Captain Planet and the Planeteers is an American animated environmentalist superhero television series created by Barbara Pyle and Ted Turner and developed by Pyle, Nicholas Boxer, Thom Beers, Andy Heyward, Robby London, Bob Forward and Cassandra Schafausen. The series was produced by Turner Program Services and DIC Enterprises and broadcast on TBS and in syndication from September 15, 1990, to December 5, 1992.

A sequel series, The New Adventures of Captain Planet, was produced by Hanna-Barbera Cartoons, Inc., distributed by Turner Program Services and broadcast from September 11, 1993, to May 11, 1996. The series was rerun in later years on Cartoon Network and Boomerang. The program is a form of edutainment and advocates environmentalism and is known for having a number of famous actors providing voices for the villains. The show spawned a franchise consisting of eco-friendly toys, comic books, video games, and a public charity to further promote the work of the show.

Plot

Every episode is followed up with at least one "Planeteer Alert" clip, often connected to the plot, where environmental-political and other social-political issues are discussed and how the viewer can contribute and be part of "the solution" rather than "the pollution".

Characters

Gaia
Gaia (voiced by Whoopi Goldberg in seasons 1–3, Margot Kidder in seasons 4–6), is the spirit of the earth who sends five magic rings with the power to control an element of nature and one controlling the element of Heart—to five chosen youths across the globe. She claims to have been asleep for the entire 20th Century and awoken to see a more polluted world than when she was last awake, however this is contradicted by a flashback episode set in the 1920s in which people get guidance from Gaia.

Her physical manifestation is that of a beautiful black woman. In the two-part episode "Summit to Save Earth" where her rival Zarm had defeated her, Gaia was shown as an old, frail woman, with Zarm explaining that given the Earth's several billion years of existence, it would make sense for Gaia to be superannuated in appearance.

Captain Planet
In situations that the Planeteers cannot resolve alone, they can combine their planetary powers to summon the titular Captain Planet (voiced by David Coburn), who is Ma-Ti's magnified heart power in the form of a male blue-skinned superhero avatar with green mullet, possessing all of the other Planeteers' amplified powers, along with more classical superhero powers such as flight, superhuman strength and invulnerability. Once his work is done, Captain Planet returns to the planet, and leaves viewers with the message: "The power is yours!" Typically, Planet only manifests to deal with the bigger crisis and then departs, but a few storylines have explored him existing beyond these moments, such as when he was summoned while Kwame and Ma-Ti were in space, with the result that the energy from their rings that created Planet could not return to its source, resulting in Planet being forced to operate on a human level, such as requiring a crowbar and handcuff keys to rescue the rest of the team.

Planeteers

The Planeteers are tasked with helping defend the planet from environmental disasters and making efforts to educate humankind to keep others from happening. In the beginning of the episodes, Gaia uses her "Planet Vision" in the Crystal Chamber to discover where the most devastating destruction is occurring (in most episodes one or more of the Eco-Villains is behind it) and sends the Planeteers to help solve the problem. The Planeteers use transportation (usually a flying machine called a Geo-Cruiser) based on solar power to avoid causing pollution themselves.

 Kwame (voiced by LeVar Burton) – Hailing from Africa, Kwame possesses the power of earth.
 Wheeler (voiced by Joey Dedio) – From Brooklyn, New York City, United States, Wheeler controls the power of fire.
 Linka (voiced by Kath Soucie) – From the Soviet Union (Seasons 1–2), from Eastern Europe (Seasons 3–6), Linka has the power of wind.
 Gi (voiced by Janice Kawaye) – Hailing from Asia, Gi controls the power of water.
 Ma-Ti (voiced by Scott Menville) – From Brazil, Ma-Ti wields the power of heart.
 Suchi (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker) – Ma-Ti's pet spider monkey.

Villains

Eco-Villains

The Eco-Villains are a small group of antagonists who cause danger to the planet through pollution, deforestation, poaching, and other environmentally unsafe activities. They enjoy the destruction they cause to the planet and the harm they bring to obtain wealth, land, or power. The Eco-Villains tend to work alone most of the time, although they're willing to work with one another when it suits their plans. When the Eco-Villains are defeated by Captain Planet and the Planeteers, they would mostly be arrested by the authorities. Only in the two-part episode "Summit to Save Earth" did the entire ensemble of Eco-Villains work as a team with Zarm as the leader. Each of these villains represents a specific way of thought that can cause ecological problems.

 Hoggish Greedly (voiced by Ed Asner) – A pig-like human who represents the dangers of overconsumption and greed, Hoggish is the first villain Captain Planet and the Planeteers encounter. In the episode "Smog Hog", it's revealed Hoggish has a son named Hoggish Greedly Jr. (voiced by Charlie Schlatter) who appears only once and had gotten affected by his polluting Road Hog plot. Because of this, Greedly had to work with Captain Planet to save his son's life. In the episode "Hog Tide", it is revealed that he has a grandfather named Don Porkaloin (portrayed as a parody of Vito Corleone from The Godfather and also voiced by Ed Asner) who in the past was defeated by another group of Planeteers. Unlike Hoggish Greedly, Porkaloin became environmentally friendly as shown in the episode "The Ghost of Porkaloin Past".
 Rigger (voiced by John Ratzenberger) – Greedly's main henchman. He once claimed in "The Ghost of Porkaloin Past" that the main reason he works for Greedly is because no one else would hire him. He does sometime question Greedly's orders and shows concern when Greedly's actions hurt the environment though it never has any effect on his boss, and Rigger, for the most part, remains loyal to Greedly. Rigger does all the leg-work while Greedly usually sits around and eats.
 Verminous Skumm (voiced by Jeff Goldblum in season 1, Maurice LaMarche in season 2–5) – The second villain to appear on the series, he is a part-human, part-rat creature who represents urban blight, disease, and drug abuse. Skumm can control rats and has his own personal helicopter called The Scum O'Copter. Skumm is responsible for the death of Linka's cousin Boris via drugs in the episode "Mind Pollution". In some of the later episodes, Verminous Skumm partook in war profiteering when selling weapons to different gangs.
 Rat Pack – A group of humanoid rats that work for Verminous Skumm.
 Duke Nukem (voiced by Dean Stockwell in seasons 1–3, Maurice LaMarche in seasons 4–5) – A doctor who changed himself into a radioactive yellow rock-skinned mutant who represents the misuse of nuclear power, and the third villain to appear. He is one of the few Eco-Villains, along with Zarm and Captain Pollution, able to battle Captain Planet one-on-one. Nukem generates radiation to fire off radioactive blasts from his hands and possesses X-Ray vision. Apogee temporarily renamed the eponymous character of the Duke Nukem computer game franchise to "Duke Nukum" so as to avoid any possible trademark claims they could face from the producers of Captain Planet. The character was later found to be under no trademark and the games were restored to their original titles.
 Leadsuit (voiced by Frank Welker) – Duke Nukem's henchman, Leadsuit's name defines his appearance as he wears a full-bodied lead hazmat suit to withstand the radiation released by Duke Nukem's body. He revealed that he works for Duke Nukem because when Nukem takes over the world, he'll get to be second-in-command. Leadsuit is timid, rarely arguing with Nukem (and always losing if he objects to anything). Leadsuit is afraid of the dark and usually gives in at the slightest trouble.
 Dr. Barbara "Babs" Blight (voiced by Meg Ryan in 1990–1991, Mary Kay Bergman in 1992–1996, Tessa Auberjonois in OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes) – The fourth villain revealed, Dr. Blight is a mad scientist who represents the dangers of uncontrolled technology and unethical scientific experimentation. As a result of self-experimentation, the left half of her face is horribly scarred and is usually hidden by her hair. In the episode "Hog Tide", it is revealed that Dr. Blight had a grandmother named Betty Blight who assisted Don Porkaloin in his plot. In the episode "Hollywaste", it is revealed that Dr. Blight has a sister named Bambi (voiced by Kath Soucie). Bambi calls Blight by her nickname "Babs", but is called "the Headache Woman" in her Eco-Villain name.
 MAL (voiced by David Rappaport in 1990, Tim Curry in 1991–1996) – Dr. Blight's artificially intelligent husband and henchman. He has the ability to hack into other computer systems, take over them and reprogram them mainly to Dr. Blight's specifications. MAL is often the control and main power source of everything in Dr. Blight's labs as well as the vehicles she travels in.
 Looten Plunder (voiced by James Coburn in seasons 1–3, Ed Gilbert in seasons 4–6) – A wealthy poacher and crooked businessman who represents the evils of unethical business actions. Looten is the sixth villain to appear on Captain Planet in the seventh episode, "The Last of Her Kind". He is also shown to have a nephew named Robin Plunder. His name was a play on the term "Loot and Plunder", and he was always in the ending credits of every episode when the singer mentioned "Bad guys who like to loot and plunder!", taken from footage of one episode where a disshelved Plunder sees his scheme in ruins and screams "You will pay for this, Captain Planet!". Plunder is the only eco-villain to come out on top as seen in "Whoo Gives a Hoot" where the Planeteers lose after failing to provide proof to a judge that Plunder was illegally cutting down trees in an old-growth forest.
 Argos Bleak (voiced by S. Scott Bullock) – Looten Plunder's main henchman and bodyguard, he also functions as a mercenary and carries out most of Plunder's dirty work. Argos seems to have a military background as he is seen in many episodes flying helicopters or other aircraft, and is proficient in handling firearms. Argos even got his own episode "The Preditor", where he appeared without his boss to hunt down sharks. Another time where Plunder conspired with Hoggish Greedily, Argos Bleak was seen arguing with Rigger as to who was the better Eco-Villain.
 Pinehead Brothers (voiced by Dick Gautier and Frank Welker) – Oakey and Dokey are two oversized lumberjacks that are Looten Plunder's henchmen in the final season of "The New Adventures of Captain Planet".
 Sly Sludge (voiced by Martin Sheen in Seasons 1–3, Jim Cummings in Seasons 4–5) – An unscrupulous waste collector who represents laziness, ignorance, and the dangers of apathy and short-term thinking. However, as many of his schemes involve waste management, which is a legitimate environmental issue, he often uses that to gain apparent respectability. Sludge is the last villain to be revealed. He is also the only main villain to defect to the Planeteers where a recycling program of his makes a lot of money by the end of "No Small Problem". The money enables Sludge to propose plans to mass-produce an affordable, eco-friendly way to safely dispose of waste.
 Ooze (voiced by Cam Clarke) – Sly Sludge's henchman. He is often underpaid and works for Sludge because he has no other option. Like Rigger, Ooze does most of the heavy work while his boss watches.
 Tank Flusher III (voiced by Frank Welker) – Sly Sludge's strongman servant who makes his debut in "The New Adventures of Captain Planet" episode "A Mine is a Terrible Thing to Waste" Pt. 1 where he answered an ad for "A heinous henchman to serve a Machiavellian master" even though he doesn't know what it means.
 Zarm (voiced by Sting in 1990–1992, David Warner in 1992, Malcolm McDowell in 1993–1995) – A former spirit of the planet who left Gaia in search of other worlds and ended up laying other populous planets to ruin lacking Gaia to balance out his methods. He represents war and destruction. Even though Zarm does not have any henchmen of his own, he would often manipulate other people to do his bidding. He once united Hoggish Greedly, Looten Plunder, Sly Sludge, Duke Nukem, Verminous Skumm, and Dr. Blight under his leadership in the two-part episode "Summit to Save Earth". Other times he recruits and manipulates others, even the Planeteers, to work for him. Zarm is the fifth Eco-Villain to appear in the series, having his first appearance in the sixth episode. Outside of war and destruction, Zarm promoted hatred and totalitarianism, which he believed were the most dangerous pollutants to mankind, as evidenced by his acting as kingmaker to a dictator named Morgar. Zarm admits he has been a guiding force for every despot of the 20th century, but admits one of them actually declined his help and challenges the Planeteers to guess who, saying "I think you'll be pleasantly surprised."

