Khorloogiin Choibalsan (8 February 1895 – 26 January 1952) was a Mongolian politician who served as the leader of the Mongolian People's Republic as chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier) from 1939 until his death in 1952. He was also commander-in-chief of the Mongolian People's Army from 1937, and chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural (head of state) from 1929 to 1930. A close ally of Joseph Stalin, Choibalsan led a dictatorship and organized Stalinist purges in Mongolia between 1937 and 1939 as head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, executing tens of thousands of Mongolian citizens.

Choibalsan was one of the 1921 Mongolian revolutionaries, and held several political and military roles in the 1920s. His rise to power in the 1930s was personally orchestrated by Stalin, and his rule was maintained by a repressive state and cult of personality. Mongolia's economic, political, and military ties to the Soviet Union deepened, though after World War II, Choibalsan supported pan-Mongolian unification with Inner Mongolia. He died of cancer in Moscow in 1952, and was succeeded as leader by his protégé, Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal.

Early life
Choibalsan was born on 8 February 1895 in Achit Beysiyn, near present-day Choibalsan, Dornod Province. He was the youngest of four children born to a poor unmarried herdswoman named Khorloo (the name Khorloogiin is a matronymic). His father was likely a Barga tribes man, Daur Mongol from Inner Mongolia called Jamsu, but Choibalsan claimed to be unaware of his identity. Named Dugar at birth, he assumed the religious name Choibalsan at age 13 after entering the local Buddhist monastery of San Beysiyn Khüree where he trained to be a Lamaist monk. Five years later he fled to Khüree (also known as Urga—present-day Ulaanbaatar) with another novice where he worked odd jobs. In part to prevent him from being returned to the monastery, a sympathetic Buryat teacher named Nikolai Danchinov had him enrolled in the Russian consulate's Russian-Mongolian Translators' School. A year later he was sent on at public expense to study at a gymnasium in Irkutsk, Russia from 1914 to 1917.

Mongolian Revolution of 1921

Formation of the Mongolian People's Party

Choibalsan and fellow Mongolian students in Russia were called back to Khüree by the Bogd Khaan government following the 1917 October Revolution. Exposed to Bolshevism while living among Irkutsk's radicalized student population, Choibalsan joined the revolutionary Consular Hill or Konsulyn Denj (Консулын дэнж) group, heavily influenced by Bolshevist philosophy and established to resist the Chinese occupation of Outer Mongolia after 1919. Original members of the group also included Dambyn Chagdarjav and Darizavyn Losol. Dogsomyn Bodoo, the group's leader, was a former teacher and mentor of Choibalsan's at the Russian-Mongolian School for Translators. With his serviceable Russian, Choibalsan served as the group's translator with contacts at the Russian Consulate. Those contacts later encouraged Konsulyn Denj to join forces with the more nationalist-oriented resistance group Züün Khüree (East Khüree), which counted Soliin Danzan, Dansrabilegiin Dogsom, and Damdin Sükhbaatar among its members. On 25 June 1920, the new body adopted the name Mongolian People's Party (MPP). In 1924 the party renamed itself the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP after the death of the Bogd Khaan and the formal proclamation of the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR).

Contact with Soviets and the first MPP Congress
In late June 1920, Choibalsan and Danzan embarked for Irkutsk (they were later joined by Losol, Chagdarjav, Dogsom, L. Dendev, and Sükhbaatar—the famous "First Seven") to establish contacts with the Soviets and seek assistance in their struggle for independence. Choibalsan and Sükhbaatar remained together in Irkutsk for several months raising awareness of Mongolia's plight and receiving military training. During this period Sükhbaatar gradually became a second mentor to Choibalsan.

While the group of seven continued their lobbying efforts in Soviet Russia, forces commanded by the anti-Bolshevik Russian warlord Roman von Ungern-Sternberg invaded Mongolia from the east and ejected occupying Chinese garrisons from Khüree in February 1921. No longer faced with directly confronting the Chinese in Mongolia, the Soviets finally threw their backing behind the Mongolian revolutionaries. Choibalsan and Sükhbaatar relocated to Troitskosavsk (modern-day Kyakhta on the Russian-Mongolian border) to coordinate revolutionary activities and recruit Mongolian fighters. Choibalsan secretly ventured as far as Khüree to consult with MPP supporters, enlist fighters, and spirit members of Sükhbaatar's family back to Troitskosavsk.

At a Soviet-organized MPP conference held secretly in Troitskosavsk from 1 to 3 March 1921 (subsequently regarded as the first congress of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party), Choibalsan was elected a member of the provisional revolutionary government. He was also appointed Political Commissar (Deputy Chief and chief propagandist) of the Mongol Ardyn Huv'sgalt Tsereg (Mongolian: Монгол Ардын Хувьсгалт Цэрэг), or the Mongolian People's Army, commanded by Sükhbaatar.

Defeat of Ungern-Sternberg
Within days, Sükhbaatar's Mongolian partisan army (now numbering 400 men) defeated the larger but demoralized Chinese garrison that had fled to Kyakhta Maimaicheng (modern-day Altanbulag). Joint Mongol and Red Army forces directly confronted Ungern's troops in a series of battles near Troitskosavsk from late May to mid-June. Choibalsan took command of a Mongolian detachment based in Tariat, in modern-day Arkhangai province and, together with the Russian forces commanded by Petr Efimovich Shchetinkin, fought right guard actions in western Mongolia in support of the main Russian-Mongolia advance through modern-day Selenge and Töv provinces. After small skirmishes with Ungern's remaining guard units, the joint Russian-Mongol force entered Khüree unchallenged on 6 July 1921. Choibalsan pursued remnants of Ungern's army and was likely on hand at Ungern's capture by Shchetinkin on 22 August 1921.

Rise to power
After the revolution, Choibalsan remained Deputy Chief of the Mongolian People's Army while also being elected Chairman of the Mongolian Revolutionary Youth League (MRYL). Despite his credentials as one of the MPP's founding members, he failed to advance beyond second-tier government posts throughout the 1920s. His heavy drinking, womanizing, and violent temperament alienated him from party leaders and at one point in the early 1930s he was temporarily demoted from being Minister of Foreign Affairs to the role of simple Museum Director. While he often gravitated towards the leftist faction of the party, he was suspected of being a rightist in what little mention is made of him in Soviet and Mongolian reports of the era. Choibalsan himself did not include many of his own speeches from this period in his collected works, indicating his role during this period was not a prominent one. It was not until members of the Soviet security apparatus such as Soviet Commissar for Defense Kliment Voroshilov took note of Choibalsan's political usefulness in the late 1920s and early 1930s that his career prospects began to improve.

Purge of Bodoo
In late 1921, Choibalsan's MRYL foot soldiers carried out Prime Minister Bodoo's modernization campaign of forcibly cutting off "feudal" ornaments from Mongolian clothing (large cuffs, women's jewelry, long hair etc.). The angry public backlash led to Bodoo's purge and eventual execution in August 1922 while Choibalsan was stripped of both full party membership and his position of as deputy commander of the Mongolian military. Only Sükhbaatar's intervention saved him from Bodoo's fate. Choibalsan was sent to a Moscow Russian Military Academy after Sükhbaatar's death in 1923 and when he returned to Ulaanbaatar a year later was offered his old mentor's former position as Commander in Chief of the People's Revolutionary Troops. He also held positions as a member of the Presidium of the State Great Hural from 1924 to 1928 and as a member of the MPRP Central Committee.

Right Opportunism (1925–28)
At the Third Party Congress in 1924, Choibalsan sided with the leftist leader Rinchingiin Elbegdorj as left and right-wing factions of the MPRP called for the arrest and execution of moderate party leader Danzan, who was accused of protecting bourgeois interests and engaging in business with Chinese firms. Following Danzan's death, Choibalsan and Rinchino's political influence diminished as the party's right-wing, led by Tseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj, assumed control and, during a period later referred to as the "Right Opportunism" (1925-1928), promoted rightist policies mirroring Lenin's New Economic Policy in the Soviet Union.

Leftist Period 1928–1932
The rise of Josef Stalin and termination of Lenin's New Economic Policy influenced political developments in the MPR with the 1928 MPRP Seventh Party Congress ushering in the "Leftist Period." Soviet advisors arranged for Choibalsan to be "kicked upstairs" to be Chairman of the Little Hural (i.e. titular head of state) from where, in 1929 and 1930, he supported implementation of Soviet-backed leftist policies of more rapid collectivization, land expropriation, and persecution of the Buddhist faith.

At the Eighth Party Congress in 1930 Choibalsan contributed to a ramping up leftist socialist reforms when again encouraged by Soviet agents, he introduced personally formulated decrees that intensified land confiscation and forced collectivization measures. His appointment in 1931 as Minister of Livestock and Agriculture (a position he held until 1935) gave him even greater authority to enforce the policies. Traditional herders were forced off the steppe and into badly managed collective farms, destroying one third of Mongolian livestock. Over 800 properties belonging to the nobility and the Buddhist faith were confiscated and over 700 head of mostly noble households were executed. Under Stalinist influence in the Mongolian People's Republic, an estimated 17,000 monks were killed, official figures show.

The government's aggressive measures ultimately lead to brutal armed uprisings in Khövsgöl, Arkhangai, Övörkhangai, and Zavkhan provinces in 1932. In reaction, Moscow ordered a temporary curtailment of economic centralization efforts. Comintern agents counted on Choibalsan to be a strong advocate for its New Turn policy to correct the "excesses" of "the Left Deviation" when it was introduced in an extraordinary plenum of the MPRP Central Committee in June 1932. Later MPR histories would credit Choibalsan with being the first to criticize the leftist period and propose reforms, but these were mere fabrications meant to build up Choibalsan's cult of personality.

Lkhümbe Affair

In the summer of 1934, Choibalsan's name surfaced during interrogations of party members arrested as part of the "Lkhümbe Affair," a manufactured conspiracy in which MPRP General Secretary Jambyn Lkhümbe and other MPRP elements, particularly Buryat-Mongols, were falsely accused of conspiring with Japanese spies. The invasion of neighboring Manchuria by Japanese forces in 1931 had raised fears in Ulaanbaatar and Moscow alike of possible Japanese military expansion into Mongolia and the Soviet Far East. Over 1,500 people were implicated in the purge and 56 were executed. Choibalsan was called to Moscow where he was arrested and interrogated regarding his possible involvement. Within days, however, he was cooperating with the NKVD in the interrogation and torture of fellow Mongolians. Satisfied with his loyalty, Stalin ordered Mongolia's Prime Minister Peljidiin Genden to appoint Choibalsan as deputy prime minister. Genden vigorously objected, but to no avail. As relations between Genden and Stalin soured, Choibalsan's influence with Moscow increased. In 1935, as a public sign of his favor, Stalin gifted Choibalsan 20 GAZ automobiles which he distributed among Mongolian power players to increase his prestige.

Great Terror

Purge of Genden
In 1936 Choibalsan and Gelegdorjiin Demid were appointed Marshals of the Armed Forces while Choibalsan also became head of the newly elevated Ministry of Internal Affairs, 26 percent of whose staff were NKVD agents. Acting under Moscow's directive, Choibalsan then had Genden purged in March 1936 for sabotaging Mongol-Soviet relations by rejecting Stalin's demand that he eliminate the country's Buddhist clergy. Genden was removed from his offices of the prime minister and foreign minister, arrested, and sent to Moscow, where he was executed a year later. Anandyn Amar became Prime Minister in his place.

