noch zulässig, wenn mit dem Bau bereits begonnen worden ist?" Gruchot's Beiträge zur Erläuterung des deutschen Rechts, Jahrgang 40 = 5. Folge Jahrgang 5 (1896), S. 61.
 "Zur Feststellung des geringsten Gebots in der Theilungs-Subhastation", Gruchot's Beiträge zur Erläuterung des deutschen Rechts, Jahrgang 45 = 6. Folge Jahrgang 5 (1901), S. 577.
 "Kann der Eigentümer auf das Recht, der Geltendmachung der Hypothek zu widersprechen, wenn der Gläubiger den Hypothekenbrief und die sein Gläubigerrecht nachweisenden Übertragungsurkunden nicht vorlegt, wirksam verzichten?" Gruchot's Beiträge zur Erläuterung des deutschen Rechts, Jahrgang 49 (1905), S. 548.
 "Die nicht valutierte Grundschuld und der Verzicht auf Befriedigung aus dem Versteigerungserlöse: Zwei Fälle der Gesetzes- und Rechtsanalogie", Gruchot's Beiträge zur Erläuterung des deutschen Rechts, Jahrgang 50 (1906), S. 596.

Literatur
 Nachruf in der Deutschen Juristen-Zeitung, Jahrgang 11 (1906), Sp. 807.
 Konrad Förster: Aus dem Rechtsleben – Reichsgerichtsrat Dr. Paul Jaeckel, Das Recht, X. Jahrgang (1906), Sp. 915.
 Adolf Lobe: Fünfzig Jahre Reichsgericht am 1. Oktober 1929. Berlin 1929, S. 364.
 Hartwin Spenkuch (Bearb.); Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Hrsg.): Acta Borussica: Die Protokolle des Preußischen Staatsministeriums 1817–1934/38. Band 8/II (1890–1900) (PDF; 2,3 MB), S. 558.
 Werner Petermann: Die Mitglieder des Preußischen Oberverwaltungsgerichts 1875-1942, in: Neue Forschungen zur Brandenburg-Preußischen Geschichte, Bd. 1 (Veröffentlichungen aus den Archiven Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Bd. 14) Köln/Wien 1979, S. 196.

Einzelnachweise

Richter (Reichsgericht)
Richter (Kammergericht)
Richter (Oberlandesgericht Posen)
Deutscher
Geboren 1845
Gestorben 1906
Mann

Paul Jaeckel (Richter)


Robert Alexander (c. 1740 – 1805) was an American planter, lawyer, and Tory political leader during the American Revolution. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress for Maryland in 1776.

Background
Robert Alexander was born on his family's estate at Head of Elk in Cecil County, Maryland about 1740. He was educated to the law and admitted to the bar, and practiced in Baltimore. From 1774 to 1776, he attended the Annapolis Convention as a representative of Baltimore County. He also represented Baltimore in the state's Committee of Safety.

On December 9, 1775 the Convention named Alexander one of their delegates to the Continental Congress. He attended sessions starting in January 1776, and on January 16 the Congress added him to their Secret Committee. Then in April he was added to the Marine Committee. He was re-elected, 4 July 1776, but soon after the promulgation of the Declaration of Independence he sailed for England with other Baltimore loyalists.

In August 1777, after British forces had landed at Head of Elk, he was visited at his home, first by George Washington on the 27th, and then by British General Howe three days later. When the British moved north towards Philadelphia he accompanied them, and was never to return. By the summer of 1778, when Howe abandoned the occupation of Philadelphia, Alexander fled to the Royal Navy, and made his way to London in 1782.

In 1780, the State of Maryland judged Alexander guilty of high treason, and seized most of his property. His estate became the town of Elkton, Maryland, although the wife he had abandoned was allowed to keep the main house that his father had built in 1735. The house still stands, and is located at 323 Hermitage Drive in Elkton.

Alexander died in exile in London on November 1805.

References

Further reading
Janet B. Johnson; "Robert Alexander, Maryland Loyalist";1942; reprinted 1969 by Irvington Publishing, .

External links
Alexander's Congressional Biography

1740 births
1805 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Continental Congressmen from Maryland
18th-century American politicians
American planters
People from Elkton, Maryland

Robert Alexander (Maryland politician)


Verkhojansk (russisk: Верхоя́нск) er en by i republikken Sakha i Rusland. Den ligger ved floden Jana, nær polarcirklen, omkring 650 km nord-nordøst for Jakutsk. Indbyggertal: 1.434 (folketælling 2002). Byen er dermed den tredjemindste by i Rusland, kun større end Magas og Tjekalin.

Historie
En kosak-bosætning blev grundlagt i 1638, 90 km sydvest for den nuværende by. I 1775 blev den flyttet til venstre bred af floden Jana, for at gøre skatteindkrævning enklere. Den fik bystatus i 1817. Mellem 1860'erne og 1917 blev byen brugt som et politisk eksilsted.

Erhvervsliv og transport
Verkhojansk har en flodhavn, en flyveplads, et depot for pelse, og er center for et rendriftsområde.

Klima

Verkhojansk er hovedsagelig kendt for sine exceptionelt lave vintertemperaturer, med en gennemsnitstemperatur i januar på -50° C. Byen ligger på det koldeste område på den nordlige halvkugle, og bliver sammen med Ojmjakon anset som den nordlige kuldepol. Den laveste temperatur som har været registreret her var -67,8° C i 1892. Verkhojansks højest registrerede temperatur om sommeren er 39 °C, en temperaturforskel på 107° C mellem højeste og laveste. I januar 2006 kom temperaturen meget tæt på rekorden, da den nåede -66,7° C.

I dette område dannes ofte temperaturinversioner om vinteren, hvor temperaturen stiger med højden, i stedet for det modsatte.

Byer i republikken Sakha

Verkhojansk


نادي مالمو لكرة القدم (بالسويدية:Malmö Fotbollförening) نادي كرة قدم سويدي يلعب في دوري الدرجة الممتازة. تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1910 .

مراجع

أندية الدوري السويدي الممتاز
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1910
أندية كرة قدم في السويد
أندية كرة قدم في مالمو
تأسيسات سنة 1910 في السويد
الرياضة في مالمو
منظمات رياضية في مالمو
أندية كرة قدم في محافظة اسكونه
مالمو في عقد 1910
تأسيسات القرن 20 في محافظة اسكونه

نادي مالمو


Dalsfjordbroen eller på norsk Dalsfjordbrua er en vejbro over Dalsfjorden i Sogn og Fjordane fylke i Norge. Hængebroen har et spænd på 523 meter og brotårnene er 101 meter høje. Den blev åbnet 14. december 2013. Broen er bygget som en del af projektet Dalsfjordsambandet og indgår i fylkesvej 609. På vestsiden går vejen ind i Ottersteintunnelen og på østsiden af broen går vejen i en 290 meter lang tunnelarm ind til en rundkørsel inde i Nishammartunnelen.

Broplanerne stammer fra 1960'erne med et ønske om å få vejforbindelse mellem Askvoll og Førde og Dale med vej på nordsiden af Dalsfjorden. Blandt andet blev der indsamlet 1200 underskrifter til støtte for projektet i 1962. Senere blev det bestemt at der skulle bygges bro over Dalsfjorden. I 1975 startede byggeriet af vejen fra færgelejet på Eikenes og indover fjorden mod Otterstein, hvor Dalsfjordbroen skulle bygges over til Nishammar på sydsiden. Efter at fire kilometer vej og en tunnel var blevet bygget, blev vejarbejdet stoppet i 1979. Bevilgningerne til projektet blev i 1981 overført til andre projekter, og vejprojektet som til da havde kostet 13 millioner kroner, endte i fjeldvæggen. Sådan stod den ufærdige vej til arbejdet blev genoptaget i 2010.

Midt i 1990'erne ble broplanerne taget op igen, og i 2005 gik Sogn og Fjordane fylkesting ind for at prioritere Dalsfjordbroen.

Ifølge trafikanalyser var årsdøgntrafiken 45 biler over færgelejet Dale-Eikenes i 2007, og man forventede en årsdøgntrafik på 750 biler når broen åbnede i 2013.

Hele projektet kostet omkring 1,1 milliarder kroner, hvoraf halvdelen til selve broen.

Kilder og henvisninger

 Sogn og Fjordane fylkesarkiv: Kampen for Dalsfjordbrua
 NRK Sogn og Fjordanes fylkesleksikon: Dalsfjordbrua
 Bergens Tidende: Byggjestart på Dalsfjordbrua i 2009
 Aksjon Dalsfjordbrua

Broer i Vestland
Askvoll
Fjaler

Dalsfjordbroen


Georges Hermant, né en 1883 ou le 10 juin 1888 à Paris et mort en 1957, est un nageur puis entraîneur de natation français.

Biographie
En 1912, il est inscrit sur les épreuves du 400 et du 1500 mètres nage libre des épreuves de natation aux Jeux olympiques de 1912 mais déclare forfait sur les deux courses. Ancien détenteur du record de France du 100 mètre brasse, il se distingue aussi dans les épreuves de fonds, remportant en 1914 la traversée de Paris à la nage en catégorie amateur.

Exerçant comme ambulant aux P.T.T., Georges Hermant devient parallèlement entraîneur national au SCUF où il révèle Jean Taris qu'il rencontre en 1926. Il a aussi été l'entraîneur d'Yvonne Godard à partir de décembre 1929, ainsi que de Louisette Fleuret et Jacques Cartonnet. Il est l'entraîneur de l'équipe de France de natation lors des Jeux olympiques de Los Angeles en 1932 et de Berlin en 1936. À partir de 1935, il dirige l'école de natation du Club des Nageurs de Paris. Détaché auprès du Ministère de la Santé publique et de l'Éducation physique, il porte un projet pour rendre la pratique de la natation obligatoire dans les écoles.

Hommage
Une piscine porte son nom dans le 19e arrondissement.

Références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Nageur français
Entraîneur de natation
Naissance en juin 1888
Naissance à Paris
Décès en 1957

Georges Hermant


أسامة حمدان (ولد عام 1965 في غزة)، قائد سياسي في حركة حماس، وعضو في المكتب السياسي للحركة، ومسؤول العلاقات الدولية فيها، وممثلها في لبنان.

