Los puntos de presión también conocidos por su denominación en chino Dim mak o Kyusho jitsu en japonés. Son áreas en el cuerpo humano que al ser manipuladas de alguna manera específica pueden producir un dolor considerable u otros efectos como mareo, desmayos, ardor, etcétera; aunque también hay puntos que causan efectos beneficiosos para la salud, como disminuir dolores de cabeza, detener el hipo, aliviar dolores de estómago, relajar, etc.

El concepto de los puntos de presión está presente en la vieja escuela de las artes marciales japonesas (siglo XVII) y se dice que son conocidos desde mucho antes por los chinos (quienes los llamaron Dim mak) y los antiguos guerreros hindúes. En un artículo de la revista japonesa Shin Budo publicado en 1942, el Sensei Takuma Hisa maestro del arte marcial clásico del Daitō-ryū Aiki-Jūjutsu (antecesor del Aikidō) asegura que la existencia de la tradición japonesa se atribuye el desarrollo y codificación de esta técnica de parte del guerrero Samurái, Shinra Saburō Minamoto no Yoshimitsu (1045-1127).

Hancock y Higashi (1905) publicaron un libro en el cual señalan numerosos puntos vitales usados en las artes marciales japonesas.

Algunas historias exageradas sobre peleas en las que se usan los puntos de presión aparecen en la ficción china Wuxia y eventualmente fueron conocidas por el nombre de Dim Mak, o "Toque de la Muerte".

Mientras que es innegable que existen puntos sensibles en el cuerpo humano en donde una leve presión puede inducir un dolor considerable o lesiones serias, la asociación del kyūsho con conceptos esotéricos como el Qì (ki en japonés), la acupuntura, el reiki, o la reflexología es dudosa, y muy discutida.

Tipos
Existen varios tipos de puntos de presión, estos son presionado de diferente forma y tiene efectos variados. Los "Puntos de dolor" son generalmente nervios que por ejemplo, pueden estar entre los tendones, ligamentos y músculos. La meta es inmovilizar temporalmente al blanco, o al menos distraerlo, por medio de "puntos reflejos" que producen movimientos involuntarios; por ejemplo, causar que la mano suelte algún objeto, que las rodillas se doblen o incluso que una persona sea noqueada y quede inconsciente. La mayoría de los puntos de presión están ubicados a los largo de las vías del sistema nervioso, linfático o circulatorio

Dolor

Algunos puntos de presión producen dolor cuando son golpeados, presionados o tallados, dependiendo de que punto se ataque. A estos puntos también se les llama centros nerviosos. Mientras que la distracción del dolor pudiera ofrecer la ventaja necesaria para pelear o escapar, el cuerpo posee un reflejo de aversión al dolor, en el que reacciona al estímulo doloroso retirándose del sitio donde se origina el daño. Los expertos en artes marciales veteranos usan este reflejo con un mínimo de esfuerzo, para la aplicación de diversas técnicas o con un fin marcial o terapéutico en sí mismo.

Aplastamientos, luxaciones,uso y golpes fuertes
Existen ciertas áreas del cuerpo duras y blandas que son propensas a ser dañadas si son golpeadas puntualmente, o sometidas a torsiones y/o hiperextensiones o hiperextensiones, tales como: las suturas óseas, las "costillas flotantes", el surco nasolabial, las vertebras cervicales y las partes laterales de las rodillas, muñecas, codos y dedos. Dentro de las artes marciales japonesas de combate cuerpo a cuerpo como el Jūjutsu tradicional, el Aikidō, el Judo y el ninjutsu, los puntos de presión son usados como facilitadores de la técnicas de proyección, o como parte de las técnicas de misericordia o luxación, sumisión e inmobilización permitiendo controlar al oponente. Mientras que en el karate-Do se enfatiza el golpeo de estos. Asimismo los puntos de presión son también usados como complemento para tratar varias dolencias o patologías de forma similar a la acupuntura.

Contusiones y shock neurológico
El cerebro es un órgano sensible que flota en un fluido (el Líquido cefalorraquídeo), rodeado de hueso. El mismo fluido es un mecanismo de seguridad que permite que la cabeza reciba impactos difusos sin perder el conocimiento, aunque tales impactos pueden provocar daño cerebral permanente si son repetitivos, especialmente a nivel de los lóbulos frontales. Es posible dar un golpe usando superficies de contacto apropiadas en puntos y ángulos específicos de tal forma que aún con la protección natural proporcionada por la bóveda craneana antes mencionada se pueda causar desorientación o una pérdida instantánea de la conciencia. La técnicas que se enseñan más comúnmente son golpes a la región occipital, el mentón o la sien, con un ángulo y dirección determinados. Siendo estas zonas muy conocidas por los practicantes de boxeo occidental, donde también se golpean otros puntos vulnerables del cuerpo  como: el hígado, el bazo, el epigastrio (o plexo solar), las costillas falsas y los riñones.

Energía
Algunos practicantes de artes marciales creen que existen canales de energía (los meridianos de la acupuntura) que permiten al Qì, o "fuerza vital" fluir a través del cuerpo. La acupuntura por ejemplo es muy conocida entre los practicantes experimentados de las artes marciales tradicionales. Los practicantes de la medicina china tradicional creen que los meridianos son líneas específicas en el cuerpo humano, en las que se encuentran cientos de puntos de presión. De acuerdo a esta creencia, un ataque puede ser usado para impactar el flujo de Qì, y afectar los órganos y diferentes estructuras del cuerpo. Así que al presionar, golpear o rastrillar estos puntos con una intención en específico y en ciertos ángulos se cree puede aumentar o disminuir la circulación de Qì en el cuerpo afectando el metabolismo.

Véase también
 Kung-fu o artes marciales chinas
 Chin Na apartado de las luxaciones, atrapes y lanzamientos de las artes marciales chinas
 Acupuntura
 Reiki seudociencia ligada a la medicina alternativa
 Samurái o guerreros medievales japoneses que integraron los puntos de presión a sus técnicas de combate.
 Jūjutsu tradicional japonés diferente al BJJ o jiu-jitsu brasileño usado en las mma Artes marciales mixtas.
 Aikidō
 Karate-Do
 Judo
 Ninjutsu

Referencias

 Hinata Hyūga y Neji Hyūga del anime Naruto usa un estilo de pelea similar llamado " Juken" Un estilo que se concentra en atacar puntos de Chakra para que el adversario no los pueda usar libremente

Términos de las artes marciales
Técnicas de las artes marciales

Puntos de presión


Koç Özel Lisesi (The Koç School), Tuzla'da bulunan, 1988 yılında Vehbi Koç Vakfı'na bağlı kurulan bir özel okuldur. 1998 yılında K-12 eğitimi verebilmek için ilköğretim okulu da açılmıştır. Avrupa Uluslararası Okullar Konseyi (ECIS) ile Amerika Ulusal Üniversite Danışmanlığı Komisyonu'nun (NACAC) üyesi olan okul, 1994'ten beri yurt dışında ve bazı Türk vakıf okullarında geçerli olan Uluslararası Bakalorya programını sunmaktadır.

Okulun hedefi, gerek Türk gerekse uluslararası eğitim sistemlerini en iyi şekilde öğrencilere sunmaktır. Bu kapsamda İngilizce eğitimi ana sınıfında başlatılır ve yoğunluğu giderek arttırılır. Lisede çift dilli eğitim yapan Koç öğrencileri yurt içi ve yurt dışı üniversitelere hazırlanır. Okulun sunduğu MUNDP, Ramfest, Springfest ve Talent Show faaliyetleri her eğitim-öğretim yılında tekrarlanır.

Özel Okullar Birliğine üye olan Koç Özel Lisesi, öğrencilerini Milli Eğitim Bakanlığının tertiplediği Seviye Belirleme Sınavı (SBS, TEOG veya LGS) ve ilköğretim okulunun düzenlediği sınavlarla alır.

Galeri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Koç Özel Lisesi'nin Resmi Sitesi

Özel Lisesi
Tuzla, İstanbul'daki okullar
İstanbul ilinde bulunan liseler
İstanbul'daki özel okullar
1988'de kurulan eğitim kurumları

Koç Özel Lisesi


بنك ميزوهو (باليابانية: みずほ銀行) بنك ياباني تأسس في 2002 بأندماج عدة بنوك يابانية كبرى منها بنك فوجي والبنك الصناعي الياباني. حيث شكلوا ثاني أكبر وحدة تعامل مالي في اليابان وهي مجموعة ميزوهو المالية، وواحدة من ثلاثة مجموعات تدعى في اليابان (MegaBanks). يقع المقر الرئيسي للبنك في تشيودا، طوكيو.

ينتشر لبنك ميزوهو قرابة 515 فرع وأكثر من 11,000 صراف آلي. ويعتبر بنك ميزوهو البنك الياباني الوحيد الذي يحوي فروع في جميع محافظات اليابان والتي تخدم حوالي 26 مليون نسمة.
اسم البنك «ميزوهو» يعني باليابانية : العصر الذهبي للأرز.

اقرأ أيضا
 شركة ميتسوي سوميتومو المصرفية

مراجع

بنوك استثمارية
بنوك اليابان
بنوك أسست في 2002
تكتل شركات مقرها في طوكيو
شركات أسست في 1897
شركات خدمات مالية أسست في 2002
شركات خدمات مالية مقرها في طوكيو
شركات مدرجة في بورصة طوكيو
علامات تجارية يابانية

بنك ميزوهو


Morgenfryd er en film instrueret af Alice de Champfleury.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1998

Animationsfilm fra Danmark

Morgenfryd


Jean Van Noten (* 1. Juni 1903 in Brüssel; † im Oktober 1982) war ein belgischer Künstler und Briefmarkenentwerfer.

Van Noten studierte an der Brüsseler Kunstakademie und malte Landschaften und Porträts. Er entwarf zahlreiche Briefmarken für Belgien, Belgisch-Kongo, Ruanda-Urundi, sowie deren Nachfolgestaaten Republik Kongo, Ruanda und Burundi.

Van Noten entwarf 1952 die erste Briefmarke für den Ausgabebereich der UN mit dem Motiv des War Memorial House in San Francisco, wo die Charta der Vereinten Nationen unterzeichnet worden ist.

Seine zahlreichen Reisen nach Afrika und die Verbundenheit mit dem Kontinent ließen zahlreiche Bilder entstehen, wie z. B. Feast at Wamba (1958, 206 × 161 cm), Resurrection (1970, 210 × 150 cm) und Tarmac (1972–1973, 140 × 200 cm)

Im Jahre 1992 würdigte Belgien den Künstler mit einer eigenen Briefmarke.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Jean van Noten Titel: Chandoir-Sirenes

Briefmarkenkünstler (Belgien)
Belgier
Geboren 1903
Gestorben 1982
Mann

Jean Van Noten


Del arte de la guerra (Dell'arte della guerra) es un tratado militar escrito por Nicolás Maquiavelo en 1520 y dedicado a Lorenzo de Filippo Strozi.

Reseña
En la obra, Maquiavelo hace una crítica a las instituciones militares de su época y desarrolla su política militar.

La obra transcurre en el jardín de la casa de Cosimo Rucellai, donde a través de un diálogo entre Fabrizio Colonna y otros invitados, Maquiavelo desarrolla su política militar. Fabrizio actúa como voz de la postura de Maquiavelo, siendo casi toda la obra diálogo suyo, mientras que los invitados se encargan de preguntar por un determinado tema militar o por su posición con respecto a alguna cuestión de la misma índole; en el transcurso de la obra, va rotando entre los invitados quien ocupa esta posición, no preguntan todos a la vez, sino que lo hacen de manera ordenada, cediendo la palabra para luego no volver a participar.

