O tufão Karen foi o ciclone tropical mais poderoso a atingir a ilha de Guam e foi considerado um dos eventos mais destrutivos da história da ilha. Foi identificado pela primeira vez como um distúrbio tropical em 6 de novembro de 1962, bem a sudeste de Chuuk. Nos dois dias seguintes, o sistema seguiu geralmente para o norte e se intensificou rapidamente. Karen se tornou uma tempestade tropical no final de 7 de novembro, e dentro de dois dias intensificou-se explosivamente em uma categoria Supertufão equivalente a 5 na escala Saffir-Simpson. Virando para o oeste, o tufão manteve sua intensidade e atingiu Guam com ventos de  em 11 de novembro. Depois de sair da ilha, fortaleceu-se ligeiramente e atingiu seu pico de intensidade em 13 de novembro com ventos de  e uma pressão barométrica de 894 mb (hPa; 26,40 inHg). A tempestade então gradualmente se voltou para o norte à medida que enfraquecia, roçando as ilhas Ryukyu em 15 de novembro, antes de se mover para leste-nordeste sobre as águas abertas do Pacífico. Karen continuou a enfraquecer e fez a transição para um ciclone extratropical em 17 de novembro antes de perder sua identidade no dia seguinte entre Alasca e Havaí.

Karen devastou Guam com rajadas de vento estimadas em 280 km/h. Noventa e cinco por cento das casas foram danificadas ou destruídas, deixando pelo menos 45.000 pessoas desabrigadas. A comunicação e os serviços públicos foram prejudicados, forçando as autoridades a estabelecer centros de distribuição de água para prevenir doenças. As perdas totais na ilha totalizaram $ 250 milhões. Apesar da gravidade dos danos, apenas 11 pessoas foram mortas. Na esteira da tempestade, uma grande operação de socorro evacuou milhares de pessoas para a Califórnia, Havaí e Ilha Wake. Outros milhares foram abrigados por muitos meses em prédios públicos e, posteriormente, em vilas de tendas. Mais de $ 60 milhões em fundos de socorro foram enviados a Guam nos anos seguintes para ajudar na reabilitação. Embora a tempestade tenha sido devastadora, estimulou novos códigos de construção e uma economia revitalizada.

História meteorológica

Em 6 de novembro de 1962, um distúrbio tropical foi identificado no Oceano Pacífico várias centenas de quilômetros ao sul-sudeste de Chuuk, nos Estados Federados da Micronésia, pelo Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). Seguindo para noroeste, a perturbação se intensificou e foi classificada como uma depressão tropical no início de 7 de novembro. Mais tarde naquele dia, o sistema passou para o leste de Chuuk e virou para o norte antes de atingir ventos fortes. Por volta das 18:00 UTC, o JTWC emitiu seu primeiro alerta sobre a tempestade tropical Karen, a 27ª tempestade nomeada da temporada de 1962. Várias horas depois, uma missão de reconhecimento na tempestade revelou um olho bem definido de . Nas próximas 30 horas, Karen passou por um período de intensificação explosiva à medida que seu olho se tornava pequeno e cada vez mais definido. Entre as 00:00 UTC em 8 de novembro e 03:40 UTC em 9 de novembro, a pressão barométrica de Karen caiu de  para , uma queda de . No final desta fase, Karen apresentou um olho de largura de  e tinha ventos de superfície estimados de , classificando-o como uma categoria moderna Supertufão equivalente a 5 na escala de furacões Saffir-Simpson.

Depois de atingir esse pico inicial de intensidade em 9 de novembro, Karen enfraqueceu um pouco à medida que gradualmente se curvou para oeste-noroeste. Às 15:14 UTC, a tempestade começou a passar por um ciclo de substituição da parede do olho como uma parede do olho secundária maior, aproximadamente  de diâmetro, começou a se desenvolver. Embora os ventos da tempestade não tenham diminuído significativamente, a pressão central de Karen aumentou para  durante esta fase. Acelerando ligeiramente, Karen seguiu em direção oeste-noroeste em direção a Guam até 11 de novembro, o sistema recuperou um olho bem definido e se aprofundou mais uma vez. Entre as 12h10 e 12h35 UTC em 11 de novembro, o olho de largura de  de Karen passou diretamente sobre o sul de Guam. Nessa época, estima-se que a tempestade tenha ventos de , o que o tornaria o tufão mais intenso a atingir a ilha desde 1900. No entanto, anos de análises pós-tempestade indicaram que pode ter sido um pouco mais fraco quando passou por Guam. Na estação do Weather Bureau, no extremo norte de Guam, uma pressão de  foi medida. Mais ao sul, na Base Aérea Anderson, foi registrado 939,7 mb (hPa; 27,75 inHg). A menor pressão verificada foi  na Estação Aérea Naval de Agana. Mais próximo do olho estava o Naval Magazine, onde uma pressão de  foi estimado, mas nunca verificado.

Continuando na direção oeste-noroeste, Karen atingiu seu pico de intensidade em 13 de novembro, com uma pressão central de . entre 13 e 14 de novembro, Karen gradualmente se voltou para o norte enquanto passava por outro ciclo de substituição da parede do olho. Durante esse tempo, Karen finalmente enfraqueceu abaixo da categoria 5, pois seus ventos caíram abaixo de . Isso marcou o fim de seu período quase recorde de 4,25 dias como uma tempestade de tal intensidade, perdendo apenas para o tufão Nancy de 1961, que manteve o estatudo de categoria 5 para 5,5 dias. Nos dias seguintes, a estrutura do tufão foi se desorganizando gradativamente, com o olho não mais bem definido em 15 de novembro. Nessa época, Karen começou a acelerar para nordeste e depois para leste-nordeste sobre o oceano aberto. A combinação de seu movimento rápido e a entrada de ar frio na circulação acabou causando a transição do sistema para um ciclone extratropical em 17 de novembro. Os remanescentes de Karen continuaram rastreando leste-nordeste e foram observados pela última vez pelo JTWC em 18 de novembro aproximadamente a meio caminho entre as ilhas Aleutas do sul e as ilhas havaianas do norte.

Impacto

Guam
Após a identificação de um distúrbio tropical em 6 de novembro, uma condição de prontidão para tufão de nível quatro (TCOR), o nível mais baixo de alerta, foi levantada para Guam até 8 de novembro, três dias antes da chegada de Karen, isso foi elevado para o nível três, levando moradores e militares a estocar suprimentos. Um anúncio público também foi feito naquele dia, alertando os moradores de que o tufão provavelmente atingiria a ilha. Às 9:00 tarde em 10 de novembro (11:00 UTC), um nível dois TCOR foi colocado em prática para Guam e uma emergência de tufão foi declarada. Prédios foram fechados e suprimentos de emergência foram distribuídos. Às 8:00 am (22:00 UTC em 10 de novembro), este foi elevado ao nível um, o mais alto nível de advertência. Nesta época, o USS Haverfield, USS Brister, USS Wandank e USS Banner buscaram refúgio da tempestade em águas abertas. Todo o pessoal da ilha recebeu ordens de evacuar para abrigos à prova de tufão e rações de emergência foram preparadas. Aviões estratégicos do comando aéreo estacionados na ilha foram realocados para evitar danos. Muitos moradores da ilha buscaram refúgio em prédios do governo projetados para resistir a fortes tempestades, enquanto outros foram evacuados para a Ilha Wake. Cerca de 24 horas após a passagem do tufão, todos os avisos foram interrompidos.

Atingindo Guam como uma Tufão equivalente a Categoria 5, Karen produziu ventos destrutivos em grande parte da ilha. Com o olho a passar pelo extremo sul do território, os ventos mais intensos foram sentidos nas zonas centrais. Estima-se que as rajadas de vento na ponta sul de Guam tenham atingido o pico por volta de . Devido à natureza extrema desses ventos, todos os anemômetros da ilha falharam antes que a parte mais intensa da tempestade chegasse, e não houve medições dos ventos mais fortes; no entanto, relatórios pós-tempestade estimaram que os ventos sustentados atingiram  em algumas áreas. A maior rajada medida foi de  em um anemômetro da Marinha dos Estados Unidos em Nimitz Hill pouco antes das 11:00 UTC em 11 de novembro, cerca de duas horas antes do olho do tufão passar pela estação. Com base nessa medição, um estudo de 1996 estimou que as rajadas atingiram o pico entre 280 e 295 km/h (175 e 185 mph) sobre as áreas do sul da ilha. Reportagens de jornais indicaram que uma rajada de  foi medido na ilha antes que o anemômetro fosse destruído. Houve também um relatório não verificado de uma rajada de vento de . Quase todas as medições de chuva durante o tufão foram perdidas; o único total conhecido é  na estação do Weather Bureau para o período de 10–12 de novembro.

Pesquisas de danos revelaram padrões de danos semelhantes a cinturões causados pelos ventos, com algumas casas sendo destruídas e outras próximas tendo apenas danos menores, semelhantes aos impactos de tornados. Os ventos desenraizaram e quebraram palmeiras em toda a ilha e, em alguns casos, arrancaram a casca de troncos e galhos de árvores como se tivessem sido atingidos por jatos de areia. A vegetação foi completamente desfolhada em áreas centrais da ilha. Em alguns lugares, foi descrito como resultado de um incêndio florestal. Os ventos também levaram detritos por toda a ilha. Cobertura de metal foi encontrada enrolada em árvores. Em um caso, uma aeronave bimotor foi transportada  do hangar em que estava amarrado. Uma placa de metal aparafusada em um armazém foi lançada  e encontrado meio enterrado no chão. Em outro lugar, uma cabana quonset foi erguida e carregada por , intacto, antes de ser esmagado no impacto. Ao longo da costa, o  foi arrancado de suas amarras, cortando duas âncoras e cortando um grampo - testado por mais de , respectivamente - no processo. O ROK Han Ra San e o RPS Negros Oriental afundaram no porto interno de Guam.

Karen é considerado o pior tufão a impactar Guam. O governador interino Manuel Guerrero afirmou que "todo o território foi devastado". Quase todas as estruturas, civis e militares, foram severamente danificadas ou destruídas. Mesmo as estruturas de concreto armado na Base da Força Aérea Anderson sofreram danos graves. Embora essas estruturas tenham resistido ao impacto direto dos ventos, quedas repentinas de pressão causaram a quebra das janelas na maioria das estruturas, expondo o interior a danos causados pela água. As estruturas militares foram as que mais sofreram com esse fenômeno, pois os edifícios foram projetados de forma que as diferenças de pressão entre o interior e o exterior não se igualassem. Detritos de casas danificadas ou destruídas se tornaram projéteis durante a tempestade que criaram mais danos, como "estilhaços ou mísseis de artilharia".

A escola secundária George Washington High foi destruída. A escola Tumon Junior Senior High School, embora severamente danificada, foi reaberta em um mês. O Hospital Guam Memorial e o departamento de obras públicas da ilha foram amplamente danificados. O centro de Aganha, a maior cidade de Guam, foi arrasado. Ao longo da estrada principal da cidade, Marine Drive,  de areia acumulada da tempestade de Karen. Ao todo, a cidade tinha 85 por cento destruídos, enquanto as aldeias de Yona e Inarajan foram 97 e 90 por cento destruídos, respectivamente. Além disso, Agana Heights e Sinajana teriam sido destruídos. A rede de comunicação da ilha foi completamente destruída com a explosão de antenas e equipamentos de transmissão. Aproximadamente 30 por cento de postes telefônicos entre a estação naval da ilha e Nimitz Hill e 95 por cento dos postes telefônicos civis foram derrubados. A rede elétrica também foi destruída. A parte Guam do Pacific Scatter Communications System sofreu danos extensos, com todos as quatro antenas de  em Ritidian Point sendo reduzidas a uma "confusão de aço e cabos emaranhados e retorcidos". As perdas apenas com as antenas chegaram a US$ 1 milhão. Todas as pistas de pouso da ilha ficaram inoperantes, dificultando os esforços iniciais de socorro. Numerosas estradas em toda a ilha também estavam intransitáveis, cobertas por árvores caídas e veículos esmagados. Os destroços deixados após a tempestade foram descritos como um "enorme ferro-velho".

