Uwe Klöckner-Draga (* 14. Februar 1963) ist ein deutscher Autor, Theaterregisseur und Schauspieler.

Biografie
Mit 14 Jahren stand Uwe Klöckner-Draga erstmals in Düsseldorf auf einer Bühne: "Orpheus in der Unterwelt" von Jacques Offenbach, an der Seite von Hanne Wieder, in der Deutschen Oper am Rhein. Regie führte Bohumil Herlischka. Nach der Schauspielausbildung folgten Stationen an vielen Theatern und Fernsehsendern. Mit dem Regisseur Rainer Werner Fassbinder arbeitete er Anfang der 80er-Jahre an einem Filmexposé, was den Beginn von Klöckner-Dragas journalistischer Tätigkeit markierte. Schwerpunkt seines Schreibens sind Film- und Theatergeschichte und Politik. Bekannt geworden ist er durch die Biographie über Lilian Harvey.
2006 erschien sein Buch über die Reinhardschülerin Renate Müller "Renate Müller – Ihr Leben, ein Drahtseilakt. Ein deutscher Filmstar, der keinen Juden lieben durfte".
Er lebte in Düsseldorf, München, Hamburg, Paris und Amerika und lebt nun in Berlin.

Literatur (Auswahl)
 "Wirf weg, damit du nicht verlierst…" Lilian Harvey – Biographie eines Filmstars. Edition q, Berlin 1999 ISBN 3-86124-500-0
 "Renate Müller – Ihr Leben ein Drahtseilakt" Ein deutscher Filmstar, der keinen Juden lieben durfte. Verlag Kern, 2006 ISBN 3-939478-01-6
 "Rätselhaft und tragisch"-  Vor 100 Jahren wurde der Ufa-Star Sybille Schmitz geboren in: Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung (PAZ), Hamburg Nr. 48, 28. November 2009
 "Marianne Hoppe"-  Vor 100 Jahren wurde die Grande-Dame des deutschen Theaters geboren in: Theater-pur, Magazin für NRW, Juni 2009
 "Charakterdarsteller mit exotischem Image" – Vor 60 Jahren starb der große ostpreußische Schauspieler Paul Wegener in: Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung (PAZ), Hamburg Nr. 37, 13. September 2008

Autor
Theaterregisseur
Theaterschauspieler
Deutscher
Geboren 1963
Mann

Uwe Klöckner-Draga


Karapınar, Samsun ilinin Kavak ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 59 km, Kavak ilçesine 9 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Kavak'ın mahalleleri

Karapınar, Kavak


Dumitru Dogaru () a fost un intelectual român cunoscut în epocă pentru activitatea sa în cadrul învățământului muncitoresc (1943-1948) și în domeniul relațiilor dintre stat și cultele religioase din România (1949-1975).

Biografie
Dumitru Dogaru s-a născut la 26 octombrie 1907 în satul Dobrotinet, comuna Curtișoara, județul Olt, din părinții Petru și Gheorghița, agricultori. În scurta lui viață, Petru (1884-1911) a fost notar în satul Perieți (Olt). Bunicul matern, Florea Ionescu, rămas în memoria satului ca Florea Sergentul, a fost ales primar al satului la întoarcerea din Războiul de Independență. El este cel care, prin sfatul său de a continua școala pentru care dovedeau înclinare, a determinat drumul vieții lui Dumitru și al fratelui său, Constantin. Date fiind posibilitățile materiale limitate ale mamei sale, după terminarea școlii primare în Dobrotinet, Dumitru Dogaru s-a îndreptat spre Școala Normală de Băieți din orașul Slatina, unde a fost admis prin concurs și pe care a absolvit-o în anul 1927.

A lucrat apoi ca învățător în satele Cernatul de Jos (1927-1930) și Micfalău (1930-1932) din județul Trei Scaune. În același timp și-a pregătit și susținut bacalaureatul la București, în 1931, beneficiind de o bursă.

Ca student la Facultatea de Filosofie și Litere a Universității din București (1932-1936) a participat la echipele regale studențești: în vara anului 1934 în satul Năpădeni și în vara anului 1935 în satul Dodești, unde a fost conducătorul echipei. Articolul scris de el, "Năpădeni, un sat de mazili din codru", a fost citat peste ani.

Încurajat de profesorul Dimitrie Gusti, a început să colaboreze la Fundația Regală înainte de terminarea studiilor. A publicat recenzii și cronici în revista Sociologie Românească la care a fost secretar de redacție (1938/1939).

După susținerea examenului de capacitate în 1937 la Iași a ocupat un post de profesor suplinitor cu capacitate la catedra de filozofie-drept a Liceului Internat de Băieți din Buftea și în paralel a lucrat la Fundația Regală. În toamna anului 1938 a fost detașat de la Fundația Regală la Școala normală de Pregătire Socială din satul Grădiștea-Vlașca, în cadrul căreia a funcționat o școală de pregătire a conducătorilor de cămine culturale în cadrul Serviciului Social. A activat ca profesor și director al acestei școli până la revenirea la București în toamna anului 1940.

În București a predat la Școala de Ucenici Industriali nr. 11 (1940-1944) și la Liceul de băieți "Constantin Brâncoveanu". În cadrul învățământului muncitoresc din Ministerul Muncii a ocupat funcția de inspector (1943-1944) și apoi de director (1944-1949) al Direcției pregătirii profesionale a Învățământului muncitoresc și căminelor de ucenici. S-a înscris în PCR în 1945.

În 1949 a fost transferat la Ministerul Cultelor, unde, până în 1957, a fost directorul Direcției de Studii și Documentare. În 1957, an în care Ministerul Cultelor s-a transformat în Departamentul Cultelor de pe lângă Consiliul de Miniștri, i s-a încredințat conducerea acestei instituții mai întâi ca secretar general (1957-1970) și apoi ca președinte (1970-1975). În paralel, a fost încadrat (1949-1959) la Institutul de Psihologie al Academiei R.P.R.

Soția lui a fost Elena-Rada (1916-2005), născută Alexandrescu. Licențiată în litere și filozofie (1933-1937), a fost profesoară la mai multe școli din București printre care Liceul Moteanu pe care îl absolvise în 1933, Școala Pedagogică de Educatoare și Școala Generală de 8 ani nr. 119 (fostă Enăchiță Văcărescu).

Cele două fiice, Viorica (căsătorită Florescu) și Doina (căsătorită Olteanu), au absolvit Facultatea de Fizică a Universității din București.

Abil în relațiile cu reprezentanții cultelor religioase, s-a bucurat de prestigiu în lumea lor. Cu înțelepciune și mult tact, a reușit să evite conflicte, să dezarmorseze situații dificile apărute în relațiile dintre stat și numeroasele culte din țară.

Note

Nașteri în 1907
Decese în 1993
Oameni din județul Olt
Învățători și profesori români
Absolvenți ai Facultății de Litere din București
Membri ai Partidului Comunist Român
Români din secolul al XX-lea
Directori de instituții culturale

Dumitru Dogaru


Şapçı, Balıkesir ilinin Sındırgı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Balıkesir il merkezine 97 km, Sındırgı ilçesine 38 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
Yerelnet

Sındırgı'nın mahalleleri

Şapçı, Sındırgı


Obrenovci su naseljeno mjesto u gradu Zenici, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Nalaze se na obali rječice Kočeve.

Stanovništvo

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 659

 Muslimani - 496 (75,27%)
 Hrvati - 135 (20,49%)
 Srbi - 15 (2,28%)
 Jugoslaveni - 11 (1,66%)
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 2 (0,30%)

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 536

 Bošnjaci - 508 (94,78%)
 Hrvati - 15 (2,80%)
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 13 (2,43%)

Izvori

Naselja u Zeničko-dobojskoj županiji
Zenica

Obrenovci


Nipitphon Puangpuapech (Thai: ; * 31. Mai 1991) ist ein thailändischer Badmintonspieler.

Karriere
Nipitphon Puangpuapech siegte 2010 bei den Laos International im Herrendoppel mit Patipat Chalardchaleam. Bei den Südostasienspielen ein Jahr später gewannen beide Bronze im Doppel sowie ebenfalls Bronze mit dem Herrenteam.

Sportliche Erfolge

Weblinks

Badmintonspieler (Thailand)
Teilnehmer an den Asienspielen (Thailand)
Teilnehmer an den Südostasienspielen (Thailand)
Universiadeteilnehmer (Thailand)
Teilnehmer der Sommer-Universiade 2015
Thailändischer Meister (Badminton)
Thailänder
Geboren 1991
Mann

Nipitphon Puangpuapech


حق النقض أو الفيتو  وهي كلمة لاتينية تعني «أنا أمنع». هو حق (يستخدمه مسؤول ما في الدولة على سبيل المثال) من أجل إيقاف عمل رسمي من طرفٍ واحد. يمكن أن يكون حق الفيتو (النقض) مطلقًا، على سبيل المثال في مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة، الذي يمكن لأعضائه الدائمين (الصين وفرنسا وروسيا والمملكة المتحدة والولايات المتحدة) أن يحجبوا أي قرار، أو يمكن أن يكون محدودًا، كما هو الحال في عملية تشريعية في الولايات المتحدة، حيث تصويت الثلثين في كل من مجلس النواب ومجلس الشيوخ قد يتجاوز الفيتو الرئاسي للتشريعات. قد يمنح حق النقض السلطة فقط لوقف التغييرات (وبالتالي السماح لحاملها بحماية الوضع الراهن)، مثل الفيتو التشريعي الأمريكي المذكور من قبل، أو اعتمادها أيضًا («حق النقض التعديلي»)، كـ الفيتو التشريعي للرئيس الهندي على سبيل المثال. والذي يسمح له باقتراح تعديلات على مشاريع القوانين التي يتم إرجاعها إلى البرلمان لإعادة النظر فيها.

