Jerilderie  is a small, rural town in the southern Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the Murrumbidgee Local Government Area. At the , Jerilderie had a population of 922 people.

It can be found along the Newell Highway  south-west of Sydney and  north of the Victorian state border. Jerilderie's postcode is 2716. This is also where Ned Kelly and his Gang robbed the 'Jerilderie Bank'.

Overview
Jerilderie is an irrigated farming centre. The area around Jerilderie produces a quarter of all tomatoes grown in Australia, as well as being a prime Merino stud region. Additionally, Jerilderie has a diverse number of crops such as rice, wheat, canola, mung and soybeans, onions, liquorice, grapes and a number of cattle farms.

The town has two primary schools, Jerilderie Public School and Jerilderie Catholic School, an 18-hole golf course, three pubs, and a hospital which was the first in regional Australia to operate with solar power. This hospital has now been rebuilt as a multi purpose medical centre that incorporates an emergency room, aged care beds and a palliative care bed.

The town has an Australian rules football team competing in the Picola & District Football League.

Steel Wings Windmill

Jerilderie  has rare windmills of unusual design. Both are situated on National Route 39, which provides a straight run from Victoria to the Queensland tropical coast.

The windmill was produced by the Steel Wings Company, in North Sydney between 1907 and 1911 with only six models ever erected. The windmills comprise a steel frame and fan which turns to the wind between a bearing at the bottom and a swivel at the top, all supported by guy-wires. One is also located in the Shire of Taroom in the central Queensland highlands.The fully restored windmills, the only two known working examples in the world, are unique because their fan is contained and spins within the fully pivoting frame.

The Jerilderie Steel Wings windmill, built in 1910, was transported by rail from Sydney and then taken by bullock wagon to Goolgumbula Station for Sir Samuel McCaughey. It provided water to the stations homestead, ram sheds and dams along a  channel system. The mill suffered storm damage in 1977, was offered to the town as a historical exhibit and placed in Luke Park which was named after Thomas Raymond Luke (1908 - 1979) who was one of the main 'stirrers' for the construction of the lake. Shortly after the lake was completed 'Tommy' Luke died while water-skiing on the lake he had been so instrumental in creating. (Since the 1960s locals had been skiing on the creek nearby and for years had wanted a more suitable facility.) A secondary use for the lake was to hold excess water from the Billabong Creek which flooded annually.

In 1989, members of Lions, Apex and the then Jerilderie Shire Council repaired and refurbished the windmill with two people, Clive Langfield and George Cornish (now dec.) spending some 600 hours to bring it to its present working condition, pumping  per revolution from the Billabong Creek to the Jerilderie Lake using a  draw plunger with a  stroke. The Jerilderie windmill, the larger of the two stands  high with a  fan.

Notable people

Ned Kelly

Jerilderie was visited by Ned Kelly and his gang in 1879. The outlaws captured the town's two policemen and imprisoned them in their own cell before dressing in the police uniforms. They then told the locals that they were reinforcements from Sydney sent to protect them from the notorious Kelly Gang.

Later the gang held up the local Bank. More than two thousand pounds were stolen before Kelly and his gang walked to the Telegraph Office and chopped down the telegraph poles. He and his gang held 30 people hostage overnight in the Royal Mail Hotel where Ned Kelly wrote the famous Jerilderie Letter which documents Kelly's passionate pleas of innocence and desires for justice for both his family and the poor Irish settlers of Victoria's north-east. It has also been described as the Ned Kelly 'manifesto' and remains the only source providing a direct link between the Kelly Gang and the actions they are accused of.

The current Jerilderie Police Station features no less than 19 structural components mimicking Ned Kelly's distinctive face plate. Some examples include walls made of differently toned bricks making up his image to storm drains with holes cut in the same pattern.

Sir John Monash
Jerilderie is the childhood home of Sir John Monash honoured military commander whose image adorns the Australian one hundred dollar note. He attended and achieved dux at Jerilderie Public School and his name can be seen on the wall in the head office of Jerilderie Public on the official record. The John Monash Memorial Drive in memory of the man in just outside the town on the road to Finley.

Lord Loudoun
Medieval scholar, Dr Michael Jones, claims Queen Elizabeth's claim to the throne is illegitimate because King Edward IV, who reigned from 1461 to 1483, was not of royal blood; he was the illegitimate son of a French archer. Dr Jones concluded that, tracing the correct path, The 14th Earl of Loudoun (usually known simply as Michael Hastings; 1942-2012), who migrated to Jerilderie in the 1960s, was the true King of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth.

Billy Brownless
Jerilderie is also the childhood home of former AFL Geelong player Billy Brownless. He is a panelist on The Sunday Footy Show, and is a regular panelist on The Footy Show. He was previously a co-host on the program Morning Glory on radio station SEN 1116, and now he co-hosts The Rush Hour with fellow Footy Show host James Brayshaw a high rating drive program, on radio station Triple M in Melbourne.

History

Prior to European settlement, the Jerilderie region was inhabited by the Jeithi Aborigines, and the name 'Jerilderie' is thought to derive from their word for 'reedy place'.

The Jerilderie district originated with the gazettal of the final licences to landholders in the 1870s. Before this time annual licences were issued. The pioneers of that time established cattle stations and it was not until the 1860s that sheep were found better suited to the area.

The birth of the town of Jerilderie itself is traced to the establishment of a house and store by John Carractacus Powell in 1854. He was apparently encouraged and assisted by the Kennedy Family to establish his home and business in what is known today as Powell Street, Jerilderie. The Kennedy family were the pioneers who first took up the property known as Mary's Creek Run, the station which surrounded the site of the town of Jerilderie. After John Powell first built, in 1859 William Davidson arrived in Jerilderie and he chose the site of the official village to settle on, being the "Cape" region. He had evidently noted the survey of 1852. William Davidson then constructed a brick kiln, the bricks from which he erected a house, hotel and blacksmith shop.

Thus Jerilderie had two establishments, about three kilometres apart, and the business rivalry was keen in each endeavour to capture trade from the travelling public.

Whilst the rivalry continued between Powell and Davidson, a Mr Cadell settled at a site opposite the existing Police Station and erected a store to compete with Powell and Davidson.

The Post Office opened on 1 October 1862 but was spelt Jereelderie until 1890.

No other development occurred for some years, but following an application from Mr Powell in 1863 a surveyor was instructed to survey and report on the Jerilderie Village site. As a consequence of this report the Village of Jerilderie and suburban boundaries were Gazetted on 14 March 1865. The village contained an area of , bounded generally by West, Coonong, East and Jerilderie Streets.

With the continual growth of the town and the development of the sheep and wool industry over the years, there became the need for control and development of local facilities and services such as roads, bridges, water supply, etc. Hence in 1889 the area was introduced to official Local Government with the proclamation of the Jerilderie Municipal Council. The Municipality was originally formed in 1885 from previously formed Progress Association but did not gain official recognition and charter until 1889.

Whilst the town had its Local Government authority, the landholders outside the Municipality found the need to work for the establishment of a Shire Council, and as a result of this need the Wunnamurra Shire Council was realised in 1906.

Both the Jerilderie Municipality and the Wunnamurra Shire continued on their works for the following years up to 1918 when the Shire of Jerilderie was formed from the union of the two Councils. In 2016, the Jerilderie Shire was dissolved to form part of the new Murrumbidgee Council.

Heritage listings
Jerilderie has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 Nowranie Street: Jerilderie railway station

Rail
The Tocumwal railway line is a closed railway line that linked Jerilderie to Narrandera in the north and Tocumwal to the south. The line commenced at Narrandera station and then headed south west to Tocumwal station where there was a break-of-gauge with the Victorian Railways Goulburn Valley line from Shepparton. The line was opened to Jerilderie in 1884, extended to Berrigan in 1896, Finley in 1898 and Tocumwal in 1914.  The line was closed south of Jerilderie in 1986 and to the north in 1988.

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 1,029 people in Jerilderie, 76.4% of people were born in Australia and 82.3% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 34.1%, Anglican 17.4% and No Religion 15.7%.

See also
 Jerilderie Football Club
 Jerilderie Herald and Urana Advertiser

References

External links

Towns in the Riverina
Towns in New South Wales
Newell Highway
Murrumbidgee Council

Jerilderie


Viktor Korošec (* 7. Dezember 1899 in Kranj, Österreich-Ungarn; † 16. November 1985 in Ljubljana, SFR Jugoslawien) war ein jugoslawischer Rechtshistoriker.

Korošec studierte ab 1918 zunächst katholische Theologie in Ljubljana, dann Rechtswissenschaft in Ljubljana und München. Nach seinem juristischen Examen 1924 wurde er Sekretär der juristischen Fakultät der Universität Ljubljana. Von 1924 bis 1926 studierte er mit einem Stipendium Rechtsgeschichte bei Paul Koschaker in Leipzig. 1926 wurde er in Ljubljana zum Dr. jur. promoviert. Nach seiner Habilitation 1927 wurde er Dozent an der juristischen Fakultät der Universität Ljubljana. 1928/29 verbrachte er erneut in Leipzig, um dort altorientalische Sprachen zu studieren und sich mit Keilschriftrecht zu beschäftigen. 1930 wurde er außerordentlicher Professor, 1935 ordentlicher Professor für Römisches Recht an der Universität Ljubljana. Daneben lehrte er an der philosophischen Fakultät orientalische Sprachen und Geschichte.

Korošec zählte zu den wichtigsten Keilschriftrechtlern seiner Zeit, so schrieb er etwa den Artikel "Keilschriftrecht" für das Handbuch der Orientalistik, insbesondere beschäftigte er sich mit dem hethitischen Recht. Er war der bekannteste slowenische Romanist des 20. Jahrhunderts und schrieb den grundlegenden Überblick über das römische Recht in slowenischer Sprache.

Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl)
 Die Erbenhaftung nach römischem Recht (Leipziger rechtswissenschaftliche Studien 29), Leipzig 1927 (= Habilitationsschrift)
 Hethitische Staatsverträge. Ein Beitrag zu ihrer juristischen Wertung (Leipziger rechtswissenschaftliche Studien 60), Leipzig 1931
 Keilschriftrecht. In: Orientalisches Recht, Handbuch der Orientalistik 1. Abteilung Ergänzungs-Band 3. Brill, Leiden 1964, S. 49–219
Rimsko pravo
1. del: Splošni del, osebno, stvarno in obligacijsko pravo, Ljubljana 1967
 2. del: Rodbinsko, dedno in civilno pravdno pravo, Ljubljana 1969

Literatur
 Janez Kranjc: Viktor Korošec (1899–1985) . In: Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Romanistische Abteilung 104, 1987, S. 908–913 (mit Verzeichnis seiner Schriften zum Keilschriftrecht)
 Janez Kranjc: Die romanistische Forschung in Slowenien. In: Annals of the Faculty of Law in Belgrade 58, 3, 2010, S. 108–120, bes. S. 117 f. (Volltext; PDF; 139 kB)

Weblinks
 Slovenski Biografski Leksikon 1925-1991

Rechtshistoriker (Römisches Recht)
Keilschriftrechtler
Rechtshistoriker (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Ljubljana)
Mitglied der Slowenischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und Künste
Absolvent der Universität Ljubljana
Person (Cisleithanien)
Jugoslawe
Geboren 1899
Gestorben 1985
Mann

Viktor Korošec


An Phalaenopsis amphitrite in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni O'brien. An Phalaenopsis amphitrite in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phalaenopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Philippines. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Phalaenopsis

Phalaenopsis amphitrite


Aderus lemoulti é uma espécie de inseto besouro da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por Maurice Pic em 1909.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita na Guiana Francesa.