Apología de las antiguas instituciones
Durante todo el desarrollo de la obra, Maquiavelo apoya sus críticas y fundamentos en las instituciones militares de la antigüedad, sobre todo en la romana, adoptando en su postura sus métodos, entrenamientos y costumbres militares y ejemplificando a través de hechos correspondientes a ejércitos de la antigüedad. Afirma que no es imposible traer de vuelta estos aspectos y que son fundamentales para devolver a la vida militar y a la milicia el orden y prestigio perdido.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 Frases del libro.
 Del arte de la guerra: texto italiano en Wikisource.

Libros de 1532
Libros de Italia
Libros de Nicolás Maquiavelo
Literatura del Renacimiento
Estrategia militar
Literatura de Italia del siglo XVI
Ensayos del siglo XVI
Maquiavelismo

Del arte de la guerra


Arnolfini'nin Evlenmesi (özgün adı: Portret van Giovanni Arnolfini en zijn vrouw, Giovanni Arnolfini ve karısı'nın portresi) adlı portre, ressam Jan van Eyck tarafından 1434 yılında yapılan bir yağlı boya tablo çalışmasıdır.

Güzellik, karmaşık ikonografi, geometrik dikey perspektif ve aynanın kullanılması ile birlikte resim alanının genişlemesi, batı sanatındaki özgün ve karmaşık tablolardan birisi olarak kabul görülür. Biçimsel başarısının ötesinde resim tarihinde de önemli bir yere ve ilklere sahiptir. Rönesans'ta yeni ortaya çıkan ve yavaş yavaş yayılmaya başlayan burjuvazi, eskiden yalnızca kilisenin ve soyluların hizmetinde olan sanatı, kendine doğru çevirmeye başlamış ve bunun sonucunda "para karşılığı sanat" anlayışı çıkmıştır. Orta Çağda Kilise, sanatçının eserine imza koymasına hoş bakmamaktaydı.  Bir tüccar olan Arnolfini'nin resmi, 15. yüzyıldan sesini duyurmaya başlayan bir sınıfın ifadesi olarak önemlidir.

Açıklama
Flaman, resminin belli başlı özelliklerini taşır: Ayrıntılar ve simgesellik. Arnolfini'nin yüzündeki ifade, gölgeler ve giysisinin dokusu. Karısının giysisinin dokusu ve kıvrımları. Alttaki köpeğin her tüyünün sapıkça (sanat tarihinde buna "sabırlı" denir) bir ayrıntıyla işlenmiş oluşu. Pencereden içeri sızan ışığın yüzler ve giysiler üzerinde yarattığı etki.

Simgesellik ise çözülmesi zor, ilk bakışta doğal gelen bazı canlı ve nesnelerle verilmiştir. Tepedeki avizede yanan tek mum üzerine birkaç spekülasyon vardır. İlk bakışta tabloda üç figür gözükmektedir: erkek, kadın ve köpek. Kadının altın bileziği ve her ikisinin de taktığı yüzükler görünür olan tek mücevher olsa da, her iki kıyafet de pahalı. Arnolfini'nin üstünde ise siyah bir cüppe ve bir şapka var.

Pencerenin dışındaki kiraz ağacı, yaz mevsimini simgeler. Fakat çalışmada çift kışlık giyime sahip. Kiraz, aynı zamanda sevgiyi de sembolize edebilir. Çiftin ardında, yatağın perdeleri gözüküyor. Kırmızı perdeler evli çift arasındaki sevginin fiziksel hareketine atıfta bulunabilir. Diğer bir simge yerdeki köpektir. Sıradan bir köpek gibi gözükse de, bunun evliliğe duyulan (duyulması gereken) sadakati temsil ettiği bilinir. Köpek gibi sadık olmak mı diye de düşündürür. Aynı zamanda bir çocuk sahibi olma arzusu anlamına gelen şehvet amblemi olarak görülebilir. Çiftin aksine, köpek izleyicinin bakışlarını karşılamak için öne doğru bakmaktadır. Köpek, kocanın sadece karısına hediye ettiği bir süs köpeği de olabilir. Odanın iç kısmında başka zenginlik göstergeleri de var. Mesela, avize o dönemin standartlarına göre geniş ve ayrıntılıdır. Resimdeki portakal, o dönemlerde çok pahalıydı ve Brugge'a başka ülkelerden getiriliyordu. Sevgi ve evliliği temsil eden portakal, burada çiftin zenginliğine de işarettir.

Pencere vitrayları ve yatağın yanında yer alan küçük oryantal halısı da lüksün diğer işaretleri. Yerde gelişigüzel duran terlikler de evliliğin kutsallığına bir gönderme niteliği taşır. Tabloda iki çift terlik yer alıyor. Biri Arnolfini'nin önünde diğeri ise yatağın karşısında duruyor. Her ikisinin önü içe dönüktür. Zeminle aynı renkteki takunyaları çıkarması bir saygı ifadesidir.

Karyolanın ahşap başlığında bulunan küçük heykelcik ise Aziz Margaret. İnanışa göre Aziz Margaret hamileleri ve doğacak bebekleri koruyan bir azizdir. Bu detayla çiftin çocuk özlemi vurgulanıyor. Aynanın solunda duvarda asılı duran tespihe benzeyen dua boncukları dindarlığın göstergesidir. Pencerenin kenarındaki meyveler ise hayal gücünün sınırlarını zorlar.

Tüm bunların ötesinde, resmin orta yerinde çok önemli ve bu resmi bir ilk özelliğini katan bir dış bükey ayna durmaktadır.  Aynanın kenarındaki madalyonlarda İsa'nın çarmıha gerilmesi on resimle gösterilmiştir. Aynaya dikkatle bakıldığında Arnolfini'yi, karısını ve van Eyck'i görebiliriz. Ayna çift dışında iki figürü de yansıtmaktadır; kırmızı giysili duran ressam. Diğer mavili silüetin ise kim olduğu bilinmiyor. Aynanın üstünde, duvarda "Jan van Eyck buradaydı." (Johannes van Eyck fuit hic 1434) diye yazar. Olasılıkla bu resim aynı zamanda nikâh şahitliği ve evlilik cüzdanı işini de görmesi düşünülen bir resimdir.

Ayrıca resimdeki gelinin hamile olması, dönemin yeni oluşmaya başlayan ve eski aristokrat değerlerinden son derece farklı "Burjuva ahlâkı'nın anlaşılması açısından önemlidir. "Kır soylu" aristokrat kesime göre normal olan evlilikten sonra hamilelik iken, yeni gelişen "şehirli" (burjuva) ahlâkı bu normu yıkmıştır. Evlilik öncesi ilişki ve hamilelik artık doğal karşılanabilmektedir. Ancak kimi tarihçiler aynı döneme ait birçok tabloda azizelerin de saygınlık göstergesi olarak kilolu resmedildiğini, bu resmin hamile bir kadına ait olmayabileceğini savunurlar. Günümüzde kabul gören düşünce, gelinin hamile olduğu değil sadece dönemin anlayışına göre daha şık görünmesi için o şekilde tasvir edildiğidir. Ayrıca aristokrasi ile burjuvazi arasında evlilik ve hamilelik konuları arasında yukarıda bahsedilen bir düşünce farklılığı bulunmamaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar

National Gallery'de Arnolfini'nin Evlenmesi

1430'lar tabloları
National Gallery (Londra)'daki tablolar
Hollanda tabloları

Arnolfini'nin Evlenmesi


Cendube Vilayeti (Arapça:ولاية جندوبة) Tunus'un kuzeyinde yer alan ve Cezayir'e sınırı olan bir vilayet.

3.102 km² yüzölçümündeki vilayetin nüfusu 418.000 kişidir. vilayetin merkezi Cendube şehridir.

Cendube (il)


Le , le Northrop B-2 Spirit of Kansas s'écrase sur la base aérienne d'Andersen de l'US Air Force sur l'île de Guam durant la phase de décollage. Le commandant de bord, le Major Ryan Link, et le copilote, le capitaine Justin Grieve, parviennent à s'éjecter quelques instants avant l'impact, qui a complétement détruit l'appareil.

L'accident marque la première perte d'un bombardier B-2, depuis sa mise en service en 1989. Avec des dégâts estimés à  de dollars américains, il s'agit de l'accident aérien le plus coûteux de l'histoire.

Enquête
Les conclusions de l'enquête indiquent que le B-2 s'est écrasé après des « pluies abondantes et violentes » qui ont fait pénétrer de l'humidité dans les capteurs de données aérodynamiques présents sur le fuselage de l'appareil. Les données des capteurs sont utilisées pour calculer de nombreux facteurs, notamment la vitesse et l'altitude.

Trois capteurs de pression ont cessé de fonctionner , entraînant les ordinateurs de contrôle de vol à calculer un angle d'attaque et une vitesse inexacte pour le décollage. Des données de vitesses anémométriques incorrectes ont conduit l'avion à décoller de douze nœuds () plus lentement que la normale. Après que les roues se soient soulevées de la piste, un angle d'attaque négatif incorrectement détecté provoque la commande soudaine par les ordinateurs d'un mouvement de tangage de  vers le haut. La combinaison d'une vitesse de décollage lente et de l'angle d'attaque extrême, avec la traînée correspondante, entraîne un décrochage aérodynamique, un mouvement de lacet et une descente irrécupérable.

Les deux membres d'équipage réussissent à s'éjecter de l'avion peu de temps après que l'extrémité de l'aile gauche commence à toucher le sol le long de la piste. L'avion heurte le sol puis prend feu après que son carburant se soit enflammé.

Médias
L'accident a fait l'objet d'un épisode dans la série télévisée Air Crash nommé « Bombardier à terre » (saison 22 - épisode 3).

Notes et références

Liens externes
 .

Histoire de l'United States Air Force
Accident ou incident aérien en 2008
Février 2008

Accident d'un B-2 de l'US Air Force en 2008


El Stade d'Angondjé (en español: Estadio de Angondjé) es un estadio ubicado en Angondjé, un suburbio de la ciudad de Libreville, en Gabón. Es conocido como el Stade de l'Amitié. La construcción del estadio duró 20 meses y fue financiado por el Gabonaise y el Gobierno de China.

Es uno de los cuatro estadios que se utilizaron para la Copa Africana de Naciones 2012 y albergó la final del torneo. El partido de fútbol inaugural jugado aquí se Gabón frente a frente contra Brasil. Brasil ganó ese partido 2-0.

La colocación simbólica de la primera piedra fue hecha por el ministro de Deportes de Gabón, Rene Ndemezo'Obiang y el vicepresidente chino, Fu Ziying. Este estadio fue construido por China, y construida sobre una superficie de 30 hectáreas por la empresa china Shanghai Construction. El trabajo fue financiado en su totalidad por China, mientras que Gabón ha desarrollado el sitio, incluyendo suministro de agua y electricidad, y la construcción de caminos de acceso.

Partido Inaugural

Copa Africana de Naciones

Véase también
 Anexo:Estadios de fútbol de Gabón

Referencias

Gabón en 2012
Estadios de fútbol de Gabón
Estadios de fútbol inaugurados en 2011
Estadios de la Copa Africana de Naciones 2012
Estadios de la Copa Africana de Naciones 2017
Estadios de la final de la Copa Africana de Naciones

Stade d'Angondjé


A safety razor is a shaving implement with a protective device positioned between the edge of the blade and the skin. The initial purpose of these protective devices was to reduce the level of skill needed for injury-free shaving, thereby reducing the reliance on professional barbers.