نشأ مفهوم هيئة حق الفيتو (النقض) مع القناصل والمدراس الرومانية. يمكن لأي قنصل الذي يشغل منصبه في سنة معينة أن يُعوِق أي قرار عسكري أو مدني من قبل الطرف الآخر؛ أي أنه من المحظيات أن يكون لديه السلطة لعرقلة التشريعات التي أقرها مجلس الشيوخ الروماني من جانب واحد «جانبه».

الأمم المتحدة
في مجلس الأمن بالأمم المتحدة، والدول الخمس الدائمة العضوية (الولايات المتحدة، وروسيا الاتحادية، وجمهورية الصين الشعبية، وفرنسا والمملكة المتحدة) تتمتع بحق النقض في المسائل الموضوعية، ولكن ليس في مسائل إجرائية. إذا كان أي من هذه البلدان صوتًا ضد الاقتراح، فهو مرفوض، حتى لو كان كل من البلدان الأخرى الأعضاء في التصويت لصالحه. هذا الحكم تم تصميمه لضمان أن المجلس لا يمكن أن تستخدم للتفويض بعمل عسكري دون موافقة جميع الدول الخمس، القوى العظمى اليوم؛ كانت هناك مخاوف واضحة إلى أن عدم الحصول على موافقة من هذا القبيل من شأنه أن يسمح للسلطات للإساءة لمجلس السلطة لتأذن باتخاذ إجراءات شرطيّة على حساب آخر. المبدأ يتضح من الحرب الكورية، التي مقاطعته للمجلس من قبل الاتحاد السوفياتي يسمح قرار مجلس الأمن رقم 82 لتمرير وبدأت الحرب أن تكون مخالفة لذلك من مصلحة السلطة.

أنظمة وستمنستر

في أنظمة وستمنستر ومعظم الملكيات الدستورية، فإن سلطة الاعتراض على التشريع من خلال حجب الموافقة الملكية هي قوة احتياط نادرًا ما تستخدم للوحدة. من الناحية العملية، تتبع الملكة اتفاقية ممارسة صلاحياتها بناء على نصيحة رئيسها الاستشاري، رئيس الوزراء.

أستراليا

منذ قانون وستمنستر (1931)، لا يجوز لبرلمان المملكة المتحدة إلغاء أي قانون من برلمان كومنولث أستراليا على أساس مخالف لقوانين ومصالح المملكة المتحدة. كذلك تتأثر بلدان أخرى في رابطة الدول، مثل كندا ونيوزيلندا. ومع ذلك، وفقًا للدستور الأسترالي (الفصل 59)، يجوز للملكة نقض مشروع قانون تم منحه الموافقة الملكية من قبل الحاكم العام في غضون عام واحد من التشريع الذي تم الموافقة عليه. هذه القوة لم تستخدم أبدًا. يحق للحاكم العام الأسترالي نفسه، من الناحية النظرية، استخدام حق الفيتو (النقض)، أو من الناحية الفنية، الموافقة على مشروع قانون مُرِر من قبل مجلسي البرلمان الأسترالي، وخلافًا لنصيحة رئيس الوزراء. ويمكن القيام بذلك دون التشاور مع السيادة وفقا للمادة 58 من الدستور:

ومع ذلك، فإن هذه السلطة الاحتياطية قابلة للنقاش من الناحية الدستورية، ومن الصعب التنبؤ بمتطلب ممارسة مثل هذه السلطة. من الممكن أن الحاكم العام قد يتصرف هكذا إذا كان مشروع القانون الذي أقره البرلمان في انتهاك للدستور. قد يجادل المرء، مع ذلك، أنه من غير المحتمل أن تقدم الحكومة مشروع قانون يكون منفتحًا جدًا على الرفض. العديد من سلطات الاحتياط الخاصة بالنائب لم يتم اختبارها، بسبب التاريخ الدستوري القصير لكومنولث أستراليا، ومراعاة الاتفاقية التي يقوم بها رئيس الدولة بناءً على نصيحة رئيس وزرائه. ويمكن استخدام القوة أيضًا في وضع يمرر فيه البرلمان، عادة برلمان معلق، مشروع قانون دون موافقة السلطة التنفيذية. يمكن للحاكم العام بناء على نصيحة من السلطة التنفيذية حجب الموافقة من مشروع القانون وبالتالي منع تمريره إلى قانون.

فيما يتعلق بالحكام الستة للولايات التي تتواجد في إطار الكومنولث الأسترالي، هناك حالة مختلفة إلى حدٍ ما. حتى صدور قانون أستراليا عام 1986، كانت كل ولاية تعتمد دستوريًا على الملك البريطاني مباشرة. ومع ذلك، فهي منذ عام 1986 كيانات مستقلة بالكامل، على الرغم من أن الملكة ما زالت تعين حكامًا بناء على نصيحة رئيس حكومة الولاية، رئيس الوزراء. لذا فإن الملك لا يحق له نقض (ولا نقض البرلمان البريطاني) أي فعل من حاكم الولاية أو الهيئة التشريعية للولاية. من عجيب المفارقات أن الولايات أكثر استقلالية عن التاج من الحكومة الفيدرالية والتشريعية. تحدد دساتير الولايات الدور الذي يلعبه المحافظ. بشكل عام، يمارس الحاكم الصلاحيات التي يتمتع بها الحاكم، بما في ذلك سلطة حجب الموافقة الملكية.

المملكة المتحدة

في المملكة المتحدة، تمت ممارسة الفيتو الملكي («حجب الموافقة الملكية») في عام 1708 من قبل الملكة آن مع الميليشيا الاسكتلندية بيل 1708.

كان مجلس اللوردات يتمتع بسلطة فعالة من الفيتو عن طريق رفض الموافقة على مشاريع قوانين اعتمدها مجلس العموم. ومع ذلك، فإن الإصلاح أولاً من قبل حكومة ليبرالية ثم من قبل حكومة حزب العمال قد حد من سلطاتها. خفضت قوانين البرلمان لعامي 1911 و 1949 صلاحياتها: لا يمكنهم الآن سوى تعديل التشريعات وتأخيرها. يمكنهم تأجيل التشريعات لمدة تصل إلى عام واحد. وبموجب قانون عام 1911، لا يمكن تأجيل فواتير المال (المتعلقة بالتمويل)، وبموجب اتفاقية سالزبوري، لا يستطيع اللوردات، بموجب الاتفاقية، تأخير أي مشاريع قوانين ترد في بيان الحزب الحاكم.

كندا

وفقاً لقانون الدستور لعام 1867، يجوز للملكة في الاستشارة (من الناحية العملية مجلس وزراء المملكة المتحدة) أن توعز للحاكم العام بحجب موافقة الملكة، مما يسمح للسنتين ذات السيادة بعدم قبول مشروع القانون، وبالتالي استخدام حق الفيتو ضد القانون المعني. تم استخدام هذا آخر مرة في عام 1873، وتم إبطال السلطة فعليًا بموجب إعلان بلفور لعام 1926.

يمكن لقادة الأوساط في المحافظات، الذين يطلق عليهم اسم «الحكام الملازمين»، أن يحتفظوا بالموافقة الملكية على مشاريع قوانين المقاطعات للنظر فيها وإمكانية عدم موافقة مجلس الوزراء الاتحادي؛ تم استدعاء هذا الشرط آخر مرة في عام 1961 من قبل اللفتنانت حاكم ساسكاتشيوان.

الهند

في الهند، الرئيس لديه ثلاث سلطات حق الفيتو؛ مطلق، تعليق وجيب. يمكن للرئيس أن يعيد مشروع القانون إلى البرلمان لإجراء تغييرات، وهو ما يشكل فيتو محدود يمكن تجاوزه بأغلبية بسيطة. لكن مشروع القانون الذي أعيد النظر فيه من قبل البرلمان أصبح قانونًا مع أو بدون موافقة الرئيس بعد 14 يومًا. كما لا يستطيع الرئيس اتخاذ أي إجراء إلى أجل غير مسمى بشأن مشروع قانون، يشار إليه أحيانًا على أنه حق فيتو الجيب. يمكن للرئيس أن يرفض الموافقة، والتي تشكل حق الفيتو المطلق.

الولايات المتحدة

يتم تقديم تشريع مقترح (مشروع قانون) يتم تمريره من قبل مجلسي الكونغرس إلى الرئيس، بصفته رئيسًا للحكومة.

إذا وافق الرئيس على مشروع القانون، فإنه يوقع عليه كقانون. وفقًا للمادة 1. أما المادة 7 من الدستور، إذا لم يوافق الرئيس على مشروع القانون ويختار عدم التوقيع، فيجوز له أن يعيده دون توقيعه، في غضون عشرة أيام، باستثناء أيام الأحد، إلى مجلس الكونغرس الأمريكي. التي نُشِأت فيها، في حين أن الكونغرس في الدورة. مطلوب من الرئيس دستوريًا أن يعلن عن أي اعتراضات على مشروع القانون خطيًا، ويطلب من الكونغرس النظر فيها، وإعادة النظر في التشريع. إعادة إصدار الفاتورة غير الموقعة إلى الكونغرس تشكل حق الفيتو (النقض).

إذا تجاوز الكونغرس حق النقض بنسبة الثلثين في كل مجلس، فإنه يصبح قانونًا دون توقيع الرئيس. خلاف ذلك، فشل القانون في أن يصبح قانونًا ما لم يتم تقديمه إلى الرئيس مرة أخرى ويختار الرئيس توقيعه. تاريخيًا، يتجاوز الكونغرس الفيتو الرئاسي 7 ٪ من الوقت.

ويصبح مشروع القانون قانونًا دون توقيع الرئيس إذا لم يوقع عليه في غضون الأيام العشرة المحددة، ما لم يتبقى أقل من عشرة أيام في الجلسة قبل أن يتأجل الكونغرس. إذا تأجل الكونغرس قبل مرور الأيام العشرة التي قد يكون الرئيس قد وقع فيها على مشروع القانون، فحينئذٍ يخفق مشروع القانون في أن يصبح قانونًا. هذا الإجراء، عندما يستخدم رسميًا، يسمى فيتو الجيب.

