Elizabeth von Arnim (31 August 1866 – 9 February 1941), born Mary Annette Beauchamp, was an English novelist. Born in Australia, she married a German aristocrat, and her earliest works are set in Germany. Her first marriage made her Countess von Arnim-Schlagenthin and her second Elizabeth Russell, Countess Russell. After her first husband's death, she had a three-year affair with the writer H. G. Wells, then later married Frank Russell, elder brother of the Nobel prize-winner and philosopher Bertrand Russell. She was a cousin of the New Zealand-born writer Katherine Mansfield. Though known in early life as May, her first book introduced her to readers as Elizabeth, which she eventually became to friends and finally to family. Her writings are ascribed to Elizabeth von Arnim. She used the pseudonym Alice Cholmondeley for only one novel, Christine, published in 1917.

Early life
She was born at her family's home on Kirribilli Point in Sydney, Australia, to Henry Herron Beauchamp (1825–1907), a wealthy shipping merchant, and Elizabeth (nicknamed Louey) Weiss Lassetter (1836–1919). She was called May by her family. She had four brothers and a sister. One of her cousins was the New Zealand-born Kathleen Beauchamp, who wrote under the pen name Katherine Mansfield. When she was three years old, the family moved to England, where they lived in London but also spent several years in Switzerland.

Arnim was the first cousin of Mansfield's father, Harold Beauchamp, making her the first cousin once removed of Mansfield. Although Elizabeth was older by 22 years, she and Mansfield later corresponded, reviewed each other's works, and became close friends. Mansfield, ill with tuberculosis, lived in the Montana region of Switzerland (now Crans-Montana) from May 1921 until January 1922, renting the Chalet des Sapins with her husband John Middleton Murry from June 1921. The house was only a "1/2 an hour's scramble away" from Arnim's Chalet Soleil at Randogne. Arnim visited her cousin's niece often during this period. They got on well, although Mansfield considered the much wealthier Arnim to be patronizing. Mansfield satirized Arnim as the character Rosemary in a short story, "A Cup of Tea", which she wrote while in Switzerland.

Arnim studied at the Royal College of Music, principally learning the organ.

Personal life

On 21 February 1891, Elizabeth married the widowed German aristocrat Count  (1851–1910) in London, whom she had met on a tour of Italy with her father two years earlier. He was the eldest son of the late Count Harry von Arnim, the former German Ambassador to France. At first they lived in Berlin, then in 1896 moved to what was then Nassenheide, Pomerania (now Rzędziny in Poland), where the Arnim family had a landed estate. They had four daughters and a son, born between December 1891 and October 1901. In 1899, Henning von Arnim was arrested and imprisoned for fraud but was later acquitted.

At the time of the 1901 United Kingdom census, on 1 April 1901, Arnim was in England, staying with her uncle Henry Beauchamp at The Retreat, Bexley, without any of her children. Her son Henning Bernd was born in London in October 1902.

The children's tutors at Nassenheide included E. M. Forster, who worked there for several months in the spring and summer of 1905. Forster wrote a short memoir of the months he spent there. From April to July 1907 the writer Hugh Walpole was the children's tutor.

In 1908, Elizabeth von Arnim moved to London with the children. The couple did not consider this a formal separation, although the marriage had been unhappy, owing to the Count's affairs, and they had slept in separate bedrooms for some time. In 1910, financial problems meant the Nassenheide estate had to be sold. Later that year, Count von Arnim died in Bad Kissingen, with his wife and three of their daughters by his side. In 1911, Elizabeth moved to Randogne, Switzerland, where she had the Chalet Soleil built, and entertained literary and society friends. From 1910 until 1913, she was a mistress of the novelist H. G. Wells.

In 1916, the Arnims' daughter Felicitas, who had been at boarding schools in Switzerland and Germany, died of pneumonia aged sixteen in Bremen. She had been unable to return to England because of travel and financial controls caused by the First World War.

Second marriage and separation, house moves, and death
In January 1916, Arnim married Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell, the elder brother of the philosopher Bertrand Russell. The marriage ended in acrimony, with the couple separating in 1919, although they never divorced. She then went to the United States, where her daughters Liebet and Evi were living. In 1920 she returned to her home in Switzerland, using it as a base for frequent trips to other parts of Europe. In the same year, she embarked on an affair with Alexander Stuart Frere (1892–1984), who later became chairman of the publishing house Heinemann. Frere, 26 years her junior, initially went to stay at the Chalet Soleil to catalog her large library, and a romance ensued. The affair lasted several years. In 1933, Frere married the writer and theater critic Patricia Wallace, and Arnim was the godmother of the couple's only daughter Elizabeth (later Elizabeth Frere Jones) who was named in her honour.

In 1930, Arnim set up a home in Mougins in the south of France, seeking a warmer climate. She created a rose garden there and called the house Mas des Roses. She continued to entertain her social and literary circle there, as she had done in Switzerland. She kept this house to the end of her life, although she moved to the United States in 1939 at the beginning of the Second World War. She died of influenza at the Riverside Infirmary, Charleston, South Carolina, on 9 February 1941, aged 74, and was cremated at Fort Lincoln Cemetery, Maryland. In 1947 her ashes were mingled with those of her brother, Sir Sydney Beauchamp, in the churchyard of St Margaret's, Tylers Green, Penn, Buckinghamshire. The Latin inscription on her tombstone reads parva sed apta (small but apt), alluding to her short stature.

Literary career

Arnim launched her career as a writer with her satirical and semi-autobiographical Elizabeth and Her German Garden (1898). Published anonymously, it chronicled the protagonist Elizabeth's struggles to create a garden on the family estate and her attempts to integrate into German aristocratic Junker society. In it, she fictionalized her husband as "The Man of Wrath". It was reprinted twenty times by May 1899, a year after its publication. A bitter-sweet memoir and companion to it was The Solitary Summer (1899).

By 1900, Arnim's books had such success that the identity of "Elizabeth" caused newspaper speculation in London, New York and elsewhere.

Other works, such as The Benefactress (1902), The Adventures of Elizabeth on Rügen (1904), Vera (1921), and Love (1925), were also semi-autobiographical. Some titles ensued that deal with protest against domineering Junkertum and witty observations of life in provincial Germany, including The Princess Priscilla's Fortnight (1905) and Fräulein Schmidt and Mr Anstruther (1907). She would sign her twenty or so books, after the first, initially as "by the author of Elizabeth and Her German Garden" and later simply as "By Elizabeth".

In 1909, The Princess Priscilla's Fortnight was turned into a play called The Cottage in the Air, and in 1929 into the film The Runaway Princess, directed by Anthony Asquith and starring Mady Christians.

Although Arnim never wrote a conventional  autobiography, All the Dogs of My Life (1936), an account of her love for her pets, contains many glimpses of her glittering social circle.

Reception

Arnim's 1921 novel Vera, a dark tragi-comedy drawing on her disastrous marriage to Earl Russell, was her most critically acclaimed work, described by John Middleton Murry as "Wuthering Heights by Jane Austen".

Her 1922 work, The Enchanted April, inspired by a month-long holiday to the Italian Riviera, is perhaps the lightest and most ebullient of her novels. It has regularly been adapted for the stage and screen: as a Broadway play in 1925, a 1935 American feature film, an Academy Award-nominated feature film in 1992 (starring Josie Lawrence, Jim Broadbent and Joan Plowright among others), a Tony Award-nominated stage play in 2003, a musical play in 2010, and in 2015 a serial on BBC Radio 4. Terence de Vere White credits The Enchanted April with making the Italian resort of Portofino fashionable. It is also, probably, the most widely read of all her works, having been a Book-of-the-Month club choice in America upon publication.

Her 1940 novel Mr. Skeffington was made into an Academy Award-nominated feature film by Warner Bros. in 1944, starring Bette Davis and Claude Rains, and a 60-minute "Lux Radio Theater" broadcast radio adaptation of the movie on 1 October 1945.

Since 1983, the British publisher Virago has been reprinting her work with new introductions by modern writers, some of which claim her as a feminist. The Reader's Encyclopedia reports that many of her later novels are "tired exercises", but this opinion is not widely held.

Perhaps the best example of Arnim's mordant wit and unusual attitude to life is provided in one of her letters: "I'm so glad I didn't die on the various occasions I have earnestly wished I might, for I would have missed a lot of lovely weather."

Select bibliography

Elizabeth and Her German Garden (1898) – online at Project Gutenberg
The Solitary Summer (1899) – online at Project Gutenberg
The April Baby's Book of Tunes (1900) (Illustrated by Kate Greenaway) – online at Project Gutenberg
The Benefactress (1901) – online at Project Gutenberg
The Ordeal of Elizabeth (1901; draft of a novel, published posthumously)
The Adventures of Elizabeth in Rugen (1904) – online at Project Gutenberg
Princess Priscilla's Fortnight (1905) – online at Project Gutenberg
Fräulein Schmidt and Mr Anstruther (1907) – online at Project Gutenberg
The Caravaners (1909)
The Pastor's Wife (1914) – online at Project Gutenberg
Christine (1917) (written under the pseudonym Alice Cholmondeley) – online at Project Gutenberg
Christopher and Columbus (1919) – online at Project Gutenberg
In the Mountains (1920) – online at Project Gutenberg
Vera (1921) – online at Project Gutenberg
The Enchanted April (1922) – online at Project Gutenberg
Love (1925)
Introduction to Sally (1926)
Expiation (1929) (Reprinted by Persephone Books in 2019)
Father (1931)
The Jasmine Farm (1934)
All the Dogs of My Life (autobiography, 1936)
Mr. Skeffington (1940) – online at Project Gutenberg Australia

Notes

Sources

Further reading
Lisa Bekaert, An Analysis of Elizabeth von Arnim's The Benefactress and Charlotte P. Gilman's Herland as New Woman writings & Henry R. Haggard's She and Ayesha as a masculine retort. Master's thesis, Ghent University, 2009 ( PDF; 378 KB)
de Charms, Leslie: Elizabeth of the German Garden: A Biography – London: Heinemann, 1958
Amanda DeWees, "Elizabeth von Arnim". An Encyclopedia of British Women Writers, ed. Paul Schlueter and June Schlueter. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1998, pp. 13 ff.
Iwona Eberle, Eve with a Spade: Women, Gardens, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century. Munich: Grin, 2011,
Kate Browder Heberlein, "Arnim, Elizabeth von". Dictionary of British Women Writers, ed. Jane Todd. London: Routledge, 1998, No. 12
Alision Hennegan, "In a Class of Her Own: Elizabeth von Arnim", Women Writers of the 1930s: Gender, Politics and History, ed. and introduction by Maroula Joannou. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999, pp. 100–112
Michael Hollington, "'Elizabeth' and Her Books" AUMLA 87 (May 1997), pp. 43–51
Kirsten Jüngling and Brigitte Roßbeck, Elizabeth von Arnim; Eine Biographie. Frankfurt: Insel, 1996,

 Isobel Maddison, 'Elizabeth von Arnim: 'Beyond the German Garden,' Routledge, 2013

 Isobel Maddison, 'Elizabeth and Katherine' in The Bloomsbury Handbook to Katherine Mansfield, ex Todd Martin, London: Bloomsbury, 2020

Isobel Maddison, "The Curious Case of Christine: Elizabeth von Arnim's Wartime Text", First World War Studies, vol 3 (2) October 2012, pp. 183–200
Ashley Oles, The Angel in the Garden: Recovering Elizabeth von Arnim's 'The Pastor's Wife''', Master's thesis, East Carolina University, 2012 ( PDF; 378 KB)
Juliane Roemhild, Feminity and Authorship in the Novels of Elizabeth von Arnim. New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2014
Talia Schaffer, "Von Arnim [née Beauchamp], Elizabeth [Mary Annette, Countess Russell]". The Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English, ed. Lorna Sage, advis. eds. Germaine Greer et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 646
George Walsh, "Lady Russell, 74, Famous Novelist, Author of 'Elizabeth and Her German Garden' Dies in a Charleston, S. C., Hospital". Obituary in New York Times, 10 February 1941
Katie Elizabeth Young, More than 'Wisteria and Sunshine': The Garden as a Space of Female Introspection and Identity in Elizabeth von Arnim's 'The Enchanted April' and 'Vera'. Master's thesis, Brigham University, 2011 (PDF)
Ruth Derham, Bertrand's Brother: The Marriages, Morals and Misdemeanours of Frank, 2nd Earl Russell. Stroud: Amberley Publishing, ISBN 9781398102835.