Over the next three years, Soviet mentors in the Ministry of Internal Affairs guided Choibalsan in planning and carrying out the "Great Terror". Possibly advised by a Soviet Official, Chopyak, Choibalsan had Internal Affairs Committee rules amended in May 1936 to facilitate the detention of high ranking politicians without first consulting political superiors. Soon thereafter 23 high ranking lamas were arrested for participating in a "counter revolutionary centre." Following a yearlong trial, they were publicly executed in early October 1937. When Mongolia's Procurator General protested the lamas' prosecution, he too was arrested and then shot.

Death of Marshal Demid

In August 1937, the 36-year-old Marshal Demid, whose popularity Choibalsan had always resented, died under suspicious circumstances resulting in Choibalsan's promotion to the dual role of sole Commander-in-Chief of the Mongolian military and Minister of Defense. The following day Choibalsan, as Interior Minister, issued Order 366 which declared that many in Mongolia "had fallen under the influence of Japanese spies and provocateurs." That same month Stalin, alarmed by Japanese military movements in Manchuria ordered the stationing of 30,000 Red Army troops in Mongolia and had dispatched a large Soviet delegation to Ulaanbaatar under Soviet Deputy NKVD Commissar Mikhail Frinovsky. Frinovsky was charged with setting in motion the violent purges that he had so effectively carried out in the Soviet Union under NKVD Chief Nikolai Yezhov. Working through Soviet advisers already embedded within the Ministry of Interior and with a willing Choibalsan providing symbolic cover, Frinovsky built the purge framework from behind the scenes; producing arrest lists and creating an NKVD style Troika (headed by Choibalsan) to try suspects.

10 September 1937
The arrest of 65 high ranking government officials and intelligentsia on the night of 10 September 1937, signaled the launch of the purges in earnest. All were accused of spying for Japan as part of a Genden-Demid plot and most confessed under intense torture. The first show trial was staged at the Central Theatre from 18 to 20 October 1937. Thirteen of the 14 persons accused were sentenced to death.

In a spasm of violence that lasted nearly 18 months, Choibalsan's troika approved and carried out the execution of over 17,000 counterrevolutionary lamas. Monks that were not executed were forcibly laicized while 746 of the country's monasteries were liquidated. Thousands more dissident intellectuals, political and government officials labelled "enemies of the revolution," as well as ethnic Buryats and Kazakhs were also rounded up and killed. Twenty-five persons from top positions in the party and government were executed, 187 from the military leadership, 36 of the 51 members of the Central Committee. Following the Russian model, Choibalsan opened gulags in the countryside to imprison dissidents. While the NKVD effectively managed the purge by staging show trials and carrying out executions, a frequently intoxicated Choibalsan was sometimes present during torture and interrogations of suspected counterrevolutionaries, including old friends and comrades. Choibalsan rubber-stamped NKVD execution orders and at times personally directed executions. He also added names of political enemies to NKVD arrest lists simply to settle old scores.

End of the Great Terror

Racked with stress, Choibalsan spent six months (August 1938 – January 1939) recuperating and consulting with Voroshilov, Yezhov, and Stalin in Moscow and Sochi while NKVD agents and Interior Ministry officials carried on purge operations from Ulaanbaatar. When he returned to Mongolia, Choibalsan followed Soviet directives and had the highly popular Prime Minister Amar purged. Choibalsan claimed he "had helped anti-government plotters, opposed their arrest, and neglected the defense of the borders. He betrayed his own country and was a traitor to the revolution." After a coordinated propaganda campaign, Amar was arrested on 7 March 1939 and sent to the USSR, where he was later tried by a Soviet Troika and executed.

With Amar's removal, Choibalsan became Mongolia's uncontested leader, simultaneously holding the office Prime Minister, Minister for Internal Affairs, Minister of War, and Commander in Chief of the Mongolian armed forces. Secured in his position, Choibalsan brought the terror to an end in April 1939 by declaring that the excesses of the purges had been conducted by overzealous party officials while he was away in the USSR, but that he had overseen the arrests of the real criminals. Official blame for the purges fell on the deputy minister of internal affairs Nasantogtoh, and his former Soviet handler Kichikov. Later, other henchmen of the purge were arrested and executed, including Luvsansharav, Bayasgalan, Dashtseveg, and Luvsandorj. Dogsom and Losol, the last two living members (besides Choibalsan himself) of the original seven founding members of the MPRP, were also arrested. Dogsom was executed in 1941. Losol died in a Soviet prison before his case came to trial.

World War II (1939–45)

Battles of Khalkhin Gol

In the spring of 1939, Japanese Kwantung Army military leaders moved to test the resolve of the Soviet and Mongolian militaries to protect disputed territory along Mongolia's southeast border with Japanese occupied Manchuria. Over the course of three battles (May – September 1939) a heavily armoured Soviet military force commanded by Georgy Zhukov decisively defeated the Japanese advance near the village of Nomonhan. There were nearly 8,000 casualties for both the Soviet and Japanese forces. Nevertheless, the victory, which took place close to his birthplace, helped cement Choibalsan's growing cult of personality which portrayed him as a staunch defender of Mongolian independence against imperialist Japanese aggression.

Support for the Soviet Union
Choibalsan proclaimed his country's unwavering support for the Soviet Union after Germany's invasion of the USSR in June 1941, although Mongolia never officially declared war against Germany and waited until August 1945 to declare war against Japan. As early as 1939, Stalin had pushed Choibalsan to increase Mongolia's livestock population to 200 million as a source of raw materials for the Soviet Union in the event of war in Europe. Throughout the conflict, the MPR's economy was re-calibrated to provide material support to the Soviet Union in the form of livestock, raw materials, money, food, military clothing, meat, sheepskin, felt boots, fur-lined coats, and funding for several Soviet military units. Choibalsan and the newly elected Secretary General of the MPRP Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal traveled to the front near Moscow to distribute gifts to Red Army troops. Stalin awarded Choibalsan the Order of Lenin for his outstanding effort in organizing Mongolian people for the delivery of aid in goods to Red Army in July 1944.

Internal developments
Despite the privations of wartime, Choibalsan and party leaders pressed on with what limited social progress they could manage while delivering much of the country's economic output to the Soviets. Choibalsan consistently sought Moscow's assent before making key policy decisions, even in minor matters and made efforts to curry Moscow's favour whenever possible. At the Tenth Party Congress in March to April 1940, Choibalsan arranged the purge of MPRP Secretary-General Baasanjav and had him replaced with a new favorite of Stalin's, 24-year-old Minister of Finance Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal. Although he relinquished leadership of the MPRP, Choibalsan continued to be the predominant force in Mongolian politics and pushed through reforms of the Mongolian constitution more in line with the 1936 USSR Constitution that effectively ended the influence and power of Buddhist church. Between 1941 and 1946 the country adopted Cyrillic script in place of the traditional Mongolian script. On 5 October 1942 Choibalsan University in Ulaanbaatar opened financed largely by the Soviets and with courses taught in Russian.

End of the war and pan-Mongolian aspirations

An ardent Mongolian nationalist, Choibalsan never gave up a hope of uniting all of the Mongols under the auspices of the Mongolian People's Republic. Until 1945 he had encouraged an ethnic insurgency in Eastern Xinjiang (with Stalin's support), looking to strengthening the MPR's influence in the region and possibly beyond to Gansu and Qinghai. He saw the impending defeat of Japan as an opportunity to realize his long-held dream of a "Great Mongolia", the uniting of Outer and Inner Mongolia, and he fully expected Stalin's backing as a reward for Mongolia's steadfast support of the Soviets during the war. On 10 August 1945, Mongolia declared war on Japan two days after the Soviet Union and both armies joined forces to attack Japanese strongholds in northern China during the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation. At the same time, Choibalsan unleashed a brief wave of pan-Mongolist nationalism through the press, calling for unification and encouraging a grassroots pan-Mongolist movement in Inner Mongolia. When Choibalsan ordered Mongolian troops to move south of the Great Wall as far as Zhangjiakou, Chengde and Batu-Khaalga, he was ordered by an angry Stalin to call them back. Conversely, it also marked greater Mongolia's permanent division into an independent Mongolian People's Republic and a neighboring Inner Mongolia.

Post war

Modernisation efforts
With the end of the war, Mongolia embarked on a policy of "construction of the foundations of socialism." Proclaiming it "necessary to exterminate the concept of property," Choibalsan looked to modernize the country based on the Soviet model while expanding the communal agriculture sector. Funded largely through Soviet aid, the country's first five-year plan (1948–1952) focused on economic development, infrastructure construction, and doubling the country's livestock. Initiatives also were taken to redevelop the agrarian, industrial, transportation sectors. Under his government the Nalaikh coal mine, the electric grid, Züün Bayan petroleum factory, other metal and mineral factories, the Naushk-Ulaanbaatar railway and other transportation systems were developed along with communications sectors, to establish modern mining, and improve education and health services. In addition to establishing the country's first major university, Choibalsan initiated policies to increase literacy rate and developed the 10 year elementary, middle and high school system. The 1949 Communist victory in China eliminated, at least temporarily, the threat on Mongolia's southern border, allowing the MPR to begin reducing its 80,000-strong army. Defense expenditures dropped from 33 percent of the total budget in 1948 to 15 percent in 1952.

Establishing international recognition
Although Choibalsan maintained a policy of stronger ties with the Soviet Union (in February 1946 he renewed the 1936 Protocol Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Assistance for another ten years and concluded the first bilateral agreement on economic and cultural cooperation), he nonetheless understood the importance solidifying Mongolia's independence through international recognition. In 1948 the MPR established diplomatic relations with the DPRK (North Korea) and then with the People's Republic of China in 1949 (Mongolia was the first country to recognize the PRC). In 1950 the Eastern Bloc Communist states of East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia all established formal relations with the MPR.

Strengthening Party rule
While never reaching the frenzied levels of 1937–1939, arrests and executions of dissidents persisted until Choibalsan's death in 1952. Repressions were initiated in 1940, 1941, and 1942. In 1947, a political scandal known as "Port-Arthur" was fabricated around a fictitious plot to assassinate Choibalsan; eighty people were arrested, 42 of whom were executed. The MPRP Central Committee issued proclamations to fight increased anti-revolutionary sentiment and Interior Ministry secret police cells sprouted throughout the country. Party allegiance was strengthened by growing membership in the MPRP. Membership doubled from 1940 to 1947, reaching nearly 28,000.

Falling out with Stalin
Throughout his remaining years of life, Choibalsan continued to hold out hope of a united Mongolia especially after the victory of Chinese communists in 1949. When it became clear that Stalin would never back unification, he grew increasingly disillusioned with his former hero. Personal relations between the two leaders deteriorated to the point that by 1949 Choibalsan refused to attend Stalin's 70th-birthday celebration in Moscow, sending Tsedenbal in his place. When in 1950 Tsedenbal and other protégés urged Choibalsan to have Mongolia follow the example of Tuva and petition Moscow to be permitted to join the Soviet Union, Choibalsan severely rebuked them.

Illness, death, and burial

In late 1951 Choibalsan traveled to Moscow to receive treatment for kidney cancer. According to some sources, this was at the insistence of the Soviets due to the lack of equipment in Mongolia to treat the illness. He was taken by train to the hospital for a week and he died there on 26 January 1952, soon after he had arrived. Due to the falling out between himself and Stalin that preceded his stay in Moscow, it is often suspected that Choibalsan was killed by MGB agents.

Choibalsan's body was returned by a special train to Mongolia with full military honors and was given a state funeral in the capital which was attended by Mongolian and Soviet officials alike. Many days of mourning were declared throughout the country. He was originally buried at the Altan Ulgii cemetery in Ulaanbaatar. In July 1954 his body was moved to the newly built Mausoleum for Sükhbaatar in front of Government House on the north side of Sükhbaatar Square, where the two lay until after the 1990 Democratic Revolution in Mongolia. The Mausoleum was torn down in 2005 and the corpses of both rulers were ritually cremated under the supervision of the Buddhist clergy, and the ashes entombed again at Altan Ulgii cemetery.