Em Guam, 95 por cento das casas foram destruídas, e as que ficaram de pé foram danificadas. Quase todas as casas não à prova de tufão foram severamente danificadas ou destruídas e a maioria dos edifícios à prova de tufão sofreu danos extensos.  Levantamentos preliminares da Cruz Vermelha em 15 de novembro indicaram que pelo menos 5.000 casas foram destruídas e outras 3.000 foram gravemente danificadas. Aproximadamente 45.000 pessoas, principalmente guamesenses, ficaram desabrigadas. Um total de 11 pessoas morreram e cerca de 100 outros ficaram feridos. Pelo menos quatro das mortes foram causadas por prédios desabados, incluindo três em uma casa que cedeu devido às ondas fortes. Outra morte resultou de decapitação por detritos transportados pelo ar. Perdas em toda a ilha totalizaram $ 250 milhões (1962 USD). Os danos em Guam foram descritos como "'muito mais sérios" do que durante a segunda Batalha de Guam, quando as tropas americanas retomaram a ilha dos japoneses. A Marinha dos Estados Unidos descreveu o dano como igual ao de um impacto indireto de uma bomba nuclear. Guerrero disse que o esforço de recuperação dos 17 anos anteriores foi "completamente eliminado".

Em outro lugar
Nas Ilhas Marianas, três navios sob o comando do contra-almirante JS Coye Jr. afundaram; no entanto, a tripulação foi evacuada antes da chegada da tempestade.

Em 13 de novembro, um nível três TCOR foi emitido para Okinawa. Isso levou os militares a começar a proteger a ilha e preparar aviões sem hangares para evacuação. Ao passar perto da região como um tufão equivalente de Categoria 3, Karen causou interrupções consideráveis para as companhias aéreas, trens, navegação e comunicações. Nenhum dano grave foi relatado em Okinawa, mas o próximo Daiyumaru e outro navio de pesca japonês com um total de 26 tripulação desapareceu.

Em 15 de novembro, os residentes de Taiwan foram instados a tomar precauções para minimizar as vítimas. Antes da chegada da tempestade, o ,  e dois outros porta-aviões buscaram refúgio no Estreito de Taiwan. Apesar das tentativas de escapar da tempestade, grandes ondulações superiores a  atingiram os navios, fazendo-os inclinar até 59 graus. Às vezes, as ondas batiam no convés do USS Kitty Hawk. Segundo tripulantes, ondas de até  atingiu Taipé, deixando marcas de água em muitos edifícios.

Consequências
Logo após o tufão, as Forças Aéreas do Pacífico estavam de prontidão para entregar suprimentos a Guam, mas foram atrasadas por pistas de pouso inoperáveis. O Hospital Guam Memorial foi danificado, mas outras instalações civis e militares, incluindo o hospital da Marinha, conseguiram atender os feridos. Em 12 de novembro, Manuel Guerrero fez um apelo urgente ao Governo dos Estados Unidos solicitando que a ajuda fosse enviada às pressas para o território. Além disso, ele instituiu um toque de recolher em toda a ilha entre 20:00 e 06:00 hora local para limitar saques. Nas escolas, os professores foram chamados para guardar suprimentos e equipamentos. A Agência Federal de Gestão de Emergências, sob ordens do presidente dos Estados Unidos John F. Kennedy, declarou Guam uma área de grande desastre mais tarde naquele dia, permitindo que os residentes recebessem ajuda federal. Além disso, 15 técnicos de comunicações da Força Aérea dos Estados Unidos foram destacados de Manila, Filipinas, carregando três aviões carregados de suprimentos de comunicação. Guerrero estimou que levaria quatro meses para concluir os reparos nos serviços públicos. Também foi estimado que as escolas da ilha ficariam fechadas por seis meses.

Inicialmente, os residentes de Guam criticaram a demora na resposta do governo dos Estados Unidos; nenhuma ajuda chegou dois dias após a tempestade, mas as condições inseguras nos aeroportos impediram o pouso de aeronaves. Com a maioria das casas destruídas em Guam, as estruturas que permaneceram de pé foram usadas como abrigo temporário para os desabrigados. Da mesma forma, instalações militares danificadas na Base Aérea de Anderson foram disponibilizadas a todos os civis. até 14 de novembro, USS Daniel I. Sultan chegou a Guam com 1.100 tropas para fornecer energia de emergência. Um C-130 da Força Aérea dos EUA pousou na ilha naquele dia carregando o primeiro carregamento de suprimentos de socorro. Cerca de 400 tropas e 80 funcionários de obras públicas foram enviados do Havaí em 14 de novembro. A Cruz Vermelha e os escritórios de defesa civil foram encarregados de coordenar os esforços de recuperação. Centros de distribuição de água foram instalados em toda a ilha para fornecer água potável aos residentes.

Em 15 de novembro, uma evacuação maciça de residentes começou a remover os sobreviventes de condições inseguras. Dois voos para a Califórnia ocorreram no primeiro dia de evacuação, transportando um total de 154 pessoas. Milhares de residentes também foram levados para a Ilha Wake para se abrigar. Aviões do Serviço de Transporte Aéreo Militar do continente dos Estados Unidos, Japão, Filipinas e Havaí foram chamados para a operação. Em 16 de novembro, os moradores foram alertados sobre uma possível epidemia de febre tifoide e instados a tomar vacinas contra a doença. Em um período de três dias, cerca de 30.000 as pessoas receberam vacinas preventivas para a doença. Em contraste com a proibição anterior de trabalhadores estrangeiros, o governo de Guam solicitou 1.500 carpinteiros, pedreiros e outros trabalhadores da construção civil das Filipinas. até 21 de novembro, o Depósito de Suprimentos da Marinha planejou ter suprimentos suficientes para toda a população embarcada até que chegasse o reabastecimento. A fim de abrigar os sem-teto, a Marinha dos Estados Unidos montou aldeias de tendas em toda a ilha. Cozinhas militares também foram estabelecidas para fornecer comida. Devido às chuvas contínuas após o tufão, muitos não conseguiram uma refeição completa no Dia de Ação de Graças.

Em 21 de novembro, esperava-se que os pagamentos de seguro por perdas excedessem $ 12 milhões. Em 1 de janeiro de 1963, um fundo de ajuda de 2 milhões foi autorizado pelo presidente Kennedy. Outros $ 5,4 milhões em fundos de socorro foram fornecidos pelo presidente Lyndon B. Johnson em 15 de fevereiro de 1964. O Congresso dos Estados Unidos forneceu a Guam com US$ 60 milhões, incluindo US$ 45 milhões por meio de empréstimos federais, principalmente para ajudar na reconstrução do território e promover a expansão da economia. Além disso, a tempestade provocou o fim da segurança militar na ilha, o que por sua vez ajudou no crescimento econômico. Cinco anos após essa decisão, o turismo japonês na ilha aumentou dramaticamente, levando a um grande aumento no número de hotéis. A longo prazo, o Tufão Karen, junto com outras tempestades destrutivas, moldou o desenvolvimento da infraestrutura da ilha. Isso levou a edifícios de maior qualidade e serviços públicos mais eficientes que poderiam suportar tufões poderosos. Desde Karen, a maioria dos edifícios da ilha foi construída com concreto e aço.

Em 29 de abril de 1963, menos de meio ano depois de Karen, o tufão Olive causou grandes danos em Guam e nas Ilhas Marianas. Com muitos moradores morando em tendas e os destroços da tempestade ainda espalhados, previam-se danos graves. Escolas, igrejas e outras estruturas foram abertas como abrigos para proteger os sem-teto. No final das contas, Guam foi poupado do pior da tempestade, embora grande parte de Saipã tenha sido devastada. A ilha foi novamente devastada em 1976 pelo tufão Pamela, que atingiu a ilha com ventos destrutivos por 36 horas. Embora mais fraco do que Karen, o impacto mais duradouro de Pamela foi considerado mais destrutivo.

Devido à gravidade dos danos causados pelo tufão em Guam, o nome Karen foi retirado e substituído por Kim.

Ver também

 Tufão Nancy (1961) - Outro tufão extremamente poderoso que manteve a categoria 5 status por um período de tempo semelhante
 Tufão Yutu (2018) - Devastou as Ilhas Marianas do Norte de maneira semelhante
 Outros tufões notáveis em Guam
 Tufão Yuri (1991)
 Tufão Omar (1992)
 Tufão Paka (1997)
 Tufão Pongsona (2002)

Referências

 Em geral

 Específico

Ligações externas

 Agência Meteorológica do Japão
 Joint Typhoon Warning Center

Nomes de tufões retirados no oceano Pacífico
Tufões
Tufões em Guam

Tufão Karen


Stauntonija (lat. Stauntonia), rod vazdazelenih drvenastih, grmastih penjačica iz porodice Lardizabalaceae. Postoji blizu 30 vrsta koje su rasprostranjene od Pakistana na istok do Indokine i Japana.

Vrste

 Stauntonia angustifolia (Wall.) R.Br. ex Wall.
 Stauntonia brachyandra (H.N.Qin) Christenh.
 Stauntonia brunoniana (Decne.) Wall. ex Hemsl.
 Stauntonia cavalerieana Gagnep.
 Stauntonia chapaensis (Gagnep.) Christenh.
 Stauntonia chinensis DC.
 Stauntonia conspicua R.H.Chang
 Stauntonia coriacea (Diels) Christenh.
 Stauntonia crassifolia (H.N.Qin) Christenh.
 Stauntonia decora (Dunn) C.Y.Wu
 Stauntonia duclouxii Gagnep.
 Stauntonia filamentosa Griff.
 Stauntonia grandiflora (Réaub.) Christenh.
 Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne.
 Stauntonia latifolia (Wall.) R.Br. ex Wall.
 Stauntonia libera H.N.Qin
 Stauntonia linearifolia (T.Chen & H.N.Qin) Christenh.
 Stauntonia maculata Merr.
 Stauntonia medogensis (H.N.Qin) Christenh.
 Stauntonia obcordatilimba C.Y.Wu & S.H.Huang
 Stauntonia obovata Hemsl.
 Stauntonia obovatifoliola Hayata
 Stauntonia oligophylla Merr. & Chun
 Stauntonia parviflora Hemsl.
 Stauntonia pterocaulis (T.Chen & Q.H.Chen) Christenh.
 Stauntonia purpurea Y.C.Liu & F.Y.Lu
 Stauntonia trinervia Merr.
 Stauntonia yaoshanensis F.N.Wei & S.L.Mo

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Lardizabalevke

Stauntonija


Gemma Gili (født 21. maj 1994) er en spansk fodboldspiller, der spiller som midtbane for FC Barcelona i Primera División og Spaniens kvindefodboldlandshold. Hun har tidligere spillet for Valencia CF Femenino.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Profil hos FC Barcelona
 Profil hos La Liga

Kvindelige fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Spanien
Fodboldspillere fra FC Barcelona

Gemma Gili


القمة هو أعلى جزء من شعار الدولة.

مراجع

شعارات
درعيات

قمة (درعيات)


Onthophagus waminda é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Matthews em 1972.

Referências

Ligações externas

waminda
Coleópteros descritos em 1972

Onthophagus waminda


Heeresgruppe F, şu anlamlara gelebilir:

 Heeresgruppe F - I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Filistin Cephesi'nde kurulan ordu grubu.
 Heeresgruppe F - II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Balkan Cephesi'nde kurulan ordu grubu.

Heeresgruppe F


El alfabeto turcomano es el alfabeto oficial del idioma turcomano. Es utilizado actualmente en la República de Turkmenistán. Es un alfabeto latino basado en el alfabeto turco, pero con notables diferencias; las cuales veremos a continuación:

Diferencias entre el alfabeto turcomano y el alfabeto turco:

~ La letra: "J" es utilizado en vez de la "C" turca;

~ La letra: "Ž" es utilizado en vez de la "J" turca;

~ La letra: "Y" es utilizado en vez de la "I" turca ı (I/ı);

~ La letra: "Ý" es utilizado en vez de la "Y" turca;

~ La letra: "W" es utilizado en vez de la "V" turca;

~ Últimamente, las letras: "Ä" y "Ň", han sido añadidas para representar los sonidos  y , respectivamente.

Desarrollo cronológico y cultural de la escritura Turcomana:

Alfabeto árabe
El idioma escrito en Turkmenistán se formó en los siglos XIII—XIV, en ese momento el alfabeto árabe se empleaba para escribir. En el siglo XVIII existía una rica literatura en la lengua turcomana y al mismo tiempo la alfabetización de la población no superaba el 1%, incluso a finales del siglo XIX ya que la publicación de libros era extremadamente limitada. La primera cartilla escrita apareció en 1913 y la publicación del primer periódico turcomano "Gaceta Nativa del Transcapio" fue en 1914.