الأنظمة الجمهورية الأوروبية
الجمهوريات البرلمانية في أوروبا، بما في ذلك إيطاليا والبرتغال وجمهورية أيرلندا وفرنسا ولاتفيا، غالبًا ما تسمح بشيء من أشكال الفيتو الرئاسي على التشريعات، والتي قد تختلف، وفقًا لشكلها الدستوري أو بالاتفاقية.

رئيس آيسلندا يمكن أن يرفض التوقيع على مشروع القانون الذي وضِعَ بعد ذلك إلى الاقتراع العام للراشدين.

رئيسة جمهورية أيرلندا يمكن أن ترفض منح الموافقة على مشروع قانون ينص على أنه / أنها تعتبره غير دستوري، بناء على مشورة مجلس الدولة، في هذه الحالة مشروع القانون المشار إليه المحكمة العليا في أيرلندا، والذي يحدد في نهاية المطاف في هذه المسألة.

رئيس جمهورية إيطاليا، يمكن طلب المداولة الثانية لمشروع قانون أقره البرلمان قبل صدوره. هذا ضعيف جدًا، شكل من أشكال الاعتراض، كما يمكن للبرلمان تخطي حق النقض بالأغلبية العادية. والحكم نفسه موجود في فرنسا ولاتفيا. في حين أن مثل هذا لا يمكن أن يقتصر حق الفيتو (النقض) إحباط إرادة الأغلبية البرلمانية، فإنه قد يكون له تأثير تأخير، ويمكن أن يتسبب في أغلبية برلمانية لإعادة النظر في هذه المسألة.

رئيس البرتغال يمكن أن يرفض التوقيع على مشروع القانون وإعادته إلى البرلمان مع مقترحاته. إذا كان البرلمان يوافق على هذه المقترحات ينبغي للرئيس أن يوقع على مشروع القانون. البرلمان يستطيع إلغاء حق الفيتو من 2 / 3 الأغلبية.

رئيس لاتفيا قد يُعلق على مشروع قانون لمدة شهرين، وخلالها يمكن أن يشار إلى الشعب في استفتاء إذا كان هناك عدد معين من التوقيعات التي تم جمعها. هذا هو ربما شكل أقوى بكثير من استخدام حق الفيتو، كما أنه يتيح للرئيس لمناشدة الشعب ضد رغبة البرلمان والحكومة.

رئيس جمهورية أوكرانيا، يجوز له رفض التوقيع على مشروع قانون وإعادته إلى البرلمان مع مقترحاته. إذا وافق البرلمان على مقترحاته، يجب على الرئيس توقيع مشروع القانون. قد يلغي البرلمان الفيتو بأغلبية الثلثين. إذا قام البرلمان بإلغاء حق الفيتو، يجب على الرئيس توقيع الفاتورة في غضون 10 أيام.

حق الفيتو الحر

في الدستور الليتواني البولندي أو الكومنولث البولندي الليتواني في القرنين السابع عشر والثامن عشر، كانت هناك مؤسسة تسمى حق الفيتو الليبرالي. كان على جميع مشاريع القوانين أن تمر إلى «مجلس النواب» أو «البرلمان» بموافقة إجماعية، وإذا تم التصويت على أي مشروع، فإن هذا لا يعترض على مشروع القانون هذا فحسب، بل تحلّ أيضًا هذه الجلسة التشريعية نفسها. فإن الاستخدام المتكرر لحق الفيتو هذا شلّ سلطة السلطة التشريعية، وأدى إلى تضافر سلسلة من الملوك، أدى في نهاية المطاف إلى تقسيم الدولة البولندية وحلها في أواخر القرن الثامن عشر.

انظر أيضًا
 حق الفيتو في مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة
 القانون العادي

مراجع

حق النقض
عبارات قانونية لاتينية
قانون دولي
كلمات وعبارات لاتينية

حق الفيتو


Telgárt este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Brezno din regiunea Banská Bystrica, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.532 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Telgárt este atestată documentar din 1326.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Telgárt


Sheep! er en film instrueret af Nicole Gallagher, Marie M. Tørslev.

Handling
Et rebelsk får søger hævn over en uopmærksom ulv. Selvom han er godt forberedt på at kæmpe, så er det et meget farlig foretagende at ændre på fødekædens naturlige orden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2009

Animationsfilm fra Danmark

Sheep!


São Miguel de Carreiras Portekiz'de Vila Verde belediyesine bağlı olan, 1,85 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 623 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Vila Verde'nin bucakları

São Miguel de Carreiras


Rokia Traoré, née le 21 mai 1955 à Fourou, est une femme politique malienne.

Carrière
Rokia Traoré est élue députée à l'Assemblée nationale dans la circonscription de Sikasso aux élections législatives maliennes de 2013, sous les couleurs du Rassemblement pour le Mali. Elle ne se représente pas aux élections législatives maliennes de 2020.

Références

Député malien
Femme politique malienne
Personnalité du Rassemblement pour le Mali
Naissance en mai 1955
Naissance dans la région de Sikasso

Rokia Traoré (femme politique)


بيرنارد ديتز  من مواليد 22 مارس 1948 ، لاعب كرة قدم ألماني سابق.

لعب مع منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من هام (مدينة)
رياضيون من هام (مدينة)
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الألماني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو إم إس فاو دويسبورغ
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1976
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1980
لاعبو شالكه 04
لاعبو كأس العالم 1978
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمانيون غربيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون غربيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من شمال الراين-وستفاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم من هام (مدينة)
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا بي لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مدربو روت فايس آهلن
مدربو كرة قدم ألمان
مدربو كرة قدم ألمانيون غربيون
مدربو نادي بوخوم
مدربو نادي دويسبورغ
مواليد 1948
مواليد في هام (مدينة)

بيرنارد ديتز


سليمان خالد يوسف المطوع، نائب سابق في مجلس الأمة الكويتي، وهو والد الدكتور مروان سليمان المطوع الذي شارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1999 وخسر.
خاض انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1963 في الدائرة الثامنة، وحصل على 684 صوت وحل المركز الثالث وفاز بالانتخابات ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1967 في الدائرة الثامنة، وحصل على 207 أصوات وحل بالمركز السابع وخسر بالانتخابات ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1971 في الدائرة الثامنة، وحصل على 418 صوت وحل بالمركز السادس وخسر بالانتخابات ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1975 في الدائرة الثامنة، وحصل على 608 أصوات وحل بالمركز السابع وخسر بالانتخابات. كما يعتبر سليمان المطوع أول من زاول مهنه المحامه في دولة الكويت فقد كان رئيس جمعيه المحامين الكويتية التي تأسست في سنه 1963 واستمر حتى سنه 1983 كما ترأس المكتبين الدائمين لاتحاد المحامين العرب سنه 1965,1970 وكان من مؤسسين جمعيه الهلال الأحمر الكويتي ونادى السالميه الرياضى الكويتي

مراجع

الهلال الأحمر الكويتي

أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1963
محامون كويتيون

سليمان خالد المطوع


Rachel Sweet (born July 28, 1962) is an American singer, television writer and actress.

Biography
Born in Akron, Ohio,  Sweet began her singing career at the age of three, when she won an electric garage door opener in a local talent contest after singing "I'm a Little Dutch Girl." She began recording commercials at the age of six, toured with Mickey Rooney, and performed in Las Vegas as the opening act for Bill Cosby at the age of 12. She began recording country music in 1974, but with little success beyond one minor  hit. Switching to rock and roll, she signed to Stiff Records and released her first album, Fool Around, in 1978, dropping out of high school to concentrate on her career, although she was still required to devote time to her studies. Sweet was backed by The Records on the Stiff Records tour in 1978. The album was a critical success, but sales were poor, although she did have some success with the single "B-A-B-Y" (a cover of the 1966 Carla Thomas song), which was a top-40 hit in the UK. The record label generated some controversy by pushing a Lolita-like image for her. Her follow-up album, Protect the Innocent, produced by Martin Rushent and Alan Winstanley, was largely ignored by the public and the music press, although it was popular with her fans and launched a well-received North American tour in 1980 with her band The Toys. She signed to Columbia Records in 1981, releasing the album ... And Then He Kissed Me and its hit single "Everlasting Love", a duet with Rex Smith. The album also includes "Shadows of the Night," later a hit for Pat Benatar.

Sweet released only one more album, 1982's Blame It on Love, which featured the song "Voo Doo". The video for the song was played on MTV, and she performed the song on the musical TV show Solid Gold. An album she recorded tracks for in 1982-83 remains unreleased.

Sweet resumed her education via correspondence courses and graduated from Columbia University with a degree in French and English Literature in 1988. She returned to music sporadically as she focused on her education, co-writing and recording the title song for John Waters' film Hairspray, and several songs for Waters' musical film Cry-Baby.

In 1992, Rhino Records released Fool Around: The Best of Rachel Sweet. The CD compilation includes all of her first album, Fool Around, as well as tracks from her other three albums and the theme from Hairspray.

Sweet owned Madonna's former home, Los Pavoreales, selling it in 2010.

Sweet married television writer and producer Tom Palmer in 1997 and has two children.

Film and television
In 1982, Sweet had a starring role in the low-budget musical film Rock 'n' Roll Hotel, which also featured Judd Nelson and was filmed in Richmond, Virginia, at the then-inoperative Jefferson Hotel. Shooting in Richmond with local extras began in October 1982 and was halted abruptly in December. The film's original 3D version, with scenes in the style of early MTV music videos, received only two screenings in 1983, in Los Angeles and New York. It was never released theatrically, even after it was eventually re-cut and completed in 1986 under the supervision of Sweet's father, Dick.

Sweet also appeared in the 1989 musical film Sing, performing "Life Ain't Worth Living (When You're Dead)". The song does not appear on the soundtrack album, although Columbia did release it as the B-side of Paul Carrack and Terri Nunn's soundtrack single "Romance (Love Theme from "Sing").