Other biographies
Joyce Morgan, The Countess from Kirribilli. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2021

Katie Roiphe, Uncommon Arrangements: Seven Portraits of Married Life in London Literary Circles 1910–1939. New York: Dial Press, 2008
Jennifer Walker, Elizabeth of the German Garden – A Literary Journey''. Brighton: Book Guild, 2013

External links

1866 births
1941 deaths
Writers from Sydney
Elizabeth
Russell
Countesses in Germany
British women novelists
19th-century British novelists
20th-century British novelists
19th-century British women writers
20th-century British women writers
Deaths from influenza
Infectious disease deaths in South Carolina
Colony of New South Wales people

Elizabeth von Arnim


Klausenpasset (1.948 m.o.h.) er et bjergpas i de schweiziske alper. Vejen forbinder byerne Altdorf i kantonen Uri med Linthal i kantonen Glarus. Passet ligger i de såkaldte Glarner Alper.

Noget usædvanligt ligger grænsen mellem de to kantoner ikke ved toppen af passet, men ca. 8 km nede ad skråningen mod Linthal. Vejen er normalt lukket mellem oktober og maj på grund af kraftigt snefald på passet. I den åbne periode krydser en postbus passet flere gange om dagen.

Vejen over passet blev anlagt i 1948.

Galleri

Historie

Klausenpaset har været en betydningsfuld pasvej i århundreder: den russiske general Aleksandr Suvorov ledte sin hær over Klausen i 1799. Klausenpasset blev ikke brugt som handelsrute under romersk tid eller i middelalderen. Det blev primært brugt til at drive kvæg op til alpernes højtliggende græsenge. Interessen for Klausenpasset begyndte med åbningen af Gotthard jernbanen, da passet repræsenterede en øst-vest adgangsrute.

Det berømte Klausen motorløb fandt sted mellem 1922 og 1934, og titusinder af tilskuere tog opstilling langs pasvejen for at se dette spektakulære motorløb. Siden 1993 er løbet blevet afholdt med nogle års mellemrum med hundredvis af veteranbiler og motorcykler. Interessen blandt tilskuere er lige så høj som i gamle dage. Løbet blev senest kørt i 2013.

Kildehenvisninger

Eksterne henvisninger

Bjergpas i Schweiz
Bjergpas i Alperne

Klausenpasset


El Torneo Apertura 2012 (Copa Tigo-Visión Banco, por motivos comerciales), llamado «Don Jesús Manuel Pallarés», en homenaje a quien fuera presidente de la Liga Paraguaya de Fútbol, fue el centésimo sexto campeonato oficial de Primera División organizado por la Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol (APF). Se inició el 3 de febrero, y llegó a su fin el 8 de julio.

Se consagró campeón por vigésima novena vez en su historia el Club Cerro Porteño.

Sistema de competición

El modo de disputa implementado fue, al igual que en las temporadas precedentes, el de todos contra todos a partidos de ida y vuelta, es decir a dos rondas compuestas por once jornadas cada una con localía recíproca. Se convierte en campeón el equipo que acumula la mayor cantidad de puntos al término de las 22 fechas.

En caso de paridad de puntos entre dos contendientes, se define el título en un partido extra. De existir más de dos en disputa, se resuelve según los siguientes parámetros:

1) saldo de goles;
2) mayor cantidad de goles marcados;
3) mayor cantidad de goles marcados en condición de visitante;
4) sorteo.

Producto de la clasificación

 El Torneo coronó al Campeón número 106 en la historia de la Primera División de Paraguay.

 Este obtuvo el acceso a la fase de grupos de la próxima edición de la Copa Libertadores de América.

Relevo anual de clubes

{|
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|}

Equipos participantes

El campeonato contó con la participación de doce equipos, en su mayoría pertenecientes a la capital del país.

Nueve son de Asunción, uno proviene de una ciudad cercanas a ésta, Luque, uno del departamento de Paraguarí (Carapeguá), y uno pertenece al departamento de Alto Paraná (Cerro P. de Presidente Franco). Además, el club Sol de América, es de Asunción, pero disputa sus principales partidos en su campo de fútbol situado en la ciudad vecina de Villa Elisa

Los únicos clubes que sólo han competido en esta categoría (también conocida como División de Honor) son dos: Olimpia y Guaraní, completando con esta temporada 107 y 106 participaciones, respectivamente. Así mismo, el Club Cerro Porteño (101 participaciones) y el club Tacuary (14 participaciones) nunca han descendido desde sus ingresos, en 1913 y 2003, respectivamente.

Distribución geográfica de los equipos

Cambio de entrenadores

Cobertura televisiva

La empresa productora de contenido audiovisual, Teledeportes Paraguay, perteneciente al multimedios argentino Grupo Clarín, fue la acreedora exclusiva de los derechos de transmisión de los partidos del campeonato paraguayo de fútbol desde 1999. Emite en vivo hasta cuatro juegos por jornada a través del canal por cable Unicanal de Cablevisión, y el posterior resumen con lo mejor de cada encuentro por la señal de aire de Telefuturo (Canal 4).

Patrocinio

La compañía de telefonía celular, Tigo, y la institución bancaria de tipo microfinanciero, Visión Banco, son las encargadas de patrocinar todos los torneos realizados por la APF. El vínculo contractual con la primera se concretó a partir de 2008 con la celebración del torneo Apertura del mismo año. En tanto que la relación con el otro espónsor para respaldar cada campeonato se inició a principios de 2010.

Los premios en efectivo fueron fijados en US$ 55.000 dólares para el campeón y 10.000 para el subcampeón.

Clasificación

{| class="sortable"  align=center style="font-size: 90%; border-collapse:collapse" border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
|- align=center bgcolor=#98A1B2
!width=30|Pos.
!width=140|Equipos
!width=30|PJ
!width=30|PG
!width=30|PE
!width=30|PP
!width=30|GF
!width=30|GC
!width=30|Dif.
!width=30|Pts.
|- align=center style="background: #90EE90"
||1.||align="left"| Cerro Porteño||22||16||1||5||40||23||17||49
|- align=center
||2.||align="left"| Olimpia||22||14||5||3||30||20||10||47|- align=center
||3.||align="left"| Libertad||22||13||5||4||40||19||21||44|- align=center
||4.||align="left"| Sol de América||22||11||2||9||38||27||11||35|- align=center
||5.||align="left"| Nacional||22||10||3||9||40||32||8||33|- align=center
||6.||align="left"| Guaraní||22||8||6||8||28||25||3||30|- align=center
||7.||align="left"| Cerro Porteño (PF)||22||7||6||9||26||29||-3||27|- align=center
||8.||align="left"| Sportivo Luqueño||22||6||8||8||23||30||-7||26|- align=center
||9.||align="left"| Independiente||22||6||7||9||28||42||-14||25|- align=center
||10.||align="left"| Sportivo Carapeguá||22||4||8||10||23||29||-6||20|- align=center
||11.||align="left"| Rubio Ñu||22||5||3||14||24||40||-16||18|- align=center
||12.||align="left"| Tacuary||22||1||8||13||15||39||-24||11|}

 Pos=Posición; PJ=Partidos jugados; G=Partidos ganados; E=Partidos empatados; P=Partidos perdidos; GF=Goles a favor; GC=Goles en contra; DIF=Diferencia de gol; Pts=Puntos

 Evolución de la clasificación

{| class="sortable"  align=center style="font-size: 90%; border-collapse:collapse" border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
|- align=center bgcolor=#98A1B2
!width=230|E\J
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! align=center|06
! align=center|07
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! align=center|21
! align=center|22
|-
|align="left"|CER
|11||8||4||3||style="background: #90EE90"|1||4||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||2||style="background: #90EE90"|1'''
|-
|align="left"|CPF
|12||9||12||9||10||10||9||10||10||10||10||10||8||10||9||9||10||9||8||8||7||7
|-
|align="left"|GUA
|2||5||8||8||7||6||3||4||5||4||6||4||4||4||5||5||5||5||5||6||6||6
|-
|align="left"|IND
|10||12||11||12||12||11||11||11||11||11||11||11||11||8||7||8||8||8||7||7||9||9
|-
|align="left"|LIB
|5||3||2||5||2||5||6||6||4||5||3||style="background: #E6E6FA"|3||style="background: #E6E6FA"|3||style="background: #E6E6FA"|3||style="background: #E6E6FA"|3||style="background: #E6E6FA"|3||3||3||3||3||3||3
|-
|align="left"|NAC
|7||6||3||2||5||3||5||3||3||3||4||style="background: #E6E6FA"|5||style="background: #E6E6FA"|5||style="background: #E6E6FA"|5||style="background: #E6E6FA"|6||style="background: #E6E6FA"|6||6||6||6||5||5||5
|-
|align="left"|OLI
|4||4||6||4||3||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||2
|-
|align="left"|RUB
|5||2||4||6||8||9||10||9||9||7||8||style="background: #E6E6FA"|8||style="background: #E6E6FA"|9||style="background: #E6E6FA"|11||style="background: #E6E6FA"|11||10||11||11||11||11||11||11
|-
|align="left"|SOL
|style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||style="background: #90EE90"|1||4||2||4||5||6||6||5||6||6||6||4||4||4||4||4||4||4||4
|-
|align="left"|SCA
|9||10||9||11||9||8||7||8||8||9||9||9||10||9||10||11||9||10||10||10||10||10
|-
|align="left"|SLU
|3||6||7||7||6||7||8||7||7||8||7||7||7||7||8||7||7||7||9||9||8||8
|-
|align="left"|TAC
|7||11||10||10||11||12||12||12||12||12||12||style="background: #E6E6FA"|12||style="background: #E6E6FA"|12||style="background: #E6E6FA"|12||style="background: #E6E6FA"|12||12||12||12||12||12||12||12|12
|}

Resultados

Campeón

Máximos goleadores

Público asistente

Asistencia por equipos

La tabla siguiente muestra la cantidad de espectadores que acumuló cada equipo en sus respectivos partidos. Se asigna en su totalidad el mismo número a ambos protagonistas de un juego.