النشأة والتعليم
ولد عام 1965 في مدينة غزة لعائلة فلسطينية لجأت في حرب 1948 من شرق عسقلان. أكمل دراسته الثانوية في الكويت في عام 1982، وحصل علي شهادة البكالوريوس في الكيمياء عام 1986 في جامعة اليرموك في مدينة اربد بالأردن.

النشاط السياسي
كان ناشطاً في الحركة الطلابية الإسلامية في الجامعة خلال 1982 - 1986. عاد إلى الكويت بعد تخرجه، وعمل في القطاع الصناعي. وسافر إلى إيران خلال الغزو العراقي للكويت عام 1990. انضم إلى حركة حماس وعمل في المكتب السياسي في طهران، ثم مساعدا لممثل حركة حماس عماد العلمي في الأعوام 1992- 1993، وأصبح الممثل الرسمي لحركة حماس في طهران في الأعوام 1994- 1998، ثم عين ممثلا للحركة في لبنان ومسؤولا عن العلاقات الخارجية لحركة حماس وما زال يشغل هذا المنصب حتى الآن. شارك في حوار القاهرة بين الفصائل الفلسطينية في عام 2004 وكان بمثابة الناطق الرسمي لحركة حماس في المحادثات.

شارك في معظم الاجتماعات الأخيرة للحوار بين حماس ومسؤولين أوروبيين. وهو عضو في المؤتمر القومي العربي والمؤتمر الإسلامي ومجلس أمناء مؤسسة القدس الدولية، ويشغل الآن رئيس المكتب السياسي لحركة حماس في لبنان.

روابط خارجية
 لقاء مع ممثل حركة «حماس» في لبنان الأستاذ أسامة حمدان : حول اللقاء الأخير برئيس الحكومة اللبنانية، المركز الفلسطيني للإعلام، 2005 م
 ، نبذه عن حياه أسامة حمدان

 برنامج ما وراء الخبر، قناة الجزيرة: تصريحات رئيس المكتب السياسي لحماس، 10 ديسمبر 2005
 برنامج مباشر، ، 22 مايو 2010

مصادر ومراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء حركة المقاومة الإسلامية (حماس)
خريجو جامعة اليرموك
دبلوماسيون فلسطينيون
سياسيون فلسطينيون
فرية الدم
مسلمون فلسطينيون
مواليد 1965

أسامة حمدان


Grímur Kristgeirsson (f. 29. september 1897 – d. 19. apríl 1971) var íslenskur rakari og stjórnmálamaður. Hann var faðir Ólafs Ragnars Grímssonar, fyrrverandi forseta Íslands.

Grímur fæddist í Bakkakoti í Skorradal. Foreldrar hans voru Kristgeir Jónsson, bóndi, og Guðný Ólafsdóttir. Árið 1920, fluttist Grímur til Ísafjarðar þar sem hann starfaði fyrst sem lögregluþjónn í fjögur ár áður en hann opnaði rakarastofu. Árið 1939 kvæntist hann Svanhildi Ólafsdóttur frá Þingeyri. Hann var bæjarfulltrúi Alþýðuflokkins á Ísafirði frá 1934 til 1953 er fjölskyldan fluttist til Reykjavíkur. Seinna starfrækti hann rakarastofu á Keflavíkurflugvelli sem hann rak til dauðadags.

Heimildir

Fólk fætt árið 1897
Fólk dáið árið 1971
Íslenskir stjórnmálamenn

Grímur Kristgeirsson


Faride Alidou, né le  à Hambourg en Allemagne, est un footballeur allemand qui évolue au poste d'ailier gauche au FC Cologne, en prêt de l'Eintracht Francfort.

Biographie

En club
Né à Hambourg en Allemagne, Faride Alidou est formé par le club de sa ville natale, le Hambourg SV, qu'il rejoint en 2012. Il joue son premier match en professionnel le 16 octobre 2021, à l'occasion d'une rencontre de championnat contre le Fortuna Düsseldorf. Il entre en jeu et les deux équipes se neutralisent ce jour-là (1-1).

Alors qu'il est en fin de contrat en  avec le Hambourg SV, Alidou s'engage avec l'Eintracht Francfort dès le mois de mars, signant un contrat courant jusqu'en  et effectif à partir du .

En équipe nationale
Né et ayant grandi en Allemagne, Faride Alidou possède également des origines togolaises. Il peut représenter ces deux nations en sélection.

En novembre 2021, Alidou est convoqué pour la première fois en équipe d'Allemagne des moins de 20 ans. Il se met en évidence en inscrivant un but et en délivrant une passe décisive contre l'équipe de France.

En , Alidou est convoqué pour la première fois avec l'équipe d'Allemagne espoirs par le sélectionneur Antonio Di Salvo. Le , il joue son premier match avec les espoirs, face à la Lettonie. Il entre en jeu à la place d'Ansgar Knauff ce jour-là, et son équipe l'emporte largement par quatre buts à zéro.

Statistiques

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur allemand
Joueur du Hambourg SV
Joueur de l'Eintracht Francfort
Joueur du FC Cologne
Naissance en juillet 2001
Naissance à Hambourg

Faride Alidou


Niels Valdemar Henckel (født Niels Valdemar Petersen den 1. april 1877 i København, død januar 1953 i Hellerup) var en driftig erhvervsmand og gullaschbaron, uddannet skibsbygger, teglværks- og skibsværftsejer samt byggematador med omfattende aktiviteter i København og Kalundborg, bl.a. Kalundborg Skibsværft.

Niels Valdemar Petersen blev født uden for ægteskab på Fødselsstiftelsen i København, og da forældrene senere blev gift, døde faderen efter ganske kort tid. Moderen blev atter gift (med Oscar Alexander Henckel), som senere adopterede Niels Valdemar, der herefter fik efternavnet Henckel. Valdemar voksede derefter op sammen med et par yngre brødre under meget beskedne kår, men det lykkedes ham at gennemføre en uddannelse som skibsbygger på Orlogsværftet på Holmen i København.

Kilder

 Jensen, Kaj Buch og Møller, Jes Fabricius (2012). Matadoren - Valdemar Henckel
 Grever, godsejere og gullaschbaroner (4:6), DR TV 2019

Erhvervsfolk fra Danmark

Valdemar Henckel


Dimitri Kantemiroğlu ya da Dimitri Kantemir (, 26 Ekim 1673 - 1723), Osmanlı Devleti'ne bağlı Boğdan eyaletinin beyi, Rumen asıllı tarihçi ve yazar, İstanbul'da yaşadığı süre boyunca Klasik Türk müziğine büyük katkılarda bulunmuş müzik uzmanı.

Gençlik yılları
Dimitri Kantemiroğlu 26 Ekim 1673 tarihinde o zamanlar Osmanlı Devleti'ne bağlı Boğdan eyaleti olarak bilinen bugünkü Romanya sınırları içindeki Silişteni kasabasında (Kasabanın ismi sonradan Dimitrie Cantemir olarak değiştirilmiştir) doğdu. Babası Konstantin Kantemir okuma-yazma bilmediği halde Boğdan siyasetinde söz sahibi olmuş bir beydi. Annesi Ana Bantăş ise soylu bir ailenin çok iyi eğitim almış kızıydı. Dimitri ve erkek kardeşi Antioh çok iyi eğitim aldılar. Dimitri gençliğinde Latince, Yunanca ve İslav dillerinin yanı sıra din bilgisi ve silah kullanmayı da öğrendi. Genç yaşlarda müziğe ilgi duydu. Çağdaş Rumen yazarlarının araştırmalarına göre müzik zevkini, flütle Boğdan havaları çalan babasından almış, Boğdan'dayken müziğin temel kurallarını da öğrenmiştir.

Dimitri Kantemiroğlu 14 yaşına geldiğinde Osmanlı Devleti babasını Boğdan beyliğine atadı. Geleneğe uyularak genç Dimitri 1687 yılında rehin olarak İstanbul'a gönderildi. Öğrenimini İstanbul'da sürdüren Dimitri, Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesindeki akademide antik Yunan ve Latin kültürüyle Bizans ağırlıklı Ortodoks kültürünü, Enderunda ise Osmanlıca, Farsça ve Arapça dillerini öğrendi. Osmanlı siyaset ve kültür çevreleriyle yakın ilişki kurdu. Osmanlı Devleti'nin siyaseti, kurumları, etnik durumu ve İslam dini ve sanatına ilişkin bilgiler edindiği gibi Batı'daki hümanizma hareketlerini izlemeyi de ihmal etmedi. Müziğe olan ilgisi İstanbul'da da devam etti. Türk müziğine merak sardı. Kemani Edirneli Ahmed Çelebi'den bu müziğe ait bilgiler, Tamburi Angeliki'den ise tambur öğrendi. II. Ahmet zamanında Enderuna öğrenci olarak alındı. Kantemiroğlu'nun besteci olarak önemi, oluşturduğu nota sistemiyle pek çok yapıtı notaya almış olmasındadır.

Boğdan Beyliği dönemi

Dimitri Kantemiroğlu 1693 yılında babasının yerine Boğdan beyliğine getirildi ama hakkındaki şüpheler üzerine ülkesine dönmesine izin verilmedi. Saraya yaptığı ısrarlar sonucu ancak 1710 yılında Boğdan beyi olarak ülkesine dönebildi. Ülkesine döndükten sonra yaptığı ilk iş, güvendiği bir adamını Rus Çarı'na göndererek Rusya'nın desteğiyle Boğdan Prensliğini süresiz olarak kendisi ve sonra da evlatları için istemek oldu.

