Cathy Lee Guisewite (born September 5, 1950) is an American cartoonist who created the comic strip Cathy, which had a 34-year run. The strip focused on a career woman facing the issues and challenges of eating, work, relationships, and having a mother—or as the character put it in one strip, "the four basic guilt groups."

Early life
Guisewite was born in Dayton, Ohio to William L. and Anne Guisewite. She was raised in Midland, Michigan with older sister Mary Anne Nagy and younger sister Mickey. Guisewite graduated from Midland High School in 1968.

She attended the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Michigan, where she was a member of the Delta Delta Delta sorority. In 1972, she earned a bachelor's degree in English.

Career
After college, Guisewite followed her father's vocation and began working in advertising at Campbell-Ewald, then Norman Prady, and settled at W.B. Doner & Co. near Detroit. She became a vice president of the firm in 1976.

She continued to draw funny pictures as an "emotional coping mechanism" to events in her life and work, and she would forward them to her parents. Her mother kept urging her to send them to a publisher, so she did. "My entire goal with my submission package was to get my mother off my back. My goal was not to do a comic strip. It was to make Mom quit telling me I could do a comic strip."

Guisewite was flabbergasted when the company sent her a contract to produce a comic strip. Cathy was syndicated to 66 newspapers in 1976 by Universal Press Syndicate, now Universal Uclick, and Guisewite did both—her advertising job during the day, and comics at night. By 1980, the strip was carried by 150 dailies, she was earning $50,000 per year for Cathy, she quit the advertising business to work on Cathy full-time, and she moved to Santa Barbara, California.

The comic strip was a "running social commentary" for her confusion. Guisewite explained, "You were a liberated woman or you were a traditionalist. To even voice vulnerability if you were a feminist was wrong and to voice interest in liberation if you were a more traditional woman was wrong. So I believe the women I was speaking to in the early years of my strip were women like me, who were at that age in our 20s where we were kind of launched into adulthood with a foot in both worlds and no way to really express it."

Guisewite appeared several times as a guest on the late night TV series The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.

At the peak of the strip's popularity in the mid-1990s, it appeared in almost 1,400 papers. However, on August 11, 2010, Guisewite announced the strip's retirement after 34 years. Its run ended on October 3, 2010 (a Sunday strip).

Awards
In 1987, she received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program for the TV special Cathy.

Guisewite is a member of the National Cartoonists Society and received in 1993 its highest honor, the Reuben Award for Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year, for her work in 1992.

Guisewite has been granted honorary degrees from Russell Sage College, Rhode Island College, and Eastern Michigan University.

Personal life
Guisewite adopted daughter Ivy in 1992, then married screenwriter Christopher Wilkinson in 1997. Wilkinson has a son, Cooper, but the couple had no children together. Guisewite and Wilkinson divorced in 2010.

One of Guisewite's classmates at the University of Michigan was screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan. When Kasdan's movie The Big Chill (1983) opened, Guisewite devoted an entire week of Cathy strips to it, with Cathy and her co-workers enthusing over the film and seeing it repeatedly.

Publications
 The Cathy Chronicles, , (1978)
 What Do You Mean, I Still Don't Have Equal Rights??!!, , (1980)
 I think I'm having a relationship with a blueberry pie!, , (1981)
 What's a Nice Single Girl Doing with a Double Bed??!, , (1981)
 Another Saturday Night of Wild and Reckless Abandon, , (1982)
 It Must Be Love, My Face Is Breaking Out, , (1982)
 Cathy's Valentine's Day Survival Book, How to Live through Another February 14, , (1982)
 How to Get Rich, Fall in Love, Lose Weight, and Solve all Your Problems by Saying "NO", , (1983)
 Eat Your Way to a Better Relationship, , (1983)
 Climb Every Mountain, Bounce Every Check, , (1983)
 A Mouthful of Breath Mints and No One to Kiss, , (1983)
 Men Should Come With Instruction Booklets, , (1984)
 Sorry I'm Late. My Hair Won't Start, , (1985)
 Wake Me Up When I'm a Size 5", , (1985)
 My Cologne Backfired, , (1986)
 Stressed for Success, , (1986)
 The Salesclerk made me Buy it, , (1986)
 Thin Thighs in Thirty Years, , (1986)
 A Hand To Hold, An Opinion To Reject, , (1987)
 I'll Pay $5,000 For a Swimsuit That Fits Me!!!, , (1987)
 It must be something in the ink. , (1987)
 Two Pies. One Fork, , (1987)
 May I borrow Your Husband and Baby?, , (1988)
 Why Do the Right Words Always Come Out of the Wrong Mouth?, , (1988)
 My Granddaughter Has Fleas!!, , (1989)
 Sue the Hairstylist, , (1989)
 $14 in the Bank and a $200 Face in My Purse, , (1990)
 It isn't smog. It's eyeshadow!, , (1990)
 The Family thigh problem begins with the mouth, , (1990)
 Reflections, A Fifteenth Anniversary Collection, , (1991)
 Run for Your Life...The Man Is a Cow, , (1991)
 The Worse Things Get, the Better We Eat, , (1991)
 Between love and madness lies the shoe department, , (1992)
 Only Love Can Break a Heart, But a Shoe Sale Can Come Close, , (1992)
 Dancing Through Life in a Pair of Broken Heels, , (1993)
 I Want to Be the Person I Used to Be Repulsed By, , (1993)
 Like Mother, Like Daughter, , (1993)
 Revelations from a 45-Pound Purse, , (1993)
 The Child Within Has Been Awakened But The Old Lady on the Outside Just Collapsed, , (1994)
 Understanding the "Why" Chromosome, , (1995)
 Cathy Twentieth Anniversary Collection, , (1996)
 Shop Till You Drop Then Sit Down And Buy Shoes, , (1996)
 Cathy; Reciped and Foodstyles of the Stars, , (1997)
 Abs of Steel, Buns of Cinnamon, , (1997)
 Girl Food, , (1997)
 I Am Woman, Hear Me Snore, , (1998)
 Confessions to My Mother, , (1999)
 I'd Scream Except I Look So Fabulous, , (1999)
 Shoes: Chocolate For The Feet, , (2000)
 Food: A Celebration of One of the Four Basic Guilt Groups, , (2001)
 Love: A Celebration of One of the Four Basic Guilt Groups, , (2001)
 Mom: A Celebration of One of the Four Basic Guilt Groups, , (2001)
 Work: A Celebration of One of the Four Basic Guilt Groups, , (2001)
 Cathy Collection: 25th Anniversary Book, , (2001)
 The Wedding of Cathy and Irving, , (2005)
 The Mother-Daughter Dance, , (2016)
 Fifty Things that Aren't My Fault: Essays From the Grown-Up Years, (2019)

References

External links

Cathy Guisewite; video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America''

1950 births
American comic strip cartoonists
American female comics artists
Female comics writers
Living people
People from Midland, Michigan
Midland High School (Midland, Michigan) alumni
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Reuben Award winners
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni

Cathy Guisewite


La bandera de la República Socialista Soviética de Bielorrusia fue adoptada por la RSS de Bielorrusia el 25 de diciembre de 1951. Fue utilizada hasta la caída de la Unión Soviética en 1991. Es una modificación de la bandera nacional de la URSS.

Descripción
La bandera de la República Socialista Soviética de Bielorrusia se presenta como un paño rectangular de color rojo con una franja verde que se extiende a lo largo (la cual representa a los abundantes bosques de la región), que sobre el cantón presenta una franja vertical roja con un patrón ornamental blanco creado en 1918 por Matrona Markévich, con el martillo y la hoz dorados, y la estrella con bordes dorados en la parte superior del cantón.

Historia
Tanto la Unión Soviética como dos de sus repúblicas (la RSS de Bielorrusia y la RSS de Ucrania) eran miembros de las Naciones Unidas. Esto creó la necesidad de adoptar diseños con mayores diferencias visuales para las repúblicas de la URSS, en especial las dos anteriores. Por esto a finales de la década de 1940 y comienzos de la siguiente adoptaron nuevos diseños.

La primera bandera, adoptada por la República Socialista Soviética Lituano-Bielorrusa durante su existencia en 1919, consistía simplemente en una bandera roja. Luego de la formación de la RSS de Bielorrusia, los caracteres ССРБ (SSRB) fueron añadidos en color dorado al cantón superior al asta. El diseño fue cambiado en 1937,  cambiando los caracteres a БССР (BSSR) en un tipo de letra serif; arriba de los cuales había una estrella roja sobre la hoz y martillo. En la década de 1940 la inscripción fue cambiada de nuevo, dejando sólo los caracteres en un tipo de letra sans-serif, que fueron rodeados por un borde dorado; diseño que fue usado hasta la adopción de la última bandera en 1951.

El diseño de la actual bandera de Bielorrusia está basado en esta bandera.

Véase también
 Escudo de la República Socialista Soviética de Bielorrusia

Bielorrusia
República Socialista Soviética de Bielorrusia
Símbolos de Bielorrusia
Introducciones de 1951

Bandera de la República Socialista Soviética de Bielorrusia


Brights Grove is a neighbourhood of Sarnia, Lambton County, Ontario, Canada. Brights Grove is located on the shore of Lake Huron.

History

The Owenite Project
Brights Grove was the site of Canada's first commune. In 1829, Brights Grove was established along the model of Robert Owen's New Lanark, Scotland project by Henry Jones (1776–1852). The colony was named 'Maxwell' and was a short-lived project. However, it has been argued by Canadian socialist historian Ian McKay that "[t]he builders of the short-lived colony named Maxwell that Jones planted near Sarnia may well have been the first people in North America to call themselves 'socialists'."

In the 1970s, the Ontario Heritage Foundation erected an historical plaque recognizing the site with the following text:

In 1829, Henry Jones of Devon, England, a retired purser in the Royal Navy, brought a group of more than 50 emigrants from the United Kingdom to this area where he established a settlement on a  tract of land on Lake Huron.  An early supporter and dedicated follower of Robert Owen, the well-known British social reformer. [sic] Jones named the settlement "Maxwell" and organized the community on the basis of common ownership and collective living.  The settlers built a large log house with community kitchen and dining-room but separate rooms for each family. A school and storehouse were added. Within a few years, however, disappointing harvests and the burning of the log house led the colonists gradually to abandon the enterprise.

Faethorne House
In 1875, Col. Robert F. Faethorne built what is now known as the Faethorne House.  Faethorne built the house on the most easterly of the five farms (the "East Range") into which the land grant of Henry Jones, Faethorne's father-in-law, had been divided.  Robert Faethorne had married Jones' daughter, Elizabeth, and farmed the East Range.  Faethorne was interested in race horses, imported trees to beautify his property and took an active part in the militia.  In 1862, he was promoted to full colonel to command the local military district until after the Fenian alarms of 1866 and 1868.

On Faethorne's death in 1897, the house was sold to Angus Jamieson.  In 1921, it was purchased by H.F. Holland who restored it and the grounds.  In 1934, it achieved notoriety when John Labatt, of the brewing family, who had rented it for the summer, was kidnapped on his way to London.   In 1938, the house was sold once more.  Under the name of Wildwood, it began a long career as a summer resort and golf club.  By 1978, it was badly in need of repairs when it passed into the hands of Sarnia Township.  It was restored to its present condition and started a new life as the Brights Grove library and Gallery in the Grove.

Big band era
Brights Grove hosted many top performers at the Kenwick dance hall.

In the late 1940s, Kenwick-on-the-Lake was open air in the round. The venue served as a Saturday night destination for passengers of the SS Noronic that stopped at Sarnia on its trip around the Great Lakes from Toronto until it burnt out alongside the quay in Toronto.
Bands that performed at the dance hall include Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Lionel Hampton. There was also boxing.

Later years saw rock acts, such as Alice Cooper.

The structure was destroyed by fire and is now a basketball court on the lakefront.

Salmon fishery
Brights Grove has two creeks that attract salmon during the spring fishery. Cow Creek and Perch Creek. The Bluewater Anglers in Sarnia stock salmon, rainbow trout, and brown trout into Lake Huron.