Fuente: Ver en anexo.

Asistencia por partidos

A continuación se listan los diez partidos con mayor cantidad de espectadores.

Disciplina

Amonestaciones y/o expulsiones por equipo

Se referencia la cantidad total de tarjetas amarillas y rojas recibidas por cada conjunto a lo largo del torneo.

Amonestaciones y/o expulsiones por árbitro
Se enumera la cantidad total de tarjetas amarillas y rojas otorgadas por cada juez durante el certamen.

 Nota: Todas las amonestaciones otorgadas durante un partido se contabilizan sin excepción, incluyendo las duplicadas a un mismo jugador.

Véase también
 Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol
 Primera División de Paraguay
 División Intermedia 2012

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial de la Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol
 Rsssf

Fútbol en 2012
Deporte en Paraguay en 2012
Torneo 2012 Apertura

Torneo Apertura 2012 (Paraguay)


Das Schronisko PTTK Andrzejówka (deutsch Andreasbaude) ist eine Schutzhütte unterhalb des Heidelberges (Waligóra) im Steingebirge (Góry Kamienne) im Waldenburger Bergland in Polen.

Name und Baugeschichte
Bis 1945 wurde die Hütte Andreasbaude genannt. Der Name bezieht sich auf den ehemaligen Präsidenten des Waldenburger Gebirgsvereins (WGV) Andreas Bock, auf dessen Initiative die Schutzhütte errichtet und im Oktober 1933 eröffnet wurde.

Das Gebäude wurde vom Waldenburger Architekten Kronk, dem Innenarchitekten Brochenberger, der Firma Becker & Bergmann aus Waldenburg und der Firma Patrick (Holzkonstruktionen) ausgeführt. Zum Zeitpunkt der Eröffnung hatte die Baude eine Kapazität von 220 Plätzen.

Hüttenwirt war bis 1945 die Familie O. Rübartsch, nach dem Übergang an Polen die Brüder Marcinkowscy und die Familie Pohribniaków.

Im Jahre 1953 wurde die Andrzejówka-Hütte als Hütte des polnischen Touristikverbands PTTK eröffnet. Die Hütte trug kurze Zeit den Namen des kommunistischen Widerstandskämpfers Mirosław Krajewski, der am 1. Januar 1945 bei Gefechten mit deutschen Verbänden gefallen war. Heute wird der Name Andrzejówka-Hütte wieder verwendet.

1968 wurden erste Skilifte gebaut.

Vorbeiführende Wanderwege
Wanderwege, die über die Andreasbaude führen:
 ▬ Rote Markierung: Von Jedlina (Charlottenbrunn) nach Görbersdorf (Sokołowsko) – ca. 10 km, früher Hauptwanderweg der Sudeten.
 ▬ Gelbe Markierung: Von Wüstegiersdorf (Głuszyca) nach Görbersdorf (Sokołowsko) – ca. 11 km.
 ▬ Grüne Markierung: Von Waldenburg (Wałbrzych) nach Langwaltersdorf (Unisław Śląski) – ca. 16 km.
 ▬ Blaue Markierung: Von Friedland (Mieroszow) nach Rybnica (Reimsbach) – ca. 10 km.
 ▬ Schwarze Markierung: Von Czarny (Schwarzwaldau) zum Przełęcz Pod Szpiczakiem (Pass unter dem Spitzberg) – ca. 20 km.

Besonderheiten
Im Jahre 1936 wohnte die niederländische Königin Wilhelmina und ihre Tochter Prinzessin Juliana für zwei Wochen in der Andreasbaude.

Literatur
 Mapa Turystyczna, Sudety Środkowe. Mittlere Sudeten. Maßstab 1:40000, Jelenia Góra: Wydawnictwo Turystyczne Plan, 2011, ISBN 978-83-62917-84-6.

Weblinks

Homepage
neue Homepage

Schutzhütte in Polen
Schutzhütte im Waldenburger Bergland
Gmina Mieroszów
Bauwerk in der Woiwodschaft Niederschlesien

Andrzejówka


Cet article relate le parcours de l'équipe du Cameroun de football lors de la Coupe du monde de football 2022 organisée au Qatar du 20 novembre au .

Qualifications

Deuxième tour

|}

Troisième tour

Préparation

Matchs de préparation à la Coupe du monde
Liste détaillée des matches du Cameroun depuis sa qualification à la Coupe du monde :

Qualification coupe d'Afrique

Match amicaux

Effectif
L'effectif du Cameroun, est dévoilé le .

Compétition

Format et tirage au sort
Le tirage au sort de la Coupe du monde a lieu le vendredi  au Centre des expositions à Doha. C'est le classement de mars qui est pris en compte, la sélection se classe  du classement FIFA, et est placée dans le chapeau 4.

Premier tour - Groupe G

Suisse - Cameroun

Cameroun - Serbie

Cameroun - Brésil

Statistiques

Temps de jeu

Buteurs

Passeurs décisifs

Notes et références

2022
Cameroun
Sport au Cameroun en 2022

Équipe du Cameroun de football à la Coupe du monde 2022


John Patrick Nowlan (10 November 1931 – 25 April 2020) was a Canadian politician from Nova Scotia. Nowlan served as a Progressive Conservative backbench Member of Parliament for the riding of Annapolis Valley—Hants from 1965 to 1993.

Early life
Born in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Nowlan was the son of Diefenbaker-era Minister of Finance George Nowlan. Nowlan attended Acadia University in his hometown, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1952. He then attended Dalhousie Law School, graduating in 1955.

Political career
Nowlan was first elected as a Member of Parliament in 1965 serving the riding of Annapolis Valley.

In 1966, when the Conservatives opposed the Liberal government's legislation to end a national railway strike, Nowlan broke with the party to vote in favour of the legislation.

Nowlan was an unsuccessful candidate at the 1976 Progressive Conservative leadership convention, running as a right-wing candidate.

In November 1990, Nowlan resigned from the Tory caucus, citing his opposition to the Mulroney government's failed Meech Lake Accord and several other issues. Nowlan sat as an "Independent Progressive Conservative" until the 1993 federal election.

Nowlan ran as an independent in the 1993 election, finishing in third place behind the Liberal and Progressive Conservative candidates and receiving 19.40% of the vote.

Death
Nowlan died on 25 April 2020, aged 88.

Personal life
Pat was married to Cynthia Nowlan, an entrepreneur who started a store in Ottawa called "The Pepper Pot". The couple had four children and six grandchildren.

References

External links

1931 births
2020 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia
Independent MPs in the Canadian House of Commons
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership candidates

Pat Nowlan


Die Shibuya Kōkaidō (jap. , dt. etwa "Stadthalle Shibuya", ) ist ein Theater im Tokioter Stadtteil Shibuya (eigentlich Udagawachō) im Bezirk Shibuya, Präfektur Tokio. Es wurde im Jahr 1964 vollendet. Während der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1964 fanden dort die Wettbewerbe im Gewichtheben statt. Die Namensrechte wurden von der Bezirksverwaltung zunächst an Dentsū, dann an den Getränkehersteller Suntory verkauft; danach hieß die Halle bis 2011 nach dem Softdrink C. C. Lemon Shibuya C.C. Lemon Hall ().

Im Jahr 2008 hatte der Sänger Jun Jin hier sein erstes Konzert.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website (japanisch, englisch)
 Bezirksverwaltung Shibuya: Shibuya Kōkaidō

Einzelnachweise

Theater (Japan)
Veranstaltungsstätte in Japan
Sporthalle
Bauwerk in Shibuya
Wettkampfstätte der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1964
Sport (Shibuya)
Wikipedia:PuB/Bautyp

Shibuya C. C. Lemon Hall


Épsilon2 Arae (ε2 Arae) es un sistema binario en la constelación de Ara —el altar— de magnitud aparente +5,29.
Aunque comparte la denominación de Bayer «Épsilon» con ε1 Arae, las dos estrellas no están relacionadas entre sí.
Épsilon2 Arae está a 86 años luz del sistema solar, mientras que ε1 Arae está 3,5 veces más alejada.

La componente principal del sistema, HD 153580 (HR 6314 / HIP 83431), es una estrella de la secuencia principal blanco-amarilla de tipo espectral F5V cuya temperatura superficial es de 6516 K.
Gira sobre sí misma con una velocidad de rotación proyectada de 45,4 km/s, unas 20 veces más deprisa que el Sol.
Tiene una masa de 1,44 masas solares y su metalicidad es superior a la del Sol, siendo su abundancia relativa de hierro un 41% mayor que la de nuestra estrella.

Acompaña a la estrella blanco-amarilla una enana blanca de magnitud +13,47, denominada GJ 2125 (WD 1659-531 / BPM 24602).
Su temperatura es de 14.510 ± 250 K y su masa actual equivale a 2/3 de la masa solar.
Nació hace 2500 ± 340 millones de años como una estrella de 1,58 masas solares y, tras permanecer en la secuencia principal 2270 millones de años, se convirtió en una enana blanca.
Eso sucedió hace 240 millones de años y desde entonces se está enfriando lentamente.

Referencias

Estrellas binarias
Estrellas de tipo F
Enanas blancas
Constelación de Ara

Épsilon2 Arae


Groblje sv. Ive nalazi se uz desnu obalu rijeke Bistrice,  u centru Livna, Bosna i Hercegovina. Prema predaji, na ovoj lokaciji je nekada bio samostan sv. Ivana Krstitelja, spaljen u osmansko doba.

Povijesni podaci
Iz povijesnih izvora s kraja IX. stoljeća pa do 1326. godine, Livanjska župa je bila pod vlašću hrvatskih vladara, od kojih su posljednji do 1326. godine bili Šubići. U sastav Bosanske banovine livanjska župa je ušla za vladavine bana Stjepana II. Kotromanića 1326. godine. U crkvenom pogledu bila je u sastavu Splitske nadbiskupije do 1736. godine kad je livanjska župa privremeno do 1757. godine a potom i za stalno priključena apostolskom vikarijatu u Bosni.

Prvi izvor koji spominje samostan Bistricu jest oporuka Andrije Pervošija, Splićanina, od 7. siječnja 1367. godine, koji oporučno ostavlja novac među ostalim samostanima u Bosni i samostanima u Bistrici i Livnu.  Prvi spomen naziva samostana "ordinis Minorum S. Johannis de Bistrica" je u regestima pape Nikole V iz 1448. godine. U defteru Kliškog sandžaka 1604. godine upisana je Crkva sv. Ive u Zastinju, danas sastavnom dijelu Livna.