Çar Büyük Petro bu teklifi kabul edince aralarında bugünkü Ukrayna'nın Lutsk kentinde gizlice bir antlaşma imzalandı. Dimitri Kantemiroğlu bir kısım boyarla beraber Osmanlı yönetimine isyan bayrağı açtı (Temmuz 1711). Aynı yıl çıkan Osmanlı-Rus Savaşında Büyük Petro yenilince Kantemiroğlu Boğdan beyliğinden azledildi.  Yerine Fenerli Rum Nikola Mavrokordato getirildi. Canını kurtarmak için Rusya'ya kaçmak zorunda kalan Kantemiroğlu hayatının geri kalan kısmını Rusya'da geçirdi. Rusya'dayken Osmanlı tarihi hakkında yazdığı bir eseri ve diğer kitapları sayesinde Rus edebiyatının başlangıcına sebep olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Dimitri Kantemiroğlu 1723 yılında bugünkü Ukrayna'nın Harkiv kentinde kendisine ait Dmitrievsk konağında öldü. Kantemiroğlu'nun çocukları 18. yüzyılda Rusya siyasetinde üst düzeyde rol oynadılar. Rusya'da gömülen Kantemiroğlu'nun naaşı ancak 200 yıl sonra 1935 yılında ülkesi Romanya'ya gönderilerek Yaş kentinde tekrar toprağa verildi.

Klasik Türk müziğine katkıları

İstanbul'da yaşadığı dönemde ney üflediği de söylenen Kantemiroğlu, saz çalmanın kazandırdığı bilgilerle, Türk müziğinin kuramsal temelini kısa zamanda öğrendi. O dönemde, kuramsal konuları en iyi bilenlerden biriydi. Müzik meraklısı olan Hazine-i Hümayun müdürü İsmail Efendi ile saray hazinedarı Latif Çelebi'nin ısrarlarıyla ünlü kitabını yazdı (19 yaşında nasıl böyle bir kitap yazabildiği her ne kadar şaibeli ise de). Kısaca Kantemiroğlu Edvarı diye anılan, Kitab-ı İlmü'l-musiki ala vechi'l-hurufat (Mûsikiyi Harflerle Tespit ve İcrâ İlminin Kitabı) adlı kitap iki bölümden oluşur. Birinci bölümde makamlar, perdeler, usuller üstüne müzik teorisi bilgilerini, ikinci bölümde ise 16. -17. yüzyıla ait, arasında kendi bestelerinin de bulunduğu toplam 349 bestenin notasını verir. Kitap Osmanlı padişahı II. Ahmet'e sunulmuştur. Kantemiroğlu'nun kitabında yer alan besteleri kendi buluşu olan bir müzik notasyonuyla kaydetmesi sayesinde birçok besteyi yok olmaktan kurtarmıştır.

Türkiye'deki çağdaş müzikoloji çalışmalarında, Kantemiroğlu'nun önemine ilk kez dikkat çeken Rauf Yekta Bey oldu. 1912'de Şehbal dergisinde yayımladığı iki yazı ile Kantemiroğlu'nun biyografisini sundu. Hüseyin Sadeddin Arel de aynı dergide bu edvarı yayımlayarak yapıt üstüne açıklamalarda bulundu. O. Wright, Yalçın Tura ve Rumen müzikolog Eugenia Popescu-Judetz, Kantemiroğlu hakkında pek çok çalışma yaptılar. Bunlardan biri 1999 (Popescu-Judetz'in çalışması), diğeri 2000 yılında (Yalçın Tura'nın çalışması) Türkiye'de yayımlandı .

Edebi kişiliği

Dimitri Kantemiroğlu İstanbul'da yaşadığı süre (1687-1710) boyunca sadece Türk müziği değil, tarih, siyaset, felsefe ve din konularında da birçok kitap yazdı. Rumence/Rumca yazdığı Divanul sau Gâlceava Înţeleptului cu lumea sau Giudeţul sufletului cu trupul (1698) (Vücutla Ruh Arasındaki Anlaşmazlık Konusunda Ulaşılan Hükümün Divanı) felsefi bir kitaptır. Istoria ieroglifică (1705) Rumence yazılmış ilk roman olarak bilinir.

Rusya'dayken yazarlığa devam eden Kantemiroğlu 1714-1716 yılları arasında Osmanlı tarihi hakkında Latince bir kitap hazırladı. Batı'da Osmanlı Devleti konusunda oluşan önyargıların büyük kısmına bu kitabın sebep olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Kitap, Avrupa devletlerine Türkler'i yenilgiye uğratmak için hayati önem taşıyan siyasal ve askeri öğütler içermekteydi. Çar Büyük Petro kitabın bir an önce Rusça'ya çevrilmesi için emir verdi. Kitap daha sonra 1734 yılında İngiltere'de, 1743 yılında da Fransa'da yayımlandı. İngiltere Kraliçesi Caroline'ın uzun süre bu kitabı başucundan ayırmadığı söylenir.

1714 yılında Berlin Kraliyet Akademisi'nin isteği üzerine Kantemiroğlu Boğdan'ı coğrafi, etnik ve ekonomik açıdan tanıtan Descriptio Moldaviae (Boğdan'ın Tasviri) kitabını yazdı, Boğdan'ın tarihteki ilk haritasını hazırladı. Roma-Cermen İmparatoru VI. Karl, hizmetleri karşılığında Kantemiroğlu'nu Roma-Cermen Prensi sıfatıyla onurlandırdı.

Türkiye'de yayınlanmış kitapları
 Kitab-ı ilmül Türk, (1.c.), Yapı Kredi Yayınları Limited Şirketi, ISBN 975-08-0168-7
 Kitab-ı ilmül Türk, (2.c.), Yapı Kredi Yayınları Limited Şirketi, ISBN 975-08-0169-5
 Kitbü-l ilmül - musiki, Yapı Kredi Yayınlari Limited Şirketi, ISBN  975-08-0060-5
 Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun yükseliş ve çöküş tarihi, (1.c.), Çağdaş Yayıncılık,  ISBN 975-7720-37-2 Cumhuriyet Kitapları
 Osm. imparatorluğunun yükseliş ve çöküş tarihi, (2.c), Çağdaş Yayıncılık, ISBN 975-7720-38-0 Cumhuriyet Kitapları

Türkiye'deki tartışmalar
Kantemiroğlu'nun mirasına Türkiye'de hem olumlu, hem de olumsuz yönlerden bakılmıştır. İstanbul'da yaşadığı dönemde Türk müziğine ve Türk kültürüne yaptığı katkılar övgü toplarken, İstanbul'dan ayrılıp Rus topraklarına gitmesi ve Osmanlı'ya bağlılıklarından vazgeçen Osmanlı doğumlu Ortodoks kimselere öncülük etmesi nedeniyle tartışma konusu oldu.

1 Aralık 2003'te İstanbul'un Şişli ilçesinde bulunan Maçka Parkı'na dönemin Şişli Belediye Başkanı Mustafa Sarıgül'ün öncülüğüyle bir Dimitri Kantemiroğlu büstü konuldu ve parkın ismi Maçka-Dimitrie Cantemir Parkı olarak değiştirildi.  Transilvanya'nın Romanya'ya katılmasının yıldönümü olduğu için her yıl Romanya'da Birleşme Günü adı altında bayram olarak kutlanan 1 Aralık'ta yapılan bu açılış törenine Romanya Cumhurbaşkanı Ion Iliescu da katıldı. Kantemiroğlu'nun parktaki bu büstünde aşağıdaki yazı yer almaktadır:

Dimitrie Cantemir
Romen Prensi (1673-1723) 1698 -1710 yılları arasında İstanbul'da yaşadı. Tarih ve Musikî araştırmacısı. "Osmanlı Devleti'nin yükselişi ve gerileyişinin tarihi" adlı bilimsel eserin yazarı. Bu yere 330. doğum yılı anısına "Maçka - Dimitrie Cantemir Parkı" adı verilmiştir.Şişli Belediye Başkanlığı 2003Büstte, Kantemiroğlu'nun Osmanlı yöneticisiyken Boğdan'ı Rus Çarı'na gizli antlaşmayla teslim etmesinden bahsedilmemesi, ertesi yıl Mustafa Sarıgül'ün Romanya Cumhurbaşkanı'nın elinden  Bükreş'te Devlet Üstün Hizmet Madalyası alması ve Mustafa Sarıgül'ün daha önce Romanya'da fabrikalarının bulunması Türkiye'de eleştirilere  sebep oldu.  Nitekim 18. yüzyıl Fransız yazarı Voltaire'in XII. Charles'ın Tarihi adlı kitabında şu cümleler yer alır  Kantemiroğlu hangi aileden gelirse gelsin tüm varlığını Babıali'ye borçludur. Beyliğinin beratını henüz almışken velinimeti olan Türk Padişahı'na, daha çok umut bağladığı Çar'ın yararı için hainlik etti.''

Dış bağlantılar

 Özgeçmiş
 Kantemiroğlu ailesinin soyağacı
 Kantemiroğlu'nun müziğinden örnek

Kaynakça

1673 doğumlular
1723 yılında ölenler
Dimitri
Boğdan hükümdarları
Prusya Bilim Akademisi üyeleri
Rumen soylular
Rumen kartograflar
Rumen tarihçiler
Osmanlı tarihçileri
Osmanlı devlet görevlileri
İsyancılar

Dimitri Kantemiroğlu


A gay–straight alliance, gender-sexuality alliance (GSA) or queer–straight alliance (QSA) is a student-led or community-based organization, found in middle schools, high schools, colleges, and universities. These are primarily in the United States and Canada. Gay–straight alliance is intended to provide a safe and supportive environment for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and all (LGBTQ+) sometimes being referred to as "alphabet soup", children, teenagers, and youth as well as their cisgender heterosexual allies. In middle schools and high schools, GSAs are overseen by a responsible teacher. The first GSAs were established in the 1980s. Scientific studies show that GSAs have positive academic, health, and social impacts on schoolchildren of a minority sexual orientation and/or gender identity. Numerous judicial decisions in United States federal and state court jurisdictions have upheld the establishment of GSAs in schools, and the right to use that name for them.