La escritura árabe no se adaptó a las fonéticas presentes en las lenguas túrquicas. Entonces no existían signos para designar sonidos específicos del idioma turcomano, y al mismo tiempo, había muchas letras para designar sonidos árabes que no estaban presentes en el idioma.

En los primeros años de la Unión Soviética el alfabeto árabe se reformó 2 veces, en 1922 y 1925 respectivamente. Durante las reformas se introdujeron letras con diacríticos para denotar fonemas túrquicos y se abolieron letras para sonidos que están ausentes den el idioma turcomano.

Jañalif
En enero de 1925, en las páginas del periódico republicano "تُرکمِنِستَان" se planteó la cuestión de la transición a un nuevo alfabeto latinizado: jañalif. Después del  Congreso Turcológico de toda la Unión en Bakú (febrero-marzo de 1926), el Consejo Académico Estatal bajo el Comisariado Popular de Educación de la República Socialista Soviética de Turkmenistán desarrolló un borrador de un nuevo alfabeto. A principios de 1927, este alfabeto fue publicado en la prensa. El primer borrador del alfabeto romanizado turcomano incluía las siguientes letras: A a, Ə ә, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, F f, G g, Ƣ ƣ, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ꞑ ꞑ, O o, Ɵɵ ɵɵ, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Y y, V v, X x, Į į, Z z, Ƶ ƶ, '.

El 3 de enero de 1928, el Comité Ejecutivo Central de la República Socialista Soviética de Turkmenistán aprobó el nuevo alfabeto latinizado finalizado. Inmediatamente comenzó a publicar parte de los materiales de los medios, ya partir de septiembre de 1928 comenzó a arraigarse en las instituciones educativas. La transición definitiva al nuevo alfabeto en todas las áreas oficiales se llevó a cabo en mayo de 1929.

Inicialmente el alfabeto contaba con 40 letras: A a, Aa aa, B в, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, Ə ә, F f, G g, Ƣ ƣ, H h, I i, Ii ii, J j, K k, L ʟ, M m, N n, Ꞑ ꞑ, O o, Oo oo, Ɵɵ ɵɵ, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Uu uu, V v, X x, Y y, Yy yy, Z z, Ƶ ƶ, Ь ь, Ьь ьь.

Ya en 1930, en el I Congreso Científico Lingüístico, los dígrafos que denotaban vocales largas fueron oficialmente excluidos del alfabeto. En 1934, por decisión de la comisión ortográfica, se excluyeron las letras: ƣ, q y en 1936, x. En lugar de las letras excluidas, se empezaron a utilizar las letras g, k y h, respectivamente.

Alfabeto cirílico

A fines de la década de 1930, comenzó el proceso de cirilización de las escrituras en toda la URSS. En enero de 1939, el periódico "Sovet Tyrkmenistanь" publicó una carta de los maestros de la región de Ashghabat con la iniciativa de transferir la escritura turcomana a la base cirílica. El Presídium del Sóviet Supremo de la República Socialista Soviética de Turkmenistán instruyó al Instituto de Investigación de Lengua y Literatura para redactar un nuevo alfabeto. Los profesores del Instituto Pedagógico de Ashghabat y los trabajadores de la prensa también participaron en el desarrollo del nuevo guion. En abril de 1940 se publicó el borrador del alfabeto.

En mayo de 1940, el Consejo de Comisarios del Pueblo de la República Socialista Soviética de Turkmenistán adoptó una resolución sobre la transición al nuevo alfabeto en todas las instituciones públicas y estatales a partir del 1 de julio de 1940 y sobre el inicio de la enseñanza del nuevo alfabeto en las escuelas a partir del 1 de septiembre del mismo año.

Posteriormente hubo un cambio en la ubicación de la letra ъ: si inicialmente estaba ubicada después de я, entonces desde 1954 comenzó a ubicarse entre щ y ы.

El alfabeto cirílico turcomano se retiró por completo de las esferas oficiales de uso en el año 2000.

Alfabeto latino actual

Después del colapso de la URSS a principios de la década de 1990, en Turkmenistán se planteó la cuestión de cambiar a la escritura latina. Un grupo de científicos del Instituto de Lingüística, encabezado por M. Soiégov, desarrolló la primera versión del nuevo alfabeto. Este proyecto fue publicado en el periódico "Түркменистан" el 19 de agosto de 1992. En el mismo año, se propusieron una serie de otros proyectos.

Una característica de este proyecto fue el uso no convencional de los signos q, v, y x. Se suponía que reemplazarían las letras cirílicas ө, ү y ы respectivamente.

En enero de 1993, se llevó a cabo una reunión sobre el tema de un nuevo alfabeto en la Academia de Ciencias de Turkmenistán, en la que se formó una comisión para desarrollar el alfabeto. Saparmyrat Ataýewiç Nyýazow se convirtió en el presidente de la comisión. En febrero se publicó en prensa una nueva versión del abecedario. El 12 de abril de 1993, el Mejlis aprobó un decreto presidencial sobre un nuevo alfabeto.

Una característica de este alfabeto era el uso de signos monetarios: dólar, céntimo, yen y libra para designar algunos sonidos específicos del idioma turcomano.

Pronto, en lugar de este alfabeto, se introdujo otra variante, que todavía se usa en la actualidad. Desde el año 2000, este alfabeto se ha convertido en el único aceptable en todas las esferas oficiales de Turkmenistán.

La transferencia del alfabeto turcomano a la base latina se llevó a cabo sin tener en cuenta las posibilidades reales del país, lo que tuvo un impacto negativo en la calidad de la educación. Por ejemplo, los alumnos de primer grado aprendieron un nuevo alfabeto latinizado, pero al año siguiente también se vieron obligados a aprender cirílico, ya que no se publicaron nuevos libros de texto para el segundo grado. Esta situación se viene observando desde hace 5-6 años desde el inicio de la reforma.

La lengua turcomana se escribe aún en alfabeto árabe en otros países donde predomina la escritura árabe (como en Afganistán, Irak e Irán) y algunos jóvenes optan por revivir la escritura cirílica.

Orden alfabético

Alfabeto Perso-Árabe.
ا، ب، پ، ت، ث، ج، چ، ح، خ، د، ذ، ر، ز، ژ، س، ش، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ع، غ، ف، ق، ك، گ، ل، م، ن، نگ، و، ه ة، ی، آ، أ، اِ، اوْ، اؤ، اوُ، اۆ، ای، ایٛ

Alfabeto Cirílico.
Аа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Дд, Ее, Ёё, Жж, Җҗ, Зз, Ии, Йй, Кк, Лл, Мм, Нн, Ңң, Оо, Өө, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Үү, Фф, Хх, (Цц), Чч, Шш, (Щщ), (Ъъ), Ыы, (Ьь), Ээ, Әә, Юю, Яя

Alfabeto Latino.
Aa, Bb, Çç, Dd, Ee, Ää,  Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Žž, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ňň, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Ww, Yy, Ýý, Zz

Letras turkmenas adicionales en Braille (Basado en el «Alfabeto Braille Ruso»).
⠣ ә (ä), ⠹ җ (j), ⠜ ң (ň), ⠧ ө (ö), ⠽ ү (ü)

Tabla de correspondencia

Nombres de las letras y su pronunciación

Pronunciación del alfabeto latino

Türkmen elipbiýi

Cirílico
түркмен элипбийи

 Notas

Véase también
Alfabeto
Alfabeto turco

Referencias
Clement, Victoria. 2008. Emblems of independence: script choice in post-Soviet Turkmenistan in the 1990s. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 192: 171-185

Enlaces externos
 Omniglot
 Transliteración entre los alfabetos cirílico y latino turcomanos

turcomano, alfabeto
Idioma turcomano

Alfabeto turcomano


Chitradurga district is an administrative district of Karnataka state in southern India. The city of Chitradurga is the district headquarters. Chitradurga gets its name from Chitrakaldurga, an umbrella-shaped lofty hill found there. Tradition dates Chitradurga District to the period of the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The whole district lies in the valley of the Vedavati River, with the Tungabhadra River flowing in the northwest. During the British times it was named Chitaldroog. The district was practically ruled by all the well known dynasties that ruled Karnataka. A historical places like Jain basadi of Heggere,a pilgrimage centre for Jain's in district.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Chitradurga district has a population of 1,659,456, roughly equal to the nation of Guinea-Bissau or the US state of Idaho. This gives it a ranking of 297th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 9.39%. Chitradurga has a sex ratio of 969 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 73.82%. 19.86% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 23.45% and 18.23% of the population respectively.

At the time of the 2011 census, 83.33% of the population spoke Kannada, 7.33% Urdu, 5.39% Telugu and 2.29% Lambadi as their first language.

Economy
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Chitradurga one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the five districts in Karnataka currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Education

Sri Shivakumara Rangaprayoga Shale

People

 Madakari Nayaka – King of Chitradurga
 Onake Obavva – Legendary woman who fought Hyder Ali's army.
 Malladihalli Sri Raghavendra Swamiji (Tiruka) – yogi and Ayurvedic guru
 S. Nijalingappa (vinayak) – politician, ex-CM, ex-MP and ex All India Congress lead
 T.R. Subba Rao (TaRaSu) – a novelist, 1985 winner of Sahitya Akademi Award for his novel Durgasthamana
 Tirumalai Krishnamacharya – yogi and Ayurvedic guru. One of the most influential yoga teachers of the 20th century and is credited with the revival of hatha yoga. Also called father of Modern Yoga.
 P. R. Thippeswamy (PRT) – Artist, Writer & Folklorist – K. Venkatappa Awardee 1999, ex-Chairman Karnataka Lalithakala Academy

See also
 Districts of Karnataka

References

External links

 Chitradurga district website
 Chitradurga City Municipal Council
 all about Chitradurga in kannada

Districts of Karnataka

Chitradurga district


The current coat of arms of the Republic of Austria has been in use in its first forms by the First Republic of Austria since 1919. Between 1934 and the German annexation in 1938, the Federal State (Bundesstaat Österreich) used a different coat of arms, which consisted of a double-headed eagle (one-party corporate state led by the clerico-right-wing Fatherland Front, often labeled Austro-fascist).

The establishment of the Second Republic in 1945 saw the return of the original arms, with broken chains added to symbolise Austria's liberation. In 1981 the Wappen der Republik Österreich (Bundeswappen) described the blazon in the Federal Constitutional Law (Austrian act) (Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz, B-VG). With this change of law it was defined that the specific drawing is to codificate in an own statute law and that all other versions of the coat of arms of Austria were no longer in law. In accordance to this the Wappengesetz from 1984 and the drawing of the actual Wappen der Republik Österreich is in Austrian law. The often used Bundesadler (federal eagle) is only a synonymous term in colloquial language.

Description

Appearance
In Art. 8a Abs. 2 B-VG the blazon of the Federal Arms of the Republic of Austria is described as follows:
Das Wappen der Republik Österreich (Bundeswappen) besteht aus einem freischwebenden, einköpfigen, schwarzen, golden gewaffneten und rot bezungten Adler, dessen Brust mit einem roten, von einem silbernen Querbalken durchzogenen Schild belegt ist. Der Adler trägt auf seinem Haupt eine goldene Mauerkrone mit drei sichtbaren Zinnen. Die beiden Fänge umschließt eine gesprengte Eisenkette. Er trägt im rechten Fang eine goldene Sichel mit einwärts gekehrter Schneide, im linken Fang einen goldenen Hammer.

In translation:
The coat of arms of the Republic of Austria (federal coat of arms) consists of a free-floating, single-headed, black eagle with golden arms and a red tongue, whose chest is covered with a red shield crossed by a silver crossbar. The eagle wears a golden mural crown with three visible pinnacles on its head. A broken iron chain encloses the two talons. In his right talon he carries a golden sickle with the edge turned inwards, in his left talon a golden hammer.

In accordance of Art. 8a Abs. 3 the actual withdrawn of the Wappen der Republik Österreich is in law as of § 1 Wappengesetz from 1984:
Das Wappen der Republik Österreich (Bundeswappen) ist im Art. 8a Abs. 2 B-VG bestimmt und entspricht der Zeichnung des Bundeswappens in der einen Bestandteil dieses Gesetzes bildenden Anlage 1.