Protective devices for razors have existed since at least the 1700s: a circa 1762 invention by French cutler Jean-Jacques Perret added a protective guard to a regular straight razor. The first known occurrence of the term "safety razor" is found in a patent from 1880 for a razor in the basic contemporary configuration with a handle in which a removable blade is placed (although this form predated the patent).

Safety razors were popularized in the 1900s by King Camp Gillette's invention, the double-edge safety razor. While other safety razors of the time used blades that required stropping before use and after a time had to be honed by a cutler, Gillette's razor used a disposable blade with two sharpened edges. Gillette's invention became the predominant style of razor during and after the First World War, when the U.S. Army began issuing Gillette shaving kits to its servicemen.

Since their introduction in the 1970s, cartridge razors and disposable razors – where the blades are embedded in plastic – have become the predominant types of safety razors.

History

Early designs

The first step towards a safer-to-use razor was the guard razor – also called a straight safety razor – which added a protective guard to a regular straight razor. The first such razor was most likely invented by French cutler Jean-Jacques Perret circa 1762. The invention was inspired by the joiner's plane and was essentially a straight razor with its blade surrounded by a wooden sleeve. The earliest razor guards had comb-like teeth and could only be attached to one side of a razor; a reversible guard was one of the first improvements made to guard razors.

The basic form of a razor, "the cutting blade of which is at right angles with the handle, and resembles somewhat the form of a common hoe", was first described in a patent application in 1847 by William S. Henson. This also covered a "comb tooth guard or protector" which could be attached both to the hoe form and to a conventional straight razor.

The first attested use of the term "safety razor" is in a patent application for "new and useful improvements in Safety-Razors", filed in May 1880 by Frederic and Otto Kampfe of Brooklyn, New York, and issued the following month. This differed from the Henson design in distancing the blade from the handle by interposing "a hollow metallic blade-holder having a preferably removable handle and a flat plate in front, to which the blade is attached by clips and a pivoted catch, said plate having bars or teeth at its lower edge, and the lower plate having an opening, for the purpose set forth", which is to "insure a smooth bearing for the plate upon the skin, while the teeth or bars will yield sufficiently to allow the razor to sever the hair without danger of cutting the skin." The Kampfe Brothers produced razors under their own name following the 1880 patent and improved the design in a series of subsequent patents. These models were manufactured under the "Star Safety Razor" brand.

A third pivotal innovation was a safety razor using a disposable double-edge blade for which King Camp Gillette submitted a patent application in 1901 and was granted in 1904. Gillette was awarded a contract to supply the American troops in World War I with double-edge safety razors as part of their standard field kits (delivering a total of 3.5 million razors and 32 million blades for them). The returning soldiers were permitted to keep that part of their equipment and therefore retained their new shaving habits. The subsequent consumer demand for replacement blades put the shaving industry on course toward its present form with Gillette as a dominant force. Prior to the introduction of the disposable blade, users of safety razors still needed to strop and hone the edges of their blades. These are not trivial skills (honing frequently being left to a professional) and remained a barrier to the ubiquitous adopting of the "be your own barber" ideal.

Single-edge razors

The first safety razors used a single-edge blade that was essentially a  long segment of a straight razor. A flat blade that could be used alternately with this "wedge" was first illustrated in a patent issued in 1878, serving as a close prototype for the single-edge blade in its present form. New single-edge razors were developed and used side by side with double-edge razors for decades. The largest manufacturers were the American Safety Razor Company with its "Ever-Ready" series, and the Gem Cutlery Company with its "Gem" models. Although these brands of single-edge razors are no longer in production, they are readily available in antique trade, and compatible modern designs are being made. Blades for them are still being manufactured both for shaving and technical purposes.

A second popular single-edge design is the "Injector" razor developed and placed on the market by Schick Razors in the 1920s. This uses narrow blades stored in an injector device with which they are inserted directly into the razor, so that the user never needs to handle the blade. The injector blade was the first to depart from the rectangular dimensions shared by the wedge, standard single-edge, and double-edge blades. The injector, itself, was also the first device intended to reduce the risk of injury from handling blades. The Gillette blade dispenser released in 1947 had the same purpose. The narrow injector blade, as well as the form of the injector razor, also strongly influenced the corresponding details of the subsequently developed cartridge razors. Both injector blades and injector safety razors are still available on the market, from antique stock as well as modern manufacture. The injector blades have also inspired a variety of specialised blades for professional barber use, some of which have been re-adopted for shaving by modern designs.

Until the 1960s, razor blades were made of carbon steel. These were extremely prone to rusting and forced users to change blades frequently. In 1962, the British company Wilkinson Sword began to sell blades made of stainless steel, whose edge did not corrode nearly so quickly and could be used far longer. Wilkinson quickly captured U.S., British and European markets. As a result, American Safety Razor, Gillette and Schick were driven to produce stainless steel blades to compete. Today, almost all razor blades are stainless steel, although carbon steel blades remain in limited production for lower income markets. Because Gillette held a patent on stainless blades but had not acted on it, the company was accused of exploiting customers by forcing them to buy the rust-prone blade.

The risk of injury from handling razor blades was further reduced in 1970 when Wilkinson released its "Bonded Shaving System", which embedded a single blade in a disposable polymer plastic cartridge. A flurry of competing models soon followed with everything from one to six blades, with many cartridge blade razors also having disposable handles. Cartridge blade razors are sometimes considered to be a generic category of their own and not a variety of safety razor. The similarities between single-edge cartridge blade razors and the classic injector razor do, however, provide equal justification for treating both categories contiguously.

In 1974, Bic introduced the disposable razor. Instead of being a razor with a disposable blade, the entire razor was manufactured to be disposable. Gillette's response was the Good News disposable razor which was launched on the US market in 1976 before the Bic disposable was made available on that market. Shortly thereafter, Gillette modified the Good News construction to add an aloe strip above the razor, resulting in the Good News Plus. The purported benefit of the aloe strip is to ease any discomfort felt on the face while shaving.

In direct response to Wilkinson's Bonded cartridge, during the following year Gillette introduced the twin-blade Trac II. They claimed that research showed the tandem action of the two blades to give a closer shave than a single blade, because of a "hysteresis" effect. In addition to the cutting action of the first blade, it is also supposed to pull the hair out of the follicle into which it does not fully retract before the second blade cuts it further. The extent to which this is of practical consequence has, however, been questioned.

Recent changes
Gillette introduced the first triple-blade cartridge razor, the Mach3, in 1998, and later upgraded the Sensor cartridge to the Sensor3 by adding a third blade. Schick/Wilkinson responded to the Mach3 with the Quattro, the first four-blade cartridge razor. These innovations are marketed with the message that they help consumers achieve the best shave as easily as possible. Another impetus for the sale of multiple-blade cartridges is that they have high profit margins. With manufacturers frequently updating their shaving systems, consumers can become locked into buying their proprietary cartridges, for as long as the manufacturer continues to make them. Subsequent to introducing the higher-priced Mach3 in 1998, Gillette's blade sales realized a 50% increase, and profits increased in an otherwise mature market.

The marketing of increasing numbers of blades in a cartridge has been parodied since the 1970s. The debut episode of Saturday Night Live in 1975 included a parody advertisement for the Triple Trac Razor, shortly after the first two-blade cartridge for men's razors was advertised.  Mad magazine announced the "Trac 76", arranged as a chain of cartridges with a handle on each end. In the early 1990s, the (Australian) Late Show skitted a "Gillette 3000" with 16 blades and 75 lubricating strips as arrived at by working in conjunction with the help of NASA scientists - "The first blade distracts the hair...".  The 16 January 1999 episode of Mad TV ran a parody commercial advertising the "Spishak Mach 20" with blades that variously "cut(s) away that pesky second layer of skin" and "gently smooth(s) out the jawbone" culminating in a blade that "destroys the part of the brain responsible for hair growth." In 2004, a satirical article in The Onion entitled "Fuck Everything, We're Doing Five Blades" predicted the release of five-blade cartridges, two years before their commercial introduction. South Korean manufacturer Dorco released their own six-blade cartridge in 2012, and later released a seven-blade cartridge.

Gillette has also produced powered variants of the Mach3 (M3Power, M3Power Nitro) and Fusion (Fusion Power and Fusion Power Phantom) razors. These razors accept a single AAA battery which is used to produce vibration in the razor; this action was purported to raise hair up and away from the skin prior to being cut. These claims were ruled in an American court as "unsubstantiated and inaccurate".

Design

Safety razors originally had an edge protected by a comb patterned on various types of protective guards that had been affixed to open-blade straight razors during the preceding decades.

Lifespan
To maintain their cutting action, razor blades can be stropped using an old strip of denim. Twinplex also sold a blade stropper which was used to extend the life of vintage carbon steel blades.

Safety razor blades are usually made of razor steel which is a low chromium stainless steel which can be made extremely sharp, but corrodes relatively easily. Safety razor blade life may be extended by drying the blades after use.  Salts from human skin also tend to corrode the blades, but washing and carefully drying them can greatly extend their life.

Disposable safety razor blades can be sharpened using various methods. There are commercial devices intended for this duty (Razormate, RazorPit, Blade Buddy, etc.).

Variants

Double-edged razors

Double-edge (DE) safety razors remain a popular alternative to proprietary cartridge razors, and usually offer significantly lower total cost of ownership since they are not marketed under the "razor and blades business model". DE razors are still designed and produced in many countries. Better known manufacturers include Edwin Jagger, Feather, iKon, Lord, Mühle, Merkur, Weishi with several of them producing razors that are marketed under other brands. Often different models of razors within a brand share the same razor-head designs, differing primarily in the color, length, texture, material(s), and weight of the handles. Three-piece razors generally have interchangeable handles, and some companies specialize in manufacturing custom or high-end replacement handles. The butterfly safety razor utilizes a twist-to-open mechanism head to make changing the blade easy and convenient.  Variations in razor head designs include straight safety bar (SB), open comb (OC)(toothed) bar, adjustable razors, and slant bar razors. The slant bar was a common design in Germany in which the blade is slightly angled and curved along its length to make for a slicing action and a more rigid cutting edge.

A primary functional difference between double-edge razors and modern cartridge razors is that DE razor heads come in a wide array of aggression levels (where aggression is commonly defined as being less protection from the blade).

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

1880 introductions
American inventions
Cutting tools
Razors
19th-century inventions

Safety razor


Lommatzsch FES-530 Lehrmeister er et tosædet skolesvævefly, der blev udviklet i den daværende Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR) midt i 1950erne. Over 300 fly blev bygget, i tre forskellige versioner med 17 m og 15 m spændvidde. Det var det første fly som blev udviklet og gik i serieproduktion i DDR.

I DDR var det Lehrmeister og den tjekkoslovakiske LF-109 "Pionýr" som Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik (GST) benyttede til at give eleverne den grundlæggende pilotuddannelse, indtil det punkt hvor eleverne skulle omskoles til ensædede fly. Herhjemme uddannede flyet generationer af svævepiloter sammen med Bocian, Rhönlerche II og Rhönadler

Design og udvikling
FES-530 blev oprindeligt udviklet i vinteren 1953 i VEB Waggonbau Gotha under navnet Gotha Go 530. Den blev primært designet af Hans Wegerich (aerodynamik), Wilhelm Zimmermann (statik) og Hans Hartung (konstruktion), under ledelse af Gerhard Renner. I 1954 blev designet overdraget til VEB Apparatebau Lommatzsch, som samme år var blevet grundlagt på fabriksgrunden fra et nedlagt glasværk. Lommatzsch-fabrikken, tilhørende Volkseigener Betrieb Flugzeug ("Den Folkeejede Flyvemaskinefabrik"), fik ansvaret for design, udvikling og produktion af svævefly i DDR.