Arts and culture

Lake Huron Waterfront Walking Trails
There are 8 kilometres of lakefront walking trails, half is on rural road and other on dedicated bike/walk path.

Howard Watson Nature Trail
Brights Grove is located halfway on a 25 km nature trail from Sarnia to Camlachie. It is a good rail path, crosses numerous creeks (including Cow & Perch Creek), and is well maintained. Visitors can do a loop of rail path and lakefront around Brights Grove of 20 km or more.

Notable people
 golf professional Mike Weir.
 Poet Paul Vermeersch
 golf professional Matt Hill.
 Bluegrass harmonica player Mike Stevens

References

Sarnia
Communities in Lambton County
Utopian communities in Canada
Populated places established in 1829

Brights Grove, Ontario


Toivo Vadum (født 4. januar 1974) er en tidligere dansk fodboldspiller, der siden november 2018 har været ansat som målmandstræner i den danske Superligaklub SønderjyskE. Inden var han i fem sæsoner målmandstræner i Vejle Boldklub.

Karriere
I den aktive karriere var Toivo Vadum målmand i en række fynske divisionsklubber som Næsby Boldklub, B 1909 og Svendborg fB. Særligt i Næsby Boldklub, havde han en karriere på ti år på 2. divisionsholdet, men han nåede også en kort afstikker til Svendborg fB i midten af nullerne og et kort ophold i B 1909. Som helt ung prøvetrænede han med divisionsholdet i Vejle Boldklub i 1994, men han fik ingen aftale med vejlenserne og spillede i stedet flere hundrede kampe i divisionerne for fynske klubber.

Trænerkarriere
Efter karrierestoppet i 2010, begyndte Toivo Vadum som målmandstræner. Han arbejdede med ungdomsmålmændene i Næsby Boldklub, men blev senere målmandstræner i B 1909. Det var i årstalsklubben, at Vejle Boldklub i sommeren 2013 hentede den dengang 39-årige Toivo Vadum til som målmandstræner for 1. divisionsholdet. Han fungerede i de følgende fem sæsoner som målmandstræner i VB under cheftrænerne Tonny Hermansen, Klebér Saarenpää, Steen Thychosen, Andreas Alm og Adolfo Sormani. I den sidste af sæsonerne, 2017-18, var Toivo Vadum ansat som fuldtids målmandstræner. I den sæson lukkede VB kun 24 mål ind i 33 kampe og rykkede direkte op i Superligaen med rækkens bedste defensiv. 13 clean sheet præsterede målmændene den sæson.

I Vejle Boldklub arbejdede han med målmændene Kristian Fæste, Morten Haastrup Jensen, Pavol Bajza, Michael Lansing og Thomas Hagelskjær. Ligesom han i perioder også havde ansvaret for træningen af klubbens målmænd på ungdomseliteholdene.

I november 2018 blev Toivo Vadum ansat i Superligaklubben SønderjyskE, hvor han tog over efter den mangeårige målmandstræner Kaj Stephansen. I første omgang på en kontrakt kalenderåret 2018 ud, men Toivo Vadum fik hurtigt forlænget til en længerevarende. I SønderjyskE har han ansvaret for målmændene Sebastian Mielitz, Nikola Mirkovic og Victor Smedsrud.

Træneruddannelse
Toivo Vadum bestod i 2016 UEFA Goalkeeper Advanced Licens, der er den højeste målmandstræneruddannelse indenfor UEFA.

Referencer

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldtrænere fra Danmark

Toivo Vadum


Friedrich Everhard von Mering (* 17. März 1799 in Köln; † 29. September 1861 ebenda) war ein deutscher Historiker. Er wuchs in Haus zur Mühlen auf.

Leben
Friedrich Everhard war der Sohn des Kunstsammlers und Freiherrn Everhard Oswald von Mering († 1820) und seiner Frau Elisabeth von Wecus, die die Tochter eines kölnischen Bankiers und Ratsmitgliedes war. Nach dem Tod seines Vaters erbte er ein Vermögen, ein Studium konnte er jedoch nicht beginnen.

Er sammelte "Handschriften, Urkunden, Gelegenheitsschriften, Bücher, geschichtliches Material jeder Art" und veröffentlichte eine Reihe von Arbeiten zur rheinischen Provinzialgeschichte, die von anderen Wissenschaftlern rezipiert wurden. In Anerkennung seiner Verdienste verlieh ihm die Königliche Universität zu München den Doktortitel und König Friedrich Wilhelm IV. von Preußen zeichnete ihn mit der goldenen Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft aus.

Werke (Auswahl)
 Geschichte der Burgen, Rittergüter, Abteien und Klöster in den Rheinlanden und den Provinzen Jülich, Cleve, Berg und Westphalen, 12 Bände, 1833–1861
 Die Peterskirche und Caecilienkirche in Cöln am Rhein, 1834 (Digitalisat)
 Zur Geschichte der Stadt Köln am Rhein: Von ihrer Gründung bis zur Gegenwart, 4 Bände, 1838–1839 (gemeinsam mit Ludwig Reischert)
 Clemens August, Herzog von Baiern, Kurfürst und Erzbischof zu Köln. Biographischer Versuch, 1851 (Digitalisat)
 Die Reichsgrafen von Hohenzollern in ihren Beziehungen zu Stadt und Erz-Diöcese Köln, Lengfeld, Köln 1859 ()

Literatur

Weblinks
 Informationen zu Friedrich Everhard von Mering im GenWiki

Einzelnachweise

Historiker
Person (Köln)
Deutscher
Geboren 1799
Gestorben 1861
Mann

Friedrich Everhard von Mering


حاملة المروحيات هي مصطلح يطلق على حاملة الطائرات التي هدفها الرئيسي هو خدمة المروحيات. هذا المصطلح يطلق أيضًا على حاملة الطائرات المضادة للغواصات، والسفينة الهجومية البرمائية.

حاملة المروحيات يمكنها ان تكون ذات ظهر طويل للطائرات مثل إتش إم إس أوشان (HMS Ocean) أو يمكنها أن تكون ذات ظهر عريض للمورحيات مثل السوفيتية فئة موسكافا أو آر إف إيه آرجس. هذا الأخير أصبح أقل شيوعاً. تكبر مساحات نقاط هبوط المروحيات في حاملات المروحيات ذات الظهر الطويل. فهذا التصميم جعل ظهر الحاملة مثل حظيرة طائرات.

من الصعب إيجاد حاملة مروحيات خالصة أو نقية في القرن الحادي والعشرين. مجيء طائرات الستوفل مثل الهارير جامب جيت جاء بتصنيف ذو حل وسط؛ كمثال حاملة البحرية الأمريكية فئة واسب تحمل 6 أو 8 طائرات هارير بالإضافة إلى 30 مروحية. فقط الحاملات الصغيرة غير قادرة على تشغيل الهارير، والحاملات قبل حقبة الهارير هي بصدق حاملات المروحيات الخالصة أو النقية.

في كثير من الأحيان، الحاملات التي تستطيع أن تشغل طائرات الستوفل هي حاملة طائرات خفيفة، أما السفن الأخرى مثل فئة واسب التي يمكنها تشغيل طائرات الستوفل بالإضافة إلى قدرتها على حمل قوات برية مثل قوات مشاة البحرية الأمريكية وتنزيلهم على الشواطيء فهي سفينة هجومية برمائية.

إتش إم إس هيرمس (HMS Hermes) وأختاها الإثنين الأخرى ات التي يمكنهما حمل 22,000 طن حولوا إلى حاملات مروحيات فقط «كحاملات كوماندو». مؤخراً حولت هيرمس إلى حاملة طائرات ستوفل.

حاملات مروحيات

حاملات مروحيات في الخدمة
 إتش إم إس أوشن (البحرية الملكية البريطانية)
 جينيه دي آرد (البحرية الفرنسية) والتي سوف تدشن في عام 2010.
 سفينة هجومية برمائية فئة تاروا (البحرية الأمريكية)
 سفينة هجومية برمائية فئة واسب (البحرية الأمريكية)
 مدمرة المروحيات فئة هويجا (قوة الدفاع الذاتي البحرية اليابانية) والتي دشنت في 18 مارس 2009، والثانية تحت البناء.

حاملات المروحيات المتقاعدة
 يو إس إس أيو جيما (البحرية الأمريكية)، وهي السفينة القائدة للفئة أيو جيما.
 إتش إم إس بولوارك، إتش إم إس ألبون، وهما حاملاتان للمروحيات في فترة 1960 إلى 1980.
 فئة موسكفا (البحرية السوفيتية).
 فئة فيتوريو فينيتو (البحرية الإيطالية).

حاملات المروحيات التي تحت الإنشاء
 سفينة هجومية برمائية فئة أمريكا (البحرية الأمريكية)
 حوض هبوط المروحيات فئة كانبرا (البحرية الملكية الأسترالية).

انظر أيضاً
 حاملة طائرات
 مروحية

مراجع

أنواع السفن
حاملات طائرات
حاملات طائرات حسب النوع
حاملات طائرات مروحية

حاملة مروحيات


Samuel Alfred Vernon Washington (Hartford, 10 de agosto de 1923 - Los Ángeles, 7 de junio de 1988) fue un actor estadounidense de cine y televisión, más conocido por sus papeles en la película de ciencia ficción The Last Starfighter (1984) como Otis y en la película de terror Friday the 13th: A New Beginning (1985).

Su papel más conocido de televisión fue en la miniserie Roots: The Next Generations (1979). Vernon ha tenido un pequeño papel recurrente en la exitosa serie de CBS The Jeffersons como Leroy.

Filmografía
 Change at 125th Street (1974) (TV).
 Roots: The Next Generations (1979) (mini serie).
 Pray TV (1980).
 The Last Starfighter (1984).
 Joan Rivers and Friends Salute Heidi Horomowitz (1985) (TV).
 Friday the 13th: A New Beginning (1985).
 Dream West (1986) (mini serie).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actores de Connecticut
Actores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actores de cine de Estados Unidos

Vernon Washington


جيسيكا ستروب  (مواليد 23 أكتوبر 1986) هي ممثلة وعارضة أزياء أميركية. ستروب معروفة عن دورها كإيرين سيلفر في بيفرلي هيلز، 90210.

الحياة الشخصية
جيسيكا ستروب ولدت في 23 تشرين الأول، 1986 في أندرسون، ولاية كارولينا الجنوبية. وأمضت طفولتها في شارلوت قي ولاية كارولاينا الشمالية. وكانت والدة صديق لجيسيكا ملكة جمال ولاية كارولينا الشمالية سابقا، وشجعت جيسيكا لمتابعة مهنة عرض الأزياء. ولها أخ أكبر، ديف ستروب. وكان والداها صارمين جداً ولكن لا يزال يؤيد تطلعاتها. تخرجت من مدرسة بروفيدانس العليا في عام 2004. في سن ال 17 عرض على جيسيكا منحة للدراسة بجامعة جورجيا، ولكن رفضت ذلك من أجل مواصلة مهنة التمثيل. ثم انتقلت إلى لوس انجلس، كاليفورنيا، حيث تقيم حاليا. وهي حاليا تواعد النجم السابق ل90210 داستن ميليجان.
هواياتها هي الخروج مع صديقاتها، والتصوير الفوتوغرافي وتويتينغ.

مهنة
ستروب بدأت عرض الازياء عندما كان عمرها 15 عاما ومثلت عندما كان عمرها 18. أول دور لها كانت ضيف شرف على نيكلوديون المسلسل المشهور للاطفال غير رائع بعد ذلك، ستروب ادت دور صغير في فيلم تلفزيوني على شبكة سي بي اس الخفاش مصاص دماء. كما أنها لعبت دورا رئيسيا في فيلم تلفزيوني جنوب الراحة. ستروب كانت ستلعب دور زوي قي فيلم سأكون دائما في معرفة ماذا فعلت الصيف الماضي لكنها اضطرت إلى تركه بسبب تضارب المواعيد المقررة. وفقا ل أي ام دى ببى ستروب كانت مرشحة لدور في عام 2008 فيلم الرعب "يوم كذبة أبريل". في عام 2008 انضمت إلى سلسلة 90210 قي دور ايرين سيلفر، الشقيقة الصغرى لديفيد سيلفر وكيلي تايلور، وهو التمرد الذي ينتج والنجوم في سلسلة فيديو يوتيوب.