Referências

lemoulti
Insetos descritos em 1909
Espécies descritas por Maurice Pic

Aderus lemoulti


Sabater ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Aleix Tobías Sabater (* 1976), spanischer Musiker
 Jimmy Sabater (1936–2012), US-amerikanischer Latin Jazz-Musiker und Songwriter
 Josep Sabater i Sust (1882–1969), katalanischer Dirigent und klassischer Pianist
 Rosa Sabater i Parera (1929–1983), katalanische Pianistin und Musikpädagogin

Sabater


A ricochet ( ; ) is a rebound, bounce, or skip off a surface, particularly in the case of a projectile. Most ricochets are caused by accident and while the force of the deflection decelerates the projectile, it can still be energetic and almost as dangerous as before the deflection. The possibility of ricochet is one of the reasons for the common firearms safety rule  "Never shoot a bullet at a flat, hard surface." Ricochets can occur with any caliber, but short or round ricocheting bullets may not produce the audible whine caused by tumbling irregular shapes. Ricochets are a hazard of shooting because, for as long as they retain sufficient velocity, ricocheting bullets or bullet fragments may cause collateral damage to animals, objects, or even the person who fired the shot.

Variables
Ricochets occur when a bullet or bullet fragment is deflected by an object rather than penetrating and becoming embedded in that object. Ricochet behavior may vary with bullet shape, bullet material, spin, velocity (and distance), target material and the angle of incidence.

Velocity
High-velocity rifle cartridges have higher probability of bullet penetration, because increased energy released by an identical bullet may fracture or temporarily melt the target at the point of impact. Alternatively, the same energy release may melt and/or disintegrate the bullet to reduce size and range of deflected particles. Ricochets are more likely with handgun cartridges and low velocity rifle cartridges such as .22 Long Rifle. Buckshot and shotgun slugs have similarly high ricochet probability, but ricochet range of smaller shot is lower than intact rifle or handgun bullet ricochets.

Bullet
Sectional density, or mass of the bullet divided by the frontal area of the bullet, increases penetration of resistant surfaces. Elongated, spin-stabilized bullets fired from rifled firearms have greater sectional density than spherical bullets of the same diameter made from the same material; and elongated rifle cartridge bullets have greater sectional density than short bullets of the same diameter handgun cartridges. Bullet velocity is reduced by as much as 35% by each ricochet deflection, and velocity is further reduced by air resistance as cohesive bullet fragments often produce an audible whine tumbling after losing stability.

Target material
Comparative hardness and density determine the results of collisions with bullets. Bullets tend to penetrate low density materials like air with little deflection, although friction causes rotated projectiles to drift in the direction of rifling twist as the bullet falls through the atmosphere under the influence of gravity. Ricochets may be similarly deflected in the direction of rotation of the side of a spin-stabilized bullet contacting a resistant surface. Dense objects tend to prevail in collisions with less dense objects; so dense bullets tend to penetrate less dense materials, and dense materials tend to deflect light bullets. Resistance to penetration can be evaluated as the sectional density of the target material along the axis of bullet movement in front of the bullet. Metallic foil will be more easily penetrated than metal ingots, and sectional density of sheet metal increases as orientation of the sheet diverges from perpendicular to, toward parallel with, the bullet path. Bullets are more likely to ricochet off flat, hard surfaces such as concrete, rock or steel, but a ricochet can occur from irregular surfaces within heterogeneous materials including soil and vegetation. Uniformly soft, flexible materials like sand have a lower incidence of ricochet. Though it may not be intuitive, bullets easily ricochet off water; compare stone skipping.

Angle
The angle of departure, both vertically and horizontally, is difficult to calculate or predict due to the many variables involved, not the least of which is the deformation of the bullet caused by its impact with the surface it strikes. Probability of ricochet is highest from surfaces approximately parallel to the axis of bullet movement, and grazing ricochets typically depart the surface at a smaller angle than the angle of incidence (or approach). Probability of bullet penetration increases as the axis of bullet movement becomes perpendicular to the target surface; but penetration may create a depression or crater within which the bullet may ricochet more than once, possibly following the arc of the crater floor to depart the crater at a greater angle from the original surface than the angle of incidence. In an extreme case, a strong, cohesive bullet striking a nearly perpendicular elastic surface may ricochet directly back at the shooter. This situation is sometimes observed when hardened armor-piercing bullet cores fail to completely penetrate steel plate. The United States Army noted increased ricochet range after adopting the M855A1 green bullet with a larger steel core than the M855 bullet it replaced. Buckshot and subsonic bullets may be similarly reflected from rubber vehicle tires.

Consequences

Not all ricochets are accidental. Some bullets are fired to intentionally ricochet, just as in ricochets of some ball games like basketball and pool. Bullet traps at indoor shooting ranges often include durable steel plates to deflect bullets downward into a material intended to stop and capture the bullets. Cannonballs were often fired to strike the ground or water in front of their target in anticipation of ricochets which would keep the projectile at an effective distance above the ground or water surface through massed troops or ships.

The behavior of iron cannonballs documented during the era of muzzle-loading cannon may be a useful approximation for a BB gun or steel pellets fired from a shotgun, but inelastic collisions between the various shapes and materials of high-velocity bullets and the objects they may strike make bullet ricochets less predictable than the intuitive symmetry of low-velocity game spheres.

The problem with unintentional ricochets is potential damage caused to objects outside the intended path of the bullet. A responsible shooter anticipates potential bullet interactions within a cone of space around the aim point. The shooter is at the apex of the cone, and the cone is symmetrical around the intended bullet path. The angle of that cone may initially be defined by the accuracy of the firearm and the skill of the shooter; but any ricochet potential within the cone becomes the apex of a ricochet cone with a broader angle. The ground surface is a frequent source of ricochets. A bullet may be deflected more than once before it comes to rest.

Damage potential of ricochets, like bullets, is proportional to the mass of the bullet fragment and the square of its velocity. Ricochet velocity is always lower than collision velocity, but may be close to collision velocity for small angles of deflection. Ricochet mass may be similarly close to original bullet mass for full metal jacket bullets or green bullets replacing soft lead with solid copper or a steel core. Frangible bullets or lead core varmint hunting bullets are more susceptible to collision damage, and produce smaller ricochet fragments. Lower initial mass gives small fragment ricochets less damage potential, and distance of travel is reduced by more rapid loss of velocity from air resistance. Reduced ricochet range is one of the reasons the newer .17 HMR round with its frangible bullet has gained popularity against the older non-fragmenting .22 WMR.

Ricochets can be lethal. A notable death caused by ricochet was the hostage Katrina Dawson during the Lindt cafe siege in December 2014, killed by a ricochet from a police bullet when tactical officers stormed the building.

See also
 Ballistics
 Gun safety
 Ricochet firing

References

Further reading
 Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Bouncing Bullets," FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Vol. 38, Oct. 1969, pp. 1–9.
 Garrison, D.H., "Crown & Bank: Road Structure as it Affects Bullet Path Angles in Vehicle Shootings," AFTE Journal, Vol 30, No. 1, Winter 1998, pp. 89–93.
 Gold, R.E. and Schecter, B., "Ricochet Dynamics for the Nine-Millimetre Parabellum Bullet," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 37, No. 1, Jan. 1992, pp. 90–98.
 Haag, L.C., "Bullet Ricochet: An Imperical [sic] Study and a Device for Measuring Ricochet Angle," AFTE Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3, Dec. 1975, pp. 44–51.
 Hartline, P., Abraham, G. and Rowe, W.F., "A Study of Shotgun Ricochet from Steel Surfaces," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 3, July 1982, pp. 506–512.
 Jordan, G.E., Bratton, D.D., Donahue, H.C.H. and Rowe, W.F., "Bullet Ricochet from Gypsum Wallboard," Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol. 33, No. 6, Nov. 1988, pp. 1477–1482.
 McConnell, M.P., Triplett, G.M. and Rowe, W.F., "A Study of Shotgun Pellet Ricochet," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 26, No. 4, Oct. 1981, pp. 699–709.
 Rathman, G.A., "Bullet Ricochet and Associated Phenomena," AFTE Journal, Vol. 19, No. 4, Oct. 1987, pp. 374–381.

External links
 "Ricochet Off Glass" at National Crime Investigation and Training web site
 .50 Cal Ricochet onto Shooter's Ear Muffs – YouTube

Ballistics

Ricochet


Sorry! ist ein Brett- und Kartenspiel. Es basiert, genau wie Mensch ärgere dich nicht, auf dem traditionellen indischen Spiel Pachisi, wird jedoch mit Spielkarten statt mit Würfeln gespielt und ähnelt darin dem Spiel Tock.

Die Spieler versuchen wie bei anderen Pachisi-Abkömmlingen, schneller als ihre Gegner mit ihren Pöppeln um das Spielfeld in ihr Zielfeld zu kommen. Herausgegeben von Parker Brothers ist Sorry! für zwei bis vier Spieler ab sechs Jahren konzipiert. Der Name "Sorry!" kommt von der "Sorry!"-Karte, mit der ein Spieler einem seiner Gegner das Vorwärtskommen stark erschweren kann.

Karten
Das moderne Kartendeck von Sorry! enthält 45 Karten: fünf 1 und je vier von 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, und vier Sorry!-Karten. Es gibt keine 6er und 9er, um Verwechslungen zu vermeiden. In der ersten Edition hatte das Deck 44 Karten (je vier).

Weblinks

Brettspiel
Pachisi-Variante
Kartenspiel mit speziellem Blatt

Sorry!


كي تورنت هو برنامج عميل بروتوكول بت تورنت لمشاركة الملفات بطريقة الند للند مفتوح المصدر.

مميزات وخواص

 إرسال وتنزيل ملفات البت تورنت.
 دعم مغذيات RSS.
 محرك بحث بت تورنت.
 إضافة لمتصفح الويب.
 IPv6.
 التعديل اليدوي لتراكر التورنت.
 تنظيم قائمة الإرسال والتنزيل.
 دعم تراكرات UDP.
 ماسح للكشف عن ملفات تورنت.
 نقل فردي لملفات التورنت.
 إضافة القائمة السوداء لأرقام آي بي.
 بروتوكول التشفير.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 موقع كي تورنت الرسمي.
 موقع كدي الرسمي.

برمجيات تورنت حرة
برمجيات تورنت للنكس
تطبيقات كدي
كدي

كي تورنت


Volovod (lat. Orobanche), rod jednogodišnjeg raslinja i trajnica iz porodice volovotkovki (Orobanchaceae). Ovom rodu koji je porodici dao svoje ime pripada 180 vrsta, a poznat je i kao kravovod, bobova kuga, dragoljub i vučica.

Biljke ovog roda nemaju klorofila ni zelenih dijelova, ni prave listove, nego parazitiraju n a drugom bilju. Stoka je rado pase, pa se vjeruje i da povećava masnoću mlijeka. U Hrvatskoj raste oko 30 vrsta., jedna od njih je bijeli volovod.