Terminology

 ally – In the context of the founding in 1988, an ally is a cisgender, heterosexual person who supports equal rights for gay people and challenges homophobia. The meaning later expanded to include rights for all LGBTQ+ individuals, orientations, and gender identities.
 Gay–Straight Alliance – name proposed by Meredith Sterling for the original club in 1988. Sometimes with slash instead of dash.
 Gay Straight Alliance – in title case, and without hyphen on the founder website.
 gay–straight alliances – in lowercase, a generalized term for any club of this nature
 Gay–Straight Alliance Network (GSA Network) – an organization founded in California in 1998 to support and promote GSAs.
 gender–sexuality alliance – updated name for gay–straight alliance, the old name appearing "too binary" for a later generation
 Genders & Sexualities Alliance Network – new name (2016) for the Gay–Straight Alliance Network
 Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network (GLSEN) – organization founded in 1990 in Boston
 GSA – originally, designated a gay–straight alliance club, later, a gender–sexuality alliance club
 QSA – is used for more inclusive use, as the community is more than 'Gay', the use of Queer being used allows other students that may fit the queer definition, like transgender or bisexual students, to be represented in these support groups.
 Sexuality And Gender Acceptance/Awareness/Alliance/Association (SAGA) – unspecific general term, used as an alternative to both LGBT and GSA.

History

Founding

Concord Academy
The first gay–straight alliance was formed in November 1988 at Concord Academy in Concord, Massachusetts, when Kevin Jennings, a history teacher at the school who had just come out as gay, was approached by Meredith Sterling, a student at the school who was straight, but was upset by the treatment of gay students and others. Jennings recruited some other teachers at the school, thus forming the first gay–straight alliance. One of the first to join was Sterling's classmate S. Bear Bergman. Jennings credits students for both the establishment of the club, as well as for setting the agenda of struggling against homophobia, and for changes to CA's nondiscrimination policy. Jennings would go on to co-found the Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network (GLSEN) in Boston in 1990.

According to a thirty-year retrospective about the history of the group, Concord Academy reported in 2018 that students at the academy had renamed the group "a few years ago" to "". Faculty mentor Nancy Boutilier said, "That gay–straight language was really important at the time. Times change, though. To students today, that sounds so binary."

Phillips Academy
A few months after Concord started the first Gay Straight Alliance club, another Massachusetts preparatory school north of Boston, Phillips Academy, started one of their own. It began with a meeting called by Phillips student Sharon Tentarelli for February 7, 1989, with little advance notice. A dozen people attended, including a mix of student, teachers, and staff. This was the second such group, after Concord Academy. The group was well-received, and some staff and faculty became supporters, both gay, and straight. Athletic director Kathy Henderson was one of the supporters, and she later went on to co-found the GLSEN two years later, along with Kevin Jennings of Concord Academy.

United States
Described as "perhaps the most important precursor of the GSA movement," Los Angeles' Project 10 is seen as the start of the GSA movement. Founded in 1984, Project 10 was widely recognized as the first organized effort to provide support for LGBTQ youth in schools across the United States. The majority of its facilitators were heterosexual, and was named after the commonly-held statistic that 10 per cent of the adult male population is "exclusively homosexual". Project 10 focused on issues such as substance use, and discussing issues of high-risk sexual behaviour.

The first GSA was started in 1988, in Concord, Massachusetts at Concord Academy by Kevin Jennings. The first public school gay–straight alliance was started at Newton South High School (Newton, Massachusetts) by teacher Robert Parlin. GSAs made headlines in 1999 with the Federal Court ruling in Utah–East High Gay/Straight Alliance v. Board of Education of Salt Lake City School District. This ruling found that denying access to a school-based gay–straight alliance was a violation of the Federal Equal Access Act giving students the right to use facilities for extra curricular activities at any school that receives public funding—regardless of private standing or religious affiliation.

On January 24, 2012, the United States Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan, released a video on YouTube commemorating GSA Day and endorsing GSA clubs in schools.

Inclusivity
Approximately 28 per cent of participants at GSA Network identify as heterosexual.

Opposition
Some students face opposition from school administrations, elected school boards, or local communities in starting a school GSA.

In 2015, students at Brandon High School in Rankin County, Mississippi, attempted to start a GSA, but the school board met and publicly stated they wanted to prevent the formation of "gay clubs" in the school district. They then created a policy requiring parents to provide written permission before a student can join any club. Students then protested with support from the ACLU.

Students at West Carteret High School in Morehead City, North Carolina tried to start a GSA but the Carteret County Board of Education turned it down. In 1999, the Orange Unified School District in Orange County, California moved to prohibit the formation of a GSA at El Modena High School. The students then sued the school board, claiming that their rights under the First Amendment and the 1984 Equal Access Act had been violated. In the first-ever ruling of its kind, Judge David O. Carter of the United States District Court for the Central District of California issued a preliminary injunction ordering the school to allow the GSA to meet.

The right of students to establish a GSA at school is guaranteed by both the First Amendment to the United States Constitution (with regard to every level of schooling) and the federal Equal Access Act (with regard to secondary schools as long as other student clubs are allowed, with the definition of secondary school for purposes of the federal law including middle schools and high schools).

Case law
In the United States, the right of students to establish a GSA at school is guaranteed by both the First Amendment to the United States Constitution (with regard to every level of schooling) and the federal Equal Access Act (with regard to secondary schools where other student clubs are allowed, with the definition of secondary school for purposes of the federal law including middle schools and high schools). Since 1998, there have been at least 17 federal court cases in which high school and middle school students have conclusively prevailed in defending the free exercise of their civil rights on this issue, with federal courts consistently ruling that students have both a right to establish a GSA at school and to use the name Gay–Straight Alliance instead of an alternative name. In 2000, the United States District Court for the Central District of California ruled in favour of high school students whose attempt to form a GSA had been blocked by the school board, in the case of Colin v. Orange Unified School District. In 2009, the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ruled in favor of high school students whose attempt to form a GSA had been blocked by the school board, in the case of Gay–Straight Alliance of Yulee High School v. School Board of Nassau County, with the federal court also ruling that the school must allow the students to use the name Gay–Straight Alliance instead of an alternative name that excludes the term Gay. In 2016, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit unanimously ruled in favor of middle school students whose attempt to form a GSA had been blocked by the school board, in the case of Carver Middle School Gay–Straight Alliance v. School Board of Lake County, Florida.

Outside the United States
Worldwide, gay–straight alliances are not as common as the organizations are in the United States, but are beginning to spread, particularly in Canada.

Australia
As of July 2020, as reported by the media Star Observer, Australia has one gay–straight alliance set up within the Melbourne Grammar School. However, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada and some parts of the United States have had gay–straight alliances within schools for decades.

In Australia, the group Safe Schools Coalition Victoria piloted a system of reducing homophobia though teacher training and student groups that promote inclusion of LGBT young people, which ran from 2014 to 2017. Started by The Foundation for Young Australians and Gay and Lesbian Health Victoria, along with La Trobe University, the program was expanded to run Australia wide. The program was supported by Beyondblue, Headspace, the University of Canberra, Macquarie University, University of Western Sydney, Curtin University, various family planning and HIV prevention groups, government bodies and Uniting Church organizations.

Bulgaria
In 2016, Bulgaria became the first country in the Balkans to open a gay–straight alliance in Sofia American College.

Canada
As Canada has two official languages, LGBT student clubs may be referred to as gay–straight alliances (GSA), queer-straight alliances (QSA), alliance allosexuelle-hétérosexuelle (AAH), or alliance gaie-hétéro (AGH).

In May 2010 Egale Canada launched MyGSA.ca, a website focused on GSAs and their role in making Canadian schools safer and more LGBTQ inclusive. Their website includes educational resources for GSAs and information about available bursaries and funding. While MyGSA previously included a directory of registered Canadian GSA, this feature is no longer available on their website. Prior to closing the public directory, more than 283 GSAs had registered with the website.

Currently there are no federal laws in Canada regarding GSAs. Any laws are specific to each province or territory.

British Columbia
The first GSA in Canada was started in 1998 at Pinetree Secondary School in Coquitlam, British Columbia. The start of the Pinetree GSA garnered national media attention, and its members continued to play a role in public affairs by meeting with successive provincial Ministers of Education, testifying before the B.C. Safe Schools Task Force on anti-bullying, and delivering workshops to students and educators about LGBT-sensitive inclusive language and how to start GSAs. In early 2002, the Pinetree GSA held the first Pride Day at a high school in Canada. The Pride Day included an information fair with booths from various local LGBT organizations, PrideTalk workshops delivered in numerous classes, and an assembly with a talk on transgender rights and a performance by G.L.A.S.S., a local LGBT youth choir.

As of 2011, 41% of schools in British Columbia were reported to have a GSA.

Alberta
The first GSA in Alberta was started in 2000 at the Lindsay Thurber Comprehensive High School in Red Deer. While members initially feared backlash, there was little-to-no negative reaction to the club.

In 2011, the Edmonton public school board introduced a policy which mandates that all school principals must establish a GSA if asked for one by students. The same year, the school board assigned a district consultant to provide support for GSAs within the city and host a monthly meeting for GSA members to network.

In 2017, the NDP government of Alberta introduced Bill 24, the Act to Support Gay–Straight Alliances, which mandated that all schools within the province allow student to create a GSA, allow them to explicitly name it a gay–straight alliance or queer-straight alliance, and prohibits school officials from notifying parents if their child joined a GSA. Schools that do not comply with the bill's requirement are subject to lose government funding. Following the release of the bill, there was disapproval from some politicians and parents. In April 2018, the Justice Centre for Constitutional Freedoms (JCCF) filed a Court of Queen's Bench challenge application claiming that prohibiting school officials from notifying parents when their child joins a GSA violates their constitutional rights.

The New Democratic Party of Alberta filibustered for changes to the Bill 8 (The Education Amendment Act) since the United Conservative Party (UCP) defeated all amendments that would protect LGBTQ teachers and staff over their sexual orientation and gender identity. The UCP have removed protections that were in the 2017 Bill 24, Bill 8 allows for students to be outed by school teachers, administration or staff if a student asks for there to be a GSA or QSA. Albertan schools are no longer compelled to act in an urgent manner in the student's request for a GSA or QSA, allowing the school to take as much time as desired without facing penalties that were in Bill 24.

