Norbert of  Xanten, O. Praem (c. 1075 – 6 June 1134) (Xanten-Magdeburg), also known as Norbert Gennep, was a bishop of the Catholic Church, founder of the Premonstratensian order of canons regular, and is venerated as a saint. Norbert was canonized by Pope Gregory XIII in the year 1582, and his statue appears above the Piazza colonnade of St. Peter's Square in Rome.

Early priesthood
He adopted such strict discipline that it killed his first three disciples. This may be why he failed to reform the canons of Xanten, who denounced him as an innovator at the Council of Fritzlar in 1118.  He then resigned his benefice, sold all his property and gave the proceeds to the poor. He visited Pope Gelasius II, who gave him permission to become an itinerant preacher and he preached throughout lands in what is now western Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and northern France, being credited with a number of miracles. In settlement after settlement he encountered a demoralized clergy, lonely, often practicing concubinage and feeling that the official Church cared little about them.

In Paris he would have witnessed the Canons of St. Victor, who had adopted the ascetic ideals of William of Champeaux. At Clairvaux and Citeaux he would have seen the Cistercian reforms among the monks. He also became acquainted with the Cistercian administrative system that created an international federation of monasteries with fair amount of centralized power, though local houses had a certain amount of independence.  These reforms, written up in their "Charter of Charity" would affect him significantly in his own future work.

Canons Regular of Prémontré
At the Council of Reims in October 1119, Pope Calixtus II requested Norbert to found a religious order in the Diocese of Laon in France. On Christmas Day, 1120, Norbert established the Canons Regular of Prémontré.

For a Rule of life, Norbert chose the Rule of St. Augustine as was common among communities of priests -'canons'. In addition he adapted some of the customs of the Cistercians. Even more of these would be brought in later by Norbert's successor, Abbot Hugh of Fosse. In effect he produced a community that would be somewhat monastic as far as house ministry. The whole idea was that his active priests needed an ascetic and contemplative haven and that was the purpose of the abbey discipline.

Norbert chose a valley in the Forest of Coucy (a grant from Barthélemy de Jur, the Bishop of Laon), about 10 miles from Laon, named Prémontré. Hugh of Fosses, Evermode of Ratzeburg, Antony of Nivelles, seven students of the celebrated school of Anselm, and Ralph of Laon were among his first thirteen disciples. By the next year the community had grown to 40. They all took their vows and the Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré was founded. The young community at first lived in huts of wood and clay, arranged like a camp around the chapel of Saint John the Baptist, but they soon built a larger church and a monastery for the religious who joined them in increasing numbers. Going to Cologne to obtain relics for their church, Norbert is said to have discovered, through a dream, the spot where those of Ursula and her companions, of Gereon, and of other martyrs lay hidden.  In 1125/6, the constitution for the order was approved by Pope Honorius II.

Norbert gained adherents in Germany, France, Belgium and Hungary, and houses of his order were founded in Floreffe, Viviers, St-Josse, Ardenne, Cuissy, Laon, Liège, Antwerp, Varlar, Kappenberg, Nagyvárad (Oradea/Großwardein) and elsewhere. Count Theobald II of Champagne wanted to enter the new order, but Norbert counseled  him to remain a layman and marry. Norbert prescribed a few rules and invested Theobald with the white scapular of the order, and thus, in 1122, the Third Order of St. Norbert was instituted. He continued to preach throughout France, Belgium and Germany and was successful in combatting a eucharistic heresy in Antwerp proposed by one Tanchelm. In commemoration of this, Norbert has been proclaimed the "Apostle of Antwerp".

In 1126 Pope Honorius II appointed Norbert to the Archbishopric of Magdeburg, where he put into practice the precepts he instituted at Prémontré. Several assassination attempts were made as he began to reform the lax discipline of his see. He was instrumental in protecting the Church's rights against the secular power during the Investiture Controversy.

In the schism following the election of Pope Innocent II in 1130, Norbert supported Innocent and resisted Antipope Anacletus II. In Norbert's last years, he was chancellor and adviser to Lothair II, the Holy Roman Emperor, persuading him to lead an army in 1133 to Rome to restore Innocent to the papacy.

Veneration

When Norbert died in Magdeburg on 6 June 1134, both the canons at the cathedral and the canons at St. Mary's Abbey claimed the body.  The two parties resorted to Lothair III who decreed the body should be buried in the Norbertine Abbey.  In 1524, Martin Luther preached in the city and, as a result, Magdeburg became a Protestant city. Numerous attempts were made over the centuries by the Abbey of Strahov in Prague to retrieve Norbert's body.  Only after several military defeats at the hand of Emperor Ferdinand II was the abbot of Strahov able to claim the body. On 2 May 1627 the body was finally brought to Prague where it remains to this day, displayed as an auto-icon in a glass-fronted tomb.

Norbert was canonized by Pope Gregory XIII in the year 1582, and his statue appears above the Piazza colonnade of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

Legacy
Premonstratensian (or Norbertine) Canons in Europe, the US, Canada, the United Kingdom, South America, Zaire, South Africa, India and Australia are involved in education, parochial ministry, university chaplaincy also youth work. St. Norbert College in De Pere, Wisconsin, is the first institution of higher education to be founded by the Norbertine order. St. Norbert College also houses the Center for Norbertine Studies, a collaborative partnership between the college and the Premonstratensian order.

See also
 Catholic Church in Germany
 List of Catholic saints
 Saint Norbert of Xanten, patron saint archive

References

External links
The Life and Miracles of St. Norbert
Center for Norbertine Studies, St. Norbert College, De Pere, Wisconsin
"Man on Fire: The Life and Spirit of Norbert of Xanten" by Thomas Kunkel
"It's Not Just About the Bones" article from St. Norbert College Magazine (Summer 2014)
Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica
 Norbert von Xanten (von Prémontré)

Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square

  (in English).
 Acta Sanctorum Juni I with Vita B and comprehensive Latin material from p. 804, facsimile at Gallica, pdf.
 Wolfgang Rosen: Biografie in the Rhenish History portal
 Biography at the internet portal of the Premonstratensian Order.
 OPAC of the Regesta Imperii

1134 deaths
Founders of Catholic religious communities
German Roman Catholic saints
Premonstratensians
12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Holy Roman Empire
People from Xanten
Burials in the Czech Republic
12th-century Christian saints
Year of birth uncertain
Medieval German saints

Norbert of Xanten


Bernhard Josef Maria von Hartz (Regensburg, 12. travnja 1862. – Dorfen, 20. kolovoza 1944.) je bio njemački general i vojni zapovjednik. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata zapovijedao je 2. bavarskom pješačkom divizijom, te LVII. korpusom na Zapadnom bojištu.

Obitelj
Bernhard von Hartz je rođen 12. travnja 1862. u Regensburgu u bavarskoj plemićkoj obitelji. Sin je Leonharda von Hartza, inače potpukovnika u bavarskoj vojsci, i Hildegart Litzlkirchner. U kolovozu 1894. oženio se s Paulinom Benzino s kojom je imao dvoje djece i to sina Hellmuta i kćer Eriku.

Vojna karijera
Hartz je u bavarsku vojsku stupio kao kadet, nakon čega služi u Bavarskoj kraljevskoj tjelesnoj pješačkoj pukovniji u Münchenu. U lipnju 1892. je promaknut u čin poručnika, nakon čega od listopada te iste godine pohađa Bavarsku vojnu akademiju koju završava u rujnu 1895. godine. U ožujku 1897. unaprijeđen je u čin satnika, nakon čega služi u bavarskom Glavnom stožeru, te stožeru I. korpusa. Godine 1900. premješten je u bavarsko ministarstvo rata gdje radi o kadrovskom odjelu. U ministarstvu rata nalazi se do 1903. kada je raspoređen na službu u Nürnberg u stožer 5. bavarske divizije. U rujnu 1904. promaknut je u čin bojnika, te raspoređen na službu u bavarski Glavni stožer u Münchenu. Potom od 1905. služi u Glavnom stožeru u Berlinu, da bi u kolovozu 1906. bio imenovan zapovjednikom bojne u Bavarskoj kraljevskoj tjelesnoj pješačkoj pukovniji. U rujnu 1907. dostiže čin potpukovnika, nakon čega je ponovno premješten na službu u Glavni stožer u Berlinu. U siječnju 1910. imenovan je zapovjednikom Bavarske kraljevske tjelesne pješačke pukovnije tijekom koje službe je u ožujku 1910. promaknut u čin pukovnika. U listopadu 1912. postaje zapovjednikom 2. bavarske kraljevske pješačke brigade. Istodobno s tim imenovanjem unaprijeđen je u čin general bojnika. U ožujku 1913. ponovno je premješten na službu u Glavni stožer u Berlinu.

Prvi svjetski rat
Na početku Prvog svjetskog rata Hartz je raspoređen u stožer 6. armije kojom je na Zapadnom bojištu zapovijedao bavarski princ Rupprecht. U sastavu iste sudjeluje u Graničnim bitkama i Bitci u Loreni. U rujnu 1915. promaknut je u čin general poručnika, da bi četiri mjeseca poslije, u rujnu, bio imenovan zapovjednikom 2. bavarske pješačke divizije. Zapovijedajući istom tijekom 1915. sudjeluje u Trećoj bitci u Artoisu, te tijekom 1916. u Verdunskoj bitci i Bitci na Sommi. U veljači 1917. imenovan je bavarskim predstavnikom u Glavnom stožeru. Navedenu dužnost obnaša do travnja 1918. kada postaje zapovjednikom LVII. korpusa zamijenivši na tom mjestu Rudolfa von Frommela. Navedenim korpusom koji je držao dio bojišta u Champagni zapovijedao je do kraja rata
.

Poslije rata
Nakon završetka rata Hartz je u prosincu 1918. umirovljen. Preminuo je 20. kolovoza 1944. u 83. godini života u Dorfenu.