Vrste

 Orobanche aconiti-lycoctoni Moreno Mor., G.Gómez, Ó.Sánchez, Carlón & M.Laínz
 Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.
 Orobanche alba Stephan ex Willd., bijeli volovod
 Orobanche alsatica Kirschl.
 Orobanche amethystea Thuill.
 Orobanche amoena C.A.Mey.
 Orobanche anatolica Boiss. & Reut.
 Orobanche androssovii Novopokr.
 Orobanche angustelaciniata Gilli
 Orobanche apuana Domina & Soldano
 Orobanche arenaria Borkh.
 Orobanche arizonica L.T.Collins
 Orobanche armena Tzvelev
 Orobanche arpica Piwow., Ó.Sánchez & Moreno Mor.
 Orobanche artemisiae-campestris Vaucher ex Gaudin,  lepezasti volovod
 Orobanche astragali Mouterde
 Orobanche auranitica Mouterde
 Orobanche australiana F.Muell.
 Orobanche australis Moris ex Bertol.
 Orobanche ballii (Maire) Domina
 Orobanche ballotae A.Pujadas
 Orobanche balsensis (J.A.Guim.) Carlón, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor. & Ó.Sánchez
 Orobanche bartlingii Griseb.
 Orobanche baumanniorum Greuter
 Orobanche benkertii Rätzel & Uhlich
 Orobanche boninsimae (Maxim.) Tuyama
 Orobanche borissovae Novopokr.
 Orobanche brachypoda Novopokr.
 Orobanche brassicae (Novopokr.) Novopokr.
 Orobanche bulbosa Beck
 Orobanche caesia Rchb.
 Orobanche calendulae Pomel
 Orobanche californica Cham. & Schltdl.
 Orobanche camphorosmae (Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew.) A.Pujadas & Triano
 Orobanche camptolepis Boiss. & Reut.
 Orobanche canescens C.Presl
 Orobanche caryophyllacea Sm., obični volovod
 Orobanche cathae Deflers
 Orobanche caucasica Beck
 Orobanche centaurina Bertol.
 Orobanche cernua Loefl.
 Orobanche chilensis (Phil.) Beck
 Orobanche chironii Lojac.
 Orobanche chrysacanthi Maire
 Orobanche cistanchoides Beck
 Orobanche clarkei Hook.f.
 Orobanche clausonis Pomel
 Orobanche coelestis (Reut.) Boiss. & Reut. ex Beck
 Orobanche coerulescens Stephan ex Willd.
 Orobanche cohenii Domina & Danin
 Orobanche connata K.Koch
 Orobanche cooperi (A.Gray) A.Heller
 Orobanche corymbosa (Rydb.) Ferris
 Orobanche crenata Forssk., zvonasti volovod, narovašeni volovod
 Orobanche cumana Wallr.
 Orobanche cypria Reut. ex Kotschy
 Orobanche cyrenaica Beck ex E.A.Durand & Barratte
 Orobanche cyrnea Jeanm., Habashi & Manen
 Orobanche dalmatica (Beck) Tzvelev
 Orobanche daninii Domina & Raimondo
 Orobanche densiflora Salzm. ex Bertol.
 Orobanche denudata Moris
 Orobanche dhofarensis M.J.Y.Foley
 Orobanche ducellieri Maire
 Orobanche dugesii (S.Watson) Munz
 Orobanche ebuli Huter & Rigo
 Orobanche elatior Sutton
 Orobanche eriophora Bornm. & Gauba
 Orobanche esulae Pančić
 Orobanche fasciculata Nutt.
 Orobanche flava Mart. ex F.W.Schultz
 Orobanche foetida Poir.
 Orobanche fuscovinosa Maire
 Orobanche gamosepala Reut.
 Orobanche georgii-reuteri (Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew.) A.Pujadas
 Orobanche glabricaulis Tzvelev
 Orobanche gracilis Sm., nježni volovod
 Orobanche gratiosa (Webb & Berthel.) Linding.
 Orobanche grenieri F.W.Schultz
 Orobanche grisebachii Reut.
 Orobanche grossheimii Novopokr.
 Orobanche gussoneana (Lojac.) ined.
 Orobanche haenseleri Reut.
 Orobanche hansii A.Kern.
 Orobanche hederae Duby, bršljanov volovod
 Orobanche hirtiflora (Reut.) Burkill
 Orobanche humbertii Maire
 Orobanche hymenocalyx Reut.
 Orobanche hypertomentosa M.J.Y.Foley
 Orobanche iammonensis A.Pujadas & P.Fraga
 Orobanche iberica (Beck) Tzvelev
 Orobanche inexspectata (Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew.) Domina, Greuter, P.Marino & P.Schäf.
 Orobanche ingens (Beck) Tzvelev
 Orobanche inulae Novopokr. & Abramov
 Orobanche javakhetica Piwow., Ó.Sánchez & Moreno Mor.
 Orobanche kashmirica C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f.
 Orobanche kelleri Novopokr.
 Orobanche kotschyi Reut.
 Orobanche krylowii Beck
 Orobanche kurdica Boiss. & Hausskn.
 Orobanche lainzii (Gómez Nav., Roselló, Peris, A.Valdés & Sanchis) Triano & A.Pujadas
 Orobanche laserpitii-sileris Reut. ex Jord., gladački volovod
 Orobanche latisquama (F.W.Schultz) Batt.
 Orobanche lavandulacea Rchb.
 Orobanche laxissima Uhlich & Rätzel
 Orobanche leptantha Pomel
 Orobanche libanotica (Schweinf. ex Boiss.) Dinsm.
 Orobanche litorea Guss.
 Orobanche longibracteata Schiman-Czeika
 Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt.
 Orobanche lutea Baumg., žuti volovod
 Orobanche lycoctoni Rhiner
 Orobanche megalantha Harry Sm.
 Orobanche minor Sm., bradati volovod
 Orobanche mlokosiewiczii Piwow., Ó.Sánchez & Moreno Mor.
 Orobanche montserratii A.Pujadas & D.Gómez
 Orobanche multiflora Nutt.
 Orobanche mupinensis Hu
 Orobanche muteliformis M.J.Y.Foley
 Orobanche mutelii F.W.Schultz
 Orobanche nana Noë ex Rchb.
 Orobanche nowackiana Markgr.
 Orobanche olbiensis (Coss.) Nyman
 Orobanche ombrochares Hance
 Orobanche orientalis Beck
 Orobanche owerinii (Beck) Beck
 Orobanche oxyloba (Reut.) Beck
 Orobanche palaestina Reut.
 Orobanche pancicii Beck
 Orobanche parishii (Jeps.) Heckard
 Orobanche penduliflora Gilli
 Orobanche perangustata M.J.Y.Foley
 Orobanche picridis F.W.Schultz,  braškasti volovod
 Orobanche pinorum Geyer ex Hook.
 Orobanche portoilicitana A.Pujadas & M.B.Crespo
 Orobanche pubescens d'Urv.
 Orobanche purpurea Jacq.
 Orobanche pycnostachya Hance
 Orobanche ramosa L., razgranjeni volovod, mrtva konoplja
 Orobanche rapum-genistae Thuill.
 Orobanche rechingeri Gilli
 Orobanche resedarum (Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew.) A.Pujadas & Triano
 Orobanche reticulata Wallr.
 Orobanche reuteriana (Rchb.f.) M.B.Crespo & A.Pujadas
 Orobanche rigens Loisel.
 Orobanche riparia L.T.Collins
 Orobanche robbinsii Heckard ex Colwell & Yatsk.
 Orobanche rosmarina Welw. ex Beck
 Orobanche rubi Vaucher ex Duby
 Orobanche salviae F.W.Schultz ex W.D.J.Koch
 Orobanche sanguinea C.Presl
 Orobanche santolinae Loscos & J.Pardo
 Orobanche schelkovnikovii Tzvelev
 Orobanche schultzii Mutel
 Orobanche schweinfurthii Beck
 Orobanche septemloba (Beck) Tzvelev
 Orobanche sinensis Harry Sm.
 Orobanche singarensis Beck
 Orobanche sintenisii Beck
 Orobanche solenanthi Novopokr. & Pissjauk.
 Orobanche sordida C.A.Mey.
 Orobanche spectabilis Reut.
 Orobanche staehelinae D.Pav., Michaud, Véla & J.-M.Tison
 Orobanche stocksii Boiss.
 Orobanche tacnaensis Mattf.
 Orobanche tarapacana Phil.
 Orobanche tetuanensis Ball
 Orobanche teucrii Holandre, dubačac volovod
 Orobanche thapsoides Lojac.
 Orobanche transcaucasica Tzvelev
 Orobanche tricholoba (Reut.) Domina
 Orobanche turcica G.Zare & Dönmez
 Orobanche uniflora L.
 Orobanche valida Jeps.
 Orobanche vallicola (Jeps.) Heckard
 Orobanche variegata Wallr.
 Orobanche weberbaueri Mattf.
 Orobanche yuennanensis (Beck) Hand.-Mazz.
 Orobanche zajaciorum Piwow.
 Orobanche zosimii (M.J.Y.Foley) Domina

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Volovotkovke

Volovod


Miska Ylitolva né le  à Espoo en Finlande, est un footballeur international finlandais. Il évolue actuellement au poste d'arrière droit au HJK Helsinki.

Biographie

En club
Né à Espoo en Finlande, Miska Ylitolva et sa famille déménagent à Rovaniemi alors qu'il n'a que neuf ans. Il commence le football dans le club local du  avant de rejoindre le RoPS Rovaniemi où il poursuit sa formation et commence sa carrière. Il joue son premier match en professionnel le , à l'occasion d'une rencontre de coupe de Finlande contre le FF Jaro. Il entre en jeu lors de cette rencontre remportée par son équipe sur le score de deux buts à un.

Le , Miska Ylitolva rejoint le HJK Helsinki.

En équipe nationale
Miska Ylitolva est convoqué pour la première fois avec l'équipe nationale de Finlande en . Cette convocation surprise par le sélectionneur Markku Kanerva est notamment due à un manque de joueurs fiables sur le côté droit de la défense de la Finlande. Ylitolva honore sa première sélection en étant titularisé le  contre l'Islande (1-1 score final). Avec cette apparition il devient le deuxième plus jeune joueur de l'histoire à porter le maillot de la sélection de Finlande, derrière Pasi Rautiainen.

Références

Liens externes

Footballeur international finlandais
Joueur du RoPS
Joueur du HJK Helsinki
Naissance en mai 2004
Naissance à Espoo

Miska Ylitolva


Asturias de Laredo es una de las denominaciones históricas que recibió el territorio costero del extremo oriental de Cantabria durante la Edad Media, limitando al norte con el mar Cantábrico, al oeste con las Asturias de Trasmiera y al este y sur con la provincia de Vizcaya. El término se aplica en tiempos de García Sánchez III de Pamplona y antes, en que las Asturias de Laredo constituían siete merindades nobles de Castilla la Vieja y poseía el castillo de Cueto.

Véase también
 Laredo
 Bastón de Laredo

Referencias

Laredo (Cantabria)
Intendencia de Burgos en 1785
Historia medieval de Cantabria

Asturias de Laredo


Zagrebačka nogometna zona za sezonu 1985./86. je predstavljala ligu petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bio "Chromos" iz Zagreba.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Regionalna liga ZO Zagreb 1985./86.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 nk-maksimir.hr, Zagrebačka zona (5. stupanj natjecanja) - Sezona.1985./86. , pristupljeno 22. prosinca 2018.

1985-86 zona
Zagreb-zona
1985-86 Zagreb-zona

Zagrebačka nogometna zona 1985./86.


Ulla Wiesner (nacida el 12 de diciembre de 1940, en Múnich) es una cantante Alemana.

Carrera
Ulla Wiesner se desempeñó como cantante desde 1963 hasta 2002. En 1965, ella representó a Alemania en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión, con la canción "Paradies, wo bist du?" (paraíso, ¿donde estás?). La canción terminó en la última posición con 0 puntos, junto con Bélgica, España y Finlandia.

Desde aquel entonces, ella grabó una serie de importantes sencillos, tales como "Abends kommen die Sterne" (Por la tarde las estrellas salen), "My Darling", "My Love" y "Charade".

Ulla Wiesner se casó con el director de televisión Alemán, Alexander Arnz (nacido 1932 y fallecido en 2004) en 1999.