أول فيلم روائي طويل هو مدرسة للأوغاد. شاركت في البطولة في عام 2007 فيلم التلال لديها عيون الجزء الثاني. في عام 2008 ولعبت دور كلير في طبعة جديدة من بروم نايت. كما أنها ظهرت في فيلم بروكن، حيث كان قي الفيلم قبلة مع هيذر غراهام وشاركت في وقت لاحق مع النجم الذي شاركها بطولة بروم نايت، إدريس إلبا في فيلم عيد الميلاد هذا العام.

على مدى السنوات ظهرت جيسيكا في العديد من الإعلانات التجارية، بما في ذلك المواقع لفريق هوندا، وفالفيتاو تارجت. وكان المظهر التجاري الأكثر شهرة كان باسم «فتاة دينتين» في دعاية لجليد دنتين،جيسيكا سوف تتألق في العودة للوطن، وهو فيلم نفسي، جنبا إلى جنب مع ميشا بارتون ومات لونج، وهذا سيكون قي يوليو 2009.

أفضل اصدقاء
جيسيكا هو شينى غرايمز، جيسيكا لاوندز وانيليان ماكورد.هي أيضا على صلة وثيقة مع لورين لندن وتوري ديفيتو

قائمة أعمالها
Freedom H.U.D (قصير) (ما بعد الإنتاج)

2019 قلب الحياة (فيلم تلفزيوني) ....الكسندرا ريد

2017-2018 القبضة الحديدية (مسلسل تلفزيوني) ....جوي ميتشوم

مبارزة من حديد (2018) ... Joy Meachum

حرب بلا نهاية (2018) ... Joy Meachum

قلعة على حافة الانتقام (2018) ... Joy Meachum

Morning of the Mindstorm (2018) ... Joy Meachum

التنين يموت عند الفجر (2018) ... Joy Meachum(عرض جميع الحلقات الـ 23)

2017 أنت الأسوأ (مسلسل تلفزيوني).... يونغ فاي

Dad-Not-Dad (2017 ... يونغ فاي

نجم العالم! (2017) ... يونغ فاي

2016 جاك ريشر: لن تعود أبدًا....الملازم سوليفان

2016 / II شباب (قصير) ....أليس

2014-2015 ما يلي (مسلسل تلفزيوني) ...ماكس هاردي

الحساب (2015) ... ماكس هاردي

ميت أو حي (2015) ... ماكس هاردي-

صفقة بسيطة (2015) ... ماكس هاردي

الحافة (2015) ... ماكس هاردي

الشياطين (2015) ... ماكس هاردي
اعرض كل 30 حلقة

2008-201390210 (مسلسل تلفزيوني)...ايرين سيلفر

كلنا نسقط (2013) ... ايرين سيلفر

فضيحة رويال (2013) ... ايرين سيلفر

لا يمكنك الفوز بالجميع (2013) ... إيرين سيلفر

إمباير ستيت سترايك باك (2013) ... إيرين سيلفر

بورتريه الفنانة كفتاة نداء صغيرة (2013) ... ايرين سيلفر
عرض جميع الحلقات الـ 114

2011-2013 Family Guy (مسلسل تلفزيوني...دينيس

عيد الحب في Quahog (2013 ... دينيس (صوت، غير معتمد)

(Tiegs for Two (2011 ... دينيس (صوت)

أصدقاء بيتر ج. (2011) ... دينيس (صوت)

2012 تيد...تريسي

2012 ثمانية ونصف: Go Ego - فيديو موسيقي (فيديو قصير)

2011 مارسي (مسلسل تلفزيوني)...جيسيكا

مارسي يقوم بحفلة بركة (2011) ... جيسيكا

2010 مرحبا جوني

المراجع
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1888211/

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص من أندرسون (كارولاينا الجنوبية)
ممثلات أفلام أمريكيات
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 21
ممثلات تلفزيون أمريكيات
ممثلات من شارلوت (كارولاينا الشمالية)
ممثلات من كارولاينا الجنوبية
ممثلات من كارولاينا الشمالية
مواليد 1986
مواليد في أندرسون (كارولاينا الجنوبية)

جيسيكا ستروب


STS-101 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space Shuttle  Atlantis. The mission was a 10-day mission conducted between 19 May 2000 and 29 May 2000. The mission was designated 2A.2a and was a resupply mission to the International Space Station. STS-101 was delayed 3 times in April due to high winds. STS-101 traveled 4.1 million miles and completed 155 revolutions of the earth and landed on runway 15 at Kennedy Space Center. The mission was the first to fly with a glass cockpit.

Crew

Spacewalks
  Voss and Williams  – EVA 1
 EVA 1 Start: 22 May 2000 – 01:48 UTC
 EVA 1 End: 22 May 2000 – 08:32 UTC
 Duration: 6 hours, 44 minutes

Mission highlights
The flight was originally given the designation "2A.2", serving as a logistics flight to carry cargo to the then-uncrewed space station, in between 2A.1/STS-96 and 3A/STS-92. STS-101 was originally planned to arrive after the Service Module Zvezda, but when Zvezda fell further behind, mission 2A.2 was split into 2A.2a and 2A.2b, the former arriving before Zvezda and the latter arriving after. The original plan for STS-101 was to have crewmembers perform a spacewalk to connect cables to Zvezda, but when the module slipped, so did the EVA, and the three spacewalk crewmembers Lu, Williams, and Malenchenko followed their EVA onto STS-106. Needing three additional crew for STS-101, the Expedition 2 crew of Voss, Helms, and Usachov joined the STS-101 crew for a short mission to their future home.

STS-101 delivered supplies to the International Space Station, hauled up using a Spacehab double module and an Integrated Cargo Carrier pallet. The crew performed a spacewalk and then reboosted the station from  to .

Detailed objectives included ISS ingress/safety to take air samples, monitor carbon dioxide, deploy portable, personal fans, measure air flow, rework/modify ISS ducting, replace air filters, and replace Zarya fire extinguishers and smoke detectors. Critical replacements, repairs and spares were also done to replace four suspect batteries on Zarya, replace failed or suspect electronics for Zarya's batteries, replace Radio Telemetry System memory unit, replace port early communications antenna, replace Radio Frequency Power Distribution Box and clear Space Vision System target.

The mission also included incremental assembly/upgrades such as assembly of Strela crane, installation of additional exterior handrails, set up of center-line camera cable, installation of "Komparus" cable inserts and reseating the U.S. crane. Assembly parts, tools and equipment were also transferred to the station and equipment stowed for future missions.

The station was also resupplied with water, a docking mechanism accessory kit, film and video tape for documentation, office supplies and personal items. Crew health maintenance items were also transferred including exercise equipment, medical support supplies, formaldehyde monitor kit and a passive dosimetry system.

This mission was almost similar to the Columbia disaster. A damaged tile seam caused a breach which allowed superheated gas to enter the left wing during reentry. The gas did not penetrate deeply and the damage was repaired before the next flight. If it had penetrated deeply the Shuttle could have been destroyed during reentry.

This mission was the first mission to fly with a glass cockpit.

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15.
Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.

Gallery

See also

 List of human spaceflights
 List of International Space Station spacewalks
 List of Space Shuttle missions
 List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999
 Outline of space science

References

STS-101 Extravehicular Activities (21/22 May)

External links
 NASA mission summary
 STS-101 Video Highlights

Spacecraft launched in 2000
2000 in the United States
Space Shuttle missions
2000 in Florida
Articles containing video clips

STS-101


This is an alphabetical list of musicians from Pakistan. The list includes musical bands, some groups and solo artists that were and are in the industry today. The list also includes film singers, folk singers, pop/rock singers, jazz musicians, rap artists, dj, qawwal and ghazal traditional artists. Pakistani singers and bands became very popular and started to spring up during the early nineties, with pop, rock and Ghazal becoming more fashionable with the younger generations.

A
 A. Nayyar
 Ali Zafar
Aziz Mian
 Aamir Zaki
 Aaroh
Abdullah Qureshi
 Atish Raj
 Abrar-ul-Haq
 Abida Parveen
 Adil Omar
 Ahmed Ghulamali Chagla
 Ahmed Jahanzeb
 Ahmed Rushdi
 Alam Lohar
 Alamgir
 Ali Alam
 Ali Azmat
 Ali Baba Khan
 Ali Haider
 Allan Fakir
 Atif Aslam
 Alamgir
 Amjad Bobby
 Arham
 Annie Khalid
 Arieb Azhar
 Arif Lohar
 Arshad Mehmood
 Asad Amanat Ali Khan
 Asif Sinan, guitarist and composer
 Awaz
 Attaullah Khan Esakhelvi
 Asim Azhar
 Aima Baig

B
Badnaam (band)
Bayaan
Benjamin Sisters
 Bilal Maqsood (Strings)
 Bilal Khan
 Bohemia The Punjabi Rapper
 Brian O'Connell (Junoon)
 Bilal Saeed
 Badar Miandad

D

E
 Entity Paradigm

F
 Faisal Kapadia (Strings)
 Farhad Humayun
 Faakhir Mehmood
 Farhan Saeed
 Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan
 Fariha Pervez
 Farooq Haider

G
 Ghulam Abbas (singer)
 Ghulam Farid Sabri (Qawwali Singer)
 Ghazala Javed
 Ghulam Ali
 Ghulam Haider
 Goher Mumtaz
 Gulshan Ara Syed
 Gul Panra

H
 Habib Wali Mohammad
 Hadiqa Kiyani
 Haider Rahman (Laal)
 Hamid Ali Khan
 Haroon
 Haroon Shahid
 Hasan Jahangir
 Humera Arshad

I
 Imran Khan
 Inayat Hussain Bhatti
 Irene Perveen
 Irteassh
 Iqbal Bano

J
 Jawad Ahmad
 Jawad Bashir (Dr. aur Billa)
 Jay Dittamo (Junoon)
 Jal
 Jehangir Aziz Hayat
 Junaid Jamshaid
 Junaid Khan
 Junoon
 Jupiters
 JoSH

K
 Karavan
Kashan Admani
 Karan Sharma
Kami Paul
 Kamal Ahmed
 Komal Rizvi

L
 Laila Khan (Singer)
 Laal
 Leo Twins

M
 Mala
 Malika Pukhraj
 Maqbool Ahmed Sabri
 Masood Rana
 Master Muhammad Ibrahim
 Mehdi Hassan
 Mehnaz Begum
 Momina Mustehsan
 Mohammad Aizaz Sohail
 Mumtaz Ahmed
 Mujeeb Alam
 Mustafa Zahid
 Mohammed Ali Shehki
 Munawar Sultana (singer)
 Munni Begum

N
 Nabeel Shaukat Ali
 Nadia Ali
 Naheed Akhtar
 Najam Sheraz
 Naseebo Lal
 Naseem Begum
 Naseer & Shahab
 Naser Mestarihi
Natasha Khan
 Niaz Ahmed
 Nazia Hassan
 Nazia Iqbal
 Nisar Bazmi
 Nizar Lalani
 Noori
 Noor Jehan
 Nouman Javaid
 Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
 Nusrat Hussain
 Nayyara Noor

O
 Overload

P
 Pathanay Khan

Q
 Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch
 Qayaas

R
 Rabi Pirzada
 Rahim Shah
 Rahat Fateh Ali Khan
 Reshma
 Rohail Hyatt
 Roxen
 Rangeela

S
 Sabri Brothers
 Sajjad Ali
 Sajid Ghafoor (Sajid & Zeeshan)
 Salma Agha
 Saleem Raza
 Salman Ahmad
 Sanam Marvi
 Sara Haider
 Sara Raza Khan
 Shafqat Amanat Ali
 Shahid Akhtar Qalandar
 Shahram Azhar (Laal (band))
 Shehzad Roy
 Shallum Asher Xavier (Fuzön (band))
 Sain Zahoor
 Saturn (band)
 Shiraz Uppal
 Salman Ali
 Sahir Ali Bagga
 Shani Arshad
 Shuja Haider
 Shamim Nazli
 Sohail Rana
 Suraiya Multanikar
 Syed Zaheer Rizvi