Captain Pollution
A polluting counterpart to Captain Planet named Captain Pollution (voiced by David Coburn, like his good counterpart) appears in the two-part episode "Mission to Save Earth" when Dr. Blight steals the Planeteers' rings, creates polluting duplicates of them, and distributes the duplicates to most of the other Eco-villains. Each Eco-villain received a specific ring which had the opposite power of the Planeteers:

 Duke Nukem has a Super Radiation Ring (counterpart of Fire).
 Looten Plunder has a Deforestation Ring (counterpart of Earth).
 Sly Sludge has a Smog Ring (counterpart of Wind).
 Verminous Skumm has a Toxics Ring (counterpart of Water).
 Dr. Blight has a Hate Ring (counterpart of Heart).

Each of the evil rings has malevolent faces on them, in contrast to the more element-themed Planeteer rings. Captain Pollution is weakened when he is in contact with pure elements such as clean water or sunlight, while he gains power from contact with pollutants, being able to absorb pollutant and emit radioactive rays (and is later shown to gain limitless power when in contact with pollutants after his resurrection). When he is summoned he says "By your polluting powers combined, I am Captain Pollution! Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha!", and when he disappears, he declares "The polluting power is yours!"

In his first appearance, he is sent by the Eco-villains to destroy the Planeteers but gets chased off by Commander Clash, and after a fight with Captain Planet, he returns to the evil rings causing them to explode. In the two-part episode "A Mine is a Terrible Thing to Waste", Captain Pollution is brought back to life by toxins of the five evil rings that seep into the planet.

Captain Pollution is Captain Planet's polar opposite in personality as well as power. In contrast to Planet's generous and altruistic nature, Pollution is lazy, and arrogant, seeing himself as a god and his creators as servants rather than partners. Captain Planet sums up the difference in their outlook during their first battle by taunting that the Planeteers have no boss – they are a team – and this is why Pollution will always lose.

Captain Pollution resembles Captain Planet, but his skin is pale yellow and covered in brown lesions. His hair is red and styled in a Widow's peak and he has red eyes. His costume is the same color and style as Planet's, but the globe on his chest is torn in the middle. His voice is similar to Captain Planet's, but it has a California Valley twang to it. Captain Pollution is defeated twice by Captain Planet; first in "Mission to Save Earth" by being rammed through earth, lava, air and water, and then again in "A Mine is a Terrible Thing to Waste" by being tricked into going into an underground magma chamber.  Captain Pollution is destroyed by Captain Planet who throws Pollution in the water destroying him.

Other villains
 The Slaughters – A family of poachers who made their debut in "The New Adventures of Captain Planet". The Slaughters represent the endangerment of animals and the evils of poaching and are often in direct monetary competition with Looten Plunder. Mame and her family once collaborated with Looten Plunder and Argos Bleak in the episode "Horns A'Plenty" when the Planeteers ruined each one's rhinoceros poaching.
 Mame Slaughter (voiced by Theresa Saldana in the first appearance, Mitzi McCall in the second appearance) – The leader of the Slaughters.
 Stalker Slaughter (voiced by Charlie Adler) – One of Mame's sons and her second-in-command. He has a strong attachment to her as he needs her directions most of the time.

Episodes

Development

Conception
According to Barbara Pyle, the inspiration for the five Planeteers came from real people that she met during the show's pre-production, in 1989. The character "Gi" was inspired by Malaysian environmental activist Chee Yoke Ling of Sahabat Alam Malaysia, while Ma-Ti was inspired on Paulinho Paiakan. Wheeler was said by Pyle to be based on her own father. She reported on making him the most environmentally unaware based on the view she had of the attitudes displayed by the US at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. Kwame was inspired by the survivors of the Rhodesian Bush War. In a September 2012 interview with Barbara Pyle and co-developer Nicholas Boxer, it was stated that the Hope Island was located near the Bahamas.

DIC history (1990–1992)
The original series was the second longest running US-cartoon of the 1990s, producing 113 episodes. It lasted for three seasons under the name Captain Planet and the Planeteers (produced by TBS Productions and DiC).

The show's intro theme was composed by Tom Worrall. The ending theme (maintained by both DIC and Hanna-Barbera's versions) is considered one of the most memorable parts of the series due to its catchy main chorus and rock track ("Captain Planet, he's our hero, gonna take pollution down to zero"). Its lyrics were written by show producer Nick Boxer and is performed by Murray McFadden and Timothy Mulhollan. During the end credits, James Coburn, in character as Looten Plunder, utters the line "You'll pay for this, Captain Planet.". This is then followed by a rap from the voice actors of the Planeteers. It is akin to New Kids on the Block's "Step By Step".

Hanna-Barbera history (1993–1996)
In 1993, the show saw a production company switch, changing the title to The New Adventures of Captain Planet (produced by Hanna-Barbera Cartoons, which was acquired by Turner in 1991). During this time, it aired as part of TBS'  Sunday Morning in Front Of The TV  block, alongside fellow H-B toons SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron and 2 Stupid Dogs. This series revealed more of the past of each of the characters and expanded on it dramatically. The tone of these episodes was more mature than the initial series. The animation style was altered, being of considerably higher quality than the DiC seasons.

The DiC seasons' synth-rock soundtrack was replaced by a large number of orchestral pieces, and while the end credits theme was retained, the ending sequence now showcased footage from the Hanna-Barbera episodes. Full-time voice actors replaced most of the major celebrities that had voiced Gaia and the Eco-Villains during the DiC seasons. The opening narration was spoken by David Coburn (Captain Planet) rather than LeVar Burton (Kwame) and, in the final season, was replaced by a rap by Fred Schneider of The B-52's.

Legacy
The Captain Planet Foundation (CPF) was founded in 1991, when series producer Barbara Pyle negotiated a percentage of the show's merchandising revenue to empower young people. The concept allowed schools and organizations around the world to present their environmental projects to the Foundation and receive seed money to grow their ideas. In 2001, Time Warner decided to shut down the CPF due to a challenging merger with AOL. Laura Seydel and her husband Rutherford Seydel worked with Time Warner to orchestrate the transition of the corporate foundation to a public charity – the Captain Planet Foundation. In 2007, CPF acquired the rights to exhibit previous episodes of Captain Planet and the Planeteers online and on-air, thus "allowing this valuable resource to reach out and educate the children of today!" , the organization's board is chaired by Laura Turner Seydel, daughter of Ted Turner; the board includes Barbara Pyle.

Reception

In 1990, The Los Angeles Times described the show as having "not much originality", although also saying that "there's a passion behind this series, which adapts a conventional super-hero formula to an unconventional theme", also stating that the celebrities voicing the series "also sets the series apart". The newspaper also described the show as being part of "the increased awareness of Earth as endangered". L. Brent Bozell III, a conservative activist, accused the show of "seeking to scare children into political activism", along with accusing the show of having "leftist slants"; Barbara Pyle responded, saying "I don't think 'Captain Planet' is scary ... it shows kids that every action counts ... I consider [environmental issues] bipartisan."

Diane Holloway from Austin American-Statesman wrote, "The animation is crude and jerky, but the messages are important and clear enough for a 4-year old to understand", while Rebecca Coudret from Evansville Courier & Press said she "wondered if [children] were simply responding to the basic good vs. evil clash." In 1993, the episode "Dream Machine" won an award at the Environmental Media Awards, and in 1994, the episode  "Gorillas Will Be Missed" likewise did. Reviewing season one in 2012, IGN gave the show a rating of 5 out of 10, describing the animation as "pretty weak" and the stories as "too hokey".

Educational goals
Various episodes were constructed to touch on relevant themes to a modern audience:

 "Mind Pollution"
The episode titled "Mind Pollution" (1991) was notable for dealing with the issue of drug abuse. This was explained by the fact that the characters thought of drug addiction as "pollution of the mind". The episode revolved around an epidemic of a designer drug known as "Bliss" created by Verminous Skumm. It included a scene of Linka's cousin Boris jumping through a window and dying from a drug overdose.

 "Population Bomb"
"Population Bomb" (1991) continued the trend of tackling controversial subject matter atypical for a children's cartoon, in this instance the problem with overpopulation. Using mice as substitutes for humans, the episode sets Wheeler on a Gulliver's Travels style adventure where he encounters a tribe of sentient mice who are destroyed by overpopulation and irresponsible leadership. It turns out that the ordeal is something that Wheeler dreamed up, though it serves as a warning for the audience about sustainability and over-consumption.

 "A Formula for Hate"
The episode titled "A Formula for Hate" (1992) was also unusual for the series in that it was the first episode in an American children's animated series to directly deal with the HIV/AIDS pandemic. In the episode, Skumm and one of his rat henchmen brainwashes a local community into thinking the virus can be spread through casual contact and thus causing people to hate and fear a young man, infected with HIV, named Todd Andrews (voiced by Neil Patrick Harris, with his mother voiced by Elizabeth Taylor). Captain Planet tells the truth about AIDS to the entire basketball game with help from Todd's coach. Then Captain Planet catches Skumm and his rat henchman and hand him over to the police.

Franchise extension
Pyle and Boxer demanded that the series' merchandise be made sustainably; because of this, several of the companies producing Captain Planet-themed merchandise had to completely overhaul their means of production to manufacture recycled and recyclable products.

Toys
As with many popular cartoons, Captain Planet had a line of action figures and vehicles. Released by Tiger Toys in 1990, the line ran for several years, long enough to tie into the New Adventures series. The toys were repackaged and sold by Grand Toys in Canada and Kenner throughout Europe. The toys were of average poseability, with the common five points – neck, shoulders, and hips.

Finding a comprehensive list of what was released is difficult, since not all toys shown in the initial retailer catalog were even released. The collector's market is small, the toys being somewhat rare on eBay. The Captain Planet Foundation still sells a small number of them online, however. There may have also been further foreign variations of certain toys which may be even more difficult to catalog. Various toys from the New Adventures waves are not as likely to be well known.

The five Planeteers, five Eco-Villains, Commander Clash, and several versions of Captain Planet, each with a different gimmick or paint scheme, were released, along with several vehicles. A toy ring with lights and sound and interchangeable lenses for the five elements was also released. Four small vehicles were also sold through a Burger King promotion.