Saskatchewan
In Saskatchewan, Carlton Comprehensive High School houses one of the first GSA movements in the city of Prince Albert. The first GSA in the city of Saskatoon first met on March 18, 2003, at Mount Royal Collegiate. Since then, GSAs have been established at Nutana, Walter Murray, Evan Hardy, Marion Graham, Bedford Road and Aden Bowman Collegiates. The city of North Battleford Saskatchewan, had their first GSA in 2004 at Sakewew High School, a First Nations school.

Saskatchewan's first GSA summit took place on April 15, 2016, in Saskatoon.

Manitoba
In 2013, the Manitoba government introduced Bill 18, The Public Schools Amendment Act (Safe and Inclusive Schools). This act required school board to accommodate all student requests to form GSAs.

Ontario
The first elementary school GSA in Ontario was started in 2008 at the Sunnyside Public School in Kitchener.

In Ontario, Arnprior District High school, a small rural Ottawa Valley town started a GSA created by the students in 2009. This GSA won one of three Jer's Vision "Youth Role Model of The Year" awards in April 2009. The next year a GSA was founded by students in 2010 at Renfrew Collegiate Institute in the town of Renfrew.

In December 2011, the government of the most populous Canadian province, Ontario, announced it would bring a legislation making it mandatory for all publicly funded schools to support the formation of "tolerance clubs" and student associations. Gay–straight clubs were to be specifically mentioned in that act. The main focus of that Bill 14 would be to counterattack bullying of students, particularly those of a racial or sexual minority.

Beyond a school group the Toronto District School Board has been committed to an unwritten alliance with their students. In addition to co-hosting the OUTShine GSA National Summit in 2013, they funded the Triangle Program at OASIS Alternative School, designed for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender students who are at risk of dropping out or committing self-harm because of harassment in regular schools.

As of 2011, 37% of schools in Ontario were reported to have a GSA.

Quebec

New Brunswick
In 2008, the non-profit organization Pride in Education was founded to protect the safety and wellbeing of LGBT students in New Brunswick. In 2010, they held the first annual Pride in Education GSA Conference for students and teachers interested in creating GSAs.

The first GSA in New Brunswick was founded in 2013 at Woodstock High School following the suggestion of Svend Robinson.

Prince Edward Island
The University of Prince Edward Island's Social Justice Studies program founded shOUT!, an annual conference aimed as GSAs but open to the public, in 2013.

Nova Scotia

In 1998, The Youth Project, a non-profit focused on LGBT youth in Nova Scotia, received funding from Health Canada to increase education about LGBT in schools. Through this initiative, the organization was able to found the first GSA in Nova Scotia at Millwood High School. The Youth Project currently hosts a list of all GSAs in the province on their website.

Newfoundland and Labrador
The first GSA conference in Newfoundland and Labrador was held at Corner Brook Regional High in 2013.

Yukon
While the Yukon Department of Education does not have specific legislation regarding GSA, it does have a policy which mandates safety and inclusion for LGBT students which has been used in the justification for GSAs. Additionally, the territory mandates that all schools must appoint a staff member as a "safe contact" to provide support for LGBT students.

In 2013, a group of student requested to start a GSA at Vanier Catholic Secondary in Whitehorse. The school initially denied this request as it conflicted with the school's Catholic, anti-gay policies. Students of the school protested the denial by wearing pink shirts and holding a sit-in at the Yukon legislative building and wearing rainbow socks to their graduation ceremony. Following the protests, the Yukon Department of Education overturned the school's policy regarding GSAs as it did not meet the mandates outlines in the department's Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Policy

Northwest Territories

Nunavut

The only GSA in Nunavut is at Inuksuk High School in Iqaluit.

Hong Kong
In 2008, students at The University of Hong Kong founded Queer Straight Alliance (QSA), a registered society under Hong Kong laws. For several years it was the only GSA in the city, and it serves students in all campuses through social activities, career support and advocacy. In more recent years, university students in the city have formed other student LGBT groups. However, GSA efforts in secondary schools remain limited, if any.

India
The first GSA in India was started in Tagore International School in New Delhi in 2014 by a group of students and their mentor Shivanee Sen who had formed a pro-LGBT group initiative known as 'Breaking Barriers' which was the first student-led campaign in India to address LGBTQI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex) issues. This group was first inspired to care and focus on the lives of oppressed students and hijras, a community of transgender women, intersex individuals, and eunuchs in India who are marginalized both socially and economically.

At Presidency University, Kolkata, around 100 students have formed a GSA group called Ardhek Akash, which also produces a magazine of the same name. In recent months the group has formed new chapters at Jadavpur University and St. Xavier's College—also in Calcutta—and is looking to expand further.

Mexico
The first GSA in Mexico was begun by a group of students in 2004 at the American School Foundation, a private American school in Mexico City. The GSA was initially opposed by several school board members and a small group of religious conservative parents. But the students eventually won and formed the student club. The GSA's co-advisor, Ian K. Macgillivray, wrote several articles detailing his students' experiences, as well as the book, Gay–Straight Alliances: A Handbook for Students, Educators, and Parents (2007, Harrington Park Press).

Netherlands
The first GSAs in the Netherlands were started in 2009. At the beginning of 2011, a nationwide campaign was started on television to promote GSAs in Dutch schools, featuring several well-known young actors and singers. A number of GSAs already exist in a wide variety of Dutch schools throughout the country, most of them at the university level, but increasingly popular on secondary school level.

New Zealand
Nelson College, the Nelson College for Girls, Nayland College and other schools have had GSAs set up, often with the support of youth mental health bodies. Kira Byrne, a GSA leader at Nelson College for Girls, says that the legalization of same-sex marriage in New Zealand in 2013 created shifts in attitudes towards LGBT people in New Zealand, but that boys at Nelson College were afraid to go to the GSA there because "other boys would wait outside to beat up anyone that came out."

Portugal
Inspired by the gay–straight alliance model,  released the project Aliança da Diversidade (ADD), in English "Diversity Alliance", aimed to promote the creation of secondary level student groups (and teachers) from the north of the country.

This aimed to make Portuguese schools safer and more inclusive for everyone regardless of their sexual orientation, gender identity or expression or sex characteristics, the integration of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGBTI) students, and the eradication of homo, trans and biphobia, intersexism and gender expression based prejudice and discrimination in the school context, always promoting citizenship, human rights and gender equality.

The project was co-financed by the Programa Operacional de Inclusão Social e Emprego, Portugal 2020 and the European Social Fund.

As a complementary initiative to ADD, the Estudo Nacional sobre o Ambiente Escolar (ENAE), Portuguese for the "National School Environment Study", was launched to collect the experiences of LGBTI or questioning young people. According to Telmo Fernandes, ADD project coordinator, the responses confirmed the persistence of isolation and discrimination, reinforcing the urgency of the change that was intended with the project.

Alianças da Diversidade were created in various schools around the country, such as in Ovar municipality, Ramada parish and in the city of Ermesinde.

The initiative started in mid-2017, formally ending in February 2019, but the maintenance of the groups created so far, as well as the creation of new ones with the same objective could continue independently.

United Kingdom
In the UK, there has always been more of an emphasis on stand alone lesbian and gay youth groups that take place outside of the school setting, often funded by the local health authority or education service. The first GSA in the UK was founded in 2000 by CN Lester at Putney High School GDST, and led in part to the formation of Queer Youth Network. The second GSA in the UK was started in 2010 at Shimna Integrated College in Northern Ireland. Another GSA started in 2012 by Copland Community school in Wembley. The setting up of the club has subsequently resulted in the school being known for "tackling homophobic prejudice". Acland Burghley school in Camden set up a gay–straight alliance in 2012 called Connected.

Goal
The goal of most gay–straight alliances is to make their school community safe, facilitate activism on campus, and create a welcoming environment for LGBT students. They are part of the LGBT student movement and participate in national campaigns to raise awareness, such as the Day of Silence, National Coming Out Day, No Name Calling Week, Transgender Day of Remembrance, Harvey Milk Day, GSA day or locally organized campaigns, such as Take It Back: Anti-Slur Campaign, Beyond the Binary, LGBTQ-Inclusive Curriculum and others. Many GSAs work with local chapters of the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN) or Gay–Straight Alliance Network, a national organization supporting youth leadership. The registered number of GSAs with GLSEN is over 4,000, as of 2008. In California, there are over 900 GSAs registered with GSA Network, representing over half of California's high schools. Over half the states in the United States have one or more statewide groups that work with GSAs. Many of these state based groups and local chapters of GLSEN participate in the National Association of GSA Networks. GSA Networks have been formed to help local area students to network and connect to local resources, provide training for youth leaders, and sponsor local GSA efforts.

The inclusion of cisgender heterosexual allies in the missions of these groups "is an important distinguishing factor from early support groups for LGBT teens, and recognizes the need for a comprehensive approach to youth safety", and attempts to build a network of support for non-heterosexual and transgender teens, as well as raise awareness of homophobia and heterosexism.

Impact

Outcomes

Social
LGBT students routinely experience harassment in their schools however, GSAs and other support clubs have been found to provide social support for LGBT students.  Students have reported hearing homophobic remarks from both students and instructors in their schools. In addition, the more harassment students reported, the more likely the student also reported higher levels of depression and lower self-esteem. However, LGBT students attending a school with an active support club reported hearing less homophobic expressions and experienced less victimization than LGBT students attending a school without a GSA or support club. In addition, LGBT students with a GSA in their high school reported more positive outcomes when it came to high school belonging and school victimization.

In addition to the mere presence of a GSA on campus, level of participation in a GSA has also been linked to the amount of social support reported by LGBT students. A 2011 study by Toomey, Ryan, Diaz and Russell (2011) found that the presence of a GSA, participation in a GSA, and perceived effectiveness of a GSA were each individually associated with youth's well-being. In certain cases, research showed these three factors protected youth's well-being against victimization. Furthermore, youths who participated in a GSA reported lower levels of depression and higher self-esteem.