In 1989 and 1990, Sweet hosted a show on The Comedy Channel (forerunner of Comedy Central) called The Sweet Life, which also featured Jon Stewart. Her recording of the theme song to the Nickelodeon series Clarissa Explains It All was a reworking of the theme song from The Sweet Life; and she provided vocals for songs in the Barbie animated series.

Sweet had a cameo as George Costanza's cousin in a 1992 episode of Seinfeld titled "The Contest", and played a waitress in the 1994 film comedy All Tied Up. Focusing on a writing and producing career in television since the late 1990s, she has been a writer and/or executive producer on series including Dharma & Greg, Commando Nanny, George Lopez, Hot in Cleveland, 2 Broke Girls, The Single Guy and The Goldbergs.

Discography

Albums
 Fool Around (1978), Stiff - US No. 97
 Protect the Innocent (1980), Stiff - US No. 123
 ... And Then He Kissed Me (1981), Columbia - US No. 124
Blame It on Love (1982), Columbia
Alive in America (2022), Renaissance Records (recorded 1980, with The Toys)

Compilation albums
 B.A.B.Y. - the Best of Rachel Sweet (1978), Stiff
 Fool Around: The Best of Rachel Sweet (1992), Rhino
 ...And Then He Kissed Me / Blame It On Love (2005), Sony
 Baby: Complete Stiff Recordings 1978 - 1980 (2014), RPM Records UK

Singles
 "Any Port in a Storm" (1976), Derrick
 "Paper Airplane" (1976), Derrick
 "The Ballad of Mable Ruth Miller and John Wesley Pritchett" (1976), Derrick
 "B-A-B-Y" (1978), Stiff - UK No. 35, AUS #47
 "Stranger in the House" (1978), Stiff-Columbia
 "Baby Let's Play House" (1979), Stiff
 "I Go to Pieces" (1979), Stiff, AUS #36
 "Tonight" (1980), Stiff
 "Spellbound" (1980), Stiff, US #107
 "Fool's Gold" (1980), Stiff
 "Lover's Lane" (1980), Stiff/Columbia
 "Everlasting Love" (1981), Columbia - with Rex Smith, US No. 32 UK No. 35, AUS #41
 "Then He Kissed Me - Be My Baby" (1981), CBS, AUS #55
 "Shadows Of The Night" (1981), CBS
 "Voo Doo" (1982), Columbia - US No. 72
 "Hairspray" (1988), MCA

References

External links

1962 births
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American women singers
Actresses from Akron, Ohio
American country singer-songwriters
American women country singers
American film actresses
American women pop singers
American television actresses
Television producers from Ohio
American television writers
Country musicians from Ohio
Living people
Musicians from Akron, Ohio
Screenwriters from Ohio
Singer-songwriters from Ohio
American women television producers
American women television writers
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American women

Rachel Sweet


فوسكريسينسكي (Воскресенське) هي مدينة في مقاطعة ميكولاييفسكا في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 4384 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا
مواقع هولوكوست في أوكرانيا

فوسكريسينسكي (ميكولاييفسكا)


34137 Lonnielinda este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
34137 Lonnielinda este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Terre Haute de Chris Wolfe. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,40 ua, o excentricitate de 0,20 și o înclinație de 2,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 34001-35000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

34137 Lonnielinda


Pars tuberalis seu infundibularis, dio hipofize.

Dio je adenohipofize. U embrionalnoj fazi pars tuberalis razvije se od ektoderma usne šupljine.

Vrećasta izbočina ektoderma na krovu primitivne usne šupljine embrija,  tik ispred ždrijelne membrane  (Rathkeova vreća) prethodnik je pars tuberalisa. Raste ka gore. Intenzivnom proliferacijom stanica prednje stijenke Rathkeove vreće, a malo produženje toga režnja raste duž drška hipofize. Njega pri tome obavija čineći pars tuberalis.

Građa
Građen je od brojnih krvnih žila (najbolje vaskularizirani dio hipofize) i vlaknastih struktura sličnih vezivnim vlaknima između kojih su brojne izdužene jezgre. Na tom su mjestu i svojstvene stanice adenohipofize. Tuberalni dio je ljevkast i okružuje infundibul neurohipofize. Među kapilarama su i nakupine epitelnih stanica čiji je oblik najčešće oblika kocke. Jedine su to stanice unutar hipofize u kojima može biti glikogena. Do danas nije otkriveno proizvode li stanice tuberalnog dijela uopće ikakve hormone.

Krvlju ju opskrbljuje gornja hipofizna arterija (arteria hypophysialis superior, arteria hypophyseos superior), koja je ogranak cerebralnog dijela unutarnje karotidne arterije.

Pars nervosa se nastavlja s eminencijom medijanom hipotalamusa preko drška hipofize. Parvocelularnim neuroni iz hipotalamusa završavaju u eminenciji medijani hipotalamusa.

Izvori

Hipofiza

Pars tuberalis


ජැක් කර්බි (අගෝස්තු 28, 1917 – පෙබරවාරි 6, 1994), උපතේදී නම  ජාකොබ් කූර්ට්ස්බර්ග්, යනු  ඇමරිකානු කොමික් පොත් ශිල්පියෙක්, ලේඛකයෙක් සහ, සංස්කාරකයෙක් වූ අතර, මාධ්‍යයේ ප්‍රධාන නිමැවුම්කරුවෙක් සහ එහි අතිශයින් හැකියා සහිත සහ  බලපෑම් කල හැකි නිර්මාතෘවරුන් අතරින් එක් අයෙකු බවට පුළුල් ලෙසින් පිළිගැනෙයි.

ජැක් කර්බි


A PQ tree is a tree-based data structure that represents a family of permutations on a set of elements, discovered and named by Kellogg S. Booth and George S. Lueker in 1976. It is a rooted, labeled tree, in which each element is represented by one of the leaf nodes, and each non-leaf node is labelled P or Q. A P node has at least two children, and a Q node has at least three children.

A PQ tree represents its permutations via permissible reorderings of the children of its nodes. The children of a P node may be reordered in any way. The children of a Q node may be put in reverse order, but may not otherwise be reordered. A PQ tree represents all leaf node orderings that can be achieved by any sequence of these two operations. A PQ tree with many P and Q nodes can represent complicated subsets of the set of all possible orderings. However, not every set of orderings may be representable in this way; for instance, if an ordering is represented by a PQ tree, the reverse of the ordering must also be represented by the same tree.

PQ trees are used to solve problems where the goal is to find an ordering that satisfies various constraints. In these problems, constraints on the ordering are included one at a time, by modifying the PQ tree structure in such a way that it represents only orderings satisfying the constraint.  Applications of PQ trees include creating a contig map from DNA fragments, testing a matrix for the consecutive ones property, recognizing interval graphs, and determining whether a graph is planar.

Examples and notation

If all the leaves of a PQ tree are connected directly to a root P node then all possible orderings are allowed. If all the leaves are connected directly to a root Q node then only one order and its reverse are allowed. If nodes a,b,c connect to a P node, which connects to a root P node, with all other leaf nodes connected directly to the root, then any ordering where a,b,c are contiguous is allowed.

Where graphical presentation is unavailable PQ trees are often noted using nested parenthesized lists.  Each matched pair of square parentheses represents a Q node and each matched pair of rounded parentheses represent a P node.  Leaves are non-parentheses elements of the lists.  The image on the left is represented in this notation by [1 (2 3 4) 5]. This PQ tree represents the following twelve permutations on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}:
 12345, 12435, 13245, 13425, 14235, 14325, 52341, 52431, 53241, 53421, 54231, 54321.

PC trees

The PC tree, developed by Wei-Kuan Shih and Wen-Lian Hsu, is a more recent generalization of the PQ tree. Like the PQ tree, it represents permutations by reorderings of nodes in a tree, with elements represented at the leaves of the tree. Unlike the PQ tree, the PC tree is unrooted. The nodes adjacent to any non-leaf node labeled P may be reordered arbitrarily as in the PQ tree, while the nodes adjacent to any non-leaf node labeled C have a fixed cyclic order and may only be reordered by reversing this order.  Thus, a PC tree can only represent sets of orderings in which any circular permutation or reversal of an ordering in the set is also in the set. However, a PQ tree on n elements may be simulated by a PC tree on n + 1 elements, where the extra element serves to root the PC tree.  The data structure operations required to perform a planarity testing algorithm on PC trees are somewhat simpler than the corresponding operations on PQ trees.

See also
Series-parallel partial order

References

External links
PQ Tree Algorithm and Consecutive Ones Problem

Trees (data structures)

PQ tree


Simon Yates (født 7. august 1992) er en britisk landevejs- og banecykelrytter og tvillingebror til cykelrytteren Adam Yates. Han kører for det professionelle cykelhold . Yates har flere gange deltaget i Tour de France, og han vandt i 2017-udgaven ungdomskonkurrencen med en samlet 7. plads. I 2019-udgaven vandt han sin første etapesejr i løbet. Han har desuden en samlet sejr i Vuelta a España 2018.

Resultater

Landevej

2011
Samlet, Twinings Pro-Am Tour
6. etape, Tour de l'Avenir
2013
3. plads samlet og 6. etape, Tour of Britain
3. plads, La Côte Picarde
5. og 6. etape, Tour de l'Avenir
6. etape, Tour of Britain
2016
Villafranca de Ordizia
6. etape, Vuelta a España
2017
6. etape, Paris-Nice
GP Miguel Indurain
4. etape, Romandiet Rundt
Ungdomskonkurrencen, Tour de France

2018
 7. etape, Paris-Nice
 7. etape, Catalonien Rundt
9., 11. og 15. etape, Giro d'Italia
7. etape, Polen Rundt
Samlet + 14. etape, Vuelta a España

2019
4. etape, Vuelta a Andalucía
5. etape, Paris-Nice (ITT)
12. og 15. etape, Tour de France

2020
Samlet + 5. etape, Tirreno-Adriatico

Tidslinje over resultater fra den gererelle klassifikation

Referencer

Eksterne links

Tvillinger fra England
Mandlige cykelryttere fra England
Personer fra Bury (Greater Manchester)
Cykelryttere ved sommer-OL 2020
Deltagere for Storbritannien ved sommer-OL 2020
Vuelta a España-vindere

Simon Yates


Osmanlı İmparatorluğu reform dönemi, Türk ve Türkiye tarihi için önemli bir dönem. Bu dönem 1828'de başlayıp 1908'e kadar devam eder.