FES-530 Lehrmeister fløj første gang i juni 1954. I november 1955 blev flyet godkendt til begrænset luftakrobatik, med godkendelse til at udføre spin og skyflyvning. Herefter gik flyet i serieproduktion; der blev bygget 100 eksemplarer af den første model. Fra 1957 blev flyet leveret til GST.

Forbogstaverne i FES-530 står for Forschungs- und Entwicklungsstelle (Forsknings- og Udviklingssted).

Konstruktion

Flyet er helt igennem bygget af træ. Vingerne er lavet med en enkelt hovedbjælke, forkanten er en krydsfinerbeklædt torsionsboks, og de resterende to tredjedele af vingen, inklusive krængerorene, er dækket med dopet lærred. Flyet er højvinget med 2° dihedral vinkel og 2,3° washout. På den oprindelige model havde vingerne 17 m (55 ft 9 in) spændvidde, og var afstivet med en enkelt stræber til det nederste af skroget. På alle varianterne er vingerne tilspidset i en lige linje, lidt på forkanten men hovedsageligt på vingens bagkant, hvilket giver flyet 0,46° pilform, målt ved kvart profilkorde, og med kun let afrundede vingetipper. Der er ingen flaps, men et sæt Schempp-Hirth-lignende luftbremser foldes symmetrisk oven- og nedenud af vingen ved ca. halv spændvidde.

Lehrmeisters skrog er af monocoque (selvbærende) konstruktion, og dækket med krydsfiner. Skroget spidser til agterud. Både halefinne og haleplan er dækket af krydsfiner, og finnen er en integreret del af skroget. Haleplanet er monteret foran halefinnen på oversiden af skroget. Kontrolfladerne er dækket af dopet lærred; sideroret, som når fra toppen af halefinnen og ned til skrogets køl, bevæger sig i en udskæring i højderoret. Der er en trimflade på begge dele af højderoret. Elev og instruktør sidder i tandem, foran og under vingens forkant, og hooden over cockpittet er af 'drivhus'typen, delt op i flere separate stykker plexiglas. Den forreste og centrale del åbner mod styrbord, og kan i nødstifælde helt afkastes. Fra snuden og under bunden, rækkende under forreste sæde er der en gummiophængt landingsmede, og umiddelbart bag ryglænet på det bageste sæde er understellets monohjul, affjedret og forsynet med en bremse. Der befinder sig en lille ekstra mede under halen.

Videreudvikling
I 1959 fremkom yderligere to varianter. Det grundlæggende design havde vist sig at være sundt, og krævede stort set ingen ændringer. Den største forskel var derfor at stræberene under vingerne var forsvundet, og vingen var blevet fritbærende (en cantilever vinge).

Den første model, FES-530/I eller Lehrmeister I, havde en uændret spændvidde på 17 m, og et vingeareal på 19,00 m2 (205 sq ft). Den reducerede luftmodstand forbedrede glidetallet fra 24:1 til 26:1, og forbedrede bedste faldhastighed fra 0,85 m/s til 0,80 m/s. Flyet havde for datiden ganske anstændige specifikationer, og var - ud over rollen som skolefly - et udmærket fly til rekreativ svæveflyvning.

Den anden model, FES-530/II eller Lehrmeister II, havde en reduceret spændvidde på 15 m (49 ft 2.5 in), og et vingeareal på 17.93 m2 (193 sq ft). Som forventet gav reduktionen i sideforhold (aspect ratio) fra 15,20 til 12,54 dårligere egenskaber: glidetallet blev reduceret til 23:1, og bedste faldhastighed forværret til 0,95 m/s. Dette var dog stort set uden betydning, eftersom Lehrmeister II hovedsageligt blev benyttet som skolefly. Til sammenligning havde et andet udmærket og populært skolefly, Rhönlerche II et glidetal på kun 19:1, hvilket gav den det lidet flatterende tilnavn "Rhönstein" (på dansk nærmest "Brostenen"). Ultimativt var Lehrmeister II den mest succesfulde konstruktion: der blev bygget 101 eksemplarer, imod 100 stk. Lehrmeister og 22 stk. Lehrmeister I.

Operationel historie
Lehrmeister var et af den slags fly, der forrettede sin tjeneste stilfærdigt og pålideligt, nærmest lidt anonymt. For eksempel blev OY-XAY, FES-530/I ser.no. 0220, indkøbt af Vestjysk Svæveflyveklub og indgik i det danske flyregister i 1960. Flyet uddannede i hundredvis af elever, først i Esbjergs gamle lufthavn i Kjersing, fra 1971 på Bolhede Flyveplads, inden det blev frasolgt til en privat i august 1973. Flyet er stadigt flyvedygtigt og tilmeldt Dansk Svæveflyvehistorisk Klub (DaSK).

Der blev i alt bygget 223 eksemplarer af FES-530. De fleste blev i Østtyskland, men 22 stk. blev eksporteret til Danmark, Syrien, Egypten og Cuba. De danske svæveflyveklubber var den langt største aftager, og modtog ti fly, alle af type FES-530/I. Af de ti danske fly er, pr. juni 2017, fire fly (OY-XAY, OY-XAU, OY-DXK og OY-BAX) stadigt flyvedygtige, et (OY-XAR) foræret til Deutsches Technikmuseum, Berlin, og de sidste fem fly er udgået af flyregisteret efter havarier.

En FES-530/II (Registrering DM-3264) blev foræret til Østrig som gave, og fløj under registreringen OE-0702. I 2002 blev flyet hentet tilbage til Schönhagen og blev – bl.a. med hjælp af GSTs tidligere værkstedsleder Johannes Höntsch – renoveret og bragt tilbage til det oprindelige udseende.

I DDR afløste Lehrmeister det bedagede ensædede skolefly SG 38, som stammede fra 1930-erne, og forblev i tjeneste til sidst i 1970erne. Lehrmeister blev derefter afløst af den polske Bocian 1E. Siden 2004 flyver en restaureret FES-530 (DM-3152) fra flyvepladsen i Pirna.

Varianter
Data fra The World's Sailplanes og fra Segelflugzeuge. Produktionstal fra Lommatzsch FES-530.
FES-530 Lehrmeister
 Original med afstræbede vinger, 17 m spændvidde. Første flyvning i juni 1954. 100 stk. bygget.

FES-530 Lehrmeister I
 Cantilever vinge med 17.0 m spændvidde. 22 stk. bygget, 10 af disse solgt til Danmark.

FES-530 Lehrmeister II
 Cantilever vinge med 15 m spændvidde. Første flyvning den 27. februar 1959. 101 stk. bygget.

Operatører

 Antal og type ukendt.

 10 stk. FES-530/I, anskaffet mellem 1959-1962. Fire fly stadig i tjeneste.

 200 eller 201 Lehrmeister af alle typer. 22 eller 23 fly blev eksporteret.

 Antal og type ukendt.

 Antal og type ukendt.

 Mindst 1 stk. FES-530/II.

Overlevende fly

I brug
Der er (juli 2017) fire flyvedygtige danske Lehmeistere tilbage:
 OY-BAX - er ejet af Bornholms Flyveklub og baseret på Rønne, Bornholm
 OY-DXK - (privat ejet)-PL/Norge
 OY-XAU (privat ejet) - PM/Sverige
 OY-XAY (privat ejet) - er baseret på Svæveflyvecenter Arnborg, Midtjylland

En Lehrmeister blev restaureret nær Pirna i Tyskland, og har fået lov til at beholde sin oprindelige DDR registrering. Et ukendt antal fly er stadig i drift, hovedsageligt i det forhenværende Østtyskland.

Udstillede
Information fra Ogden  og Ocker
 Interessengemeinschaft Ju 52, Springe: DM-3324 Lehrmeister II
 Norsk Luftfartsmuseum, Bodø: LN-GGV Lehrmeister II
 Segelflugmuseum Wasserkuppe, Wasserkuppe: DM-3308 Lehrmeister II
 Stiftung Deutsches Technikmuseum, Berlin: OY-YAP Lehrmeister I. Flyet er p.t. opmagasineret.

Specifikationer (Lehrmeister, alle typer)

Se også
Relaterede:
 Lommatzsch Libelle
 Lommatzsch Favorit

Lignende fly:
 Schleicher Ka 2 "Rhönschwalbe"
 Schleicher Ka 4 "Rhönlerche II"
 PZL Bielsko SZD-9 "Bocian"
 Scheibe Bergfalke II/55

Referencer
Noter

Bibliografi
 Frank Lemke: Aufstieg und Fall des DDR-Flugzeugbaus, Fliegerrevue 4/92
 Die Segelflugzeuge der GST, Fliegerrevue 5/89

Eksterne henvisninger

 Göttingen 549 vingeprofil
 Göttingen 676 vingeprofil
 Kort beretning på tysk om restaureringen af en FES-530/I i Østrig

Fly fra Tyskland
Svævefly

Lommatzsch FES-530 Lehrmeister


As redes sociais da Prefeitura de Curitiba, também conhecidas como Prefs, surgiram em 2013 e se tornaram as páginas institucionais mais populares do Brasil, superando páginas de grandes cidades, como São Paulo. Ela ficou famosa por sua informalidade, com os memes de capivara virando o símbolo da cidade.

História
As páginas no Facebook e Twitter foram criadas pelo Departamento de Internet e Mídias Sociais da prefeitura de Curitiba em março de 2013, durante a gestão de Gustavo Fruet (PDT) e sob surpervisão do Secretário de Comunicação Social da Prefeitura de Curitiba, o jornalista Gladimir Nascimento. Marcos Giovanella, o diretor de mídias sociais da Prefeitura, não conseguiu encontrar casos nacionais de sucesso de páginas institucionais, e buscou inspiração no exterior. A página se tornou um grande sucesso devido a sua informalidade, e a capivara virou o símbolo da cidade nas redes sociais. Em 2016, as páginas saíram do ar temporariamente por causa das eleições municipais, onde Rafael Greca (PMN) foi eleito promentendo extinguir as capivaras virtuais. Por isso, havia o temor que as redes sociais fossem fechadas, mas elas voltaram ao ar após o segundo turno.

Conteúdo

A página ficou conhecida pelas suas postagens humorísticas, como o uso de memes. como a criação da lenda urbana da minhoca de Curitiba. Nela, a estátua da Minhoca Gigante em frente ao Museu Oscar Niemeyer teria sido criada por jesuítas por haver uma cobra gigante vivendo nos túneis do município. Outro meme de sucesso foi o das capivaras, que foi criado pelo jornalista e então diretor do departamento, Álvaro Borba, para quebrar com o estilo de comunicação da gestão anterior. O meme foi tão bem-sucedido que se tornou uma fonte de renda para o Instituto Pró-Cidadania de Curitiba.

A página também fazia posts institucionais de forma mais leve, como informações sobre shows, campanhas de vacinação ou sobre o clima da cidade. Neles, era comum referências a obras famosas da cultura pop, como Super Mario Bros., Game of Thrones, Harry Potter, Dragon Ball Z e outros.