Referencias

Cantantes femeninas de Alemania
Participantes en Eurovisión 1965
Nacidos en Múnich

Ulla Wiesner


An Erycina zamorensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Dodson, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Norris Hagan Williams och Mark W. Chase. An Erycina zamorensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Erycina, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Erycina (Orchidaceae)

Erycina zamorensis


Die Europäische Schule Bergen (auch Europese School Bergen, ESB oder Schola Europaea Bergensis) ist eine der 13 Europäischen Schulen. Sie befindet sich in den Niederlanden in der nordholländischen Stadt Bergen.

Geschichte

Entstehung
Wie alle Europäischen Schulen, wurde auch die Europäische Schule Bergen in der Nähe einer Europäischen Institution oder Forschungseinrichtung gegründet. Im wenige Kilometer entfernten Petten befindet sich eine der gemeinsamen Forschungsstellen der Europäischen Kommission, das Institut für Energie.

Um eine geeignete Schulausbildung für die Kinder der dort angestellten Forscher zu gewährleisten, wurde 1963 die Europäische Schule in Bergen gegründet. Die Schule war zunächst für Kinder der Forscher und der dort angestellten Lehrkräfte eingerichtet worden. Das Angebot wurde aber bald erweitert. In der Umgebung ansässige internationale Firmen haben Verträge mit der Schule abgeschlossen, so dass die Kinder ihrer Mitarbeiter die Schule besuchen konnten.
Außerdem wurde die Schule für Privatpersonen geöffnet, diese zahlen jedoch, im Gegensatz zu den anderen Schülern, ein Schulgeld. Dessen Höhe hängt dabei von der Zahl der Kinder, die die Schule besuchen, sowie deren Alter ab.

Neuere Entwicklungen

Sicherheit
In den frühen 2000ern wurde die Schule vollständig mit einem Zaun umgeben. Der Zaun selbst wurde von einem örtlichen Künstler gestaltet und weist neben funktionellen, auch dekorative Elemente auf.

Seit dem 11. September wurden auf Erlass der zuständigen Behörden an allen Europäischen Schulen erhöhte Sicherheitsmaßnahmen eingeführt. Diese beinhalten die Personenkontrolle aller Personen, die das Gelände betreten.
Dies führte dazu, dass Nicht-Angehörige der Schule das Gelände nicht mehr ohne vorherige Anmeldung betreten dürfen. Dies gilt auch für Absolventen der Schule selbst, sowie ehemaliges Personal.
Besucher der Schule müssen zu jedem Zeitpunkt, sichtbar, einen Besucherausweis am Körper tragen und auf Verlangen vorzeigen. Diesen erhalten sie nach Anmeldung durch die Schulleitung von der Security am Eingang.

Fortbestand
Nachdem sich der Schülerbestand in den frühen Jahren des letzten Jahrzehnts deutlich verringert hat, was zu einer Schließung von zwei Sprachsektionen (It/DE)  geführt hat, sind die Anzahlen heute auf geringerem Niveau (~ 600) konstant. Dies führt dazu, dass der Fortbestand der Schule heute als gesichert angesehen werden kann.

Ausbildung

Curriculum
Die Lehrinhalte entsprechen denen aller Europäischen Schulen, so wie sie von den zuständigen Behörden, unter Rücksprache aller Bildungsministerien der beteiligten Länder festgelegt wurden.
Die Schule gliedert sich in eine Kinderkrippe für Kinder ab zwei Jahren, einen Kindergarten für Kinder ab dem vierten Lebensjahr, eine fünfklassigen Grundschule (P1 – P5) und eine siebenklassige Sekundarschule S1 – S7.
Die Schule ist strikt bilingual aufgebaut, ab der dritten Sekundärklasse (S3) müssen die gesellschaftswissenschaftlichen Fächer in der ersten Fremdsprache (Englisch, Deutsch oder Französisch) belegt werden. In der Jahrgangsstufe S2 müssen die Schülerinnen und Schüler eine weitere (europäische) Fremdsprache wählen und ab der S3 wird Latein in den Referenzsprachen Französisch, Englisch oder Niederländisch angeboten. In S4 können sie noch eine weitere Fremdsprache oder Wirtschaftslehre belegen oder Latein weiterführen.
 Bedingung für die Einrichtung der Kurse ist eine Mindestanzahl von 7 Schülerinnen und Schülern in den Klassenstufen S1 – S5 sowie 5 Schülerinnen und Schüler in der S6 und S7. Ausgenommen von dieser Regelung sind die verpflichtenden Kurse in der Muttersprache, der ersten Fremdsprache, Mathematik und den Grundkursen in Geographie und Geschichte. Es ist bei der Stundenplangestaltung möglich, dass diese Kurse jahrgangsübergreifend oder sprachsektionsübergreifend organisiert werden, sofern dies sinnvoll ist.
Ab der S6 bietet die Schule Niederländisch in einem Vorbereitungskurs für das niederländische Sprachdiplom NT2 an, das eine Voraussetzung ist um in den Niederlanden zu studieren.
Die Schule führt zum Europäischen Abitur. Andere Abschlüsse werden nicht explizit angeboten, das gilt auch für in Deutschland existierende Abschlüsse, wie z. B. den Sekundarabschluss I. Die Anerkennung eines Realschulabschlusses (nach S5) oder der Fachhochschulreife in Deutschland (nach S6) ist aber durch formellen Antrag bei den Landesschulbehörden theoretisch möglich.
Bedingung zur Zulassung zur europäischen Reifeprüfung ist der durchgehende Besuch der Jahrgangsstufen S6 und S7 mit dem gleichen Fächerkanon, welche den deutschen Jahrgangsstufen 11 und 12 entsprechen.  Die Abschlussprüfung besteht aus fünf schriftlichen Teilen in den Fächern Mathematik, Erste Sprache (Muttersprache) und Zweite Sprache, die bereits ab der ersten Grundschulklasse gelehrt wird. Weiterhin müssen die Schülerinnen und Schüler in zwei weiteren Leistungskursen aus dem Bereich Gesellschafts- oder Naturwissenschaften oder Kunst/Musik oder Philosophie eine schriftliche Prüfung ablegen. Ergänzt werden diese durch drei mündliche Prüfungen in mindestens der ersten und zweiten Sprache und einem weiteren Fach, das nicht Gegenstand der schriftlichen Prüfung war.

Eine Besonderheit aller Europäischen Schulen ist die Möglichkeit, muttersprachlichen Unterricht für alle Sprachen der Europäischen Union zu erhalten. Dieser wird zum Teil durch "Face to Face" Unterricht, z. T. mit Hilfe von Videokonferenzen ermöglicht.
Ein Merkmal dieser Europäischen Schule ist auch die Möglichkeit, zusätzlich den regulär vorgesehenen Mathematikunterricht auf Grundkursniveau (3 Schulstunden in der Woche) oder Leistungskursniveau (5 Schulstunden in der Woche) durch einen intensiven Mathematikkurs mit weiteren 3 Schulstunden in der Woche zu ergänzen. Dieses Angebot kann auch in Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Europäischen Schulen in einem "distance learning"-Programm für Schülerinnen und Schüler aller Sprachsektionen in den Abschlussklassen durchgeführt, wenn die Mindestkurszahl von 5 in einer Schule nicht erreicht wird. Auch im Bereich der Muttersprache und der ersten Fremdsprache sind Vertiefungskurse mit einem zusätzlichen Angebot von 3 Wochenstunden möglich.

Sprachsektionen
Genau wie an den anderen Europäischen Schulen werden die Schüler an der Europäischen Schule Bergen in verschiedene Sprachsektionen eingeteilt. Maßgeblich ist dabei in der Regel die Muttersprache des Schülers.
In der Regel gibt es mindestens eine Deutsche, eine Englische und eine Französische Sektion, sowie in Ländern in denen keine der drei Sprachen eine Amtssprache darstellt eine Sektion in der Amtssprache des Gastlandes, hier Niederländisch.

Momentan gibt es drei Sprachsektionen an der Europäischen Schule Bergen: Englisch, Französisch und Niederländisch.

Gegründet wurde die Schule mit fünf Sektionen, die Deutsche und Italienische Sprachsektionen wurden aber, aufgrund zu geringer Schülerzahlen, in den letzten Jahren eingestellt.

Einteilung in die Sprachsektionen
Von dieser Regelung werden aber Ausnahmen gemacht. Dies gilt vor allem für alle die Schüler, für deren Muttersprache es keine Sprachsektion gibt. Diese werden können dann entweder in die Englische oder Französische Sektion gehen. Dieses Vorgehen ist an allen kleineren Europäischen Schulen üblich, ist aber nicht unumstritten.
Besonders die Englische Sektion leidet unter den mangelnden Sprachkenntnissen, der Nicht-Muttersprachlicher, was sich teilweise auf die Qualität des Unterrichts auswirkt. Diesem Problem wird durch umfassenden Hilfsunterricht und z. T. Individualbetreuung aber begegnet.

Daten und Fakten

Schülerzahlen
Am 12. Oktober 2003 besuchten 696 Schüler die Europäische Schule Bergen. Davon entfielen 68 auf den Kindergarten, 249 auf die Grundschule und 379 auf die Sekundarschule.

Elternvereinigung
Wie an allen Europäischen Schulen spielt die Elternvereinigung (PA) auch an der Europäischen Schule eine zentrale Rolle. Das gilt vor allem für die Organisation des Transports zur und von der Schule, für Schüler von Außerhalb. Ein Großteil der Schüler pendelt von Amsterdam, Amstelveen oder Den Helder. Für diese werden von der PA Schulbusse organisiert.

Zusätzlich werden von der PA am Ende jeden Schuljahres Büchermärkte für den Weiterverkauf nicht mehr benötigter Schulbücher organisiert, sowie Sammelbestellungen für Schulbücher aus allen Ländern aufgenommen.

Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Europäischen Schulen
Die Schule ist aktiv an gemeinsamen Aktivitäten der Europäischen Schulen beteiligt. Dazu gehört das European Schools Science Symposium, sowie der Eurosport. Regelmäßige erfolge beim European Schools Science Symposium führten außerdem zur Teilnahme der Schüler der Europäischen Schule Bergen, als Repräsentanten aller Europäischen Schulen am EUCYS.

Weblinks
 Elternvereinigung der Europäischen Schulen

Einzelnachweise

Schule in den Niederlanden
Bergen
Bergen (Noord-Holland)
Bildung und Forschung in Noord-Holland
Gegründet 1963
Organisation (Noord-Holland)

Europäische Schule Bergen


Svetište sv. Antuna bio je hrvatski katolički časopis.

Povijest
Svetište sv. Antuna : vjesnik za gradnju crkve sv. Antuna u Zagrebu u spomen 700 godišnjice njegove blažene smrti počeo je izlaziti 1929. godine. Izdavao ga je samostan franjevaca konventualaca u Zagrebu. Izlazio je do 1945. godine, a tradiciju ovog časopisa od 1962. godine nastavlja Veritas.

Uredništvo
Glavni urednik časopisa bio je Ambroz Vlahov.

Povezani članci
 Veritas
 Popis tiskanih medija

Izvori
 Svetište sv. Antuna 4/1932.
 Početak, www.veritas.hr, pristupljeno 21. kolovoza 2021.

Hrvatski katolički tisak
Franjevci
Zagrebački tisak

Svetište sv. Antuna (časopis)


Third Eye Blind is an American rock band formed in San Francisco, California, in 1993. After years of lineup changes in the early and mid-1990s, the songwriting duo of Stephan Jenkins and Kevin Cadogan signed the band's first major-label recording contract with Elektra Records in 1996. The band released their self-titled debut album in 1997, with the band largely consisting of Jenkins (vocals, rhythm guitar), Cadogan (lead guitar), Arion Salazar (bass guitar), and Brad Hargreaves (drums). Shortly after the release of the band's second album in 1999, Blue, with the same line-up, Cadogan was released from the band under controversial circumstances.