Personal life

Choibalsan married a devout Buddhist seamstress named Borotologai in 1921 and the two remained married until 1935 despite his womanizing. In 1929 he began an affair with the actress Diwa (Dewee), after which Borotologai requested a divorce in 1935. Choibalsan then married a woman named B. Gündegmaa. He had no children with either of his wives. In 1937 Choibalsan adopted the son of one of his Interior Ministry subordinates, although rumors claimed that the boy was, in fact, Choibalsan's illegitimate child. Later Gündegmaa adopted a girl, Suwd.

Legacy

Choibalsan's image in modern Mongolia remains mixed. At the time of his death, he was widely mourned as a hero, a patriot, and ultimately a martyr for the cause of Mongolian independence. Remnants of his strong personality cult, as well as successful efforts by his successor Tsendenbal to obstruct "de-Stalinization" efforts that could have shed light on Choibalsan's actions during the purges, helped solidify the positive regard many Mongolians held of their former leader. Official criticisms of Choibalsan in 1956 and 1969, which blamed him for "crude violations of the revolutionary law [that] led to many people perishing," and even the MPRP Central Committee's 1962 decision, in lock-step with Khrushchev's anti-Stalinization policies, to take "decisive measures to ensure complete liquidation of the harmful consequences of Kh. Choibalsan's cult of personality in all spheres of life," failed to generate serious public discourse on the matter.

Some scholars have suggested the inclination of Mongolians to avoid blaming Choibalsan for the purges is in effect an attempt to exonerate themselves for what happened. Public anger over the violence of the purges falls predominantly on the Soviet Union and the NKVD, with Choibalsan viewed sympathetically (if not pathetically) as a puppet with little choice but to follow Moscow's instructions or else meet the fate of his predecessors Genden and Amar.

With the end of socialist rule in 1990, however, re-examining of Choibalsan's rule has occurred, and there does seem to be an attempt by some Mongolians to come to terms with the country's socialist past in a more general context. Nevertheless, Choibalsan is still not the object of strong resentment in Mongolia. That sentiment is reserved for the Soviet Union. Stalin's statue, for example, was removed from in front of the National Library in 1990, shortly after the Democratic revolution. Choibalsan's statue, on the other hand, still stands in front of the National University in Ulaanbaatar, an institution he helped found and that for a time bore his name. Moreover, the capital of Dornod aimag continues to carry his name.

As for Choibalsan's lasting influence, what is clear is that his aggressively pro-Russian stance and his active role in increasing Mongolia's economic, political, and social reliance on the Soviet Union turned the country into a Soviet dependency, which has had a lasting impact on modern Mongolian identity and development. His decimation of the Buddhist clergy and numerous monasteries also robbed Mongolia of a rich cultural heritage.

In 2017, the Mongolian Bank unveiled a Khorloogiin Choibalsan coin.

Awards

 Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic (twice)
 Order of Sukhbaatar (four times)
 Order of the Red Banner (five times)
 Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Order of the Polar Star
Medal "For Victory over Japan"
Medal for Victory over Japan ("We won")
Medal "25 Years of the People's Revolution"

Foreign

 Orders of Lenin (twice)
 Order of Suvorov, 1st degree
 Orders of the Red Banner (twice)
 Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army"
 Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
 Medal "For the Victory over Japan"
 Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"
 Honorary Weapon
 Honored Worker of the NKVD of the USSR

Notes

References

External links

 A Forgotten Purge by Timothy May, Department of History, University of Wisconsin–Madison
 Mass grave uncovered in Mongolia RTÉ News, Thursday, 12 June 2003
 Choibalsan delivering an address

1895 births
1952 deaths
Stalinism
Anti-revisionists
Mongolian communists
Mongolian nationalists
Mongolian atheists
Former Buddhists
Great Purge perpetrators
World War II political leaders
Field marshals
Mongolian People's Party politicians
Prime Ministers of Mongolia
Heads of state of Mongolia
Mongolian military personnel
Communism in Mongolia
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Ministers of Defence of Mongolia
Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic
People from Dornod Province
Politicide perpetrators
Foreign ministers of Mongolia
Unsolved deaths

Khorloogiin Choibalsan


Tucker Swanson McNear Carlson () este un comentator politic american conservator care găzduiește emisiunea politică de noapte Tucker Carlson Tonight pe Fox News din noiembrie 2016. Carlson a devenit jurnalist în anii 1990, scriind pentru revista The Weekly Standard și altele. El a fost un comentator pentru CNN din 2000 până în 2005, de asemenea, în calitate de co-gazdă al Crossfire. Carlson a găzduit apoi programul de noapte Tucker pe MSNBC din 2005 până în 2008. Este un analist politic pentru Fox News începând cu 2009. În 2010, Carlson a co-fondat și servit ca redactor-șef inițial al site-ului de știri și opinii conservatoare The Daily Caller.

Carlson a scris două cărți: Politicians, Partisans and Parasites: My Adventures in Cable News ("Politicieni, Partizani și Paraziți: «Aventurile mele în Știri de cablu»") în 2003 și Ship of Fools: How a Selfish Ruling Class is Bringing America to the Brink of Revolution ("Nava nebunilor: «Cum o clasă egoistă conduce America în pragul Revoluției»") în 2018.

Carieră

Fox News
În mai 2009, Fox News a anunțat că Carlson a fost angajat ca contributor al Fox News. El a fost un oaspete frecvent în cadrul show-ului de satire al lui Fox, Red Eye cu Greg Gutfeld, care a facut apariții frecvente pe segmentul All-Star Panel din The Special Report cu Bret Baier, care a fost un substitutor al Hannity în absența lui Sean Hannity, precum și a produs o ediție specială intitulată "Lupta pentru mintea copiilor noștri".

În martie 2013, s-a anunțat că Carlson va găzdui edițiile de weekend ale emisiunii Fox & Friends; el fiind un contributor și gazdă frecventă în cadrul programului. El l-a înlocuit pe Dave Briggs, care a părăsit postul de știri pentru a se alatura rețelei NBC Sports Network în ianuarie 2013. Începând cu luna aprilie, Carlson a aderat co-gazdelor Alisyn Camerota și Clayton Morris în Saturday and Sunday mornings.

Tucker Carlson Tonight
Pe 14 noiembrie 2016, Carlson a început să găzduiască show-ul Tucker Carlson Tonight pe Fox News. Programa a fost creat pentru a înlocui emisiunea On the Record. Emisiunea a debutat drept "cea mai vizionată emisiune de televiziune al anului din intervalul de timp". Episodul de premieră al programului, a fost de văzut cu 3,7 milioane, fiind evaluat mai mult decât edițiile anterioare ale On the Record.

Inițial, Tucker Carlson Tonight a fost difuzat la ora 19:00 ET, în fiecare săptămână până la 9 ianuarie 2017, când show-ul lui Carlson la înlocuit pe al lui Megyn Kelly la ora 21:00 ET., după ce ultima a părăsit Fox News. În ianuarie 2017, Forbes a raportat că spectacolul "a obținut un rating constant ridicat, cu o medie de 2,8 milioane de spectatori pe timp noapte" și că a fost clasat ca cel de-al doilea program de știri prin cablu în spatele lui The O'Reilly Factor în decembrie 2016. În martie 2017, Tucker Carlson Tonight a fost cel mai vizionat program de cablu în intervalul de timp de la ora 21:00 ET.

La 19 aprilie 2017, a fost anunțat că Tucker Carlson Tonight va fi difuzat la ora 20:00 ET, în urma anulării emisiunii The O'Reilly Factor. Tucker Carlson Tonight a fost cea de-a treia cea mai bine-evaluată emisiune de știri prin cablu în martie 2018.

În octombrie 2018, Tucker Carlson Tonight a fost cea de-a doua cea mai bine cotată programă de știri prin cablu, în timp real, după Hannity, difuzat l-a fel, pe Fox News, cu 3,2 milioane de telespectatori pe timp de noapte. Până în ianuarie 2019, a scăzut la a treia poziție cu 2,8 milioane de spectatori de seară, în scădere cu 6% față de anul precedent.

The Daily Caller
La 11 ianuarie 2010, Carlson și fostul vicepreședinte Dick Cheney, asistați de Neil Patel au lansat un site de știri politice cu titlul The Daily Caller. Carlson a fost redactor-sef și, ocazional, a scris opinii alături de Patel. Site-ul a fost finanțat de activistul conservator Foster Freiss. Către februarie, The Daily Caller a făcut parte deja din biroul de presă al Casei Albe.

Într-un interviu acordat lui Politico, Carlson a menționat că The Daily Caller nu ar fi fost legat de ideologie, ci mai degrabă va prezenta "istoriile de importanță". Într-un articol din Washington Post, Carlson a adăugat: "Noi nu aplicăm nici un fel de ortodoxie ideologică asupra nimănui".

Note

Nașteri în 1969
Jurnaliști americani
Personalități de televiziune din SUA
Comentatori politici americani
Publiciști
Scriitori americani
Scriitori din statul California
Oameni ai CNN
Oameni ai Fox News Channel
Conservatori americani
Americani de origine engleză
Oameni în viață

Tucker Carlson


The Asylum es una compañía estadounidense dedicada a la producción y distribución de cinematográfica que se enfoca en producciones de menor presupuesto, usualmente realizando películas directamente para vídeo. El estudio ha producido films que capitalizan producciones de estudios más grandes; estas películas han sido llamadas "mockbusters" por la prensa.

Historia
Asylum fue fundada por los exejecutivos de Village Roadshow Pictures David Rimawi, Sherri Strain, y el director David Michael Latt en 1997. La compañía se centró en la producción de películas de bajo presupuesto lanzadas directamente para video, generalmente en el género de terror, pero no pudieron encontrar un mercado debido a la competencia de grandes estudios, tales como Lions Gate Entertainment. En 2005, la compañía produjo una adaptación con bajo presupuesto de La guerra de los mundos de H. G. Wells, que fue lanzada el mismo año que Steven Spielberg adaptara el mismo material. Blockbuster Inc. ordenó 100.000 copias de la versión de Asylum, una orden significativamente mayor que cualquiera de las anteriores películas de la empresa, hecho que provocó que Latt y Rimawi reconsideraran su modelo de negocios.

En el 2007, se registraron similitudes entre las películas de esta distribuidora y la de los grandes estudios. Por ejemplo, la película Transmorphers lleva un número de similitudes con la película Transformers, que fue lanzada teatralmente dos días después del lanzamiento de Transmorphers.
Según Latt: "Yo no quiero engañar a nadie. Solo estoy tratando de que mis películas sean más vistas. Otras personas hacen adaptaciones todo el tiempo; simplemente son mejores en ser sutiles. Otro estudio podría hacer una película de robots gigantes parecida a Transformer y llamarla Robot Wars. Llamaremos a la nuestra Transmorphers."
En 2008, la 20th Century Fox amenazó con emprender una demanda contra The Asylum por la película The Day the Earth Stopped, un film parecido a The Day the Earth Stood Still.

Producción
El tiempo de trabajo de The Asylum es generalmente cuatro meses, desde la decisión de crear una película hasta tenerla terminada, con el guion terminado dentro de cuatro a seis semanas. La Preproducción es realizada en solo unas pocas semanas, y la producción en "un par de semanas" (en el caso de Mega Piranha, tomó más tiempo porque se filmó en Belice). La filmación completa un promedio de 12 a 15 páginas de cada guion en un solo día.