Ainda, havia uma grande interação com outras páginas de prefeitura. Em 2014, os seguidores das páginas pediram que a Prefeitura de Curitiba se casasse com a Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro. A Prefeitura do de Curitiba respondeu que prefeituras não poderiam se casar, mas a Prefeitura do Rio entrou na piada e fez diversos pedidos de casamento. A Prefs finalmente aceitou e foi marcado no dia 27 de setembro o Casamento Vermelho, onde, além da festa, os participantes poderiam doar sangue. No dia marcado, a doação de sangue triplicou. Em outro caso, uma capivara foi encontrada "perdida" na página da Prefeitura de Santos, o que gerou debates sobre questões ambientais.

Repercussão
Em pouco tempo, as redes sociais se tornaram as mais acessadas entre as capitais brasileiras. No ano de estreia, o Twitter da Prefeitura já contava com 16 mil seguidores, ultrapassando a página da Prefeitura de São Paulo. Em 2015, 56% das pessoas que seguiam as redes sociais de Curitiba vinham de outros estados. No Facebook, em 2017 a Prefeitura contava com 846 mil seguidores; já a Prefeitura de São Paulo contava com 38% do número, apenas 323 mil. Diversas prefeituras copiaram a fórmula da página.

Prêmios

 Prêmio Share, nas categorias de SAC 2.0 e Melhor Campanha Integrada (2015)

Referências

2013 no Paraná
Facebook
Twitter
Fenômenos da Internet no Brasil

Redes sociais da Prefeitura de Curitiba


Tripartitum sau Opus Tripartitum (titlul complet în , "Drept cutumiar în trei părți al renumitului Regat al Ungariei") este un manual de drept cutumiar maghiar redactat în anul 1514 de István Werbőczy și publicat pentru prima dată la Viena în 1517. Deși nu a primit niciodată aprobarea oficială a curții regale, codul juridic al lui Werbőczy a fost extrem de influent, fiind tipărite cincizeci de ediții în următorii trei sute de ani. Tripartitum nu includea așa-numitele legi scrise (decretele regale, legile elaborate de parlament și statutele orașelor regale libere), care au fost incluse întotdeauna după elaborarea lor în cărțile de legi.

Werbőczy era un mic nobil și Tripartitum "consfințește idealurile unui membru contemporan tipic al clasei sale". Sunt expuse acolo privilegiile nobilimii, egalitatea tuturor nobililor în fața pretențiilor de superioritate ale marilor nobili (magnați) și numeroasele îndatoriri ale iobagilor. Anterior, în 1514, fusese înăbușită o răscoală țărănească condusă de Gheorghe Doja, ceea ce a influențat stabilirea de către Werbőczy a unor obligații împovărătoare pentru iobagi. Tripartitum a jucat un rol important în perpetuarea sistemului feudal din Ungaria.

Note

Legături externe
 Câteva capitole importante din Tripartitum în limba latină și traduse în engleză
 Tripartitum pe Google Books

Secolul al XVI-lea în legislație

Tripartitum


Platysace, biljni rod iz porodice štitarki, čijih dvadesetak priznatih vrsta raste po Australiji  Rod je dio potporodice istoimene klade. Opisan je prvi puta u Pl. Preiss. 1: 285 (1845).

Opis
WHO priznaje 25 vrsta. To su višegodišnje drvenaste biljke ili polugrmovi.

Listovi cjeloviti ili režnjeviti, uskocrtni, lancetasti do okruglastih peteljki ili sjedeći, ekstipulirani.

Cvjetovi dvospolni ili muški, bijeli, krem ili ružičasti. Čašice su neugledne ili ih nema. Latice eliptične do jajolike, središnja žila kobičasta. Stylopodium ravan ili konusni.

Plod, više-manje stisnut bočno; karpofor postojan, nepodijeljen (u NSW); merikarpi jajasti do ± okrugli, obično hrapavi do tuberkulati; sužen na spoju merikarpa.

Vrste

 Platysace anceps (DC.) C.Norman
 Platysace arnhemica Specht
 Platysace cirrosa Bunge
 Platysace clelandii (Maiden & Betche) L.A.S.Johnson
 Platysace commutata (Turcz.) C.Norman
 Platysace compressa (Labill.) C.Norman
 Platysace deflexa (Turcz.) C.Norman
 Platysace effusa (Turcz.) C.Norman
 Platysace ericoides (Sieb. ex DC.) C.Norman
 Platysace filiformis (Bunge) C.Norman
 Platysace flexuosa Turcz.
 Platysace haplosciadia (Benth.) C.Norman
 Platysace heterophylla (Benth.) C.Norman
 Platysace juncea (Bunge) C.Norman
 Platysace lanceolata Druce
 Platysace linearifolia (Cav.) C.Norman
 Platysace maxwellii (F.Muell.) C.Norman
 Platysace pendula (Benth.) C.Norman
 Platysace ramosissima (Benth.) C.Norman
 Platysace saxatilis Keighery
 Platysace stephensonii (Turcz.) C.Norman
 Platysace tenuissima (Benth.) C.Norman
 Platysace teres (Bunge) C.Norman
 Platysace trachymenioides F.Muell.
 Platysace xerophila (E.Pritz.) L.A.S.Johnson

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Štitarke

Platysace


Altun, cu varianta, în română, altân (în limba turcă otomană: التون, "aur") sau sultani este o monedă otomană de aur. În 1454, Mehmed al II-lea a introdus în circulație altunul care valora 60 de akçe. Greutatea unei monede este de 3,45 grame.
A circulat în Imperiul Otoman o lungă perioadă de timp, fără a i se schimba greutatea și titlul; moneda a circulat până în timpul sultanului Mahmud al II-lea.

Bibliografie

Legături externe
 Dicționar de numismatică pentru colecționarii de monede

Vezi și
 Aspru
 Icosar
 Mahmudea

Monede din Evul Mediu
Imperiul Otoman
Foste unități monetare
Monede ieșite din circulație
Monede de aur
Numismatică

Altun


Derzsi Ákos (n. ) este un senator român, ales în 2016.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2016-2020 (Senat)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Politicieni români în viață
Senatori români 2016-2020
Deputați români 2008-2012
Membri ai Uniunii Democrate Maghiare din România

Ákos Derzsi


La reacción de Perkin es una reacción orgánica desarrollada en 1878 por el químico inglés sir William Henry Perkin que es muy utilizada para sintetizar derivados del ácido cinámico, por ejemplo ácidos aromáticos α,β-insaturados por una condensación aldólica de benzaldehídos y un anhídrido carboxílico en la presencia de una sal alcalina del ácido.

Varios estudios se han reportado. La reacción del ácido fenilacético y el benzaldehído con trietilamina y anhídrido acético a ácido α-fenilcinámico es un ejemplo representativo de esta reacción.

Mecanismo de reacción

El mecanismo expuesto no es universalmente aceptado; hay una versión que postula una descarboxilación sin transferencia del grupo acético.

Referencias

Véase también
 Síntesis de aminoácidos de Erlenmeyer-Plöchl
 Condensación de Stobbe
 Condensación aldólica

Reacciones de condensación
Síntesis orgánica
Ciencia y tecnología de Reino Unido del siglo XIX
Ciencia de 1878
Reino Unido en 1878
Reacciones orgánicas epónimas

Reacción de Perkin


Dorukseki, Çorum ilinin Bayat ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 77 km, Bayat ilçe merkezine 17 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Bayat belde ve köyleri

Dorukseki, Bayat


Vodeni mak (hidroklejs, lat. Hydrocleys), rod vodenih trajnica iz Južne i Srednje Amerike in nekim zapadnoindijskim otocima. kojemu pripada pet priznatih vrsta. Pripada porodici žabočunovki.

Vrsta H. nymphoides danas se uzgaja po mnoogim mjestima u svijetu kao ukrasna vodena bilčjka, a naturalizirala se u Australiji, Novom Zelandu, Južnoafričkoj Republici, nekim južnim državama SAD-a (Florida, Teksas), i po nekim otocima i otočnim državama Oceanije.

Vrste
 Hydrocleys martii  Seub.
 Hydrocleys mattogrossensis (Kuntze) Holm-Niels. & R.R.Haynes
 Hydrocleys modesta  Pedersen
 Hydrocleys nymphoides (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Buchenau
 Hydrocleys parviflora Seub.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Žabočunovke

Vodeni mak


Aceasta este o listă de filme în limba hindi (Bollywood, industrie cu sediul în Mumbai) din 2018:

Ianuarie – martie 2018

Aprilie – iunie 2018

Iulie – septembrie 2018

Octombrie - decembrie 2018

Referințe și note

Legături externe
 Filme Bollywood din 2018 la Internet Movie Database
 Indian Film Songs from the Year 2018 - A look back at the year 2018 with a special focus on the Hindi film song

Filme din 2018
Filme Bollywood
Filme indiene
India
Liste de filme BollywoodListe de filme indiene

Listă de filme Bollywood din 2018


Belgiens U/20-fodboldlandshold er Belgiens landshold for fodboldspillere, som er under 20 år og administreres af KBVB/URBSFA.

U/20-fodboldlandshold
U/20-fodboldlandshold i Europa

Belgiens U/20-fodboldlandshold


Edel AG este o  casă de discuri independentă germană. Campania a fost fondată în 1986 de către Michael Haentjes și a fost începută ca și o casă de discuri, editură, de obicei prin sub-etichete, multe genuri muzicale. Mai târziu, aceasta s-a dezvoltat, dezvoltând noi media și divizii de publicare. Sediul central se află în Hamburg.

Edel este prezent in mai multe țări precum Italia, Austria, Elveția, Danemarca, Regatul Unit, Suedia, Finlanda și Franța.

Companii media din Germania

Edel AG


Tzolk'in (, formerly and commonly tzolkin) is the name bestowed by Mayanists on the 260-day Mesoamerican calendar originated by the Maya civilization of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.

The tzolk'in, the basic cycle of the Maya calendar, is a preeminent component in the society and rituals of the ancient and the modern Maya. The tzolk'in is still used by several Maya communities in the Guatemalan highlands. While its use has been spreading in this region, this practice is opposed by Evangelical Christian converts in some Maya communities.

The word tzolk'in, meaning "division of days", is a western coinage in Yucatec Maya. Contemporary Maya groups who have maintained an unbroken count for over 500 years in the tzolk'in use other terms in their languages. For instance, the K'iche' use the term Aj Ilabal Q'ij [aχ ilaɓal ʠiχ] or Rajilabal K'ij [ɾaχ ilaɓal ʠiχ], 'the sense of the day' or 'the round of the days' and the Kaqchikel use the term Chol Q'ij [tʃol ʠiχ], 'the organization of time'. The names of this calendar among the pre-Columbian Maya are not widely known. The corresponding Postclassic Aztec calendar was called tonalpohualli in the Nahuatl language.

The twenty day names
The tzolk'in calendar combines a cycle of twenty named days with another cycle of thirteen numbers (the trecena), to produce 260 unique days (20 × 13 = 260). Each successive named day is numbered from 1 to 13, and then starting again at 1.

The 20 individual named days are the following:

The tzolk'in does not have a generally recognized start and end, although there are specific references in the books of Chilam Balam to 1 Imix as the beginning day.

Each of the twenty days has its specific primary association connected to the day name's meaning.