T
 Tahira Syed
 The Band Call
 Taimur Rahman (Laal)
 Tassawar Khanum

U
 Ustad Amanat Ali Khan
 Ustad Muhammad Juman
 Ustad Muhammad Yousuf
 Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
 Umair Jaswal
 Uzair Jaswal

V
 Vital Signs

W
 Wajid Ali Nashad
 Waqar Ali
 Waris Baig

Y
 Yasir Jaswal
 Yatagan (Fakhre Alam)

Z
 Zeeshan Parwez (Sajid & Zeeshan)
 Zeek Afridi
 Zohaib Hassan
 Zoe Viccaji
 Zeb & Haniya
 Zulfiqar Jabbar Khan
 Zayn Javadd Malik
 Zubaida Khanum

See also
 Music of Pakistan
 List of Pakistani ghazal singers
 List of Pakistani qawwali singers
 List of Pakistani pop singers
 List of Pakistani musical groups
 List of songs about Pakistan
 List of musicians
 List of Pakistanis

References

 List

Pakistani

List of Pakistani musicians


Miguel Pallardó (født 5. september 1986) er en spansk fodboldspiller.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Spanien

Miguel Pallardó


41 වසර ( XLI) යනු ජූලියානු දින දසුන ප්‍රකාර,   ඉරිදා දිනයකින් ඇරඹෙන සාමාන්‍ය අවුරුද්දක් (බැඳිය විසින් මුළු දින දසුන දක්වනු ඇත) විය. එකල ,  එය හැඳින්වුනේ,  ක. සීසර් ඔගස්ටස් ජර්මානිකුස්ගේ සහ  ග්නා. සෙන්සියුස් සාටුර්නීනුස්ගේ රාජ්‍යතාන්ත්‍රික  ධූර වර්ෂය (හෝ, එතරම් ප්‍රචලිත නොවන අයුරින්,  අබ් ඌර්බෙ කෝන්ඩිටා 794 වසර  ) ලෙසිනි. මෙම වසර සඳහා 41 යන නාමය භාවිත වීම ඇරඹුනේ මුල් මධ්‍යතන යුගයේදී, වසර නම් කිරීම සඳහා යුරෝපයේ ප්‍රචලිත භාවයට පත් ක්‍රමය ලෙසින් ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ දින දසුන් යුගය ඇරඹීම හා සමගය.

ස්ථානය අනුව

රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය
 කොන්සල්වරු වූයේ  අධිරාජ කලීගුලා සහ  ග්නායුස් සෙන්සියුස් සාටුර්නීනුස් යන්නන්ය.
 ජනවාරි 24
 ඔහුගේ  උත්කේන්ද්‍රියතාව සහ  කෲර ඒකාධිපත්‍යය නිසා ප්‍රතීත කලීගුලා, ඔහු කෙරෙහි බලවත් අමනාපයෙන් සිටි ඔහුගේ   ප්‍රීටරියානු ආරක්ෂකයන් විසින් ඝාතනය කෙරිණි.

මරණ
 ජනවාරි 24 – කලීගුලා, රෝමානු අධිරාජයා (ඝාතනය කෙරිණි) (උ. ක්‍රිව 12)

ආශ්‍රිත

ග්‍රෙගරි දිනදසුනේ අවුරුදු

41


d'Ibérie ou saint Vakhtang Gorgasali (440 - 502 ou 522 ?), roi d'Ibérie ;
 , astéroïde nommé en l'honneur du précédent.

Gorgasali


Roberto Durán Samaniego (n. 16 iunie 1951) este un fost boxer profesionist panamez care a luptat între 1968 și 2001. Duran a fost un boxer versatil și luptător, în ring ceea ce i-a adus porecla de "Manos de Piedra" ("Mâini de piatră") pentru puterea sa de lovire. A fost campion mondial în patru categorii diferite deținând centura ușoară (1972–1979), semimijlocie (1980), light middleweight (1983–1984), mijlocie (1989) și o deținere ca și campion nediscutat și liniar în 1978-1979. De asemenea, este al doilea boxer în a lupta timp de 5 decenii după Jack Johnson.

În 2002, Durán a fost votat de către revista The Ring ca al cincelea cel mai bun luptător în ultimii 80 de ani, în timp ce istoricul boxer Bert Sugar l-a clasat pe locul 8 în topul celor mai buni boxeri din istorie. The Associated Press l-a votat ca cel mai bun boxer la categoria ușoară din secolul al XX-lea, mulți considerândul cel mai bun din toată istoria. Durán s-a retras definitiv în ianuarie 2002 la vârsta de 50 de ani (retras anterior în 1998) după un grav accident automovilistic în octombrie 2001 cu un record profesionist de 119 lupte, 103 victorii și 70 de knockouts. Până la lupta cu Wilfred Benítez în 1982, a fost antrenat de legendarul antrenor de box, Ray Arcel.

Rezultate în boxul profesionist

Referințe
boxeri
boxeri panamezi

Roberto Durán


Elizabeth Reid McCombs (née Henderson, 19 November 1873 – 7 June 1935) was a New Zealand politician of the Labour Party who in 1933 became the first woman elected to the New Zealand Parliament. New Zealand women gained the right to vote in 1893, though were not allowed to stand for the House of Representatives until the election of 1919. McCombs had previously contested elections in 1928 and 1931.

Early years
McCombs was born in Kaiapoi, North Canterbury, New Zealand. She was one of the nine children of Alice and Daniel Henderson. The family spent some years living in Ashburton, but in about 1882 the family moved to Christchurch. A passion for activism was embedded in her family, as some of her siblings were notable activists themselves. Two of McCombs' sisters, Stella Henderson and Christina Kirk Henderson, were both in the public eye; Stella writing for a prominent New Zealand newspaper, and Christina advocating for the suffrage movement.

In 1886, her alcoholic father died, leaving her family in financial difficulty for a time.

Politics

McCombs became interested in socialism through the influence of her elder sisters, who were involved in the Progressive Liberal Association, a small socialist-orientated group. One of the Progressive Liberal Association's goals was to increase the political rights of women. McCombs herself became involved in the Association, and as an extension of this, with the New Zealand Women's Christian Temperance Union, run by prominent New Zealand suffragist Kate Sheppard. McCombs held a number of positions within the Temperance Union throughout her life, including that of national treasurer.

In 1903, McCombs married James McCombs, a strong socialist who had also been involved with the Progressive Liberal Association. They were to have two children, and adopted two more. James McCombs was active in left-wing political circles, and was later to become an MP for the Social Democratic Party. When the Labour Party was founded in 1916, he became its first president. At the same time, Elizabeth McCombs was elected to the party's executive, alongside another woman, Sarah Snow.

In 1921, McCombs gained election to the Christchurch City Council, being the second woman to do so. She remained a member of the council until 1935, when she chose to step down. During this time, she was also active in a large number of other organisations, including hospital boards and charities. Her work was recognised in 1926, when she was made a Justice of the peace.

In the 1928 elections, McCombs stood (unsuccessfully) for the Kaiapoi electorate, as the Labour Party's first female nominee. In the 1931 elections, she contested the seat of Christchurch North, also unsuccessfully.

Parliamentary career
On the death in August 1933 of McCombs' husband James, who had held his parliamentary seat of Lyttelton since 1913, it was suggested that Elizabeth McCombs herself should be the Labour Party's new candidate for the Lyttelton seat. Some members of the party were initially hesitant, but she was eventually selected as the Labour candidate. When the 1933 by-election was held on 13 September, McCombs won resoundingly: James had been returned by only 32 votes in the 1931 elections, but Elizabeth received a majority of 2600 votes, electing her the first woman Member of Parliament.

She made her maiden speech on 28 September.

Issues
In parliament, McCombs spoke out on a number of issues, many of which involved women's rights and welfare. Among the causes she promoted were:

 Equal pay for women.
 Changes to unemployment policy, which was more generous towards unemployed men than unemployed women.
 Recruitment of women into the police force.
 Raising the age of marriage (then 12 for girls and 14 for boys).
In a 1926 article in Christchurch newspaper The Press, McCombs was described as being "impatient with working people, tending to represent their best interests and not necessarily their opinions. She called a deputation representing the unemployed "an illogical crowd" when they said they wanted work but criticised having to work for charitable aid."

Illness and death
Increasingly poor health made it difficult for McCombs to participate fully in politics. She died in Christchurch on 7 June 1935 aged 61, less than two years after entering parliament.

In 1935, she was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal. Despite her short career in parliament, she demonstrated that women could successfully seek election, and it was not long before a second woman (Catherine Stewart in 1938, elected for Wellington West) entered parliament. In her Lyttelton electorate, she was succeeded by her son Terry McCombs, who was the Minister of Education in the First Labour Government from 1947 to 1949. Terry McCombs held the Lyttelton seat until 1951, concluding a 38-year family hold on the seat.

References

Bibliography

Elizabeth McCombs is the main character in the play Women Like Us  (1993), commissioned by the Suffrage Centenary Trust and written by Helen Varley Jamieson.

Biography in 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
Obituary in The Press, 8 June 1935 by James Oakley Wilson, Chief Librarian, General Assembly Library, Wellington
Women in Parliamentary Life 1970–1990: Hocken Lecture 1993 by Marilyn Waring, pp. 32–33 (Hocken Library, University of Otago, 1994)

External links

Christchurch City Library: Elizabeth McCombs
Cartoon of Elizabeth McCombs entering Parliament, with male MPs in drag
"Elizabeth Reid McCombs: Devoted Champion of Women's Interests" NZ Truth , Issue 1156, 26 January 1928, Page 6

1873 births
1935 deaths
Burials at Waimairi Cemetery
New Zealand Labour Party MPs
Women members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand temperance activists
New Zealand MPs for Christchurch electorates
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Politicians from Christchurch
People from Ashburton, New Zealand
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1931 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1928 New Zealand general election
20th-century New Zealand women politicians
20th-century New Zealand politicians

Elizabeth McCombs


Alessandro Centurini (Gênes,  - Rome, ) est un homme politique italien.

Biographie
Il est le fils d'Ignazio Centurini et de Metilde Lambert. Marchand, armateur, banquier et industriel, Centurini participe à la fondation de la Società Italiana per Condotte d`Acqua en 1880. En 1886, il fonde l'usine hydraulique Centurini à Terni. Construite sur un projet de l'ingénieur Tobia Isolani, cette usine est équipée des machines les plus avancées disponibles sur le marché à l'époque pour le secteur textile. L'usine utilise comme force motrice une dérivation de 8 mètres cubes d'eau par seconde du canal de Nerino.

Le cycle de production implique le traitement de fils et de tissus de jute en provenance d'Inde, pour être transformés principalement en sacs d'emballage. L'usine est équipée d'une teinturerie et d'une imprimerie, et compte 5 000 fuseaux et 300 métiers à tisser. Il y a environ 1 300 employés, principalement des femmes.

En 1902, il reçoit le titre de Cavaliere del Lavoro (chevalier de l'ordre du Mérite du travail) pour l'industrie.

En politique, il est membre du Parlement pendant deux mandats et, en 1909, il est nommé sénateur du Royaume. Il est président et fondateur de la Banca Industriale e Commerciale di Roma (Banque industrielle et commerciale de Rome), qui est submergée par le scandale de la Banca Romana. Il est également président de la Società dell'Acqua Pia Antica Marcia de 1891 à 1915. Après sa mort en 1916, son fils Dario hérite du Jutificio, qui en est le président jusqu'en 1931, date à laquelle il démissionne avec ses fils Ignazio et Alessandro. Le Jutificio fait partie du "Groupe Centurini", qui comprend également d'autres usines de traitement du jute et quelques usines de charbon. Le 18 juillet 1932, la Società Anonima Jutificio Centurini change de nom pour devenir la Società Anonima Jutificio di Terni.