Salida
El presupuesto habitual de The Asylum para una producción, al parecer es "bastante por debajo de un millón de dólares", y normalmente se rompe incluso después de unos tres meses. La productora nunca ha perdido dinero en una película. Las producciones del estudio han sido llamadas películas de Serie B y "mockbusters". Latt prefiere el término "Adaptaciones" a "mockbusters" para las producciones de The Asylum, incluso al referirse a aquellas que capitalizan versiones principales que contienen historias originales.  Las películas del estudio se publican normalmente directo a video poco antes del estreno de alguna película de los estudios principales, utilizando temas o historias similares.

The Asylum también ha producido películas con temas religiosos fuertes. Por ejemplo, El Apocalipsis fue desarrollado inicialmente como una simple película de desastre en el estilo de Deep Impact, pero Latt afirma que algunos compradores querían que la empresa desarrollara una película religiosa. Como resultado, la empresa consultó sacerdotes y rabinos para incorporar la fe en función de los elementos. Una empresa subsidiaria ""Faith Films"" fue creada para distribuir películas con esos temas.
Sunday School Musical fue producida después de que personal de The Asylum asistiera a un seminario de marketing para una audiencia cristiana donde el anfitrión del seminario sugirió que la película perfecta sería una versión cristiana de High School Musical.

Las producciones de The Asylum a veces cuentan con más sexualidad explícita o violencia gráfica que sus contrapartes de los estudios grandes, porque no podrían estar en competencia con películas clasificadas como PG-13 por la Motion Picture Association of America. Rolf Potts de The New York Times describió Transmorphers como un film sin actores reconocibles, donde no hay conexiones con merchandising y con una indescifrable mezcla de sonido. También dijo que, a diferencia de Transformers, tiene baratos efectos especiales y una temática que involucra lesbianas.

En la película de 2008 Death Racers aparece el grupo de hip-hop Insane Clown Posse y el exluchador Scott Levy "Cuervo" en los papeles principales. Mega Python vs Gatoroid, lanzada en 2011, fue protagonizada por las cantantes Debbie Gibson y Tiffany.

Lista de películas de The Asylum

|2022
|MegaBoa
|Anaconda

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Official YouTube channel

Empresas fundadas en 1997
Empresas de entretenimiento de Estados Unidos
Productoras de cine de Estados Unidos
Empresas de Los Ángeles

The Asylum


Clanzschwitz ist der Name folgender Orte:
 Clanzschwitz (Jahnatal), Ortsteil von Jahnatal im Landkreis Mittelsachsen, Sachsen
 Clanzschwitz (Liebschützberg), Ortsteil von Liebschützberg im Landkreis Nordsachsen, Sachsen

Clanzschwitz


Shota Hasunuma (født 15. oktober 1993) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Fukushima United FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shota Hasunuma


Rosa Linn (née Roza Kostandyan, en , le  à Vanadzor en Arménie) est une chanteuse arménienne. Elle représente l'Arménie au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022 avec sa chanson Snap.

Jeunesse
Roza Kostandyan naît en 2000 à Vanadzor en Arménie, et grandit dans la même ville. Elle commence à jouer du piano à l'âge de six ans. En 2013, elle participe à la sélection nationale dans le but de représenter l'Arménie au Concours Eurovision de la chanson junior 2013, avec sa chanson Gitem, sans la remporter.

Carrière
C'est en 2020 que la carrière de Rosa Linn débute, au sein de la maison de disques Nvak Collective, fondée par la chanteuse arméno-américaine Tamar Kaprelian.
En septembre 2021 sort sa première chanson, intitulée King, en duo avec la chanteuse américaine Kiiara. Elle la présente en novembre de la même année sur Arménie 1.

2022: Eurovision
En février 2022, une rumeur court selon laquelle Rosa Linn est la représentante choisie en interne par Arménie 1 pour représenter son pays au Concours Eurovision de la chanson. Cette rumeur se confirme le ; sa chanson, intitulée Snap, ainsi que le clip, sortent le .
Rosa participe à la première demi-finale, le mardi , où elle est la dix-septième à représenter l'Arménie au concours. Qualifiée, elle participe à la finale du samedi 14 où elle finit à la 20ème place du classement final.

Discographie

Singles
 2021 − King (avec Kiiara)
 2022 − Snap
 2022 − WDIA (Would Do It Again) (avec Duncan Laurence)
 2023 − Never Be Mine
 2023 − Hallelujah

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en mai 2000
Naissance à Vanadzor
Chanteuse arménienne
Participant au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022
Participant au Concours Eurovision de la chanson pour l'Arménie

Rosa Linn


පිළිවෙලින් ලුයීජි ගැල්වානි හෝ, ඇලෙස්සැන්ඩ්‍රෝ වෝල්ටා  අනුව යමින් නම් කර ඇති, ගැල්වානි කෝෂය, හෝ  වෝල්ටීය කෝෂය හෝ යනු, කෝෂයක් තුල සිදුවන නිරායාස රෙඩොක්ස් ප්‍රතික්‍රියා තුලින් විදුලි ශක්තිය ව්‍යුත්පන්න කරගන්නා  විද්‍යුත් රසායනික කෝෂයකි. ලුණු සේතුවක් මගින් සම්බන්ධ කර ඇති වෙනස් ලෝහ දෙකකින් හෝ , සවිවර  පටලයකින් වෙන්වූ ප්‍රත්‍යෙක අර්ධ-කෝෂ දෙකකින් හෝ, මෙය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සමන්විත වෙයි.

ගැල්වානි කෝෂය


An Zeuxine palawensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Takasi Tuyama. An Zeuxine palawensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Zeuxine, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Zeuxine

Zeuxine palawensis


Un grito, alarido, chillido (si es agudo e inarticulado) o vociferación es una vocalización ruidosa en la que el aire pasa a través de las cuerdas vocales con mayor fuerza que se utiliza en la vocalización ordinario o cierre a distancia. Aunque técnicamente este proceso puede ser realizado por cualquier criatura que posea pulmones, por lo general los términos anteriores se aplican específicamente a la vocalización humana.

Los gritos varían de tono, en las mujeres jóvenes y chicas adolescentes el grito es muy agudo, en las mujeres ancianas el tono pierde agudez, y en los hombres y chicos adolescentes el grito es grave. Entre los 2 y 6 años, los niños y niñas tienen gritos muy agudos.

Razones emocionales
La motivación para gritar varia, y puede ser hecho de manera deliberada, o simplemente, como una reacción. En esencia, el motivo principal, en todas las situaciones, es la comunicación. Estos arrebatos transmiten alarma, sorpresa, disgusto o indignación, o tal vez para llamar la atención de otra persona o un animal.

El miedo y la sorpresa
Cuando los seres humanos se asustan, tienden a gemir o gritar. Esto es a la vez para transmitir el miedo y para llamar la atención sobre sí mismos, aumentando la posibilidad de recibir ayuda de otros. Esta acción también sirve como una posible táctica de defensa, ya que los gritos pueden asustar a un agresor o hacerlo vacilar, lo que da la oportunidad de escapar.

Además, cuando la gente no espera algo y viene de repente, se sorprende. Si una persona se acerca a otra y salta sobre ellas o le grita al oído, o, posiblemente, sacude o sacudidas ellos, los objetivos de tales bromas suelen gritar en estado de shock o sorpresa.

Felicidad
La gente puede gritar cuando vence por alegría o emoción, como cuando se gana un juego, concurso, competencia, o premio.

Peligro y dolor

Gritar para informar a otros del peligro es un proceso evolutivo de los animales sociales. Tal acción puede considerarse altruista, ya que anuncia el peligro a los demás, mientras que al mismo tiempo revela la posición que uno anuncia el peligro.

Con frecuencia, cuando las personas sufren lesiones u otras experiencias dolorosas, tales como romperse los huesos o herirse de bala, gritan de dolor o sorpresa. Muchas veces, estas vociferaciones son acompañadas de llanto y sollozos, y cuando se hace así, puede muy bien ser utilizado el sinónimo "lamento" para describir este tipo de vocalización. Estos gritos pueden ser utilizados para hacer frente a la conmoción de los hechos y también puede ser utilizada por otras personas como una manera de evitar esos peligros.

Otros propósitos

Música

A veces, en música, se utilizan gritos o voz más fuerte de lo normal. Se trata de una técnica vocal cada vez más común, especialmente utilizado en numerosas formas de heavy metal y hardcore punk.

Diálogo

Algunas personas, cuando argumentan, comienzan a alzar sus voces hasta el punto de que comienzan a gritase el uno al otro en ira mientras continúan con su cambio de debate. Esta práctica se denomina "encuentro de gritos".

El nivel de audio
Los niveles de volumen de lanzamientos de grito puede ser muy alto, y esto se ha convertido en un problema en el deporte del tenis, en particular con respecto al gruñido de tenis de María Sharápova que se han valorado en el más alto, con 101,2 decibelios. El grito verificado más fuerte efectuado por un ser humano mide 129 dBA, un récord establecido por el asistente de enseñanza Jill Drake en 2000. El grito más fuerte hecho por una multitud fue hecho por un grupo de Scouts finlandeses y se midió a un nivel de 127.2 dBA., en los terrenos de Metsäkoulu Toivala, el Siilinjärvi, Finlandia el 16 de abril de 2005.

Véase también
 Grito de guerra
 Grito Wilhelm
 Rebel Yell

Referencias

Comunicación oral
Control mental

Grito


Adolph Christian Ulrich Graf von Bassewitz (* 27. Juli 1787 in Schwerin; † 2. Mai 1841 in Prebberede) war Domherr zu Lübeck, Mecklenburg-Schwerinscher und Württembergischer Kammerherr.

Leben
Er entstammte der alten mecklenburgischen Familie von Bassewitz. Seine Eltern waren Bernhard Friedrich Graf von Bassewitz und Charlotte von Koppelow. Er war verheiratet mit Luise von Levetzow und hatte sechs Söhne darunter Henning Graf von Bassewitz und zwei Töchter. Ein Enkel war Carl Graf von  Bassewitz-Levetzow. Den ererbten Besitz vergrößerte er erheblich und besaß zuletzt die mecklenburgischen Güter Prebberede, Jahmen, Grieve, Dalwitz, Stierow, Stechow, Poggelow, Schwiessel, Gr. und Kl. Bützin, Neu Heinde, Wohrenstorf, Vietow, Horst und Weitendorf. Die Gutsanlage in Prebberede, deren Schlossbau sein Großvater Carl Friedrich Graf von Bassewitz in Auftrag gegeben hatte, vollendete er durch die Errichtung einiger weiterer Bauten und die Anlage des Parkes.

Schon im Alter von acht Jahren erhielt er 1795 eine ihm von seinem Vater resignierte Präbende am Lübecker Dom und wurde damit Domherr.

Nach der Schulausbildung trat er bis zum Beginn seines Studiums als Kammerherr und Stallmeister in den Dienst am Hof in Württemberg. Danach studierte er gemeinsam mit seinem Bruder Carl Christoph zunächst in Göttingen und Heidelberg und wurde gemeinsam mit ihm Mitglied der Corps Vandalia Göttingen und Vandalia I Heidelberg. In Göttingen bewohnte er mit Fürst Anton Paul Sulkoski zwischen 1802 und 1805 das sogenannte Prinzenhaus in der Prinzenstrasse. Zur Beendigung des Studiums 1808 in Rostock stifteten er und sein Bruder mit weiteren Corpsstudenten das Corps Vandalia Rostock.

An den Freiheitskriegen nahm er im Range eines Majors als Adjutant Friedrich Ludwig zu Mecklenburg teil. In Prebberede unterhielt er unter dem Stallmeister Zinkeisen ein Gestüt, das deutschlandweit bekannt war, nach seinem Tod aber erbbedingt aufgelöst wurde. Daneben hatte er hier und auf anderen seiner Güter spanische und Merinoschäfereien eingerichtet. Er war Träger des Königlich Preußischen Johanniterordens und der goldenen mecklenburgischen Militärverdienstmedaille sowie Mecklenburg-Schwerinscher Kammerherr.