Vanjske poveznice
     Bernhard von Hartz na stranici Prussianmachine.com
     Bernhard von Hartz na stranici Deutschland14-18.de

Izvori

Njemački vojni zapovjednici u Prvom svjetskom ratu

Bernhard von Hartz


McDade bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 McDade (Alabama)
 McDade (Louisiana)
 McDade (North Carolina)
 McDade (Texas)

Weiteres:
 McDade Park, Park in Scranton, Pennsylvania

Personen:
 Alex McDade (1905–1937), schottischer Antifaschist und Dichter
 Aubrey McDade, US-amerikanische Militärperson
 Joseph M. McDade (1931–2017), US-amerikanischer Politiker, Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses
 Wayne McDade (* 1981), neuseeländischer Rugbyspieler

McDade


ඓතිහාසික නව නිපැයුම්වල කාලසටහන යනු විශේෂයෙන් වැදගත් හෝ සැලකිය යුතු තාක්ෂණික සොයාගැනීම් සහ ඒවායේ නව නිපැයුම්කරුවන්ගේ කාලානුක්‍රමික ලැයිස්තුවකි.

පැලියොලිතික්
 මෙම කොටසේ ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇති දිනයන් පුරාවිද්‍යාඥයින් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද සහ දින නියම කරන ලද නව නිපැයුමක් පිළිබඳ පැරණිතම සාක්ෂි වෙත යොමු වේ (හෝ අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී, වක්‍ර සාක්ෂි මගින් යෝජනා කරනු ලැබේ). දිනයන් බොහෝ විට ආසන්න වන අතර වැඩි පර්යේෂණ සිදු කර, වාර්තා කරන ලද සහ දකින විට වෙනස් වේ. ඕනෑම තාක්ෂණයක පැරණි උදාහරණ බොහෝ විට දක්නට ලැබේ. ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇති ස්ථාන පැරණිතම ස්ථිර සාක්ෂි සොයාගත් වෙබ් අඩවිය සඳහා වන නමුත්, විශේෂයෙන් පෙර සොයාගැනීම් සඳහා, එය සොයා ගැනීම සිදු වූ ස්ථානයට කෙතරම් සමීප විය හැකිදැයි නිශ්චිතවම නොමැත.

පහළ පැලියොලිතික්
පහළ පැලියොලිතික් යුගය වසර මිලියන 3කට වැඩි කාලයක් පැවති අතර, එය හෝමෝ සේපියන් මතුවීමට පෙර මානව විශේෂයට අනුරූප වේ. මිනිසුන් සහ චිම්පන්සියන් අතර මුල් අපසරනය 13(Mya)දී පමන සිදු විය, කෙසේ වෙතත්, අන්තර් අභිජනනය 4(Mya) තරම් මෑතක් වන තුරුම පැවතුනි, පළමු විශේෂය පැහැදිලිවම මානව (සහ චිම්පන්සි නොවන) පරම්පරාවට අයත් වන්නේ Australopithecus anamensis ය. මෙම කාල සීමාව නිත්‍ය ආවර්තිතා උණුසුම් කාලපරිච්ඡේද සහිත අයිස් යුගයක් ලෙස සංලක්ෂිත වේ - අන්තර් ග්ලැසියර කථාංග.

 3.3-2.6 Mya: ගල් මෙවලම් - වර්තමාන කෙන්යාවේ දක්නට ලැබේ, ඒවා කෙතරම් පැරණිද යත්, ප්‍රාග්-මිනිස් විශේෂයකට පමණක් ඒවා සොයා ගත හැකි වියයුතුයි. වෙනත් ආකාරයකින් දන්නා පැරණිතම ගල් ආයුධ (Oldowan) ඉතියෝපියාවෙන් සොයා ගන්නා ලද අතර ඒවා සමහරවිට ඔස්ට්‍රලොපිතිකස් ගාරි හෝ හෝමෝ හැබිලිස් විසින් වැඩි දියුණු කරන්නට ඇත.
 2.3 Mya: හෝමෝ හැබිලිස් විසින් ගින්දර පාලනය සහ ඉවුම් පිහුම්' කිරීම.
 1.76 Mya: හෝමෝ ඉරෙක්ටස් විසින් කෙන්යාවේ සාදන ලද උසස් (ආකිව්ලියන්) ගල් මෙවලම්.
 1.5 Mya: අප්‍රිකාවේ අස්ථි මෙවලම්.
 900-40 kya: බෝට්ටු.
 500 kya: දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ හෆ්ටින් කිරීම(තල, උල් සහ කූරු පොල්ලකට ගැටගසා භාවිතය) .
 400 kya: සැම්බියාවේ වර්ණක නිපදවීම.
 400-300 kya: ජර්මනියේදී හෙල්ලයන් Homo heidelbergensis විසින් නිපදවීම.
 350-150 kya: භාෂාවේ ඇස්තමේන්තුගත සම්භවය.

මධ්‍ය පැලියොලිතික
300kya පමණදී වූ හෝමෝ සේපියන්ගේ උදාව මධ්‍ය පැලියෝලිතික් යුගයේ ආරම්භයත් සමග සමපාත වේ. මෙම 250,000-වසර කාල පරිච්ඡේදයේ මැද භාගය වන විට, මිනිසුන් අප්‍රිකාවෙන් පිටතට සංක්‍රමණය වීමට පටන් ගන්නා අතර, එම කාල පරිච්ඡේදයේ පසු භාගයේ දී දුරස්ථ වෙළඳාම, ආගමික චාරිත්‍ර සහ චර්යාත්මක නූතනත්වය හා සම්බන්ධ වෙනත් හැසිරීම් වල ආරම්භය පෙන්නුම් කරයි.

  kya: වෙළඳාම සහ දිගු-දුර සම්පත් ප්‍රවාහනය (උදා: obsidian), වර්ණක භාවිතය සහ කෙන්යාවේ ප්‍රක්ෂේපණ ලක්ෂ්‍ය සෑදීම
 279 kya: ඉතියෝපියාවේ ගල් මුල් සහිත ප්‍රක්ෂේපණ ආයුධ
 c. 200 kya: නියැන්ඩර්තාල් විසින් මධ්‍යම ඉතාලියේ මැලියම් නිර්මාණය කිරීම. හෝමෝ සේපියන්ස් විසින් වැඩි දියුණු කරන ලද වඩාත් සංකීර්ණ සංයෝග මැලියම් c. 70 kya සිබුදු නම් දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ ප්‍රදේශයකින්ද හමුවී ඇත.
 170-83 kya: ඇඳුම් පැළඳුම් (අප්‍රිකාවේ ව්‍යුහ විද්‍යාත්මකව නූතන මිනිසුන් අතර). තවත් සමහර සාක්ෂිවලින් පෙනී යන්නේ මිනිසුන් ඇඳුම් ඇඳීමට පටන් ගෙන ඇත්තේ වසර 100,000 සිට 500,000 දක්වා ඈත කාලයක සිට විය හැකි බවයි.
 164-47 kya: දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ ගල් තලවල තාප පිරියම් කිරීම.
 135-100 kya: ඊශ්‍රායලයේ සහ ඇල්ජීරියාවේ පබළු නිශ්පාදනය.
 100 kya: දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ සාදන ලද සංයුක්ත තීන්ත
 100 kya: ඊශ්‍රායලයේ අවමංගල්‍ය කටයුතු (භූමදානයේ ස්වරූපයෙන්)
 77 kya: දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ ඇඳන්
 70-60 kya: පැරණිතම ඊතල (සහ දුනු-ඊතල තාක්ෂණය පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂි), සහ පැරණිතම මහන ඉඳිකටුව දකුනු අප්‍රිකාවේ නිපදවීම.

නූතන යුගය

17 වැනි සියවස

 1605: පුවත්පත
 1608: දුරේක්ෂය: හාන්ස් ලිපර්ෂේ විසින් පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය සඳහා ඉල්ලුම් කරන ලදී. සත්‍ය නිපැයුම්කරු නොදන්නා බැවින් එය දැනටමත් නෙදර්ලන්තයේ කණ්නාඩි නිෂ්පාදකයින් විසින් පිරිනමනු ලබන පොදු අයිතමයක් ලෙස පෙනෙන්නට තිබුණි, ජේකබ් මෙටියස් ද පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය සඳහා ඉල්ලුම් කර ඇති අතර වසර 47 කට පසු සෙකරියාස් ජැන්සන්ගේ පුත්‍රයා තම පියා එය නිර්මාණය කළ බවට ප්‍රකාශයක් කළේය.
 ඇ. 1620: සත්‍ය රූපයක් බැලීම සඳහා වෛෂයික කාචයක් සහ අක්ෂි කාචයක් ඒකාබද්ධ කරන සංයුක්ත අන්වීක්ෂය ප්‍රථමයෙන් යුරෝපයේ දිස් විය.
 1630: විනිවිදක රීතිය: විලියම් ඕට්‍රෙඩ් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී
 1642: යාන්ත්‍රික ගණක යන්ත්‍රය. පැස්කලීනය ගොඩනඟා ඇත්තේ බ්ලෙයිස් පැස්කල් විසිනි
 1643: බැරෝමීටරය: ඉවැන්ජලිස්ටා ටොරිචෙල්ලි විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී.
 1650: රික්තක පොම්පය: ඔටෝ වොන් ගුවෝරිකේ විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී.
 1656: පෙන්ඩුලම් ඔරලෝසුව: ක්‍රිස්ටියන් හියුජන්ස් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. එය මුලින්ම 1637 දී ගැලීලියො ගැලීලි විසින් සංකල්පනය කරන ලද නමුත් ඔහුට වැඩ කරන ආකෘතියක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට නොහැකි විය.
 1663: ඝර්ෂණ යන්ත්‍රය: ඔටෝ වොන් ග්වුරිකේ විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී.
 1680: ක්‍රිස්ටියන් හියුජන්ස් පිස්ටන් එන්ජිමක් පිළිබඳ පළමු දන්නා විස්තරය සපයයි.

18 වැනි සියවස

1700s
 ඇ. 1709: Bartolomeo Cristofori පළමු පියානෝව නිර්මාණය කළේය.
 1709: ඩැනියෙල් ගේබ්‍රියෙල් ඇල්කොහොල් උෂ්ණත්වමානය නිර්මාණය කළේය.

1710s
 1712: තෝමස් නිව්කොමන් පතල්වලින් ජලය පොම්ප කිරීම සඳහා පළමු වාණිජ වාෂ්ප එන්ජිම ගොඩනඟයි. Newcomen ගේ එන්ජිම, Thomas Savery ගේ මෙන් නොව, පිස්ටනයක් භාවිතා කරයි.