GSAs are important not only at the individual level, but also to promote the education of LGBT issues to school populations. GSA's have been found to promote social activism.  Researchers have argued that GSAs are a grassroots student initiated form of activism. The same researchers claimed that GSAs are important to challenge the status quo, confront discrimination, and reconceptualize gender.

Academic
LGBT youths in schools across the US are subject to serious obstacles that may impact their ability to perform in school.  A 2011 study found that two thirds of LGBT students reported feeling unsafe at school. Some students felt so unsafe that they reported missing school due to safety concerns.  The same study found that the GPA of LGBT children was, on average, half a grade lower than straight. This may be an indicator that LGBT youth face different barriers to education than straight youth.

LGBT youth's school experience may impact their life decisions. LGBT youth in high school were less likely to report that they wanted to pursue further education than straight youth. These findings suggest that LGBT youths' negative experiences in primary education relate to their decision not to continue on in the education system.  This then robs LGBT youth of all of the opportunities that advanced education offers.

However, an active GSA on a high school campus has been associated with better academic outcomes for LGBT students. LGBT youth attending schools with an active GSA were less likely to report feeling unsafe at school and were less likely to miss school due to a threat to their safety. Additionally, LGBT youths who had an active GSA at their high school reported higher educational attainment than LGBT youth who did not have a GSA on their high school campus.

Health
GSAs/QSAs are associated with better mental health outcomes, such as less depression less general psychological distress and higher self-esteem than students without a GSA at their high school. The positive impacts of GSAs/QSAs in students' lives include: increase in school attendance and attachment to the school, sense of empowerment and hope, new friendships, reduction in stress and isolation, increase in confidence and sense of pride. Students in schools that had an active GSA also reported less truancy). LGBT students with a support club in their school also reported lower levels of victimization and suicide attempts in comparison to schools without a support group).

GSAs have also been associated with other reduced health risk factors. LGBT students with a GSA in their high school reported more positive outcomes when it came to alcohol use and problems related to alcohol use. LGBT students with support groups in their schools reported half as much dating violence and less casual sex. Students with an active GSA in their high school were also less likely to be threatened or injured at school in comparison to students without an active GSA.

On students
GSAs are associated with benefits for LGBT students while they are attending school and beyond. The next important step is to understand why GSAs are associated with these benefits.  One qualitative study found that the most beneficial aspect of a GSA was that it provides direct support to LGBTQ members and helps create a support network for LGBT students by connecting them. Another qualitative study found that GSAs were beneficial to LGBTQ students because they act as a protective factor for LGBT students' educational and social experience in school. The study further explained that GSAs provided LGBT students with a sense of identity within their school, improved their self-esteem, and even provided students with courage and support to come out to their families and peers.

One study investigated some of the possible factors within GSAs to discover which specific components of GSAs were associated with which beneficial outcomes. This study found that when GSA advisors served for longer periods of time, students had better health outcomes. In addition, LGBT students who perceived they had more control over their GSA experience and LGBT students who perceived their school to be more supportive had healthier outcomes. In addition, this study reported that "students level of GSA advocacy also predicted students' sense of life purpose."

After secondary school
The relationship between having a GSA in a high school and attitudes towards LGBT individuals does not end after high school. The mere presence of a GSA, whether or not students participated in said GSA, is related to students' attitudes toward LGBT people beyond their time in their high school. University students who reported having a GSA in their high school were more likely to report positive attitudes towards LGBT individuals while attending their university. This was true for all students except students whom were raised in the southern U.S. where having a GSA in one's high school actually correlated with less positive attitudes toward LGBT individuals.

Summary
GSAs are associated with positive social academic and health outcomes for LGBT students. The relationship between having a GSA in one's high school and certain positive social outcomes is known to last beyond high school, however little beyond that is known about the long lasting associations with high school GSAs. Further research should be conducted on the lasting effects if GSAs for LGBT individuals. Researchers have also claimed that GSAs are important not only to LGBT students, but also to change the school climate as a whole to be more informed and respectful of LGBT issues. It has also been claimed that GSAs are important to get students involved in social activism. Researchers should investigate the relationship between having a GSA in a high school the school's social climate. Due to the positive associations between GSAs and student outcomes, school faculty including school psychologists and counselors should become social justice advocates for LGBTQ students by supporting GSAs on their campuses.

Accomplishments
The various accomplishments since the founding of the GSAs include:
 GSAs have played a great leadership role in the grassroots by organizing the passage of many ground-breaking, statewide legislations, like the AB 537: The California Student Safety and Violence Prevention Act of 2000 which prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity.
 It has achieved a critical victory as the plaintiff in the first lawsuit filed under AB 537; which was a three-year settlement agreement which required the Visalia schools to enact sweeping reforms including mandatory teacher and student trainings that would be supportive to LGBT students.
 It also helped to pass 11 key laws to protect LGBT youth and create safer school environment.
 They also launched the National Association of GSA Networks in 2005 to unite statewide organizations to support GSAs and to accelerate the growth and impact of the GSA movement nationwide.  To date, there are 40 states which have joined the National Association in the United States of America alone.

GSA Network

The GSA Network is an LGBT rights organization founded in 1998 by Carolyn Laub to empower youth activists to start GSA clubs in their respective schools to motivate and inspire fellow students to fight against homophobia and transphobia. Laub initially started working with this movement in 40 GSA clubs in the San Francisco Bay area during 1988–99 and then gradually expanded to other cities and states. By 2001, The GSA Network became a statewide organization having branches in other schools in different parts of the state.  In the year 2005, it began operating programs nationally. The year 2008 saw the GSA network become incorporated as its own independent 501(c)3 non-profit organization. Prior to that, it was a fiscally sponsored project of The Tides Center.  In 2015, the network hired two long time staff to serve as Co-Executive Directors to replace outgoing founder and Executive Director Carolyn Laub.  In 2016, the Gay–Straight Alliance Network formally changed its name to Genders & Sexualities Alliance Network and continues to network organizations representing over 4000 GSA clubs across the nation.

The GSA Network organization is based in Oakland and has regional offices in Los Angeles, Fresno, Chicago, and Atlanta.

See also

 Campus Pride (US)
 National Union of Students LGBT Campaign (UK)
 NOH8 Campaign
 Queer Youth Network (UK)
 Homosocialization
 Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Straight Alliance (GLBTSA)

References

Citations in text

Bibliography

Sources
 Denina, Chris. "Gay Club Loses Touro OK." Vallejo Times-Herald, September 9, 2006: A1
 Buchanan, Wyatt. "Gay rights group's charter is revoked." San Francisco Chronicle, September 12, 2006: B5.
 American Medical Student Association. September 11, 2006: "Medical Students at TU to protest Abolition of Gay–Straight Alliance Group" [archive.org/web/20081003224051/https://web.archive.org/web/20081003224051/http://www.amsa.org/news/release2.cfx?id=278]
 Gay Lesbian Medical Association. September 9, 2006: "GLMA Decries Decision by Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine to Ban Gay Straight Alliance Student Group."
 Denina, Chris. "Touro's provost says gay group wasn't dropped." Vallejo Times-Herald, September 12, 2006: A1.
 Buchanan, Wyatt. "Gay rights group not banned, school says." San Francisco Chronicle. September 13, 2006: B4.

 Press release GSA Netherlands.

External links
 Gay Straight Alliance
 Site for Gay–Straight Alliances to register with the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN)
 GSA Network
 Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN) Official Site
 MyGSA.ca Canadian GSA Directory
 Gay/Straight Alliances: A Student Guide
 Gay–Straight Alliances: A Handbook for Students, Educators, and Parents
 Queer Youth Alliance website (UK)
 "Hineini: Coming Out in a Jewish High School," 2005 documentary film profiling a student's attempt to start a GSA at her Jewish High School
 "Gay issues club pits pupils against principal. January 22, 2007. A newspaper article on the predicament faced by RHHS GSA
 Can LBGTQ + School = Safe?, instructional video for youth on how to start a GSA at their high school.
 Fish Almost Eaten By a Shark, Documentary. Beyondmedia Education partners with a 17-year-old latina student who tries to start a GSA at her public high school.
 GLSEN

LGBT student organizations
Youth empowerment organizations
History of youth
Civil rights organizations
LGBT and education

Gay–straight alliance


İkinci ve Üçüncü Sanayi Devrimleri, daha bilinen adı ile Teknolojik Devrim, 19. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde başlayıp, 20. yüzyılın başlarında hızlanan endüstri alanlarındaki hızlı yükselişi ifade etmek için kullanılır. Sanayi devrimi 18. yüzyılın ortalarında buhar gücünün sanayiye uygulanması ile İngiltere'de ortaya çıkmıştır. Ancak tarihsel gelişim aşamaları içerisinde teknolojide ortaya çıkan değişmeler bu durumu ileri seviyeye taşımıştır.

Birinci Sanayi Devriminden sonra 1870-1913 arasında özellikle çelik üretim yöntemlerinin geliştirildiği, elektrik, içten patlamalı motorlar, Atlantik-ötesi telgraf, radyo gibi buluşların ortaya çıktığı döneme "İkinci Sanayi Devrimi" olarak anılmaktadır. Bunun gibi II. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra teknolojide görülen buluşlar, Otomotiv endüstrisi geldiği nokta ile bu durumu daha ileri seviyeye taşımıştır. Bu dönemin belli başlı buluşları arasında nükleer enerji, sentetik ürünler, bilgisayar teknolojisi, mikroelektronik teknoloji gibi yenilikler sayılabilir. Ayrıca fiber optikler ve telekonmünikasyon, biyogenetikler, biyotarım, lazerler ve holografi başlıca buluşlardır olarak sayılabilir.

Kaynakça

İkinci Sanayi Devrimi


é o primeiro episódio da série anime Neon Genesis Evangelion. Ele foi escrito pelo criador da série Hideaki Anno e dirigido por Anno e Kazuya Tsurumaki. Foi exibido pela primeira vez no Japão na TV Tokyo em 4 de outubro de 1995. A série se passa na futurística cidade de Tóquio-3 quinze anos após um cataclismo chamado de Segundo Impacto. Na história deste episódio, o adolescente Shinji Ikari é convocado por seu pai Gendo até Tóquio-3 a fim de pilotar um mecha bio-mecânico gigante chamado de Evangelion Unidade-01 e enfrentar seres misteriosos conhecidos apenas como Anjos.