Nachfolger auf Prebberede mit Jahmen und Grieve wurde sein ältester Sohn Adolph Bernhard (1813–1887).

Literatur
 Friedrich Brüssow: Adolph Christian Graf von Bassewitz. Neuer Nekrolog der Deutschen 19/I (1841) Weimar: Voigt 1843, S. 502–503 Digitalisat.

Weblinks

 Eintrag im Register Personen und Körperschaften der Landesbibliothek Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 http://home.foni.net/~adelsforschung1/luebeck.htm

Einzelnachweise

Deutscher
Kammerherr (Württemberg)
Domherr (Lübeck)
Corpsstudent (19. Jahrhundert)
Geboren 1787
Gestorben 1841
Mann
Träger des Königlich Preußischen St. Johanniterordens
Person in den Koalitionskriegen (Mecklenburg)
Träger des Eisernen Kreuzes
Stifter eines Corps
Familienmitglied des Adelsgeschlechts Bassewitz (Wendische Linie)
Domherr (18. Jahrhundert)

Adolph Christian Ulrich von Bassewitz


The Critic is an American primetime adult animated sitcom revolving around the life of New York film critic Jay Sherman, voiced by Jon Lovitz. It was created by writing partners Al Jean and Mike Reiss, who had previously worked as writers and showrunners on seasons 3 and 4 of The Simpsons. The Critic had 23 episodes produced, first broadcast on ABC in 1994, and finishing its original run on Fox in 1995.

Episodes featured film parodies with notable examples including a musical version of Apocalypse Now; Howard Stern's End (Howards End); Honey, I Ate the Kids (Honey, I Shrunk the Kids/The Silence of the Lambs); The Cockroach King (The Lion King); Abe Lincoln: Pet Detective (Ace Ventura: Pet Detective); and Scent of a Jackass and Scent of a Wolfman (Scent of a Woman). The show often referenced popular films such as Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and The Godfather, and routinely lampooned actor Marlon Brando and actor/director Orson Welles. They also spoofed Dudley Moore, usually as his character Arthur Bach from the 1981 film Arthur.

Despite the ratings improving, The Critic was cancelled after two seasons. It continued to air through reruns on Comedy Central and then on Locomotion. From February 1, 2000 to 2001, ten webisodes were produced using Macromedia Shockwave, and were broadcast on AtomFilms.com and Shockwave.com.

In the late 2000s, reruns of the show aired again on ReelzChannel in the US and on Teletoon's programming block Teletoon at Night in Canada.

Premise
The show follows the life of a 36-year-old film critic from New York named Jay Sherman. His televised review show is called Coming Attractions, which airs on the Philips Broadcasting cable network. He is widely considered to be "cold, mean-spirited, and elitist". His signature line, upon seeing a terrible film, is "It stinks!" Each episode is full of film references and parodies. Some of the secondary characters that are a part of Jay's story include his nutty adoptive father, his well-meaning son Marty, the Australian film star Jeremy Hawke, Margo—the 17-year-old biological child of his adoptive parents, his snide make-up lady Doris, and his boss Duke Phillips. In the second season, Jay acquired a love interest: a Southern woman named Alice Tompkins, who later became his long-term girlfriend.

Cast and characters

 Jon Lovitz as Jay Sherman, various characters
 Christine Cavanaugh as Marty Sherman
 Nancy Cartwright as Margo Sherman, various characters
 Gerrit Graham as Franklin Sherman
 Judith Ivey as Eleanor (née Wigglesworth) Sherman
 Doris Grau as Doris Grossman
 Maurice LaMarche as Jeremy Hawke, Shackleford, Principal Mangosuthu, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Orson Welles, Howard Stern, various characters
 Nick Jameson as Vlada Veramirovich, various characters
 Brenda Vaccaro and Rhea Perlman as Ardeth
 Charles Napier as Duke Phillips
 Park Overall as Alice Tompkins
 Russi Taylor as Penny Tompkins
 Kath Soucie as various characters
 Tress MacNeille as Humphrey the Hippo, various characters
 Valerie Levitt as Jennifer (webisodes only)

Episodes

Production

The show was created by Al Jean and Mike Reiss, who along with James L. Brooks served as executive producers. The Critic was produced by Gracie Films, the same company behind The Simpsons, in association with Columbia Pictures Television. The show's animation was done by Film Roman, who were also still working on The Simpsons at this time. It was co-produced by Patric Verrone.

Jean and Reiss were showrunners on The Simpsons and had been approached by series creator Matt Groening to design a spin-off centered on Krusty the Clown. Their pitch featured many similarities to The Critic – Krusty would be a single father in New York with a prickly make-up lady and an eccentric boss resembling Ted Turner. Groening turned down the idea, instead wanting the Krusty spin-off to be a live-action series led by the character's animated voice, Dan Castellaneta.

In 1993, Brooks approached Jean and Reiss with the idea of a sitcom based on a morning television program. The pair adapted their Krusty pitch to the new idea. Brooks recommended Jon Lovitz as the lead, based on his performance in A League of Their Own. He initially turned down the role due to his commitments with three upcoming films, so at the last moment, the series became an animation.

The show sometimes included appearances of real life critics, such as Gene Shallit, Rex Reed, Gene Siskel, and Roger Ebert, who provided their own voices. When choosing things to parody, Reiss and Jean made a conscious decision to find the right balance between current pop culture and references that would stand the test of time.

The Critic was "the first major non-family sitcom animated program to appear in primetime." The show started out on ABC on January 26, 1994, where it aired 13 episodes. It was cancelled by the network after half a season, and was then moved onto Fox the following year where it ran for another ten-episode season. Around this time, it was included in a "shameless plug" crossover with The Simpsons (in their episode "A Star Is Burns") and assumed the timeslot immediately after the show in the TV schedule, in an attempt to popularize it. But despite improvement of the ratings, Fox moved it to a different timeslot after five episodes, and also cancelled it after this run had finished airing in May 1995. According to The TV IV, nine scripts were already written for the planned third season and the show was going to be moved to UPN, but an agreement was not reached. Also, Fox refused to officially cancel the show until much later. The show was not renewed on any network, and effectively became cancelled. The show returned in Flash-animated webisode form in 2000–2001, for a third season with 10 three- to five-minute installments. It aired on Cartoon Network Spain around 2000–2001 on late-nights, alongside Duckman, months before Adult Swim was launched in the US.

Design

Four people have a design credit on the show: David Silverman, Rich Moore, David Cutler, and Everett Peck. Silverman designed the look of Jay Sherman. Moore and Cutler designed the general look of the show including some of the backgrounds and supporting cast. The character of Doris was based on Peck's drawings. Cutler helped in the hard task of standardizing all these animation styles. Moore was the supervising director, so oversaw a lot of the design process—and was also responsible for how the action would play out, and how each shot would be framed. Rich Moore explains "the design of Jay Sherman began as a sketch done by David Silverman" on a napkin/place-mat in a restaurant. He was designed as "Kaufmanesque," and Jim Brooks liked the design, so his design remained much the same for the pilot episode. Moore had his reservations as the character had a "flat head and tiny eyes that were hard to act with", and was composed of shapes that were difficult to turn in a 3D space. It was decided the drawing encapsulated the humanity and reality of the critic, so was left unchanged. Over the course of the two seasons, however, the design was altered slightly. The flat head was made more round, and his eyes became bigger—in order to make Sherman more appealing and easier to animate. The design team never intended to make the characters too cartoony as it would not have fit tonally with the type of show. The characters were designed via a general think-tank process of "what do we like about the characters and what are we trying to say about them?". Quick sketches were completed in front of the full creative team after a discussion about characters, which were then critically analysed. In particular, the design of the parents caused some issues. Jim Brooks described the father as a "crazy wasp." The designs were eventually based on a photo of a professor and his wife. Moore explains that the animation should never "step on the voices or the writing."

Vlada, an Eastern European restaurateur, was named after Jean and Reiss's film professor at Harvard University, Vlada Petrić. The character's physical appearance was based on Gábor Csupó, a Hungarian animator on the early seasons of The Simpsons. Though some believed Sherman to look like the film critic James Wolcott, this was not intentional.

Casting
Script supervisor Doris Grau, who had played Lunchlady Doris on The Simpsons, was cast as Sherman's make-up lady, Doris. Four actresses, including Margaret Cho, were hired and dismissed as the voice of Sherman's younger sister Margo. The role eventually went to the voice of Bart Simpson, Nancy Cartwright, who was pleased to finally be voicing a female. Duke Phillips, Jay's Ted Turner-esque boss was played by Charles Napier, using his real voice. Due to the sheer number of film and TV parodies, the team also sought character actors who could play many different roles. During the audition process, they asked them to perform their acts, which Reiss described as "very entertaining." Maurice LaMarche impressed Jean by doing "perfect" impressions. LaMarche even beat out genuine Australians for the role of Australian actor Jeremy Hawke. He was often asked to work on his accent of a pop culture figure related to media just released or that would have been released by the time of the episode's airing. Depending on who could do the voice better, the characters were divided up between Nick Jameson and LaMarche. Each would play about 20–30 characters per show. According to LaMarche, he played twenty-seven characters in one episode. He specialized in impressions, while Jameson's specialty was accents and dialects.

Relationship with The Simpsons

Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club explains "in creating The Critic, Al Jean and Mike Reiss set out to make the show as dissimilar from The Simpsons as humanly possible". Nevertheless, there are many similarities between the two series. Gen X TV: The Brady Bunch to Melrose Place argues that The Critic became a critical success while other animated shows of the early 1990s flopped was because "the makers of these shows failed to realize that The Simpsons didn't become a hit because of animation [but] because of its style of humor", and says that The Critic understood this. It adds the show "took the media-obsession/parody portions of The Simpsons and created a separate show around them". Planet Simpson describes the show as "the closest thing The Simpsons ever had to a spin-off." The Critic also shares The Simpsons love for criticizing Fox and the audience, such as Jay's frequent line "You're watching Fox, shame on you" and "The Critic will be right back, you TV-addicted couch monkeys" before the show went to commercial break. Rabin said "The Critic made its protagonist the anti-Homer Simpson. Where Homer is a booze-sodden everyman, Jay Sherman is an unabashed elitist. Where Homer is a rudely physical creature, Jay leads a life of the mind. Homer is a slob. Jay is a snob." While "Springfield is very aggressively and deliberately Anywhere, United States, The Critic is an extended Valentine to a certain kind of pointy-headed East Coast elitism." PopMatters said "The Critics humor is very much in the spirit of The Simpsons, taken in a more brazenly surreal direction."

Matt Groening had no part in its inception, and wanted to make this very clear, so he would not be associated with any success or failure the show would have. He claimed that in the public consciousness, this was his show—a direct spin-off to The Simpsons.

Many voice actors appear in both The Simpsons and The Critic, and regulars on both shows have made cameos in the others. For example, Nancy Cartwright, Doris Grau, Tress MacNeille, Russi Taylor, and Jon Lovitz have all played primary/secondary characters on both shows. Maurice LaMarche, who played many characters on The Critic, "played George C. Scott getting hit in the groin with a football" in the crossover episode. His only line was "Ow, my groin." He also did Jay's belch in the episode.

Crossovers
In "Dukerella", Jay and Alice attend a costume ball dressed as Homer and Marge. Homer and Bart Simpson made a brief appearance in "Dial M for Mother". During an interview with Geraldo Rivera, Jay is asked about talking over the heads of his audience and does just that in his answer. An annoyed family watching changes the channel to The Simpsons, where Homer—after stepping on a rake—exclaims, "D'oh!" and Bart replies, "¡Ay caramba!" The family's father comments, "Now, this I understand."