Video games

A video game based on the series was developed for the Nintendo Entertainment System by Mindscape called Captain Planet. The game, which involved a good deal of shooting, received negative reviews from game critics and thus a Sega Mega Drive (Genesis) version of the game was cancelled. A separate side-scrolling game was developed by Novalogic for the Mega Drive/Genesis, but only saw release in Europe and Australia.

David Perry and Nick Bruty developed a ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC game using the license, a 3-level shoot 'em up. A game was also released in 1990 for the Amiga and Atari ST, written by Tony Crowther. This was a platform game and was briefly bundled with the Amiga 500 "Cartoon Classics" pack released in 1991. A Commodore 64 game was in development but never released. Tiger Toys, owners of the action figure license, also created an LCD hand-held game.

Captain Planet appears as a playable character in the fighting game Cartoon Network: Punch Time Explosion for Nintendo 3DS, Wii, PS3, and Xbox 360.

Home media
Turner Home Entertainment originally released VHS tapes of the series, which contained a single episode on each. DIC's main home video distributor Buena Vista Home Video would also release single-episode VHS releases as well.

A DVD with four episodes and bonus features exists but was only available as part of a "Planeteer Pack" purchased from the Captain Planet Foundation.
This promotional DVD contained the episodes "A River Ran Through It", "A Perfect World", "Gorillas Will Be Missed", and "The Big Clam Up". A short clip titled "Planeteers in Action", which is about the Captain Planet Foundation, is also included. The "Planeteer Pack" special is no longer available.

Shout! Factory under license from Turner and Warner Home Video released a DVD set of the complete first season in the U.S. on April 19, 2011. The DVD packaging is made of 100% recycled paper.

Madman Entertainment released the first season on July 6, 2016 and the complete collection on October 25, 2017 in Australia.

As of March 25, 2017, it is available on iTunes for purchase. The whole series was made available on Amazon Instant Video.

Film
Multiple attempts have been made to create a film adaptation of the series. The first occurred in 1996 when Boxer and Pyle wrote a film adaptation of Captain Planet originally titled Planet. Five years later, Michael Reaves revised the concept as Dark Planet or Planet. The storyline was darker than the series, and set in a post-apocalyptic time period. However, the script was lost when Turner and Warner Bros. merged in 1996. The film reached the design stage before it was abandoned.

Other attempts at a film version were made in 2007, 2011, and 2013, but none of these versions came to pass. In October 2016 Paramount Pictures and Leonardo DiCaprio's Appian Way were attempting to develop a new movie and is in negotiations with Jono Matt and Glen Powell to write the script, with Powell to star as the titular character. The status of the project is unclear since there were no further news of film adaptation. In early 2023, Powell claims that hurdles at Warner Bros. Discovery need to be cleared before moving forward.

Comic books
Marvel Comics published a comic series titled Captain Planet and the Planeteers. The series ran twelve issues, cover dated October 1991 through October 1992.

OK K.O.! crossover
In 2017, Captain Planet appeared in a special crossover episode of the Cartoon Network series OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes, with David Coburn reprising his role as Captain Planet and LeVar Burton reprising his role as Kwame. The heroes battled Dr. Blight (accompanied by a silent MAL). The episode "The Power Is Yours" aired on October 9, 2017, as part of the first season.

References

External links
 Planeteer Movement
 Captain Planet Foundation
 Captain Planet at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on April 9, 2012.

1990s American animated television series
1990 American television series debuts
1996 American television series endings
American children's animated action television series
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated education television series
American children's animated science fantasy television series
American children's animated superhero television series
Eco-terrorism in fiction
Environmental television
English-language television shows
Fictional conservationists and environmentalists
Fictional sextets
Television series by DIC Entertainment
Television series by Hanna-Barbera
Hanna-Barbera superheroes
Marvel Comics superheroes
TBS (American TV channel) original programming
Hanna-Barbera comics
Educational comics
Comics based on television series
Classical mythology in popular culture
Overpopulation fiction
Television series by Studio T
Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios
Television shows adapted into comics
Television shows adapted into video games
Television shows about drugs

Captain Planet and the Planeteers


الانشطار الثنائي أو إنْسِلاع أو تَعْضَيَة
تتكاثر الكائنات بدائية النوى لاجنسياً عن طريق الانشطار الثنائي وقد سميت هذه العملية بالانشطار الثنائي لأن الانقسام (الانشطار) يُنتج خليتان (ثنائي) ابنتان مماثلتان للخلية الأبوية الأصلية تماماً.

قبل حصول عملية الانقسام تنمو الخلية في الحجم ويتضاعف الدنا ليصبح هناك كروموسومان يرتبطان في موقع معين في الغشاء البلازمي يعرف بالميزوزوم، من ثم ينفصلان عن بعضهما عند حدوث استطالة في الخلية بحيث يتم سحب كل منهما في اتجاهين متعاكسين. وخلال هذه الفترة يتكون جدار وغشاء بلازمي جديدان ويتطوران وينموان باتجاه الداخل لقسم الخلية إلى خليتين، وعندما يصبح طول الخليتين مماثل للخلية الأصلية فإن الجدار الخلوي والغشاء البلازمي لكل منهما يكتمل.

في بكتيريا الإشريكية القولونية والتي تعيش في الأمعاء نجد أن فترة توالدها وهو الزمن التي تحتاجه لجعل الخلية تنقسم إلى خليتين، يقدر بحوالي 20 دقيقة في الظروف الطبيعية، حيث يمكن لخلية واحدة خلال 7 ساعات أن تعطي أكثر من مليون خلية! غير أن معدل الانقسام في الأنواع الأخرى من البكتيريا يختلف حسب نوع البكتيريا وظروف الانقسام. والانشطار هو نوع من أنوا ع التكاثر اللاجنسي ؛ وفي الانشطار الثنائي تنقسم النواة ميتوزياً ثم تنشطر الخلية التي تمثل جسم الكائن الحي إلى خليتين يصبح كل منهما فرداً جديداً وتتكاثر بهذه الصورة كثير من الأوليات الجرثومية مثل الإميبيا والبراميسيوم والبلاسموديم واليوجلينا بالإضافة إلى الطحالب البسيطة والبكتيريا ويتم ذلك في الظروف المناسبة.

مراجع

تكاثر لاجنسي
دورة الخلية
علم البكتيريا

انقسام ثنائي


Yunus Yıldırım, (d. 23 Şubat 1970, Alaşehir, Manisa), FIFA kokartı sahibi Türk emekli futbol hakemi.

Manisa bölgesi hakemi olan Yunus Yıldırım'ın asıl mesleği beden eğitimi öğretmenliğidir. Süper Lig'deki ilk maçı, 10 Ağustos 2003 tarihli Adanaspor-Malatyaspor karşılaşmasıdır. Şu ana kadar dört derbi maçı ile 2008 Türkiye Kupası Finali'ni yönetti.

2014-15 futbol mevsiminin son haftasında oynanan Beşiktaş-Gençlerbirliği karşılaşmasında Süper Lig'de son maçına çıktı.  tarihinde Akhisar Belediyespor ile Göztepe arasında oynanan maçla jübilesini yaptı.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu tarafından düzenlenen hakem bilgi kartı

1970 doğumlular
Alaşehir doğumlular
Türk futbol hakemleri
Süper Lig hakemleri
Yaşayan insanlar
Türk öğretmenler

Yunus Yıldırım


The Rain er en tv-serie skabt af Jannik Tai Mosholt, Esben Toft Jacobsen og Christian Potalivo. Den havde premiere på Netflix 4. maj 2018.

Den 30. maj 2018 annoncerede Netflix, at The Rain fik en sæson 2, der fik premiere den 17. maj 2019.

Præmis og handling
Serien The Rain's omdrejningspunkt lægger sig omkring en dødelig virus, der spredes gennem regn, hvilket betyder at alle mennesker i verden er i fare. Virussen udspringer i Danmark.

Dr. Frederik Andersen er Simone og Rasmus' far. Seeren stifter meget kort bekendtskab med karakteren, allerede i første afsnit af serien. Her fremstilles Frederik Andersen som en febrilsk far, der vil gøre alt for, at hans familie skal overleve den dødelige virus. Kort efter at han har fået familien i sikkerhed, tager han afsted igen, da han er en del af den hidtil ukendte organisation Apollon.

Gennem hele serien følger man gruppe af unge mennesker på flugt fra Apollon. De ved ikke hvad organisationen vil dem, men de ved, at de bliver fanget, hvis de kommer for tæt på. Apollon viser gang på gang deres styrke og størrelse, da de bevæger sig meget hurtigere end gruppen, da de både har biler og avanceret udstyr.

I afsnit to finder Simone sin fars mobil i en nærtliggende bunker. På mobilen finder hun en vigtig video fra en af hans kollegaer. Kollegaen fortæller, at han er nået frem til hovedkvarteret i Sverige og, at deres far straks skal finde vej derop, sådan at de sammen skal lave en kur der kan redde hele verdenen fra virussen. Gruppen har nu et mål – de skal op til Apollons hovedkvarter.

Længere inde i serien, afsnit fire, møder Simone og Rasmus en kvinde på en gård. Kvinden er også en del af organisationen, og fortæller dem, at deres far er skyld i det hele. I skabelsen af virussen trodsede ham og en anden mand ved navn Sten naturens love, og derfor endte det hele galt og udløste den virus, der bæres gennem regnen.

Det viser sig i sidste og ottende afsnit at Apollon er en meget større organisation end forventet. Det har hele tiden været deres hovedformål at finde Rasmus og bruge hans gener, der er påvirket af virussen. På denne måde ville de kunne styre virussen og bruge den som et våben.

Afsnit

Sæson 1

Karaktererne og deres baggrund
I The Rain følger man i syv ud af otte afsnit en gruppe unge mennesker, der forsøger at overleve i den nye verden, som virussen har forårsaget. I tiden op til virussens udbrud, og i dets begyndelse, blev de alle hver især udsat for forskellige begyndelser, i deres nye liv.

Simone og Rasmus
Simone og Rasmus er seriens søskendepar, hvor Simone er den ældste. Da virussen brød ud, var Rasmus kun 10 år gammel. Derfor var det også en stor opgave for Simone, som teenager, at skulle tage ansvar for sin lillebror. Men eftersom deres mor døde i begyndelsen og deres far forsvandt, var hun nødt til at træde til. Der ender med at gå hele 6 år, før de kommer i fysisk kontakt med andre mennesker igen. Rasmus er nu blevet teenager, og grundet hans minimale tilværelse i bunkeren, udfordrer han Simone gang på gang da de kommer ud i den virkelige verden.

Simone er blevet voksen. Det meste af hendes teenageliv har hun brugt på at opfostre sin lillebror. I og med at bunkeren var hendes liv så længe, er det en kæmpe omvæltning at komme udenfor. Samtidig må hun hurtigt lære, at Rasmus ikke længere har brug for hende i lige så høj grad som før. Derudover møder hun Martin, som vækker nogle helt andre følelser i hende.