Prema narodnoj predaji, koju su potvrdila arheološka istraživanja, samostan je spaljen, ali se predaja i arheološki materijal nađen na terenu se podudaraju. Narodna predaja govori da je samostan zapaljen prije 300 godina, tj. tijekom XVII. stoljeća. S druge strane, u preliminarnom izvještaju o arheološkom iskopavanju, pokretni materijal na lokalitetu datiran je u XIV. i XV. stoljeće, prema čemu je autor iskopavanja zaključio da je samostan spaljen najkasnije 80-ih godina XV. stoljeća, prilikom osmanskih osvajanja Livna.

Nakon toga, na ovoj parceli ustanovljeno je aktivno groblje. Na istočnom dijelu parcele, 1885. godine sazidana je kapelica, posvećena sv. Ivanu Krstitelju. U funkciji je bila još 1991. godine.  Srušena je tokom arheoloških radova 1994 -1995. godine jer se nalazila usred lokaliteta i pokrivala je ostatke srednjovjekovnog samostana.

Nacionalni spomenik
Izuzetno brojan pokretni arheološki materijal potječe iz nekoliko razdoblja, od prapovijesnog do kasnog srednjeg vijeka. Od ostataka samostana istraživači su, prema objavljenim podacima, determinirali klaustar, blagovaonicu i zvonik.

Arheološko područje Groblje sv. Ive u Livnu, proglašeno je za nacionalni spomenik Bosne i Hercegovine

Literatura
 Tihomir Glavaš, Otkrivanje sv. Ive (dosadašnji rezultati istraživanja prvog franjevačkog samostana u Livnu), u :Livanjski kraj u povijesti, Split - Livno 1994, 105-113

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Groblje sv.Ivo

Katolička groblja u Bosni i Hercegovini
Livno

Groblje sv. Ive u Livnu


Avant les Actes d'Union de 1707, les barons de l'intendance des Orkney et de la seigneurie des Shetland (anciennement orthographié Zetland)  élisaient des commissaires pour les représenter au Parlement monocaméral d'Écosse et à la Convention des États. Ils ont été ré-annexés à la Couronne en 1669.

Après 1708, l'Orkney and Shetland a envoyé un membre à la Chambre des communes de Grande-Bretagne et plus tard à la Chambre des communes du Royaume-Uni.

Liste des commissaires du comté

 1661–62: Hugh Craigie de Gairsay (died c.1662)
 1663, 1669–74: Patrick Blair de Little Blair, sheriff
 1665 convention: not represented
 1667 (convention): Arthur Buchanan de Sound
 1667 (convention): William Douglas de Eglishaw
 1678 (convention): Captain Andrew Dick
 1681–82, 1689 (convention), 1689–1701: William Craigie de Gairsay
 1685–86: Harie Grahame de Breckness
 1685–86: Charles Murray de Hadden
 1700: Charles Mitchell, écrivain à Édimbourg
 1702, 1702–05: Sir Archibald Stewart de Burray
 1702-07: Alexander Douglas de Eglishay

Références

Article connexe
 Liste des circonscriptions au Parlement d'Écosse au moment de l'Union

Circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse (jusqu'en 1707)
Politique dans les Orcades
Politique dans les Shetland
Histoire des Orcades
Histoire des Shetland

Orkney and Shetland (circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse)


Heinz Naumann (* 15. Oktober 1919; † 24. April 2012) war ein deutscher Architekt.

Leben
Naumann war als Architekt in München tätig. Er war ab 1971 langjähriger Vizepräsident des Zentralverbandes Deutscher Ingenieure (ZDI). Im gleichen Jahr war er wesentlicher Gründungsinitiator der Bayerischen Architektenkammer.

Die auf seine Initiative 1979 vom ZDI und dem Verband deutscher Architekten (VDA) gegründete Stiftung zur Linderung der Wohnungsnot der Studenten der technisch-wissenschaftlichen Studiengänge in München trägt seinen Namen.

Ehrungen
 Ehrenpräsident des Zentralverbandes Deutscher Ingenieure (ZDI)
 Ehrenpräsident des Verbandes deutscher Architekten (VDA)

Weblinks
 Staatsminister Herrmann gratulierte Architekt Heinz Naumann zum 90. Geburtstag, Pressemitteilung des ZDI vom 19. Oktober 2009

Einzelnachweise

Architekt (Deutschland)

Person (München)
Deutscher
Geboren 1919
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Heinz Naumann


Babelstårn er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1995 instrueret af Kassandra Wellendorf og efter manuskript af Kassandra Wellendorf og Martin Christiansen.

Handling
Set herfra hvor vi står på jordens overflade, er det menneskelige liv et mylder of modsætninger og forskelle. Alle folkeslagene med deres forskellige sprog og dialekter består af mennesker, der har hver deres opfattelse af tilværelsen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1995

Babelstårn (eksperimentalfilm)


Isla de Santo Stefano (en italiano: Isola Santo Stefano) es una isla en el archipiélago de la Magdalena en el norte de Cerdeña, Italia, y parte del parque nacional de La Magdalena. Es en gran parte deshabitada y es principalmente conocida por la existencia de una base naval de la OTAN y un centro de municiones de la Marina italiana. Aparte de los militares, las residencias en la isla son un destino turístico, parte del Club Valtur, que es en gran parte ocupado únicamente durante los meses de verano. El acceso público a la isla se hace por barco ya sea desde La Maddalena o cerca de Palau, en Cerdeña.

Véase también
 Geografía de Italia
 Geografía de Europa
 Isla de Santo Estefano

Referencias

 F. Scaroni, Cronaca e storia di un rimosso cantiere di regime: il mausoleo di Costanzo Ciano a Livorno, collana "Quaderni dell'Istituto di Storia dell'Architettura", n. 42/03, Bonsignori editore, Roma 2005.

Santo Stefano

Isla de Santo Stefano


Sikandar Malik Siddique (født 4. oktober 1986 i København) er en dansk politiker med pakistanske rødder. Han var fra folketingsvalget 2019 til 9. marts 2020 folketingsmedlem for Alternativet, valgt i Københavns Omegns Storkreds. Den 9. marts 2020 forlod han Alternativet til fordel for at blive løsgænger i Folketinget. Den 7. september offentliggjorde han sammen med andre tidligere politikere fra Alternativet stiftelsen af det nye parti Frie Grønne med ham selv som partileder. Ved Folketingsvalget i 2022 kom Frie Grønne ikke over spærregrænsen hvilket betød at Siddique mistede sit mandat i tinget.

I 2005-09 var Siddique medlem af Københavns Borgerrepræsentation for Socialdemokratiet.

Baggrund

Sikandar Siddique er født og opvokset på Nørrebro i København som søn af forældre, der oprindelig kom til Danmark fra Pakistan i 1970'erne. Han gik i folkeskole på Blågård Skole. I 2013 tog han en kandidatuddannelse i kommunikation og globale studier (cand.comm.) fra RUC. Indtil han blev valgt til Folketinget i 2019, arbejdede han som konsulent.

Siddique har i en række forskellige sammenhænge beskæftiget sig med integrationsspørgsmål. I 2014 var han med til at stifte foreningen Gadefortællinger, som han blev talsmand for. Foreningens formål var at styrke social mobilitet og inklusion for unge i socialt udsatte områder.

Politisk karriere

Valgkampen til Borgerrepræsentationen i 2005

Sikandar Siddique blev som 19-årig valgt til Københavns Borgerrepræsentation for Socialdemokratiet ved kommunalvalget 2005. Ved valget opnåede Siddique 437 personlige stemmer. Det betød, at han blev valgt på det trettende ud af Socialdemokratiets 21 mandater, selvom han var opstillet som partiets kandidat nr. 34 på stemmesedlen.

Under valgkampen havde hans navn været flittigt i medierne, da Venstres overborgmesterkandidat Søren Pind i et åbent brev i Berlingske på baggrund af oplysninger fra anonyme kilder beskyldte Siddique for at have tilknytning til organisationen Hizb-ut-Tahrir. Siddique udsendte en pressemeddelelse, hvor han anførte, at han aldrig havde været medlem af Hizb-ut-Tahrir, hvis antidemokratiske program han tog afstand fra. Han mente, at misforståelsen var opstået, fordi han fire år tidligere, i oktober 2001, havde deltaget i et åbent møde i Nørrebrohallen, som Hizb-ut-Tahrir havde arrangeret, for at høre, hvad organisationen stod for. Hizb ut-Tahrirs daværende talsmand Fadi Abdullatif sagde til Berlingske, at han ikke kendte Sikandar Siddique.

I valgkampen blev det også kendt, at Siddique tidligere som 16-17-årig havde skrevet et debatindlæg, der stillede spørgsmålstegn ved, om al-Qaeda havde stået bag terrorangrebet den 11. september 2001. Siddique udsendte derpå en pressemeddelelse, hvor han skrev, at han nu fandt det bevist, at al-Qaeda stod bag terrorangrebene.

Under valgkampen hævdede Sikandar Siddiques far, at hans søn kun ville være medlem af Borgerrepræsentationen for at få den kontroversielle politiker Wallait Khan, som også har pakistanske rødder, ud af dansk politik. De to kom da også snart på kollisionskurs. Kort efter valget truede Sikandar Siddique igennem sin far, der fungerede som talsmand for sønnen, med at han ikke ville støtte Ritt Bjerregaards konstitueringsaftale mellem Socialdemokratiet, Det Radikale Venstre, SF og Enhedslisten, hvis partierne fortsat støttede Wallait Khans mandat. Ifølge Berlingske indkaldte den socialdemokratiske gruppe i Borgerrepræsentationen efterfølgende Sikandar Siddique til møde, hvor han blev sat på plads og bedt om ikke at lade sin far udtale sig for ham igen.

Lektor ved Københavns Universitet Tallat Shakoor, som også har pakistanske rødder, forklarede til Kristeligt Dagblad, at Siddique-familiens reaktion var "et udtryk for, at indvandrerpolitikernes interne stridigheder rykker ind på den danske demokratiske arena". Sikandar Siddiques far og Wallait Khan var nemlig rivaler i pakistansk politik, og Sikandar Siddique havde formentlig "overtaget modstanden imod Wallait Khan fra sin far i en forholdsvis ufiltreret form".

Valg til Folketinget i 2019

I 2018 blev Sikandar Siddique opstillet som folketingskandidat for Alternativet i alle opstillingskredsene i Københavns Omegns Storkreds. Han blev valgt ved folketingsvalget i juni året efter med 2.154 stemmer, hvilket var det næsthøjeste personlige stemmetal blandt partiets folketingsmedlemmer. Efter valget fik han en række ordførerposter i den beskedne folketingsgruppe på fem medlemmer. Således blev han bolig-, rets-, udlændinge-, integrations-, ligestillings- og kirkeordfører.