Leur fille, Corinna Centurini, épouse le 23 juillet 1899 Carlo Schanzer, futur sénateur et ministre girolitain. Ils ont deux filles : Fulvia Schanzer (1901-1984), épouse de Giulio Ripa di Meana et mère de sept enfants (dont Carlo Ripa di Meana et Ludovica Ripa di Meana, seconde épouse de Vittorio Sermonti) et Lodovica Schanzer, épouse de Michele Busiri Vici.

La résidence romaine de Centurini est la petite villa du même nom, conçue et achevée en 1874 par l'architecte suisse H. Kleffler, sur la Piazza dell'Indipendenza7 (le quartier dit de Macao, rione XVIII du Castro Pretorio). La villa Centurini est vendue par ses héritiers en 1933 au gouvernorat de Rome. En 1935, il devient le siège du Gymnase de l'école secondaire Giulio-Cesare. À partir de 1936, elle est le siège de l'Institut royal magistral Alfredo Oriani, aujourd'hui le lycée d'État Niccolò Machiavelli.

Fonctions et titres
 Fondateur de la Société de raffinage du sucre Ligurien-Lombard (1872)
 Fondateur de l'usine de juttes "Centurini" de Terni (1886-fermé le 15 juillet 1972)
 Président de la Società dell'Acqua pia antica marcia (1891-1915)
 Fondateur de la société italienne de canalisations d'eau
 Promoteur de la société métallurgique italienne pour le traitement du cuivre (Livourne)
 Directeur de la Société anglo-romaine pour l'éclairage à Rome
 Président de la Société métallurgique de Livourne
 Membre de la Chambre de commerce et des arts de Rome

Décorations
 - Commandeur de l'Ordre de la Couronne d'Italie

 - Chevalier de l'Ordre du mérite pour le travail

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en avril 1830
Naissance à Gênes
Décès en janvier 1916
Décès à Rome
Décès à 85 ans
Personnalité politique italienne du XIXe siècle
Personnalité politique italienne du XXe siècle
Sénateur de la XXIIIe législature du royaume d'Italie
Député de la XVIIIe législature du royaume d'Italie
Député de la XXIIIe législature du royaume d'Italie
Commandeur de l'ordre de la Couronne d'Italie
Ordre du Mérite du travail

Alessandro Centurini


Kastellet ("slottet" tidligere Citadellet) var en del af befæstningen af Rønne. Det var det første monument på Bornholm, der blev beskyttet.

Kastellet blev 1679-1684 bygget på ordre af kong Christian 5. Bygningen lå uden for byens mure, men bag en skanse. Det er en af de ældste bygninger i byen og blev taget i brug d. 23. maj 1689 fem år senere end den ældste bygning i byen, Toldboden fra 1684.

Det runde tårn har en diameter på 18 m, en højde på ti meter og murene er tre og en halv meter tykke. På anden sal stod ti kanoner, der fra 15 åbninger kunne skyde på fjenden i alle retninger, dog ikke samtidigt og kun enkeltvis. Taget blev ombygget ca. 1750 og har siden været kegleformet.

Kastellet blev bygget efter model af tårne på Sardinien og Korsika, hvor de har eksisteret siden det sekstende århundrede.

Senere viste det sig, at man ikke måtte affyre de ti kanoner på samme tid, fordi bygningen var for svag. Derfor ordnede Woldemar Reedtz, at der blev placeret et batteri af kanoner foran rampen. Dette blev kendt som Reedtz' Batteri. I dag er området kendt som Kanondalen.

Kastellet blev herefter kun brugt som depot for våben og ammunition. Fanger blev låst inde på første sal. I tilfælde af pest blev de, der blev smittet, placeret her i karantæne.

Under Anden Verdenskrig (1940-1945) brugte tyske besættelsesstyrken Kastellet som et radiokommunikationstårn. I kælderen var en generator installeret, og på øverste etage var der en antenne. De blev fjernet efter krigen. Russerne, der besatte øen 1945-1946, gjorde ikke brug af det.

Kastellet er nu en del af Bornholms Forsvarsmuseum.

Se også
To tårne med samme funktioner findes i Frederikshavn og på Christiansø:
 Krudttårnet i Frederikshavn
 Lilletårn på Christiansø

Referencer

Litteratur
 Jørgensen, H.V., Rønne - Købstad i 650 år / Fæstnings- og garnisonsby, William Dams Forlag I/S, Rønne, 1977, 241-253. . Opslået d. 21 august 2011.
 Skaarup, H. E., Kastellet i Rønne - Fra fæstningstårn til forsvarsmuseum, Forsvarsmuseet på Bornholm, Rønne, 1983, 5-29. . Opslået d. 21 august 2011.
 Skaarup, H. E., Rønne - Fæstningsby og forsvarsanlæg, Byforeningen for Rønne, Rønne, 1995, 2-17. . Opslået d. 21 august 2011.

Eksterne henvisninger

Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Bornholms Regionskommune
Historiske museer i Danmark
Fæstningsanlæg i Danmark
Tårne i Danmark
Fredede militæranlæg i Danmark
Museer på Bornholm

Kastellet (Rønne)


نهر مهران  اسم لنهر في منطقة مقاطعة بستك في جنوب إيران. يقع في الجزء الجنوبي من ناحية كوخرد ويبدأ مساره من جبال (اقليم فارس) في محافظة فارس، ثم يتجه شرقاً حتى المصب في بحر الخليج. ويمر مساره بمدن وقرى عديدة.

مسار نهر مهران
يقول المُوَحّدَ: ان مخرج نهر مهران من ظهر جبل لامرد، أو أرفع من ذلك، ثم يمر على قرى منطقة فرامرزان، ومن ثم يمر بين الجبال الشمالية والجنوبية لقرية كمشك، ثم يظهر بناحية هضبة جناح، ثم ينحرف إلى جنوب صحراء خلوص، وقرية هرنك، وقرية كوخرد، ثم ينحرف إلى جنوب شرقي قرية جاله، ثم قرية مهران.

طول النهر
يقبل من الغرب آخذاً الجنوب متوجهاً إلى الشرق بطول 1289 كيلوكتراً تقريباً. ثم يمر على قرى لمزان، ودشگان، حتى يصل إلى موضع معروف على شاطئ البحر يسمى پل غار، ويصب في الخليج العربي.

ان جميع القرى التي ذكرناها آنفاً تقع على ضفتي هذا النهر، شمالها وجنوبها. وينتشر على الضفة الجنوبية للنهر مضارب للبدو والرحل والذي يسمى باللهجة المحلية يرد.

المناطق المهمة التي يمر منها النهر
 اسیر
 كمشك
 جناح
 صحراء خلوص
 مدينة كوخرد
 هرنك
 بندری (كوخرد)
 كوخرد (مركز بخش كوخرد)
 جالهٔ كوخرد
 كوردان
 باغ زرد
  ترنه
 جبل خآب
 (خادون)
 آسو
 مهران كوخرد
 قرية كنار زرد
 دژگان
 (بندر پل غار) على شاطئ الخليج

مراجع

المراجع

مهران
بلدة كوخرد
تضاريس محافظة هرمزغان
مدن إيران
مقاطعة بستك

نهر مهران


Cecilie Lind (født 6. september 1991 Haderslev, senere opvokset i Velling ved Ringkøbing) er dansk forfatter. Hun debuterede med digte i Hvedekorn i 2008 og i bogform med Ulven åd min eyeliner i 2010. I september 2020 udkommer Mitt barn  i svensk oversættelse.

Hun tog afgang fra Forfatterskolen i København i 2013. I 2018 fik hun Statens Kunstfonds treårige arbejdslegat. Den 29. november 2020 tildeles hun Modersmål-Prisen fra Modersmål-Selskabet og i 2023 var hun blandt de nye optagne i Kraks Blå Bog.

Bibliografi

 Ulven åd min eyeliner (OVBIDAT 2010)
 Dughærget pupil accelererer tusmørke (Usagn) (Samleren 2012)
 Strunk (Gladiator 2015)
 Scarykost (OVBIDAT 2016)
 Til en engels forsvar (Gladiator 2017) – Roman
 Ragusa (Orissabiblioteket) (Kronstork 2018)
 Mit Barn (Gyldendal 2019)
 Den nye spejltrådskaserne (ESCHO 2020)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Cecilie Lind på Forfatterweb

Digtere fra Danmark

Cecilie Lind


Oydaşma, bir grup, topluluk ya da toplumun üyeleri arasında, temel toplumsal değerler üzerindeki anlaşma. Sosyolojide kimi düşünürler, toplumsal istikrarın temeli olarak oydaşmayı çok fazla vurgulamaktadırlar. Bu yazarlar, uzun bir zaman diliminde varlığını sürdüren bütün toplumlarda, nüfusun çoğunluğu tarafından benimsenen oydaşmacı inançların bir "ortak değer sistemi" bulunduğuna inanmaktadır

Bu bakış açısının geliştirilmesinde Fransızların ünlü düşünürü Jean-Jacques Rousseau'nun Toplum Sözleşmesi'nin esas alındığı söylenebilir.

Anarşizm teorileri

Temel ahlaki konular
Karar teorisi

Toplantı

Sosyoloji kavramları

Oydaşma


Rebiülahir, Hicri takvime göre yılın dördüncü ayı. Rebiülsani (ikinci Rebi) olarak da geçer. Rebi Arapça bahar demektir.
Hicri Takvim'de kamerî usule göre Safer ayından sonra üçüncü aya rebîü'l-evvel ondan sobraki aya rebîü'l-âhir denir. Kelime manası, bahar yağmuru,  bahar ,bolluk ve bereket'tir. Rebi, (Arapça) mevsim adı olarak kullanılır.

Kaynakça

Hicri takvim

Rebiülahir


Greco-Buddhism, or Graeco-Buddhism, is the cultural syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism, which developed between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD in Gandhara, in present-day north-western Pakistan and parts of north-east Afghanistan.

It was a cultural consequence of a long chain of interactions begun by Greek forays into the Indian subcontinent from the time of Alexander the Great. A few years after Alexander's death, the Easternmost fringes of the empire of his general Seleucus were lost in a war with the Mauryan Empire, under the reign of Chandragupta Maurya. The Mauryan Emperor Ashoka would convert to Buddhism and spread the religious philosophy throughout his domain, as recorded in the Edicts of Ashoka. This spread to the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which itself seceded from the Seleucid empire. Within its borders, the Greek fondness for statuary produced the first statues of the Buddha, leading ultimately to the modern tradition.

Following the collapse of the Mauryan Empire, Greco-Buddhism continued to flourish under the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdoms, and Kushan Empire. Mahayana Buddhism was spread from the Gangetic plains in India into Gandhara and then Central Asia during the Mauryan Era, where it became the most prevalent branch of Buddhism in Central Asia. Mahayana Buddhism was later transmitted through the Silk Road into the Han Dynasty during the Kushan era under the reign of Emperor Kanishka. Buddhist tradition details the monk, Majjhantika of Varanasi, was made responsible for spreading Buddhism in the region by Emperor Ashoka.

Historical outline

The introduction of Hellenistic Greece to central Asia started after the conquest of that region by Darius the Great and his Persian Achaemenid Empire. He and his successors also conquered the Anatolian peninsula, which at the time was inhabited by many Greek cultures. When they rebelled, those Greeks were often ethnically cleansed by being relocated to the far end of the Persian Empire, those central Asian provinces. When Alexander the Great conquered Achaemenid Empire and further regions of Central Asia in 334 BC, he thus encountered many Greeks already established in the easternmost stretches of its empire. He then ventured into Punjab (land of five rivers). Alexander crossed the Indus and Jhelum River when defeating Porus and appointing him as a satrap following the Battle of the Hydaspes. Alexander's army would mutiny and retreat along the Beas River when confronted by the Nanda Empire, thus wouldn't conquer Punjab entirely.

Thanks to relocation by the Persian Empire, there was established Greek culture in the far east of Alexander's empire. He founded several cities in his new territories in the areas of the Amu Darya and Bactria, and Greek settlements further extended to the Khyber Pass, Gandhara (see Taxila), and the Punjab. Following Alexander's death on June 10, 323 BC, the Diadochi or "successors" founded their own kingdoms. General Seleucus set up the Seleucid Empire in Anatolia and Central Asia and extended as far as India.