1730s
 ඇ. 1730: තෝමස් ගොඩ්ෆ්‍රේ සහ ජෝන් හැඩ්ලි ස්වාධීනව අෂ්ටක වර්ධනය.
 1733: ජෝන් කේ එක් පුද්ගලයෙකුට පියාඹන ෂටලය සමඟ රෙදි වියනක් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමට හැකියාව ලබා දුන්නේය.
 1736: ජෝන් හැරිසන් ඔහුගේ පළමු මුහුදු ඔරලෝසුව, H1 පරීක්ෂා කරයි.
 1738: ලුවිස් පෝල් සහ ජෝන් වියට් ප්‍රථම යාන්ත්‍රික කපු කටින යන්ත්‍රය සොයා ගන්නා ලදී.

1740s
 1742: බෙන්ජමින් ෆ්‍රෑන්ක්ලින් ෆ්‍රෑන්ක්ලින් උදුන සොයා ගත්තේය.
 1745: Musschenbroek සහ Ewald Georg ස්වාධීනව ධාරිත්‍රකයේ මුල් ආකාරයක් වන Leyden jar සංවර්ධනය කරන ලදී.
 1746: ජෝන් රොබක් ප්‍රධාන කුටි ක්‍රියාවලිය සොයා ගනී.

1750s
 1752: බෙන්ජමින් ෆ්‍රෑන්ක්ලින් අකුණු සැරයටිය නිර්මාණය කරයි.
 1755: විලියම් කලන් පළමු කෘතිම ශීතකරණ යන්ත්‍රය සොයා ගත්තේය.

1760s
 1764: ජේම්ස් හාර්ග්‍රීව්ස් කැරකෙන ජෙනී යන්ත්‍රය නිර්මාණය කරයි.
 1765: ජේම්ස් වොට් විසින් වෙනම කන්ඩෙන්සර් භාවිතා කරමින් වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද වාෂ්ප එන්ජිම සොයා ගන්නා ලදී.
 1767: ජෝසප් ප්‍රිස්ට්ලි කාබනීකෘත ජලය නිෂ්පාදනය සඳහා ක්‍රමයක් සොයා ගත්තේය.
 1769: Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot විසින් මගීන් රැගෙන යා හැකි ප්‍රථම වාෂ්ප බලයෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක වන වාහනය, කලින් මෝටර් රථය''ක් නිර්මාණය කළේය.

1770s
 1770: රිචඩ් සෝල්ටර් විසින් කිරුම් තරාදියක් සඳහා පැරණිතම නිර්මාණය සොයා ගන්නා ලදී.
 1774: ජෝන් විල්කින්සන් ඔහුගේ "කම්මැලි" යන්ත්‍රය නිර්මාණය කරයි, සමහරුන් විසින් පළමු යන්ත්‍ර මෙවලම ලෙස සලකයි.
 1775: ජෙසී රැම්ස්ඩන් නවීන ඉස්කුරුප්පු කැපීමේ පට්ටලයක් නිර්මාණය කරයි.
 1776: ජෝන් විල්කින්සන් විසින් යාන්ත්‍රික වායු සම්පීඩකයක් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද අතර එය පසුකාලීන සියලුම යාන්ත්‍රික සම්පීඩක සඳහා මූලාකෘතිය බවට පත් විය.

1780s
 1783: Claude de Jouffroy පළමු වාෂ්ප බෝට්ටුව ගොඩනඟයි.
 1783: Joseph-Ralf සහ Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier පළමු මිනිසුන් සහිත උණුසුම් වායු බැලූනය සාදන ලදී.
 1783: Louis-Sébastien Lenormand පළමු නවීන පැරෂුටය නිර්මාණය කර භාවිතා කරයි.
 1785: Martinus van Marum විද්‍යුත් විච්ඡේදනය තාක්‍ෂණය භාවිතා කළ පළමු පුද්ගලයා වේ.
 1786: Andrew Meikle කමතේ යන්ත්‍රය නිර්මාණය කළේය.
 1789: එඩ්මන්ඩ් කාට්රයිට් පවර් ලූම් නිර්මාණය කළේය.

1790s
 1790: තෝමස් ශාන්ත මැහුම් යන්ත්‍රය නිර්මාණය කළේය.
 1792: ක්ලෝඩ් චැප් නවීන සෙමාෆෝර් ටෙලිග්‍රාෆ් සොයා ගත්තේය.
 1793: එලි විට්නි නවීන කපු ජින් සොයා ගත්තේය.
 1795: ජෝසප් බ්‍රාමා හයිඩ්‍රොලික් මුද්‍රණ යන්ත්‍රය නිර්මාණය කළේය.
 1796: Alois Senefelder "lithography" මුද්‍රණ ක්‍රමය සොයා ගත්තේය.
 1797: සැමුවෙල් බෙන්තම් ප්ලයිවුඩ් නිර්මාණය කළේය.
 1798: එඩ්වඩ් ජෙනර් පළමු එන්නත, වසූරිය එන්නත නිපදවයි.
 1799: George Medhurst ප්‍රථම මෝටර්රථ වායු සම්පීඩකය සොයා ගන්නා ලදී.
 1799: පළමු කඩදාසි යන්ත්‍රය''' Louis-Nicolas Robert විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ඓතිහාසික නව නිපැයුම්වල කාලසටහන


බලන්ගොඩ තන්ජන්තැන්න ග්‍රාමය කේන්ද්‍ර කොට ගෙන අවට ගම් 30 ක පමණ ප්‍රදේශයක විහිදුණු කුටි සෙනසුන් එකතුවකි. 2003 වසරේ එක් කුටියකින් ආරම්භ වී අද වනවිට ප්‍රදේශයේ එක් ගමකට එක් කුටි සෙනසුන බැගින් ව්‍යාප්ත වූ භික්ෂු සේනාසන සමූහයකි. හුදෙකලා වාසය ප්‍රිය කරන භාවනානුයෝගී භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා නිකාය භේදයකින් තොරව මෙම හුදෙකලා කුටිවල වැඩ වාසය කරති.

භද්දේකවිහාරි කුටි සෙනසුන් වල වැඩ වාසය කරන භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා කලින් කලට රැස්වන ස්ථානය තන්ජන්තැන්න ග්‍රාමයේ ගිලන්හල හෙවත් භද්දේකවිහාරි උපස්ථාන කුටියයි.

භද්දේකවිහාරි කුටි සංචිතය


The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle. At this location, the glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs) lining bowman's capsule abruptly transition to proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). The proximal tubule can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and the proximal straight tubule (PST).

Structure
The most distinctive characteristic of the proximal tubule is its luminal brush border.

Brush border cell

The luminal surface of the epithelial cells of this segment of the nephron is covered with densely packed microvilli forming a border readily visible under the light microscope giving the  brush border cell its name.  The microvilli greatly increase the luminal surface area of the cells, presumably facilitating their reabsorptive function as well as putative flow sensing within the lumen. The microvilli are composed of actin filament bundles that have been visualized using confocal microscopy.

The cytoplasm of the cells is densely packed with mitochondria, which are largely found in the basal region within the infoldings of the basal plasma membrane.  The high quantity of mitochondria gives the cells an acidophilic appearance. The mitochondria are needed in order to supply the energy for the active transport of sodium ions out of the cells to create a concentration gradient which allows more sodium ions to enter the cell from the luminal side.  Water passively follows the sodium out of the cell along its concentration gradient.

Cuboidal epithelial cells lining the proximal tubule have extensive lateral interdigitations between neighboring cells, which lend an appearance of having no discrete cell margins when viewed with a light microscope.

Agonal resorption of the proximal tubular contents after interruption of circulation in the capillaries surrounding the tubule often leads to disturbance of the cellular morphology of the proximal tubule cells, including the ejection of  cell nuclei into the tubule lumen.

This has led some observers to describe the lumen of proximal tubules as occluded or "dirty-looking", in contrast to the "clean" appearance of distal tubules, which have quite different properties.

Divisions
Based on its appearance at low magnification, the proximal tubule can be divided into two sections: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), and the proximal straight tubule (PST). Differences in cell outlines exist between these segments, and therefore presumably in function too.

Based on ultrastructure, it can be divided into three segments, S1, S2, and S3.

Proximal convoluted tubule (pars convoluta)
The pars convoluta (Latin "convoluted part") is the initial convoluted portion.

In relation to the morphology of the kidney as a whole, the convoluted segments of the proximal tubules are confined entirely to the renal cortex.

Some investigators on the basis of particular functional differences have divided the convoluted part into two segments designated S1 and S2.

Proximal straight tubule (pars recta)
The pars recta (Latin "straight part") is the following straight (descending) portion.

Straight segments descend into the outer medulla. They terminate at a remarkably uniform level and it is their line of termination that establishes the boundary between the inner and outer stripes of the outer zone of the renal medulla.

As a logical extension of the nomenclature described above, this segment is sometimes designated as S3.

Functions

Absorption
The proximal tubule efficiently regulates the pH of the filtrate by secreting hydrogen ions (acid) into the tubule and reabsorbing approximately 80% of the filtered bicarbonate.

Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries. This is driven by sodium transport from the lumen into the blood by the Na+/K+-ATPase in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells.

Sodium reabsorption is primarily driven by this P-type ATPase – 60–70% of the filtered sodium load is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule through active transport, solvent drag, and paracellular electrodiffusion. Active transport is mainly through the sodium/hydrogen antiporter NHE3. Paracellular transport increases transport efficiency, as determined by oxygen consumed per unit of Na+ reabsorbed, thus playing a part in maintaining renal oxygen homeostasis.

Secretion
Many types of medications are secreted in the proximal tubule. Further reading: Table of medication secreted in kidney

Most of the ammonium that is excreted in the urine is formed in the proximal tubule via the breakdown of glutamine to alpha-ketoglutarate. This takes place in two steps, each of which generates an ammonium anion: the conversion of glutamine to glutamate and the conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate. The alpha-ketoglutarate generated in this process is then further broken down to form two bicarbonate anions, which are  pumped out of the basolateral portion of the tubule cell by co-transport with sodium ions.

Clinical significance

Proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) have a pivotal role in kidney disease. Two mammalian cell lines are commonly used as models of the proximal tubule: porcine LLC-PK1 cells and marsupial OK cells.

Cancer
Most renal cell carcinoma, the most common form of kidney cancer, arises from the convoluted tubules.