Som muslim, der deltager i den offentlige debat, har Siddique fortalt, at han ikke kan optræde i medierne eller deltage i en debat uden at blive udsat for hadefulde mails og kommentarer på de sociale medier. "Jeg får at vide, at jeg skal skride hjem. Jeg bliver kaldt rotte og kræftsvulst, fordi jeg er muslim", fortalte han til dagbladet Politiken i 2019 i forbindelse med valgkampen. Politiken havde dog også interviewet flere andre politikere, som ikke havde indvandrerbaggrund, men som også havde oplevet hadefulde udtalelser. Ifølge en undersøgelse blev 6 ud af 10 politikere svinet til på de sociale medier i forbindelse med valgkampen.

Efter kritik af den nyvalgte politiske leder for Alternativet Josephine Fock meddelte Uffe Elbæk, Rasmus Nordqvist, Susanne Zimmer og Sikandar Siddique den 9. marts 2020, at de forlod partiet til fordel for at blive løsgængere i Folketinget. Et halvt år senere offentliggjorde Elbæk, Zimmer og Siddique stiftelsen af det nye parti Frie Grønne med Siddique som leder.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske muslimer
Tidligere folketingsmedlemmer fra Alternativet
Tidligere folketingsmedlemmer fra Frie Grønne
Tidligere løsgængere i Folketinget
Folketingsmedlemmer i 2010'erne
Folketingsmedlemmer i 2020'erne
Medlemmer af Københavns Borgerrepræsentation fra Socialdemokraterne
Personer fra Nørrebro

Sikandar Siddique


موبوتو سيسي سيكو (14 أكتوبر 1930 - 7 سبتمبر 1997)، كان ثاني رئيس لجمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية من 1965 إلى 1997 (غير اسم الدولة إلى زائير في 1971 حتى 1997). كان يسمى بفهد كنشاسا.

عن حياته

البدايات

ولد جوزيف ديزي موبوتو في شمال غرب الكونغو في مدينة ليسالا أيام الاحتلال البلجيكي بعد عدة أشهر من ولادة الملك بودوان الأول ملك بلجيكا. كان أبوهُ ألبريك اغبيماني يعمل طباخاً عند حاكم ليسالا. وقد توفى والده وكان لا يزال في عمر ثمان سنين ثم رباه جده وعمه. وأكمل دراسته في مدرسة كاثوليكية. وعندما بلغ سن العشرين انضم إلى جيش الإستعمار البلجيكي  حيث الضباط البيض يسيطرون على الجنود السود. ثم تزوج في عمر 25 سنة من ماري يتيني. ونقل إلى مركز قيادة جيش الإستعمار البلجيكي في ليبودفي في سنة 1953.

ترك الجيش بعد رحلته العصيبة فيه وأصبح يعمل صحفياً لجريدة "L'Avenir" الليبرالية في ليبودفي في سنة 1957 تحت إشراف الصحفي أنطوني بولامبا الذي قدمه إلى باتريس لومومبا. وقد سافر لأول مرة إلى أوروبا عام 1958 لتغطية مؤتمر EXPO في بروكسل حيث بقي لبعض الوقت ليتابع التدريب على الصحافة. في نفس الوقت كان في بروكسل سياسيون كونغوليين يفاوضون من أجل استقلال بلادهم.

أيامه في الجيش

في يوليو 1960 بعد استقلال الكونغو أصبح وزير الدولة في حكومة باتريس لومومبا. استفاد من الخلافات بين السياسيين وحيث إنه الوحيد فقط من أتباع لومومبا الذي لديه خبرة عسكرية فقد عينهُ لومومبا بمنصب رئيس أركان الجيش الكونغولي. وتحت التأثير القوي لسفير بلجيكا في الكونغو آنذاك، تم اعتقال الرئيس باتريس لومومبا في عام 1960. وكان لدى لومومبا شعبية كبيرة في البلاد لكن كانت مشاكله مع بلجيكا أكبر. وكانت هذه بداية العلاقة بين البلجيكيين وموبوتو. ولقد تم تشكيل حكومة مؤقتة، وبعد ذلك اتهم موبوتو لومومبا أمام كاميرات التلفاز بأنه متعاطف بل مؤيد للشيوعية، كان موبوتو يريد بذلك التأييد والدعم من الولايات المتحدة. وحاول لومومبا الهرب من معتقلهِ لكن تم القبض عليهِ في الطريق. أمر موبوتو بسجن لومومبا. ثم أرسله إلى كاتانغا جنوب البلاد حيث سيقتل هناك. قام أنصار لومومبا بحرب ضد موبوتو. احتلوا بسرعة ثلثي الكونغو لكن مع دعم الولايات المتحدة استعاد لموبوتو كل الأقاليم المحتلة. وهذا « الانتصار » لم يكن ليكون ممكنا بدون الدعم الغربي. ووضع موبوتو قواته على جبهتين: الجبهة الخارجية من أجل الحرب الباردة وجبهة أخرى داخلية لدعم الاستقرار. وكان يعزز قوته ونفوذه بالقبض على النشطاء السياسيين وقمعهِ للمواطنين الكونغوليين.

رئيسا للدولة

في 24 نوفمبر 1965 قام موبوتو بانقلاب أبيض على الرئيس يوسف كاسا فوبو أول رئيس للبلاد بعد الاستقلال. كان ذلك بعد أزمة سياسية شديدة بين الرئيس كاسا فوبو وحكومة الجنوب برئاسة موسى شومبي. هذا الانقلاب رحب به الجميع بما فيهم كاسا فوبو شومبي، وكذلك رحبت بهِ النقابات ودعمت القوى الجديدة وكذلك كانت المنظمات الطلابية مؤيدة له. ورحب بهِ سكان البلاد من الكونغوليين والأجانب فورا. ومن الناحية الدولية كانت بلجيكا والولايات المتحدة هم أول من اعترف بالرئيس الجديد. بإستثناء الصين والاتحاد السوفيتي فقد أبدو الممانعة. وباعتباره جنديا سابقا في الجيش البلجيكي أبدى موبوتو التعاون مع الإدارة البلجيكية. لقد كان موبوتو يعلم شعبية لومومبا عند الجماهير الكونغولية وهكذا اعتبر لومومبا بطلاً وطنياً وأول شهيد للاستقلال. في الجانب الاقتصادي تم تأميم الشركات البلجيكية في عام 1966. مع موبوتو أصبحت الكونغو حصان طروادة للأمريكان ضد المد الشيوعي في أفريقيا وخاصة في جنوب أفريقيا. رحب موبوتو بالمعارضين من أنغولا في المنفى وساعدهم في نضالهم لأجل الاستقلال عن البرتغال، لكنه في نفس الوقت كان ضد حركة MPLA الشيوعية. وكان الدعم الأمريكي للمقاتلين الأنغوليين من حركتي FLNA و UNITA تمر عبر الكونغو.

في 1969 قام بقمع دموي لمظاهرة طلابية. جثث الطلبة القتلى رميت في مقابر جماعية و12 طالبا حكموا بالإعدام. أغلقت الجامعة عاما و2000 طالب جندوا في الجيش، وقال في التلفزيون الوطني « تعلموا أن تطيعوا وأن تغلقوا أفواهكم. »

زائير

 أسس موبوتو في البلاد نظاما استبداديا يحكمه الحزب الأوحد حزب الثورة الشعبية  ورقى نفسه إلى رتبة المارشال في 1982. إحدى أمنياته كانت أن تعود الدولة لثقافتها العميقة ولجذورها التاريخية، فاخترع مفهوم الزائيرية  ويقصد به إنهاء الاستعمار الثقافي. في 1971 السنة التي يطلقون عليها اسم « سنة الثلاث Z » أعاد تسمية كلا من الدولة والنهر والعملة تحت اسم زائير. في نفس السنة فرض ملابس شعبية لخلق نموذج شعبي مغاير للزي الغربي وسماه « الabacost » أي اللباس المتواضع. وطالب الشعب باختيار أسماء أفريقية مناسبة ومحلية وأن تكون الأسماء غير مسيحية. وأطلق موبوتو على نفسه لقبا طويلا باللغة المحلية هو Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu Wa Za Banga وهذا يعني « موبوتو المجاهد الذي سينتصر ثم ينتصر ودون أن يستطيع شخص إيقافه ». فرض موبوتو أيضا الlingala اللغة الدارجة في غرب البلاد وأمر بتدريسها في المدارس والحديث بها شعبيا.

النهاية

بسبب الفوضى التي ظهرت في البلاد والانتقادات الدولية لموبوتو إضافة للحرب في رواندا المجاورة في يونيو 1997 قام تحالف القوات الديمقراطية من أجل تحرير الكونغو - زائير والتي يقودها لوران كابيلا بدخول العاصمة كنشاسا. وتنحية موبوتو عن السلطة. هرب موبوتو لاحقا إلى التوغو ثم توجه إلى منفاه بالمغرب حيث توفي هناك في 7 سبتمبر 1997 متأثرا بمرض السرطان ودفن في مقبرة مسيحية في العاصمة المغربية الرباط. وفي عام 2007 أوصى المجلس التشريعي في جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية باستعادة رفات موبوتو سيسيسيكو ودفنها في ضريح في الكونغو.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أشخاص من أزمة الكونغو
أشخاص من الإبادة الجماعية في رواندا
حاصلون على وسام إيزابيلا الأولى ملكة قشتالة
رومان كاثوليك كونغوليون ديمقراطيون
رؤساء جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية
زائير
شخصيات الحرب الباردة
عسكريون برتبة مشير
فساد سياسي
قادة فيلق الاستحقاق
قادة وصلوا إلى السلطة عن طريق انقلاب
كونغوليون ديمقراطيون مناهضون للشيوعية
مجرمو القرن 20
مواليد 1930
وفيات 1997
وفيات السرطان في المغرب
وفيات بسبب سرطان البروستات
وفيات في الرباط

موبوتو سيسي سيكو


Paco Rassat, né le 13 novembre 1998 à Chambéry, est un skieur alpin français.

Biographie

Il est le fils de Yann Rassat, directeur de l'école de ski des Aillons. C'est le Ski Cub des Aillons qui le forme. Il y est toujours licencié.

En mars 2016, il prend la  place du slalom des championnats de France U18 (moins de 18 ans) à Lélex.

Il dispute sa première épreuve de Coupe d'Europe en janvier 2018 dans le slalom de Chamonix.

L'année suivante en 2019, il obtient la médaille de bronze dans le slalom des Universiades à Krasnoïarsk. En mars il est sacré Champion de France de slalom U21 (moins de 21 ans) à Auron. Il intègre l'équipe de France Juniors à partir de la saison 2019-2020.

En janvier 2020, il marque ses premiers points en Coupe d'Europe en prenant la  place du slalom de Vaujany, suivi en février d'une  place dans celui de Berchtesgaden. Il confirme ses bonnes dispositions la saison suivante en réalisant 5 tops-20 sur les slaloms de la Coupe d'Europe.