Jay makes a guest appearance on The Simpsons in "A Star Is Burns" presiding over a local film festival. When Jay enters the Simpson household, Bart is watching a Flintstones-Jetsons crossover show, which he criticizes; he then praises Jay and Coming Attractions/The Critic, before shuddering and saying to himself "I feel so dirty." At the end of the episode, as he is leaving for New York, Jay offers the Simpsons an appearance on Coming Attractions/The Critic, but Bart declines, saying, "Nah, we're not going to be doing that." Jay has yellow skin when he appears on The Simpsons but pink skin on The Critic. This episode caused some conflict between Simpsons creator Matt Groening and executive producer James L. Brooks. Groening decided to take his name off the credits and did not appear in the DVD commentary. He publicly complained about the episode, which went to air in the end. He said "for more than six months I tried to convince Jim Brooks and everyone connected with the show not to do such a cynical thing, which would surely be perceived by the fans as nothing more than a pathetic attempt to...advertise The Critic at the expense of the integrity of The Simpsons." In response, Brooks said "[Groening] is a gifted, adorable, cuddly ingrate. But his behavior right now is rotten. And, it's not pretty when a rich man acts like this."

Jay appeared briefly on The Simpsons a few more times. In the episode "Hurricane Neddy", he was in a mental hospital, apparently unable to say anything more than his catchphrase ("It stinks! It stinks! It stinks!") In the episode "The Ziff Who Came to Dinner", he is seen at Moe's Tavern with all the other characters on the show that Lovitz voices or has voiced.

Hallmarks
Much like the opening sequence in The Simpsons with its chalkboard, sax solo, and couch gags, The Critic has a distinctive opening sequence featuring minor gags. Jay is always awakened by a disquieting phone call or radio news report, and eventually watches a clip that parodies a well-known film before delivering the same negative opinion: "It stinks!" He watches the closing credits in a theater and delivers a comeback line to an usher who tells him the show is over.

Themes
One of the main elements featured on The Critic is the lampooning of the entertainment industry. The A.V. Club mentioned that Jean and Reiss's The Simpsons episodes have a high number of parodies, spoofs and homages from the characters watching television and films: "They didn't need any such excuse for film parodies on The Critic since Jay's life was inherently and organically filled with film. It proved the perfect delivery system for an endless series of clever, bite-sized spoofs." The book I'm an English Major—Now What? epitomises this by recounting a scene where Jay is forced to rate films "on a scale of good to excellent"—thereby negating his credibility as a film critic. Sherman says "but what if I won't like something," to which his boss Duke replies, "That's what good is for." This shows the corruption of an industry that aims to provide unbiased thoughtful analyses of films, due to bribery and politics. Another example is in the June 22 episode "L.A. Jay," where after trying to break into the film business by writing a script, which is revealed to be rather good, a studio buys it off him for $100,000 in order to bury it, thereby keeping quality out of the industry. While episodes typically dealt with his private life, Jay's position as a film critic "offer[ed] numerous opportunities for the show to satirize the film industry, establishing a dialogue with popular culture" in a very similar way to what The Simpsons had been doing for years.

The Critic often made fun of celebrities and also frequently comments on television. For example, one episode satirizes Duke's project involving making the films "more attractive to a contemporary audience" by "inserting computer-generated happy endings." (ex: Casablanca'''s Rick Blaine gets his girl while the restored version of Stanley Kubrick's "deadwood" Spartacus combined with a chase scene spoofing Smokey and the Bandit)Introducing Phillipsvision | The Critic | Throwback Toons on YouTube The article "Ten Frighteningly Prophetic Parodies from 'The Critic'" considered that some of the show's spoofs "have come true (or close to true), proving that there really isn't anything that's too stupid for Hollywood to make".

GrabBagCinema said the show would appeal to cinema fans "because it really understood movies, celebrities, Hollywood and humour...[you would understand] the references and [see] the effort the writers and animators put in, to recapture the movies you grew up loving and remembering... but they did it with clever humour that wouldn't offend you." The same review praised how unlike many modern critics, Sherman was honest with how much he disliked certain films.

Reception and legacy

ContemporaneousThe Critic received mixed to positive reviews when it first aired. In 1994, The Chicago Sun-Times gave a typical review of the show with, "Jay Sherman, the eponymous culture vulture of The Critic, would undoubtedly say his new animated comedy on ABC 'stinks.' Fortunately for him [The Critic] smells pretty good to me." The show has since developed a cult following, with much of it coming through the show's weekend reruns on Comedy Central up until about 2005.

The DVD set also got many positive reviews, such as one from Animated Views which gave it an overall rating of 10/10. Mike Reiss's favourite episode is the Siskel and Ebert one.

In September 2006, IGN ranked The Critic ninth on its list of the Top 25 Primetime Animated Series of All Time. In January 2009, they ranked the show 26th in their other list of the Top 100 Best Animated TV Series. In the latter article, IGN said: "Of all the projects completed by ex-Saturday Night Live players, The Critic is the most fully realized, hilarious and heartwarming. It took its cues from Woody Allen movies like Annie Hall and Manhattan, and offered up a style of random abstract humor that wouldn't really be seen again until Family Guy." In December 2011, Complex ranked the show 6th in their list of The 25 Most Underrated Animated TV Shows Of All Time.People magazine gave it a B, saying "This animated series is slyly amusing when sticking it to showbiz, taking sarcastic swipes at everyone from Steven Seagal to Gene Shalit. At its best, it's still several strides behind the savage, protean wit of The Simpsons, and the humor sputters when the focus is personal." Of the third season, IGN said "I was thrilled to find out that Gracie Films has started producing new episodes of the cancelled ABC/Fox/Comedy Central show The Critic—and for web cartoons that don't depend on the violence/swear cop-out for the humor, the shows are actually really well produced."

Early on in its run, Siskel and Ebert did a review of the show. It was the only television series they ever reviewed. Some of the criticisms they provided, if left unattended to, may have been factors to the show's cancellation. They said the show doesn't have as many memorable characters as The Simpsons, and encouraged the writers to work on that. They said the second episode was a let down because "it didn't seem to be about the world of a movie critic," and was instead about "a single dad and his geeky son." They said the jokes involving Jay's dad get tiresome, and that the station boss isn't as sharp a parody as he could be. Gene Siskel said, "if The Critic is gonna succeed—and I hope it does—it desperately needs to refocus itself on the movies and the way critics interact with them." He added that the show needs a second critic, and jokingly said he and Roger Ebert should (and would love to) save the show by writing scripts for them. Ebert said the show should have 2 to 3 movie/genre parodies per episode. He added he would like to see Jay watch television to allow the show to satirize that medium as well. This would focus the show on the media, and not let it become another show about a man and his problems. Siskel said the writers should keep Jay as a smart critic. Regardless of his personality, if his critiques are witty and intelligent, by extension the show's satire becomes much sharper.Blue Chips, Midnight Cowboy, Reality Bites, The Scent of Green Papaya, The Critic, 1994 – Siskel and Ebert Movie Reviews The two critics later appeared as themselves in an episode where they ended their partnership and each recruited Jay to join them for a new series; when Jay realized that Gene and Roger deeply missed working together, he engineered their reconciliation and went back to his own series.

Later analysis
AOL TV published an article in 2009 entitled Gone Too Soon: The Critic, in which they analyzed the cancellation of the show. It said "The creators and Lovitz seem to [care about the show], as there are always talks cropping up of a revival of The Critic, either as an animated project, or possibly a live-action one. There are fan sites out there, but as time passes with no new material, many of these are becoming floating time capsules". Plus, a lot of effort was put into the release of the DVD (for which there was a lot of demand), meaning there is still a fan base as well as a passionate cast and crew.Drawn to Television says that like Jay's show-within-a-show Coming Attractions, "audiences never quite warmed up to Sherman and his surrounding cast of characters" in The Critic, perhaps due to the lack of warmth between character interactions in both shows. He also criticized the sometimes rather mean-spirited ways the fat jokes were directed at Marlon Brando or Orson Welles. The book The Magic Behind the Voices put its cancellation down to "so-so ratings and network politics." Planet Simpson says it "failed to click with Simpsons fans." In 1994, Austin American-Statesman said "The Critic never had a prayer on ABC, where the comedy overload consists of domestic sitcoms". The show is generally considered one of the great TV shows cancelled too early into its run. The Columbia Spectator said the show was "one of television's great lost causes." Voice actor Maurice LaMarche considered The Critic one of his "personal favorites," saying "I would almost give anything to bring back The Critic, along with Pinky and the Brain; those are the two most satisfying jobs I've ever had." Ogeeku said "This show did not last as long as it should have and that is truly a shame. The Critic was in its time, one of the greatest animated shows ever made and one of the funniest shows period on television." Reiss thinks the show holds up very well.

PopMatters considered Sherman a perfect role for Lovitz, due to his strengths of "sarcasm and ironic overacting," but believed that there were too many jokes about the character's obesity, and these were too similar to and inferior to such jokes about Homer Simpson. The same review called the show "outlandish in a way that The Simpsons would not adopt until later", and likened its cutaway humor to Family Guy. However, it considered the cutaways on The Critic to be better than those of Family Guy, due to a lack of Family Guys overt shock value.

Awards and nominations

|-
| 1994
| Gracie Films and Film Roman Productions
| Annie Award for Best Animated Television Program
|
|-
| 1995
| Al Jean and Mike Reiss
| Annie Award for Best Individual Achievement for Creative Supervision in the Field of Animation
|
|}

Home media

Responding to the successful DVD sales of Family Guy and The Simpsons, Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment decided to release The Critic: The Complete Series DVD box set on January 27, 2004, which includes all 2 seasons and 23 TV episodes (in their original production order) and the webisodes. The show achieved good sales, jumping onto the DVD list at 14 on Amazon, and quickly going through five issuings.

On June 8, 2021, Mill Creek Entertainment re-released The Critic: The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.

As of 2021, the series can be viewed for free on Crackle, though the ninth episode of season one, "L.A. Jay", is missing for unknown reasons.

See also
 Mystery Science Theater 3000'' - another cult series featuring pop culture references and bad films
 Film criticism

References

Sources

Notes

 Sony Pictures Digital produced the web series, with Unbound Studios providing the web series' animation.
 Seasons 1-2 animation outsourced to Film Roman and Rough Draft Korea.

External links

1990s American adult animated television series
1990s American satirical television series
1990s American sitcoms
1994 American television series debuts
1995 American television series endings
American adult animated comedy television series
American animated sitcoms
American Broadcasting Company original programming
American television series revived after cancellation
Cultural depictions of Orson Welles
English-language television shows
Television series by Film Roman
Television series by Rough Draft Studios
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
Television series about Jews and Judaism

Television series by Gracie Films
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television shows set in Manhattan
Television series about television
Self-reflexive television
Cultural depictions of Marlon Brando
Film criticism television series
Works about films
Television shows scored by Alf Clausen
Siskel and Ebert
Gene Siskel
Roger Ebert

The Critic


Venus Ebony Starr Williams (d. 17 Haziran 1980), Amerikalı tenisçi. Bir başka şampiyon tenisçi Serena Williams'ın ablası.

2007 Wimbledon'da finalde Marion Bartoli'yi yenerek şampiyon oldu.Bu turnuvaya 23 numaralı seribaşı olarak katılan Williams, bu sonuçla, Wimbledon tarihinde şampiyon olan en alt sıradaki seribaşı oldu.

2017 Avustralya Açık'ta 14 yıl aradan sonra yarı finalde CoCo Vandeweghe'yi 6-7 6-2 6-3 ile geçerek finale kalmış, rakibi ise Kardeşi Serena Williams olmuştur. Venüs aynı zamanda 1994 yılında Martina Navratilova'dan sonra en yaşlı grand slam finalisti olmuştur.