Lea
Lea er en meget kærlig karakter, der bevarer troen, på trods af alt det, der sker omkring hende. I timerne op til virussens begyndelse forsøger hun at snige sig ud af sin mors hus, for at tage til en studenterfest. Leas familie har en kristen baggrund, og derfor er hendes mor meget betænkelig ved at lade på Leas tage til fest. På trods af hendes mors betænkeligheder tager Lea afsted. Til festen er der nogen, der putter en pille i Leas glas med sodavand. Meget hurtigt tager tingene fart, og Lea ender alene på et værelse med tre fyre. Det hele bliver filmet på hendes mobiltelefon, og da hun vågner dagen efter, har alle set den, inklusiv hendes mor. Da Lea vil forlade festen, ser hun alle hendes klassekammerater ude stå ude i haven. Med ét begynder det at regne, hun overværer dem alle dø. Samtidig ringer hendes mor hende op, og fortæller Lea at hun er på vej. Midt i opkaldet går moderen ud ad døren og regnen rører hendes krop.

Jean
Jean får under deres rejse til Sverige flashbacks til tiden, hvor virussen lige var brudt ud. I flashbacket ser han tilbage på da han mødte en mor, far og deres døve datter, da de hjalp ham og gav ham husly. Pigen er meget interesseret i, at Jean bliver, og med tiden opstår der et venskab. En dag får Jean og familien besøg af Apollon. Faderen trodser Apollons mænd og ender med at blive skudt, og de fører moderen væk. Imens gemmer pigen og Jean sig i et brændeskur. Her holder Jean pigen for munden så hun ikke kan skrige, men kommer til at gøre det for hårdt, hvilket resulteret i, at han kommer til at kvæle hende. Kort tid efter slutter han sig til Beatrice og Lea. Jean fremstår som en omsorgsfuld og betænksom person, der dog lider meget under disse flashback.

Beatrice
Da virussen brød ud, stod Beatrices forældre for at skulle skilles, hvilket resulterede i at hendes familie blev skilt fra hinanden, da kaosset brød ud. Denne historie omkring hendes forældre bruger hun flere gange, når hun spiller på de andre i gruppens følelser. Det er kun seeren der kender til dette, og danner sig et syn på Beatrice om at hun holder noget skjult.

Beatrice stifter for første gang bekendtskab med Patrick og Martin, da hun sammen med Jean og Lea flygter fra dem. Her viser hun som karakter mod og vilje til at overleve, på trods af hendes ringe chancer, i den nye verden, overfor de to fyre. For overlevelsens skyld beslutter Beatrice, at Martin og Patrick kan slutte sig til gruppen, så de har en form for beskyttelse på deres rejse gennem det øde Danmark. Ligeledes viser det sig, at hun er en glimrende løgner, der spiller på andres følelser for at få, det hun gerne vil have.

Martin
Martin kommer af en militær baggrund og da virussen brød ud, blev han sendt ud til en sikkerhedsgrænse, hvor man ikke måtte komme igennem hvis man ikke havde været en del af karantænen. På dette tidspunkt kender man stadigvæk ikke ret meget til virussen og får derfor at vide, at alle der har været i kontakt med regnen eller på nogen vis er smittede, skal holdes på afstand. Martin og resten af soldaterne beordres til at gøre hvad det kræves, for at stoppe indtrængende. På trods af disse ordrer lader Martin en kvinde komme igennem sikkerhedsgrænsen, da han ikke få sig selv til at skyde hende, selv om det resulterer i, at alle de andre soldater dør. På grund af denne baggrundshistorie fremstår Martin sig til en karakter, der er ekstrem bitter og han lader bestemt ikke noget til tilfældigheden.

Patrick
Patrick kommer fra en tilværelse, hvor han ikke har kunne finde sin egentlige plads. Han bliver fyret fra sit job, kæresten vil ikke have ham og socialrådgiveren ved simpelthen ikke, hvad hun skal stille op med ham. Selv hans far har opgivet ham, og forærer Patrick en bil, så han kan køre fra hjemmet og ikke vende tilbage. Under virussens udbrud har Patrick røget sig skæv i sin bil. Pludselig begynder det at regne, men Patrick ved ikke noget om at regne er farlig, fordi han har været påvirket. Først da han kommer til sig selv igen, og stiger ud af bilen, finder han ud af at alle omkring ham er døde. Efterfølgende møder han Martin.

Som karakter er han drevet af vrede og har en meget kort lunte. Hvis det stod til ham, var det kun ham selv og Martin der var sammen i den nye verden. Derfor fremstår han også meget reserveret, men vil dog gøre meget for at de andre i gruppen ikke kommer noget til.

Medvirkende

Hovedroller
 Alba August som Simone Andersen
 Lucas Lynggaard Tønnesen som Rasmus Andersen
 Mikkel Boe Følsgaard som Martin
 Lukas Løkken som Patrick
 Jessica Dinnage som Lea
 Sonny Lindberg som Jean
 Angela Bundalovic som Beatrice (sæson 1)
 Clara Rosager som Sarah

Tilbagevendende roller
 Johannes Kuhnke som Sten, Frederiks chef (7 episoder)
 Lars Simonsen som Dr. Frederik Andersen, Simones og Rasmus' far (3 episoder)
 Jacob Lohmann som Thomas, Apollon "fremmede" (2 episoder)
 Iben Hjejle som Ellen Andersen, Simones og Rasmus' mor (2 episoder)
 Bertil De Lorenzi som unge Rasmus (2 episoder)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Tv-serier fra Danmark
Tv-serier fra 2010'erne
Tv-serier fra Netflix
Netflix-serier fra Danmark

The Rain (tv-serie)


Ivo Sivo, pravog imena Ivo Hajdić, (Split, 28. lipnja 1984.), hrvatski je reper iz Splita i jedan od osnivača rap-grupe Dječaci. Godine 2008. debitirao je na prvom albumu Dječaka Drama.

1999. formirao je trio s reperima Vojko Vrućina i Zondo pod nazivom "Dječaci". U travnju 2020. godine, Ivo najavljuje svoj prvi samostalni album "Kakvo vrijeme za bit' živ",

Diskografija

Albumi
 Drama (2008.)
 Istina (2011.)
 Firma (2015.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službeni instagram profil
 Ivo na YouTubeu

Životopisi, Split
Hrvatski hip hop glazbenici

Ivo Sivo


Rowold ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Karl Rowold (1911–1993), deutscher Widerstandskämpfer und Diplomat
 Martina Rowold (* 1996), deutsche Naturbahnrodlerin

Rowold


Os Barbuda provêm de uma linhagem medieval que aparece no século XIII. São descendentes de João Gonçalves de Barbuda, nomeado no "Livro Velho das Linhagens de Portugal", filho de Gonçalo Pires de Belmir, cavaleiro de boa linhagem e de uma senhora (N…de Barbuda) cujo nome não é referido nas genealogias, herdeira do couto e torre de Barbudo ou de Barvudo, que teria levado por dote, situada no concelho de Vila Verde. João Gonçalves de Barbuda foi casado com Estevainha Pires da Nóbrega, irmã de D. João Pires de Aboim, senhor do castelo de Portel, ambos filhos de Pedro Ourigues da Nóbrega, senhor da terra de Aboim da Nóbrega e de sua mulher Maria Viegas de Riba Douro. Pertence a esta linhagem o famoso cavaleiro Frei D. Martim Anes de Barbuda, mestre da Ordem de Alcântara em Castela e Estevão Vaz de Barbuda, almirante de D. Afonso IV. Armas dos Barbuda Em campo de ouro nove lisonjas de veiros de prata e vermelho em três palas. Timbre, um galgo de preto entre dois penachos de pavão verdes e guarnecidos de ouro.

Famílias de Portugal

Barbuda (família)


Jubilejska godina svetog Josipa izvanredni je crkveni jubilej od 8. prosinca 2020. do 8. prosinca 2021. proglašen apostolskim pismom pape Franje »Patris corde« (Očinskim srcem) o 150. godišnjici proglašenja sv. Josipa zaštitnikom sveopće Katoličke Crkve, odlukom »Quemadmodum Deus« pape Pia IX. 8. prosinca 1870. Također, sv. Josip je i zaštitnik pontifikata pape Franje. Dekretom Apostolske pokorničane tijekom jubilejske godine omogućeno je dobivanje potpunog oprosta vjernicima. Treći je to jubilej pape Franje, nakon Jubilejske godine milosrđa i Godine posvećenog života.

U apostolskom pismu "Patris corde", papa Franjo naziva sv. Josipa ovim riječima: "Ljubljeni otac, otac pun nježnosti, poslušni otac koji prihvaća; otac kojeg resi kreativna hrabrost, marljiv, uvijek u sjeni". Papina odluka o proglašenju godine sv. Josipa dolazi u vrijeme kada se slavi 333. godina, kako je Hrvatski sabor na svom zasjedanju 9. i 10. lipnja 1687., na poticaj zagrebačkog biskupa Martina Borkovića, jednoglasnom odlukom proglasio svetog Josipa zaštitnikom Hrvatskog kraljevstva.

Izvori

Crkveni jubileji

Jubilejska godina svetog Josipa


El distrito de Sabaino es uno de los 7 distritos de la provincia de Antabamba  ubicada en el departamento de Apurímac, bajo la administración del Gobierno regional de Apurímac, en el sur del Perú.

Desde el punto de vista jerárquico de la Iglesia católica forma parte de la Diócesis de Abancay la cual, a su vez, pertenece a la Arquidiócesis de Cusco.

Historia
El distrito fue creado mediante Ley del 20 de agosto de 1872, en el gobierno del Presidente Manuel Pardo y Lavalle.

Geografía
La ciudad de Antabamba se encuentra ubicada en los Andes Centrales. Está a 3 457

Su superficie es de 178.77 km²
Tiene una población estimada de 1372 habitantes en 2005.

Autoridades

Municipales
 2011-2014
 Alcalde: Marcelino Rojas Ramírez, Partido Aprista Peruano (APRA).
 Regidores: Luis Chaccara Contreras (APRA), Abel Zanabria Páucar (APRA), Agustín Mendoza Zela (APRA), Duilia Alicia Ampuero Contreras (APRA), Ysaías Huamán Valderrama (Poder Popular Andino).
 2007-2010
 Alcalde: Marcelino Rojas Ramírez.

Festividades
 Reyes Magos.
 Virgen de la Natividad.

Véase también
 Región Apurímac
 Organización territorial del Perú

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 INEI Perú

Sabaino

Distrito de Sabaino


Edward Kisiel (* 24. Februar 1918 in Jundziłowo; † 28. September 1993 in Białystok) war ein polnischer Geistlicher und erster Bischof sowie Erzbischof von Białystok.

Leben
Der junge Edward Kisiel wurde Anfang des Zweiten Weltkriegs verhaftet, konnte aber bei der Deportation entfliehen und versteckte sich in Warschau. Er studierte Theologie und wurde am 14. Februar 1943 von Kazimierz Bukraba, dem Bischof von Pinsk, in Warschau zum Priester geweiht.