Il accède à l'équipe de France B pour la saison 2021-2022. En janvier 2022, il obtient ses premiers top-10 en Coupe d'Europe, en prenant de très bonnes  et  places dans les 2 slaloms de Berchtesgaden. Ces résultats l'amènent à disputer sa première épreuve de Coupe du monde le 9 janvier 2022 dans le slalom d'Adelboden. Le 20 janvier il monte sur son premier podium de Coupe d'Europe en prenant une excellente  place sur le slalom de Vaujany. Le lendemain, il récidive sur la même piste en prenant une nouvelle seconde place. Le 27 février il obtient sa première qualification en seconde manche d'un slalom géant de Coupe du monde, en terminant la première manche de l'épreuve de Garmisch-Partenkirchen à la  place. Le 15 mars à Soldeu, il prend la  place du slalom des finales de la Coupe d'Europe et termine à la  place du classement général de la spécialité. Il est nommé Sportif du mois de Janvier par le quotidien Le Dauphiné libéré.

Sur la saison 2022-2023 il dispute 8 slaloms de coupe du monde mais ne parvient pas à se qualifier pour la seconde manche. Avec 2 tops-10 réalisés, il se classe  de la Coupe d'Europe de slalom. Enfin il monte sur son premier podium des championnats de france en prenant la  place du slalom derrière Clément Noël et Steven Amiez.

Palmarès

Coupe du monde

 14 slaloms disputés (à fin mars 2023)

Universiade

Coupe d'Europe

6 tops-10 dont 2 podiums  :
  place du slalom  de Vaujany le
  place du slalom  de Vaujany le
40 courses disputées (à fin mars 2023)

Classements

Championnats de France

Élite

Jeunes

Juniors U21 (moins de 21 ans)
2019 à Auron :
 Champion de France de slalom

2018 à Châtel :
  du championnat de France de slalom

Cadets U18 (moins de 18 ans)
2016 à Lélex :
  du championnat de France de slalom

Notes et références

Liens externes

Skieur alpin français
Naissance en novembre 1998
Naissance à Chambéry

Paco Rassat


Tzannis Tzannetakis (; 13 September 1927 – 1 April 2010) was a Greek politician who was briefly Prime Minister of Greece during the political crisis of 1989. He also served as a submarine commander in the Hellenic Navy.

Biography
Tzannetakis was born in Gytheio in the region of Mani in 1927. He served as a military officer but resigned on 22 April 1967, the day after the military coup d'état which brought the dictatorship of Georgios Papadopoulos to power. He was imprisoned by the military junta from 1969 to 1971 for his resistance activity.

When democracy was restored in 1974, Tzannetakis joined the New Democracy party of Constantine Karamanlis. From 1974 to 1977 he served as General Secretary of the Ministry of Tourism. He was elected to the Greek Parliament in 1977 and served as Minister for Public Works in the government of Georgios Rallis (1980–81).

Prime Minister
The June 1989 Greek legislative election left the PASOK party of Andreas Papandreou in the minority, following a series of government scandals. New Democracy, however, now led by Constantine Mitsotakis, could not form a government despite its significant lead in the popular vote, because of changes to Greek electoral law that PASOK had voted into effect before the elections. The result was the formation of the first coalition government since the fall of the Greek dictatorship in 1974 and the first government to include the Communist left since 1944.

The government was based on an alliance between ND and the Coalition of Forces of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos), which then included the Communist Party of Greece, with a mandate to conduct a clean-up ("katharsis") after the scandals. The agreement was for a short-term government which would last only until the process of parliamentary investigation of those Members of Parliament accused of involvement in the scandals had been completed. Tzannetakis was a compromise candidate for Prime Minister, given that the left refused to accept Mitsotakis in this role. In contrast, Tzannetakis was acceptable to the left because of his credentials from the anti-Junta resistance. In addition to the premiership, Tzannetakis also retained the portfolios of Foreign Affairs and of Tourism.

The formation of a government bringing together the Greek right and the communist left was regarded as symbolising national reconciliation after the 1940s civil war. One of the government's acts was to burn all the secret police files held on Greek citizens during the post-Civil War period.

The parliamentary investigation into the scandals concluded with the lifting of the parliamentary immunity of several former government ministers, including former Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou himself, and their referral to the justice system. This was the first time that a former Greek Prime Minister had ever been referred for trial.

The Tzannetakis government also abolished the state monopoly on TV broadcasting and allowed private TV stations to function for the first time.

Aftermath
In accordance with the initial agreement among the coalition partners, the government resigned in October. Yiannis Grivas then formed a caretaker government until fresh elections could be held. New Democracy won these elections too, but once more could not form a government, despite tallying 46% of the vote, with PASOK coming second with 40%. In November an "ecumenical government", headed by Xenophon Zolotas, with the participation of all three political parties (New Democracy, PASOK, Synaspismos) was formed, again with an agreement for a short-term mandate to last until the election of the President of the Republic, due the following March. In the Zolotas government, Tzannis Tzannetakis served as Minister for Tourism and National Defence. In the election of April 1990, for the third consecutive time within a year, New Democracy (Greece) won, this time with an even more significant lead of 8% over PASOK, securing the party a one-seat majority. In the Mitsotakis government, Tzannetakis became Deputy Prime Minister, a post he held until the government fell in 1993. He remained a Member of the Greek Parliament until September 2007, when he announced his intention to retire from political activity.

Tzannetakis died in an Athens hospital on 1 April 2010.

References

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1927 births
2010 deaths
1989 in Greece
1980s in Greek politics
1990s in Greek politics
20th-century prime ministers of Greece
Deputy Prime Ministers of Greece
Foreign ministers of Greece
Government ministers of Greece
Greek MPs 1977–1981
Greek MPs 1981–1985
Greek MPs 1985–1989
Greek MPs 1989 (June–November)
Greek MPs 1990–1993
Greek MPs 1993–1996
Greek MPs 1996–2000
Greek MPs 2000–2004
Greek MPs 2004–2007
Greek prisoners and detainees
Hellenic Navy officers
Ministers of National Defence of Greece
New Democracy (Greece) politicians
Prime Ministers of Greece
People from East Mani

Tzannis Tzannetakis


L'île des Béguines est une île de Belgique située à Huy (province de Liège). Elle est située à proximité de l'île des Chanoines.

Géographie
L'île est massive, en forme de triangle complété par l'île des Chanoines, séparée par un étroit chenal.

Faune et flore
L'île est fréquenté par des castors. C'est une zone de nidification importante de bernaches du Canada (espèce invasive). Il y a des canards domestiques et des cygnes.

La végétation est dominée par les saules blancs (Salix alba). D'autres espèces d'arbres sont présentes dont les peupliers hybrides, les aulnes glutineux, des sycomores, des sureaux noirs.

Références

Île sur la Meuse
Île en Belgique
Géographie de la province de Liège

Île des Béguines


Buddhist socialism is a political ideology which advocates socialism based on the principles of Buddhism. Both Buddhism and socialism seek to provide an end to suffering by analyzing its conditions and removing its main causes through praxis. Both also seek to provide a transformation of personal consciousness (respectively, spiritual and political) to bring an end to human alienation and selfishness.

People who have been described as Buddhist socialists include Buddhadasa Bhikkhu, B. R. Ambedkar, S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, Han Yong-un, Girō Senoo, U Nu, Uchiyama Gudō, Inoue Shūten, Norodom Sihanouk, Takagi Kenmyo and Peljidiin Genden.

Buddhadāsa Bhikkhu
Buddhadāsa Bhikkhu coined the phrase Dhammic socialism. He believed that socialism is a natural state meaning all things exist together in one system:

Han Yong-un
Korean Buddhist reformer Han Yong-un felt that equality was one of the main principles of Buddhism. In an interview published in 1931, Yong-un spoke of his desire to explore Buddhist Socialism:

== 14th Dalai Lama ==
Tenzin Gyatso, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama of Tibet has said that:

See also
Buddhist economics
Engaged Buddhism
Religious socialism

References

External links
Dhammic Socialism, a Buddhist response to social suffering.

Religious socialism
Types of socialism

Buddhist socialism


Peter Bonnington (12 de fevereiro de 1975), mais conhecido como Bono, é um engenheiro britânico. Ele é atualmente o engenheiro sênior de corrida de Lewis Hamilton na equipe de Fórmula 1 da Mercedes.

Carreira
Bonnington começou sua carreira na Fórmula 1 como engenheiro de dados na equipe Jordan no início dos anos 2000. Durante seu tempo com a equipe de Silverstone, ele trabalhou ao lado de nomes como Giorgio Pantano e Timo Glock. Ele então se juntou à equipe Honda como substituto do engenheiro de corrida de longa data Andrew Shovlin e, portanto, se tornou o engenheiro de performance de Jenson Button. Bonnington permaneceu com a equipe após ela ser transformada na Brawn GP, guiando Button para seu primeiro Campeonato Mundial em .

Após uma passagem como engenheiro de performance de Michael Schumacher na Mercedes, ele se tornou seu engenheiro de corrida substituindo Mark Slade em setembro de 2011. Depois que Schumacher deixou a equipe de Brackley no final de 2012, Bonnington tornou-se engenheiro sênior de corrida de Lewis Hamilton, uma posição que ele mantém até hoje.

Em sua função atual como engenheiro sênior de corrida, ele é responsável por todas as comunicações da pista com o piloto e pela configuração do carro. Durante seu tempo nesta posição, ele projetou Hamilton para seis de seus sete campeonatos mundiais e é amplamente considerado um dos melhores engenheiros de corrida da Fórmula 1.

Engenheiros automotivos do Reino Unido
Pessoas da Fórmula 1

Peter Bonnington


Two submarines of the United States Navy have been named Barbel, after the barbel, a type of European carp.

 , was a Balao-class submarine commissioned in April 1944 and lost at sea sometime in February 1945.
 , was the lead ship of her class and in service from 1959 to 1989.

Sources

United States Navy ship names

USS Barbel


Das Augustinerkloster in Speyer war ein im 13. Jahrhundert gegründetes Bettelkloster.

Geschichte
Nach der Gründung Mitte des 13. Jahrhunderts brannte das Kloster im Jahr 1334 ab und wurde dabei größtenteils zerstört. Kurz nach dem Brand wurde es wieder auf- und im 15. Jahrhundert umgebaut. Im Jahr 1430 wurden die Priore, Guardiane und Brüder von vier Klöstern, darunter auch des Augustinerklosters, auf ihren Wunsch in die Bürgerschaft der Stadt Speyer aufgenommen. Mit den Jahren kamen ehemals arme Orden durch Handel und Vermächtnisse zu Wohlstand. Im Jahr 1488 forderte der Rat der Stadt Speyer daher diese Klöster, darunter auch das Augustinerkloster, zu Abgaben für den Unterhalt des Söldnerheers nach dem Schutzvertrag von 1430 auf. Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts wurden auch evangelische Messen in Quartieren des Augustinerklosters gehalten und 1526 bekannte sich u. a. der Augustinerprior Michael Diller zu Luthers Gedankengut. Nach der Berufung des Priors zum evangelischen Prediger der Stadt verließen einige Mönche das Kloster. 1570 kehrten nach einer Übereinkunft mit der Stadt einige Mönche zurück.