This artistic version as above described with the drawing in attachment 1 of Wappengesetz 1984 in which the eagle's feathers are grey and detailed, with the colours of bluegrey for the chain and dark gold for the other signs, is the actual official coat of arms of the Republic of Austria. There are some other different versions of the arms in use as of more in accordance to the blason of Art. 8a Abs. 2 B-VG, in which the eagle is represented plain black, the undefined colour of the chain and the yellow as heraldic gold. All these versions are used in parallel.

Symbolism
The symbols and emblems used in the Austrian arms are as follows:

The Eagle: Austria's sovereignty (introduced 1919)
The escutcheon:  (late Middle Ages, reintroduced 1915; see also: Flag of Austria)
The mural crown: Middle class (bourgeoisie, introduced 1919)
The sickle: Farmer's class (peasants, introduced 1919)
The Hammer: Working class (introduced 1919)
The broken chains: Liberation from German occupation (added 1945)

Discussions about the arms have been triggered in the past by differing political interpretations, especially by the use of the hammer and the sickle and the broken chains, since the crossed hammer and sickle are a widespread symbol of communism, as is the breaking of chains. Surveys have however confirmed, that understanding of the actual symbolism of the arms is widespread.

On the one hand the arms serve as a new republican symbol, on the other as a modified version of the historical Habsburg arms. The current version of the arms is often regarded as being reminiscent of the double-headed eagle of the Habsburg monarchy. According to this interpretation, the single headed eagle alludes, in the sense of the removal of the left hand, "Hungarian" head, to the removal of the eastern part of the Habsburg Empire. However, Addendum 202 to the 1919 Law on the State Arms and the State Seal of the Republic of German Austria states expressly that the "new" single headed Austrian eagle is based not on the double headed eagle (symbol of the Habsburgs since 1804, and previously of the Holy Roman Empire), but rather on the "symbol of the legions of the Roman Republic", the Aquila. The Austrian federal states have however retained pre-republican heraldic traditions (mostly heraldic images from the Middle Ages, but also diverse accoutrements such as archducal and ducal hats, and knights' helmets).

The tower emblem as first proposal in 1918

On 31 October 1918, the council of state agreed upon the colours of the republic (red-white-red) as well as the new emblem composed personally by chancellor Karl Renner. The coat of arms was composed quickly due to the need for having a seal at the peace talks after World War I. The emblem consisted of a black tower representing the bourgeoisie, two crossed red hammers representing workers and a golden wreath of wheat representing farmers. The colours black, red and gold was deliberately chosen because they were the national colours of Germany, the three colours associated with republican Germany (as opposed to red, white and black), as first manifested within German lands in 1778.

However, the new emblazon was withdrawn as it was met with heavy criticism from, for example, Adolf Loos and heraldists; the proposal was seen as too similar to commercial advertising. A decision by the council of ministers on 8 May 1919 replaced the tower emblem with the eagle.

See also

 Flag of Austria
 Flags of Austrian states
 Coats of arms of the Austrian states
 Coat of arms of Austria-Hungary

Literature

References

External links

Peter Diem: Die Entwicklung des österreichischen Bundeswappens (german)
Coat of arms of Austria In The World All Countries Coat of arms
Austria: Coat of Arms in CRW Flags

National symbols of Austria

Austria

Austria
Austria
Austria
Austria
Austria
Austria
Austria

Coat of arms of Austria


Kinta est l'un des dix arrondissements de la commune d'Agbangnizoun dans le département du Zou au centre du Bénin.

Géographie

Localisation
L'arrondissement de Kinta est situé à l'Est de la commune d'Agbangnizoun.

Administration
Sur les cinquante-trois villages et quartiers de ville que compte la commune d'Agbangnizoun, l'arrondissement de Kinta en groupe  villages. Il s'agit de :
 Agbidimè ;
 Ahissatogon ;
 Danli ;
 Gbindoumè ;
 Wèdjè.

Histoire

Le nom Kinta signifie ''Sur les gravillons'' en langue locale Fon-gbé. De ''Kin'' qui veut dire gravillons ou graviers et ''Ta'' qui se traduit ''Sur'' ou ''En dessus de''. Kinta peut donc se traduire ''Au pays des gravillons'' ou ''sur les gravillons''.

L'histoire de la fondation de ce village commence au XVIII siècle avec l'arrivée sur cette terre  de l'ancêtre fondateur SOUTCHOTCHOMANTCHO chasseur de renom qui s'y arrêta à l'embouchure d'une rivière.

Démographie
Selon le recensement de la population de  conduit par l'Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique (INSAE), Kinta compte 6077 habitants.

Notes et références

Zou
Arrondissement au Bénin

Kinta (Zou)


Philip Alfred Mickelson (born June 16, 1970) is an American professional golfer  who currently plays in the LIV Golf League. He has won 45 events on the PGA Tour, including six major championships: three Masters titles (2004, 2006, 2010), two PGA Championships (2005, 2021), and one Open Championship (2013). With his win at the 2021 PGA Championship, Mickelson became the oldest major championship winner in history at the age of 50 years, 11 months, and 7 days. He is nicknamed Lefty, as he plays left-handed.

Mickelson is one of 17 players in the history of golf to win at least three of the four majors. He has won every major except the U.S. Open, in which he has finished runner-up a record six times. In 2022, Mickelson became the only golfer who has won 3 (or more) of the 4 majors to join the Saudi-backed LIV Golf tour, leaving his PGA Tour membership of 30 years.

Mickelson has spent more than 25 consecutive years in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Ranking. He has spent over 700 weeks in the top 10, has reached a career-high world ranking of No. 2 several times and is a life member of the PGA Tour. Although naturally right-handed, he is known for his left-handed swing, having learned it by mirroring his right-handed father's swing. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012.

Early life
Philip Alfred Mickelson was born on June 16, 1970, in San Diego, California, to parents Philip Mickelson Sr., an airline pilot and former naval aviator, and Mary Santos. He was raised there and in Scottsdale, Arizona. Mickelson has Portuguese, Swedish, and Sicilian ancestry. His maternal grandfather, Alfred Santos (also Mickelson's middle name) was a caddie at Pebble Beach Golf Links and took Phil to play golf as a child.

Although otherwise right-handed, he played golf left-handed since he learned by watching his right-handed father swing, mirroring his style. Mickelson began golf under his father's instruction before starting school. Phil Sr.'s work schedule as a commercial pilot allowed them to play together several times a week and young Phil honed his creative short game on an extensive practice area in their San Diego backyard. Mickelson graduated from the University of San Diego High School in 1988.

Amateur career
Mickelson attended Arizona State University in Tempe on a golf scholarship and became the face of amateur golf in the United States; he captured three NCAA individual championships and three Haskins Awards (1990, 1991, 1992) as the outstanding collegiate golfer. With three individual NCAA championships, he shares the record for most individual NCAA championships alongside Ben Crenshaw. Mickelson also led the Sun Devils to the NCAA team title in 1990. Over the course of his collegiate career, he won 16 tournaments.

Mickelson was the second collegiate golfer to earn first-team All-American honors all four years. In 1990, he also became the first with a left-handed swing to win the U.S. Amateur title, defeating high school teammate Manny Zerman 5 and 4 in the 36-hole final at Cherry Hills, south of Denver. Mickelson secured perhaps his greatest achievement as an amateur in January 1991, winning his first PGA Tour event, the Northern Telecom Open, in Tucson, making him one of the few golfers to win a PGA Tour event as an amateur in the history of the PGA Tour. At age 20, he was only the sixth amateur to win a tour event and the first in over five years after Scott Verplank at the Western Open in August 1985. Other players to accomplish this feat include Doug Sanders (1956 Canadian Open) and Gene Littler (1954 San Diego Open). With five holes remaining, Mickelson led by a stroke, but made a triple-bogey and was then three strokes behind. The leaders ahead of him then stumbled, and he birdied 16 and 18 to win by a stroke. To date, it is the most recent win by an amateur at a PGA Tour event.

That April, Mickelson was the low amateur at the Masters Tournament in Augusta, Georgia. With his two-year PGA Tour exemption from the Tucson win, he played in several tour events in 1992 while an amateur but failed to make a cut.

Professional career

1992–2003: Trying for first major win
Mickelson graduated from ASU in June 1992 and quickly turned professional. He bypassed the tour's qualifying process (Q-School) because of his 1991 win in Tucson, which earned him a two-year exemption. In 1992, Mickelson hired Jim "Bones" Mackay as his caddy. He won many PGA Tour tournaments during this period, including the Byron Nelson Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf in 1996, the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am in 1998, the Colonial National Invitation in 2000, and the Greater Hartford Open in 2001 and again in 2002.

He appeared as himself in a non-speaking role in the 1996 film Tin Cup, starring Kevin Costner. His 2000 Buick Invitational win ended Tiger Woods's streak of six consecutive victories on the PGA Tour. After the win, Mickelson said, "I didn't want to be the bad guy. I wasn't trying to end the streak per se. I was just trying to win the golf tournament." Although he had performed very well in the majors up to the end of the 2003 season (17 top-ten finishes, and six second- or third-place finishes between 1999 and 2003), Mickelson's inability to win any of them led to him frequently being described as the "best player never to win a major".

2004–2006: First three major wins

Mickelson's first major championship win came in his thirteenth year on the PGA Tour in 2004, when he secured victory in the Masters with an  birdie putt on the final hole. Ernie Els was the runner-up at a stroke back; the two played in different pairs in the final round and had traded birdies and eagles on the back nine. In addition to getting the "majors monkey" off his back, Mickelson was now only the third golfer with a left-handed swing to win a major; the others being New Zealander Sir Bob Charles, who won The Open Championship in 1963, and Canadian Mike Weir, who won The Masters in 2003. (Like Mickelson, Weir is a right-hander who plays left-handed.) A fourth left-handed winner is natural southpaw Bubba Watson, the Masters champion in 2012 and 2014.

Prior to the Ryder Cup in 2004, Mickelson was dropped from his long-standing contract with Titleist/Acushnet Golf after an incident when he left a voicemail message for a Callaway Golf executive. In it, he praised their driver and golf ball and thanked them for their help in getting some equipment for his brother. This message was played to all of their salesmen, and eventually found its way back to Titleist. He was then let out of his multi-year deal with Titleist 16 months early and signed on with Callaway Golf. He endured a great deal of ridicule and scrutiny from the press and fellow Ryder Cup members for his equipment change so close to the Ryder Cup matches. He faltered at the 2004 Ryder Cup with a  record but refused to blame the sudden change in equipment or his practice methods for his performance.

In November 2004, Mickelson tallied his career-low for an 18-hole round: a 59 at the PGA Grand Slam of Golf at Poipu Bay Golf Course in Hawaii. The following year, Mickelson captured his second major at the PGA Championship at Baltusrol in a Monday final-round conclusion due to inclement weather the previous day. On the 18th hole, Mickelson hit one of his trademark soft pitches from deep greenside rough to within  of the cup and made his birdie to finish at a 4-under-par total of 276, one shot ahead of Steve Elkington and Thomas Bjørn. Mickelson captured his third major title the following spring at the Masters. He won his second green jacket after shooting a 3-under-par final round, winning by two strokes over runner-up Tim Clark. This win propelled him to 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking (his career best), behind Woods, and ahead of Vijay Singh and Retief Goosen.

2006: Collapse on final hole at the U.S. Open
After winning two majors in a row heading into the U.S. Open at Winged Foot, Mickelson was bidding to join Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods as the only players to win three consecutive majors (not necessarily in the same calendar year). Mickelson was the joint leader going into the final round, but he was part of a wild finish to the tournament, in which he made major mistakes on the final hole and ended up in a tie for second place at +6 (286), one shot behind Geoff Ogilvy.

Mickelson bogeyed the 16th hole. On the 17th hole, with the lead at +4, he missed the fairway to the left, and his drive finished inside a garbage can, from which he was granted a free drop; he parred the hole. He had a one-shot lead and was in the last group going into the final hole.

Needing a par on the 18th hole for a one-shot victory, Mickelson continued with his aggressive style of play and chose to hit a driver off the tee; he hit his shot well left of the fairway (he had hit only two of thirteen fairways previously in the round). The ball bounced off a corporate hospitality tent and settled in an area of trampled-down grass that was enclosed with trees. He decided to go for the green with his second shot, rather than play it safe and pitch out into the fairway. His ball then hit a tree and did not advance more than . His next shot plugged into the left greenside bunker. He was unable to get up and down from there, resulting in a double bogey and costing him a chance of winning the championship outright or getting into an 18-hole playoff with Ogilvy.