Dönemin Özellikleri
Osmanlı Devleti, Avrupalı devletlerin kendi aralarındaki çıkar çatışmalarından yararlanıp denge politikası izleyerek varlığını korumaya çalışmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti'ne, bu dönemde Avrupalı Devletlerce "Hasta Adam" lakabı konulmuştur.

Modernizasyon 1828–1839

1808–1839: II. Mahmud
 Alemdar Mustafa Paşa, Nizam-ı Cedit ordusunun yerine Sekban-ı Cedit Ordusu'nu kurdu.
 II. Mahmut, Alemdar Mustafa Paşanın öldürülmesi üzerine Sekban-ı Cedit'in yerine Eşkinci Ocağı kurdu.
 1826'da Yeniçeri Ocağı'nı kaldırarak yerine Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye Ordusu kuruldu. Bu olayın adı Vakay-i Hayriye (Hayırlı Olay)'dir.
 Yeni kurulan Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye Ordusu tümen, tabur, bölük gibi birliklere ayrıldı.
 Ordunun reformu için Prusya'dan subaylar getirildi. Avrupa'ya subaylar gönderildi.

1828-1829 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı
1806-1812 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı
Edirne Antlaşması (1829)

Tanzimat 1839–1876

1839–1861 I. Abdülmecit

Tanzimat Fermanı (3 Kasım 1839)

Tanzimat Fermanı'nın amacı; Osmanlı uyruğunda bulunan bütün vatandaşlara eşit haklar vererek Avrupa devletlerinin Osmanlıların içişlerine karışmasını önlemek, Azınlıklar ve Avrupa üzerinde olumlu bir etki yaparak Avrupalı devletlerin desteğini sağlamak ve imparatorluğu yeniden toparlamaktı.

 Avrupalı Devletlerin, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun iç işlerine  karışmasına engel olmak.
 Mısır ve Boğazlar konusunda Avrupalı devletlerin desteğini kazanmak.
 Devleti ve toplumu demokratik bir yapıya kavuşturmak.
 Azınlık isyanlarını önleme isteği.

Bu nedenlerden dolayı 3 Kasım 1839'da Tanzimat Fermanı (Gülhane Hattı Hümayun) ilan edildi.

 Müslüman ve Hristiyan bütün halkın namus, ırz, can ve mal güvenliğinin sağlanması.
 Askerliğin düzenli bir şekle sokulması.
 Vergilerin düzenli bir yönteme göre belirlenmesi ve toplanması.

Londra Konferansı (1840)
 Mısır Valiliği, babadan oğula geçmek üzere Mehmet Ali Paşa'ya verilecek, fakat hukuki yönden Osmanlı'ya bağlı kalacak.
 Mısır'da vergiler padişah adına toplanacak, dörtte biri İstanbul'a gönderilecek.
 Suriye, Adana ve Girit Osmanlı'ya geri verilecek.

Bu anlaşmayla Mısır, iç işlerinde serbest, dış işlerinde Osmanlı'ya bağlı imtiyazlı bir eyalet haline geldi.

Londra Konferansı (1841)
Hünkâr İskelesi Antlaşması'nın süresi bitince Londra'da bir konferans toplandı. Toplantıya İngiltere, Rusya, Fransa, Avusturya-Macaristan, Prusya ve Osmanlı Devleti katıldı. Londra'da imzalanan Boğazlar Sözleşmesi'ne göre:

 Boğazlar Osmanlı Devleti'nin olacak, ancak Osmanlı barış halindeyken boğazlar bütün savaş gemilerine kapatılacaktı.
 Bu sözleşme ile boğazlar, devletlerarası bir statü kazandı.
 Osmanlının boğazlar üzerindeki hükümranlık haklarına kısıtlama getirilmiştir.
 Rusya boğazlar üzerindeki üstünlüğünü kaybederken, Fransa ve İngiltere Akdeniz'deki güvenliklerini artırmışlardır.

Islahat Fermanı (1856)

Paris Antlaşması görüşmeleri sürerken Islahat Fermanı ilan edilmişti (1856). Bu fermanla ilgili bir madde Paris Antlaşması'nda da yer aldı. Islahat Fermanı kaynağını ve ortaya çıkış nedenini yabancı devletlerden almaktadır. Bu fermanın esasları Fransa'nın ısrarı ile Avusturya, İngiltere ve Fransa tarafından belirlenmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti, Paris antlaşması şartlarını lehine çevirmek için bu fermanı ilan etmiştir.

 Din ve mezhep hürriyeti sağlanarak azınlıklara okul, kilise ve hastane açma hakkı verilecek.
 Azınlık ve yabancılara küçük düşürücü sözler söylenmeyecek.
 Azınlıklar da bütün devlet memurluklarına girebilecek.
 Askerlik işleri yeniden düzenlenecek, azınlıklardan askerlik için bedel kabul edilecek.
 Vergi sistemi yeniden düzenlenecek. İltizam usulü kaldırılacak.
 Herkes inancına göre yemin edecek, karma mahkemeler kurulacak.

1861–1876 Abdülaziz
Bu dönemde, Rusya'nın Balkanlarda Panslavizm idealini yaymaya başlamasıyla isyanlar başlamıştır. Sırp, Karadağ, Bosna-Hersek, Rumen (Eflak ve Boğdan) ve Bulgar isyanları ortaya çıkarak "Balkan Bunalımı"na zemin hazırlandı ve Girit'teki Rumlar ayaklanarak Yunanistan'a bağlanmak istediler. Avrupalıların duruma müdahalesiyle Osmanlı Devleti Halepa Fermanı'nı ilan etmiş ve Giritlilere vergi muafiyeti getirilmiştir. Mısır Hıdivi İsmail Paşa'nın gayretleri ve Fransa'nın desteğiyle 1869'da Süveyş Kanalı açılmış, böylece coğrafi keşiflerle önemini yitiren Mısır ve Akdeniz yeniden canlanmıştır. Bu durum Avrupalı devletlerin Mısır'a sahip olma arzunu artırmıştır.

Beylerbeyi ve Çırağan sarayları yapılmıştır. Avrupalı Devletler azınlıklarla ilgili ağır istek ve tehditlerden oluşan Berlin Memorandumu'nu ilan ettiler. Avrupa'da önemli gelişmeler görülmüş, İtalya (1870) ve Almanya (1871) siyasi birliklerini tamamlayarak siyasi güç olarak ortaya çıktılar.

Kırım Savaşı (1853-1856)

Sebepleri:
 Rusya'nın Osmanlı Devleti üzerindeki emelleri.
 Kutsal Yerler Meselesi: Rusya İstanbul'a bir elçi göndererek Ortodoks Kilisesi'nin kutsal yerlerle ilgili isteklerinin onaylanmasını istemiş, Ancak bu isteği Osmanlı İmparatorluğu reddetmiştir.
 Rusya'nın 1848 İhtilallerinin Avrupa'da meydana getirdiği karışıklıklardan yararlanmak istemesi.

Bu sebeplerden dolayı savaş, Osmanlı Devleti ile Rusya arasında 1853'de başladı. Osmanlı donanması Sinop'ta Ruslar tarafından yakıldı. 1854'te İngiltere ve Fransa, Osmanlı Devleti'nin yanında yer aldı. Sivastopol kalesi kuşatılarak alındı. Yenilen Rusya ile Paris Antlaşması imzalandı. (1856)

Kırım Savaşında İngiltere, Fransa, Sardunya ve Piyomento, Osmanlı Devleti'nin yanında savaşa girdi. Avusturya ise Eflak ve Boğdan'ı işgal ederek destek verdi. Osmanlı Devleti ilk dış borcu Kırım savaşı sırasında İngiltere'den aldı. (1854) Osmanlı Devleti Paris anlaşması sırasında Avrupalı devletlerin tam desteğini kazanmak için azınlıklara geniş haklar tanıyan Islahat Fermanı'nı ilan etti.

Kanuni Esasinin yazılması, 1876

1876: V. Murat
V. Murat Abdülaziz'in tahttan indirilmesi sonucu padişah oldu. (1876) Ancak sağlığının yerinde olmadığı görüldü. Bu durum karşısında başta Mithat Paşa olmak üzere önde gelen devlet adamları toplam 93 gün tahtta kalan V. Murat'ı tahttan indirerek Meşrutiyeti ilan etme sözü veren II. Abdülhamit'i tahta çıkardılar.

Birinci Meşrutiyet, 1876–1878
II. Abdülhamit 23 Aralık 1876'da Kanun-i Esasi'yi ilan etti. Böylece meşruti yönetime geçilmiş oluyordu.

1876–1909: II. Abdülhamid

1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı (93 Harbi)

Savaşın nedeni, İstanbul (Tersane) ve Londra Konferansı kararlarının Osmanlı tarafından kabul edilmemesi ve Rusya'nın Panslavist politikası ve sıcak denizlere inme çabasıdır.

Rusya ilk olarak, Osmanlı'dan balkanlarda ıslahat yapmasını istemiştir. Çünkü Rusya da içinde bulunduğu karışıklıklar dolayısıyla olası bir savaştan çekinmekteydi. Ancak Osmanlı savaş çıkacağını bile bile bu istekleri reddetmiştir. Çünkü Islahat Fermanı nedeniyle, kamuoyu tarafından reformlara büyük bir tepki vardı. Rusya tüm bu sebeplerden dolayı Osmanlı Devleti'ne savaş ilan etti. Savaş, Doğu ve Batı cephesi olarak ikiye ayrılmıştı.Batı cephesinde, Plevne'ye kadar ilerleyen Rus kuvvetlerini, Gazi Osman Paşa durdurdu. Ancak kaledeki kıtlık dolayısıyla, taarruzu deneyen Osman Paşa başarılı olamadı.