A produção de "Shito, Shūrai" começou em setembro de 1994 e terminou em abril de 1995. O trabalho de escrita do episódio foi lento e seu roteiro demorou seis meses para ficar pronto, com elementos originalmente pensados sendo descartados ou transferidos para outros episódios. A equipe se influenciou no gênero tokusatsu e faz referências a outras séries mecha e até trabalhos anteriores da produtora Gainax. "Shito, Shūrai" teve uma participação de audiência de 6,8 por cento na televisão japonesa e foi aclamado pelo público e crítica, sendo elogiado por seus visuais, direção e apresentação de personagens.

Enredo
Gendo Ikari, comandante de uma agência especial chamada NERV, convocou seu filho Shinji Ikari para a cidade de Tóquio-3. Sachiel, o terceiro em uma série de seres inimigos misteriosos conhecidos como Anjos, aproxima-se do Japão embaixo do oceano enquanto um batalhão de tanques e aeronaves da Forças Estratégicas de Autodefesa do Japão o espera no litoral. Shinji chegou na cidade a pouco tempo, porém não procurou abrigo por estar esperando Misato Katsuragi, a chefe do departamento militar da NERV, que deveria ir buscá-lo. As Forças Estratégicas de Autodefesa do Japão começam o ataque contra Sachiel usando mísseis e Shinji é quase morto na batalha, porém é resgatado no último momento por Misato, que chega de carro.

As Forças Estratégicas de Autodefesa do Japão não conseguem infligir danos ao Anjo e transferem a responsabilidade de derrotá-lo para a NERV. Shinji e Misato descem abaixo da superfície e ele levado para o hangar de um mecha gigante chamado de Evangelion, onde lhe é mostrado a Unidade-01, o primeiro modelo da série Eva. Gendo aparece e lhe informa que foi chamado para pilotar a Unidade-01 em uma batalha contra o Anjo. Shinji confronta seu pai e protesta o tratamento que recebeu, acreditando que não tem chance em realizar a tarefa, mas Gendo diz para ele pilotar o mecha ou ir embora. Shinji inicialmente se nega e Gendo envia sua outra piloto, Rei Ayanami, que é seriamente ferida no confronto. Shinji concorda em pilotar o Evangelion depois de ver os ferimentos de Rei. A Unidade-01 é então lançada até a superfície diante de Sachiel.

Produção

O estúdio de animação Gainax começou a planejar a produção de Neon Genesis Evangelion em julho de 1993. A primeira reunião interna sobre a série aconteceu no estúdio em 20 de setembro de 1993, porém a produção dos dois primeiros episódios só começou em setembro de 1994, um ano depois da primeira reunião, e durou meses. A fase de escrita foi lenta e, segundo o criador Hideaki Anno, o roteiro do primeiro episódio demorou seis meses para ser finalizado. Kazuya Tsurumaki co-dirigiu "Shito, Shūrai" junto com Anno, com o artista Masayuki desenhando os storyboards e Shunji Suzuki atuando como o animador chefe.

O título do episódio no primeiro rascunho era . Ele começaria com Shinji em um trem, que seria interrompido por uma batalha entre o Evangelion Unidade-00 de Rei Ayanami com um anjo chamado Raziel; este desapareceria em um lago e a danificada Unidade-00 voltaria para a base da NERV. O início de uma batalha entre Raziel e uma Unidade-01 descontrolada também foi planejada, porém acabou transferida para o segundo episódio. A produção de "Shito, Shūrai" terminou oficialmente em abril de 1995, com o segundo episódio sendo finalizado no mês seguinte. As sessões de dublagem começaram em 27 de março, seis meses antes da data de estreia planejada para a série. Os dois primeiros episódios foram exibidos para uma plateia de duzentas pessoas no segundo festival da Gainax em 22 e 23 de julho de 1995 em Itako, alguns meses antes de sua transmissão oficial. Segundo Yasuhiro Takeda, co-fundador da Gainax, os trabalhos ainda estavam em estágios iniciais, já que "a sequência de abertura além de outros elementos ainda não estavam totalmente prontos, assim a exibição mostrou apenas os episódios brutos".

A história foi concebida para começar in medias res. A equipe incluiu referências a vários outros animes na versão final de "Shito, Shūrai", alguns da própria Gainax, incluindo a Lupin III, Chōdenji Robo Combattler V e Gunbuster. O estilo do diretor Akio Jissoji também foi uma influência, com certos planos sendo inspirados no gênero tokusatsu. Símbolos gráficos jocosos típicos do gênero shōjo foram usados, inspirados nos trabalhos do diretor Kunihiko Ikuhara. "Shito, Shūrai" também mostra veículos militares reais, incluindo tanques japoneses Type 74, aeronaves VTOL inspiradas no Yakovlev Yak-38, autogiros e lançadores múltiplos de foguetes M270.

Recepção

"Shito, Shūrai" foi aclamado pela crítica e público. Ele foi exibido pela primeira vez na TV Tokyo em 4 de outubro de 1995, atraindo uma participação de audiência de 6,8 por cento. Foi escolhido como o décimo sétimo "melhor episódio de anime" em uma pesquisa popular feita pela revista Animage. A cena em que Shinji conhecei Rei pela primeira vez ficou em décimo sexta em uma lista de melhores cenas de animes feita pela TV Asahi. Uma pesquisa feita em 2011 pela NTT Resonant colocou a fala "Eu não devo fugir" de Shinji como a terceira mais frequentemente usada online. Uma pesquisa semelhante feita em 2020 pela NHK colocou a mesma fala em terceiro em uma lista de frases favoritas da série.

Ligações externas

Episódios de 1995
Neon Genesis Evangelion

Shito, Shūrai


es una subregión de Japón, que se extiende a lo largo de la costa del océano Pacífico.

Debido a la discrepancia entre diferentes autores, es difícil determinar exactamente las provincias que la componen. Desde el punto de vista geográfico, son las prefecturas de Shizuoka, Aichi y Gifu, pero también están considerados los lazos económicos que unen a Aichi y Gifu con la prefectura de Mie.

Geografía

Provincias y ciudades
La subregión de Tōkai se compone de tres provincias, una de ellas varía de acuerdo con los criterios:

 Provincias:  Aichi Angel Bisa Chiryu Chita Hamamatsu Handa Hekinan Ichinomiya Inazawa Inuyama Iwakura Kariya Kasugai Komaki Konan Nagoya, Nishio  Nisshin Okazaki Obu Owariasahi Seto Shinshiro Tahara Takahama Tokoname Tokai Toyoake Toyohashi Hamamatsu Toyota Tsushima

 Provincias: Gifu Ena Gero  Gifu (ciudad), Gujo Hashima Hida Kakamigahara Kani Mino Minokamo Mizuho Mizunami Motosu Nakatsugawa Ogaki  Seki Tajimi Takayama Toki Yamagata

Provincia puede o no pertenecer a la región, dependiendo de su punto de vista
 Provincias:  Shizuoka Atami Fuji Fujieda Fujinomiya Fukuroi Gotenba Hamakita Hamamatsu Ito Iwata Izu Kakegawa Kosai Mishima Numazu Omaezaki Shimada Shimoda  Shizuoka Susono Tenryu Yaizu

 Provincias:  Mie Hisai Iga Inabe Ise Kameyama Kumano Kuwana Matsusaka Nabari Owase Shima Suzuka Toba Tsu Yokkaichi

Región de Tōkai


Stillehavslom (Gavia pacifica) er en fugl i lomslægten, der lever i Alaska, Canada og det østlige Sibirien.

Noter
  Netfugl.dk
  Avibase - the world bird database

Lommer
Fugle fra Alaska
Fugle fra Canada

Stillehavslom


Malé Ripňany este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Topoľčany din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 545 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Malé Ripňany este atestată documentar din 1390.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Malé Ripňany


Marianne Simonsen (født 31. oktober 1976) er en dansk professor i økonomi ved Aarhus Universitet. Hendes primære forskningsområder er anvendt mikroøkonometri, arbejdsmarkedsøkonomi, sundhedsøkonomi og familieøkonomi.

Karriere

Marianne Simonsen blev cand.oecon. fra Aarhus Universitet i 2003 og ph.d. samme sted i 2005. 2005-08 var hun adjunkt ved Aarhus Universitet, 2008-12 lektor sammesteds og fra 2013 professor ved universitetet.

Simonsen har udgivet en lang række forskningsartikler i anerkendte økonomiske videnskabelige tidsskrifter som Economic Journval, Journal of Public Economics og International Economic Review. Blandt hendes mange medforfattere er Helena Skyt Nielsen og Nabanita Datta Gupta.

Siden 2014 har hun været medredaktør af det danske økonomiske videnskabelige tidsskrift Nationaløkonomisk Tidsskrift.

Hun har desuden deltaget i den offentlige debat om, hvordan man i højere grad kan udjævne den sociale arv og give børn lige muligheder i livet.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

 Marianne Simonsens hjemmeside

Professorer fra Aarhus Universitet
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Økonomer fra Danmark

Marianne Simonsen


فولودارسكوغو  هي مدينة في مقاطعة موسكو أوبلاست في روسيا.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة موسكو

فولودارسكوغو


هذه قائمة بالأفلام المصرية لسنة 1992 مرتبة أبجديا

1992
 الإرهاب والكباب
 إلا ابنتي
 امرأة آيلة للسقوط
 المتهمة
 دماء على الأسفلت
 ضد الحكومة
 عيون الصقر
 موعد مع الذئاب

مصر في 1992
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1992
9
قوائم أفلام مصرية حسب السنة
قوائم أفلام حسب البلد أو اللغة 1992

قائمة الأفلام المصرية سنة 1992


"Hrvatski sokol" Split osnovan je 26. siječnja 1893.g. u Splitu, nakon što se nekoliko godina ranije u Hrvatskom kulturnom društvu "Slavjanski napredak" 1877.g. raspravljalo o osnivanju hrvatskog gimnastičkog društva. Prvi starješina splitskog Sokola bio je Vinko (Vicko) Katalinić.
Suosnivači su bili dr. Ivan Mangjer, Mate Jankov, dr. Eduard Grgić, Filip Muljačić, dr. Vicko Mihaljević i Petar Stalio.