After his disappointing finish, Mickelson said: "I'm still in shock. I still can't believe I did that. This one hurts more than any tournament because I had it won. Congratulations to Geoff Ogilvy on some great play. I want to thank all the people that supported me. The only thing I can say is I'm sorry." He was even more candid when he said: "I just can't believe I did that. I'm such an idiot."

2006–2008

During the third round of the 2006 Ford Championship at Doral, Mickelson gave a spectator $200 after his wayward tee shot at the par-5 10th broke the man's watch. Mickelson also has shown other signs of appreciation. In 2007 after hearing the story of retired NFL player, Conrad Dobler, and his family on ESPN explaining their struggles to pay medical bills, Mickelson volunteered to pay tuition for Holli Dobler, Conrad Dobler's daughter, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.

Frustrated with his driving accuracy, Mickelson made the decision in April 2007 to leave longtime swing coach, Rick Smith. He then began working with Butch Harmon, a former coach of Tiger Woods and Greg Norman. On May 13, Mickelson came from a stroke back on the final round to shoot a three-under 69 to win The Players Championship with an 11-under-par 277.

In the U.S. Open at Oakmont in June, Mickelson missed the cut (by a stroke) for the first time in 31 majors after shooting 11 over par for 36 holes. He had been hampered by a wrist injury that was incurred while practicing in the thick rough at Oakmont a few weeks before the tournament.

On September 3, 2007, Mickelson won the Deutsche Bank Championship, which is the second FedEx Cup playoff event. On the final day, he was paired with Tiger Woods, who ended up finishing two strokes behind Mickelson in a tie for second. It was the first time that Mickelson was able to beat Woods while the two stars were paired together on the final day of a tournament. The next day Mickelson announced that he would not be competing in the third FedEx Cup playoff event. The day before his withdrawal, Mickelson said during a television interview that PGA Tour Commissioner, Tim Finchem, had not responded to advice he had given him on undisclosed issues.

In 2008, Mickelson won the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial with a −14, one shot ahead of Tim Clark and Rod Pampling. Mickelson shot a first-round 65 to start off the tournament at −5. He ended the day tied with Brett Wetterich, two shots behind leader, Johnson Wagner. Mickelson shot a second-round 68, and the third round 65, overall, being −12 for the first three rounds. On the final hole, after an absolutely horrendous tee shot, he was in thick rough with trees in his way. Many players would have punched out and taken their chances at making par from the fairway with a good wedge shot. Instead, Mickelson pulled out a high-lofted wedge and hit his approach shot over a tree, landing on the green where he one-putted for the win.

In a Men's Vogue article, Mickelson recounted his effort to lose  with the help of trainer Sean Cochran. "Once the younger players started to come on tour, he realized that he had to start working out to maintain longevity in his career," Cochran said. Mickelson's regimen consisted of increasing flexibility and power, eating five smaller meals a day, aerobic training, and carrying his own golf bag.

Mickelson was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2008.

2009
Mickelson won his first 2009 tour event when he defended his title at the Northern Trust Open at Riviera, one stroke ahead of Steve Stricker. The victory was Mickelson's 35th on tour; he surpassed Vijay Singh for second place on the current PGA Tour wins list. A month later, he won his 36th, and his first World Golf Championship, at the WGC-CA Championship with a one-stroke win over Nick Watney.

On May 20, it was announced that his wife Amy was diagnosed with breast cancer, and Mickelson announced that he would suspend his PGA Tour schedule indefinitely. She would begin treatment with major surgery as early as the following two weeks. Mickelson was scheduled to play the HP Byron Nelson Championship May 21–24, and to defend his title May 28–31 at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, but withdrew from both events. During the final round of the 2009 BMW PGA Championship, fellow golfer and family friend John Daly wore bright pink trousers in support of Mickelson's wife. Also, the next Saturday, at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, a "Pink Out" event was hosted, and the PGA Tour players all wore pink that day, to support the Mickelson family.

On May 31, Mickelson announced that he would return to play on the PGA Tour in June at the St. Jude Classic and the U.S. Open, since he had heard from the doctors treating his wife that her cancer had been detected in an early stage. Mickelson shot a final round 70 at the 2009 U.S. Open and recorded his fifth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open. He shared the lead after an eagle at the 13th hole, but fell back with bogeys on 15 and 17; Lucas Glover captured the championship.

On July 6, it was announced that his mother Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer and would have surgery at the same hospital where his wife was treated. After hearing the news that his mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer, Mickelson took another leave of absence from the tour, missing The Open Championship at Turnberry. On July 28, Mickelson announced he would return in August at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the week before the PGA Championship at Hazeltine National Golf Club.

In September, Mickelson won The Tour Championship for the second time in his career. He entered the final round four strokes off the lead, but shot a final round 65 to win the event by three strokes over Tiger Woods. With the win, Mickelson finished the season second behind Woods in the 2009 FedEx Cup standings.

On November 8, Mickelson won the WGC-HSBC Champions by one shot over Ernie Els in Shanghai.

2010: Third Masters win
In 2010, Mickelson won the Masters Tournament on April 11 with a 16-under-par performance, giving him a three-stroke win over Lee Westwood. The win marked the third Masters victory for Mickelson and his fourth major championship overall. Critical to Mickelson's win was a dramatic run in the third round on Saturday in which Mickelson, trailing leader Westwood by five strokes as he prepared his approach shot to the 13th green, proceeded to make eagle, then to hole-out for eagle from 141 yards at the next hole, the par-4 14th, then on the next, the par-5 15th, to miss eagle from 81 yards by mere inches. After tapping in for birdie at 15, Mickelson, at −12, led Westwood, at −11, who had bogeyed the 12th hole and failed to capitalize on the par-5 13th, settling for par.

Westwood recaptured a one-stroke lead by the end of the round, but the momentum carried forward for Mickelson into round 4, where he posted a bogey-free 67 to Westwood's 71. No other pursuer was able to keep pace to the end, though K. J. Choi and Anthony Kim made notable charges. For good measure, Mickelson birdied the final hole and memorably greeted his waiting wife, Amy, with a prolonged hug and kiss.

For many fans, Mickelson's finish in the tournament was especially poignant, given that Amy had been suffering from breast cancer during the preceding year. Mary Mickelson, Phil's mother, was also dealing with cancer. CBS Sports announcer Jim Nantz's call of the final birdie putt, "That's a win for the family," was seen by many as capturing the moment well.

Tiger Woods had a dramatic return to competitive play after a scandal-ridden 20-week absence; he was in close contention throughout for the lead and finished tied with Choi for 4th at −11. Mickelson and others showed exciting play over the weekend, and the 2010 Masters had strong television ratings in the United States, ranking third all-time to Woods's historic wins in 1997 and 2001. Mickelson's win left him second only to Woods in major championships among his competitive contemporaries, moving him ahead of Ernie Els, Vijay Singh, and Pádraig Harrington, with three major championships each.

Remainder of 2010
Mickelson, one of the favorites for the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, shot 75 and 66 on Thursday and Friday to sit two shots off the lead. However, two weekend scores of 73 gave him a T4 finish. During the remainder of the 2010 season, Mickelson had multiple opportunities to become the number one player in the world rankings following the travails of Tiger Woods. However, a string of disappointing finishes by Mickelson saw the number one spot eventually go to Englishman Lee Westwood.

In the days leading up to the PGA Championship at Whistling Straits, Mickelson announced he had been diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. He added that he had started medical treatment and had become a vegetarian in hopes of aiding his recovery. He maintained that both his short- and long-term prognosis were good, that the condition should have no long-term effect on his golfing career, and that he felt well. He also stated that the arthritis may go into permanent remission after one year of medical treatment. He went on to finish the championship T12, five shots behind winner Martin Kaymer.

2011
Mickelson started his 2011 season at the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Golf Course. He shot  and was tied for the 54 hole lead with Bill Haas. Mickelson needed to hole out on the 18th hole for eagle from 74 yards to force a playoff with Bubba Watson. He hit it to 4 feet and Watson won the tournament.

On April 3, Mickelson won the Shell Houston Open with a 20-under-par, three-stroke win over Scott Verplank. Mickelson rose to No. 3 in the world ranking, while Tiger Woods fell to No. 7. Mickelson had not been ranked above Woods since the week prior to the 1997 Masters Tournament.

At The Open Championship, Mickelson recorded just his second top-ten finish in 18 tournaments by tying for second with Dustin Johnson. His front nine 30 put him briefly in a tie for the lead with eventual champion Darren Clarke. However, putting problems caused him to fade from contention toward the end, to finish in a tie for second place.

2012: 40th career PGA Tour win
Mickelson made his 2012 debut at the Humana Challenge and finished tied for 49th. He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open after shooting rounds of 77 and 68. In the final round of the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, Mickelson rallied from six shots back, winning the tournament by two strokes with a final-round score of 8-under 64 and a four-round total of 269. The win marked his 40th career victory on the PGA Tour. The following week at Riviera Country Club, Mickelson lost the Northern Trust Open in a three-way playoff. He had held the lead or a share of it from day one until the back nine on Sunday when Bill Haas posted the clubhouse lead at seven under par. Mickelson holed a 27-foot birdie putt on the final regulation hole to force a playoff alongside Haas and Keegan Bradley. Haas however won the playoff with a 40-foot birdie putt on the second playoff hole. The second-place finish moved Mickelson back into the world's top 10.

Mickelson finished tied for third at the Masters. After opening the tournament with a two-over-par 74, he shot 68–66 in the next two rounds and ended up one stroke behind leader Peter Hanson by Saturday night. Mickelson had a poor start to his fourth round, scoring a triple-bogey when he hit his ball far to the left of the green on the par-3 4th hole, hitting the stand and landing in a bamboo plant. This ended up being Mickelson's only score over par in the whole round, and he ended with a score of eight-under overall. Earlier in the tournament, he received widespread praise for being present to watch Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, and Gary Player hit the ceremonial opening tee-shots, nearly seven hours before Mickelson's own tee time.

Mickelson made a charge during the final round at the HP Byron Nelson Championship, but bogeyed the 17th and 18th, finishing T-7th. He then withdrew from the Memorial Tournament, citing mental fatigue, after a first-round 79. Mickelson was paired with Tiger Woods and Bubba Watson at the U.S. Open. He fought to make the cut and finished T-65th. After taking a couple of weeks off, he played in the Greenbrier Classic. Putting problems meant a second straight missed cut at the Greenbrier and a third missed cut at 2012 Open Championship, shooting 73-78 (11 over par). He finished T-43rd at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational. He then finished T-36th at the PGA Championship.

To start the 2012 FedEx Cup Playoffs, Mickelson finished T38 at The Barclays, +1 for the tournament. He tied with Tiger Woods, Zach Johnson, and five other players. In this tournament, he started using the claw putting grip on the greens. At the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship, he finished the tournament with a −14, tied for 4th with Dustin Johnson. At the BMW Championship, Mickelson posted a −16 for the first three rounds, one of those rounds being a −8, 64. On the final day, Mickelson shot a −2, 70, to finish tied for 2nd, with Lee Westwood, two shots behind leader, and back-to-back winner, Rory McIlroy. At the Tour Championship, he ended up finishing tied for 15th. He went on to have a 3–1 record at the Ryder Cup; however, the USA team lost the event.

2013
Mickelson began the 2013 season in January by playing in the Humana Challenge, where he finished T37 at −17. His next event was the following week in his home event near San Diego at the Farmers Insurance Open. Mickelson endured a disappointing tournament, finishing T51, shooting all four rounds in the 70s.

In the first round of the Waste Management Phoenix Open, Mickelson tied his career-low round of 60. He made seven birdies in his first nine holes and needed a birdie on the 18th hole to equal the PGA Tour record of 59. However, his 25-foot birdie putt on the final hole lipped out, resulting in him missing out by a single shot on making only the sixth round of 59 in PGA Tour history. Mickelson led the tournament wire-to-wire and completed a four-shot win over Brandt Snedeker for his 41st PGA Tour victory and 3rd Phoenix Open title. Mickelson's score of 28-under-par tied Mark Calcavecchia's tournament scoring record. He also moved back inside the world's top 10 after falling down as far as number 22.