The Mauryan Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya, would first conquer the Nanda Empire. Chandragupta would then defeat the Seleucid Empire during the Seleucid-Mauryan War. This resulted in the transfer of the Macedonian satraps in the Indus Valley and Gandhara to the Mauryan Empire. Furthermore, a marriage alliance was enacted which granted Seleucus's daughter as Chandragupta's wife for diplomatic relations. The conflict additionally led to the transfer of 500 war elephants to the Seleucid Empire from the Mauryan Empire, presumably as reparations for lives lost and damages sustained.

The Mauryan Emperor Ashoka established the largest Indian empire. Following the destructive Kalinga War, Ashoka converted to Buddhism. Abandoning an expansionist agenda, Ashoka would adopt humanitarian reformation in place. As ascribed in the Edicts of Ashoka, the Emperor spread Dharma as Buddhism throughout his empire. Ashoka claims to have converted many, including the Greek populations within his realm to Buddhism:

The decline and overthrow of the Mauryans by the Shunga Empire, and of the revolt of Bactria in the Seleucid Empire led to the formation of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250–125 BC). To their north, the Greco-Bactrians were followed by the secession of the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180  BC – AD 10). Even when, centuries later, these Hellenized regions were conquered first by the Yuezhi, then by the Indo-Scythians and the Kushan Empire (1st–3rd centuries AD), Buddhism continued to thrive there.

Buddhism in India was a major religion for centuries until a major Hindu revival from around the 5th century, with remaining strongholds such as Bengal largely ended during the Islamic invasions of India.

Cultural interaction

The length of the Greek presence in Central Asia and northern India provided opportunities for interaction, not only on the artistic but also on the religious plane.

Alexander the Great in Bactria and India (331–325 BC)

When Alexander invaded Bactria and Gandhara, these areas may already have been under Sramanic influence, likely Buddhist and Jain. According to a legend preserved in the Pali Canon, two merchant brothers from Kamsabhoga in Bactria, Tapassu and Bhallika, visited Gautama Buddha and became his disciples. The legend states that they then returned home and spread the Buddha's teaching. In 326 BC, Alexander conquered the Northern region of India. King Ambhi of Taxila, known as Taxiles, surrendered his city, a notable Buddhist center, to Alexander. Alexander fought an epic battle against King Porus of Pauravas in Punjab, the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC.

Mauryan empire (322–183 BC)

The Mauryan Empire would later defeat the successor Seleucid Empire, during the Seleucid-Mauryan War. Resulting in the transfer of the satraps in the Indus Valley and Gandhara, that had been part of the Achaemenid, Macedonian and Seleucidian, to the Mauryan Empire. However, contacts were kept with his Greco-Iranian neighbors in the Seleucid Empire. Emperor Seleucus I Nicator came to a marital agreement as part of a peace treaty, and several Greeks, such as the historian Megasthenes, resided at the Mauryan court.

Chandragupta's grandson Ashoka embraced the Buddhist faith and became a great proselytizer in the line of the traditional Pali canon of Theravada Buddhism, insisting on non-violence to humans and animals (ahimsa), and general precepts regulating the life of laypeople.

According to the Edicts of Ashoka, set in stone, some of them written in Greek and some in Aramaic, the official language of the Achaemenids, he sent Buddhist emissaries to the Greek lands in Asia and as far as the Mediterranean. The edicts name each of the rulers of the Hellenistic period:

Ashoka also claims he converted to Buddhism Greek populations within his realm:

Finally, some of the emissaries of Ashoka, such as the famous Dharmaraksita, are described in Pali sources as leading Greek ("Yona") Buddhist monks active in Buddhist proselytism (the Mahavamsa, XII), founding the eponymous Dharmaguptaka school of Buddhism.

Greek presence in Bactria (325–125 BC)

Alexander had established in Bactria several cities (Ai-Khanoum, Bagram) and an administration that were to last more than two centuries under the Seleucid Empire and the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, all the time in direct contact with Indian territory. The Greeks sent ambassadors to the court of the Maurya Empire, such as the historian Megasthenes under Chandragupta Maurya, and later Deimachus under his son Bindusara, who reported extensively on the civilization of the Indians. Megasthenes sent detailed reports on Indian religions, which were circulated and quoted throughout the Classical world for centuries:

The Greco-Bactrians maintained a strong Hellenistic culture at the door of India during the rule of the Maurya Empire in India, as exemplified by the archaeological site of Ai-Khanoum. When the Maurya Empire was toppled by the Shunga Empire around 180 BC, the Greco-Bactrians expanded into India, where they established the Indo-Greek Kingdom, under which Buddhism was able to flourish.

Indo-Greek Kingdom and Buddhism (180 BCE – CE 10)

North of Bactria was the Indo-Greek Kingdom, centered approximately around Alexandria Eschate. They controlled various areas of the northern Indian territory until AD 10.

Buddhism prospered under the Indo-Greek kings, and it has been suggested that their invasion of India was intended to protect the Buddhist faith from the religious persecutions of the Shungas (185–73 BC), who had overthrown the Mauryans. Zarmanochegas was a śramana (possibly, but not necessarily a Buddhist) who, according to ancient historians such as Strabo, Cassius Dio, and Nicolaus of Damascus traveled to Antioch and Athens while Augustus (died AD 14) was ruling the Roman Empire.

Coinage
The coins of the Indo-Greek king Menander I (reigned 160–135 BCE), found from Afghanistan to central India, bear the inscription "Saviour King Menander" in Greek on the front. Several Indo-Greek kings after Menander, such as Zoilos I, Strato I, Heliokles II, Theophilos, Peukolaos, Menander II and Archebius display on their coins the title "Maharajasa Dharmika" (lit. "King of the Dharma") in Prakrit written in Kharoshthi.

Some of the coins of Menander I and Menander II incorporate the Buddhist symbol of the eight-spoked wheel, associated with the Greek symbols of victory, either the palm of victory, or the victory wreath handed over by the goddess Nike. According to the Milinda Pañha, at the end of his reign Menander I became a Buddhist arhat, a fact also echoed by Plutarch, who explains that his relics were shared and enshrined.

The ubiquitous symbol of the elephant in Indo-Greek coinage may also have been associated with Buddhism, as suggested by the parallel between coins of Antialcidas and Menander II, where the elephant in the coins of Antialcidas holds the same relationship to Zeus and Nike as the Buddhist wheel on the coins of Menander II. When the Zoroastrian Indo-Parthian Kingdom invaded North India in the 1st century AD, they adopted a large part of the symbolism of Indo-Greek coinage, but refrained from ever using the elephant, suggesting that its meaning was not merely geographical.

Finally, after the reign of Menander I, several Indo-Greek rulers, such as Amyntas Nikator, Nicias, Peukolaos, Hermaeus, Hippostratos and Menander II, depicted themselves or their Greek deities forming with the right hand a benediction gesture identical to the Buddhist vitarka mudra (thumb and index joined together, with other fingers extended), which in Buddhism signifies the transmission of Buddha's teaching.

Cities
According to Ptolemy, Greek cities were founded by the Greco-Bactrians in northern India. Menander established his capital in Sagala (modern Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan) one of the centers of the blossoming Buddhist culture. A large Greek city built by Demetrius and rebuilt by Menander has been excavated at the archaeological site of Sirkap near Taxila, where Buddhist stupas were standing side-by-side with Hindu and Greek temples, indicating religious tolerance and syncretism.

Scriptures
Evidence of direct religious interaction between Greek and Buddhist thought during the period include the Milinda Pañha or "Questions of Menander", a Pali-language discourse in the Platonic style held between Menander I and the Buddhist monk Nagasena.

The Mahavamsa, chapter 29, records that during Menander's reign, a Greek thera (elder monk) named Mahadharmaraksita led 30,000 Buddhist monks from "the Greek city of Alexandria" (possibly Alexandria on the Caucasus, around  north of today's Kabul in Afghanistan), to Sri Lanka for the dedication of a stupa, indicating that Buddhism flourished in Menander's territory and that Greeks took a very active part in it.

Several Buddhist dedications by Greeks in India are recorded, such as that of the Greek meridarch (civil governor of a province) named Theodorus, describing in Kharosthi how he enshrined relics of the Buddha. The inscriptions were found on a vase inside a stupa, dated to the reign of Menander or one of his successors in the 1st century BC. Finally, Buddhist tradition recognizes Menander as one of the great benefactors of the faith, together with Ashoka and Kanishka the Great.

Buddhist manuscripts in cursive Greek have been found in Afghanistan, praising various Buddhas and including mentions of the Mahayana figure of "Lokesvararaja Buddha" (). These manuscripts have been dated later than the 2nd century AD.

Kushan empire (1st–3rd century AD)

The Kushan Empire, one of the five tribes of the Yuezhi, settled in Bactria around 125 BC, displacing the Greco-Bactrians and invading the northern parts of Pakistan and India from around AD 1. By that time they had already been in contact with Greek culture and the Indo-Greek kingdoms for more than a century. They used the Greek script to write their language, as exemplified by their coins and their adoption of the Greek alphabet.

The Kushan King Kanishka, who honored Zoroastrian, Greek and Brahmanic deities as well as the Buddha and was famous for his religious syncretism, convened the Fourth Buddhist council around 100 in Kashmir in order to redact the Sarvastivadin canon. Some of Kanishka's coins bear the earliest representations of the Buddha on a coin (around 120), in Hellenistic style and with the word "Boddo" in Greek script.

Kanishka also had the original Gandhari Prakrit Mahāyāna sūtras translated into Sanskrit, "a turning point in the evolution of the Buddhist literary canon"

The Kanishka casket, dated to the first year of Kanishka's reign in 127, was signed by a Greek artist named Agesilas, who oversaw work at Kanishka's stupas (cetiya), confirming the direct involvement of Greeks with Buddhist realizations at such a late date.

Philosophical influences

Several Greek philosophers, including Pyrrho, Anaxarchus, and Onesicritus accompanied Alexander in his eastern campaigns. During the 18 months they were in India, they were able to interact with Indian philosophers who pursued asceticism, generally described as gymnosophists ("naked philosophers").

Pyrrhonism

Pyrrho returned to Greece and founded Pyrrhonism, considered by modern scholars as the first Western school of skepticism. The Greek biographer Diogenes Laërtius explained that Pyrrho's equanimity and detachment from the world were acquired in India.

Pyrrho was directly influenced by Buddhism in developing his philosophy, which is based on Pyrrho's interpretation of the Buddhist three marks of existence.

Cynicism
Another of these philosophers, Onesicritus, a Cynic, is said by Strabo to have learnt in India the following precepts: "That nothing that happens to a man is bad or good, opinions being merely dreams. ... That the best philosophy [is] that which liberates the mind from [both] pleasure and grief". Cynicism, particularly the Cynic Peregrinus Proteus was further influenced by the tales of the gymnosophists, particularly the examples set by Kalanos, Dandamis, and Zarmanochegas.

Cyrenaicism
The Cyrenaic philosopher Hegesias of Cyrene, from the city of Cyrene where Magas of Cyrene ruled, is thought by some to have been influenced by the teachings of Ashoka's Buddhist missionaries.

Artistic influences

Numerous works of Greco-Buddhist art display the intermixing of Greek and Buddhist influences in such creation centers as Gandhara. The subject matter of Gandharan art was definitely Buddhist, while most motifs were of Western Asiatic or Hellenistic origin.

Anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha

Although there is still some debate, the first anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha himself are often considered a result of the Greco-Buddhist interaction. Before this innovation, Buddhist art was "aniconic": the Buddha was only represented through his symbols (an empty throne, the Bodhi Tree, Buddha footprints, the Dharmachakra).

This reluctance towards anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha, and the sophisticated development of aniconic symbols to avoid it (even in narrative scenes where other human figures would appear), seem to be connected to one of the Buddha's sayings reported in the Digha Nikaya that discouraged representations of himself after the extinction of his body.