Other
Acute tubular necrosis occurs when PTECs are directly damaged by toxins such as antibiotics (e.g., gentamicin), pigments (e.g., myoglobin) and sepsis (e.g., mediated by lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria).  Renal tubular acidosis (proximal type) (Fanconi syndrome) occurs when the PTECs are unable to properly reabsorb glomerular filtrate so that there is increased loss of bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, and phosphate.

PTECs also participate in the progression of tubulointerstitial injury due to glomerulonephritis, ischemia, interstitial nephritis, vascular injury, and diabetic nephropathy.  In these situations, PTECs may be directly affected by protein (e.g., proteinuria in glomerulonephritis), glucose (in diabetes mellitus), or cytokines (e.g., interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factors).  There are several ways in which PTECs may respond: producing cytokines, chemokines, and collagen; undergoing epithelial mesenchymal trans-differentiation; necrosis or apoptosis.

See also
 Urinary pole
 Brush border
 List of distinct cell types in the adult human body

Additional images

References

External links
  – "Mammal, kidney cortex (LM, Medium)"
  – "The Nephron: Proximal Tubule, Pars Convoluta & Pars Recta"

Kidney anatomy

Proximal tubule


Acemi Cadı, D Productions imzalı, 7 Temmuz 2006 tarihinde Kanal D'de yayımlanmaya başlayan fantastik ve komedi türündeki Türk televizyon dizisidir. Dizi, ikinci sezonundan itibaren ise Star TV'de yayınlanmaya devam etti. Cadı olduğunu yeni öğrenen Ayşegül'ün halaları ve arkadaşlarıyla birlikte geçirdiği yaşantısını, hoşlandığı çocuk olan Selim'i Tuğçe'ye kaptırmama çabasını, yaptığı sihirlerle başına açtığı belaları konu alır. 2 sezondan oluşan dizi, 21 Eylül 2007 tarihinde yayımlanan 58. bölümüyle sona erdi.

Dizi, Sabrina, the Teenage Witch'den esinlenmiştir.

Oyuncu kadrosu ve karakterler

Yayın takvimi

Bölümler

1. sezon (2006-2007) Kanal D

2. sezon (2007) Star TV

Dış bağlantılar
2006'da başlayan Türk televizyon dizileri
2007'de sona eren Türk televizyon dizileri
Türk durum komedisi televizyon dizileri
Kanal D dizileri
Star TV dizileri
D Productions dizileri
Türk fantastik televizyon dizileri
Türk romantik komedi televizyon dizileri
İstanbul'da çekilmiş televizyon dizileri
2000'lerde Türkçe televizyon dizileri

Acemi Cadı


التخطيط والتنبؤ والتجديد التعاوني  هو ممارسة تجارية تجمع بين معلومات بعض الشركاء التجاريين في عملية التخطيط وتلبية طلب العملاء. الهدف منه هو زيادة توفر المنتجات للعملاء مع خفض المخزون والنقل والتكاليف اللوجستية. يستخدم «التخطيط والتنبؤ والتجديد التعاوني» بشكل كبير وفعال في التجارة الاليكترونية. ومثالاً على ذلك استخدامه في «شبكات الصناعة الخاصة» حيث يعمل أعضاء الشبكة على التنبؤ بالطلب، التخطيط للإنتاج، وتنسيق عملية التوصيل، التخزين، وذلك بالكميات الصحيحة المطلوبة. في حال تحقق ذلك سوف يتم توفيرالملايين من الدولارات.

تاريخ
بدأت القصة في عام 1995 عندما قامت سلسلة متاجر وول مارت ببرنامج تجريبي بينهاو بين (Warner-Lambert)وارنر لامبرت لتحديد العملية التي من شأنها ربط الطلب مع احتياجات العملاء والمستهلكين من خلال تجديد كامل سلسلة توريد.
هذا يعني أن «التخطيط والتنبؤ والتجديد التعاوني» نابع من «استجابة المستهلك الفعالة» (Efficient Consumer Response (ECR. «استجابة المستهلك الفعالة» هي محاولة واعية لتحسين التنسيق في عملية التسويق، والإنتاج، وأنشطة التجديد بطريقة تزيد في نفس الوقت من القيمة بالنسبة للمستهلك، مع تحسين أداء سلسلة توريد بالنسبة للمنتجين وتجار التجزئة.

كيف يختلف «التخطيط والتنبؤ والتجديد التعاوني» عن «استجابة المستهلك الفعالة»

عناصر «استجابة المستهلك الفعالة» الأساسية تندرج تحت «التخطيط والتنبؤ والتجديد التعاوني»
ولكن «التخطيط والتنبؤ والتجديد التعاوني» يزيد في العمليات التجارية لتشمل ما يلي:

 نظم معلومات لتسجيل وتحويل نقاط البيع، المخزون، الطلب، العرض وغيرها من المعلومات بين الشركاء التجاريين
 إضفاء الطابع الرسمي على عمليات التنبؤ بالمبيعات والتنبؤ بالطلب
 إضفاء الطابع الرسمي عمليات التعامل مع الاستثناءات
 نظم لرصد ردود الفعل وذلك لتحسين أداء سلسلة توريد

الأنشطة المتضمنة

في قطاع تجارة التجزئة، الشركة المصنعة «كبائع» وتاجر التجزئة «كمشتري» -وقد يدخل الموزع أيضاً- ينخرطون
في أربعة أنشطة تعاونية تساعد على تحسين أدائهم:

 الاستراتيجية والتخطيط: وذلك لوضع قواعد أساسية للعلاقة التعاونية، تحديد تشكيلة المنتجات، ووضع الخطط المناسبة لهذه الفترة.
 إدارة العرض والطلب : وذلك يتضمن التنبؤ باحتياج المستهلكين (في نقاط البيع)، فضلا عن متطلبات الشحن والطلبيات في ظل التخطيط.
 التنفيذ : في هذه المرحلة يتم إعداد وتسليم الشحنات ويتم تلقي الشحنات الواردة ووضعها في المخازن، وتسجل معاملات البيع وسدادالمدفوعات.
 التحليل : في هذه المرحلة يتم تحليل نتائج مراقبة أنشطة التخطيط والتنفيذ لشروط الاستثناء، وتحليل النتائج الكلية، وحساب مقاييس الأداء الرئيسية. ويتم أيضاً تبادل الأفكار وضبط الخطط لتحسين النتائج باستمرار.

الفوائد، والقيمة، والغرض

 زيادة في المخزون بحدود 5-8 ٪
 انخفاض متوسط مخزون الشبكة 10 ٪
 زيادة المبيعات 8-10 ٪
 خفض نفقات التشغيل 1-2 ٪
 خفض تكلفة السلع 3-4 ٪
 خفض المهلة الزمنية / زمن دورة 25-30 ٪
 انخفاض حساب مستحق 8-10 ٪

خفض المخزون لتحقيق أرباح أعلى

من خلال وضع مزيد من التنبؤات الدقيقة للطلب، يمكن أن يتم خفض المخزون ويمكن ان تكون إدارة المواد أكثر فاعلية في كامل سلسلة توريد. مما ينتج عنه أيضاً انخفاض في مستويات المخزون، إلى جانب تحسين تدفق المواد، واستغلال رأس المال العامل للاستخدام في أماكن أخرى في الشركة.

تحسين خدمة العملاء من خلال تحسين التنبؤ

التوقعات الأكثر موثوقية سوف تسمح بطرق أكثر فعالية لاستباق الطلب عبر كامل سلسلة التوريد.
أيضاً يمكن تجنب مشكلة نفاد المخزون أو الخطأ في البضاعة المسلمة، وبالتالي زيادة المبيعات وتحسين أداء التسليم.

استثمار أفضل باستخدام التقنية الاليكترونية

مع حلول تكنولوجية فعالة ل «التخطيط والتنبؤ والتجديد التعاوني»، فأن كلا من المصنعين وتجار التجزئة سوف يستفيد من خلال تخفيض النفقات العامة وذلك لأن العديد من العمليات الغير مجدية سيتم استبعادها مثل: العمليات اليدوية القديمة، الدمج المتخصص بين أنظمة ومعايير الشركاء والبحث عن المعلومات في عدة مصادر / نظم.

بوضع أدوات دمج وبوابات أعمال ستظهر بعض السبل الفعالة –من ناحية التكلفة- لإنشاء شبكة للاتصال والتعاون بين الشركاء التجاريين، وأكبر مثال لذلك هو «شبكات الصناعة الخاصة».

أمثلة
من أهم الشركات التي تستخدم «التخطيط والتنبؤ والتجديد التعاوني» هي:
 وول مارت
 موتورولا

المراجع

 CPFR — COLLABORATIVE PLANNING, FORECASTING,AND REPLENISHMENT

JDEDWARDS

 Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR®)

By VOLUNTARY INTERINDUSTRY COMMERCE STANDARDES

إدارة سلسلة الإمداد
تجارة إلكترونية

التخطيط والتنبؤ والتجديد التعاوني


Den gale professor er en kortfilm fra 1999, der er instrueret af Lars Henningsen.

Handling
Den gale professor vil opfinde en sygdom, der kan udrydde alle andre mennesker på jorden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1999

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Den gale professor


La Ruta Estatal de Nevada 164, y abreviada SR 164 (en inglés: Nevada State Route 164) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Nevada. La carretera inicia en el Oeste desde la frontera norte con el estado de California cerca de Nipton hacia el Este en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 29,9 km (18.600 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta Estatal de Nevada 164 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Nevada por sus siglas en inglés Nevada DOT.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Nevada DOT

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Nevada

Ruta Estatal de Nevada 164


Wycliffe Musalia Mudavadi (Sabatia, 21 de setembro de 1960) é um político queniano e economista de terras que atua como Primeiro Secretário de Gabinete do Quênia. Até outubro de 2022, foi também líder partidário do Amani National Congress (ANC), um dos partidos políticos fundadores, da aliança Kenya Kwanza. Ele atuou como 7º vice-presidente do Quênia em 2002 e vice-primeiro-ministro (2008–2012), quando renunciou para disputar a presidência nas eleições gerais do Quênia em 2013 e emergiu em terceiro lugar. Ele foi vice-líder partidário do Movimento Democrático Laranja (ODM) (2005–2012) e líder partidário do Partido do Fórum Democrático Unido (UDF) de maio de 2012 a julho de 2015.

Infância e educação
Mudavadi, foi criado em uma família de denominação cristã Quaker. Ele é do dialeto étnico Maragoli, um extrato da populosa comunidade Luhya do oeste do Quênia. Depois de seu falecido pai Moses S. B. Mudavadi, ele é o único outro político queniano que não jura porque sua fé o proíbe.