Sixth runner-up finish at the U.S. Open
At the U.S. Open at Merion, Mickelson entered the final round leading by one stroke after rounds of  over the first three days, but he started the final round by three-putting the 3rd and 5th holes for double-bogeys to fall out of the lead. He regained the lead at the par-4 10th when he holed his second shot from the rough for an eagle. However, a misjudgment at the short par-3 13th saw him fly the green and make a bogey to slip one behind leader Justin Rose. Another bogey followed at the 15th, before narrowly missing a birdie putt on the 16th that would have tied Rose. Mickelson could not make a birdie at the 17th and after a blocked drive on the 18th, he could not hole his pitch from short of the green, which led to a final bogey.

Mickelson ended up finishing tied for second with Jason Day, two strokes behind Justin Rose. It was the sixth runner-up finish of Mickelson's career at the U.S. Open, an event record and only behind Jack Nicklaus's seven runner-up finishes at The Open Championship. After the event, Mickelson called the loss heartbreaking and said "this is tough to swallow after coming so close... I felt like this was as good an opportunity I could ask for and to not get it... it hurts." It was also Father's Day, which happened to be his birthday.

Fifth major title at the Open Championship
The week before The Open Championship, Mickelson warmed up for the event by winning his first tournament on British soil at the Scottish Open on July 14, after a sudden-death playoff against Branden Grace. After this victory, Mickelson spoke of his confidence ahead of his participation in the following week's major championship. Mickelson said: "I've never felt more excited going into The Open. I don't think there's a better way to get ready for a major than playing well the week before and getting into contention. Coming out on top just gives me more confidence."

The following week, Mickelson won his fifth major title on July 21 at the Open Championship (often referred to as the British Open) Muirfield Golf Links in Scotland; the Open Championship is the oldest of the four major tournaments in professional golf. This was the first time in history that anyone had won both the Scottish Open and The Open Championship in the same year. Mickelson birdied four of the last six holes in a brilliant final round of 66 to win the title by three strokes. He shed tears on the 18th green after completing his round. Mickelson later said: "I played arguably the best round of my career, and shot the round of my life. The range of emotions I feel are as far apart as possible after losing the U.S. Open. But you have to be resilient in this game." In an interview before the 2015 Open, Mickelson said, "Two years removed from that win, I still can't believe how much it means to me."

2014 and 2015: Inconsistent form and close calls in majors

Mickelson missed the cut at the Masters for the first time since 1997. He failed to contend at the U.S. Open at Pinehurst in his first bid to complete the career grand slam. Mickelson's lone top-10 of the PGA Tour season came at the year's final major, the PGA Championship at Valhalla. Mickelson shot rounds of 69-67-67-66 to finish solo second, one shot behind world number one Rory McIlroy.

Prior to the 2015 Masters, Mickelson's best finish in 2015 was a tie for 17th. At the Masters, Mickelson shot rounds of  to finish tied for second with Justin Rose, four shots behind champion Jordan Spieth. The second-place finish was Mickelson's tenth such finish in a major, placing him second all-time only to Jack Nicklaus in that regard.

At The Open Championship, Mickelson shot rounds of  and was eight shots behind, outside the top forty. In the final round, Mickelson birdied the 15th hole to move to 10 under and within two of the lead. After a missed  birdie putt on 16, Mickelson hit his drive on the infamous Road Hole (17th) at the famed Old Course at St Andrews onto a second-floor balcony of the Old Course Hotel. The out-of-bounds drive lead to a triple-bogey 7 that sent Mickelson tumbling out of contention.

Later in the year, it was announced that Mickelson would leave longtime swing coach Butch Harmon, feeling as though he needed to hear a new perspective on things.

2016: New swing coach
After leaving Butch Harmon, Mickelson hired Andrew Getson of Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona, to serve as his new swing coach. The two worked together heavily in the 2015 offseason to get Mickelson's swing back.

Under Getson's guidance, Mickelson made his 2016 debut at the CareerBuilder Challenge. He shot rounds of  to finish in a tie for third place at 21-under-par. It was only Mickelson's fifth top-five finish since his win at the 2013 Open Championship. The third-place finish was Mickelson's highest finish in his first worldwide start of a calendar year since he won the same event to begin the 2004 season.

At the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, Mickelson shot rounds of  to finish in solo second place, a shot behind Vaughn Taylor. Mickelson lipped out a five-foot birdie putt to force a playoff on the 72nd hole. He entered the final round with a two-stroke lead, his first 54-hole lead since the 2013 U.S. Open and was seeking to end a winless drought dating back 52 worldwide events to the 2013 Open Championship.

Mickelson shot a 63 in the opening round of The Open Championship at Royal Troon. The round set a new course record and matched the previous major championship record for lowest round. Mickelson had a  birdie putt that narrowly missed on the final hole to set a new major championship scoring record of 62. He followed this up with a 69 in the second round for a 10 under par total and a one-shot lead over Henrik Stenson going into the weekend. In the third round, Mickelson shot a one-under 70 for a total of 11 under par to enter the final round one shot back of Stenson. Despite Mickelson's bogey-free 65 in the final round, Stenson shot 63 to win by three shots. Mickelson finished 11 strokes clear of 3rd place, a major championship record for a runner-up. Mickelson's 267 total set a record score for a runner-up in the British Open, and only trails Mickelson's 266 at the 2001 PGA Championship as the lowest total by a runner-up in major championship history.

2017: Recovery from surgeries
In the fall of 2016, Mickelson had two sports hernia surgeries. Those in the golf community expected him to miss much time recovering, however his unexpected return at the CareerBuilder Challenge was a triumphant one, leading to a T-21 finish. The next week, in San Diego, he narrowly missed an eagle putt on the 18th hole on Sunday that would have got him to 8-under par instead posting −7  to finish T14 at the Farmers Insurance Open. The following week, at the Waste Management Phoenix Open, which he has won three times, he surged into contention following a Saturday 65. He played his first nine holes in 4-under 32 and sending his name to the top of the leaderboard. However, his charge faltered with bogeys at 11, 12, 14, 15, and a double bogey at the driveable 17th hole. He stumbled with a final round 71, still earning a T-16 finish, for his sixth straight top-25 finish on tour.

Mickelson came close to winning again at the FedEx St. Jude Classic where he had finished in second place the previous year to Daniel Berger. He started the final round four strokes behind leaders but he quickly played himself into contention. Following a birdie at the 10th hole he vaulted to the top of leaderboard but found trouble on the 12th hole. His tee shot carried out of bounds and his fourth shot hit the water, so he had to make a long putt to salvage triple-bogey. He managed to get one shot back, but he finished three shots behind winner Berger, in ninth place, for the second straight year.

Two weeks later he withdrew from the U.S. Open to attend his daughter's high school graduation. A week later, his longtime caddie Jim (Bones) Mackay left Mickelson in a mutual agreement. Mickelson then missed the cut at both The Open Championship and the PGA Championship.

On September 6, days after posting his best finish of the season of T6 at the Dell Technologies Championship, Mickelson was named as a captain's pick for the Presidents Cup. This maintained a streak of 23 consecutive USA teams in the Presidents Cup and Ryder Cup, dating back to 1994.

2018–2019: Winless streak ends
On March 4, 2018, Mickelson ended a winless drought that dated back to 2013, by capturing his third WGC championship at the WGC-Mexico Championship, with a final-round score of 66 and a total score of −16. Mickelson birdied two of his last four holes and had a lengthy putt to win outright on the 72nd hole, but tied with Justin Thomas. He defeated Thomas on the first extra hole of a sudden-death playoff with a par. After Thomas had flown the green, Mickelson had a birdie to win the playoff which lipped out. Thomas however could not get up and down for par, meaning Mickelson claimed the championship. The win was Mickelson's 43rd on the PGA Tour and his first since winning the 2013 Open Championship. He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47. He also became the oldest winner of a WGC event, at age 47.

In the third round of the 2018 U.S. Open, Mickelson incurred a two-stroke penalty in a controversial incident on the 13th hole when he hit his ball with intent while it was still moving. He ended up shooting 81 (+11). His former coach Butch Harmon thought Mickelson should have been disqualified.

Mickelson was a captain's pick for Team USA at the 2018 Ryder Cup, held in Paris between September 28 and 30. Paired with Bryson DeChambeau in the Friday afternoon foursomes, they lost 5 and 4 to Europe's Sergio García and Alex Norén. In the Sunday singles match, Mickelson lost 4 and 2 to Francesco Molinari, as Team USA slumped to a 17.5 to 10.5 defeat.

On November 23, 2018, Mickelson won the pay-per-view event, Capital One's The Match. This was a $9,000,000 winner-takes-all match against Tiger Woods at Shadow Creek Golf Course in Las Vegas. Mickelson needed four extra holes to beat Woods, which he did by holing a four-foot putt after Woods missed a seven-foot putt on the 22nd hole.

In his third start of the 2019 calendar year, Mickelson won the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, shooting a bogey-free final round 65 to defeat Paul Casey by three strokes. The win was Mickelson's 44th career title on the PGA Tour, and his fifth at Pebble Beach, tying Mark O'Meara for most victories in the event. At 48 years of age, he also became the oldest winner of that event.

2020: PGA Tour season and PGA Tour Champions debut

In December 2019, Mickelson announced via Twitter that "after turning down opportunities to go to the Middle East for many years" he would play in the 2020 Saudi International tournament on the European Tour and would miss Waste Management Phoenix Open for the first time since 1989. However, his decision to visit and play in Saudi Arabia was criticized for getting lured by millions of dollars and ignoring the continuous human rights abuses in the nation. Mickelson went on to finish the February 2020 event tied for third.

Mickelson finished 3rd at the 2020 AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am and tied for 2nd in the WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational. Mickelson was the first player over 50 to finish in the top five of a World Golf Championship event. He was ultimately eliminated from the FedEx Cup Playoffs following The Northern Trust at TPC Boston in August 2020. One week later, Mickelson made his debut on the PGA Tour Champions. He won the Charles Schwab Series at Ozarks National in his first tournament after becoming eligible for PGA Tour Champions on his 50th birthday on June 16, 2020. He was the 20th player to win their debut tournament on tour. Mickelson's 191 stroke total tied the PGA Tour Champions all-time record for a three-day event.

In October 2020, Mickelson won the Dominion Energy Charity Classic in Virginia. It was his second win in as many starts on the PGA Tour Champions.

2021: The oldest major champion
In February 2021, Mickelson was attempting to become the first player in PGA Tour Champions history to win his first three tournaments on tour. However, he fell short in the Cologuard Classic, finishing in a T-20 position with a score of 4 under par.

In May 2021, Mickelson held the 54-hole lead at the PGA Championship at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in South Carolina, leading Brooks Koepka by one shot with one day to play. He shot a final-round 73 to capture the tournament, defeating Koepka and Louis Oosthuizen by two strokes, becoming the oldest major champion; at 50. As Mickelson walked down the fairway following an excellent second shot from the left rough on the 18th hole, thousands of fans engulfed him, with him walking towards the hole constantly tipping his hat and giving the thumbs up to the crowd as they cheered. However, the massive tumult of people meant playing partner Brooks Koepka was stranded in the sea of people, and with difficulties, he managed to reach the green to finish the hole. Mickelson eventually emerged from the crowd and two-putted for par, finishing the tournament at 6-under, besting the field by two strokes.

In October 2021, Mickelson won for the third time in four career starts on the PGA Tour Champions. Mickelson shot a final round 4-under-par 68 to win the inaugural Constellation Furyk & Friends over Miguel Ángel Jiménez in Jacksonville, Florida.

In November 2021, Mickelson won the season-ending Charles Schwab Cup Championship in Phoenix, Arizona, with a final round six-under par 65. This victory was Mickelson's fourth win in six career starts on PGA Tour Champions.

2022: LIV Golf
Mickelson told a journalist that despite Saudi Arabians being "scary motherfuckers" who had murdered journalist Jamal Khashoggi and executed gay people, he supported the Saudi-backed LIV Golf because it offered an opportunity to reshape the PGA Tour. In response to these comments, Mickelson lost sponsors Amstel Light and KPMG. Mickelson announced he would be stepping away from golf to spend time with his family and would miss the 2022 Masters Tournament. In May, he also decided to withdraw from the PGA Championship which he won in 2021. On June 6, 2022, LIV Golf CEO Greg Norman announced that Mickelson will play in the first event on the LIV Golf Invitational Series beginning on June 9, 2022. On June 9, 2022, the first day of the LIV Golf Invitational London, the PGA Tour suspended Mickelson and 16 other current and former tour members for participating in a conflicting event without permission from the tour.