Papst Paul VI. ernannte ihn am 3. Mai 1976 zum Apostolischen Administrator in der Administratur Białystok und gleichzeitig zum Titularbischof von Limata. Die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm am 27. Juni 1976 der Erzbischof von Warschau, Stefan Kardinal Wyszynski; Mitkonsekratoren waren Henryk Roman Gulbinowicz, Erzbischof von Breslau, und Bronisław Dąbrowski, Weihbischof in Warschau.

Am 5. Juni 1991 ernannte ihn Papst Johannes Paul II. zum ersten Bischof des neu gegründeten Bistums Białystok und mit der Erhebung zum Erzbistum am 25. März 1992 zum Erzbischof von Białystok.

Am 15. Mai 1993 nahm Papst Johannes Paul II. sein altersbedingtes Rücktrittsgesuch an.

Seine letzte Ruhestätte fand er in der Krypta der Kathedrale von Białystok.

Weblinks

Erzbischof von Białystok
Titularbischof
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Apostolischer Administrator der Erzdiözese Vilnius in Białystok
Pole
Geboren 1918
Gestorben 1993
Mann

Edward Kisiel


Der Regionale Naturpark Thal ist ein Park von nationaler Bedeutung im gleichnamigen Solothurner Bezirk. Er zeichnet sich aus durch eine landwirtschaftlich geprägte sanfte Juralandschaft.

Lage
Der Regionale Naturpark Thal umfasst den ganzen Bezirk Thal im Kanton Solothurn. Damit liegen folgende Gemeinden in ihm: Welschenrohr-Gänsbrunnen, Herbetswil, Aedermannsdorf, Matzendorf, Laupersdorf, Balsthal, Mümliswil-Ramiswil und Holderbank.

Ziele des Naturparks
Der Regionale Naturpark Thal bezweckt den Erhalt der intakten Naturlandschaft und die Förderung der regionalen Wirtschaft.

Naturwerte
Der Regionale Naturpark Thal zeichnet sich aus durch eine verhältnismässig sanfte Landschaft des östlichen Kettenjuras. Typisch für diese Landschaftsform sind etwa Klusen und verschiedene Waldformen (u. a. Buchenwälder, Tannen-Buchen-Wälder, Kiefernwälder). Die Landwirtschaft auf den Jurahöhen ist geprägt durch eine extensive Weidewirtschaft von Rindvieh und weist damit wertvolle Wiesenlebensräume auf (Trockenwiesen). Nur der Talboden zwischen Balsthal und Herbetswil wird mehrheitlich ackerbaulich bewirtschaftet.

Mehrere Fliessgewässer liegen innerhalb des Naturparks. Nennenswert ist v. a. die Dünnern, deren obere Hälfte den Naturpark durchfliesst. Ihr grösster Zufluss, der Augstbach, liegt ebenfalls im Naturpark. In diesem Gewässersystem leben Bachforellen und Groppen, von den Vögeln nutzt etwa die Wasseramsel diese Gewässer. Besonders die Oberläufe der Gewässer sind weitgehend unverbaut und weisen eine naturnahe Ökomorphologie auf.

Der Naturpark ist ein wichtiges Habitat für verschiedene Vogelarten. Auf dem Subigerberg oberhalb von Gänsbrunnen befindet sich eine Vogelberingungsstation, dort befindet sich eine wichtige Route für Zugvögel. In den grossen Wäldern des Naturparks leben verschiedene seltene Waldvögel, etwa Uhus und Waldschnepfen. Möglicherweise gibt es noch einige wenige Auerhühner. Die weiten, offenen Höhenzüge v. a. im nördlichen Parkgebiet bieten einen Lebensraum für einige Vogelarten der offenen Landschaft, etwa für die Heidelerche. Die grossen Weiden sind wegen ihres Reichtums an Mäusen für mehrere Greifvogelarten ebenfalls wichtige Lebensräume.

Viele Säugetierarten leben im Parkgebiet. So kommen etwa verschiedene Fledermausarten vor. Das Reh ist im ganzen Park häufig anzutreffen. Entlang der Felsbänder in den Höhenzügen leben mehrere Gämskolonien. Rehe und Gämsen werden vom Luchs gejagt, der im Naturpark hohe Bestandsdichten erreicht. Auch Wildschweine sind häufig, aber kaum zu sehen. Erst vereinzelt kommen Rothirsche vor. Räuberische Kleinsäuger wie Füchse, Dachse und Baummarder kommen häufig vor, andere wie das Hermelin eher seltener. Die Wiederansiedelung des Wisents, der bis zu seiner Ausrottung vor einigen Jahrhunderten hier lebte, war lange im Gespräch. Der Bau eines Zauns wurde Anfang 2020 genehmigt und voraussichtlich im Herbst 2022 werden die ersten Wisente kommen.

Landschaften von nationaler Bedeutung
Gemäss Artikel 5 des Bundesgesetzes über den Natur- und Heimatschutz führt die Schweiz ein Bundesinventar der Landschaften und Naturdenkmäler von nationaler Bedeutung. Drei solche Gebiete liegen teilweise im Regionalen Naturpark Thal:
 Nr. 1010, Bezeichnung: Weissenstein, Teilgebiete der Naturpark-Gemeinden Gänsbrunnen, Welschenrohr und Herbetswil
 Nr. 1012, Bezeichnung: Belchen-Passwang-Gebiet, Teilgebiete der Naturpark-Gemeinden Holderbank und Mümliswil-Ramiswil
 Nr. 1020, Bezeichnung: Ravellenflue und Chluser Roggen bei Oensingen, Teilgebiete der Naturpark-Gemeinde Balsthal

Siehe auch
 Juraschutzzone

Weblinks

 Regionaler Naturpark Thal
 Bike Routen im Naturpark Thal und Umgebung

Einzelnachweise

Naturpark in der Schweiz
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Bundesinventar der Landschaften und Naturdenkmäler von nationaler Bedeutung
Bezirk Thal

Regionaler Naturpark Thal


Nandi Bushell, née le  est une musicienne et vidéaste anglo-zoulou d'origine sud-africaine et célèbre dans les médias sociaux. Elle est surtout connue pour son habileté à jouer de la batterie, jouant des reprises de chansons rock populaires qui avaient attiré l'attention de plusieurs musiciens, dont Questlove, Lenny Kravitz, Dave Grohl et Matt Bellamy.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Bushell est née à Durban, en Afrique du Sud, d'origine zouloue. Peu après, sa famille déménage à Ipswich, au Royaume-Uni, où elle vit actuellement avec ses parents John et Lungile et son frère cadet. Ses parents sont tous deux de fervents fans de musique, et quand elle avait environ cinq ans, son père lui a montré et son frère la vidéo pour les Beatles Hey Jude. Bushell avait été fascinée par la performance de Ringo Starr à la batterie de la vidéo. Quelques semaines plus tard, pour récompenser ses bonnes notes à l'école, ses parents lui ont offert sa première batterie. Elle a commencé à apprendre à jouer de la batterie aux côtés de John; John a vu qu'elle avait de solides compétences pour garder un rythme. Environ un an plus tard, avec l'aide de ses parents, elle a commencé à publier des vidéos de ses reprises de diverses chansons sur YouTube et d'autres sites de médias sociaux, en plus de jouer avec son père dans des pubs locaux.

Carrière sur YouTube
Les vidéos de Bushell ont attiré l'attention en ligne et dans les médias locaux, notamment pour une publicité pour les grands magasins John Lewis & Partners en 2018. Questlove avait vu ses vidéos, et impressionnée par sa capacité pour certaines sections de rythme délicat, lui a envoyé une batterie de taille enfant personnalisée ainsi que de diffuser ses vidéos à ses amis dans la communauté de la musique. Lenny Kravitz avait vu les performances de Bushell sur les réseaux sociaux et, à la fin d'une tournée de 2019 en Angleterre, il a invité Bushell à le rencontrer et à se produire avec lui à l'O2 Arena en juin 2019. Kravitz et le batteur Nate Smith ont par la suite offert à Bushell un kit de batterie personnalisé en décembre 2020. Plus tard en 2019, elle a été invitée à rencontrer Questlove au festival On Blackheath à Blackheath. En décembre 2019, elle a été invitée aux États-Unis pour participer au Ellen DeGeneres Show, et DeGeneres lui a présenté une guitare basse après avoir appris qu'elle était également intéressée par cet instrument. Plus tard, elle a joué dans une publicité de Noël pour Argos aux côtés du batteur de Fightstar Omar Abidi.

L'une des chansons que Bushell avait couvertes en 2019 était In Bloom de Nirvana, qu'elle a publié en novembre 2019. La vidéo est devenue un succès viral, gagnant plus de 10 millions de vues via Twitter en une semaine. Le batteur du groupe, Dave Grohl, a eu vent de la vidéo par son producteur Butch Vig, et a été impressionné par sa performance, déclarant "Il y a quelque chose à voir la joie et l'énergie d'un enfant amoureux d'un instrument. Elle semblait être une force de la nature. » Plus tard en août 2020, au beau milieu de la pandémie de Covid-19, Bushell a joué une reprise d'Everlong par les Foo Fighters, un autre groupe de Grohl, et a mis Grohl au défi de jouer à la batterie, car elle considère Grohl comme son batteur préféré. Grohl a répondu par sa propre performance de Dead End Friends par Them Crooked Vultures, un autre de ses groupes, pour retourner le défi à Bushell. Elle, à son tour, a répondu en égalant sa performance sur la même chanson, après quoi Grohl lui a concédé la défaite, puis a écrit et interprété une chanson inspirée d'elle. Enchantée par la chanson de Grohl, Bushell a également écrit et interprété sa propre chanson basée sur son amour de la capacité musicale de Grohl. En novembre 2020, Grohl a organisé un clavardage vidéo en ligne avec Bushell, au cours duquel il lui a offert de jouer avec lui et les Foo Fighters sur scène une fois qu'ils ont pu tourner à nouveau au Royaume-Uni. La bataille de batterie virtuelle a attiré des millions de visionnements sur les séries de vidéos et a favorisé les abonnés de Bushell sur les médias sociaux; en février 2021, elle avait plus de  sur Instagram et  sur YouTube. Le 26 août 2021, Grohl et Bushell se sont rencontrés en personne pour la première fois à Los Angeles, au Forum, surprenant les fans en se produisant avec les Foo Fighters, ayant Bushell à la batterie lorsqu'ils ont joué Everlong pour clore la soirée devant un public de quelque 20 000 personnes. Les vidéos de sa performance sont devenues virales dans les semaines qui ont suivi la performance, et ont mené à l'obtention de positions dans Everlong dans Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (#11), Hot Hard Rock Songs (#2) et Hot Alternative Songs (#17) au cours de la semaine du 11 septembre 2021.

Depuis la fin de 2020, Bushell avait également appris à la fois le lead et la guitare basse, et grâce à la synchronisation vidéo ou à l'utilisation d'une station en boucle, a enregistré des reprises de chansons rock avec elle-même jouant toutes les parties. Après avoir posté une reprise de Plug In Baby de Muse dans laquelle elle jouait du lead, de la basse et de la batterie, Matt Bellamy de Muse a envoyé à Bushell une de ses guitares signature pour apprécier ses reprises. Elle a également commencé à apprendre à jouer du saxophone comme illustré sur sa reprise de la chanson de Bill Withers Ain't No Sunshine.