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Grand Slam Tekler Finalleri

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Grand Slam Karışık çiftler finali

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İkincilik (1)

Başlık (47)

Tekler(36)

Dış bağlantılar

 Venus Williams Official website
 V Starr Interiors website
 ElevenbyVenus website
 Venus Williams Interview

1980 doğumlular
Kaliforniya doğumlular
Amerikalı kadın tenisçiler
Amerikalı Olimpiyat tenisçileri
2000 Yaz Olimpiyatları tenisçileri
2004 Yaz Olimpiyatları tenisçileri
2008 Yaz Olimpiyatları tenisçileri
2012 Yaz Olimpiyatları tenisçileri
Altın Olimpiyat madalyalı Amerikalı sporcular
Wimbledon şampiyonları
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Yaşayan insanlar
2008 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda madalya kazananlar
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Venus Williams


Le secteur de l'énergie en République du Congo (ou Congo-Brazzaville) est caractérisé par une production assez importante d'hydrocarbures, presque entièrement en mer.

En 2019, 94 % du pétrole brut produit au Congo a été exporté. Les 6 % restants ont été raffinés, dont 46 % ont été exportés.

La consommation d'énergie primaire par habitant de la République du Congo est faible : 32 % de la moyenne mondiale.

L'électricité représente seulement 7 % de la consommation finale d'énergie en 2019. Elle est produite à 76,8 % par les centrales thermiques, à partir de gaz naturel (71,8 %) ou de pétrole (5 %) ; l'hydroélectricité fournit les 23,2 % restants.

Production d'énergie primaire
La production d'énergie primaire de la République du Congo s'élevait en 2019 à , en progression de 131 % depuis 1990, répartie en 87,5 % de pétrole, 8,0 % de biomasse, 4,1 % de gaz naturel et 0,4 % d'hydroélectricité.

Secteur pétrolier et gazier amont

Pétrole
BGR (Agence fédérale allemande pour les sciences de la Terre et les matières premières) estime les réserves prouvées de pétrole de la République du Congo à  (millions de tonnes) fin 2020, loin derrière la Libye (), le Nigeria () ou l'Angola (), mais supérieures à celles du Gabon (). Ces réserves représentent  de production au rythme de 2020 (). Les ressources potentielles supplémentaires sont estimées à .

Bien qu'assez peu étendu, le domaine maritime de la République du Congo offre des ressources pétrolières importantes. Elles ont fait l'objet de nombreux appels d'offres pour attribuer les concessions à des compagnies pétrolières, se déplaçant peu à peu vers les eaux plus profondes.

La production de pétrole brut s'établit en 2021 à , ce qui fait du pays le troisième producteur de pétrole en Afrique subsaharienne, très loin après le Nigeria () et l'Angola ().

En 2019, 94 % du pétrole brut produit au Congo a été exporté. Les 6 % restants ont été raffinés, dont 46 % ont été exportés ; les importations de produits pétroliers ont couvert 41 % de la consommation intérieure.

Le complexe de Moho-Bilondo, situé en mer sous plus de  d'eau, est le plus grand gisement du pays. Le gisement a été découvert en 1995, une première phase a été mise en production en 2008. Le pic de production a été franchi en 2018, à plus de 140 000 b/j, soit presque la moitié de la production du pays à cette date. TotalEnergies est l'opération du gisement.

Gaz naturel
Les réserves prouvées de gaz naturel de la République du Congo étaient estimées par le BGR à  (milliards de m) fin 2020, loin derrière le Nigeria  ou l'Algérie (), mais au même niveau que l'Angola . Elles représentent  de production au rythme de 2020 (). Les réserves potentielles supplémentaires étaient estimées à .

Secteur pétrolier aval
Le pays possède une raffinerie de pétrole (CORAF : Congolaise de Raffinage), située à Pointe-Noire. C'est une petite installation, d'une capacité de . Un accord a été signé en 2020 avec des investisseurs chinois, qui doivent construire, également à Pointe-Noire, une nouvelle raffinerie d'une capacité cinq fois plus grande. Cela dépasse largement la consommation de carburants du pays, l'objectif étant de produire du carburant vendu dans les pays voisins.

Consommation d'énergie

Consommation d'énergie primaire
La consommation intérieure d'énergie primaire de la République du Congo s'élevait en 2019 à , en progression de 311 % depuis 1990, répartie en 50 % de biomasse, 25,5 % de gaz naturel, 22,3 % de pétrole et 2,2 % d'hydroélectricité.

La consommation d'énergie primaire par habitant de la République du Congo s'élevait en 2019 à , soit seulement 32 % de la moyenne mondiale :  et 92 % de la moyenne de l'Afrique :  ; celle de la République démocratique du Congo était de , celle de la France de , celle de la Chine de  et celle des États-Unis de .

Consommation finale d'énergie
La consommation finale d'énergie de la République du Congo s'élevait en 2019 à , répartie en 66,4 % de biomasse, 26,7 % de produits pétroliers et 7,0 % d'électricité. Le secteur résidentiel consommait 58,7 % de cette énergie, les transports 22,4 %, le secteur tertiaire 14,1 %, l'industrie 3,8 % et les usages non énergétiques (chimie) 1 %.

Secteur de l'électricité

Production d'électricité
Selon l'AIE, la République du Congo a produit  en 2019, en progression de 641 % depuis 1990. Les centrales thermiques produisent 76,8 % de cette électricité, à partir de gaz naturel (71,8 %) ou de pétrole (5 %) ; 23,2 % de l'électricité provient des barrages hydroélectriques et 0,03 % du solaire photovoltaïque.

Centrales thermiques
Deux importantes centrales thermiques à gaz naturel ont été mises en service à proximité de Pointe-Noire au cours des années 2000, et leur capacité a été accrue depuis. Elles sont cogérées par l'État et la compagnie pétrolière Eni,  cette dernière les approvisionnant en gaz. Il s'agit de gaz associé provenant de gisements de pétrole.

Hydroélectricité
Selon l'International Hydropower Association (IHA), la puissance installée des centrales hydroélectriques de la République du Congo s'élevait à  fin 2021, soit 0,6 % du total africain, au  en Afrique, loin derrière l'Éthiopie ().

Le barrage de Moukoukoulou (), inauguré en 1979 sur la rivière Bouenza, a été réhabilité en 2007.

Le barrage d'Imboulou (), construit de 2005 à 2011 sur la rivière Léfini, affluent du Congo, à environ  au nord-est de Brazzaville, a été financé à 85 % par la Chine.

En mai 2017 est inauguré le barrage de Liouesso (), à plus de  au nord de Brazzaville, construit par China Gezhouba Group et financé par la Chine. C'est le troisième barrage de ce type construit au Congo avec l'appui de la coopération chinoise, après ceux de Moukoukoulou (74 MW) et d'Imboulou (120 MW).

Le projet d'un barrage dans les gorges de Sounda a été évoqué en 1888 avant d'être remis à l'ordre du jour en 1952. Les autorités espéraient alors y produire  d'électricité. En 2017, une nouvelle étude de faisabilité, eéalisée par la Société financière internationale, filiale de la Banque mondiale, a revu la capacité de l'infrastructure entre . En 2019, la compagnie chinoise China Railways 20 propose de construire la centrale hydroélectrique de Sounda, avec une capacité de .

Le projet de barrage de Chollet (), sur la rivière Dja/Ngoko, à cheval sur la frontière entre le Cameroun et le département congolais de la Sangha, au nord du pays, a fait l'objet d'un protocole d'accord signé le 28 octobre 2010 à Brazzaville, entre les deux pays, qui ont mis en place en mars 2015 un comité de pilotage binational pour organiser le projet, prévoyant le démarrage des travaux de construction fin 2018. Ce projet pourrait constituer la fondation de l'interconnexion électrique entre les deux États et éventuellement avec d'autres États voisins dans le cadre des Accords du Pool énergétique de l'Afrique centrale (PEAC). En septembre 2021, le projet est toujours en attente faute de financement, bien que le constructeur ait été choisi le 24 juin 2021 : China Gezhouba Group Company.

Réseaux électriques
En 2019, le taux de pertes en ligne atteignait 44,7 %, si bien que ces pertes étaient supérieures à la consommation finale d'électricité.

Consommation d'électricité
Selon l'Agence internationale de l'énergie, la consommation moyenne par habitant s'élève à (), soit 11,5 % de la moyenne mondiale () et 66,8 % de celle de l'Afrique ().

En 2019, la consommation d'électricité en République du Congo s'élevait à , dont 44,5 % pour le secteur résidentiel, 49 % pour le secteur tertiaire et 6,5 % pour l'industrie.

Selon les statistiques de la Banque mondiale, 48 % de la population dispose d'un accès à l'électricité en 2021, un taux en augmentation régulière (34 % en 2005).

Impact environnemental
Selon l'AIE, les émissions de  liées à l'énergie par habitant s'élèvent à  en 2019 en République du Congo, soit seulement 15,5 % de la moyenne mondiale :  et 70 % de la moyenne africaine : .

Notes et références

Énergie en république du Congo


Ciprul a participat la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 de la Rio de Janeiro în perioada 5 – 21 august 2016, cu o delegație de 16 sportivi, care a concurat în șapte sporturi. Spre deosebire de Londra 2012, Ciprul nu a primit nicio medalie.

Participanți
Delegația cipriotă a cuprins 16 sportivi: nouă bărbați și șapte femei. Cel mai tânăr atlet din delegație a fost înotătoarea Sotiria Neofytou (18 ani), cel mai bătrân a fost navigatorul Andreas Pheobus Cariolou (33 de ani).

Natație

Referințe
 Cipru la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016  pe Rio2016.com

2016
Țări la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016


سيدي داود بلدة تونسية تقع بولاية تونس، قرب مدينة المرسى.

التقسيم الإداري
سيدي داود دائرة تابعة لبلدية المرسى احدثت يوم 31 أكتوبر 1981. تضم الدائرة أيضا منطقة البحر الازرق.

تترأس الدائرة شاذليـة سيريـن الجوينـي.

الموقع
تمسح دائرة سيدي داود (باحتساب منطقة البحر الازرق) 871,6797 هكتار ويحدها من الشمال دائرة مرسى المدينة وسبخة أريانة ومن الجنوب بلدية قرطاج ومن الشرق دائرة حي الرياض ودائرة المرسى المدينة وغربا بلديتي سكرة والكرم.

السكان
يبلغ عدد سكان الدائرة البلدية حوالي 40000 ساكن.

مراجع

مدن تونس

سيدي داود (المرسى)


ඊව් ඩෙනීස් කියුරි ලබුයීස් (දෙසැම්බර් 6, 1904 - ඔක්තෝබර් 22, 2007) ප්‍රංශ සහ ඇමරිකානු ලේඛකයෙක්, මාධ්‍යවේදියෙක් සහ පියානෝ වාදකයෙකි. ඊව් කියුරි යනු මාරි කියුරි සහ පියෙරෙ කියුරි ගේ බාල දියණියයි. ඇය මාධ්‍යවේදියෙකු ලෙස සේවය කළ අතර ඇගේ මවගේ චරිතාපදානය "මැඩම් කියුරි" සහ "රණශූරයන් අතර ගමන" යුද වාර්තා පොතක් ලියා ඇත. 1960 ගණන්වල සිට ඇය යුනිසෙෆ් හි වැඩ කිරීමට කැප වූ අතර සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින රටවල දරුවන්ට සහ මව්වරුන්ට උපකාර කළාය. විද්‍යාඥවරියක් ලෙස වෘත්තියක් තෝරා නොගත් සහ නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගය දිනා නොගත් ඇගේ පවුලේ එකම සාමාජිකයා ඊව් ය. ඇගේ සැමියා වන හෙන්රි රිච'ඩ්සන් ලබුයීස් ජූනියර් 1965 දී යුනිසෙෆ් වෙනුවෙන් නොබෙල් සාම ත්‍යාගය ලබා ගත්තේ කියුරි පවුලේ නොබෙල් ත්‍යාග පහක උරුමය සම්පූර්ණ කරමිනි.