2023
At the 2023 Masters Tournament, Mickelson made what many viewed as the performance of the tournament, beginning the final day ten shots off of the lead, and finishing in tied second. Shooting a 65, Mickelson equaled his lowest score at Augusta almost 27 years ago. In the last seven holes, he scored five birdies and two pars.

Playing style
As a competitor, Mickelson's playing style is described by many as "aggressive" and highly social. His strategy toward difficult shots (bad lies, obstructions) would tend to be considered risky.

Mickelson has also been characterized by his powerful and sometimes inaccurate driver, but his excellent short game draws the most positive reviews, most of all his daring "Phil flop" shot in which a big swing with a high-lofted wedge against a tight lie flies a ball high into the air for a short distance.

In his prime, Mickelson was usually in the top 10 in scoring, and he led the PGA Tour in birdie average as recently as 2013.

Earnings and endorsements
Although ranked second on the PGA Tour's all-time money list of tournament prize money won, Mickelson earns far more from endorsements than from prize money. According to one estimate of 2011 earnings (comprising salary, winnings, bonuses, endorsements, and appearances), Mickelson was then the second-highest paid athlete in the United States, earning an income of over $62 million, $53 million of which came from endorsements. In 2015, Forbes estimated Mickelson's annual income was $51 million. Major companies which Mickelson currently endorses are ExxonMobil (Mickelson and wife Amy started a teacher sponsorship fund with the company), Rolex, and Mizzen+Main. Mickelson's sponsorship with Callaway Golf is currently "paused" and will be re-evaluated at a later date. After being diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis in 2010, Mickelson was treated with Enbrel and began endorsing the drug. He has been previously sponsored by Titleist, KPMG, Workday, Bearing Point, Barclays, Amstel Light and Ford.

In 2022, Mickelson lost a significant number of sponsors including KPMG, Amstel Light, and Workday after comments he made about the Saudi-backed golf league, LIV Golf. In an interview, he stated that Saudis are "scary motherfuckers to get involved with... We know they killed [Washington Post reporter and U.S. resident Jamal] Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights. They execute people over there for being gay. Knowing all of this, why would I even consider it? Because this is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to reshape how the PGA Tour operates."

Business
As a businessman, Mickelson is the co-founder of For Wellness with Dave Phillips, who is Jon Rahm's coach and also co-founder of the Titleist Performance Institute. The company sells functional food and beverage products, including the supplement that Mickelson adds to his coffee

Insider trading settlement

On May 30, 2014, The Wall Street Journal reported that the FBI and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) were investigating Mickelson and associates of his for insider trading in Clorox and Dean Foods stock. Mickelson denied any wrongdoing. The initial investigation concluded without any charges related to Clorox. However, Mickelson was still under investigation for trades in Dean Foods from which he profited more than $931 thousand. On May 19, 2016, Mickelson was named as a relief defendant in a SEC complaint alleging insider trading but avoided criminal charges in a parallel case brought in the Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York. The action results from trades in Dean Foods in 2012 in conjunction with confidential information provided by Thomas Davis, a former director of Dean Foods Company, who tipped his friend and "professional sports bettor" Billy Walters.

The SEC alleged that Walters told Mickelson material, nonpublic information about Dean Foods, and the SEC fined Mickelson the equivalent of the $931,000 profit he made from trading Dean Foods stock as well as interest of $105,000. In 2017, Walters was convicted of making $40 million on Davis's private information from 2008 to 2014 by a federal jury. At that time, it was also noted that Mickelson had "once owed nearly $2 million in gambling debts to" Walters.

Amateur wins

1980 Junior World Golf Championships (Boys 9–10)
1989 NCAA Division I Championship
1990 Pac-10 Championship, NCAA Division I Championship, U.S. Amateur, Porter Cup
1991 Western Amateur
1992 NCAA Division I Championship

Professional wins (57)

PGA Tour wins (45)

*Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather.

PGA Tour playoff record (8–4)

European Tour wins (11)

1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour, Sunshine Tour and PGA Tour of Australasia

European Tour playoff record (3–1)

Challenge Tour wins (1)

Other wins (4)

Other playoff record (1–1)

PGA Tour Champions wins (4)

Major championships

Wins (6)

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order in 2020.

LA = Low amateur
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 30 (1999 PGA – 2007 Masters)
Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (2004 Masters – 2005 Masters)

The Players Championship

Wins (1)

Results timeline

CUT = missed the halfway cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
C = Canceled after the first round due to the COVID-19 pandemic

World Golf Championships

Wins (3)

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order prior to 2015.

1Cancelled due to 9/11
2Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic

QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = tied
NT = No Tournament
Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.

PGA Tour career summary

* As of 2021 season.
† Mickelson won as an amateur in 1991 and therefore did not receive any prize money.

U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
Walker Cup: 1989, 1991 (winners)
Eisenhower Trophy: 1990

Professional
Presidents Cup: 1994 (winners), 1996 (winners), 1998, 2000 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2005 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2013 (winners), 2015 (winners), 2017 (winners)
Ryder Cup: 1995, 1997, 1999 (winners), 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 (winners), 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 (winners), 2018
Alfred Dunhill Cup: 1996 (winners)
Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing PGA Tour): 1997 (winners), 2000 (winners)
World Cup: 2002

See also

 List of golfers with most European Tour wins
 List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins
 List of men's major championships winning golfers
 Monday Night Golf

Notes

References

External links

On Course With Phil

American male golfers
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PGA Tour Champions golfers
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Ryder Cup competitors for the United States
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Phil Mickelson


سويقة المدينة : سويقة الثائرة : تصغير ساق، بضم السين المهملة، وفتح الواو، وسكون الياء، وفتح القاف، والعامة ينطقونها : بالكسر، موضع إلى الغرب من المدينة على نحو خمسين كيلاً. وهي عين عذبة كان بها منازل، كثيرة الماء والنخل، وهي الآن جافة خربة، من أودية الأشعر, وعلى نحو كيلو ونصف من السيّآلة، ناحية اليمين على طريق مكة القديم، بين الفريش والروحاء، اسفل حزرة.

الموقع
الموقع المندثر لسويقة معروف وتم تحديده وهي تقع في الشمال الغربي للفريش ويبعد عنها قرابة 9 كيلومترات.

سكنها
هي منازل آل الحسن بن الحسن بن علي بن أبي طالب ، توارى فيها عبد الله و إبراهيم و الحسن بنو الحسن بن الحسن، وخرج منها محمد النفس الزكية، وأخيه إبراهيم، خربها المنصور بعد خروج النفس الزكية وأخيه، وكان ذلك في سنة 145هـ, ثم عمّرها موسى الجون ومات فيها، وفي سنة 240هـ خرج منها محمد الشاعر بن صالح العلوي, فأرسل إليه المتوكل العباسي جيشه، وخرّبها وعقر نخلها، وما أفلحت بعدها إلى اليوم.

وهي غير سويقة ينبع.

سويقة قديما
عين سويقة وقريتها تسمى سويقة الهاشمين وهي المشهورة وكذلك تسمى سويقة الطالبيين (نسبة الي من سكنها من أبناء علي بن أبي طالب)، نشأ فيها أولاد عبد الله بن الحسن وكانت واحة غناء بنخيلها واشجارها الخضراء الوارفة أخربها العباسيون مرارا في عام 145هـ لثورة محمد النفس الزكية، وأخيه إبراهيم فقد روي عن إبراهيم هذا قال: خرجت ليلة بعد العشاء فاذا نسوة قد خرجن من بيوت سويقة فقلت وا الله لاتبعهن واعرف ماشأن خروجهن قال فسمعت احداهن تقول قد خربت سويقة فقلت من أنتم؟ فلم يجبني حتى صعدن الجبل، قال: فعرفت أنهن لسن من أهلها، ثم خربت عام 244هـ في ثورة محمد بن صالح العلوي فلله الامر من قبل ومن بعد .

سويقة الثائرة
خرجت من عدة ثورات أهمها:

خروج محمد النفس الزكية على بني العباس
ولما بويع لبني العباس، اختفى محمد الملقب بمحمد النفس الزكية وأخوه إبراهيم مدة خلافة أبي العباس السفاح، فلما صارت الخلافة إلى أبي جعفر المنصور خاف محمد النفس الزكية وأخوه إبراهيم منه خوفا شديدا، وذلك لأنه توهم منهما أن يخرجا عليه، والذي خاف منه وقع فيه، ولما خافاه منه هربا، فصارا إلى اليمن، ثم سارا إلى الهند، ثم تحولا إلى المدينة فاختفيا بها. ثم خرجا عليه من سويقة المدينة (سويقة الثائرة)، وجد المنصور في طلبهما، فخرج أخوه إبراهيم إلى البصرة، وقتل اما محمد النفس الزكية، فخرج بالمدينة فندب لحربه المنصور ابن عمه عيسى بن موسى بن محمد العباسي، فأقبل عيسى حتى أناخ على المدينة، وكتب إلى كبراء اهلها يستميلهم ويمنيهم، فتفرق عن النفس الزكيه الكثير وبقى معه القليل، وكان الإمامان أبو حنيفة النعمان و مالك بن أنس من انصاره.

خروج محمد بن صالح العلوي على المتوكل
خرج محمد بن صالح بن عبد الله بن موسى بن عبد الله بن الحسن بن الحسن بن علي الهاشمي القرشي بسويقة المدينة سنة 240هـ، فأرسل إليه الخليفة العباسي لمتوكل جيشا يقوده أبو الساج فلما وصلوا إليه أعطوه الامان فطرح سلاحه ونزل إليهم فقيدوه وخربوا سويقة المدينة وعقروا نخلها، وحملوه إلى سامراء وسجن ثلاث سنين ثم مدح المتوكل فأمر بإطلاقه فعاش فيها حتى مات.

 ذكر ياقوت: أن سويقة موضع قرب المدينة يسكنه آل علي بن أبي طالب رضي الله عنه وكان محمد ابن صالح بن عبد الله بن موسى بن عبد الله بن حسن بن الحسن بن علي بن أبي طالب رضي الله عنه قد خرج على لمتوكل فأنفذ إليه أبا الساج في جيش ضخم فظفر به وبجماعة من أهله فأخذهم وقيدهم وقتل بعضهم وأخرب سويقة وهي منزل بني الحسن وكان من جملة صدقات علي بن أبي طالب رضي الله عنه وعقر بها نخلا كثيرا وخرب منازلهم وحمل محمد بن صالح إلى سامراء وما أظن سويقة بعذ ذلك أفلحت.
 ذكر أبو الفرج الأصفهاني: كان محمد بن صالح بن عبد الله بن موسى خرج بسويقة واجتمع له، وحج بالناس أبو الساج فقصده، وخاف عمه موسى بن عبد الله بن موسى أبا الساج على نفسه وولده وأهله، فضمن لأبي الساج تسليمه، وتوثق له بالايمان والأمان، وجاء عمه إليه فأعمله ذلك وأقسم عليه ليلقين سلاحه، ففعل، وخرج إلى أبي الساج فقيده وحمله إلى سر من رأى مع جماعة من أهله، فلم يزل محبوسا بها ثلاث سنين ثم أطلق وأقام بها إلى أن مات، وكان سبب منيته أنه جدر فمات في الجدري.
قال: وهو الذي يقول في الحبس:

تخريب سويقة
خربت سويقة مرتان:
 في سنة 145هـ، بعد ثورة محمد النفس الزكية ومقتله في المدينة. ثم عمّرها موسى الجون الذي عاش إلى عهد هارون الرشيد ومات وقبر في سويقة المدينة سنة 180هـ.
 في سنة 240هـ، بعد خروج محمد بن صالح العلوي على الخليفة العباسي المتوكل

ماذكره المؤرخون

البکری الاندلسی
قال البکری الاندلسی:
و في رسم الأشعر (جبل الفقرة)، و هي على مقربة من المدينة، و بها كانت منازل بنى حسن بن حسن بن علىّ.
و حدّث يموت بن المزرّع، عن ابن الملّاح، عن أبيه، عن إسماعيل ابن جعفر بن إبراهيم، عن موسى بن عبد اللّه بن حسن، قال: خرجت من منالنا بسويقة جنح و ليل، و ذلك قبل خروج محمّد أخى، فإذا أنا بنسوة توهّمت أنّهنّ خرجن من دارنا، فأدركتنى الغيرة، فاتّبعتهنّ لأنظر حيث يردن، حتّى إذا كان بطرف الجمير، التفتت إحداهنّ و هي تقول:

فقلت لهنّ: أمن الإنس أنتنّ فلم يراجعننى. فخرج محمّد بعد هذا، فقتل و خرّبت ديارنا.
و بالإسناد عن إسماعيل، قال: لقينى موسى بن عبد اللّه، فقال لى: هلمّ حتّى أريك ما صنع بنا بسويقة، فانطلقت معه، فإذا بنخلها قد عضد من آخره، و مصانعها قد خرّبت، فخنقتنى العبرة. فقال: إليك، فنحن واللّه كما قال دريد بن الصّمّة:

و قال سعيد بن عقبة: نزلت ببطحاء سويقة، فاستوحشت لخرابها، إلى أن خرجت ضبع من دار عبد اللّه بن حسن، فقلت:

 و قال الفرزدق:

 و قال دريد بن الصّمّة:

الزمخشري
قال الزمخشری:
ماء، قالت جمل:

قال الزمخشری ایضاً:
موضع، ويقال جو سويقه.