Imix : 'Crocodile' – the reptilian body of the planet earth, or world
Ik : 'Wind' – breath, life. Also violence.
Akbal : 'Night-house' – darkness, the underworld, realm of the nocturnal jaguar-sun.
Kan : 'Maize' – sign of the young maize lord who brings abundance, ripeness. Also lizard, net.
Chicchan : 'Snake' – the celestial serpent
Cimi : 'Death'
Manik : 'Deer' – sign of the Lord of the Hunt
Lamat : 'Rabbit' – sign of what is also known as the planet Venus, sunset. The glyph may depict four grains of maize. Invoked by the feminine name "Ixq'anil" by Xquic.
Muluc : 'Water' – symbolised by jade, an aspect of the water deities; fish. Invoked by the feminine name "Ixtoj" by Xquic.
Oc : 'Dog' – who guides the night sun through the underworld.
Chuen : 'Monkey' – the great craftsman, patron of arts and knowledge. Also thread.
Eb : 'Grass' or 'Point' – associated with rain and storms.
Ben : 'Reed' – who fosters the growth of corn, cane, and man.
Ix : 'Jaguar' – the night sun. Also maize. Associated with the goddess Ixchel.
Men : 'Eagle' – the wise one, bird, moon
Cib : 'Owl/Vulture' – death-birds of night and day. Also wax, soul, insect.
Caban : 'Earthquake' – formidable power. Also season, thought.
Etz'nab : 'Knife' – the obsidian sacrificial blade.
Cauac : 'Rain' or 'Storm' – the celestial dragon serpents and the chacs, gods of thunder and lightning.
Ahau : 'Lord' – the radiant sun god. Also associated with the Mayan hero twins.

The variant names and associations below are common to three post-conquest Guatemalan highland calendars. Their interpretations are based primarily on an 1854 manuscript by Hernandez Spina.

Imox is a bad day, associated with the insane, on which the priests of the sun pray that harm may come to their enemies through evil spirits.
Iq is a bad day, symbolic in the same way of the destructive forces of nature; that power is localized in stone idols, who are honored with incense, roses, candles, pine needles, and aguardiente. Tumours and painful swellings are attributed to the influence of this day.
Aqabal is a bad day, on which the priests of the sun go to shrines to pray against their enemies. The day is symbolic of evil in general and of slanderers, in particular.
Kat is a bad day in the same sense as Aqabal, symbolic of evil in general.
Kan is a bad day. It brings sickness and is symbolic of the arbitrary cruelty of nature.
Kame is recorded as a bad day by one 19th-century source and as a good day by one 20th-century source, Ruth Leah Bunzel. It is symbolic of the ultimate dissolution by death of everything good and everything evil. It is a good day to confess one's evil deeds, and ask for pardon.
Keej is a good day on which wishes are made. It is a good day to ask favors and to commemorate ancestors.
Qanil is a good day, sacred to fertility gods, associated with human nourishment, the growth of crops, the cycle of death and rebirth, and of the milpa. After the harvest is completed, thanksgiving is made on Qanil.
Toj is a bad day, symbolized by sickness, and anyone born on it will be perverse. It is a good day to wish sickness upon an enemy.
Tzi is a bad day, symbolized by sexual depravity. No ceremonies must ever be held on this day.
Batz is a bad day, symbolized by paralysis. According to some, it is a good day, symbolic of the ancestors.
E is a good day, symbolized by destiny, fortune, and the essential characteristics of one's personality. It is a day on which marriages may be held, and sacrifices to benign deities may be made.
Aj is a good day, consecrated to fertility gods, herdsmen, and domesticated animals. The day is symbolic of one's destiny as embodied in one's nagual.
Ix is a good day, sacred to the mountain and forest spirits. On this day, protection may be sought from wolves and wild predators, in favor of flocks and animals. The day is symbolic of the creative force in general, and of the earth itself.
Tzikin is the most excellent day of all. Double offerings are made at shrines, in forests, and in caves. It is a day on which wishes may be made, forgiveness may be sought, and important matters may be finalized.
Ajmaq is also a very good day, one sacred to the spirits that preside over good health.
Noj is an auspicious day, on which good judgement may be prayed for. The day is symbolic both of humanity's amoral and moral qualities.
Tijax is a good day. It is a day of verbal arguments, and a good day to confess sins.
Kawoq is recognized as an indifferent day or a bad day. It is symbolic of the malice of the dead.
Junapu or Ajpu is an indifferent day, neither a bad or good portent, on which the power of the ancestors is embodied by the house itself.

Uses

The tzolk'in was extensively used in Mayan inscriptions and codices. Symbolism related to the tzolk'in is also observed in the Popol Vuh (which, though written in the early post-conquest period, is probably based on older texts). For instance, when Xmucane has set an impossible task for Xquic of collecting a netful of corn from one stalk and Xquic successfully completes it, she leaves the imprint of her net in the ground, and the day "net" is the opening of the Venus cycle which follows "ahau" ("ajpu" in K'iche'), just as her child is the heir of Hun Hunajpu.

The uses to which the ancient Maya applied the calendar are unknown, nonetheless modern Maya communities employ the calendar as follows:
 For Maize cultivation.(The zenith transit days may have been significant for agriculture along the south coast of Guatemala because April 30 occurs just before the rainy season. Modern Maya plant their corn at the end of April or early in May. In the August 13 zenith transit the Maya initiate its current era in this day', approximating the harvest of the dried corn.
 For modern Guatemalan highlanders, the 260 days are employed in training the Aj K'ij, or 'calendar diviner'. Nine months after commencing training in divination, the novice is "reborn" and initiated into office. The tzolk'in is explainable, in principle, as a calendar of midwives, since it counts 260 days from the 20-day period of the conception, from when the heart of the fetus starts to beat, until birth.
 For rituals performed every 260 days. Most famous of these is the "Initiation" celebration of 8 Chuwen, Waxakib' B'atz, in the K'iche town of Santa Cruz del Quiche.
 For days which are suitable for certain actions. For instance, a low-numbered Ak'ab'al or B'en would be a good day for a wedding, whereas K'an would be a good day for building or maintaining a house.
 For divination based on casting lots and counting forward through the calendar from the current 'year bearer' to arrive at a day which is then interpreted. This is not pure cleromancy because somatic twitches of "blood lightning" can either be specifically consulted or arise spontaneously during the process.
 For traditional Mayan names, which are based on calendar days, often birthdays. As in other systems of astrology, personal characteristics are associated with birthdays.

Origins
The 260-day calendar spread throughout the Mesoamerican cultural region and is regarded as the oldest and most important of the calendar systems, with an origin predating its first appearances in Maya inscriptions. The earliest evidence of this calendar comes from a possible day sign with a dot numeral coefficient in an Olmec-like inscription in Oxtotitlán cave dated to 800-500 BCE. Some of the next oldest calendric inscriptions are from early strata of Zapotec in the Oaxacan highlands at sites such as Monte Albán, dating from mid-1st millennium BCE. A few earlier-dated inscriptions and artifacts have what appear to be calendric glyphs, such as at San José Mogote and in the Olmec Gulf Coast region. However, either the dating method or the calendric nature of the glyphs are disputed by scholars. The earliest unequivocal written record is a 7 Deer day sign found in mural paintings at the central lowland Maya site of San Bartolo, Guatemala, dated to the 3rd century BCE, but it is now obvious that the origin of the 260-day is much earlier. An archaeoastronomical study has shown that a number of architectural complexes built in the late second and early first millennia BCE in the area along the southern Gulf coast in Mexico are oriented to the Sun's positions on the horizon on certain dates, separated by multiples of 13 and 20 days. Since these were elementary periods of the 260-day cycle, the orientations marking these intervals can only be explained in association with this calendar. The dating of the earliest constructions indicates that it was in use by 1100 BCE.

The original purpose of such a calendar, with no obvious relation to any astronomical or geophysical cycle, is not securely known, but there are several theories. One theory is that the calendar came from mathematical operations based on the numbers thirteen and twenty, which were important numbers to the Maya, (Thompson 1950: Maya Hieroglyphic Writing:Introduction). The number twenty was the basis of the Maya counting system, taken from the total number of human digits. (See Maya numerals). Thirteen symbolized the number of levels in the Upperworld where the gods lived, and is also cited by modern daykeepers as the number of "joints" in the human body (ankles, knees, hips, shoulders, elbows, wrists, and neck). The numbers multiplied together equal 260.

Barbara Tedlock studied this system in the contemporary K'iche Maya community of the municipality of Momostenango in highland Guatemala. She underwent a formal apprenticeship in calendar divination with a local adept, and was initiated as a diviner in 1976. She says: "The Momostecan calendar embraces both the 260-day cycle and the 365-day solar year, with the four Classic Maya Year-bearers, or Mam, systematically linking the two. The 260-day cycle is conceived as linked firmly to worldly or earthly affairs, mirroring no astronomical period but rather the period of human gestation. Past ethnographic accounts of this cycle contain various conflicting opinions as to what its first day is, but a comparison of the present results and those of previous studies indicates that there is no fixed first day."

Anthony Aveni asserts, "Once a Maya genius may have recognized that somewhere deep within the calendar system lay the miraculous union, the magical crossing point of a host of time cycles: 9 moons, 13 times 20, a birth cycle, a planting cycle, a Venus cycle, a sun cycle, an eclipse cycle. The number 260 was tailor made for the Maya". Others have observed that the "Venus Table" in the Dresden Codex, is an accurate ephemeris for predicting Venus positions. Others have also observed a basis for the 260-day cycle in the agricultural cycle of highland Guatemala, which is also about 260 days. Aveni notes that "the average duration between successive halves of the eclipse season, at 173 ½ days, fits into the tzolkin in the ratio of 3 to 2." This may seem contrived, but the Maya did employ the tzolkin to predict positions of Venus and eclipses.

Another theory is that the 260-day period is the length of human pregnancy. This is close to the average number of days between the first missed menstrual period and birth, unlike Naegele's rule which is 40 weeks (280 days) between the last menstrual period and birth. It is postulated that midwives originally developed the calendar to predict babies' expected birth dates.

Vincent Malmström identifies a correlation between the 260-day cycle and the 260-day gap between zenithal passages of the sun. According to this hypothesis, the 260-day cycle originated in the narrow latitudinal band (14°42′N to 15°N) in which the sun is vertically overhead about 12–13 August and again 260 days later about 30 April – 1 May (Malmström identifies the proto-Classic Izapan culture as one suitable candidate at this latitude). This period may have been used for the planting schedule of maize. However, others object to this conception, noting that while the 260-day calendar runs continuously the interval between autumn-spring and spring-autumn positions alternates between 260 and 105 days, and that the earliest-known calendric inscriptions are from considerably farther north of this zone. Consequently, this theory is not widely supported.

It is also possible that the number 260 has multiple sources.

The tzolk'in and the New Age movement
The tzolk'in is the basis for the modern, New Age invention of the "Dreamspell" calendar, developed by the esoteric author José Argüelles. The Dreamspell calendar is sometimes mistakenly identified as an authentic interpretation or extension of the original Maya calendar, although Argüelles himself acknowledges the Dreamspell calendar is a new and syncretic creation, inspired by elements from Mesoamerican and non-Mesoamerican sources.

In 1987, before the Harmonic Convergence, inspired by a single paragraph of Argüelles's book "The Mayan Factor" (wherein he refers to each day as a "tone"), singer/songwriter and sound healer, Alyras (aka Mirai), translated the tzolk'in's harmonic values into sound, with the tutelage of Barbara Hero. Eschewing extensions of the tzolk'in, Alyras opted for strict mathematical adherence to the tzolk'in's fundamental structure and sequences, in order to present a truly authentic sonic expression of its inner workings.