Mudavadi estudou na Escola Primária de Nairobi, depois Jamhuri e Escola de Nairobi e a Universidade de Nairobi. Ele obteve um diploma de Bacharel em Artes (Economia da Terra). Para esportes, ele jogou rugby como ala em sua escola e universidade Mean Machine RFC.

Carreira política

Carreira no governo
Mudavadi, tornou-se pela primeira vez um Membro do Parlamento em 1989 quando foi eleito sem oposição em uma eleição parcial para ocupar o assento por Sabatia vago por seu falecido pai Moses Mudamba Mudavadi. Ele ganhou a cadeira nas 1992 e 1997 eleições gerais.

Mudavadi serviu como Ministro para Suprimentos e Marketing (1989 - 1993), Finanças (1993 - 1997), Agricultura (1997 - 1999), Transportes, Comunicações e Informação (2000 - 2002). Além disso, atuou como vice-presidente (2002) e também vice-primeiro-ministro e ministro do governo local da República do Quênia (2008 - 2013).

Eleição de 2002
No final de 2002, Mudavadi foi o último e mais curto mandato do vice-presidente do Quênia sob o comando do presidente Daniel arap Moi. Mudavadi concorreu como companheiro de chapa de Uhuru Kenyatta nas eleições de 2002. Apesar do apoio do atual Presidente Moi, a chapa Kenyatta/Mudavadi foi derrotada por Kibaki/Wamalwa e Mudavadi perdeu sua cadeira parlamentar em Sabatia.

Referendo de 2005
Em 2005, Mudavadi fez um retorno político ao ingressar no Partido Liberal Democrático (LDP) de Raila Odinga e aliar-se ao lado do 'Não' no referendo daquele ano sobre a nova Constituição proposta em meio a especulações de que ele era definido para se tornar o principal político de Luhya.

Eleição de 2007
Após o referendo de 2005, o lado "Não" formou o Orange Democratic Movement- Kenya (ODM-K). Mas após a divisão ODM-K, Mudavadi juntou-se ao Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), onde ascendeu a Vice-Líder do Partido. Em 2007, Mudavadi buscou a nomeação do candidato do ODM para as eleições presidenciais de dezembro de 2007. Em 1º de setembro de 2007, Mudavadi ficou em segundo lugar com 391 votos contra 2.656 votos de Odinga em um processo de nomeação disputado. No entanto, junto com os outros candidatos derrotados, Mudavadi apoiou Odinga e Mudavadi foi nomeado companheiro de chapa de Odinga para a eleição.

Embora a eleição tenha sido oficialmente vencida por Kibaki, ODM contestou os resultados oficiais e reivindicou a vitória para Odinga. Uma violenta crise pós-eleitoral se desenvolveu, o que acabou levando à assinatura de um acordo de compartilhamento de poder (Acordo Nacional) entre Kibaki e Odinga. Como parte do governo de grande coalizão, Mudavadi foi nomeado vice-primeiro-ministro e ministro do governo local em 13 de abril de 2008. Ele era o vice-primeiro-ministro representando o ODM, enquanto Kenyatta era o vice-primeiro-ministro representando o Partido de Unidade Nacional] de Kibaki. Mudavadi e o restante do Gabinete foram empossados em 17 de abril de 2008.

Eleições Presidenciais

Eleições Gerais de 2013
Em 2012, Musalia Mudavadi buscou a nomeação do ODM para ser seu candidato presidencial para as eleições gerais de 2013. Mais tarde, ele fugiu do ODM por falta de liberdade política no partido. Ele disse que os mecanismos políticos ilegais/inconstitucionais colocados em seu caminho tornaram impossível para qualquer outro aspirante buscar uma nomeação presidencial livre e justa com sucesso.

Mudavadi deixou o ODM depois de ter sido tecnicamente impedido de concorrer à indicação por meio de uma cláusula da constituição do partido que dava ao líder do partido uma indicação direta como candidato presidencial. Musalia, no entanto, recusou-se a renunciar ao cargo de vice-primeiro-ministro da República do Quênia, alegando que o cargo era público e não partidário. Mais tarde, ele assumiu o Partido da Frente Democrática Unida (UDF) e tornou-se seu porta-bandeira para a eleição presidencial.

Resumidamente, ele se juntou a Uhuru Kenyatta e William Ruto para formar a Jubilee Coalition reunindo os partidos UDF, URP e TNA. No entanto, Mudavadi deixou a coalizão após uma quebra de contrato que declarava que Uhuru Kenyatta renunciaria em seu favor como porta-bandeira presidencial da coalizão Jubileu UDF/TNA/URP. Uhuru surpreendeu a nação ao admitir que realmente assinou o acordo, mas culpou as "forças das trevas" por sua decisão de renegar, mas a quebra do acordo resultou de uma objeção feroz dos apoiadores de Uhuru, insistindo que ele deveria estar na cédula presidencial. Mas antes, Uhuru havia insistido que as indicações deveriam ser feitas por votação dos delegados do partido. Mudavadi objetou dizendo que o candidato conjunto havia sido acordado por consenso e que os parceiros da Jubilee Coalition eram novos e não tinham delegados genuínos selecionados por meio de eleições populares. Mudavadi fez uma corrida solo na UDF e ficou em terceiro lugar na disputa, pela liderança máxima do país naquela eleição.

Eleições Gerais de 2017
Após as eleições de 2013, elementos dentro da UDF iniciaram um esquema perturbador para hipotecar o partido à governante Jubilee Coalition. Em julho de 2015, Mudavadi abandonou a UDF, que posteriormente foi dissolvida. Ele formou o Amani National Congress (ANC) que o levaria à corrida presidencial em 2017. Ciente da configuração das eleições quenianas, Mudavadi formou a National Super Alliance (NASA) coalizão e convidou o trio CORD de ODM's Raila Odinga, Wiper's Kalonzo Musyoka e Ford-Quênia Moses Wetang'ula para participar. A NASA escolheu Odinga como seu candidato presidencial. Mudavadi foi o único diretor da NASA a não se candidatar a um cargo eletivo nas eleições gerais de 2017 ao se contentar com o cargo de presidente de campanha da NASA.

Eleições Gerais de 2022
Após as eleições gerais de 2017, o candidato presidencial da NASA, Raila Odinga, decidiu prestar juramento. Mudavadi recusou-se a fazer parte do juramento, declarando-o inconstitucional.Em 9 de março de 2018, Odinga havia assinado um armistício com o presidente Uhuru Kenyatta. Desde 2018, Mudavadi optou por permanecer na oposição.

Em março de 2021, Mudavadi alinhou-se estrategicamente com os outros dois diretores da NASA Kalonzo Musyoka e Moses Wetang'ula e o presidente da KANU Gideon Moi. para formar o One Kenya Aliança (OKA).

Mudavadi apoiou a candidatura presidencial do vice-presidente William Ruto e eles venceram as eleições gerais de 9 de agosto de 2022 contra Raila Odinga, que teve o apoio do atual presidente Uhuru Kenyatta, com maioria sob o Kenya Kwanza Alliance (KKA) que ele formou enquanto ainda estava na OKA.

Em 27 de setembro de 2022, o presidente William Ruto emitiu e assinou uma ordem executiva presidencial estabelecendo o cargo de Primeiro Secretário de Gabinete da República do Quênia, e indicou Mudavadi para o cargo. Durante o discurso ao vivo do presidente Ruto à nação, ele afirmou que o Gabinete do Primeiro Secretário de Gabinete (PCS) é o cargo mais sênior no braço executivo do governo depois do Presidente e Vice-presidente. Lama avadi foi oficialmente empossado como PCS em State House, Quênia, em 27 de outubro de 2022.

Escândalos e Integridade

Escândalo do plano de Graves
Em março de 2010, o vice-primeiro-ministro Musalia Mudavadi enfrentou uma investigação da Comissão Anticorrupção do Quênia (KACC) sobre uma fraude de sh283 milhões em terrenos de cemitérios. Funcionários da KACC disseram que a fraude envolveu a Câmara Municipal de Nairóbi comprando terras avaliadas em Sh24 milhões por quase Sh300 milhões. Mudavadi protestou sua inocência e disse que KACC estava sendo injusto ao acusá-lo sem lhe dar a chance de ser ouvido. Em junho de 2020, de acordo com os autos do tribunal relatados pelo Daily Nation, Mudavadi não se beneficiou do acordo de terras do cemitério, portanto, não foi culpado no escândalo. Posteriormente, descobriu-se que Mudavadi não recebeu nenhum dinheiro do escândalo nem estava envolvido de forma alguma na conspiração para fraudar.

Lista negra LSK
Em janeiro de 2012, a Law Society of Kenya (LSK) listou Mudavadi como um dos funcionários públicos mencionados negativamente em vários relatórios sobre questões que vão desde corrupção a crimes econômicos. O LSK aconselhou os eleitores a não votarem nos mencionados no relatório, pois já haviam sido comprometidos. De acordo com a LSK, a época em que Mudavadi foi colocado na lista negra foi uma época de acusações veladas contra a administração de Kibaki funcionários como o ex-presidente Mwai Kibaki, William Ruto, Charity Ngilu, mas sem acusações específicas levantadas contra qualquer um deles. Portanto, constatou-se que a listagem da LSK não continha nenhuma acusação específica de que Mudavadi era culpado por justificar a lista negra.

Vida pessoal
Mudavadi é casado com Tessie Mudavadi e eles têm três filhos; Moisés, Michael e Maryanne. Mudavadi é fã do time de futebol inglês Manchester United e do time queniano Leopardos AFC. Certa vez, ele serviu como patrono dos Leopardos da AFC. Além disso, ele também é um entusiasta do golfe e do rugby. Ele tem uma autobiografia publicada em 2019 intitulada "Musalia Mudavadi: Soaring Above The Storms of Passion". Seu apelido na arena política queniana é Mdvd, também conhecido como Earthquake. Além disso, Mudavadi é um grande fã da velha escola de música country com Kenny Rogers e Dolly Parton sendo seus músicos favoritos.

Políticos do Quénia

Musalia Mudavadi


Pavel Kapitonovitch Makarov (en ), né le  en URSS et mort en , était un footballeur soviétique qui évoluait au poste d'attaquant.