Bushell veut continuer à être musicienne et créer son propre groupe appelé les Titans, inspiré par le spectacle animé Teen Titans et la signification des "titans" comme des "dieux". En plus de ses reprises, elle écrit ses propres chansons dans l'espoir de pouvoir produire un album. En février 2021, Cartoon Network a nommé Bushell comme leur premier « enfant musicien en résidence » pour le réseau. Bushell était l'artiste de couverture du numéro de juin 2021 de Modern Drummer. Elle et Roman Morello, le fils de Tom Morello, ont écrit et interprété leur propre chanson et vidéo « The Children Will Rise Up » en octobre 2021 pour mettre en garde contre les changements climatiques, avec la vidéo mettant en vedette Tom Morello, Jack Black et Greta Thunberg. La chanson a reçu des commentaires positifs de Lenny Kravitz et Simon Pegg ainsi que de Barack Obama, qui a utilisé la chanson de Nandi et Roman comme exemple pour encourager les jeunes à continuer de lutter contre le changement climatique à la COP 26.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Chaîne YouTube de Nandi Bushell

Naissance en avril 2010
Naissance à Durban
Batteuse britannique
Vidéaste web britannique
Zoulous

Nandi Bushell


Memoria de piatră este un film documentar românesc din 2010 regizat de Iosif Demian.

Prezentare

Iosif Demian se întoarce după patru decenii la Roșia Montană, în locul realizării a două filme de referință pentru istoria cinematografiei românești: "Nunta de piatră" și "Duhul aurului", a căror imagine a fost semnată de el.

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Premii
Premiol pentru Cel mai bun film documentar la Festivalul Indie al Producătorilor de Film Independenți – România, 2010

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2010 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2010
Filme regizate de Iosif Demian
Filme documentare românești

Memoria de piatră


Das Grand Prix SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem 2009 war ein Tennis-Sandplatzturnier für Frauen in Fès.
Es war als Turnier der International-Kategorie Teil der WTA Tour 2009. Das Turnier fand vom 25. April bis zum 2. Mai 2009 statt.

Qualifikation

Einzel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Doppel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Weblinks

Turnier der WTA Tour 2009
Tennisturnier in Fès


أزمة الائتمان (المعروفة أيضا باسم أزمة الائتمان، وأزمة مالية أو أزمة الائتمان) هي نقص التوافر العام للقروض (أو الائتمان) أو التشديد المفاجئ في الشروط المطلوبة للحصول على قرض من البنوك.وأزمة الائتمان عموما تنطوي على نقص توافر الائتمان مستقلة عن الارتفاع الرسمي لسعر الفائدة. في مثل هذه الحالات، العلاقة بين توافر الائتمان وأسعار الفائدة تتغير ضمنيا، ان مثل هذه القروض إما أن تصبح أقل في الإتاحة في أي نسبة فائدة رسمية، أو يتوقف عن أن يكون هناك علاقة واضحة بين معدلات الفائدة، وتوافر التسهيلات الائتمانية (أي حدوث تقنين الائتمان). مرات كثيرة، أزمة الائتمان يرافقها قفزة إلى نوعية من جانب المقرضين والمستثمرين، لأنهم يسعون للاستثمارات الأقل مخاطرة (في كثير من الأحيان على حساب المؤسسات الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم).

الخلفية والأسباب
هناك عدد من الأسباب التي تجعل البنوك قد تتوقف فجأة أو تبطيء نشاط الإقراض. هذا قد يكون راجعا إلى توقع حدوث انخفاض في قيمة الضمانات التي تستخدمها المصارف لتأمين القروض، التغييرات الخارجية في الأوضاع النقدية (على سبيل المثال، حيث أن البنك المركزي فجأة وبشكل غير متوقع يثير الشروط الاحتياطية أو يفرض قيودا جديدة على الإقراض)، والحكومة المركزية فرضت قيودا على القروض المباشرة على النظام المصرفي؛ أو حتى زيادة إدراك المخاطر بشأن الملاءة المالية للبنوك أخرى داخل النظام المصرفي.

والأزمة الائتمان غالبا ما يكون سببها فترة طويلة من الإهمال والإقراض غير مناسب مما يؤدي إلى خسائر لمؤسسات الإقراض والمستثمرين في الديون، والقروض عندما تسوء والمدى الكامل للديون المعدومة يصبح معروفا. هذه المؤسسات قد تقمو بالحد من توافر الائتمان، وترفع تكلفة الحصول على الائتمان عن طريق رفع أسعار الفائدة. المقرضين في بعض الحالات قد يكونوا غير قادرين على قرض المزيد، حتى لو رغبوا في ذلك، نتيجة للخسائر في وقت سابق.

الأزمة عموما تكون بسبب حدوث انخفاض في أسعار السوق من الأصول المتضخمة سابقا، وتشير إلى أن الأزمة المالية التي تنتج من انهيار الأسعار. هذا يمكن أن يؤدي إلى الهيمنة على نطاق واسع أو الإفلاس لهؤلاء المستثمرين وأصحاب المشاريع الذين جاءوا في وقت متأخر إلى السوق، حيث ارتفعت أسعار الأصول المتضخمة سابقا وبشكل هعام انخفاضا حادا. في المقابل، هناك أزمة السيولة يتم تشغيلها عندما تجد الا'مال نفسها عاجزة عن الوصول مؤقتا للتمويل الذي تحتاجه لتوسيع أعمالها، أو لتدفق المدفوعات النقدية. في هذه الحالة، الحصول على خطوط ائتمان إضافية و«التداول من خلال» الأزمة يسماح لرجال الأعمال بالمرور من خلال المشكلة وضمان استمرار قدرة دفع الديون والبقاء. غالبا ما يكون من الصعب أن نعرف، في خضم الأزمة، إذا كانت الشركات المتعثرة التي تعاني من أزمة في الملاءة المالية قادرة على مواجهة أزمة سيولة مؤقتة.

في حالة وجود أزمة الائتمان، قد يكون من الأفضل أن «علامة على السوق»—وإذا لزم الأمر، أو بيع أو الذهاب إلى التصفية إذا كان رأس المال من الأعمال التجارية المتضررة غير كافية لبقاء على قيد الحياة في مرحلة ما بعد الطفرة مرحلة من مراحل دورة الائتمان. ومن ناحية أخرى في حالة حدوث أزمة سيولة، قد يكون من الأفضل لمحاولة الحصول على خطوط ائتمان إضافية، كما أن الفرص المتاحة للنمو تكون موجودة بمجرد التغلب على أزمة السيولة.

و أزمة الائتمان ذات المدى الطويل تكون ضد الممارسات الرخيصة والسهلة ووفيرة الإقراض (يشار إليها أحيانا باسم «الأموال السهلة» أو «الائتمان الفضفاض»). خلال مرحلة تصاعدية في دورة الائتمان، أسعار الأصول تدخل في نوبات من المنافسة المحمومة، وتقديم عروض الاستدانة، حفز التضخم في سوق معينة من الأصول. ويمكن أن يتسبب بعد ذلك في مضاربة الأسعار "فقاعة" للتطوير. وهذا التحسن في خلق ديون جديدة أيضا يزيد المعروض من النقود، ويحفز على النشاط الاقتصادي، وهذا يؤدي أيضا إلى رفع النمو الاقتصادي والعمالة مؤقتا.

في كثير من الأحيان أنها ليست سوى التأمل في أن المشاركين في فقاعة اقتصادية فندرك أن نقطة الانهيار واضحة. في هذا الصدد، يمكن أن تكون للفقاعات الاقتصادية خصائص ديناميكية تختلف عن مخطط بونزي أو المخططات الهرمية.

كما لاحظ جون مينارد كينز في عام 1931 خلال الكساد العظيم: "المصرف الحق، للأسف، ليس هو الذي يتوقع الخطر ويتجنبه، وإنما هو الذي، عندما يفلس، فإنه يفلس بالطريقة التقليدية جنبا إلى جنب مع زملاءه، لذلك لا يستطيع أحد أن يلومه فعلا.

بيان المراجع
 جورج كوبر، وأصل الأزمات المالية (2008 : لندن، هاريمان البيت) ISBN 1-905641-85-0
 غراهام تيرنر، وأزمة الائتمان: فقاعات الإسكان، العولمة والأزمة الاقتصادية في جميع أنحاء العالم (2008 : لندن، مطبعة بلوتو)،

المراجع

أزمات مالية
ألفاظ وضعت في عقد 2000
ائتمان مصرفي
دين (اقتصاد)
فقاعة الإسكان في الولايات المتحدة

أزمة ائتمان


Omar Federico Alderete Fernández (Assunção, 26 de dezembro de 1996) é um futebolista paraguaio que atua como zagueiro. Atualmente joga pelo .

Carreira

Cerro Porteño
Alderete iniciou sua carreira no clube paraguaio Cerro Porteño, tendo disputado a Copa Libertadores Sub-20 de 2016 pelo Sub-20, onde atuou em três jogos e marcou um gol (vitória de virada sobre o Bolívar por 3–2 em 3 de fevereiro de 2016). Meses depois, em maio de 2016, Alderete fez sua estreia profissional na derrota de 1–0 para Rubio Ñu na Primera División paraguaia. Em seu terceiro jogo no campeonato, fez seu primeiro gol em uma vitória fora de casa contra o Guaraní em 31 de julho. Ao todo disputou 22 partidas e fez um gol no clube paraguaio.

Gimnasia y Esgrima
Em 3 agosto de 2017, Alderete foi emprestado ao Gimnasia y Esgrima por um ano, pelo calor de 1,1 milhões de dólares com opção de compra ao final. Sua estreia pelo Lobo foi em 26 de agosto um empate 4–4 com o Defensa y Justicia. Seu único gol pelo clube foi em 31 de março de 2018, na derrota por 3–1 para o Argentino Juniors. Ao final de seu empréstimo, o Gimnasia optou por não exercer o direto de compra. Atuou em 22 jogos, sendo titular em todos, e marcou um gol pela equipe.

Huracán
Em 28 de julho de 2018, foi anunciado sua transferência para o Huracán, tendo o clube adquirido 80% do direitos do jogador. Sua estreia foi em 4 de agosto do mesmo ano, na derrota de 2–0 para o Atlético Tucumán, na Copa Argentina. Ao todo, atuou em 16 partidas pelo El Globo, sem ter marcado gols.

Basel

Em 4 de junho de 2019, foi anunciado como novo reforço do Basel, assinando com o clube suíço por quatro anos. Sua estreia aconteceu na vitória de 4–1 sobre o Sion na 12ª rodada do Campeonato Suíço de 2019–20 19 de julho e seu primeiro gol foi logo em sua segunda partida, na derrota por 3–2 para o PSV no jogo de ida da segunda rodada de qualificação da Liga dos Campeões de 2019–20. Fez o gol do Basel na final da Copa da Suíça de 2019–20, que acabou sendo derrotado por 2–1 para o Young Boys e perdeu o título. Marcou novamente contra o Young Boys na vitória de 3–0 em 1 de dezembro de 2021.