In 1995, Maria von Boisse translated the mathematical matrix of the tzolk'in to musical notes and set them into music. The final version of the work was developed in collaboration with Hubert Bognermayr in the Electronic Försterhaus in Linz, Austria.

In 1998, composer Michael John Wiley discovered mathematical and aesthetic correlations between the tzolk'in vigesimal count and the naturally occurring overtone series found in music, yielding the composition Tzolkin in C Major", which was premiered by the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra in Japan, 2002, taking 3rd Prize at the prestigious Toru Takemitsu Composition Award, and subsequently developed into a Tzolkin Cultural Meditation, an audio/visual presentation of the 260 day calendar and timing matrix.

See also
 Haab'
 Mesoamerican calendars
 Tonalpohualli

Notes

References

External links
 Maya Calendar with Names and color Glyphs
 Maya Calendar Round (CR) made of two parts: Ritual (Tzolk'in) Calendar and the Haab
 Red Galáctica (Tzolk'in Maya)

Maya calendars
Specific calendars
Maya civilization

zh:瑪雅曆#卓爾金曆

Tzolkʼin


The Black Eyed Peas Experience es un videojuego de música y baile desarrollado y publicado por Ubisoft para Wii y desarrollado por iNiS para la Xbox 360. El juego fue lanzado el 8 de noviembre de 2011 en América y el 10 de noviembre en Europa.

Jugabilidad

Wii
La versión de Wii utiliza un estilo de juego muy similar al de la serie Just Dance, en la que los jugadores bailan, El juego utiliza un sistema de puntuación cooperativo. Hay dos modos de juego en esta versión. El primero es "Solo", donde todos los jugadores siguen la rutina coreografiada por un miembro en pantalla de The Black Eyed Peas. El segundo es "Dúo", que está hecho para videos con dos miembros del grupo. Hasta dos jugadores pueden bailar como uno de los dos. En ambos modos, los pictogramas se desplazan de un lado a otro (muy parecido a Just Dance 2).

Kinect
La jugabilidad de la versión de Kinect es diferente a la de la versión de Wii. Esta versión tiene dos jugadores que crean su avatar con el Kinect. Una vez que se selecciona una canción, se muestra al jugador un movimiento que todos los miembros de The Black Eyed Peas están haciendo, y el jugador tiene que repetirlo durante un cierto período de tiempo. El jugador se puntúa en lo bien que repite el movimiento, El proceso se repite con otros movimientos. La coreografía tiene tres sets de tres movimientos, siendo la última parte de cada set una rutina de tres movimientos. El jugador puede elegir hacer una coreografía completa, donde el objetivo es conseguir una cantidad objetivo de fans a través de dos etapas con la misma coreografíapara despejar la canción.

Lista de canciones
El juego tiene banda sonora principal de 30 canciones, todas del grupo musical estadounidense The Black Eyed Peas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de The Black Eyed Peas Experience (en inglés).

Véase también
 Just Dance
 Just Dance 2
 Just Dance 3
 Just Dance Kids
 Just Dance Wii (Japón)
 Michael Jackson: The Experience
 Ubisoft

Videojuegos de música
Videojuegos de 2011
Videojuegos de Ubisoft
Videojuegos para Wii
Videojuegos para Xbox 360
Videojuegos para Kinect
Videojuegos desarrollados en Japón
Videojuegos de iNiS

The Black Eyed Peas Experience


Schwand ist ein Gemeindeteil der Stadt Leutershausen im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Der Weiler liegt am Fuße des Schwander Berg (). 1 km nordöstlich befindet sich der Steinberg (). Dort gibt es eine Tongrube, die als Geotop ausgezeichnet ist. Südlich fließt in West-Ost-Richtung der Erlbacher Mühlbach der Altmühl zu.

Die Kreisstraße AN 34 führt nach Neureuth zur Staatsstraße 2246 (1 km nördlich) bzw. an der Weihersmühle vorbei nach Hetzweiler (1,5 km südlich). Eine Gemeindeverbindungsstraße führt nach Steinberg (1,2 km östlich).

Geschichte
In den ältesten Lehenbüchern des Hochstifts Würzburg, die im 14. Jahrhundert angelegt wurden, wurde Schwand genannt. Nach dem 16-Punkte-Bericht des brandenburg-ansbachischen Amtes Brunst von 1608 hatte das Kastenamt Colmberg hier sieben Mannschaften (=Untertansfamilien), die ehemals die Schenk von Geyern besessen hatten. Die Fraisch war ein Recht des brandenburg-ansbachischen Stadtvogteiamtes Leutershausen. 1670 verkaufte Veit Christoph Schenk von Geyern, Syburg und Wiesethbruck einen weiteren Untertanen in Schwand an den Markgrafen. 1681 bestand Schwand aus elf Mannschaften; drei gehörten dem Hause Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, acht waren brandenburgisch und unterstanden dem Amt Colmberg. Die Gemeinde hatte ein Hirtenhaus. Gegen Ende des Alten Reiches gab es in Schwand 13 Anwesen: Drei Halbhöfe, ein Söldengütlein, vier Köblergüter und die Weihersmühle unterstanden dem Kastenamt Colmberg, zwei Halbhöfe und zwei Söldengüter dem hohenloheschen Amt Schillingsfürst. Die Gemeinde hatte ein Hirtenhaus. Colmberg und Schillingsfürst nahmen für ihre jeweiligen Güter das Niedergericht wahr, während alle anderen Rechte der Stadtvogt von Leutershausen wahrnahm. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justizamt Leutershausen und Kammeramt Colmberg.

1806 kam Schwand an das Königreich Bayern. Im Rahmen des Gemeindeedikts wurde Schwand dem 1808 gebildeten Steuerdistrikt Brunst und der 1810 gebildeten Ruralgemeinde Erlach zugeordnet.

Schwand gehörte gemäß einer Auflistung von 1830 zu einem "die Brünst" oder "die Brunst" genannten, seit dem Mittelalter stellenweise gerodeten umfangreichen Waldgebiet zwischen Leutershausen und Kloster Sulz mit dem Hauptort Brunst. Die Brünst war für ihre gute Rinderviehzucht bekannt; ihre 22 Dörfer galten als reich. 1873 wurden in Schwand 64 Stück Rindvieh und damit fast ein Viertel des Rindviehbestandes der Gemeinde Erlach gehalten.

Im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Bayern schloss sich die Gemeinde Erlach und damit auch Schwand am 1. Mai 1978 der Stadt Leutershausen im Landkreis Ansbach an.

Baudenkmäler
 Haus Nr. 5: Wohnstallhaus, eingeschossiges Gebäude mit Steildach, in Teilen Fachwerk, 17./18. Jahrhundert; Scheune, eingeschossiger Satteldachbau, Fachwerk über massivem Sockel, wohl gleichzeitig
 Hanswillenfeld: Steinkreuz, mittelalterlich; ca. 500 m außerhalb des Ortes an einem Feldweg

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Schwand gehörte zur katholischen, seit der Reformation protestantischen Pfarrei St. Wenzeslaus (Weißenkirchberg). Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach Kreuzerhöhung (Schillingsfürst) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Leutershausen)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Weiler in Mittelfranken

Schwand (Leutershausen)


Cathédrale militaire Saint-Nicolas à Kiev est une église orthodoxe du monastère Saint-Nicolas du désert, construite en 1696 sous la direction de l'architecte Osip Startsev à l'initiative et aux frais du hetman Mazepa dans le style baroque ukrainien.

À l'époque soviétique, l'église a été détruite.

Histoire
La cathédrale était le catholicon du monastère Saint-Nicolas du désert. Elle était située au-dessus du Dniepr, en face de l'hôtel Saliout, l'actuelle rue Ivan Mazepa. Au milieu du , un clocher est érigé à quelque distance de la cathédrale. L'intérieur de la cathédrale n'était pas peint, mais était célèbre pour son iconostase baroque sculptée à 7 niveaux.

En 1831, la grande église bien située et attirant les regards est transformée en cathédrale militaire, où sont conservées des reliques militaires et des services sont célébrés à l'occasion de victoires. Des canons étaient placés autour de la cathédrale.

Le 9 mai 1919, le prêtre V. Lipkovsky célèbre le premier service en langue ukrainienne dans la cathédrale.

En 1934, le bâtiment est détruit par les bolcheviks. À l'emplacement de la cathédrale, le palais des Pionniers et des Écoliers (aujourd'hui le Palais des enfants et des jeunes de Kiev) est érigé en 1962-1965.

En juin 2009, le président Viktor Iouchtchenko se prononce en faveur de la reconstruction de la cathédrale dans sa forme originale et a chargé le gouvernement de travailler sur cette question.

Les services religieux se déroulent actuellement en plein air sur le site où se dressait autrefois le clocher - non loin de l'emplacement du temple.

Galerie

Notes et références

Littérature

 Pavlenko S. Ivan Mazepa comme culture ukrainienne quotidienne. VD "Académie Kiev-Mohyla", 2005.

Liens externes

 Sites touristiques de Kiev. Des églises. Cathédrale militaire Saint-Nicolas. Monastère de Nicolas du désert.
 Site Internet pour les paroissiens

Église dédiée à saint Nicolas
Bâtiment détruit en Ukraine
Kiev militaire

Cathédrale militaire Saint-Nicolas de Kiev


Ditte Cederstrand er en dansk portrætfilm fra 1980 instrueret af Per Poulsen.

Handling
Gennem samtaler med forfatteren Ditte Cederstrand og klip fra film fortælles der om hendes liv og om, hvordan disse oplevelser har haft indflydelse på hendes forfatterskab.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1980

Ditte Cederstrand (dokumentarfilm)


දියෝනිසිස් පෙරිගේට්ස් විසින් දෙවන ශතවර්ෂයේ කැස්පියන් මුහුද ආසන්නයේ ජීවත් වූ හන්වරුන් විය හැකි මිනිසුන් කොටසක් පිළිබඳව විස්තර කරනු ලබයි. ක්‍රි. ව. 139 දී යුරෝපීය භූගෝල විද්‍යාඥ ටොලමි විසින් ඩනිපර් නදියේ "කුනි" නම් ගෝත්‍රය "සුනි" නම් ගෝත්‍රයට පසු එම ප්‍රදේශය පාලනය කළ බව ලියා දක්වා තිබේ.මොවුන් හන් වරුන්ද යන්න නිශ්චිත නොවේ. පස්වන ශත වර්ෂයේ දී ඇමරිකානු ඉතිහාසඥ මෝසස් විසින් ඔහුගේ "ඇමරිකාවේ ඉතිහාසය" නම් කෘතියේ වර්ෂ 194 සහ 214 අතරදී "බල්ක්" නම් නගරය ආක්‍රමණය කර අල්ලා ගත් "හුන්නි" නම් ජාතියක් පිළිබඳව සඳහන් කරයි. ග්‍රීකවරුන් එම නගරය "හනක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වුවේ ඇයි දැයි පෙර ප්‍රවෘත්තිය සාක්ෂි සපයයි.

පසුව හන්වරුන් අතින් පරාජය වූ ක්සියොගුනු වරුන්ගේ ඉතිහාසය තවත් ශතවර්ෂයක් පමණ යනතුරු අප්‍රකටව පැවතුණි. පසුව දකුණු ක්සියොගුනු තයිෆ්‍රහි ලියු නම් පවුල බටහිර චීනයේ ජනාවාස පිහුටුවීමේ උත්සාහයක යෙදුණහ. වර්ෂ 320 දී ජින් සුනු ලියු කැන් පරාජය කිරීමෙන් පසුව ක්සියොගුනු වරු වෙරළ බඩ ප්‍රදේශවලට පලා ගිය අතර චියෝනිට්ස් නම් ගෝත්‍රය ට්‍රානසොක්සියානා ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණියහ.