Ruslar doğuda Erzurum'a kadar ilerlediler. Rus ordusu Aziziye Tabyalarında Şehit Halil Başkan Paşa tarafından durduruldu. Ancak ağır kış şartlarına dayanamayan Osmanlı kuvvetleri, Rus orduları karşısında tutunamadı. Ruslar batıda Edirne ve doğuda Kars'a kadar girdiler. Sonuç olarak da, iki taraf arasında Ayestafanos Antlaşması imzalandı. Bu antlaşma Rusya'ya sıcak denizlere inme konusunda Balkan ve Doğu koridorunu açmıştır. Bu durum Avrupa devletlerin tepkisine neden olmuş, Rusya yeni bir savaşı göze alamadığından Berlin'de bir kongre toplanmasını kabul etmiştir. Bu antlaşma yürürlüğe girmemiş, bunun yerine Berlin antlaşması imzalanmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti'nin imzalayıp da uygulamaya konulmayan iki antlaşma Ayestefanos ve Sevrdir.

Berlin Kongresi ve Antlaşması (1878)

Bu sırada İngiltere, Osmanlı Devleti'ne Kıbrıs'ın kendisine bir üs olarak verilmesi durumunda kongrede Osmanlı Devleti'ni savunacağını söyledi. Osmanlı, İngiltere'nin bu isteğini kabul etmek zorunda kaldı.

Bu antlaşma ile Osmanlı'nın dağılma süreci hızlandı. İngiltere de Osmanlı topraklarının parçalanmasına katıldı. Bu yüzden Osmanlının dış politikasında İngiltere'den boşalan yeri Almanya almaya başladı. Ermeni meselesi ilk defa uluslararası bir antlaşmada yer almış, Ermeni Meselesi Ermenilerin değil Osmanlı'yı parçalamak isteyen devletlerin meselesi olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Osmanlı'nın 19. yy.da en çok toprak kaybettiği antlaşmadır. Anlaşmadan en kârlı çıkan, Bosna-Hersek üzerinde haklar elde eden Avusturya ve Kıbrıs'ı üs olarak alan İngiltere'dir.

Tedbir 1879-1908
II. Abdülhamit parlamentoyu iptal etti.

1879–1908: II. Abdülhamit Dönemi

1897 Yunan Savaşı
Dömeke Savaşı

1908 Devrimi
1908 Devrimi'ni merkezi Selanik'te bulunan 3. Ordu gerçekleştirdi. Selanik'te bulunan İttihat ve Terakki merkez komitesi organize etti.

Kaynakça

Modernleşme ve tedbir dönemi (1827-1908)
Ülke dağılmaları
VikiProje Tarih kaynak bekleyen maddeler

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu reform dönemi


(124143) Joséluiscorral, denumire internațională (124143) Joseluiscorral, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
124143 Joséluiscorral este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Calar Alto la Observatorul Calar Alto. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,33 ua, o excentricitate de 0,25 și o înclinație de 1,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 124001-125000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2001
Centura de asteroizi
Asteroizi cu nume de oameni

124143 Joséluiscorral


Münchhausen I Aarhus er en film instrueret af Zoren Bravarie.

Handling
Seks videosekvenser fra Multikunst 89: MÜNCHHAUSEN I ÅRHUS til videoskærmen med 5 dansere og Tzarina Q Cut på scenen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1989

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Münchhausen I Aarhus


Armata Republicii Sârbe Krajina (ARSK) (în , СВК/SVK) a reprezentat forțele armate ale statului autoproclamat Republica Sârbă Krajina. Armata Republicii Sârbe Krajina a fost înființată oficial la 19 martie 1992. Înainte de aceasta, forțele armate din Krajina au fost reprezentate de unități ale Apărării Teritoriale în cadrul Armatei Populare Iugoslave (JNA). Forțele armate erau formate din forțe terestre și forțe aeriene. Ca și JNA, ARSK era formată din unități teritoriale de apărare bazate pe războiul de gherilă. ARSK a încetat să mai existe în 1996, după transferul majorității ARSK sub controlul armatei croate în timpul operațiunii Furtuna și începutul reintegrării ultimelor părți din Krajina în Croația. Forțele armate ale sârbilor Krajina au participat activ la Destrămarea Iugoslaviei, în special în Războiul de Independență al Croației.

Fundal
În august 1990, în Croația a avut loc o insurgență cunoscută sub numele de Revoluția Balvan (în ). Ea s-a concentrat asupra zonelor predominant sârbe din zonele slab locuite din Dalmația din jurul orașului Knin, părți ale regiunilor Lika, Kordun și Banovina și așezări din estul Croației cu populații sârbe semnificative. Aceste zone au fost ulterior declarate a fi Republica Sârbă Krajina (RSK). După ce RSK și-a declarat intenția de a se alătura Serbiei, guvernul croat a declarat RSK o organizație rebelă.

La 30 mai 1990 a intrat în funcție  primul președinte al Croației, Franjo Tuđman, și noul Parlament croat a organizat prima sa sesiune. La 25 iunie 1991 a fost proclamată independența Croației și a Sloveniei. Acestei independențe i-au opus o rezistență puternică minoritățile etnice sârbe care au fost sprijinite politic și militar de către Armata Populară Iugoslavă (JNA) și Republica Socialistă Serbia sub președintele Slobodan Milošević. Naționaliștii sârbi din Krajina au înființat apoi un Consiliu Național Sârb, un organism menit să coordoneze opoziția sârbă față de independența Croației; Milan Babić a fost ales președinte al acestui Consiliu.

Sârbii etnici au devenit în curând ostili ideii de a rămâne într-o Croație independentă. După alegerea lui Tuđman, a fost creată prima constituție democratică a Croației, care a retrogradat sârbii etnici la statutul de minoritate în cadrul țării.

În septembrie 1990, a avut loc un referendum în Krajina, care a cerut alegătorilor locali să voteze dacă sunt de acord cu suveranitatea și autonomia sârbilor în Croația. Referendumul a fost favorabil cu o majoritate de voturi de 99,7%. Votul a fost declarat ilegal și nevalabil de către Guvernul Croației. Administrația lui Babić din Knin a anunțat apoi înființarea unei regiuni autonome sârbe, denumită Regiunea Autonomă Sârbă Krajina sau SAO Krajina (Српска аутономна област Крајина), la 21 decembrie 1990. La 1 aprilie 1991, Babić a declarat că Regiunea se va separa de Croația pentru a se alătura Serbiei. Alte comunități dominate de sârbi din estul Croației au anunțat că se vor alătura, de asemenea, Regiunii Autonome Sârbe Krajina.

Babić a fost ales Președinte al Consiliului Executiv al Regiunii Autonome Sârbe Krajina la 30 aprilie și a fost numit ulterior Ministru de Interne și Ministrul Apărării de către Adunarea Națională Sârbă din Krajina. În această calitate, el a înființat o miliție armată care a amplasat baraje rutiere pe teritoriul său, izolând efectiv regiunea sudică de coastă croată Dalmația din restul țării. Confruntările dintre sârbii Krajina și forțele de securitate din Croația au izbucnit aproape imediat după ce Croația și-a declarat independența la 25 iunie, cu zeci de morți.

În august 1991, Babić a luat parte la crime de război descrise ulterior de procurorii TPII ca o "întreprindere criminală comună" pentru a elimina definitiv populațiile non-sârbe de pe teritoriul aflat sub controlul său, scopul final fiind transformarea regiunii într-un nou stat dominat de sârbi. Potrivit procurorilor, principalii lui complici au fost Slobodan Milošević, sârbi din Krajina ca de exemplu Milan Martić, liderul paramilitar sârb Vojislav Šešelj și comandanții armatei iugoslave (JNA), inclusiv generalul Ratko Mladić, în acel moment comandantului forțelor JNA din Croația. Toți au fost acuzați pentru crime de război, iar unii au fost condamnați. Potrivit mărturiei lui Babić în timpul procesului său privind crimele de război, în vara lui 1991, poliția secretă sârbă - sub conducerea lui Milošević - a înființat "o structură paralelă a securității statului, cu poliția din Krajina și unități comandate de securitatea statului din Serbia". A fost lansat un război pe scară largă, în care a fost capturată o suprafață mare de teritorii, aproximativ o treime din Croația, iar populația non-sârbă a fost fie masacrată, fie purificată din punct de vedere etnic. Cea mai mare parte a luptelor a avut loc între august și decembrie 1991. Mai multe mii de persoane au murit și au fost deportați în lupte în Slavonia estică, dar Armata Populară Iugoslavă a fost principalul actor în acea parte a conflictului.

Organizare
Președintele autoproclamatei Republicii Sârbe Krajina era și Comandantul Suprem al Armatei. De-a lungul celor 4 ani de existență ai Republicii Sârbe Krajina au fost trei președinți: Milan Babić (Милан Бабић, în 19 decembrie 1991 – 16 februarie 1992), Goran Hadžić (Горан Хаџић,  – ) și Milan Martić (Милан Мартић, 26 ianuarie 1994 – 7 august 1995).