Beim Speyerer Stadtbrand von 1689 wurde das Kloster bis auf den Chor der aus dem 13. Jahrhundert stammenden gotischen Kirche zerstört. 1697 bis 1714 erfolgte der Wiederaufbau des Konvents auf den mittelalterlichen Grundmauern, 1733–37 erfolgte der Ausbau zur regelmäßigen Vierflügelanlage. Nach der Eroberung Speyers durch französische Truppen wurde das Konvent 1793 säkularisiert und die Gebäude verpachtet. 1804 erfolgte die Versteigerung der Gebäude an Privatpersonen, welche diese als Armenwohnungen nutzten. 1855 erwarb die Stadt unter Beibehaltung der Armenwohnungen die Gebäude. 1866 wurden alle Konventsgebäude, mit Ausnahme des Kreuzgangs abgerissen. Dabei fiel auch der gotische Chor der Spitzhacke zum Opfer. Auf der so entstandenen Fläche wurde 1866/67 nach Plänen von Max von Siebert ein Schulgebäude errichtet, in dessen Südflügel man den Kreuzgang integrierte. 1869 erfolgte im dritten Obergeschoss des Gebäudes die Gründung des Historischen Museums der Pfalz. Diese Sammlung zog 1910 in das von Gabriel von Seidel geplante Gebäude am Domplatz. 1982 wurde das Schulgebäude abgerissen. An seiner Stelle wurde 1985 die Hauptstelle der früheren Kreis- und Stadtsparkasse Speyer (jetzt Sparkasse Vorderpfalz) errichtet. Neben der Augustinergasse in der Nähe, die an das Kloster erinnert, ist auch der aus dem 15. Jahrhundert stammende Kreuzgang der ehemaligen Kirche mit den spätgotischen, spitzbögigen Maßwerkarkaden heute noch in der Wormser Straße 39 erhalten. Er wurde im Jahr 1982 abgebaut und vier Jahre später etwas versetzt und in anderer Zusammenstellung wieder errichtet. In Erinnerung an das Kloster wurde ein Veranstaltungssaal der Sparkassenhauptstelle Augustinersaal genannt.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Nachrichtliches Verzeichnis der Kulturdenkmäler, Kreisfreie Stadt Speyer (PDF; 4,9 MB)

Augustinerkloster
Augustinerkloster
Speyer
Ehemaliges Kloster in Rheinland-Pfalz
Augustinereremiten
Organisation (Speyer)
Geschichte (Speyer)
Speyer

Augustinerkloster (Speyer)


Gidseltagningen på Köln Hauptbahnhof i 2018 var en hændelse der fandt sted 15. oktober 2018. En mand kastede en molotovcocktail ind i en fast-foodrestaurant, som sårede to personer, heraf en 14 år gammel pige, som fik brandsår. En kvinde blev taget som gidsel da gerningsmanden flygtede ind i et apotek.  En specialstyrke fra politiet skød gerningsmanden, som blev alvorligt såret.

Se også
Köln Hauptbahnhof

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger
Independent: Cologne hostage situation: Suspect and female hostage injured as German police end train station stand-off

Terrorhandlinger i Tyskland
Begivenheder i 2018

Terrorangreb i Køln oktober 2018


An Epidendrum miguelii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Epidendrum miguelii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epidendrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epidendrum

Epidendrum miguelii


The Deserted Village is a poem by Oliver Goldsmith published in 1770. It is a work of social commentary, and condemns rural depopulation and the pursuit of excessive wealth.

The poem is written in heroic couplets, and describes the decline of a village and the emigration of many of its residents to America. In the poem, Goldsmith criticises rural depopulation, the moral corruption found in towns, consumerism, enclosure, landscape gardening, avarice, and the pursuit of wealth from international trade. The poem employs, in the words of one critic, "deliberately precise obscurity", and does not reveal the reason why the village has been deserted. The poem was very popular in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but also provoked critical responses, including from other poets such as George Crabbe. References to the poem, and particularly its ominous "Ill fares the land" warning, have appeared in a number of other contexts.

Background

Goldsmith grew up in the hamlet of Lissoy in Ireland. In the 1760s, he travelled extensively around England, visiting many small settlements at a time when the enclosure movement was at its height.

The poem is dedicated to the artist Sir Joshua Reynolds, with whom Goldsmith was a close friend and founding member, along with Samuel Johnson, of a dining society called The Club. Reynolds had helped to promote Goldsmith's play The Good-Natur'd Man to the actor and theatre manager David Garrick, and had facilitated Goldsmith's appointment as the historian of the Royal Academy.

The Deserted Village condemns rural depopulation and the indulgence of the rich. This was a subject that Goldsmith had addressed in his earlier poem The Traveller; or a Prospect of Society (1764), which also condemned the corrupting influence of extreme wealth. Goldsmith also set out his ideas about rural depopulation in an essay entitled "The Revolution in Low Life", published in Lloyd's Evening Post in 1762.

There is no single place which has been identified as the village of the poem's title. Although some contend that the location of the poem's deserted village is unknown, others note that Auburn village close to Athlone is the likely subject of Goldsmith's poem. Travel-guide authors Samuel Carter Hall and Anna Hall write in their 1853 Hand-books for Ireland: The West and Connamara that the British tourist should disembark from their train at Athlone's Moate Station and "make a pilgrimage to the renowned village of Auburn" located six miles from Moate Station (Hall & Hall, 1853, pp. 4–5). The Halls explain that although Goldsmith was born in the village of Pallas (also known as Pallice or Pallasmore), his father was soon appointed to the Kilkenny-West Rectory, and he therefore moved his family (circa 1730) to the village of Auburn, also known as Lissoy and, to the locals, as "The Pigeons" (ibid.). Lissoy has "now and for nearly a century [been] known as Auburn" and is "so marked on the maps" (ibid.). For a similar claim regarding Auburn in County Westmeath as the Auburn of Goldsmith's The Deserted Village, see J. Stirling Coyne and N.P. Willis's The Scenery and Antiquities of Ireland published c. 1841 (Vol. 1, Chap. 4). Others speculate merely that "the description may have been influenced by Goldsmith's memory of his childhood in rural Ireland, and his travels around England."

While personal references in the poem give the impression of referring to the village in which Goldsmith grew up, the poem has also been associated with Nuneham Courtenay in Oxfordshire. In "The Revolution in Low Life", Goldsmith had condemned the destruction of a village within  of London in order to construct a fashionable landscape garden. Goldsmith reported that he had personally witnessed this scene in 1761. In the same year, Nuneham Courtenay was removed to make way for Nuneham Park. Its owner—Simon Harcourt, 1st Earl Harcourt—moved the village  away. There are a number of other concordances between Nuneham Courtenay's destruction and the contents of The Deserted Village. At Nuneham Courtenay, only an old woman was allowed to remain living in her house—Goldsmith's poem features an old woman who returns to the village, and she is depicted on the title page of the first edition. The position of both villages, on a hill near a river, was similar, and both had parsons who enjoyed gardening.

However, Robert Seitz has argued that while "The Revolution in Low Life" greatly strengthens the case for identifying the deserted village as English, Goldsmith saw in this unnamed village "only what he wished to see", using it to fit a set of political and social ideas which were "made up largely of elements absorbed in Ireland".

Analysis

Synopsis

The poem opens with a description of a village named Auburn, written in the past tense.

Sweet Auburn! loveliest village of the plain;
Where health and plenty cheered the labouring swain,
Where smiling spring its earliest visit paid,
And parting summer's lingering blooms delayed (lines 1–4).

The poem then moves on to describe the village in its current state, reporting that it has been abandoned by its residents with its buildings ruined.

Sunk are thy bowers in shapeless ruin all,
And the long grass o'ertops the mouldering wall;
And trembling, shrinking from the spoiler's hand,
Far, far away thy children leave the land
    Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
Where wealth accumulates, and men decay (lines 47–52)

After nostalgic descriptions of Auburn's parson, schoolmaster and alehouse, Goldsmith makes a direct attack on the usurpation of agricultural land by the wealthy:

... The man of wealth and pride
Takes up a space that many poor supplied;
Space for his lake, his park's extended bounds,
Space for his horses, equipage, and hounds:
The robe that wraps his limbs in silken sloth
Has robbed the neighbouring fields of half their growth (lines 275–300)

The poem later condemns the luxury and corruption of the city, and describes the fate of a country girl who moved there:

Where the poor houseless shivering female lies.
She once, perhaps, in village plenty blessed,
Has wept at tales of innocence distressed;
Her modest looks the cottage might adorn,
Sweet as the primrose peeps beneath the thorn:
Now lost to all; her friends, her virtue fled,
Near her betrayer's door she lays her head,
And, pinched with cold, and shrinking from the shower,
With heavy heart deplores that luckless hour,
When idly first, ambitious of the town,
She left her wheel and robes of country brown. (Lines 326–36)

Goldsmith then states that the residents of Auburn have not moved to the city, but have emigrated overseas. He describes these foreign lands as follows:

Far different there from all that charmed before
The various terrors of that horrid shore;
Those blazing suns that dart a downward ray,
And fiercely shed intolerable day (lines 345–8)

The poem mentions "wild Altama", perhaps a reference to the "Altamaha River" in Georgia, an American colony founded by James Oglethorpe to receive paupers and criminals from Britain. As the poem nears its end, Goldsmith gives a warning, before reporting that even Poetry herself has fled abroad:

Even now the devastation is begun,
And half the business of destruction done;
Even now, methinks, as pondering here I stand,
I see the rural virtues leave the land.
Down where yon anchoring vessel spreads the sail (lines 395–9)

The poem ends with the hope that Poetry can help those who have been exiled:

Still let thy voice, prevailing over time,
Redress the rigours of the inclement clime;
Aid slighted truth with thy persuasive strain,
Teach erring man to spurn the rage of gain;
Teach him, that states of native strength possest,
Tho' very poor, may still be very blest;
That trade's proud empire hastes to swift decay,
As ocean sweeps the labour'd mole away;
While self-dependent power can time defy,
As rocks resist the billows and the sky. (Lines 421–30)

Genre, prosody and influences
The poem has 430 lines, divided into heroic couplets. This form features an "AABBCC..." rhyme scheme, with ten-syllable lines written in iambic pentameter. It is an example of georgic and pastoral poetry. The poem is also an example of Augustan verse. In its use of a balanced account of Auburn in its inhabited and deserted states, and in its employment of an authorly persona within the poem, it conforms to contemporary neoclassical conventions.

Goldsmith was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and had read Latin poetry since childhood. He would, therefore, have been aware of the criticisms made by classical writers such as Juvenal and Pliny of the displacement of the rural poor by the rich. Furthermore, in the eighteenth century the decline of the Roman Empire was attributed to the growth of luxury and pride in Rome. Goldsmith, in emphasising the danger that England faced from its increase in wealth, was drawing an obvious parallel. Ricardo Quintana has argued that the poem takes Virgil's first Eclogue as its model.