Hertha BSC
Em 5 de outubro de 2020, o Hertha Berlim anunciou-o como novo reforço do clube por 10 milhões de dólares, tendo assinado contrato por cinco anos e usado a camisa 14. Fez sua estreia na derrota por 2 a 1 para o RB Leipzig em 24 de outubro.

Valencia
Foi anunciado e apresentado ao Valencia em 12 de julho de 2021 por empréstimo um ano e com opção de compra ao fim do período, com Alderte utilizando o número 15 de camisa. Fez sua estreia pelo Valencia em 17 de julho num amistoso de pré-temporada contra o Villarreal, além de marcar seu primeiro gol também em um amistoso de começo de temporada contra o FC Cartagena em 25 de julho que o Valencia venceu por de 3–2.

Sua estreia oficial foi 14 de agosto de 2021 na vitória de 1–0 contra o Getafe, na primeira rodada da La Liga de 2021–22 e seu primeiro gol oficial foi em 12 de setembro, o último da vitória de 4–1 sobre o Osasuna na 4ª rodada da La Liga. Fez também na derrota de virada por 2–1 contra o Espanyol, em 31 de dezembro de 2021.

Getafe
Alderete foi anunciado por empréstimo em 19 de agosto de 2022 por empréstimo de um ano, com opção em compra ao fim. Em 25 de maio, foi anunciada sua compra definitiva, tendo assinado por cinco temporadas.

Seleção Paraguaia

Sub-17
Alderete foi um dos 23 convocados para disputar o Campeonato Sul-Americano Sub-17 de 2013 na Argentina.

Sub-20
Alderete também foi convocado para o Campeonato Sul-Americano de Futebol de 2015 pelo Víctor Genés, no Uruguai.

Sub-23
Em maio de 2016, Alderete foi um dos convocados por Carlos Humberto Paredes para representar o Paraguai no Torneio de Toulon de 2016 na França, tendo feito um gol no primeiro jogo contra Guiné em 19 de maio, que o Paraguai venceu por 3–1. A Seleção acabou eliminada por Portugal após perder por 3–0.

Principal
Ele foi convocado para treinar com a equipe sênior de Juan Carlos Osorio em 2018. Fez sua estreia em 20 de novembro de 2018, em um empate de 1–1 contra a África do Sul. Em 10 de junho de 2021, foi um dos convocados para a disputa da Copa América de 2021, no Brasil, semdo essa sua primeira competição pela seleção. Também foi convocado para algumas rodadas das Eliminatórias para a Copa do Mundo de 2022, contra Uruguai e Brasil.

Estatísticas
Atualizadas até dia 28 de fevereiro de 2022.

Clubes

 a. Jogos da Copa da Argentina, Copa da Suíça e Copa del Rey
 b. Jogos da Copa Sul-Americana, Copa Libertadores da América, Liga dos Campeões da UEFA e Liga Europa da UEFA
 c. Jogos do

Seleção Paraguaia

Sub-17

Sub-20

Sub-23

Principal

Ligações externas

Naturais de Assunção (Paraguai)
Futebolistas do Paraguai
Futebolistas do Club Cerro Porteño
Futebolistas do Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata
Futebolistas do Club Atlético Huracán
Futebolistas do FC Basel
Futebolistas do Hertha BSC
Futebolistas do Valencia Club de Fútbol
Jogadores da Seleção Paraguaia de Futebol
Jogadores da Copa América de 2021
Paraguaios expatriados na Argentina
Paraguaios expatriados na Suíça
Paraguaios expatriados na Alemanha
Paraguaios expatriados na Espanha

Omar Alderete


Os protestos na Geórgia em 2023 consistiu em uma série de manifestações de rua ocorridas na Geórgia a partir de 6 de março de 2023, sobre o apoio do parlamento a uma nova lei de agentes estrangeiros. A polícia teria usado canhões de água e gás lacrimogêneo para dispersar os protestos, especialmente na capital, Tiblíssi.

As manifestações se iniciaram logo após a aprovação do projeto de lei dos agentes estrangeiros, que, segundo os críticos desse projeto de lei, representa uma virada autoritária e pode prejudicar a adesão da Geórgia à União Europeia. Eles consideram que a lei sufoca a liberdade de imprensa. Em 9 de março, a coalizão governista anunciou a retirada do projeto de lei.

2023 na Geórgia
Eventos de março de 2023
Manifestação e protestos atuais
Manifestações e protestos na Geórgia

Protestos na Geórgia em 2023


Craterellus (Christian Hendrik Persoon, 1825) este un gen de ciuperci comestibile  de aproximativ 70 de specii global (dar mult mai puține în Europa), din încrengătura Basidiomycota și familia Cantharellaceae cărui specii coabitează, fiind simbionți micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). El este foarte apropiat înrudit cu genul Cantharellus. Diferența se ivește numai la un test ADN. Tip de specie este Craterellus cornucopioides (trâmbița morților).

Descriere
 Habitat: se dezvoltă preferat de la sfârșitul verii până toamna târziu, mai rar în primăvară, în păduri de foioase (sub fagi, stejari)  precum de conifere pe lângă molizi, pini și brazi, dar preferă păduri luminoase, unde se ascunde deseori sub frunze, iarbă și ierburi.
 Pălăria: bureții genului au o pălărie netedă și fără luciu pe vreme uscată de culori diferite, de la gri-gălbui, peste galben, ocru, portocaliu-maroniu, până la cenușiu închis, negru-violet și chiar negru. Ea are un diametru de 3– 10 cm, este în tinerețe boltită, dar după scurt timp adâncită în forma de pâlnie, cu marginea răsfrântă, ondulată neregulat și uneori crăpată. Pe suprafață se ivesc câteodată mici negi.
 Himenoforul: nu are lamele ci pseudo-lamele (stinghii), ca niște cute șerpuite bifurcate și ieșite în afară, de aceeași culoare ca pălăria, care adesea oară se trag aproape până la picior.
 Piciorul:  are aceiași culoare cu pălăria, este robust, elastic neted, cilindric, aproape mereu turtit lateral, deja în tinerețe gol în interior, cu o înălțime de 5–10 cm și o grosime de 0,5–1,5 cm. Ca și pălăria nu este năpădit de viermi.
 Carnea: este elastică, fibroasă, în mod general de culoarea exterioară a ciupercii cu un gust plăcut, ușor piperat și un miros aromatic, fructuos. Aproape niciodată este atacată de viermi.

După ce s-a dovedit o diferență în filogenia moleculară prin Mattias Eric Dahlman și Joseph W. Danell în anul 2000, următoarele specii de ciuperci au fost transferate de la genul Cantharellus la Craterellus: C. ignicolor, C. lutescens și C. tubaeformis.

Specii Craterellus în Europa (selecție)
Craterellus cornucopioides (L.: Fr.) Pers. (1825)
Craterellus konradii Maire (1930)
Craterellus melanoxeros (Desm.) Pérez de Grégorio (2000)
Craterellus lutescens (Fr.) Fr. (1838)
Craterellus norvegicus Vila (2006)
Craterellus pertenuis (Skovsted, 1956) Vila (2006)
Craterellus sinuosus (Fr.) Fr. (1838)
Craterellus tubaeformis (Fr.) Quél. (1888)
Craterellus verrucosus Massee (1906)

Specii în imagini

Note

Bibiliografie
 (Marcel) Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Bruno Cetto, vol. 1-5, 7 (vezi sus)
 Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: "700 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau - Stuttgart 1979 și 1980, ISBN 3-85502-0450
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, p. 180-181, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Till E. Lohmeyer & Ute Künkele: "Pilze – bestimmen und sammeln", Editura Parragon Books Ltd., Bath 2014, ISBN 978-1-4454-8404-4
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas", ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983
 Andreas Neuner: "BLV Naturführer – Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München-Bern-Viena 1976, ISBN 3-405-11345-8

Legături externe

Micoriză
Ciuperci comestibile
1729 în știință

Craterellus


Pobožnost pet prvih subota, također nazvana Čin zadovoljštine Bezgrešnom Srcu Blažene Djevice Marije, katolička je pobožnost koju je, prema riječima sestre Lúcije iz Fatime, zatražila Djevica Marija u ukazanju u Pontevedri, u Španjolskoj, u prosincu 1925. Ovu pobožnost odobrila je Rimokatolička Crkva.

To je pobožnost prema Gospi tijekom pet uzastopnih subota. U sklopu ove pobožnosti, ide se na misu i prima pričest kao nadoknada za uvrede i nezahvalnosti koje se nanose Bezgrješnom Srcu Marijinu. Ispovijed je preduvjet za tu pobožnost, a traži se i molitva pet desetica krunice i 15 minuta razmatranja o otajstvima (jednom ili više) krunice.

Povijest
Pobožna praksa štovanja Blažene Majke u subotu drevni je običaj koji se uvelike pripisuje benediktinskom redovniku Alkuinu (735.-804.), "ministru obrazovanja" na dvoru Karla Velikog, koji je sastavio formular zavjetne mise za svaki dan u tjednu. Alkuin je sastavio dva formulara za subotu u čast Mariji. Praksu su brzo usvojili i klerici i laici.

Praksu zadovoljštine Bezgrešnom Srcu Marijinu prve subote pokrenula je u Rovigu u Italiji Mary Inglese, članica trećeg Reda slugu Blažene Djevice Marije 1889. godine. Ona je među svojim prijateljima započela pobožnu praksu "Pričesti u naknadu za Bezgrešno Srce Marijino". Praksu je podržao biskup Antonio Polin iz biskupije Adria, a promicala su je društva diljem Italije i drugdje. Dana, 1. srpnja 1905. papa Pio X. odobrio je i dao oproste za praksu prvih subota u dvanaest uzastopnih mjeseci u čast Bezgrešnog začeća. Ova praksa uvelike je nalikovala zahtjevu Blažene Djevice Marije koji je izvijestila na ukazanjima u Pontevedri.

Inglese je željela osnovati redovničku kongregaciju posvećenu apostolatu zadovoljštine Bezgrješnom Srcu Marijinu. Biskup Tommaso Pio Boggiani preporučio joj je, da se pridruži sestrama Reda slugu Blažene Djevice Marije, poznatim po svojoj pobožnosti Gospi Žalosnoj. Pridružila se njima kao sestra Mary Dolores 1911. Ona i utemeljiteljica majka Mary Elisa Andreoli revidirale su pravilo, čineći širenje pričesti zadovoljštine svake prve subote u mjesecu glavnim apostolatom kongregacije. Također su promijenili naziv zajednice iz "Sluge Marije" u "Sluge Marije od zadovoljštine". Sestre su također izdavale mjesečni časopis, koji je pomogao u širenju pobožnosti diljem Europe.