Biographie

Pavel Makarov évolue en URSS, en Allemagne, en Angleterre, en France et enfin au Canada.

Il dispute notamment 31 matchs en première division soviétique, inscrivant six buts, trois matchs en première division française, et 40 matchs en deuxième division française, pour trois buts marqués.

Le 17 juin 1938, il se met en évidence en étant l'auteur d'un doublé dans le championnat soviétique avec le Dynamo Rostov, sur la pelouse du Spartak Kharkiv (victoire 2-6 à l'extérieur).

Statistiques

Palmarès
 Nîmes Olympique
 Championnat de France D2 (1) :
 Champion : 1949-50.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur soviétique
Joueur du SV Stuttgarter Kickers
Joueur du Karlsruher SC
Joueur du SSV Ulm 1846
Joueur du Nîmes Olympique
Joueur du Grenoble Foot 38
Naissance en février 1919
Décès en 1963

Pavel Makarov


Doina groparilor este un film românesc din 2011 regizat de Pavel Cuzuioc.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2011 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2011
Filme documentare românești

Doina groparilor


The 2004 Royal Rumble was the 17th annual Royal Rumble professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown! brand divisions. The event took place on January 25, 2004, at the Wachovia Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As has been customary since 1993, the Royal Rumble match winner received a world championship match at that year's WrestleMania, in this instance, WrestleMania XX. Beginning with this Royal Rumble, the winner could choose which championship to challenge for at WrestleMania, either Raw's World Heavyweight Championship or SmackDown!'s WWE Championship.

Six professional wrestling matches were featured on the event's supercard, a scheduling of more than one main event. The main event was the 2004 Royal Rumble match, which featured wrestlers from both brands. SmackDown!'s Chris Benoit, the first entrant, won the match by last eliminating Big Show, also from SmackDown!. This win resulted in Benoit breaking the longevity record last held by Bob Backlund, staying in the match for over one hour, but was then broken by Rey Mysterio in 2006. Benoit also became the second wrestler to win the match as the first entrant, after Shawn Michaels. The primary match on the Raw brand was a Last Man Standing match between Triple H and Shawn Michaels for the World Heavyweight Championship, which ended in a draw. The predominant match on the SmackDown! brand was Brock Lesnar versus Hardcore Holly for the WWE Championship, which Lesnar won to retain the championship. The featured match on the undercard was a tables match for the World Tag Team Championship between Evolution (Ric Flair and Batista) and Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley), which Evolution won to retain the titles.

Production

Background

The Royal Rumble is an annual gimmick pay-per-view (PPV) produced every January by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) since 1988. It is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, dubbed the "Big Four". It is named after the Royal Rumble match, a modified battle royal in which the participants enter at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. The 2004 event was the 17th event in the Royal Rumble chronology and was scheduled to be held on January 25, 2004, at the Wachovia Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It featured wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown! brands.

The Royal Rumble match generally features 30 wrestlers. Traditionally, the winner of the match earns a world championship match at that year's WrestleMania. The previous year, the winner earned a match for their respective brand's top championship, but for 2004, the winner could choose to challenge for either brands' world championship at WrestleMania XX: Raw's World Heavyweight Championship or SmackDown!'s WWE Championship.

Storylines
The card included matches that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw and SmackDown! brands, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, Raw and SmackDown!.

The buildup to the Royal Rumble match started on the January 1 episode of SmackDown!, when John Cena interrupted a promo from SmackDown! General Manager Paul Heyman about the Tribute to the Troops event in Iraq. This angered Heyman and Heyman forced Cena to compete in a handicap match with a partner and the two needed to win the match to gain entry in the Royal Rumble match. Cena's partner was revealed to be Chris Benoit and the two defeated The Full Blooded Italians (Nunzio, Chuck Palumbo, and Johnny Stamboli) to qualify for the Royal Rumble match. As a result, all the three members of Full Blooded Italians lost their spots in the Royal Rumble match; had Cena and Benoit would have lost, neither would have been able to participate in the match. After the match, Kurt Angle announced that he would participate in the Royal Rumble match and would win it. Later that night, Benoit insulted Heyman and Heyman forced Benoit to compete at the #1 spot in the Royal Rumble. On the January 5 episode of Raw, Kane announced that he was going to win the Royal Rumble but was confronted by Booker T, who claimed that he would eliminate Kane from the match and win the match. Three days later on SmackDown!, Benoit defeated the Full Blooded Italians in a handicap mini Royal Rumble to retain his spot in the Royal Rumble. On the January 12 episode of Raw, Goldberg defeated Matt Hardy and announced that he would participate in the Royal Rumble match. On the January 15 episode of SmackDown!, several qualifying matches were held for the Royal Rumble, including a battle royal between the Full Blooded Italians, which Nunzio won. On the January 19 episode of Raw, Goldberg, Randy Orton, Rob Van Dam, Booker T, Mark Henry, and Chris Jericho won matches to qualify for a Battle Royal to determine the #30 entrant of the Royal Rumble match. Goldberg won the match and earned the #30 spot in the Royal Rumble.

Royal Rumble qualification matches
John Cena and Chris Benoit defeated Nunzio, Chuck Palumbo, and Johnny Stamboli in a handicap match – SmackDown!, December 30 (aired January 1)
Rico defeated Tommy Dreamer – Heat, January 12 (aired January 18)
Matt Morgan defeated Orlando Jordan – Velocity, January 13 (aired January 17)
Rikishi defeated Scotty 2 Hotty – SmackDown!, January 13 (aired January 15)
The World's Greatest Tag Team (Shelton Benjamin and Charlie Haas) defeated Basham Brothers (Doug Basham and Danny Basham) – SmackDown!, January 13 (aired January 15)
Nunzio defeated Chuck Palumbo and Johnny Stamboli in a triple threat battle royal – SmackDown!, January 13 (aired January 15)
Big Show defeated Funaki – SmackDown!, January 13 (aired January 15)
Tajiri defeated Billy Kidman – SmackDown!, January 20 (aired January 22)
A-Train defeated Shannon Moore – SmackDown!, January 20 (aired January 22)
Bradshaw defeated Akio and Sakoda in a triple threat match – SmackDown!, January 20 (aired January 22)

The main rivalry heading into the event from the Raw brand was between Triple H and Shawn Michaels over the World Heavyweight Championship. At Armageddon, Triple H defeated Goldberg and Kane in a triple threat match to win the World Heavyweight Championship after interference from Evolution (Ric Flair and Batista). On the December 15 episode of Raw, Michaels and Rob Van Dam defeated Evolution (Triple H, Ric Flair and Batista) in a handicap match, when Michaels pinned Triple H. As a result, Michaels earned a World Heavyweight Championship match against Triple H on the December 29 episode of Raw in his hometown of San Antonio, Texas. Michaels seemingly defeated Triple H to win the title, but the Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff declared the match a draw due to both men's shoulders being down on the mat during the pinfall. As a result, Triple H retained the title. On the January 5 episode of Raw, the self-proclaimed Sheriff of Raw Stone Cold Steve Austin announced that Triple H would defend the title against Michaels in a Last Man Standing match at Royal Rumble.

The main rivalry heading into the event from the SmackDown! brand was between Brock Lesnar and Hardcore Holly over the WWE Championship. The rivalry could be dated back to September 12, 2002, episode of SmackDown!, when Lesnar defeated Holly in a non-title match and injured him by breaking his neck, putting him out of action for over a year. A year later, at Survivor Series, Holly returned to WWE from injury to take revenge from Lesnar. On the December 18 episode of SmackDown!, Paul Heyman announced that Holly would team with Shannon Moore in a tag team match against A-Train and Matt Morgan, in which Holly could get a match of his choosing if he won but if he lost, his WWE contract would be terminated. Holly and Moore won the match, allowing Holly to wrestle a match of his choosing. On the January 1 episode of SmackDown!, Holly intentionally got disqualified in a match against Big Show by brutally assaulting him. On the January 8 episode of SmackDown!, Holly defeated Big Show in a street fight. As a result, Big Show placed a restraining order on Holly and Lesnar stayed with Big Show to protect himself from Holly. On the January 22 episode of SmackDown!, Holly attacked Lesnar during a handicap match pitting Lesnar, Big Show, Matt Morgan, and Rhyno against John Cena and Chris Benoit. This led to a match between Lesnar and Holly for the WWE Championship at Royal Rumble.

A secondary rivalry heading into the event from the SmackDown! brand was between Eddie Guerrero and Chavo Guerrero. At Survivor Series, the Basham Brothers (Doug Basham and Danny Basham) defeated Los Guerreros (Eddie and Chavo) to retain the WWE Tag Team Championship. After the event, Los Guerreros started to break up as a team when Chavo began blaming Eddie for the team's recent failure. On the November 20 episode of SmackDown!, Los Guerreros defeated The World's Greatest Tag Team (Charlie Haas and Shelton Benjamin) but after the match, Haas and Benjamin attacked Chavo and injured his leg. This caused Chavo to blame Eddie for the injury. On the November 27 episode of SmackDown!, Chavo was attacked again and he blamed Eddie. This continued on the December 4 episode of SmackDown!, when Eddie helped Chavo in defeating Benjamin in a one-on-one match. Chavo blamed Eddie for stealing the spotlight that Chavo needed. On the January 1 episode of SmackDown!, Eddie and Chavo finally broke up the team after losing to The World's Greatest Tag Team. However, on the January 8 episode of SmackDown!, Kurt Angle reunited Los Guerreros and earned them a WWE Tag Team Championship match against the Basham Brothers, which Los Guerreros lost. After the match, Los Guerreros finally ended when Chavo attacked Eddie and caused him to bleed. As a result, Chavo turned heel. On the January 15 episode of SmackDown!, Angle informed Eddie that the SmackDown! General Manager Paul Heyman had made a match between Eddie and Chavo at Royal Rumble.