The band continued, but with many line-up changes and long gaps between album releases for the next 15 years. The band released Out of the Vein in 2003 and Ursa Major in 2009 with guitarist Tony Fredianelli, but parted ways with him shortly afterwards, leaving only Jenkins and Hargreaves as the remaining core members. The band's lineup stabilized again in the mid-2010s, adding Kryz Reid (lead guitar), Alex Kopp (keyboards), and Alex LeCavalier (bass guitar). The new lineup led to increased output with less time between releases - Dopamine (2015), and a string of EPs, We Are Drugs (2016) and Thanks for Everything (2018). After Kopp was replaced by Colin Creev, sixth and seventh studio albums Screamer (2019) and Our Bande Apart (2021) were released.

The band found commercial success in the late 1990s, with Third Eye Blind and Blue certified platinum six times and single platinum in the United States, respectively.  Several songs were commercial successes as well, with "Semi-Charmed Life", "Jumper", and "How's It Going to Be", all reaching the Top 10 of the US Billboard Hot 100, and "Never Let You Go" reaching the Top 20. Third Eye Blind has sold around 12 million records worldwide.

History

Formation and early years: 1990–1996
The band's origins trace back to the early 1990s, with frontman Stephan Jenkins writing music, but struggling to put and hold together a consistent musical lineup. Originally, Jenkins started his music career as one half of an interracial rap duo "Puck and Natty" with musician Herman Anthony Chunn, who went by the stage name "Zen". The two managed to attract some attention from record labels - enough to get one of their few recorded songs "Just Wanna Be Your Friend" on a soundtrack for the television drama Beverly Hills, 90210. The two were in talks of being signed with Capitol Records, but Jenkins did not see eye to eye on the label's views on the musical direction or what music producer they would work with, and negotiations fell through. The group broke up shortly afterwards, and while short-lived, it was in the group that Jenkins first developed connections in the industry, and wrote the first iteration of what would become Third Eye Blind's biggest hit, "Semi-Charmed Life".

After the "Puck and Zen" experience, Jenkins moved into the direction of starting a rock band instead. Jenkins recounted that over the span of a few years, he would recruit members, only to have them drop out because of drug addiction or join other bands. Jenkins would write and workshop early material with musician Jason Slater for years before the band started up formally, and the two recorded the band's first demo together in 1993. Jenkins reconnected with music producer and sound engineer David Gleeson, a contact from his Puck and Natty days, to be able to record demos at professional studios like Skywalker Ranch. Gleeson assisted in the sessions, but eventually had a falling-out with Jenkins and stopped working with the band. George Earth also played guitar on some demos. Much of the contents of the first demo, such as the track "Hold Me Down", were scrapped and shelved entirely, but Jenkins continued to work on some material like "Semi-Charmed Life" or "Alright Caroline" that were eventually released. Around this time, guitarist Tony Fredianelli auditioned for the band, though according to Slater, Jenkins believed him to be "too [heavy] metal" for the band. Around the time frame of 1993 and 1994, Slater departed the band, while guitarist Kevin Cadogan and bassist Arion Salazar joined. The band cycled through a number of drummers including Adrian Burley, Steve Bowman (Counting Crows), and Michael Urbano (Smash Mouth).

Salazar noted that the band struggled to make much progress prior to the arrival of Cadogan, and felt that the songs really started to develop when Cadogan's big guitar sound was added to Jenkin's more stripped-down demos. The two became songwriting partners, with Jenkins writing lyrics and Cadogan helping him brainstorm musical ideas; together, they worked on a second set of demos. The band toured locally during 1994 and early 1995, building up a following. However, in July 1995, the band hit a significant setback with a disastrous "Battle of the Bands" performance that would see the winner be offered a record deal. Urbano (the drummer at the time) quit shortly before the show, Jenkins was sick and unable to perform well, and Cadogan blew out his guitar amp two songs into the show. They lost the contest, and with it, the potential record deal and the confidence of their management and studio team, who left the band right afterwards. On the verge of breaking up, the band instead regrouped and recruited two new key people: Drummer Brad Hargreaves and manager Eric Gotland, a long-time personal friend and confidant of Jenkins. Jenkins, Cadogan, Salazar, and Hargreaves would go on to be the core lineup for the band during the recording of its first two studio albums.

Through past connections of Slater and Gotland, Third Eye Blind started recording a third demo with producer and sound engineer Eric Valentine, with some additional funding from a partially interested RCA Records, from late 1995 to February 1996. Valentine noted that he had heard the demos the band had recorded prior to his arrival, but felt they were "not ready" and needed to be reworked or discarded. He later expressed more satisfaction with material he had worked on. RCA passed on the band after hearing the material, but the demos instead attracted the attention of Arista Records.  Label founder Clive Davis invited the band to perform at a band showcase in New York City in March 1996. During Third Eye Blind concerts at the time, it was customary for the band to have a piñata release candy above their mosh pits, yet at the showcase for the record executives, lead singer Jenkins released live crickets from the piñata instead. Cadogan noted that the performance was ultimately unsuccessful, and Davis passed on signing the band; however, but the event built hype and notoriety for the band, and Salazar noted that the well-developed, 14-song demo they had recorded with Valentine still had helped the band feel more prepared to deal with record labels. In April 1996, after Jenkins had challenged Epic Records executive Dave Massey in a meeting, the band landed an opening gig for Oasis at the San Francisco Civic Auditorium. In an unlikely scenario for an opening act, the band was invited back for an encore after playing their initial set and was paid double by the concert promoter. In addition, Jenkins' production of hip hop duo The Braids' cover of Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" gained major-label attention. Afterwards, the band found themselves in a bidding war among record labels, and after another showcase in June 1996 in Los Angeles, the band signed a contract with Sylvia Rhone of Elektra Records because they believed that contract offered the most artistic freedom. The contract was later reported as the largest publishing deal ever for an unsigned artist at the time.

Debut album Third Eye Blind: 1997–1998
While the band had finally accomplished their goal of getting signed, troubles persisted with the band. Jenkins and Valentine clashed; Valentine was hired as a sound engineer, but felt he was tasked with duties that a full-fledged music producer would do, without the pay that would normally come with the role. Valentine ended up getting a co-production credit, but people involved felt he did far more for the album than technically credited for. Valentine also criticized Jenkins's decision to buyout all of Zen's early contribution to album material. Jenkins contended that he heavily reworked any of Zen's contributions. Cadogan also became disillusioned throughout the recording sessions. His understanding was that his role in the band was of an equal partnership with Jenkins, but did not feel he was treated as such. Valentine reported that while Jenkins and Cadogan recorded good material together, they were constantly at odds with one another in the studio, with their relationship deteriorating over time as they finished the album. Additionally, unbeknownst to the rest of the band until years later, even though both Cadogan and Jenkins were signed to the deal from the record label, days prior to the signing, Jenkins secretly set up a Third Eye Blind Inc" as a corporation, and named himself the sole owner and shareholder, giving him complete control over all legal and financial matters in the band.

Despite the issues, the band's debut album, Third Eye Blind, was finished and released in April 1997. As a new artist, the album did not particularly debut high in the US all-format Billboard 200 album's chart, and only ever peaked at number 25 on the chart, but consistently sold each week, staying on the chart for over a year straight. Sales approached 1 million in the US by the end of 1997. The album's sales were propelled by the success of their first single, the long-worked-upon and finalized version of "Semi-Charmed Life". It not only performed well on rock radio, topping the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart for 8 weeks, but also found crossover success, becoming the fourth most popular song in the US after peaking at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Four subsequent singles - "Graduate", "How's It Going to Be", "Losing a Whole Year", and "Jumper" - kept the album selling well into 1998. "How's It Going to Be" and "Jumper" similarly succeeded "Semi-Charmed Life" as crossover hits as well, peaking at number 9 and 5 respectively on the all-format Billboard Hot 100 chart. The album would go on to be certified platinum six times by the RIAA, indicating over six million copies sold in the US. Meanwhile, Billboard named it the number one modern rock track of the year. The band toured extensively in support of the album, including opening for large acts such as U2 and The Rolling Stones in late 1997, before quickly graduating to headlining status afterwards throughout 1998. The band toured extensively throughout the year, including a 3-month tour with Smash Mouth and a larger venue amphitheater tour mid-year, and a college tour with Eve 6. The touring was seen as a success, as the band continued to book increasingly higher profile shows but the touring was not without issues, including a 1997 show where Jenkins fell unconscious after falling off the side of a stage, Salazar missing some 1997 shows because he was hospitalized by a viral infection, and an incident at a festival in 1998 where Salazar and Green Day bassist Mike Dirnt got into a physical altercation.

Blue and departure of Cadogan: 1999–2000
The band began work on a second album in January 1999, directly after finishing their 1998 tour with Eve 6. By March, Jenkins reported that there were already 30 songs in contention for the follow-up album, and that recording would start in April. The band were given a tight deadline of six months to submit a completely recorded album by October 1999. While Jenkins would publicly state that sessions were fast and carefree at the time, both Cadogan and Jenkins would retrospectively reflect on the sessions being very difficult. Cadogan and Jenkins were already not getting along while touring in support of their self-titled album, and Cadogan was outraged to finally find out that Jenkins had secretly legally and financially put himself in charge of the band, and of Salazar and Hargreaves' indifference to it. Cadogan recounted that he later found out that Jenkins and Godtland had started to make plans to replace Cadogan prior to even beginning work on a second album, but the plans were not acted on. Cadogan stated that he and Jenkins agreed to put aside their differences and work together on further music; Cadogan set up a 2-week period where the band would write and record early song ideas in Cadogan's house with sound engineer Jason Carmer. Cadogan noted that it was the only time in the six-month period where the band collaborated and worked together in the same room; the rest of the parts were written and recorded independently at separate times in the studio and then later compiled together into the finished album because of the animosity between them. A major point of contention was which songs to keep on the album and which ones to cut; Jenkins and Cadogan had each written songs individually, and each of them fought for more of his own songs to make the final track list. Godtland set up a voting system where each member could vote for a certain number of songs, and that process led to further animosity. Among particular contention was the track "Slow Motion", a controversial ballad written by Jenkins about a student shooting a teacher's son. While Jenkins insisted that the song was satirical parody, and actually anti-violence, Elektra disapproved of the track being on the album, feeling it could cause controversy because of the proximity of the Columbine High School massacre, which had just happened in April of that year. The band and the label fought over the song's inclusion for four months, with the label proposing a compromise that would allow only the instrumental to be on the album, and in return, the label would finance an EP to be released after the album, where the band could release the song in its entirety and have complete creative freedom, without restriction. Cadogan, already unhappy with his lack of ownership over the band, was the sole member of the band to object to the deal, knowing he would not have any control over the deal's terms of a cash advance and imprint label creation for the EP.

On November 23, 1999, the band released their second album, Blue. It sold 75,000 copies in the week it was released, and by 2003 had sold 1.25 million in the U.S. Four singles were released from the album: "Anything", "Never Let You Go", "10 Days Late", and "Deep Inside of You". "Never Let You Go" came close to replicating the success of the singles from the bands first album, peaking at number 14 on the Billboard all-format US singles chart. "Deep Inside of You" also made it on to the chart, albeit peaking at 69. "Anything" and "10 Days Late" performed moderately at rock radio, hitting 11 and 21 on the Billboard Modern Rock song chart. Blue would be certified platinum by the RIAA, indicating over a million sold in the US; a strong achievement, but well below their first album's six time platinum achievement.