බටහිර ප්‍රදේශයේ ඔස්ට්‍රොගෝත්ස්වරු හන්වරු සමහ ක්‍රි.ව. 358 දී සම්බන්ධ වේ. කැයුකැසුස් ප්‍රදේශය පාලනය කළ වුන්ඩු ඇමරිකාවෙන් වාර්තා වන ප්‍රථම හන් නායකයාද වේ. වසර 261 දී රෝමවරු, හන්වරුන්හට නැගෙනහිර යුකරේනයට එන ලෙස ආරාධනා කරන්නෙ පැන්නෝනියා ප්‍රදේශය ස්ථාවර කිරීම සඳහායි. 372දී ඔවුන් බටහිර තණබිම් ආක්‍රමණය කර ඇලන්වරු පරාජය කරන්නේ බැල්මියර් නම් නායකයා යටතේයි. පස්වන ශතවර්ෂයේදී නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රදේශයේ තයිෆු ක්සියා බටහිර චීනයේ ක්සියොගුණු රාජ වංශයයි. මෙවිට ඇල්චොන්/හුනා (වත්මන් ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානය සහ පකිස්ථානය යන ප්‍රදේශයට) ප්‍රදේශවලට පැමිනුණි.ඇමරිකානු, පර්සියානු ඉන්දියානු සහ චීන මූලාශ්‍ර නිසා හන් ඉතිහාසය ව්‍යාඛ්‍යාන කිරීම බහු භාෂාවේදීන්ට පහසු වී ඇත.

සටහන්

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හුන්නි ඉතිහාසය (දෙවන සියවසේ සිට පස්වන සියවස දක්වා)


Vladimír Labant (n. 8 iunie 1974) este un fost jucător slovac de fotbal. El a jucat pentru echipa națională de fotbal a Slovaciei pe postul de fundaș stânga.

Cariera
A semnat cu AC Sparta Praga în 1999, iar meciurile bune făcute aici l-au făcut cunoscut printre echipele europene, cu PSV Eindhoven din Olanda dorind să-l achiziționeze. Dintre toate echipele care îl urmăreau, cea care avea să aibă câștig de cauză a fost West Ham United, care a plătit în schimbul serviciilor sale un milion de lire sterline în ianuarie 2002. El și-a făcut debutul pentru West Ham intrând ca rezervă în Cupa Angliei împotriva lui Chelsea. În acest meci el a dat o centrare care a fost fructificată de Freddie Kanoute și în urma căreia West Ham a egalat. El a încheiat sezonul 2001-2002 cu 14 meciuri în prima echipă pentru West Ham.

În sezonul următor a fost sacrificat și uitat pe bancă din cauză că echipa se bătea la retrogradare. Jucând într-un singur meci pentru West Ham în sezonul 2002-2003, într-un meci pierdut cu 4-0 cu Newcastle United el a revenit la Sparta Praga sub formă de împrumut în decembrie 2002 și în cele din urmă a semnat definitiv cu Sparta în vara anului 2003.

Labant și-a terminat cariera de fotbalist la FC Spartak Trnava în Superliga Slovaciei.

La națională
Labant a jucat 27 de meciuri pentru echipa națională de fotbal a Slovaciei. El și-a făcut debutul împotriva României într-un meci de calificare la Campionatul European, pe 27 martie 1999, un meci în care a fost eliminat după ce a primit două cartonașe galbene. Ultimul meci jucat de Labant la națională a fost cel împotriva Austriei la 31 martie 2004.ref name=lt/>

Referințe

Legături externe

Fundași
Fotbaliști ai Premier League
Fotbaliști ai West Ham United FC
Fotbaliști internaționali slovaci
Fotbaliști slovaci
Oameni în viață
Nașteri în 1974

Vladimír Labant


Masato Mizuki (født 3. november 1991) er en japansk tidligere professionel fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Fujieda MYFC.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Masato Mizuki


Uma Berloic (Umaberloic, Uma Berloik) ist ein osttimoresischer Ort und Suco im Verwaltungsamt Alas (Gemeinde Manufahi).

Der Ort
Der Ort Uma Berloic liegt im Norden des Sucos, auf einer Meereshöhe von . Hier befindet sich die Grundschule Escola primaria Besusu/Uma Berloic.

Der Suco

In Uma Berloic leben 1.889 Einwohner (2022), davon sind 995 Männer und 894 Frauen. Im Suco gibt es 305 Haushalte. Über 90 % der Einwohner geben Tetum Terik als ihre Muttersprache an. Über 8 % sprechen Tetum Prasa und eine kleine Minderheit Mambai.

Vor der Gebietsreform 2015 hatte Uma Berloic eine Fläche von 39,57 km². Nun sind es 27,09 km². Der Suco liegt im Süden des Verwaltungsamts Alas. Östlich des Südlichen Laclós befindet sich der Suco Dotik, nördlich und westlich der Suco Maha-Quidan und im Süden die Timorsee. Der Großteil des Sucos besteht aus sumpfigen Marschland mit zahlreichen Seen und Lagunen.

Durch den Suco führt die südliche Küstenstraße, eine der wichtigsten Überlandstraßen des Landes. An ihr liegen die Orte Besusu, Uma Feric, Uma Berloic und Boctaran (Boclaran). Im Osten befindet sich das Dorf Colocau (Kolakau) mit einer zweiten Grundschule.

Im Suco befinden sich die vier Aldeias Baria Laran, Colocau, Culuhun und Uma Feric.

Geschichte

1978 hatte sich die Bevölkerung in Colocau und Besusu versammelt, als die indonesischen Invasoren angriffen. Hunderte Zivilisten starben an Hunger und Krankheiten, weil sie die Orte nicht verlassen konnten. Darunter alleine 50 Flüchtlinge aus Turiscai.

Ende 1979 gab es in Besusu ein indonesisches Internierungslager für Osttimoresen, die zur besseren Kontrolle von den Besatzern umgesiedelt werden sollten.

Politik
Bei den Wahlen von 2004/2005 wurde António da Costa Magalhães zum Chefe de Suco gewählt und 2009 in seinem Amt bestätigt. Bei den Wahlen 2016 gewann Bernardo F. Flores.

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2010 für den Suco Uma Berloic (tetum; PDF; 8,4 MB)
 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2015 für den Suco Uma Berloic (tetum; PDF;)
 Seeds of Life: Suco information sheets Alas (tetum)

Einzelnachweise

Suco in Manufahi
Ort in Manufahi

Uma Berloic


Phnom Aural (ភ្នំឱរ៉ាល់) es el pico más alto en el país asiático de Camboya. Se trata de una montaña de 1.813 metros de altura (otras fuentes dan una altura de entre 1.771 y 1.667 metros). Se localiza en la parte oriental de la Cordillera de cardamomo. Para proteger la biodiversidad de las montañas fue establecido el Santuario de Vida Silvestre de Phnom Aural.

Esta montaña está situada en el distrito Aoral, provincia de Kampong Speu.

Véase también
 Geografía de Camboya
 Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización

Montañas de Camboya
Picos ultraprominentes de Asia
Puntos más altos de los países de Asia

Phnom Aural


Prikazanje Blažene Djevice Marije ili Gospa od Zdravlja kršćanski je blagdan kojim se slavi događaj prikazanja Blažene Djevice Marije u jeruzalemskomu hramu. Slavi se 21. studenoga.

Odlukom pape Pia XII., dan blagdana ujedno je i 1953. određen kao Pro Orantibus, Dan sjećanja i molitve za klauzurne redovnice (Dan klauzurnih sestara, Dan klauzurnih zajednica ili Svjetski dan klauzurnih redovnica).

Prikazanje
Marijino prikazanje u Hramu ne spominje se u kanonskim Evanđeljima, nego tek u apokrifnim spisima, od kojih je najstariji Jakovljevo protoevanđelje. Iz tog spisa kršćanska predaja preuzela je i imena Marijinih roditelja, Joakima i Ane. Prema apokrifima Mariju su roditelji obećali Bogu i kao trogodišnju djevojčicu je doveli u hram. Prikazanje je bio svečani čin kojeg su popratili i čudesni događaji. U Marijinoj pratnji bio je velik broj hebrejskih djevojčica koje su u ruci nosile zapaljene baklje, a u svečanosti su sudjelovali i pripadnici hramske vlasti.

Štovanje
Kršćanska zajednica njegovala je svijest o Marijinu prikazanju Gospodinu i od prvih stoljeća kršćanstva slavila je liturgijski spomen njezinoga prikazanja u Hramu. U šestomu stoljeću Marijinu prikazanju posvećena je jeruzalemska bazilika Svete Marije Nove. Današnji nadnevak blagdana ustanovljen je u četrnaestomu stoljeću.

Naslov Gospa od Zdravlja nastao je u 17. stoljeću. Na području Mletačke Republike 1630. godine harala je kuga. Članovi mletačkoga Senata 21. studenoga 1631. zavjetovali su se Blaženoj Djevici Mariji da će joj, ako njenim zagovorom prestane kuga, podići crkvu. Kuga je prestala, a zavjet je ispunjen i 1687. godine izgrađena je crkva Gospe od Zdravlja (tal. Santa Madonna della salute). Pobožnost prema Gospi od Zdravlja iz Venecije proširila se i u druge krajeve.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Ostali projekti

Mrežna mjesta
 Devetnica Gospi od Zdravlja, Župa Mađarevo
 Miljenko Sušac (priredio), Ocu po Sinu u Duhu Svetome i Marijinom zagovoru : enciklopedijski priručnik pobožnosti Katoličke Crkve, Zagreb, 2016.

Marijanske svetkovine, blagdani i spomendani

Prikazanje Blažene Djevice Marije


Jack Waller né le 28 janvier 1997, est un joueur anglais et britannique de hockey sur gazon. Il évolue au poste de défenseur ou de milieu de terrain à La Gantoise et avec les équipes nationales anglaise et britannique.

Carrière

Coupe du monde
 Top 8 : 2018

Championnat d'Europe
 Top 8 : 2019

Jeux olympiques
 Top 8 : 2020

Références

Liens externes

Joueur britannique de hockey sur gazon
Naissance en janvier 1997
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020

Jack Waller


Leinburg steht für:

 Leinburg, Gemeinde im Landkreis Nürnberger Land, Bayern
 Leinburg (gemeindefreies Gebiet), gemeindefreies bei Leinburg im Landkreis Nürnberger Land, Bayern
 Leinburg (Kleingartach), auch Leinburg, Lüneburg oder Luneburg, abgegangene Burg bei Kleingartach, Stadt Eppingen, Landkreis Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg

Siehe auch:
 Lütgendorff-Leinburg

Leinburg (Begriffsklärung)


Easley er et kommunefrit område i Calhoun County, Iowa.

Byer i Iowa

Easley (Iowa)


Dydsdragonen er en dansk stumfilm fra 1918 instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr. og efter manuskript af Poul Gregaard.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Oscar Stribolt, Momme
 Ragnhild Sannom, Model
 Lauritz Olsen, Smørum
 Rasmus Christiansen, Klin

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1918

Dydsdragonen (film fra 1918)