The secondary rivalry heading into the event from the Raw brand was between Evolution (Ric Flair and Batista) and The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) over the World Tag Team Championship. At Armageddon, Flair and Batista defeated Dudley Boyz in a Tag Team Turmoil match to win the World Tag Team Championship. On the December 29 episode of Raw, Flair served as the special guest referee during a match pitting Dudley Boyz against two enhancement talents. Flair awarded the victory to enhancement talents by disqualifying Dudley Boyz. Batista then came out and attacked Dudley Boyz from behind. On the January 5 episode of Raw, Flair and Batista defeated Dudley Boyz to retain the World Tag Team Championship. The next week on Raw, Batista defeated D-Von in a one-on-one match. After the match, Flair tossed a table into the ring and Batista set it up but Bubba Ray entered the ring and chased Flair and Batista. On the January 19 episode of Raw, Evolution member Randy Orton defeated The Hurricane in a match. After the match, Flair and Batista came out to congratulate Orton. Hurricane's tag team partner Rosey came out to check on him but was attacked by Batista. It led to Dudley Boyz coming out to deliver a 3-D on Flair through the table but Jonathan Coachman ran down to stop them and was hit with a 3D through the table by Dudley Boyz. This led to a tables match between Dudley Boyz and Evolution for the World Tag Team Championship at Royal Rumble.

Another secondary rivalry heading into the event from the SmackDown! brand was between Rey Mysterio and Jamie Noble over the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. On the January 1 episode of SmackDown!, Mysterio defeated Tajiri to win the Cruiserweight Championship. The following week, Tajiri and Noble were scheduled to have a number one contender's match for the Cruiserweight Championship, but Noble was not present on the show. As a result, Paul Heyman ordered Noble's manager Nidia to replace Noble in the match. Tajiri easily defeated Nidia. After the match, Tajiri tried to assault Nidia, but Mysterio rescued her. This prompted Noble to come out and attack Mysterio as he thought that Mysterio was trying to harm Nidia. On the January 15 episode of SmackDown!, Noble defeated Tajiri to become the number one contender for the Cruiserweight Championship at Royal Rumble.

Event

Pre-show
Before the event aired live on pay-per-view, Victoria defeated Molly Holly by pinning her after a Gory Neckbreaker, which Victoria calls Widow's Peak. The match aired live on Heat.

Preliminary matches
The actual event opened with Evolution (Batista and Ric Flair) defending the World Tag Team Championship against Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) in a tables match. Jonathan Coachman interfered in the match as he distracted The Dudley Boyz, who attempted a Whassup on Coachman but Flair prevented the move. D-Von performed a Clothesline on Flair, allowing Batista to perform a Spinebuster through a table on D-Von to retain the titles.

Next, Rey Mysterio defended the WWE Cruiserweight Championship against Jamie Noble. manager Nidia held Noble's legs, thinking he was Mysterio. Mysterio took advantage and performed a 619 and Droppin' Da Dime on Noble to retain the title.

After that, Eddie Guerrero faced Chavo Guerrero. Chavo Guerrero Sr. interfered and attacked Eddie throughout the match. Eddie performed the Three Amigos and a Frog Splash on Chavo to win the match. After the match, Eddie attacked Chavo and Chavo Sr., causing Chavo to bleed.

Main event matches
In the fourth match, Brock Lesnar defended the WWE Championship against Hardcore Holly. Holly performed an Alabama Slam on Lesnar and applied a Full Nelson on Lesnar. After the two rolled out of the ring, Lesnar broke the hold by performing a Hangman on Holly. Lesnar performed an F5 on Holly to retain the title.

In the fifth match, Triple H defended the World Heavyweight Championship against Shawn Michaels in a Last Man Standing match. Triple H attempted a Pedigree onto a steel chair on Michaels but Michaels countered and dropped Triple H onto the steel chair. Michaels attempted Sweet Chin Music on Triple H, but Triple H low blowed Michaels. Triple H performed a DDT and a Pedigree on Michaels, but Michaels stood at a 9 count. Michaels performed Sweet Chin Music on Triple H but fell himself, resulting in the match ending in a draw and Triple H retained the title.

The main event was the annual 30-man Royal Rumble match, where the winner would get to wrestle the world champion of his brand at WrestleMania XX. Chris Benoit and Randy Orton were the first two entrants. As the match started, Benoit and Orton battled each other until Mark Henry entered at #3 and began attacking both Benoit and Orton. Tajiri entered at #4 and performed a Handspring Back Elbow on Orton. Orton battled Henry and Benoit battled Tajiri until Bradshaw entered at #5 and began dominating all the participants by finishing off Orton, then Henry, then Tajiri, with three consecutive Clotheslines from Hell. Bradshaw attempted to perform a Clothesline from Hell on Benoit, but Benoit countered it into a Crippler Crossface. Bradshaw got out of the hold by picking Benoit up and tossing him over the top rope. However, Benoit jumped on the apron and eliminated Bradshaw instead. Rhyno entered at #6 and attacked Orton, before focusing on Benoit. Tajiri battled Henry and applied a Tarantula on Henry. Rhyno performed a Spinebuster on Benoit and attempted to perform a Gore on Benoit but Benoit avoided the move and Rhyno instead crashed a rope hung Tajiri. This caused Tajiri to get eliminated from the match. Benoit then tossed Henry over the top rope, eliminating him. Matt Hardy entered at #7, but was quickly tossed over the top rope by Benoit but Hardy landed on the apron. Rhyno tried to eliminate Hardy but Hardy stayed in the ring. Scott Steiner entered at #8 and started dominating all of the participants of the match. Hardy and Orton battled in the corner, where Hardy had nearly eliminated Orton until Benoit attacked Hardy and Orton was saved from being eliminated. Matt Morgan entered at #9 and he performed a Sitout Powerbomb on Benoit and a Big Boot on Hardy. The Hurricane entered at #10 and performed a Diving Crossbody on Hardy. Hurricane then began fighting Morgan, who dominated Hurricane and eliminated him by tossing him over the top rope. Morgan then tried to eliminate Hardy in the same way, but Hardy landed on the apron and stayed in the ring. Benoit began fighting Rhyno, Steiner battled Orton and Hardy battled Morgan until Booker T entered at #11. Booker attacked Steiner and then performed a Scissors Kick on Orton. Booker then eliminated Steiner from the match. Kane entered at #12. Morgan started attacking Kane but Kane performed a Chokeslam on Morgan. Kane performed a Big Boot on Rhyno and then Kane chokeslammed Orton. Eventually, The Undertaker's entrance theme music began playing in the arena and the lights went out. When the lights came back, Kane was distracted and Booker eliminated Kane from behind. Following Kane's elimination, Spike Dudley entered at #13. Kane was angered at it and he thought that it was Dudley, who played Undertaker's gong. An enraged Kane performed a Chokeslam on Dudley on the ramp and Dudley was knocked out which meant that he was unable to participate in the Royal Rumble. Rikishi entered at #14. Along with Rikishi's entrance, Benoit backdropped Rhyno over the top rope, eliminating him. Rikishi started attacking Hardy and performed a Stink Face on Morgan. René Duprée entered at #15 and started battling Hardy before dropkicking him over the top rope to eliminate him. However, after eliminating Hardy, Duprée was eliminated himself by Rikishi when Rikishi performed a Savate Kick on Duprée, causing him to fall over the top rope. A-Train entered at #16 and began attacking Rikishi. Benoit eventually eliminated Morgan. Orton began dominating the match as he eliminated Rikishi and then backdropped Booker over the top rope to eliminate him. Benoit battled A-Train, while Shelton Benjamin entered at #17. Benoit eliminated A-Train and Benjamin tried to perform a Superkick on Orton, but Orton ducked the move and eliminated Benjamin. The first two entrants of the match, Benoit and Orton were left remaining. Ernest Miller entered at #18, along with his manager Lamont. Instead of using the opportunity of eliminating the knocked out Benoit and Orton, Miller and his manager Lamont danced to Miller's entrance theme. However, Benoit and Orton recovered and ruined the dance as Benoit tossed Lamont over the top rope and Orton eliminated Miller from the match. Following Miller's elimination, Benoit and Orton continued to battle each other. Kurt Angle entered at #19 and began fighting Benoit while Orton recovered in the corner. Rico entered at #20 and began battling Orton. Rico performed a Roundhouse Kick on Orton while Benoit performed three consecutive German Suplexes on Angle in a row. Orton recovered and backdropped Rico over the top rope, eliminating him. Test's music began playing at #21 but Test did not appear, as he was found knocked out at backstage by some doctors and the Raw Sheriff Stone Cold Steve Austin. Austin ordered someone to replace Test and gave him the #21 entry number. This person was revealed to be Mick Foley who immediately started attacking Orton. Foley performed a Flying Clothesline on Orton, eliminating Orton and himself in the process. Foley and Orton continued to fight each other after their eliminations. Christian entered at #22 and started battling Benoit and Angle. Foley and Orton numerously attacked each other, where Foley was about to perform a mandible claw on Orton until Nunzio entered at #23 and Foley turned his focus on Nunzio and performed a Mandible Claw on Nunzio, knocking him down. Orton attacked Foley and then retreated to the backstage. Angle battled Christian and Benoit in the ring while Nunzio sat in the ringside, instead of entering the ring. Big Show entered at #24 and began dominating the participants in the match. Chris Jericho entered at #25 and started fighting Angle. Big Show knocked the heads of Jericho and Christian together before battling Jericho. Christian started attacking Big Show. Benoit, Angle, Christian and Jericho tried to eliminate Big Show but failed. Charlie Haas entered at #26 and was double-teamed by Jericho and Christian. Jericho eventually eliminated Christian. Billy Gunn entered at #27 and performed a Legdrop Bulldog, which he called Fameasser on Angle. Gunn then performed a Fameasser on Jericho and fought Big Show and Haas. John Cena entered at #28 but instead of entering the ring, he focused on Nunzio, who was sitting in the ringside. Cena tossed Nunzio into the ring and began attacking him until Big Show started attacking Cena. Big Show and Nunzio double-teamed Cena until Nunzio attempted to eliminate Big Show, but failed. Cena started attacking Big Show and tried to eliminate him while Nunzio tried to eliminate Benoit. Rob Van Dam entered at #29 and started dominating all the participants of the match. Nunzio tried to eliminate Van Dam but Haas battled Nunzio. Big Show battled Gunn and Cena performed a Fireman's Carry Takeover, which he called F-U, on Angle. Goldberg entered at #30 and performed a Spear on Big Show and then speared Gunn. Goldberg punched several wrestlers including Angle, Jericho, Van Dam, Cena, and Haas. Nunzio jumped on Goldberg's back while Goldberg eliminated Haas from the match. Van Dam kicked Goldberg. Goldberg speared Nunzio and then clotheslined Gunn over the top rope, eliminating him. Goldberg picked up Nunzio in a Military Press and threw him over the top rope, eliminating him from the match. Goldberg started attacking Big Show, until Brock Lesnar interfered in the match and performed a F5 on Goldberg and left the ring. Goldberg was distracted and when he recovered, Angle eliminated him from behind. Benoit, Angle, Jericho, Cena and Van Dam all teamed up against Big Show when Big Show picked up Cena and Angle performed a Chop Block on Big Show. Van Dam performed a Slingshot Legdrop and followed it with a Five-Star Frog Splash on Big Show. All the five participants tried to eliminate Big Show, but Big Show shoved all of them and eliminated Cena. Van Dam attempted to perform a Monkey Flip on Big Show, but Big Show tossed him over the top rope, eliminating Van Dam, leaving Big Show, Benoit, Angle and Jericho as the final four competitors. Big Show backdropped Jericho over the top rope but Jericho landed on the apron and entered the ring. Jericho applied an Elevated Boston Crab, which he calls Walls of Jericho on Big Show. Angle attacked Jericho and Big Show picked up Jericho and eliminated him. Big Show chokeslammed Benoit and fought Angle. Angle performed an Olympic Slam, which he calls "Angle Slam" on Big Show and then performed an Angle Slam on Benoit. Big Show eventually tried to perform a Chokeslam on Angle but Angle rolled it into an Ankle Lock. Big Show was near the ropes, and he flipped out of the Ankle Lock, causing Angle to get eliminated. Big Show landed on the apron. Benoit climbed the top rope and performed a Flying Forearm on the back of Big Show's neck, sending Big Show back into the ring. Big Show tried to perform a Chokeslam on Benoit, but Benoit countered it into a Crippler Crossface. Benoit eventually landed on the apron while applying a front headlock on Big Show. He dragged Big Show over the top rope, who flipped over and got tossed on the floor over the top rope, getting eliminated. As a result, Benoit won the Royal Rumble match and became the second person in history to win the match from the #1 spot (after Shawn Michaels in 1995 and later Edge in 2021 and Rhea Ripley in 2023). He also broke Bob Backlund's longevity record in 1993 by staying in the match for 1:01:30.