Probably not feeling bound by these restrictions, and because of "their cult of form, the Greeks were the first to attempt a sculptural representation of the Buddha". In many parts of the Ancient World, the Greeks did develop syncretic divinities, that could become a common religious focus for populations with different traditions: a well-known example is Serapis, introduced by Ptolemy I Soter in Egypt, who combined aspects of Greek and Egyptian Gods. In India as well, it was only natural for the Greeks to create a single common divinity by combining the image of a Greek god-king (Apollo, or possibly the deified founder of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Demetrius I of Bactria), with the traditional physical characteristics of the Buddha.

Many of the stylistic elements in the representations of the Buddha point to Greek influence: himation, the contrapposto stance of the upright figures, such as the 1st–2nd century Gandhara standing Buddhas, the stylized curly hair and ushnisha apparently derived from the style of the Apollo Belvedere (330 BC) and the measured quality of the faces, all rendered with strong artistic realism. A large quantity of sculptures combining Buddhist and purely Hellenistic styles and iconography were excavated at the modern site of Hadda, Afghanistan. The curly hair of Buddha is described in the famous list of the physical characteristics of the Buddha in the Buddhist sutras. The hair with curls turning to the right is first described in the Pāli canon; we find the same description in the Dāsāṣṭasāhasrikā prajñāpāramitā.

Greek artists were most probably the authors of these early representations of the Buddha, in particular the standing statues, which display "a realistic treatment of the folds and on some even a hint of modelled volume that characterizes the best Greek work. This is Classical or Hellenistic Greek, not archaizing Greek transmitted by Persia or Bactria, nor distinctively Roman."

The Greek stylistic influence on the representation of the Buddha, through its idealistic realism, also permitted a very accessible, understandable and attractive visualization of the ultimate state of enlightenment described by Buddhism, allowing it to reach a wider audience:

During the following centuries, this anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha defined the canon of Buddhist art, but progressively evolved to incorporate more Indian and Asian elements.

Hellenized Buddhist pantheon

Several other Buddhist deities may have been influenced by Greek gods. For example, Heracles with a lion-skin, the protector deity of Demetrius I of Bactria, "served as an artistic model for Vajrapani, a protector of the Buddha". In Japan, this expression further translated into the wrath-filled and muscular Niō guardian gods of the Buddha, standing today at the entrance of many Buddhist temples.

According to Katsumi Tanabe, professor at Chūō University, Japan, besides Vajrapani, Greek influence also appears in several other gods of the Mahayana pantheon such as the Japanese Fūjin, inspired from the Greek divinity Boreas through the Greco-Buddhist Wardo, or the mother deity Hariti inspired by Tyche.

In addition, forms such as garland-bearing cherubs, vine scrolls, and such semihuman creatures as the centaur and triton, are part of the repertory of Hellenistic art introduced by Greco-Roman artists in the service of the Kushan court.

Exchanges

Proselytism in the East

Greek monks played a direct role in the upper hierarchy of Buddhism, and in its early dissemination. During the rule (165–135 BC) of the Greco-Bactrian King Menander I (Pali: "Milinda"),  Mahadharmaraksita (literally translated as 'Great Teacher/Preserver of the Dharma') was "a Greek (Pali: Yona, lit. Ionian) Buddhist head monk," according to the Mahavamsa (Chap. XXIX), who led 30,000 Buddhist monks from "the Greek city of Alasandra" (Alexandria of the Caucasus, around 150 km north of today's Kabul in Afghanistan), to Sri Lanka for the dedication of the Great Stupa in Anuradhapura. Dharmaraksita (Sanskrit), or Dhammarakkhita (Pali) (translation: Protected by the Dharma), was one of the missionaries sent by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka to proselytize the Buddhist faith. He is described as being a Greek (Pali: "Yona", lit. "Ionian") in the Mahavamsa, and his activities are indicative of the strength of the Hellenistic Greek involvement during the formative centuries of Buddhism. Indeed, Menander I was famously converted to Buddhism by Nagasena, who was a student of the Greek Buddhist monk Dharmaraksita. Menander is said to have reached enlightenment as an arhat under Nagasena's guidance and is recorded as a great patron of Buddhism. The dialogue of the Greek King Menander I (Pali "Milinda") with the monk Nagasena comprises the Pali Buddhist work known as the Milinda Panha.

Buddhist monks from the region of Gandhara, where Greco-Buddhism was most influential, later played a key role in the development and the transmission of Buddhist ideas in the direction of northern Asia. Greco-Buddhist Kushan monks such as Lokaksema () travelled to the Chinese capital of Loyang, where they became the first translators of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese. Central Asian and East Asian Buddhist monks appear to have maintained strong exchanges until around the 10th century, as indicated by the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves frescos from the Tarim Basin. In legend too Bodhidharma, the founder of Chán-Buddhism, which later became Zen, and the legendary originator of the physical training of the Shaolin monks that led to the creation of Shaolin Kung Fu, is described as a Buddhist monk from Central Asia in the first Chinese references to him (Yan Xuan-Zhi in 547). Throughout Buddhist art, Bodhidharma is depicted as a rather ill-tempered, profusely bearded and wide-eyed barbarian, and he is referred as "The Blue-Eyed Barbarian" () in Chinese Chan texts. In 485, according to the 7th century Chinese historical treatise Liang Shu, five monks from Gandhara travelled to the country of Fusang ("The country of the extreme East" beyond the sea, probably eastern Japan), where they introduced Buddhism:

Two half-brothers from Gandhara, Asanga and Vasubandhu (4th century), created the Yogacara or "Mind-only" school of Mahayana Buddhism, which through one of its major texts, the Lankavatara Sutra, became a founding block of Mahayana, and particularly Zen, philosophy.

Greco-Buddhism in the West

Intense westward physical exchange at that time along the Silk Road is confirmed by the Roman craze for silk from the 1st century BC to the point that the Senate issued, in vain, several edicts to prohibit the wearing of silk, on economic and moral grounds. This is attested by at least three authors: Strabo (64/63 BC – ), Seneca the Younger ( – AD 65), and Pliny the Elder (AD 23–79). The aforementioned Strabo and Plutarch (–125) also wrote about Indo-Greek Buddhist king Menander, confirming that information about the Indo-Greek Buddhists was circulating throughout the Hellenistic world.

Zarmanochegas (Zarmarus) (Ζαρμανοχηγὰς) was a monk of the Sramana tradition (possibly, but not necessarily a Buddhist) who, according to ancient historians such as Strabo and Dio Cassius, met Nicholas of Damascus in Antioch while Augustus (died AD 14) was ruling the Roman Empire, and shortly thereafter proceeded to Athens where he burnt himself to death. His story and tomb in Athens were well-known over a century later. Plutarch (died AD 120) in his Life of Alexander, after discussing the self-immolation of Calanus of India (Kalanos) witnessed by Alexander writes: "The same thing was done long after by another Indian who came with Caesar to Athens, where they still show you 'the Indian's Monument,'" referring to Zarmanochegas' tomb in Roman Athens.

Another century later the Christian church father Clement of Alexandria (died 215) mentioned Buddha by name in his Stromata (Bk I, Ch XV): "The Indian gymnosophists are also in the number, and the other barbarian philosophers. And of these there are two classes, some of them called Sarmanæ and others Brahmins. And those of the Sarmanæ who are called "Hylobii" neither inhabit cities, nor have roofs over them, but are clothed in the bark of trees, feed on nuts, and drink water in their hands. Like those called Encratites in the present day, they know not marriage nor begetting of children. Some, too, of the Indians obey the precepts of Buddha (Βούττα) whom, on account of his extraordinary sanctity, they have raised to divine honours."

Indian gravestones from the Ptolemaic period have been found in Alexandria in Egypt. The presence of Buddhists in Alexandria at this time is important, since "It was later in this very place that some of the most active centers of Christianity were established".

The pre-Christian monastic order of the Therapeutae is possibly a deformation of the Pāli word "Theravāda", a form of Buddhism, and the movement may have "almost entirely drawn (its) inspiration from the teaching and practices of Buddhist asceticism". They may even have been descendants of Asoka's emissaries to the West. While Philo of Alexandria's description of the doctrines and practices of the Therapeutae leaves great ambiguity about what religion they are associated with, analysis by religious scholar Ullrich R. Kleinhempel indicates that the most likely religion the Therapeutae practiced was Buddhism.

Buddhism and Christianity

Although the philosophical systems of Buddhism and Christianity have evolved in rather different ways, the moral precepts advocated by Buddhism from the time of Ashoka through his edicts do have some similarities with the Christian moral precepts developed more than two centuries later: respect for life, respect for the weak, rejection of violence, pardon to sinners, tolerance.

One theory is that these similarities may indicate the propagation of Buddhist ideals into the Western World, with the Greeks acting as intermediaries and religious syncretists.

Saint Jerome (4th century) mentions the birth of the Buddha, who he says "was born from the side of a virgin," and the influential early Christian church father Clement of Alexandria (died 215) mentioned Buddha (Βούττα) in his Stromata (Bk I, Ch XV). The legend of Christian saints Barlaam and Josaphat draws on the life of the Buddha.

Criticism of the concept
Johanna Hanink has attributed the concept of Greco-Buddhism to a European scholarly inability to accept that natives could have developed "the pleasing proportions and elegant poses of sculptures from ancient Gandhara", citing Michael Falser and arguing that the entire notion of "Buddhist art with a Greek 'essence'" is a colonial imposition that originated during British rule in India.

See also

Gandharan Buddhism
Gandhāran Buddhist texts
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Greco-Buddhist Art
Greco-Buddhist monasticism
Indo-Greek Kingdom
Manicheanism
Milinda Pañha
Nāgasena
Religions of the Indo-Greeks
Silk road transmission of Buddhism
Buddhism in Central Asia
Buddhas of Bamyan
Kushan Empire
Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations
Index of Buddhism-related articles

Notes

Bibliography
 Vassiliades, Demetrios Th. 2016. Greeks and Buddhism. Athens, Indo-Hellenic Society for Culture & Development ELINEPA.
 Alexander the Great: East-West Cultural Contacts from Greece to Japan. Tokyo: NHK Puromōshon and Tokyo National Museum, 2003.
Baums, Stefan. 2012. "Catalog and Revised Texts and Translations of Gandharan Reliquary Inscriptions." In: David Jongeward, Elizabeth Errington, Richard Salomon and Stefan Baums, Gandharan Buddhist Reliquaries, p. 204, Seattle: Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project (Gandharan Studies, Volume 1).
Baums, Stefan, and Andrew Glass. 2002– . Catalog of Gāndhārī Texts, no. CKI 32
 Jerry H. Bentley. Old World Encounters: Cross-cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-modern Times. Oxford–NY: Oxford University Press, 1993.
 John Boardman. The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
 Shravasti Dhammika, trans. The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1993.
 Richard Foltz. Religions of the Silk Road, 2nd edition, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010
 Georgios T. Halkias, "When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures", in Trade and Religions: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West, ed. Volker Rabens. Leiden: Brill, 2013, p. 65–115.

 Robert Linssen. Living Zen. NY: Grove Press, 1958.

 Thomas McEvilley. The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. NY: Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts, 2002.
 William Woodthorpe Tarn. The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951,
 Marian Wenzel. Echoes of Alexander the Great: Silk Route Portraits from Gandhara, foreword by the Dalai Lama. Eklisa Anstalt, 2000.
 Paul Williams. Mahāyāna Buddhism: the Doctrinal Foundations. London–NY: Routledge, 1989.

External links

 UNESCO: Threatened Greco-Buddhist art (archived 29 March 2002)
 Alexander the Great: East-West Cultural contacts from Greece to Japan  (archived 6 March 2012)
 The Hellenistic age (archived 4 February 2014)
 The Kanishka Buddhist coins (archived 17 August 2009)
 Interim period: Mathura as the Vaishnava-Buddhist seat of culture and learning (archived 10 September 2006)

Ancient history of Afghanistan
Ancient history of Pakistan
Buddhist art
Buddhism in Afghanistan
Buddhism in India
Buddhism in Pakistan
Buddhism in the ancient Mediterranean
Buddhist culture
Foreign relations of ancient India
Indo-Greek religions and philosophy
Mahayana
Religious syncretism in Asia

Greco-Buddhism


Huang Hui-chen () née en 1978 à Taïwan est une réalisatrice taïwanaise. Son film Small Talk sorti en 2016, raconte son histoire familiale et ses relations avec sa mère lesbienne.