ياقوت الحموي
قال یاقوت الحموی:
وهي مواضع كثيره في البلاد، وهي تصغير ساق، وهي قاره مستطيله تشبّه بساق الإنسان، ففي بلاد العرب:
 سويقه: موضع قرب المدينة يسكنه آل عليّ بن أبي طالب، رضي الله عنه، وكان محمد ابن صالح بن عبد الله بن موسى بن عبد الله بن حسن بن حسين بن عليّ بن أبي طالب، رضي الله عنه، قد خرج على المتوكل فأنفذ إليه أبا الساج في جيش ضخم فظفر به وبجماعه من أهله فأخذهم وقيدهم وقتل بعضهم وأخرب سويقه، وهي منزل بني الحسن وكان من جمله صدقات علي بن أبي طالب، رضي الله عنه، وعقر بها نخلا كثيرا وخرّب منازلهم وحمل محمد بن صالح إلى سامرّاء، وما أظن سويقه بعد ذلك أفلحت، وقال نصيب:

وقال أبو زياد: سويقه هضبه طويله بالحمى حمى ضريه ببطن الرّيّان، وإياها عنى ذو الرّمّه بقوله:

وقال أبو زياد في موضع من كتابه: وممّا يسمّى من الجبال في بلاد بني جعفر سويقه وهي هضبه طويله مصعلكه، والمصعلكه: الدقيقة، قال: ولا يعرف بنجد جبل أطول منها في السماء، وقد كانت بكر

ابن وائل وتغلب اقتتلوا عندها واستداروا بها، وقال في ذلك مهلهل:

قال: وسويقه ببطن واد يقال له الريّان يجيء من قبل مهبّ الجنوب ويذهب نحو مهبّ الشمال، وهو الذي ذكره لبيد فقال:

وقال ابن السكّيت في قول كثيّر:

قال: سويقه جبل بين ينبع و المدينة، قال: وسويقه أيضا قريب من السيّآلة، قال ابن هرمة:

وقال الأديبي: وأما جوّ سويقه فموضع آخر، قال الحفصي: جو سويقه من أجويه الصمّان وبه ركيه واحده، قالت تماضر بنت مسعود وكانت قد تزوّجت في مصر من الأمصار فحنّت إلى وطنها فقالت:

وقالت أيضا:

وقال الغطمّش الضبي:

 قال یاقوت الحموی ایضاً:، (جوّ سويْقه) ذكر في سويقه.

عبد المومن البغدادی
قال عبد المومن البغدادی:
سويقه: مواضع كثيرة في البلاد، و هي تصغير ساق، و هي قارة مستطيلة تشبّه بساق الإنسان.
ففى بلاد العرب:
 سويقة: موضع قرب المدينة، يسكنه آل علي بن أبي طالب رضى اللّه عنه.
 وسويقة: هضبة طويلة بالحمى حمى ضرية (حمى ضرية الموضع الذي اختاره عمر بن الخطاب حمىً لإبل الدولة الإسلامية  ) ببطن الريّان.
 و سويقة: في بلاد بنى جعفر بن كلاب، هضبة طويلة مصعلكة؛ و المصعلكة الدقيقة، و لا يعرف بنجد جبل أطول منها في السماء، و كان إلى جانبها يوم للعرب.
 و سويقة: جبل بين ينبع و المدينة. و قيل: و سويقة أيضا قريب من السيّآلة.
 و جوّ سويقة: موضع آخر. قيل: هو من أجوية الصمّان، و به ركية واحدة .

الحمیری
قال الحمیری:

بالتصغير، موضع بشق اليمامة.
و سويقة أيضا بمقربة من المدينة بها كانت منازل حسن بن حسن بن علي رضي اللّه عنهم، قال موسى بن عبد اللّه بن حسن:
خرجت من منازلنا بسويقة جنح ليل، و ذلك قبل خروج محمد أخي، فإذا أنا بنسوة توهمت انهن خرجن من ديارنا فأدركتني غيرة عليهن، فاتبعتهن لأنظر أين يردن، حتى إذا كن بطرف الحفير التفتت إلي إحداهن و هي تقول:

فقلت لهن: أمن الإنس أنتن، فلم يراجعنني، فخرج محمد هذا فقتل و خربت ديارنا.
و قال إسماعيل : لقيني موسى بن عبد اللّه فقال لي: هلم حتى أريك ما صنع بنا بسويقة، فانطلقت معه، فإذا نخلها قد عضد عن آخره، و ديارها و مصانعها قد خربت فخنقتني العبرة، فقال:
اليك فنحن و اللّه كما قال دريد بن الصمة:

و قال سعيد بن عقبة: نزلت ببطحاء سويقة فاستوحشت لخرابها إلى أن خرجت ضبع من دار عبد اللّه بن حسن فقلت:

المصادر
 ابن الأثير : الكامل في التاريخ ,5/24.
 الاصفهاني : المقاتل ,ص206
 الأصفهاني : الأغاني 16/289.
 المرزباني : معجم الشعراء ,ت835.
 العبيدلي : تهذيب الأنساب، ص34.
 ياقوت الحموي : معجم البلدان ,3/286.
 البكري : معجم مااستعجم ,3/52.
 إبراهيم ابن طباطبا، منتقلة الطالبية، ص174.
 الصفدي : الوافي بالوافيات ,3/128.
 ابن شاكر الكتبي : فوات الوفيات ,3/392.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في المدينة المنورة
الفريش
معالم مندثرة

سويقة المدينة


Kesikkaya, Samsun ilinin Terme ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Kesikkaya köyünün eski adı Cılavurt / Cilavurt'tur. Bununla birlikte 19. yüzyılın birinci yarısına ait Osmanlı nüfus defterlerinde köyün adı geçmemektedir. Bu dönemde Terme kazası 34 köyü kapsıyordu. Cılavurt köyü, 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı'nın ardından, savaştan mağlup çıkan Osmanlı ülkesine göç eden Gürcülerin yerleşmesiyle ortaya çıkmış olmalıdır. Nitekim Cılavurt köyü, günümüzde Terme ilçesinde Gürcülerin yaşadığı yedi köyden (diğerleri: Akçay, Cılar, Kocamanbaşı, Köybucağı, Kuşça, Özyurt) biri olarak bilinmektedir. Cılavurt köyüne yerleşen Gürcüler Aşağı Acara bölgesinin Keda ilçesinden göç etmiştir. Gürcü göçmenlerin yerleştiği sırada Terme kazası, Trabzon vilayetine bağlı Canik sancağının kazalarından biriydi.

Kesikkay köyü, 1928 tarihli Osmanlıca köy listesinde "Cılavurt" (جلاورت) adıyla kaydedilmiştir. Bu tarihte köy Samsun vilayetinin Terme kazasına bağlıydı. 1935 genel nüfus sayımından köy aynı idari konuma sahipti ve nüfusu 526 kişiden oluşuyordu. Cılavurt Türkçe olmadığı için köyün adı 1959 yılında 7267 sayılı kanunla Keşikkaya olarak değiştirilmiştir. Nitekim köyün adı 1955 genel nüfus sayımında "Cılavurt", 1960 genel nüfus sayımında "Kesikkaya" olarak geçer. 1965 genel nüfus sayımında Kesikkaya köyünün nüfusu 1.119 kişiden oluşuyor ve bu nüfus içinde 244 kişi okuma yazma biliyordu.

Kesikkaya idari bölüm olarak daha önceleri köy iken, 2012 yılındaki yasa değişikliğinden sonra Samsun Büyükşehir Belediyesi'nin bir mahallesi olmuştur.

Kesikkaya'daki Gürcülerin büyük kısmı Keda ilçesindeki Kvaşti (კვაშტი) köyünden göç etmiştir. Günümüzde köyde bu göçmenlerin soyundan gelen yaklaşık 150 hane yaşamaktadır. Bununla birlikte köyün yukarı kesiminde Maçaheli ve Çürüksu bölgelerinden gelen birkaç hane de bulunmaktadır. Köyün sakinlerinin verdiği bilgiye göre Cılavurt köyünde Gürcülerden önce Ermeniler yaşıyordu. Köyde yaşayan Gürcüler Sirabidze (სირაბიძე), Beridze (ბერიძე), Ananidze (ანანიძე), Tsivadze (ცივაძე), Katamadze (ქათამაძე), Kontselidze (კონცელიძე), Eristavoğli (ერისთავოღლი), Şarabidze (შარაბიძე), Hacioğli (ხაჯიოღლი), Çheidze (ჩხეიძე), Gencaloğli (გენჯალოღლი), Karanoğli (ქარანოღლი) soyadlarını taşımaktadır. Kesikkaya köyü Demircioğlu, Ormanköy, Kayacık, Uludere, Üçpınar, Orta ve Kozluk mahallelerinden oluşmaktadır. Köyde Kalotakana (კალოთაყანა), Tsiskviliskari (წისქვილისკარი), Didğele (დიდღელე), Gağmakana (გაღმაყანა), Mağlaçala (მაღლაჭალა) gibi Gürcüce yer adları kullanılmaktadır.

Coğrafya
Samsun ilinin güney doğusunda terme ilçesinin güneyinde kalmaktadır. İle uzaklığı 81 km ilçeye uzaklığı 21 km dir.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Terme'nin mahalleleri

Kesikkaya, Terme


O Fundo Europeu de Defesa (FED) é um componente da Política Comum de Segurança e Defesa (PCSD) da União Europeia (UE) que visa coordenar e aumentar o investimento nacional em pesquisas de defesa e melhorar a interoperabilidade entre as forças armadas nacionais. Foi proposto em 2016 pelo presidente da Comissão, Jean-Claude Juncker, e estabelecido em 2017. O fundo tem dois estandes; Pesquisa (€ 90 milhões até o final de 2019 e € 500 milhões por ano após 2020) e Desenvolvimento e Aquisição (€ 500 milhões no total para 2019-20 e € 1 bilhão por ano após 2020). Em julho de 2018, a Comissão Europeia anunciou que o orçamento do FED para 2021-2027 seria de 13 mil milhões de euros. Este montante foi posteriormente revisto pela Comissão Europeia no âmbito do novo orçamento da UE proposto em 27 de maio de 2020, como resultado da pandemia de COVID-19, segundo o qual o FED será atribuído a 8 mil milhões de euros durante este período orçamental.

Política da União Europeia

Fundo Europeu de Defesa


Lars Boje Mathiesen (nascido a 21 de maio de 1975, em Skive) é um político dinamarquês, membro do Folketing pelo partido político Nova Direita.

Início de vida
Mathiesen nasceu a 21 de maio de 1975, em Skive, Dinamarca, e é filho do músico Peter Boje Mathiesen e de Inge Burmølle Mathiesen.

Carreira política
Mathiesen começou na política em 2013, onde foi eleito para o conselho municipal do município de Aarhus como membro da Aliança Liberal. Ele deixou o partido em 2016 e, após um curto período sem filiação política, ingressou na Nova Direita. Ele optou por não se candidatar novamente na próxima eleição local, mas em vez disso, procurou conseguir uma cadeira no Folketing.

Em maio de 2021 ele causou um alvoroço na mídia social quando comparou o direito a produtos menstruais gratuitos a ter "cuecas em casas de banho públicas" para o caso de alguém "se sujar", uma comparação que foi descrita como "pura estupidez" pela médica-chefe do Departamento de Charlotte Wilkens de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia no Hospital Hvidovre.

Nascidos em 1975
Pessoas vivas
Políticos da Dinamarca

Lars Boje Mathiesen