සටහන්

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

 ඊව් කියුරි චරිතාපදානය
 Ève ලෝක චරිතාපදාන විශ්වකෝෂයේ ප්‍රවේශය

Eve
1904 උපත්
2007 deaths
Writers from Paris
20th-century French non-fiction writers
French centenarians
American centenarians
20th-century American biographers
American women biographers
American military writers
American writers in French
French emigrants to the United States
National Book Award winners
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
UNICEF people
Women military writers
20th-century French women writers
French people of Polish descent
American people of Polish descent
People with acquired American citizenship
French officials of the United Nations
American officials of the United Nations
Women centenarians

ඊව් කියුරි


H. James Palmer (August 26, 1851 – December 22, 1939) was the 11th premier of Prince Edward Island  and the son of former colonial Premier Edward Palmer.

Born in Charlottetown, Palmer was educated at Prince of Wales College and then at King's College in Windsor, Nova Scotia.

He was called to the bar in 1876 and became a Queen's Counsel in 1878. Palmer entered the provincial legislature as a Liberal upon winning a seat in the election of 1900. He served as Attorney-General at various times except between 1904 and 1908 when he was out of office. In May 1911 he became premier when Francis Longworth Haszard was appointed to the Supreme Court of the province. At the time, members of the legislature who became Premier were required to resign their seats and run for re-election in a by-election. Palmer did so but was defeated in the December by-election. He resigned as premier and returned to his law practice. The loss of Palmer's seat also caused the Liberal government to lose their majority in the legislature and the lieutenant governor asked the leader of the opposition, John A. Mathieson, to form a new government.

References
 H. James Palmer, Premiers Gallery, Government of Prince Edward Island
 H. James Palmer papers, Prince Edward Island Archival Information Network

1851 births
1939 deaths
Politicians from Charlottetown
Canadian Anglicans
Premiers of Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island Liberal Party MLAs
Prince Edward Island Liberal Party leaders
Prince of Wales College alumni
University of King's College alumni
Canadian King's Counsel

Herbert James Palmer


Elias getur átt við eftirfarandi:
 Elias Canetti
 Elias Lönnrot
 Norbert Elias

Sjá einnig
 Elías
Ættarnöfn
Mannanöfn

Elias


Batumi-traktaten blev underskrevet i Batumi mellem det Osmanniske Rige og de tre transkaukasiske stater Armenien, Aserbajdsjan og Georgien den 4. juni 1918. Det var den første traktat som blev indgået af den første armenske og den første aserbajdsjanske republik. Den bestod af 14 artikler.

Baggrund

Den 5. december 1917 blev Våbenhvilen i Erzincan underskrevet af Russiske SFSR og det Osmanniske Rige i Erzincan. Den afsluttede den væbnede konflikt mellem Rusland og det Osmanniske Rige i Felttoget i Persien og Felttoget i Kaukasus under 1. Verdenskrig i Mellemøsten. Den 3. marts 1918 blev våbenhvilen i Erzincan fulgt op af Brest-Litovsk-freden, som markerede Ruslands udtræden af 1. Verdenskrig. Mellem den 14. marts og april 1918 blev Fredskonferencen i Trabzon gennemført med deltagelse af det Osmanniske Rige og en delegation fra det transkaukasiske parlament. Enver Pasha tilbød at opgive alle territoriale krav i Kaukasus til gengæld for anerkendelse af den osmanniske generhvervelse af de østanatolske provinser ved Brest-Litovsk-freden ved afslutningen af forhandlngerne. Den 5. april accepterede lederen af den transkaukasiske delegation, Akaki Chkhenkeli, Brest-Litovsk-freden som grundlag for yderligere forhandlinger og telegraferede til de regerende forsamlinger, som han indtrængende bad dem om at acceptere denne holdning. Den fremherskende stemning i Tiflis var meget anderledes. Armenerne pressede republikken til at afslå. De anerkendte, at de var i krig med det Osmanniske Rige. Fjendtlighederne blev genoptaget, og de osmanniske tropper løb de nye lande mod øst over ende og nåede frem til grænserne fra før krigen.

Traktaten
Den 11. maj blev der indledt en ny fredskonference i Batum. På denne konference udvidede osmannerne deres krav til at inkludere Tiflis (Tiblisi) så vel som Alexandropol og Ejmiatsin. De ønskede også en jernbane bygget, som skulle forbinde Kars og Julfa med Baku. Den nye armenske stat, gennem hvilken denne nye transportkorridor skulle føre, skulle garantere fri passage. De armenske og georgiske medlemmer af republikkens delegation begyndte at trække forhandlingerne ud.  Fra den 21. maj rykkede osmanniske enheder igen ind i områder af Russisk Armenien, som ikke havde været under sultanens kontrol siden det 17. århundrede. Striden førte til slaget ved Sardarapat (21.–29. maj), slaget ved Kara Killisse (1918) (24.–28. maj) og slaget ved Bash Abaran (21.–24. maj).

Traktaten blev underskrevet med den osmanniske 3. armé indtog stillinger 7 km fra Yerevan og 10 km fra Ejmiatsin. Traktaten skulle gennemgås og bekræftes af Centralmagterne. 15 dage efter traktatens indgåelse blev delegater fra Armenien bedt om at komme til Konstantinopel. I de afståede områder havde hovedparten af de 1.250.000 indbyggere inden krigen været armenere med over 400.000 i den afståede del af provinsen Yerevan aløe.

Underskrivere
Osmanniske side:
Halil Menteshe - justitsminister.
Wehib Pasha - leder af 3. osmanniske armé under felttoget i Kaukasus.
Armenske side:
 Avetis Aharonyan - formand for det armenske nationalråd.
 Alexander Khatisyan - udenrigsminister.
 M. Babachanian.
 Ghorghanian.
Aserbajdsjanske side:
Mammad Amin Rasulzade - præsident for det aserbajdsjanske nationalråd.
Mammad Hasan Hajinski - udenrigsminister.
Georgiske side:
Akaki Chkhenkeli - udenrigsminister.

Se også
 Armeniens historie
 Moskva-traktaten
 Kars-traktaten

Referencer

Fredsaftaler
1. verdenskrig
Begivenheder i 1918
Armeniens historie
Aserbajdsjans historie
Georgiens historie
Osmanniske Rige

Batumi-traktaten


لتسويق محركات البحث (search engine marketing) دور واضح في نمو التسويق على الإنترنت في الخمس السنوات الماضية، ويعتبر هذا النوع من التسويق الأكثر نمواً، فالعائدات من محركات البحث تمثل 40% من مجموع عائدات إعلانات الإنترنت في عام 2008 ميلادي بينما كانت تمثل 1% من مجموع العائدات في عام 2000 ميلادي، ويعزى ذلك لكثرة جمهور ومستخدمي محركات البحث.
هنالك عدة أنواع من تسويق محركات البحث (search engine marketing) من أهمها:
الإدراج المدفوع (paid inclusion)
الإدراج المدفوع مفهوم صعب التوضيح رغم أهمية فهمه لكل من أصحاب المواقع والباحثين، فلأصحاب المواقع: هل مواقعهم لن تدرج في القائمة في حال عدم دفعهم لمحركات البحث؟ وبالنسبة للباحثين: هل هذا البرنامج يهدد جودة نتائج البحث؟

ماهو الإدراج المدفوع (paid inclusion) ؟

عبارة عن برنامج تعرضه أغلب محركات البحث (search engines) لأصحاب مواقع الويب (webmasters) يضمن إدراج مواقعهم في قائمة المواقع لدى محرك البحث (search engine) وتكون من أكثر المواقع زيارة في عملية الزحف (web crawler) أثناء البحث وبالتالي إضمانها في نتائج البحث، يمكن أن يسمى: إدفع للإدراجPFI (Pay for Inclusion) أو إدفع لكل إدراج PPI (Pay Per Inclusion).

أمثلة على محركات بحث توفر برنامج الإدراج المدفوع

Inktomi:
يعتبر من أقدم محركات البحث توفيرا للإدراج المدفوع ومن ثم تبعه
AltaVista
FAST
Teoma and Ask Jeeves
Yahoo!:
تعتبر ياهو المحرك البحث الوحيد المدافع عن الإدراج المدفوع بزعمها أن محرك البحث يمكنه الاستفادة من المعلومات المجموعة من الإدراج المدفوع.
Yahoo تدرج الروابط بطريقة تجعل من المستحيل على الباحث معرفة الروابط غير مدفوع إدراجها من المدفوعة في نتيجة البحث لهذا تواجه Yahoo مشاكل قانونية مع اللجنة التجارية الإتحادية الأمريكية " Federal Trade Commission"التي تطالبها بتمييز الروابط المدفوعة وذلك لعدم هز ثقة الباحث في النتائج المعروضة
ماذا عن Google؟
تعتبر جوجل من محركات البحث الرافضة لفكرة الإدراج المدفوع لأنها تهتم في الدرجة الأولى بثقة المستخدمين، فإعلاناتها تعرض منفصلة ومعنونة كإعلان

منافع الإدراج المدفوع

ويعتبر الإدراج المدفوع الخيار الأكثر شعبية لكل من مالكي المواقع ومحركات البحث، فبالنسبة لمالكي المواقع يضمن فهرسة إدراج مواقعهم في نتائج البحث بطريقة أسرع من انتظار محرك البحث حتى يجد روابط مواقعهم من قائمة المواقع بالطريقة العادية، أما بالنسبة لمحركات البحث فيعتبر طريقة لزيادة دخلهم.

بالنسبة للمواقع الجديدة يتطلب 90 يوماً حتى يتم فهرسة الموقع في محركات البحث فبالتالي لا يستطيع أحد إيجادها لمدة ثلاثة أشهر ولكن عند دفع صاحب الموقع لمحرك البحث لإدراج موقعه فإن رابط موقعه سيظهر في البحث.

المراجع

 E-commerce Bussiness, technology, society,2009 by kenneth C.Laudon and Carol Guercio Traver

أساليب إعلان الإنترنت
تحسين محركات البحث

إدراج مدفوع


هاري نايكست 1889 - 1976 ولد في نيلسبي في السويد والتحق بجامعة داكوتا الشمالية وفي سنة 1914 تحصل على شهادة البكالوريوس في الهندسة الكهربائية وبعدها بسنة حصل على الماجستير من نفس الجامعة، وفي سنة 1917 نال الدكتوراه من جامعة يال، عمل هاري في معامل بل بين الحربين العالميتين وكان نشطا في مجال مكبرات الصوت في الهواتف.

له إسهامات كبيرة في مجال علم التحكم مثل رسم نايكست ومرشح نايكست ومعيار نايكست للاستقرارية وكذلك شعاع نايكست المباشر وأيضا تردد نايكست، توفي سنة 1976 في تكساس بأمريكا التي تقلد جنسيتها.

مراجع

أشخاص من فار (تكساس)
أمريكيون من أصل سويدي
خريجو جامعة داكوتا الشمالية
خريجو جامعة ييل
رياضياتيون من تكساس
زملاء الجمعية الفيزيائية الأمريكية
علماء في مختبرات بل
منظرو التحكم
مهاجرون سويديون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مهندسو إلكترونيات أمريكيون
مهندسون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مهندسون سويديون
مهندسون في القرن 20
مهندسون كهربائيون أمريكيون
مواليد 1889
نظرية المعلومات
وفيات 1976
وفيات في هارلينغن (تكساس)

هاري نايكست