Comandanți Supremi ai Armatei

Comandanți

Bătălii

Armata Republicii Sârbe Krajina a fost implicată în mai multe bătălii. Între 16 septembrie 1991 – 22 septembrie 1991 a avut loc Bătălia de la Šibenik (Bitka za Šibenik) în nordul Dalmatiei, terminată cu victoria trupelor croate. Bătălia de la Vukovar (Bitka za Vukovar, 25 august – 18 noiembrie 1991) s-a finalizat cu o Victorie à la Pirus a trupelor sârbe. Între 9–17 septembrie 1993 trupele croate au declanșat Operacija Medački džep în sudul orașului Gospić, la Medak. Trupele croate au recuperat Divoselo și Čitluk (în total 48 km2). Forțele canadiene ONU de menținere a păcii au acuzat croații de crime de război, ca urmare aceștia s-au retras din teritoriile cucerite. În Canada, bătălia de la Medak a fost considerată una dintre cele mai dure lupte la care au participat trupele canadiene după Războiul din Coreea. Armata Republicii Sârbe Krajina a mai participat la Războiul din Bosnia: la 29 noiembrie - 24 decembrie 1994 a fost declanșată Operacija Zima '94 (Iarna '94) de către trupele croate care, la temperaturi de -20oC au dus lupte cu Armata Republicii Srpska sprijinită de Armata Republicii Sârbe Krajina și au recuperat teritorii în jurul orașului Livno din Cantonul 10 al Federației Bosnia și Herțegovina, o entitate pre-statală din Bosnia și Herțegovina. Între 22 ianuarie – 1 februarie 1993, trupele croate au declanșat Operațiunea Maslenica împotriva Armatei Republicii Sârbe Krajina, croații au avut un succes tactic moderat și a fost condamnată de Consiliul de Securitate al ONU. A urmat Operațiunea Blitz (Operacija Bljesak) și Operacija Ljeto '95 (Vara '95) soldată cu o nouă victorie croată. Ofensiva Ljeto '95 din 25 - 30 iulie 1995 a permis trupelor croate să ajungă în spatele trupelor Republicii Sârbe Krajina și a pus bazele pentru Operațiunea Furtuna din august. Operațiunea Furtuna sau Operațiunea Storm ( / Операција Олуја) a fost ultima bătălie majoră a Războiului de Independență al Croației și un factor major în rezultatul Războiului Bosniac. A fost o victorie decisivă a Armatei Croate (HV), care a atacat un front de 630 de kilometri (390 mile) împotriva Republicii Sârbe Krajina (RSK), care a fost lichidată împreună cu armata sa și o victorie strategică pentru Armata Republicii Bosnia și Herțegovina (ARBiH).

Mercenari și paramilitari
De partea Armatei Republicii Sârbe Krajina au luptat în jur de 700 de foști ofițeri ai JNA, mai ales din Serbia și Muntenegru. Organizațiile paramilitare stabilite în Serbia (dar care aveau și voluntari sârbi croați) care au sprijinit RSK au fost: Beli orlovi, Garda Sârbă de Voluntari (cunoscută sub numele de Tigrovi), Garda Sârbă (Srpska garda) și altele. Luptătorii străini erau în mare parte din Rusia.

Echipament militar

Numărul exact de arme din Republica Sârba Krajina nu este cunoscut. Potrivit cercetătorului militar sârb Bojan Dimitrijevic, după semnarea planului Vance, Armata Populară a Iugoslaviei a părăsit Krajina, o parte a echipamentului fiind lăsată în mâinile unităților de întreținere. Potrivit datelor Statului Major al RSK, la care se referă Dimitrijevic, JNA a lăsat 262 de tancuri, 56 de vehicule blindate și vehicule de luptă pentru infanterie, 1.360 de arme de artilerie de toate calibrele și 2.573 de vehicule. În același timp, în vara lui 1995, potrivit lui Davor Marian, armata a fost înarmată cu 303 tancuri, 295 alte vehicule blindate, 360 de piese de artilerie de calibrul 100 mm și mai mari, mai multe avioane de luptă și elicoptere.

Ca vehicule blindate, sârbii din Krajina au folosit tancurile T-34-85, T-55, M-84 și T-72, tancurile BMP M-80, transportoarele blindate pentru trupe din familia BOV și M-60, precum și SAU M18 și SAU M36.

În RSK a existat o cantitate semnificativă de piese de artilerie de diferite tipuri. Potrivit datelor comandantului comandamentului forțelor terestre din 2 martie 1995, toată artileria a fost împărțită în arme antitanc și arme de sprijin. Printre armele anti-tancuri se numărau ZIS-3 și MT-12. Artileria de susținere era formată în principal din obuziere (B-1, M-56 , M-2, M-38, D-30 ), pistoale M-46, mortare și sistemele de lansatoare multiple de rachete  M-77 Oganj și M-63 Plamen.

RSK s-a înarmat și cu avioane de luptă și de transport și cu elicoptere. Printre acestea se numără 16 Soko J-21 Jastreb, 2 Soko G-2 Galeb, 8 elicoptere SA 341/SA 342 Gazelle (Aérospatiale Gazelle), 2 elicoptere Mil Mi-8T, o aeronavă An-2 și, de asemenea, mai multe Utva 66, Utva 75, Soko J-20 Kraguj și Zlín Z 526 Akrobat.

Tancurile T-55 și M-84 au fost văzute în acțiune în bătălia de la Vukovar din 1991, unde forțele JNA și sârbe au desfășurat coloane mari de tancuri principale de luptă în zonele urbane, fără sprijin adecvat al infanteriei. Tancurile s-au dovedit a fi extrem de expuse și au suferit pierderi semnificative în principal în fața lansatoarelor de grenade.

Note

Surse

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Sârbii din Croația

Armata Populară Iugoslavă
Fondări în 1992
Istoria Serbiei
Istoria Croației
Istoria Iugoslaviei
Războaiele iugoslave

Armata Republicii Sârbe Krajina


An Scaphyglottis prolifera in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Robert Brown, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Célestin Alfred Cogniaux. An Scaphyglottis prolifera in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scaphyglottis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Scaphyglottis

Scaphyglottis prolifera


Neandertal je naziv dijela doline rijeke Düssel u njemačkoj saveznoj državi Sjeverna Rajna-Vestfalija. Nalazi se oko 12 kilometara zapadno od glavnog grada Düsseldorfa. Dolina pripada gradu Erkrathu i Mettmannu. Mjesto je steklo svjetsku slavu kroz otkriće fosilnih ostataka 1850. praljudi iz pleistocena, po kojim je neandertalac dobio naziv.

Vanjske poveznice

 LVR-LandesMuseum Bonn  Muzej
 Neanderthal Museum

Neandertal


හඳ මාමා හෙවත් අම්බිලි මාමා යනු සිංහල ළමයින් අතර ඇති සඳ හා සැබැඳි මනඃකල්පිත චරිතයකි.

කිරි පැණි

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 හඳේ හාවා

හඳ මාමා

අම්බිලි මාමා


A Universidade de Luanda (UniLuanda) é uma universidade pública angolana sediada na cidade de Luanda.

A universidade surgiu da fusão do Instituto Superior para as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação e do Instituto Superior de Gestão, Logística e Transportes, e de transformação das faculdades de artes e de serviço social. Antes da criação da UniLuanda eram instituições de ensino superior autônomas espalhadas pela província de Luanda.

Tem sua área de atuação restrita a província de Luanda.

Histórico
Os organismos fundadores da UniLuanda surgiram do decreto-lei n.° 7/09, de 12 de maio de 2009, aprovado pelo Conselho de Ministros, que criou na data o Instituto Superior para as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (ISUTIC) e o Instituto Superior de Serviço Social (ISSS). O mesmo decreto criou também o Instituto Superior de Artes (ISArt), porém este só entrou em operação em 2013.

No ano de 2016 o despacho presidencial nº 38/16, de 24 de março de 2016, criou o Instituto Superior de Gestão, Logística e Transportes (IPGEST).

Pelo decreto presidencial nº 285, de 29 de outubro de 2020 — que reorganiza a Rede de Instituições de Ensino Superior Pública de Angola (RIPES) —, as referidas instituições foram integradas a recém-formada Universidade de Luanda (UniLuanda) O ISUTIC e o IPGEST permeneceram como institutos, enquanto que formaram-se a Faculdade de Serviço Social e a Faculdade de Artes.

Organismos componentes
As instituições orgânicas da Universidade de Luanda são:

 Faculdade de Artes;
 Faculdade de Serviço Social;
 Instituto Superior de Gestão, Logística e Transportes;
 Instituto Superior para as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação.

Luanda

Universidade de Luanda


Olaylar
 1268 Kilikya Depremi gerçekleşti, 60.000'den fazla insanın ölümüne yol açtı.
 Venedik Karnavalı, İtalya'nın Venedik kentinde ilk kez düzenlendi.

Doğumlar
 Erik Magnusson, Norveç kralı (ö. 1299)
 IV. Philippe, Fransa kralı (ö. 1314)

Ölümler

1268


Goal! 2: Living the Dream... (¡Goool! 2: Viviendo el sueño en España y Gol 2 en Argentina y Chile) es la segunda parte de la película de fútbol de la trilogía Goal!, que fue estrenada el 9 de febrero de 2007 en el Reino Unido y luego estrenada el 8 de abril de 2008 en Estados Unidos.

Viviendo el sueño
La película comienza al principio de la temporada 2005/2006. Barcelona derrota al Real Madrid por tres goles en el Bernabéu, y Gavin Harris realiza un mal partido.

Santiago Muñez, ex-compañero y amigo de Harris, ha atraído el interés del Real Madrid después de sus sensacionales actuaciones en Newcastle y es contratado en la fecha límite de los fichajes. Santi se muda con su prometida Roz Harrison y se establecen para casarse. Él hace su debut en un juego contra el equipo griego Olympiakos. Con el juego empatado a 0, sale del banquillo y anota un gol con una fantástica volea para deleite de los aficionados.

Mientras tanto, transcurre el tiempo, Santi continua haciendo goles para el Madrid, y llega a ser llamado "super sustituto", pero su amigo Gavin Harris tiene una mala racha y no ha conseguido marcar en 14 partidos, racha que rompe en un partido ante Valencia.

Mientras en su vida personal, Santiago tiene problemas , llega a España, sin saber que su madre, Rosa, de quien no sabe nada desde su infacia, reside también en Madrid, e incluso tuvo un hijo: Enrique, y en su relación: las cosas se dificultan cuando Jordana García, una presentadora de T/V, aparece en la vida de Santi, ya que la prensa publicó fotografías de ambos, destruyendo su relación con Roz, las dificultades de Santi continúan hasta que vuelve a unirse con su familia, aunque en su relación no sucede lo mismo.