Povijest splitskog "Sokola" je važna jer su i njemu njegovali gotovo svi tada poznati sportovi, koji su polagano prerastali u vlastite klubove društva. Nakon javne vježbe Sokola u Trogiru, 21.06.1903.g. na predjelu zvanom Travarica odigrana je nogometna utakmica između pripadnika Sokola. (vjerojatno između pripadnika splitskog i trogirskog Sokola).
Sokolsku ekipu u crvenoj majici predvodio je vođa društva Vjekoslav Radica.
To je do tada bila nepoznata igra i za gledatelje prava senzacija.

Radi bolje organizacije osnovane su župe. Splitska V. župa je nosila naziv "Vojvoda Hrvoje". Sve župe su 1904.g. na poticaj dr. Josipa Smodlake ujedinjenje u Savez hrvatskog sokolstva, čije je sjedište bilo na Trsatu.

Velik dio arhive splitske V. župe "Hrvatskog sokola" je uništeno, ali u knjizi Adolfa Paara "Hrvatski sokol" možemo vidjeti kakva je bila organizacija V. župe "Vojvoda Hrvoje" 1908.g.
Starosta je bio Gajo Bulat, a M. Gradeček je bio vođa župe.
U župu su spadali sljedeći gradovi (datum i godina osnutka su navedeni tamo gdje se takav podatak zna):
 Split 1893.
 Sinj 1905.
 Vranjic 1.1.1910.
 Grižane (Splitska r.) 18.10.1908.
 Novigrad (dalm.) 30.11.1907.
 Makarska 1894.
 Dolac Donji (kod Sinja)
 Vis 16.08.1907.
 Omiš 27.07.1912.g.
 Mali Iž, Jelsa (o. Hvar) 1910.
 Kaštel Sućurac, Kaštela 1908.
 Trogir 1893.
 Hvar 26.03.1910.
 Starigrad (o. Hvar) 19.08.1908.
 Dolj. Kašteli 1908.
 Korčula, Kaštel Stari, Žman, Široki Brijeg, Suhopolje, Milna 1912.
 Stobreč 1910.
 Postire (o. Brač) 1914.
 Selca (o. Brač) 1913.
 Solin 1910.g.

1908.g. je po projektu inženjera Kamila Tončića izgrađena zgrada Hrvatskog doma u Splitu, a koja je bila sjedište V. splitske župe "Hrvatskog sokola" Vojvoda Hrvoje.

21. kolovoza 1910.g. održan je u Splitu na Krajevoj njivi (danas staro Hajdukovo igralište) I. slet sokolske župe Vojvoda Hrvoje.

U Hrvatskom domu održane su osnivačke skupštine sljedećih sportskih klubova:
 1911.g. HNK Hajduk,
 1914.g. VK Gusar i
 1920.g. JK Jadran.

U Zagrebu 14. prosinca 1919. osnovan Jugoslavenski olimpijski odbor. Prvi predsjednik bio je dr. Franjo Bučar. U tom je sastavu Split kao odbornik zastupao Bogumir Doležal, svestrani sportaš. Fabjan Kaliterna kooptiran je u Odbor 1920. godine. Prvi Olimpijski pododbor u zemlji osnovan je u Splitu na inicijativu Jugoslavenskoga olimpijskog odbora 25. lipnja 1920. Osnivačka sjednica održana je u Domu sokolskog društva Split. Prvi predsjednik bio je dr. Vjekoslav Lavš. Pojedine sportove zastupali su:
 Milan Alačević – veslanje
 ing. Frano Bettini – plivanje
 Ante Danilo – jedrenje
 dr. Ivo-Gjino Karaman – tenis
 Ante Katunarić – biciklizam,
 ing. Egidij Marchi – automobilizam
  dr. Jakša Račić – lov
  Ivan Tudor – bejzbol
 Šime Vučić-Djaković – mačevanje
  ing. Fabjan Kaliterna – nogomet
 predstavnik Sokolskog društva Split – gimnastika
 predstavnik vojske – jahanje i streljaštvo.

Atletika je privremeno ostala bez predstavnika. U cilju propagiranja sporta, Olimpijski pododbor organizirao je razne sportske priredbe u okviru pučkih natjecanja, kao i pokretanje lista "Jadranski šport". Radi prikupljanja novca za pripreme i odlaske sportaša na Olimpijske igre, Pododbor je organizirao razna natjecanja i balove. Prvo natjecanje održano je s nazivom "Olimpijski dan", a održano je 15. listopada 1922. Kasnije ovi pododbori mijenjaju naziv u Mjesni olimpijski odbori.

Godine 1929. uvođenjem šestojanuarske diktature
su zabranjena su sva gimnastička društva s nacionalnim nazivima,
te su ista dobila rok od tri tjedna da se priključe Sokolu Kraljevine Jugoslavije.
Hrvatski sokolski savez nije pristupio novoosnovanom Sokolu Kraljevine Jugoslavije, već je donio odluku o raspuštanju svih hrvatskih sokolskih društava - koja su se svečano raspustila uz Himnu "Lijepu našu". Prethodno su se članovi pojedinih sokolskih društava fotografirati za zajedničke fotografije.
Nakon toga se imovina sokolskih društava diljem Hrvatske konfiscirala, te su se sve djelatnosti u Sokolskim domovima odvijale u organizaciji i pod patronatom Sokola kao državne organizacije.

Dana 28. i 29. lipnja 1931. održan je u Splitu na Krajevoj njivi (danas staro Hajdukovo igralište) veliki slet slavenskog sokolstva.

Split je 6. travnja 1941. napadnut iz zraka, a talijanske trupe okupirale su ga 15. travnja 1941. Pokušaji okupatora da oživi sport nisu uspjeli, pa se imovina klubova konfiscirala te su uništeni njihovi arhivi.

Za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata u zgradi Sokolskog doma je bilo sjedište talijanske fašističke omladine. Talijani su 1942.g. otukli izvornu secesijsku dekoraciju pročelja i interijera, budući da je fašistička arhitektura težila monumentalnosti i klasičnoj formi, bez ukrasa.

Ništa ozbiljnije nije postignuto ni 1943., nakon kapitulacije Italije, kad je uspostavljena vlast NDH.
Po završetku Drugog svjetskog rata nekadašnji Hrvatski (kasnije Sokolski) dom preimenovan je u Omladinski dom.
Godine 1951. sve prijeratne zgrade Sokola Kraljevine Jugoslavije postale su vlasništvo Društva tjelesnog odgoja »Partizan«.

Do izgradnje "Malog sportskog centra Gripe" 1969. godine, najveća dvorana bila je ona u Omladinskoj ulici (danas Tončićeva 1), Hrvatski dom "Sokola" (tada DTO "Partizan"), koju su zimi koristili čak i Hajdukovi igrači, a tu je 1954. godine započeo i studij za nastavnike fizičke kulture Više pedagoške škole.

Zgrada Hrvatskog doma u Splitu obnovljena je i svečano otvorena 19. prosinca 2020.g., pod budnim okom konzervatorice i restauratorice Sanje Buble, s namjerom da služi kao koncertna dvorana, a od sportske tradicije se odustalo. Zgrada zapanjuje ljepotom, funkcionalnošću, ali i veličinom.

Izvori

Šport u Splitu
Povijest Splita

Hrvatski sokol Split


Le Royal Air Force Memorial est un mémorial militaire situé sur le Victoria Embankment, dans le centre de Londres, dédié à la mémoire des victimes de la Royal Air Force pendant la Première Guerre mondiale (et, par extension, de tous les conflits ultérieurs). Dévoilé en 1923, il devint une structure classée Grade II en 1958 et fut mis à niveau vers le Grade II* en 2018. Cette structure est considéré comme le mémorial officiel de la RAF et des services connexes.

Le mémorial est situé à Whitehall Steps, près de Cleopatra's Needle, entre les extrémités de la rive nord du pont de Charing Cross et du pont de Westminster, et directement à l'est du bâtiment principal du ministère de la Défense sur Whitehall. Le  et le Battle of Britain Monument sont situés à proximité.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Air Forces Memorial
 Mémorial du Royal Air Force Bomber Command

Liens externes
 Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund (RAFBF)
 Royal Air Force Memorial by Philip Ward-Jackson, Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund
 Imperial War Museums
 London Remembers

Monument classé de Grade II* dans le borough londonien de Lambeth
Mémorial de la Seconde Guerre mondiale au Royaume-Uni
Édifice construit en 1923

Royal Air Force Memorial


بلدية سانت كليمينت دي يوبريغات (بالكاتالانية: Sant Climent de Llobregat) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 3.631 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة
بلديات في باش ليوبريغات

سان كليمانت دي يوبريغات


Hrvatski turniri u rukometu na pijesku koji su bili dijelom European Beach Handball Toura (EBT), koji je pokrenut ?. godine.

(popis nepotpun)
Kazalo:
izdanje turnira koje je bilo dijelom EBT Toura označeno je brojem inicijalnih bodova koje je nosilo

Vidi
Hrvatski rukometni savez – Rukomet na pijesku
Prvenstvo Hrvatske u rukometu na pijesku

Vanjske poveznice
 Hrvatski rukometni savez – Rukomet na pijesku, hrs.hr
 Hrvatski rukometni savez – Rukomet na pijesku, bhc.com.hr
 Službena stranica European Beach Handball Tour (EBT)

Izvori

Rukomet na pijesku u Hrvatskoj
Natjecanja u rukometu na pijesku
Međunarodna rukometna natjecanja u Hrvatskoj

EBT turniri u Hrvatskoj


An Cypripedium cordigerum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni David Don. An Cypripedium cordigerum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cypripedium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Cypripedium

Cypripedium cordigerum