Pontevedra
U dobi od 14 godina, Lucia dos Santos, jedna od portugalskih vidjelica Gospe Fatimske, primljena je u školu sestara svete Doroteje u Vilaru, blizu grada Porta. Dana, 24. listopada 1925. godine ušla je u Institut sestara svete Doroteje kao postulantica u samostanu u Tuiju u Španjolskoj, odmah preko sjeverne portugalske granice.

Sestra Lúcia je kasnije izvijestila da joj se 10. prosinca 1925. Djevica Marija ukazala u samostanu u Pontevedri, a uz nju je na svjetlećem oblaku bilo Dijete Isus. Prema Lúciji, Marija je zatražila ustanovljenje pobožnosti pet prvih subota kao zadovoljštine za uvrede koje se čine njenom Bezgrešnom Srcu:

"Pogledaj, kćeri moja, moje Srce okruženo ovim trnjem kojim ga ljudi svaki čas ranjavaju svojim bogohuljenjem i nezahvalnošću. Ti me barem nastojiš utješiti i zato najavljujem: obećavam da ću u smrtnom času pomoći milošću potrebnom za spasenje svima onima koji će, s namjerom da mi učine zadovoljštinu, prve subote kroz pet uzastopnih mjeseci, ići na ispovijed, pričesti se, moliti pet desetica krunice i petnaest minuta razmišljati o petnaest otajstava krunice."

Fatimski poklonici vjeruju da prve subote pomažu utješiti tugu Boga, Isusa i Djevice Marije zbog grijeha protiv njezina Bezgrješnog Srca.

Čin zadovoljštine
Sakramentalna ispovijed
Ispovijed se može obaviti u roku od osam dana prije ili nakon prve subote u mjesecu.

Pričestiti se
Sveta pričest se može primiti u roku od 24 sata prve subote u mjesecu. Ako osoba ima valjan razlog da ne prisustvuje misi (mise nisu dostupne subotom, slaba pokretnost, neki drugi veliki događaj), može se posavjetovati sa svećenikom o primanju pričesti sljedeće nedjelje.

Pet desetica krunice

Razmatranje 15 minuta o otajstvima svete krunice (odvojeno od moljenja krunice.)

Svaka od četiri prakse mora se ponuditi kao zadovoljštinu za uvrede koje čine Bezgrešnom Srcu Marijinu.

Izvori

Vidite i:
 Devet prvih petaka
 Šest prvih četvrtaka

Marija (majka Isusova)
Kršćanske molitve

Pet prvih subota


Margareta, Fecioara din Norvegia () a fost prințesa Norvegiei care a domnit ca regină a Scoției din 1286 până la moartea sa. Aceasta avea să moară în timp ce călătorea spre Scoția, declanșând succesiunea disputată care a dus la războaiele de independență scoțiene.

A fost fiica regelui Eric al II-lea al Norvegiei și a Margaretei, mama sa fiind fiica regelui Alexandru al III-lea al Scoției și murind la nașterea fiicei sale. Margareta a Scoției a fost născută în Tønsberg.

Atunci când tratatul de aranjare a căsătoriei dintre Margareta și Eric a fost semnat la Roxburgh, la 25 iulie 1281, fiul mai mic a lui Alexandru al III-lea, David, a murit în iunie 1281, lăsând Scoția doar cu un fiu legitim, Alexandru. În consecință, tratatul a inclus o prevedere prin care copii Margaretei și a lui Eric să fie moștenitorii tronului Scoției.

Alexandru al III-lea a făcut dispoziții similare atunci când a aranjat căsătoria fiului său, Alexandru, cu Margareta, fiica lui Guy de Dampierre, conte de Flandra, în 1281. Tratatul de aranjarea a căsătoriei, semnat în decembrie 1281, a inclus un document lung și complex care stabilea obiceiurile și uzanțele care au determinat succesiunea. Precum și declarația generală a principiilor, anexa includea exemple specifice ale drepturilor lui Alexandru și a Margaretei și a copiilor acestora. Documentul, fiind confuz pe alocuri, părea să favorizeze cel dintâi născut de sex masculin dintre mai mulți frați cât și descendenții acestora, cât și proximitatea de sânge pentru moștenitorii de sex feminin și descendenților acestora.

Tânărul Alexandru, prințul Scoției, a murit la 28 ianuarie 1284 lăsând ca descendent doar pe nepoata sa Margareta. Pe 5 februarie 1284, Alexandru al III-lea i-a adunat la Scone pe toți cei treisprezece conți din Scoția și pe cei douăzeci de baroni, unde au semnat acordul prin care o recunoșteau pe Margareta ca moștenitor de drept, în cazul în care Alexandru nu lăsa niciun moștenitor de sex masculin la moartea sa. Cu toate acestea, era puțin probabil ca acest lucru să îi permită Margaretei să conducă singură, ci mai degrabă împreună cu viitorul ei soț, indiferent de cine ar fi fost acela. În ciuda circumstanțelor, Alexandru al III-lea a decis să se recăsătorească cu Yolande de Dreux, însă a murit în urma unui accident la scurt timp  după aceea, fără să lase niciun alt copil.

Moștenitoarea de drept a Scoției

După ce regele Alexandru al III-lea a fost înmormântat la Dunfermline Abbey pe 29 martie 1286, magnații și clericii regatului s-au adunat la Scone pentru a alege Gardienii Scoției care aveau să păstreze regatul pentru moștenitorul de drept. În acel moment se credea că regina Yolande era însărcinată, astfel încât Margareta nu era considerată succesoare. Nu se știe exact ce s-a întâmplat cu copilul reginei Yolande; este posibil să fi avut un avort spontan în timp ce alții sunt de părere că aceasta a născut la Clackmannan în Ziua Sf. Ecaterina (25 noiembrie 1286), cu toți Gardienii prezenți pentru a asista martori, ori se crede că aceasta doar a mimat sarcina.

Acest lucru, în conformitate cu depunerea jurământului, a făcut-o moștenitoare pe Margareta care avea numai trei ani, însă în același an, Robert Bruce, al V-lea Lord de Annandale, s-a răzvrătit împreună cu fiul său, contele de Carrick. Cei doi au capturat fortărețele de la Galloway și, pentru ca rivalii lor din sud-vest, clanul Balliol își susțineau poziția, este posibil să se fi licitat pentru coroană. Cu toate acestea, Robert Bruce pare să fi supraestimat șansele sale de succesiune atunci când susținătorii săi nu au fost de partea lor și este dificil de dovedit faptul că aliații lor, precum cei din clanul Stuart au decis să-i susțină, în ciuda a ceea ce unii istorici au dedus. Revolta s-a stins relativ repede, deși nu au fost luate măsuri drastice împotriva celor doi după ce au înapoiat fortărețele confiscate. În acest fel, Gardienii au sperat să mențină pacea în Scoția între pretențiile concurente ale lui Robert Bruce și John Balliol, fără a pune în pericol loialitatea lor față de regat și față de Margareta.

În afara de scoțienii care își doreau să o aducă pe Margareta în Scoția, tatăl acesteia, Eric, a ridicat din nou problema succesiunii. Eric a trimis ambasadori oficiali la regele Eduard I al Angliei, apoi în Gasconia, în mai 1289, cu actele care făceau referire la Margareta ca regină de drept. Negocierile au fost duse mai departe între Eduard, care a revenit mai târziu în Anglia și Eric, excluzând scoțienii până când Eduard s-a întâlnit cu Robert Bruce și cu câțiva dintre Gardieni la Salisbury, în octombrie 1289. Scoțienii se aflau într-o poziție slabă deoarece Eric putea aranja căsătoria Margaretei cu fiul lui Eduard I sau cu oricine altcineva fără să facă referire la Gardieni. În consecință, Gardienii au semnat Tratatul de la Salisbury, prin care au fost de acord ca Margareta să fie adusă în Scoția înainte de 1 noiembrie 1290 și că orice acord cu privire la căsătoria acesteia va fi amânată până când avea să ajungă în Scoția.

Căsătoria lui Eduard, Prințul de Wales, a fost luată în considerare de regele Eduard al Angliei, acest lucru fiind clar din faptul că o dispensă papală a fost primită de la papa Nicolae al IV-lea la zece zile după ce a fost semnatul tratatul. După ce au primit dispensa Papala, Eduard, precum și Eric, i-au scris reginei Margareta. anticipând inaugurarea și căsătoria cu moștenitorul Angliei.
Eduard și Gardienii au continuat negocierile, bazându-se pe presupunerea colectivă că Margareta va fi regină și că tânărul Eduard va fi rege, însă toate aceste planuri, incluzându-le pe cele ale regelui Alexandru, aveau să fie ruinate odată cu moartea Margaretei, pe 26 septembrie 1290, pe Insulele Orkney, cauzate de efectele răului de mare, în timp ce aceasta naviga către Scoția. Rămășițele sale au fost duse la Bergen și a fost înmormântată alături de mama sa.

La moartea sa nu a lăsat niciun moștenitor evident la tronul Scoției și problema succesiunii avea să fie ridicată din nou și rezolvată în 1291-1292.

Statutul de monarh

Margareta nu a fost niciodată încoronată și nu a pus niciodată piciorul pe solul scoțian, drept urmare există unele îndoieli cu privire la faptul că ar trebui sau nu să fie considerată regina Scoției. Acest lucru ar putea fi în cele din urmă o chestiune de interpretare. Cele mai multe liste cu monarhii din Scoția o includ și pe ea, însă altele nu. Anumite documente contemporane, inclusiv Tratatul de la Salisbury a descris-o ca fiind "regină", dar s-a argumentat că nu ar trebui să fie în mod corespunzător considerată un monarh.

Din cauza lipsei unui precedent istoric clar în istoria Scoției ca țară complet separată în fața Uniunii Coroanelor din 1603, a mai existat un singur caz similar cu privire la moartea monarhului moștenitorul care a murit în afara țării și care nu a putut fi încoronat. Acest lucru a fost atunci când, la moartea lui Robert al III-lea în 1406, moștenitorul său, Iacob I, a fost prizonier în Anglia. Iacob a fost în cele din urmă eliberat și încoronat în 1424. În documentele oficiale din acea perioadă se face referire la el ca "moștenitor", iar regentul Robert Stewart, duce de Albany, a emis monede în nume propriu. Cu toate acestea, domnia lui Iacob este considerată ca începând din 1406, nu din 1424. Dacă se consideră a fi monarh, Margareta este prima regină din cadrul Insulelor Britanice.

Bibliografie
 Crawford, Robert & Mick Imlach, The New Penguin Book of Scottish Verse. Penguin, London, 2001. ISBN 0-14-058711-X
 Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8

 Macdougall, Norman, "L'Écosse à la fin du XIIIe sieclè: un royaume menacé" in James Laidlaw (ed.) The Auld Alliance: France and Scotland over 700 Years. Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN 0-9534945-0-0
 Oram, Richard (with Michael Penman), The Canmore Kings: Kings and Queens of the Scots, 1040–1290. Tempus, Stroud, 2002. ISBN 0-7524-2325-8

Monarhi scoțieni
Casa de Dunkeld
Prințese norvegiene
Monarhi copii

Margareta I a Scoției