Two months after the album release, on January 26, 2000, it was announced that Cadogan had been fired after playing a show at the Sundance Film Festival. No reason for the termination was given at the time, just a message from Godtland that Jenkins, Salazar, Hargreaves wished him well. Cadogan was immediately replaced by Tony Fredianelli, who had briefly jammed with the band in 1993 in the band's formative years, and had sometimes supported the band as a live keyboardist as well. The new lineup toured heavily in support of the album, including a North American tour through much of 2000, including the "Dragons and Astronauts" tour with Vertical Horizon. In June 2000, Cadogan filed a multi-million dollar federal lawsuit against Jenkins. Cadogan filed suit, alleging wrongful termination, adding that his production, recording, and songwriting royalties had been withheld since being kicked out of the band. The band pushed forward with touring in the meantime, continuing to play large venues, but felt pressure from the burgeoning teen pop and nu metal musical movements of the time, which they fell in between without being part of either. In this time period, Jenkins considered working with Limp Bizkit's Fred Durst, doing some early work on collaborating on material for both of their respective bands, though none of this material ever ended up being released by either party.

Out of the Vein: 2001–2004
After four straight years of recording music and touring in support of it, the next couple years were quieter for the band. Originally, the band had planned on starting work on the EP they had agreed upon making as a vehicle to release the controversial "Slow Motion" song kept off of Blue by the label. The EP was originally titled Black, as a companion piece to Blue. Recording plans were delayed from late 2000, to early 2001. By 2001 though, Jenkins had fallen into a deep depression. He isolated himself for almost a year, and turned his attention to writing material for a third studio album, of which he amassed over 40 songs in this time. The band only played a handful of live performances, largely one-off benefit shows. Progress on the album would be slow. The third album was originally scheduled to be released in early 2002, but was delayed several times before its release in May 2003. According to Jenkins, some of the reasons for the delay stemmed from a self-imposed pressure to live up to Third Eye Blind's previous successes, leading him to rewrite lyrics. The band also spend substantial time building their own recording studio in San Francisco called Morningwood Studios. During this time, the band's lawsuit with Cadogan was finally settled out of court, with the terms of the settlement undisclosed.

On May 13, 2003, the band released their third studio album, Out of the Vein. The album debuted on the Billboard 200 chart at number 12; while the charting placement was higher than Blue's debut at 40, sales were actually substantially down, selling only 62,000 copies, compared to Blue's 74,000 copies.  Two singles were released from the album: "Blinded" and "Crystal Baller". Neither songs performed to the level of prior singles; neither placed on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and only "Blinded" charted at rock radio, peaking at 35 on the Billboard Modern Rock songs chart. Out of the Vein long-term sales also fell behind its predecessors, with numbers estimated around 500,000 copies as of March 2007. Elektra Records was being absorbed into Atlantic Records at the time, and because of the merger, the band found themselves without label support; as Jenkins said, "Our record company ceased to exist. The month the record was released, Elektra Records imploded." In May 2004, Warner Music cut Third Eye Blind, along with over 80 other acts, from its roster. While no specific reason was given for Third Eye Blind being cut, Atlantic co-chairman Craig Kallman said the cuts were made to get Atlantic's roster down to an appropriate size where "we can give each of our acts top priority." Plans to release an EP still persisted for a time. After the Out of the Vein sessions, the band dropped the name Black and started referring to the EP as Symphony of Decay. A month after the release of Out of the Vein, in June 2003, Jenkins stated to VH1 that the band planned on releasing the EP as soon as September 2003. However, it was repeatedly delayed, and Hargreaves indicated that its release became difficult after their departure from Elektra, and the idea was eventually dropped altogether. The full lyrics version of "Slow Motion" would instead finally see a vehicle of release through a greatest hits collection, A Collection in 2006.

Ursa Major: 2005–2010
With promotional efforts for Out of the Vein fizzling out in 2004, the band would again be quieter for the next few years. Jenkins would help with producing then-girlfriend Vanessa Carlton's album Harmonium; the experience motivated Jenkins to start writing a solo album of his own. At the same time, Fredianelli, Salazar, and Hargreaves had also been working on music together, and upon hearing it, Jenkins scrapped his solo plan in favor of working on a fourth studio album with the band. Work on the album began in early 2005, but progressed slowly, and Jenkins suffered from writers block and struggled to write lyrics for the songs that had been created for him by the rest of the band. As of mid-2006, the album was untitled and had a rough release date of 2007. Around this time, Salazar became disillusioned with the band, and left. Salazar wasn't immediately replaced as a member; in the coming years, Abe Millet and Leo Kramer played bass while touring, while a variety of bass players filled in while recording in the studio. In 2007, Jenkins announced that the fourth studio album had a tentative title of The Hideous Strength, had around 35 songs written for it, and that some of the lyrics had become political in nature. The band continued to tour, with the band previewing work-in-progress versions of new songs while Jenkins continued to revise lyrics. Despite it being years since the band released an album, the band still maintained a strong following in live performances, and the band continued to tour while Jenkins struggled with writer's block. Fredianelli noted that lyrics were continually being rewritten, and songs as a result, songs often needed to be re-recorded to accommodate the changes, which continued to delay an album release.

As the process would drag on, privately, internal strife would flare up again across 2008. According to Fredianelli, morale was low at the time because of the departure of Salazar, Jenkins beginning to lose interest in the band, and tensions between Jenkins and long-time friend and band manager Eric Godtland. Jenkins fired Godtland and sued him, accusing him of not paying Jenkins enough, and Godtland in turn counter-sued him, responding that the lower pay was due to lessened productivity by the band, a fault of Jenkins himself, not Godtland, and this had caused an unfair decrease in pay for Godtland himself. Fredianelli then claimed that Jenkins insisted that the rest of the band also join in and file lawsuits against Godtland too, threatening to abandon the band if they didn't. Fredianelli, not wanting to abandon the band after all the work done on the long-awaited album, went along with Jenkin's plan, creating a deposition against Godtland, creating friction between the two. As months passed, Fredianelli felt guilt about it, and apologized to Godtland, offering to change his deposition, then angering Jenkins in return. Jenkins lawsuit was eventually dismissed, and Godtland settled his case out of court. The band's touring manager would unceremoniously quit shortly after.

Despite the discourse, the band persevered and by late 2008 the material they had been working on for the last five years would finally begin getting released. First, the band would release a teaser of sorts through the three song Red Star EP. Secondly, two album's worth of material had been written, but with struggles to finalize the recordings, the band opted against a formal double album release, in favor of potentially releasing two connected album's within a years time. The plan would include releasing an Ursa Major album with the material that was closest to completion, and a second Ursa Minor album later on. Plans continued to change though; Ursa Major was originally slated to a 15 track album released on June 23, 2009. When it was released, it ended up being a 11-song and 1 instrumental album released on August 18, 2009. The album, their first in six years, was released under their own independent label, Mega Collider Records. Ursa Major debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, selling 49,000 copies. This made it the band's highest-charting album, albeit with sales figures that were lowest since their debut album. Third Eye Blind also topped the Billboard Rock Albums chart, Top Alternative Albums chart, and Top Digital Albums chart. Three singles were released - "Non-Dairy Creamer" from Red Star and "Don't Believe A Word" and "Bonfire" from Ursa Major, but all failed to place on any Billboard chart.

The band toured in support of Ursa Major throughout 2009, but in early 2010, Fredianelli was fired from the band. Irish musician Kryz Reid replaced Fredianelli on guitar, while Third Eye Blind continued to tour in support the album in 2010, most notably co-headlining The Bamboozle Roadshow between May and June 2010. Both Jenkins and Hargreaves would continue to mention a Ursa Minor release, but the focus remained on touring, and the release would eventually be cancelled by Jenkins because of the involvement and subsequent departure of Fredianelli. Fredianelli would go on to sue Jenkins for over 8 million dollars based on many claims of breach of contract and missing writing credits and money and royalties owed from it. Many of the claims were rejected because of the Fredinelli's accusations not corroborating the actual contract he signed from Jenkins and Godtland. Still, the claims of lost wages from touring were supported, awarding $448,000 to Fredianelli.

Dopamine: 2011–2015

The band would again turn to extensive touring in the following years. In addition to Jenkins, Hargreaves, and newly recruited guitarist Reid, the band stopped relying on temporary studio and touring support for bass playing, and hiring a new permanent bassist, Alex LeCavalier. Additionally, for the first time, a fifth official member, Alex Kopp, was brought on as a dedicated keyboardist. Work on a fifth album continued, with earliest reports showing plans for a 2011 release, but writer's block continued to hamper Jenkins ability to complete lyrics for songs. The only newly recorded studio music the band would release for years was the impromptu-written "If There Ever Was a Time" song released in support of the Occupy Wall Street movement in November 2011. Moving into 2012, with writer's block continuing to hinder the process, Jenkins would begin to advertise the album as the band's last, feeling that the volume and structure of the album format was what made the writing process difficult for him. By the end of the year, the band did a short tour in India to help inspire the writing process; the band was far enough along to announce they were shooting a music video for a track. However, the album's release continued to be delayed from 2013 to 2014 to 2015. Writers block continued to be cited as the reason by Jenkins, though Hargreaves also noted that their past successes had afforded them the luxury of taking their time on material without having to rush it because of financial matters.

In May 2015, the band announced that their fifth studio album was finally completed, and on June 16, almost six years after their last album, the album, titled, Dopamine was released. The album debuted at No. 13 on the Billboard 200, selling just over 21,000 copies in its first week. Two singles were released - "Everything Is Easy" and "Get Me Out of Here" A non-album cover of Beyoncé song "Mine" was also released to promote the album after live performances of the song received a warm reception in the touring leading up to the album's release.

We Are Drugs and Screamer: 2016–2020

Following the release of Dopamine, the lineup of Jenkins, Hargreaves, Reid, LeCavelier, and Kopp experienced an increase in productivity not seen since the late 1990s. Jenkins announced plans for releasing an EP in 2016. On July 19, 2016, they played a benefit concert for "Musicians on Call", a charity organization, in close proximity to the Republican National Convention. The band took the opportunity to speak out against the Republican Party, criticizing their views on science and LGBT rights, and playing tracks specifically critical of their stances, including "Jumper", and "Non-Dairy Creamer". The stunt received national coverage, and inspired the band to move forward with material. The EP, the seven track We Are Drugs, was released on October 7, 2016, just 16 months after the release of Dopamine. One single, the politically themed "Cop Vs. Phone Girl",
was released from the EP.

Jenkins announced next plans to be releasing another EP titled Summer Gods in 2017 to coincide with a tour of the same name. With the EP not ready for release by the end of the tour, the idea was scrapped and the name was instead assigned to a live album release of performances from the tour. Some new music was still released in the year though, in the form of the 20th anniversary release of their debut album. Newly recorded versions of old songs from the sessions were released, including a finalized version of the 1993 song "Alright Caroline". In June 2018, another EP was released -  a collection of seven cover songs titled Thanks for Everything. Jenkins stated that the act of reinterpreting the cover songs of various genres inspired the band to create another full studio album in the process. Initially announced as another EP in late 2018, the project bloomed into the band's sixth studio album in 2019. The band continued to tour into 2019, including a major co-headlining North American tour with Jimmy Eat World from June to August, called Summer Gods Tour 2019. Prior to the tour, Kopp announced he was leaving the band to pursue other projects, He was replaced by Colin Creev. On October 18, 2019, the band released their sixth studio album, Screamer.

Our Bande Apart: 2020–present
After releasing their sixth studio album Screamer, in October 2019, the band was able to complete the first leg of the tour supporting it, but was forced to cancel the second leg of it in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic—the first time the band had to cancel a tour in 22 years according to Jenkins. The band instead performed  live online streaming performances, and largely turned to writing more new music instead. Jenkins began writing in solitude during the initial wave of lockdowns, and began recording with the rest of the band as soon as the lockdowns ended.