Biographie
La mère de Huang Hui-chen est lesbienne. Elle ne termine pas l'école primaire, parce qu'enfant elle intègre une troupe du temple Dintao. Elle travaille comme guide de l'âme : rite funéraire et folklorique. À la suite d'une dispute avec sa petite amie, elle se marie avec un homme alcoolique et violent. Elle a deux filles. Huang Hui-chen est l'aînée. À six ans, Huang Hui-chen accompagne sa mère et commence à travailler au temple Dintao. Sa mère quitte précipitamment le domicile  conjugal avec ses deux filles. Elle n'emporte pas les cartes d'enregistrement qui permettent aux enfants de fréquenter l'école. Sa mère supplie les voisins d'emmener ses enfants à l'école pour étudier. Mais comme les filles travaillent dans la troupe du temple trois jours par semaine, elles abandonnent l'école.

À l'âge de onze ans, Huang Hui-chen comprend que sa mère est lesbienne. Les adultes lui disent que c'est une perverse, une malade, une anormale.

En 1998, un réalisateur tourne un documentaire sur le guidage de l'âme. Huang Hui-chen découvre ainsi la caméra vidéo et le documentaire. Elle décide d'en acheter une pour raconter sa propre histoire. The Priestess Walks Alone (我和我的T媽媽) est son premier film. La lettre majuscule « T » dans le titre en chinois fait référence au mot anglais « tomboy », qui se traduit littéralement par « ma mère lesbienne garçon manqué et moi ». Dans la sous-culture LGBT de Taïwan, la lettre « T » est utilisée pour décrire les femmes qui choisissent d'adopter un rôle masculin dans les relations intimes.

Elle réalise également Hospital Wing 8 et Wu Jiang Wants To Go Home, documentaires sur les droits des travailleurs et à la justice en matière de réforme agraire.

En 2012, Huang Hui-chen donne naissance à sa fille. Cela lui permet de se questionner son propre rôle de mère et d'engager par brides des conversations avec sa mère qui n'avait jamais racontée son histoire. Le film Small Talk (日常對話) sort en 2016. Elle présente le film à Berlin en 2017. Il emporte de nombreux prix.

Films

 The Priestess Walks Alone, 1998
 Hospital wing 8 East,
 Wu Jiang Wants To Go Home
 Small Talk, 2016

Notes et références

Liens externes

Réalisatrice taïwanaise
Naissance en 1978

Huang Hui-chen


El Boyero de Appenzell (Appenzeller Sennenhund) es una de las cuatro razas regionales de boyeros de los Alpes suizos.

El nombre Sennenhund hace referencia a los Senn, pastores de los Alpes. Appenzell es una región alpina en el noreste suizo.

Apariencia
El Appenzeller es un perro de montaña de tamaño medio de 47 a 58 cm de altura a la cruz y un peso de 22 a 32 kg. Como otros boyeros, tiene una constitución de moloso con un distintivo manto tricolor. Las orejas son pequeñas y triangulares, altas y colgantes hacia las mejillas.

Cuatro razas de boyeros
Las cuatro razas de boyeros con su traducción son:
 Appenzeller Sennenhund, Appenzeller
 Berner Sennenhund, Boyero de Berna
 Entlebucher Sennenhund, Boyero de Entlebuch
 Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund, Gran Boyero Suizo

Temperamento
Como todas las razas de perro de trabajo grandes y activas, debe socializarse bien desde los primeros momentos con otros perros y personas, así como llevar una actividad y entrenamiento regulares si es que se le quiere tener como mascota. Según el estándar son muy vivos y sospechan de los extraños.

Véase también
 Mastín

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Genética del manto tricolor
 DMOZ links to more information about Appenzeller Sennenhund

Grupo 2 de la FCI
Perros boyeros
Razas caninas poco frecuentes
Razas de perro de Suiza
Perros de montaña
Comunas de Appenzell Rodas Interiores

Boyero de Appenzell


Frano Selak (14. lipnja 1929., Dubrovnik – 30. studenog 2016.) Hrvat je koji je poznat po tome što je navodno više puta izbjegao smrt. Opisuje ga se kao najsretnijeg ili najnesretnijeg čovjeka na svijetu. Uglavnom se govori o njegovim nesrećama iz kasnijeg života, a događaji iz djetinjstva slabije su poznati jer ih je i sam Selak rijetko spominjao.

Rođenje i djetinjstvo
Kako je rekao u jednome intervjuu, kad mu je majka bila u sedmome mjesecu trudnoće, roditelji Frane Selaka odlučili su otići ribati u ribarskome čamcu njegova oca, Martina Selaka. Njegova je majka, Slavica Selak, dobila trudove dok se sa svojim mužem kretala prema otočiću Lokrumu blizu Dubrovnika. Martin Selak prerezao je pupkovinu nožem i novorođeno dijete okupao u moru.

S 11 mjeseci života imao je probleme s crijevima. Liječnici su mislili da će umrijeti, a Slavica Selak skinula mu je košuljicu i otrčala u crkvu. Tamo se za njegov život molila svetoj Maloj Tereziji, a košuljicu su blagoslovili svećenici. Kada se bila vratila u bolnicu, djetetu je obukla košuljicu, a liječnici su mu dali jaku injekciju kalcijeva bromata i Frano Selak preživio je.

S 11 godina gotovo je oslijepio, njegova se majka opet molila istoj svetici, a časne sestre stavljale su mu razne trave na oči. Ozdravio je.

Nesreće
Kao učitelj glazbene kulture često je mijenjao gradove u kojima je radio pa je tako radio i u Modriči u Bosni i Hercegovini. Na izletu u Odžak 1957. godine dogodila se nesreća: u autobusu su ostali samo on i vozač, odlučili su popiti rakije. Na jednom je zavoju autobus nastavio ravno premda je vozač okretao volan udesno. Probili su ogradu i pali u rijeku Bosnu koja je ondje bila plitka pa se nisu utopili. Nije imao nikakvih većih ozljeda.

Sljedeće je godine putovao vlakom Sarajevo – Dubrovnik s majkom jednoga svojega prijatelja. Golema je stijena zbog nevremena pala na tračnice i vlak je iskočio i pao u hladnu rijeku Neretvu. Uspio je izvući sebe i ženu iz vagona, a iz vode su ih izvukli mještani sela Grabovca gdje se nesreća dogodila. Preminulo je 17 putnika.

Kada mu se majka teško razboljela u Rijeci 1962. godine, radio je u Daruvaru i odlučio je zrakoplovom iz Zagreba otići u posjet majci. Sjedio je pokraj vrata za izlaz u slučaju nužde u repu zrakoplova. Tamo je upoznao stjuardesu Roziku s kojom je, ustavši, razgovarao. Stjuardesa je izletjela kroz izlaz za slučaj nužde, a Frano Selak za njom. Ona je pala na stablo gdje su je spasili vojnim helikopterom, a on u plast sijena. Preživio je pad s visine od 800 metara. Nije imao prijelome ni ozbiljnije ozljede. Oni su jedini preživjeli.

Automobil mu se zapalio na autocesti 1972. godine. Uspio je izaći sa spaljenom kosom. Samo se godinu dana kasnije automobil opet zapalio i eksplodirao, ali Selak je uspio izaći prije toga.

Godine 1995. vozio se cestom prema Karlobagu kada ga je tegljač UNPROFOR-a udario. Zapravo se prikolica prepriječila na cesti i udarila u Selakov automobil koji se strovalio u ponor od 150 metara. Pao je u provaliju i eksplodirao, ali, s obzirom na to da nije bio vezan, Selak je ispao iz automobila i ostao visjeti između drveta i stijene.

U lipnju 2002. osvojio je sedam milijuna kuna na lutriji. Novac je djelomično potrošio na sebe, a dobar je dio i podijelio poznanicima.

Umro je s 87 godina.

Izvori

Životopisi, Dubrovnik

Frano Selak


17652 Nepoti este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
17652 Nepoti este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Pianoro de Vittorio Goretti. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,66 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 11,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 17001-18000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

17652 Nepoti


Andrucha Waddington (1 de enero de 1970) es un guionista, productor y director brasileño.

Biografía
Nació el 20 de enero de 1970 en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, hijo de Helenio Waddington y de la psicoanalista ucraniana Irina Popov, quien decidió ponerle un nombre ruso. Es hermano del director de series de televisión, Ricardo Waddington, de la directora de cine Tatiana Junod y el director de televisión y publicidad Viktor Junod.Se casó con Kiti Duarte, madre de dos de sus hijos, João, 1992 y Pedro, 1994 y luego, en 1997 con la actriz Fernanda Torres, con quien tuvo Joaquim, 2000, y Antonio, 2008.

A los 18 años conoció el mundo del cine como asistente de producción en Freedom in the Fields of the Lord, de Hector Babenco, dirigió sobre 200 anuncios de televisión antes de introducirse en el en 1998
Es socio de Conspiração Filmes, junto con su cuñado Claudio Torres, fue el director creativo de la Ceremonia de Apertura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Río 2016 junto a Fernando Meirelles y Daniela Thomas , ha dirigido varios espectáculos musicales de grandes artistas brasileños, Arnaldo Antunes, Gilberto Gil y Paralamas y videoclips premiados, de Caetano Veloso, Marina Lima, Paralamas do Sucesso, Djavan y Skank.

Filmografía
 Os Paralamas em Close Up (1998)
 Gêmeas (1999)
 Eu Tu Eles (2000)
 Viva Sao Joao (2002)
 Outros (Doces) Bárbaros (2002)
 Os Paralamas do Sucesso-Longo Caminho (2002)
 Casa de Areia (2005)
 Maria Bethania-Pedrinha de Aruanda (2007)
 Retrato celular (2007)
 Arnaldo Antunes-Ao Vivo Lá em Casa (2010)
 Lope (2010)

Series
 Sob Pressão, (2017)
 André Midani (2015)

Premios y distinciones

Festival Internacional de Cine de Cannes

 2 Nominaciones en el Grande Premio Cinema Brasil al mejor director, por Eu Tu Eles y por Casa de Areia
 Nominación al mejor documentalista en el Grande Premio Cinema Brasil por Viva Sao Joao (2002)
 Premio al mejor film en el Festival Internacional del Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano de La Habana 2000, por Eu Tu Eles
 Mejor film y premio de la crítica en el Festival Internacional de Cine de Cartagena (2000), por Eu Tu Eles
 Premio al mejor director en el Festival del Audiovisual-Cine PE (2002), por Viva Sao Joao (2002)

Referencias

Directores de cine de Brasil

Andrucha Waddington


Vejen er lang - om Kvindebevægelsens historie er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2016 instrueret af Mette Knudsen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
I 2015 er det 100 år siden, danske kvinder opnåede stemmeret. Inspireret af datoen stiller filmen skarpt på kvindebevægelserne i Danmark fra blåstrømper og rødstrømper til queer-feminister og nutidens unge kvinder og mænd.
Der løber en rød tråd mellem det 19. og det 20. århundredes to store kvindebevægelser. Begge kæmper for at opnå formelle rettigheder og for at få retten over deres egen krop. Begge opstår i kølvandet på lignende oprør andre steder i verden. Og begge starter som en lille håndfuld aktivister, der ender med at rejse landsdækkende bevægelser, som skelsættende og for altid ændrer en hel befolknings livsbetingelser juridisk, økonomisk og seksuelt.
Dette er også en personlig film, hvor instruktøren Mette Knudsen 40 år efter begivenhederne sætter den Rødstrømpebevægelse, som hun selv var en del af, ind i et større og nutidigt perspektiv ved at trække 100 års kvindehistorie frem og ved at undersøge, hvor unge kvinder og mænd i dag er på vej hen. Er vi i mål? Eller hvor er vi på vej hen?

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2016