Quintana has also highlighted the way that the poem presents a series of contrasts. In the early parts of the poem, old "Sweet Auburn" and the deserted village are contrasted. Later in the poem, Quintana argues, Goldsmith places nature and art, frugality and luxury, "national vigor and national corruption", and the country and the city, in opposition.

Social commentary

The Deserted Village condemns rural depopulation, the enclosure of common land, the creation of landscape gardens and the pursuit of excessive wealth. In Goldsmith's vision, wealth does not necessarily bring either prosperity or happiness. Indeed, it can be dangerous to the maintenance of British liberties and displaces traditional community. In making this argument, some have regarded Goldsmith not as a political radical, but as a socially-concerned "conservative". Indeed, his emphasis on the corrupting effects of luxury fit closely with discourses associated with Tory writers of the time.

Sebastian Mitchell has argued that Goldsmith employs "deliberately precise obscurity" in the poem, concealing the reason for the village's demise. While this may detract from the authority of Goldsmith's social critique, it also allows readers to project their own concerns onto the poem. Bell comments that while Goldsmith criticises enclosure in an indirect manner, he does not attribute Auburn's decline to it. However, Bell also argues that commerce is clearly the "arch-villain of the piece", and it is the riches that a small minority have accumulated from international trade that allow rural people to be displaced from their lands so that country estates can be created. Furthermore, Alfred Lutz has commented that Goldsmith's attacks on landscape gardening have a wider political significance, because enclosure's defenders sometimes compared enclosed fields to gardens.

Mitchell also argues that criticism which focuses solely on the poem's historical accuracy misses its wider commentary on late-eighteenth-century social issues, particularly the question of "urban estrangement".

Publication history

The poem was completed in 1769, and was first published in May 1770. Appearing in quarto format, five further editions were released in the same year.

It was published in eleven editions in the United States by the end of the century.

Illustrations and other artwork

The title page of the first edition featured an engraving by Isaac Taylor. The illustration depicts the old woman mentioned in the poem, standing in front of the deserted village. In the background a ship departs, presumably for America.

Thomas Bewick and his school also produced several depictions of scenes from The Deserted Village, some of which occurred as illustrations of published versions of the poem or Goldsmith's works. In 1794, Bewick produced woodcuts to illustrate a volume entitled The Poetical Works of Oliver Goldsmith. In the following year, Bewick and his brother John Bewick (1760-1795) again engraved illustrations for a volume entitled Poems by Goldsmith and Parnell. The magnitude of this project meant that Bewick enlisted several collaborators to produce the illustrations.

Bewick also depicted scenes from The Deserted Village which appeared in other places. An engraving of his edition of Fables of Aesop, published in 1818, features a scene depicting a quotation from the poem carved into a rock.

The painter Francis Wheatley submitted two paintings to the Royal Academy of Arts in 1800, both of which depicted scenes from The Deserted Village. The paintings were copied by an engraver, and appeared in an edition of Goldsmith's poetry published in the same year by F. J. du Roveray.

Critical reception

Eighteenth-century reception

Alfred Lutz has argued that the poem generated two different types of reception.  Firstly, some readers admired Goldsmith's economic and social arguments, or at least reflected upon them in their own writings. Political radicals, such as Thomas Spence and John Thelwall quoted The Deserted Village in their own works, as did a number of other writers. Secondly, readers and critics ignored the political content of the poem, focussing instead on Goldsmith's idyllic descriptions of Auburn. This second type of reading was the most common. Sebastian Mitchell states that some modern critics have seen the poem as appearing at a turning point in British culture, when public social and political opinions, and private emotional dispositions, diverged. With the publication of texts such as Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations (1776) shortly after The Deserted Village, political and economic discussion increasingly became the preserve not of poetry, but of a "scientific" version of political economy.

In the United States, a different reading occurred—while the English Auburn may have been deserted, the new world offered opportunities for the recreation of Goldsmith's idyll.

Early critics also questioned the validity of Goldsmith's argument about rural depopulation and decline. In 1770, for instance, Thomas Comber argued that the population of rural England was not decreasing, and that enclosure could increase farmers' demand for labourers. An early review in The Critical Review also defended the value of England's increase in wealth, and questioned whether rural depopulation had become an important problem. Modern economic historians have supported Comber's comments about depopulation. George Crabbe's poem The Village (1783) was written as a riposte to what its author saw as the excessive sentimentality of Goldsmith's verse. In his poem, Crabbe describes the hardships of the rural poor, in a way that Goldsmith did not. Furthermore, Crabbe's poem encourages the interpretation of Goldsmith's bucolic depiction of old "sweet Auburn" in The Deserted Village as being a representation of the status quo in 1770, rather than a depiction of an idealised past through which current moral decline can be highlighted. The Deserted Village is, in this interpretation, "depoliticised"—an act that was reinforced by nineteenth-century interpretations produced by Thomas Babington Macaulay and two of Goldsmith's biographers.

The poem also generated other responses in verse. While Crabbe emphasised the misery and poverty of rural life, Robert Bloomfield's The Farmer's Boy (1800) returned to the theme of the rural idyll, but without Goldsmith or Crabbe's political criticism. The Deserted Village was a major influence on Bloomfield, as was Alexander Pope's pastoral poetry.

Later reception

The poem's reception in the Victorian era was largely positive. The Irish playwright Edmund Falconer (c. 1814–1879) adapted the work to suit as opera libretto for the three-act opera of the same name (1880) by John William Glover (1815–1899).

Cultural references

The poem has influenced the production of several notable cultural works. In 1825, Goldsmith's great-nephew—also called Oliver Goldsmith—wrote a response to his relative's poem, entitled The Rising Village.

The first half of line 51 from the poem ("Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey") has provided a title to several books and films, including Carey McWilliams's Ill Fares the Land: Migrants and Migratory Labor in the United States (1942) and Ill Fares the Land (2010) by Tony Judt.

A single line from The Deserted Village is inscribed on the plinth of a statue of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in Saxon Dress. The marble original with plinth is in the Royal Collection, and a copy of the sculpture is in the National Portrait Gallery in London. The words on the plinth are "ALLURED TO BRIGHTER WORLDS, AND LED THE WAY".

In Ireland the village described in the poem is thought to be Glasson village, near Athlone. Signage around the village points out the association with Oliver Goldsmith. In American popular culture, and specifically that of Alabama, the poem's first line "Sweet Auburn, Loveliest village of the plain" is the basis for the term "Auburn Plainsman/Plainsmen" which is used to refer to an Auburn University student and is also the source for the name of the University student Newspaper, The Auburn Plainsman.  Mount Auburn Cemetery in Watertown and Cambridge, Massachusetts, is also named after the village in the poem.

On The Alan Parsons Project's 1984 album Ammonia Avenue, the title track contains the lyrics "And those who came at first to scoff, remained behind to pray, And those who came at first to scoff, remained behind to pray", derived (apparently) from Goldsmith's line "And fools, who came to scoff, remained to pray."

Notes and references

Notes

References

Books
 John A. Dussinger, 'Goldsmith, Oliver (1728?–1774)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.
 W. Roberts, F. Wheatley, R. A., his life and works (London: Otto Limited, 1910).
 Robin Taylor Gilbert, 'Taylor, Isaac (1730–1807)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.
 Jenny Uglow, Nature's Engraver: a Life of Thomas Bewick (London: Faber & Faber, 2006).

Articles

External links

 First edition on Archive.org
 The Poetical Works of Oliver Goldsmith, illustrated by T. Bewick, 1794

Works by Oliver Goldsmith
1770 poems
British poems

The Deserted Village


Stephen "Steph" Carpenter 3 Ağustos 1970 doğumlu, alternatif metal grubu Deftones'un kurucu ortağı ve gitaristi olarak bilinen Amerikalı bir müzisyendir.

Gitar tekniğinde, boşta çalınan teller ve ahenksiz akor çalımları meşhurdur. Ayrıca çoklu ritim içeren şarkılarda sıkça power-akorları kullanır. Carpenter, Deftones kariyerine geleneksel altı telli gitar çalarak başladı. Fear Factory ve Meshuggah gibi gruplardan etkilendikten sonra 1990'ların sonunda yedi telli gitar çalmaya başladı. Deftones'un üçüncü albümü White Pony'den sonra yedi telli gitara geçen Carpenter 2010 yılında yayımlanan Diamond Eyes ve 2012 yılında yayımlanan Koi No Yokan albümlerinde ise sekiz telli gitar kullandı.  Bu dönemde yazdığı şarkıları bu gitara göre düzenledi. 2020'den itibaren Ohms albümüyle birlikte de dokuz telli gitarlarla şarkılar yazmaya başladı. Carpenter, Guitar World'ün En Büyük 100 Metal Gitaristi anketinde 60. sırada yer almıştır.

Biyografi
Stephen Carpenter 3 Ağustos, 1970'de Kaliforniya, Scaramento'da, Amerikan bir baba ve Meksikan bir anne ile dünyaya gelmiştir. Marci adında bir kız kardeşi vardır. Testament grubunun vokalisti olan Chuck Billy'nin ilk kuzenidir. Scaramento civarlarında büyümüş ve kaykayda buna dahil olmak üzere birçok hobiye sahip olmuştur.

Carpenter 15 yaşında kaykay kayarken bir araba ona çarpmış ve bu nedenle de birkaç ay boyunca tekerlekli sandalye kullanmıştır. Tam bu zamanda kendine Anthrax, Stormtroopers of Death ve Metallica gibi grupların şarkılarıyla kendi başına gitar çalmayı öğrenmeye başladı. Söylentilere göre Carpenter'a çarpan arabanın sürücüsü ona bir miktar para ödemiş ve gruptaki birçok ekipmanı bu sayede almışlardır, grubun bateristi olan Abe Cunningham bir röportajda "Grubumuzun nasıl başladığına dair bir mit." demişti.

Carpenter gelecekteki grup arkadaşları olacak olan Chino Moreno ve Abe Cunningham ile C. K. McClatchy High School adlı Kaliforniya, Scaramento'da yer alan bir lise de okumuşlardır. Stephen, Abe ve Chino çocukluktan arkadaşlardır. Chino, Stephen'ın gitar çaldığını öğrendiğinde Abe ile birlikte üçü doğaçlama bir şekilde çalmayı denemişlerdir, daha sonrasındaysa tahminen 1989' yılında bu üçlü sürekli olarak Stephen'ın garajında çalmaya başlamışlardır. Birkaç farklı basçı ile çaldıktan sonra grup olarak Chi Cheng ile çalma fikrinde uzlaşmışlardır ve iki yıl içerisinde grup, başta klüp gösterilerinde ve daha sonra çaldıkları yerleri Korn gibi grupların yanı sıra San Francisco ve Los Angeles olarak genişletmişlerdir.

Amerikalı erkek gitaristler
1973 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Alternatif metal müzisyenleri
İspanyol ve Latin Amerikalı müzisyenler

Stephen Carpenter