On July 30, 2021, the band announced their seventh studio album, Our Bande Apart, would be released on September 24, 2021, and released the first single from it, "Box of Bones". A second song, "Again", was released ahead of the album on August 20, featuring Best Coast singer Bethany Cosentino. The band was able to tour again, in support of the album, in 2022, with a North American tour with Taking Back Sunday and Hockey Dad. They also released an acoustic album, Unplugged in June 2022. Jenkins described it as "just basically any song that [he] wanted another try at." The band put on another North American tour across March and April 2023 as well.

Musical style and influences
Third Eye Blind's musical style has been described as pop rock, alternative rock, post-grunge, pop punk,  and power pop. Jenkins noted that he was influenced by The Clash, Jane's Addiction, and Camper Van Beethoven. Hargreaves stated that his drumming style was influenced by the Ohio Players and James Brown.

Members

Current members
Stephan Jenkins – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards (1993–present)
Brad Hargreaves – drums, percussion (1995–present)
Kryz Reid – guitar, backing vocals (2010–present)
Alex LeCavalier – bass guitar, backing vocals (2012–present)
Colin Creev – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals (2019–present)

Former members
Kevin Cadogan – guitar, backing vocals, keyboards (1993–2000)
Jason Slater – bass, backing vocals (1993–1994; died 2020)
Adrian Burley – drums, percussion (1993–1994)
Michael Urbano – drums, percussion (1994–1995)
Arion Salazar – bass, backing vocals, guitar, piano (1994–2006)
Steve Bowman – drums, percussion (1994)
Tony Fredianelli – guitar, backing vocals, keyboards (2000–2010)
Alex Kopp – keyboards, guitar, piano (2011–2019)

Former touring musicians
Leo Kremer – bass, backing vocals (2006–2008)
Abe Millett – bass, backing vocals, piano, keyboards (2007–2012)
Jon Pancoast – bass, backing vocals (2012–2013)

Timeline

Awards
1997 – The band won a Billboard Music Award for Best Modern Rock Track ("Semi-Charmed Life").
1998 – At the California Music Awards, known as the Bammies and formerly the Bay Area Music Awards, Third Eye Blind won 3 awards (including Best Album, Best Songwriting, and Best Debut Work).
1998 – Jenkins and Cadogan won a California Music Award for Outstanding Songwriters.
1999 – Third Eye Blind were nominated for 2 American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock New Artist and Favorite Alternative Artist.
1999 – Third Eye Blind won 3 California Music Awards for Outstanding Group, Outstanding Single ("Jumper") and Outstanding Artist of the Year (Stephan Jenkins).
2000 – Third Eye Blind were nominated for 7 California Music Awards.
2000 – Jenkins and Cadogan won a California Music Award for Outstanding Songwriters.

Discography

Studio albums
 Third Eye Blind (1997)
 Blue (1999)
 Out of the Vein (2003)
 Ursa Major (2009)
 Dopamine (2015)
 Screamer (2019)
 Our Bande Apart (2021)

References

External links

Alternative rock groups from California
American pop rock music groups
American power pop groups
Articles which contain graphical timelines
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups from San Francisco
Warner Music Group artists
Elektra Records artists
1993 establishments in California
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from California

Third Eye Blind


Diapauza (din greaca dia = prin și latina pausa =  încetare, repaus, pauză) este o perioadă de sistare sau reducere sezonieră a proceselor de creștere sau dezvoltare pe o anumită perioadă de timp a unui organism nevertebrat aflat într-un stadiu oarecare al ciclului vital, care este indusă de factori nefavorabili de mediu, pentru a trece peste condițiile neprielnice de viață.  Deși mai frecventă la insecte, diapauza nu este limitată la acest grup de nevertebrate, ci se întâlnește și la acarieni, crustacee, rotiferi, spongieri. Pe parcursul diapauzei metabolismul este încetinit la maximum. Diapauza poate afecta toate stadiile ciclului vital: oul recent depus, embrionul, larva, nimfa, adultul. Unele specii cu viață lungă se pot supune diapauzei ca adulți, dar pentru multe altele, oul reprezintă stadiul de diapauză. Diapauza poate avea durate variabile: de zile, sezoane, ani. Ea este declanșată de schimbările sezoniere nefavorabile ale mediului (temperaturi scăzută, de uscăciune, de inaniție sau de cantitatea de hrană disponibilă, de lipsă de vitamine, adesea de factori mai subtili, ca de exemplu lungimea zilei, adică de fotoperiodism) și este reglată de un ritm înnăscut; acest lucru permite animalului să supraviețuiască condițiilor de mediu nefavorabile, astfel încât urmașii să fie produși în condiții mai bune. Inducerea diapauzei este la majoritatea speciilor un răspuns la numărul absolut de zile lumină (numărul de ore cu lumină dintr-un ciclu de 24 de ore) mai degrabă decât diferența zilnică în lungimea zilei. Diapauza poate fi estivală (estivație), dacă intervine în cursul sezonului uscat, de vară, sau hibernală, dacă intervine în cursul sezonului rece. Ca exemplu unele insecte intră în diapauză la începutul iernii pentru a reveni la o viață activă primăvara, când vor da naștere la noi descendenți. Unele plante trec peste perioadele nefavorabile de viață  prin fenomenul de diapauză sub formă de semințe (la graminee), muguri (la arbori), bulbi, tuberculi, spori ș.a.

Note

Legături externe
 Diapause. Encyclopedia Britannica
 Diapause. Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine

Fiziologie
Biologia dezvoltării
Insecte

Diapauză


Ankomst 23:30 er en dansk kortfilm fra 1992 instrueret af Jan Jung efter manuskript af ham selv og Flemming Jarlskov.

Handling
Efter et mislykket forhold rejser en pige med toget tilbage til sine forældre, men på toget er også den mand hun vil væk fra, og han har ikke tænkt sig bare at lade hende rejse.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1992

Ankomst 23:30


Armenski šahovski savez (arm.:  Հայաստանի շախմատային ֆեդերացիան / Hajastani šahmatajin Federacian), krovno tijelo športa šaha u Armeniji. Član nacionalnog olimpijskog odbora. Osnovan je 1927. godine. Član FIDE od 1992. godine. Sjedište je u Erevanu, Handžijska ulica 50. Armenija pripada europskoj zoni 1.5b. Predsjednik je Serž Sargsjan (ažurirano 17. listopada 2019.).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice

Šah u Armeniji
Armenija

Armenski šahovski savez


Versalles este un cartier în orașul Buenos Aires, Argentina. Are o populație totală de 14.178 locuitori și suprafața totală este de 1,5 km².

Vezi și
 Listă de orașe din Argentina
 Listă de cartiere din Buenos Aires

Legături externe

Bibliografie
   Datos demográficos: Dirección General de Estadísticas y Censos (G.C.B.A.) sobre la base de datos censales. Población total discriminado por sexo (año 2001) y densidad poblacional (año 2001)

Referințe

Orașe din Argentina
Orașe din Buenos Aires
Cartiere din Buenos Aires

Versalles, Buenos Aires


Le grand final er en dansk kortfilm fra 2000 skrevet og instrueret af Morten Hartz Kaplers.

Handling
En smuk film om en mands tro, håb og forfængelighed.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2000

Le grand final


Les Évangiles de Lindau sont un manuscrit enluminé conservé à la Morgan Library and Museum de New York, qui est important pour son texte enluminé, mais plus encore pour ses reliures, ou couvertures, en ferronnerie, qui sont d'époques différentes. L'élément le plus ancien du livre est ce qui est maintenant la dernière de couverture, qui a probablement été produit à la fin du  dans l'Autriche moderne, mais dans le contexte des colonies de missionnaires de Grande-Bretagne ou d'Irlande, car le style est celui de l'art insulaire des Îles Britanniques. La première de couverture est un travail carolingien tardif d'environ 880, et le texte, un évangéliaire écrit et décoré à l'abbaye de Saint-Gall à peu près à la même époque, ou un peu plus tard.

Lorsque John Pierpont Morgan, déjà au début de la soixantaine, achète le livre en 1901, il s'agit de son premier achat important d'un manuscrit médiéval, définissant ainsi la direction que devait suivre une grande partie de sa collection ultérieure.

Couvertures

Dernière de couverture
La dernière de couverture, ou couverture du dos de l'ouvrage, est plus ancienne que le texte et a probablement été ajoutée à partir d'un autre livre, peut-être à l'époque où le texte a été écrit. C'est peut-être à l'origine une première de couverture. C'est le seul exemple en grande partie intact d'une couverture de livre en métal insulaire très ancienne à avoir survécu, bien que nous sachions d'après des documents que des œuvres célèbres comme le Livre de Kells et les Évangiles de Lindisfarne en possédaient. Quelques cumdachs irlandais, ou reliquaires pour livres en métal, ont survécu, qui présentent des styles largement comparables et utilisent des croix comme élément central de leurs conceptions. Le style est proche de celui de l'autre grande survivance d'œuvres essentiellement anglo-saxonnes exécutées sur le continent comme le Calice de Tassilon, ainsi que d'un certain nombre d'œuvres exécutées par des ateliers locaux dans plusieurs régions d'Europe. Cependant, lÉvangéliaire de saint Cuthbert (British Library) a une reliure en cuir décoré que l'on date d'environ 700 à 730, qui est la première reliure européenne intacte.

La conception est centrée sur une croix pattée, c'est-à-dire une croix avec des éléments courbes et écartés. Les espaces entre les membres de la croix sont remplis d'entrelacs en découpe comprenant des bêtes ressemblant à des serpents et un goujon central serti d'une pierre précieuse. Chaque bras de la croix a une figure du Christ avec un nimbe. L'utilisation intensive de l'émail, que l'on pense avoir été appris du nord de l'Italie, distingue la couverture des quelques autres pièces de ferronnerie insulaires qui subsistent. Certains des émaux sont dans un style d'émail cloisonné que l'on ne trouve qu'ici et dans des plaques sur le Coffret aux Agates d'Oviedo. Celles-ci présentent des « oiseaux aux couleurs vives et aux longues pattes » entourés d'un fond d'or uni, en opposition à la technique champlevé normale du « plein émail » où toute la surface d'une section de plaque est recouverte d'émail.

La couverture du livre d'origine était légèrement plus petite et des parties des bordures, qui ne correspondent pas, ont été ajoutées pour l'amener à la taille actuelle. À l'intérieur de la bordure, quatre plaques dans les coins montrent les quatre évangélistes avec leurs symboles, qui sont des ajouts du . Quatre monogrammes sont disposés autour de la topaze centrale : « IHS, XPS, DNS, NOS » (Jésus Christ Notre Seigneur).

Première de couverture
La première de couverture est très richement parsemée de grosses pierres précieuses et présente un bas relief repoussé. La composition est également centrée sur une croix avec une scène de crucifixion avec une figure de Jésus-Christ en croix et des scènes beaucoup plus petites de la Vierge Marie et de Jean (apôtre). Chacun d'eux se trouve dans un compartiment sous les bras de la croix, associé à des figures féminines iconographiques inhabituelles ; les compartiments correspondant au-dessus des bras contiennent chacun deux anges. Les identifications de ces figurent inférieures varient ; elles sont décrites par la Morgan Library comme des pleureuses anonymes, « deux figures féminines échevelées considérées comme des personnifications d'âmes chrétiennes saluant leur Rédempteur », comme le mentionne la note de dossier, mais Peter Lasko les mentionne comme « la figure curieusement dupliquée de sainte Marie-Madeleine (? ) ». Pour Needham, ce sont Marie-Madeleine et Marie (femme de Cléophas). Les huit personnages sont représentés accroupis ou de côté, ou planant à l'horizontale dans le cas des anges, au-dessus et au-dessous de grappes de pierres précieuses.