Aftermath
On the following night's episode of Raw, during a confrontation between Triple H and Shawn Michaels, the Raw Sheriff Stone Cold Steve Austin intervened and announced that even though he could not make a match between the two (Austin having lost his Co-General Manager powers at Survivor Series in November), he would "uphold the law" and announced that Michaels would not get the next shot at Triple H because he did not win the Royal Rumble. Austin revealed that the Royal Rumble winner would face "the champion" at WrestleMania XX, but that there was no specification as to which champion— thus, creating a loophole that Chris Benoit, who was then property of SmackDown!, exploited to announce that he would join the Raw brand and instead chase the World Heavyweight Championship due in part to bad feelings between himself and SmackDown! General Manager Paul Heyman. On the February 9 episode, Benoit and Triple H were to have their contract signing for the WrestleMania match, but Michaels interfered and hit Sweet Chin Music on Benoit then signed the contract himself. The following week, after Michaels defeated Benoit in a singles match, Austin announced that Triple H would defend the title against Benoit and Michaels in a triple threat match at WrestleMania. At WrestleMania, Benoit defeated Michaels and Triple H by submitting the latter to the Crippler Crossface to win the World Heavyweight Championship. Benoit's defection led to a rule change for the Royal Rumble winner, where he could now choose which world champion he would face at WrestleMania.

SmackDown! Royal Rumble
Meanwhile, on SmackDown!, in order to make up for Benoit's defection, Heyman announced that a second Royal Rumble match featuring fifteen of SmackDown!'s wrestlers competing for a shot at Brock Lesnar's WWE Championship at No Way Out in February. The thirteen SmackDown! wrestlers (Kurt Angle, Rhyno, Charlie Haas, Shelton Benjamin, Bradshaw, Ernest Miller, Tajiri, Billy Gunn, Big Show, John Cena, Nunzio, A-Train, and Rikishi) who competed in the original Royal Rumble match were given entries in the match as were Hardcore Holly and Eddie Guerrero (Holly, who replaced an injured Matt Morgan, wrestled and lost to Lesnar at the Rumble and Guerrero, who replaced Benoit, was continuing his feud with Chavo). Guerrero won the match and earned the title opportunity. At No Way Out, Guerrero defeated Lesnar to win the WWE Championship.

Impact of Benoit tragedy
Chris Benoit murdered his wife and son before committing suicide over the weekend of June 22–24, 2007. Once the details of Benoit's actions became apparent, WWE made the decision to remove nearly all mentions of Benoit from their website, future broadcasts, and all publications. As a result, this Royal Rumble and Benoit's victory is often ignored in official publications. When referring to the #1 entrant, WWE personalities occasionally stated, for instance, "two people have won from the number one position, including Hall of Famer Shawn Michaels in 1995", as commentator John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) did in 2015. Edge and Rhea Ripley would since become the third and fourth wrestlers to win as the first entrant in 2021 and 2023, respectively, which WWE acknowledged they were the third and fourth to do so, but only mentioned Shawn Michaels as the other to accomplish this. Coverage of the Royal Rumble has been very selective; no photos of Benoit exist on WWE's webpage for the event, focusing rather on the Last Man Standing match between Triple H and Shawn Michaels, and Benoit is only mentioned on the results page as the winner of the event. Only a few WWE video features include footage from the Royal Rumble match, but those that do use careful shot selection so that Benoit is not seen on screen. WWE's website has also posted photo galleries dedicated to the number one entrants and winners in the Royal Rumble history, both of which completely ignore Chris Benoit and the year of 2004. The pay-per-view and the Royal Rumble match, however, exist in their entirety on the WWE Network unedited. Benoit went on to win the World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania XX (which like this Rumble, it is also available in its entirety on the WWE Network unedited), but like his near erasure from this Royal Rumble, WWE only lists his name in the official title history but have removed the match description (this is also the case for any other WWE-owned title that he has won), as well as the match description for when Randy Orton defeated him for the World Heavyweight Championship at SummerSlam.

Results

Royal Rumble entrances and eliminations

 – Raw
 – SmackDown!
 – Winner

Spike Dudley was attacked by Kane and never made it to the ring.

Test was originally the 21st entrant but he was found unconscious and replaced by Mick Foley.

 Chris Benoit broke the longevity record for lasting 1:01:37, previous record held by Ric Flair (lasting 1:00:02) in Royal Rumble 1992. This record would stand for 2 years before it would be broken by Rey Mysterio (Lasting 1:02:15) in Royal Rumble (2006).

References

External links
Official website

2004
Events in Philadelphia
2004 in Pennsylvania
Professional wrestling in Philadelphia
2004 WWE pay-per-view events
January 2004 events in the United States

Royal Rumble (2004)


Hundborg-Jannerup-Vang-Vorupør-Vester Vandet Pastorat er et pastorat i Thisted Provsti og i Thisted Kommune, tidligere i Hundborg og Hillerslev herreder.

Præster
Pastoratets faste præst bor i Vang. Desuden deler pastoratet en bistandspræst med Tilsted Pastorat.

Der er et sognehus i Hundborg.

Menighedsråd
I november 2012 blev der valgt fire menighedsråd i det nuværende pastorat. Det var Vester Vandet Sogns Menighedsråd, Vang Sogns Menighedsråd, Vorupør Sogns Menighedsråd og Hundborg-Jannerup Sognes Menighedsråd.

Nabopastorater
Hundborg-Jannerup-Vang-Vorupør-Vester Vandet Pastorat grænser op til Hansted-Klitmøller-Ræhr-Vigsø Pastorat, Nors-Tved-Øster Vandet Pastorat, Sjørring-Thorsted-Skjoldborg-Kallerup Pastorat, Snedsted Pastorat og Nørhå-Sønderhå-Hørsted Pastorat samt til Vesterhavet.

Kommuner
I 1842 blev der oprettet tre kommuner i den vestlige del af Hundborg Herred. Det var Nørhå Kommune (med Stenbjerg), Hundborg-Jannerup Kommune (med Nørre Vorupør) og Vang Kommune.

I 1842 blev Vester Vandet-Øster Vandet Kommune (med Klitmøller) oprettet i Hillerslev Herred.

I 1968 blev Vester Vandet-Øster Vandet Kommune indlemmet i Hanstholm Kommune.

I 1970 blev hele Øster Vandet samt største delen af Vester Vandet og Nors sogne overført fra Hanstholm Kommune til Thisted Kommune. Hanstholm Kommune beholdt dog Klitmøller Sogn og de områder i Hanstholm-reservatet, der tidligere var en del af af Nors Sogn.

I nutiden er Klitmøller en del af Hansted-Klitmøller-Ræhr-Vigsø Pastorat.

Nørhå (med Stenbjerg) og Hundborg-Jannerup (med Vorupør) og Vang blev en del af Thisted Kommune i 1970.

I 1970 blev Nørhå en del af det stadigt eksisterende pastorat Nørhå-Sønderhå-Hørsted.

I 2007 blev de tre hidtidige kommuner i Thy (Hanstholm, Thisted og Sydthy) lagt sammen til den nye Thisted Kommune.

Kilder
 Pastoratets hjemmeside
 Hjemmeside for Vorupør Sogn
 Hjemmeside for Hundborg og Jannerup Sogne

Pastorater i Aalborg Stift


في علم الأحياء، تطلق صفة فرداني  على الخلية التي تمتلك نصف العدد المعتاد للكروموسومات. توجد الكائنات من حقيقيات النوى على شكل خلايا بصيغة صبغية هي الضعفانية، حيث تأتي مجموعة من الكروموسومات من كل من الأبوين، لكن بعد عملية الانقسام الاختزالي سيصبح عدد الكروموسومات في الأمشاج نصف العدد، وهي حالة الفرداني.

في الإنسان، العدد الضعفاني هو 46 (2×23)، أما العدد الفرداني في النطفة والبويضة فهو 23.

بعض أنواع الحيوانات توجد على شكل فرداني، مثل غشائيات الأجنحة (تضم النمل والنحل والزنبار). هذه الحالة الوراثية الخاصة تسمى فردانية ضعفانية.

توجد بعض النباتات والحيوانات على شكل متعدد الصيغة الصبغية  حيث يوجد أكثر من زوجين من الكروموسومات، حيث يوجد أحد أنواع القمح على شكل 6 مجموعات من الكروموسومات.

طالع أيضا
 انقسام خلوي
 علم النواة الخلوية

مراجع

صبغيات

فرداني