Sol et Luna, personnifications du soleil et de la lune, occupent le haut de l'arbre de la croix, une caractéristique commune des scènes de crucifixion de la période, bien qu'exceptionnellement ils sont ici montrés sur l'arbre de la croix lui-même, au-dessus du Christ et avec Luna au-dessus de Sol. Le plus souvent, ils sont de part et d'autre du montant transversal, ou aux extrémités des bras. De plus, Sol n'a pas ici ses rayons habituels, suggérant qu'une éclipse est représentée, suivant ainsi les évangiles. La bordure contient la plupart des pierres précieuses, incrustées dans des décors de motifs végétaux typiquement carolingiens qui sont exceptionnellement finement exécutés.

La couverture du Codex Aureus de Saint-Emmeran, daté précisément de 870, a probablement été produit par le même atelier, bien qu'il existe des différences de style. Cet atelier est associé à l'empereur romain germanique Charles II le Chauve, et souvent appelé son « École du Palais ». Son emplacement (s'il en avait un fixe) reste incertain et très discuté, mais la basilique Saint-Denis à proximité de Paris, est une des principales possibilités. Le Ciboire d'Arnulf (un ciborium miniature plutôt qu'un ciboire), maintenant dans la Résidence de Munich, est la troisième œuvre majeure du groupe, avec le cadre d'un plat en serpentine antique au Musée du Louvre. Les chercheurs récents ont tendance à regrouper les Évangiles de Lindau et le Ciboire d'Arnulf, plus proches l'un de l'autre que le Codex Aureus.

Texte et enluminures
Le texte est celui des « Quatre Évangiles précédés de l'Épître de saint Jérôme : Lettre de Jérôme au pape Damase (Ad Damasum papam), des tables et préfaces du Canon, suivis d'un capitulaire, écrits et enluminés dans une minuscule caroline pas particulièrement élégante » ; les miniatures sont probablement de Folchard de St Gall qui s'est représenté dans le Psautier de Folchard. Le style des enluminures, dans cet ouvrage, manque d'éléments insulaires. Les bordures sont des variations grandioses et élégantes sur des motifs de feuillage classicisant, et les grandes initiales reflètent le développement carolingien de motifs insulaires tels que l'entrelacs, dans un style essentiellement classicisant. Six ou sept scribes ont travaillé sur le texte, dont un qui a aussi travaillé sur le Psautier de Folchard. Les enluminures, contrairement aux couvertures, sont totalement dépourvues de figures humaines. Les deux pages imitant des textiles intéressent les érudits car de nombreuses pages tapis, comme leur nom l'indique, peuvent faire de même. Dans les deux cas, l'idée peut avoir été « l'émulation d'un linceul ou d'une couverture textile », comme ceux utilisés pour envelopper les reliques. Des pages similaires se trouvent dans le Codex Aureus d'Echternach ottonien. De la même manière, les pages tapis peuvent avoir été considérées comme une forme de couverture intérieure.

Les principales pages décorées sont :

 f5r et 12r : deux pages imitant des textiles, avec des motifs différents (de vraies soies orientales des  sont utilisées comme pages de garde).
 f6r - 11v : tables Canon, sur papier vélin teint en pourpre, lettrées en or et argent (mal oxydé), avec des entourages à arcades en or et argent.
 f13v et 14r : incipit de Matthieu (apôtre) sur violet avec croix et décoration, et une initiale L en pleine page, principalement en vert, avec d'autres lettres en écriture romaine dorée sur champ violet.
 f71v et 72r : incipit de Marc (évangéliste), avec des lettres romaines dorées sur fond violet, et sur la 72r, une grande initiale I décorée sur le côté gauche de la page.
 f111v et 112r : incipit de Luc (évangéliste), similaire, avec un F initial en pleine page.
 f167v et 168r : incipit de Jean (évangéliste), similaire, avec l'initiale I en bas à gauche de la 168r.

Histoire
On ne peut pas dire avec certitude quand, où et comment les trois éléments principaux du livre dans son état actuel ont été réunis. Le texte pourrait bien être l'Évangile commandé par Hartmut, abbé de Saint-Gall entre 872-883, date plausible pour le texte. Il est rapporté que ce livre était « décoré d'or et d'argent et de pierres précieuses ». En 1545, ces Évangiles se trouvaient encore dans la bibliothèque de l'abbaye de Saint-Gall, peu de temps avant que la bibliothèque ne soit attaquée par les calvinistes, et qu'une partie de son contenu soit détruite ou dispersée.

Le manuscrit est documenté avec certitude pour la première fois en 1691 lorsqu'il est décrit par un visiteur d'un couvent aristocratique sur l'île de Lindau, du côté bavarois du Lac de Constance, qui a été fondé bien après la création du livre. Le dos en cuir du livre est estampillé de la date de 1594, mais il n'y a absolument aucune certitude sur le lieu où se trouvait le livre lorsqu'il a été relié, et il ne peut pas non plus être entièrement exclu que l'ensemble actuel du texte et de la couverture ne date pas de si loin. Paul Needham note que si la couverture supérieure provient de l'atelier impérial, dans le style le plus grandiose et le plus luxueux de l'époque, le texte, bien que richement enluminé, ne semble pas correspondre tout à fait à la couverture en richesse, et n'est même pas le texte le plus richement décoré écrit à St Gall à cette époque. La couverture semble également avoir été conçue pour un livre légèrement plus petit. Les couvertures Trésor sont relativement faciles à transférer, car elles ne sont fixées aux planches de bois de la reliure que par de petits clous. En revanche, les sections supplémentaires agrandissant la dernière de couverture sont clairement du début du Moyen Âge.

En 1803, le couvent fut dissous par l'État et ses biens répartis entre les chanoinesses. Le livre a été donné à la chanoinesse Antoinette, baronne von Enzberg. De ses héritiers et de Joseph von Lassberg, il passa via Henry G. Bohn à Bertram Ashburnham,  comte d'Ashburnham (1797-1878) en 1846. Les grandes collections d'Ashburnham House ont été progressivement dispersées par son fils, et en 1901, le livre a été acheté par JP Morgan (1867-1943) et plus tard donné à sa Morgan Library. L'achat a été encouragé par le neveu de Morgan qui a écrit de Londres que « le British Museum aimerait l'acheter mais n'a pas l'argent nécessaire », qu'une offre de  par un autre avait été refusée et que  étaient demandées. Quelques années plus tôt, le British Museum avait eu beaucoup de mal à réunir  pour acheter la coupe de sainte Agnès.

Références

Bibliographie

 Calkins, Robert G. Livres enluminés du Moyen Âge . 1983, Cornell University Press,
 Page principale de la base de données "Corsair" pour le livre, Morgan Library
 Lasko, Peter, Ars Sacra, 800-1200, Yale University Press, 1995 ( éd. )
 Marks, PJM, Beautiful Bookbindings, A Thousand Years of the Bookbinder's Art, 2011, British Library,
 « Morgan notes », des PDF avec des notes dactylographiées très détaillées (si difficiles à lire) ; lien de la page Corsair ci-dessus
 Needham, Paul, Douze siècles de reliures 400-1600, 1979, Pierpont Morgan Library/Oxford University Press
 Schiller, Gertrud, Iconographie de l'art chrétien, Vol. II, 1972 (traduction anglaise de l'allemand), Lund Humphries, Londres,
 Wilson, David M. (1984), Anglo-Saxon Art: From The Seventh Century To The Norman Conquest, 1984, Thames and Hudson (US edn. Overlook Press)
 Wilson, David M. (2002), Le British Museum ; Une Histoire . Les Presses du British Museum, 2002.
 Musto, Jeanne-Marie, "John Scottus Eriugena et la couverture supérieure des évangiles de Lindau", Gesta, Vol. 40, n° 1 (2001), p. 1–18, JSTOR

Articles connexes
 Livre de Kells
 Christianisme celtique
 Art celte
Art insulaire

Manuscrit enluminé du IXe siècle
Manuscrit enluminé conservé à la Morgan Library
Évangéliaire
Manuscrit enluminé carolingien
Reliure
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Empire carolingien

Évangiles de Lindau


An Carex raciborskii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Zapal.. An Carex raciborskii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex raciborskii


Quemadmodum es una encíclica del Papa Pío XII pidiendo el cuidado de los niños pobres del mundo después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, dada en Roma, el 6 de enero, en la fiesta de la Epifanía, en 1946, en el séptimo año de su pontificado.

Contenido
El Papa señala que durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, usó toda su capacidad de persuasión para poner fin al conflicto y para garantizar una paz basada en la justicia, la equidad y el derecho. A medida que la guerra terminó, socorrió a varias naciones devastadas por la guerra.

Hay millones de niños inocentes en muchos países, sin las necesidades básicas de vida, sufriendo de frío, hambre y enfermedades. El Pontífice y sus organizaciones de ayuda habían ayudado a muchos de ellos, pero su ayuda era insuficiente para la inmensa tarea. Por lo tanto, se dirige a los obispos del mundo pidiendo ayuda adicional y alivio.

"A nuestros ojos se presentan, Venerables Hermanos, esas ingentes multitudes de niños que, pereciendo de hambre y casi acabados, piden pan con sus tiernas manitas «y no hay quien se lo distribuya; que, sin habitación y sin vestido bajo el rigor invernal, agonizan temblorosos, sin un padre y una madre que les vistan y les libren del frío; que, enfermos o minados por la tuberculosis y miseria, carecen de los oportunos cuidados y de las adecuadas medicinas. Con dolor Nos parece verles errar en gran número por las ruidosas calles de las ciudades, entre el ocio y las atracciones del vicio, o por los pueblos, por las aldeas y por los campos, vagando inciertos y errantes, sin que nadie ¡oh dolor! les procure un asilo seguro contra la pobreza y la vida viciosa y criminal. ¿Por qué, pues, los, que tan intensamente amamos a estos hijitos «en las entrañas de Jesucristo»; por qué, Venerables Hermanos, no hemos de alzar una y mil veces nuestra voz, juntamente con vosotros y con todos los que alimentan sentimientos de humanidad, de misericordia y de piedad, para que con todos los recursos de la caridad cristiana, que son muchísimos, os dediquéis, con ánimo generoso y noble, a mitigar y a suavizar esta miserable situación en todas partes?".

Las órdenes del Papa, en cada diócesis católicas, deben dar un día en las oraciones públicas asignadas a advertir a los fieles de esta necesidad urgente, y exhortó a que apoyen con sus oraciones, buenas obras y ofrendas para los niños necesitados y abandonados. "En verdad os digo, siempre y cuando lo hiciste por uno de ellos, el más pequeño de mis hermanos, lo hicisteis por mí" (Mt. 25, 40).

El Pontífice señala que estos niños serán los pilares de la próxima generación y por lo tanto es fundamental que crezcan sanos de mente y cuerpo. Nadie debe dudar, entonces, en contribuir con tiempo y dinero para una causa tan oportuna y esencial. Los menos ricos que dan lo que pueden con la mano abierta y el corazón dispuesto. Los que viven en el lujo recuerden que la indigencia, el hambre y la desnudez de estos niños constituyen una acusación grave de ellos ante Dios. Todos deben estar convencidos de que su generosidad no será pérdida sino ganancia. Que dar a los pobres es un préstamo a Dios que, en su propio tiempo, pagará su generosidad con intereses abundantes.

La Iglesia cuida de los bebés y los niños siguiendo el ejemplo de su Fundador. Mientras que los ejercicios dan todo el cuidado posible para ver que se les proporcione comida, refugio y ropa para sus cuerpos, que no ignoran o descuidan sus almas -nace, por así decirlo, de la respiración de Dios- parecen retratar la belleza radiante de los Cielos.

Véase también
 Anexo:Encíclicas del papa Pío XII

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Quemadmodum

Encíclicas de Pío XII
Iglesia católica en 1946

Quemadmodum