Real Madrid llega a la final de la Champions league, Santiago y Harris se convierten en héroes junto a David Beckham logrando que el Real Madrid se lleve la orejona, celebrada en el Bernabeú con 3 goles en 6 minutos, derrotando al Arsenal de Harper y Henry por 3-2.

Reparto
 Kuno Becker - Santiago Múñez
 Alessandro Nivola - Gavin Harris
 Anna Friel - Roz Harmison
 Stephen Dillane - Glen Foy
 Rutger Hauer - Rudi Van Der Merwe
 Nick Cannon - TJ Harper (Jugador del Arsenal FC)
 Frances Barber - Carol Harmison
 Miriam Colón - Mercedes
 Sean Pertwee - Barry
 Elizabeth Peña - Rosa Maria
 Carmelo Gómez - Burruchaga
 Leonor Varela - Jordana García
 Alejandro Tapia - Julio
 Verónica Galán - Chica 1
 Jorge Jurado - Francisco 'Curro' Serrano

Cameo y apariciones
Muchos jugadores del pasado y presente Real Madrid se interpretan a sí mismos, al igual que el presidente.

 David Beckham
 Júlio Baptista
 Emilio Butragueño
 Iker Casillas
 Thomas Gravesen
 Guti
 Iván Helguera
 Francisco Pavón
 Florentino Pérez
 Sergio Ramos
 Raúl
 Robinho
 Ronaldo
 Míchel Salgado
 Jonathan Woodgate
 Zinedine Zidane
 Carlos Diogo
 Roberto Carlos
 Steve McManaman
 Alfredo di Stéfano
 Pablo Gabriel García
 Cicinho

Cameos de algunos jugadores de distintos equipos

 Lionel Messi
 Ronaldinho
 Samuel Eto'o
 Carles Puyol
 Rafael Márquez
 Víctor Valdés
 Cesc Fàbregas
 Fredrik Ljungberg
 Robert Pirès
 Thierry Henry
 José Antonio Reyes
 Aliaksandr Hleb
 Jens Lehmann
 Shay Given
 Juninho Pernambucano
 Mark González
 Grégory Coupet
 Vicente
 Santiago Cañizares
 Per Ciljan Skjelbred
 Steffen Iversen
 Espen Johnsen
 Christer Basma
 Predrag Đorđević
 Stefano Farina
 Robin Van Persie

Banda Sonora
 Here Without You - 3 Doors Down
 Feeling a Moment - Feeder
 Bright Idea - Orson
 No Tomorrow - Orson
 Ave Maria - Britten Sinfonía, Ivor Bolton & Lesley Garrett
 La Camisa Negra - Juanes
 I Like the Way (You Move) - BodyRockers
 Esto Es Pa Ti - Santa Fe
 Nothing - 'A'
 Letting the Cables Sleep - Bush
 Friday Friday - Boy Kill Boy

Curiosidades
 El apodo Super suplente dado a Santiago fue una vez el apodo oficial de David Fairclough que ganó los partidos decisivos de Liverpool FC como un sustituto, y también del exjugador del Manchester United Ole Gunnar Solskjaer.
 En la escena final, en el vestuario se ve una imagen de Michael Owen en el armario, aunque el Real Madrid le ha vendido al comienzo de la película.
 En la película, el Real Madrid ganó la Liga de Campeones remontando en los minutos finales del partido, de la misma manera que hizo el Manchester United cuando ganó la copa en 1999. Curiosamente, David Beckham también jugó esa final.
En la Final de la Liga de Campeones de la UEFA 2013-14 el Real Madrid empató el partido también en los minutos finales.
Además, en la película, el Real Madrid remonta la final de la Champions League de 2006 al Arsenal ; cuando en la realidad fue el FC Barcelona quien remontó la final de la Champions League de 2006 al Arsenal.
 En relación con lo anterior, el Madrid quedó fuera de la Champions League 2005-06 en octavos de final. En el Santiago Bernabéu terminó 0-1 favor Arsenal y 0-0 en Londres.
 Durante la película, cuando el Real Madrid juega contra el Arsenal, algunas de las escenas fueron tomadas del partido verdadero.
 Hughie McGowan (Kieran O'Brien) hace un cameo durante el medio tiempo del último partido entre el Real Madrid y el Arsenal.
 Santiago conduce un Audi A8 y un Lamborghini Gallardo Spyder en la película.
 La final se jugó en el Bernabéu, este estadio es la casa del Real Madrid.
 5 años después ya no existe el edificio del bar donde tiene lugar un importante encuentro para Santiago en Madrid, pero este aún puede verse en Streetview. Estaba situado en el barrio madrileño de Puente de Vallecas, habiéndose rodado las escenas interiores en el bar real que existía en dicha ubicación. Asimismo el campo de tierra situado detrás del edificio también aparece en varias escenas, una de ellas cuando Santiago juega un pequeño partido con unos niños.

Enlaces externos
 Goal II: Living the Dream
 Official Goal! 2 website

 Goal! 2 at the Sports Movie Database
 McManaman Interview

Películas sobre fútbol
Películas dirigidas por Jaume Collet-Serra
Secuelas de películas

Goal II: Living the Dream


El PFC Montana () es un club de fútbol de Montana, Bulgaria, que actualmente juega en la B PFG, el segundo nivel del fútbol búlgaro.

Montana juega sus partidos en casa en el estadio Ogosta, que tiene una capacidad de 5000 espectadores. Los colores tradicionales del club son azul, blanco y rojo. Después de un prolongado período de ausencia, fueron impulsados nuevamente al fútbol profesional a mediados de los 90 con la ayuda de algunos futbolistas experimentados, incluido el excapitán del Aston Villa e internacional búlgaro Stiliyan Petrov.

Historia
El fútbol organizado en la ciudad nació a principios de los años 20 del  con el establecimiento de las empresas Levski y Botev. Después de 1944, se inició una serie de reformas. El 10 de febrero de 1946, Botev, junto con Yunak y Spartak, formaron el club deportivo UBS 45 (Yunak-Botev-Spartak 45). El 20 de marzo de 1947, se fusionó con la Asociación de Deportes de los Trabajadores de Avram Stoyanov, la Sección de Turismo de Pastrina y la organización local de ciclismo y motocicletas, bajo el nombre de Hristo Mihailov.

En el otoño de 1949, siguieron nuevos cambios. En la ciudad comienzan a surgir organizaciones deportivas voluntarias departamentales, la más famosa de las cuales es "Septiembre". En 1957 se unieron en el "Gloria de Septiembre", nombre con el que compitió el club hasta 1990.

En 1952 el club se clasificó para la Segunda Bulgaria B PFG y en su temporada de debut 1952/53 terminó en el noveno lugar de 12 clubes y permaneció en el grupo durante 3 temporadas consecutivas. En 1962, el equipo volvió a la segunda categoría y terminó en tercer lugar, que fue su mejor clasificación en las siguientes tres décadas.

El club ha pasado un total de nueve temporadas en la primera categoría de Bulgaria y 40 temporadas en la segunda. También llegaron a la final de la Copa de Bulgaria una vez, en 2016.

Palmarés
 B PFG (1): 2015
 B PFG Oeste (1): 2009

Jugadores

Equipo 2019/20

Jugadores destacados

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Montana en UEFA.com
 soccerway.com

Equipos de fútbol de Bulgaria
Equipos de fútbol fundados en 1947
Equipos de fútbol que se han fusionado y fusiones
Bulgaria en 1947

PFC Montana


Vulkanska aktivnost tj. vulkanizam, pojava erupcije rastopljene stijene (magme) na površinu Zemlje ili inog krutog nebeskog tijela (planeta ili mjeseca), gdje lava, piroklastični i vulkanski plinovi izbijaju na površinu kroz rupu zvanu vulkanski dimnjak. Uključuje sve vulkanske pojave nastale od i stvarajući magmu unutar kore ili plašta tijela, uzdižući se kroz koru i tvoreći vulkansko stijenje na površini.

Vidi
 Vulkanizam u Hrvatskoj
 Tefra, tefrokronologija
 Vulkanska bomba
 Vulkanski blok
 Vulkanska zima
 Lapili
 Vulkanski pepeo

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Vulkanska aktivnost


Küçükimalı, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Türkoğlu ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Küçükimalı mahallesinin cumhuriyetten önceki ismi Aymalı'dır.

Coğrafya

Kahramanmaraş il merkezine 33 km, Türkoğlu ilçesine 12 km uzaklıktadır.
üç dağın arasında kurulmuş tam ortasından bir dere geçen  küçük bir mahalledir.
mahallenin kuzeyinde armutluk dağı, güneyinde tilkideliği tepesi, batısında ardıcın dağı, doğusunda Türkoğlu Ovası bulunmaktadır.imalı sivrisi en büyük dagıdır rakım 1500mtr civarındadır..köye bağlı iki de oba bulunmaktadır pağler ve bozdoğanlı, bu iki obada muhtarlık olarak küçük imalıya baglıdır.

Nüfus

Türkoğlu'nun mahalleleri

Küçükimalı, Türkoğlu


The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a fish native to most inland and coastal waters north of 30°N. It has long been a subject of scientific study for many reasons. It shows great morphological variation throughout its range, ideal for questions about evolution and population genetics. Many populations are anadromous (they live in seawater but breed in fresh or brackish water) and very tolerant of changes in salinity, a subject of interest to physiologists. It displays elaborate breeding behavior (defending a territory, building a nest, taking care of the eggs and fry) and it can be social (living in shoals outside the breeding season) making it a popular subject of inquiry in fish ethology and behavioral ecology. Its antipredator adaptations, host-parasite interactions, sensory physiology, reproductive physiology, and endocrinology have also been much studied. Facilitating these studies is the fact that the three-spined stickleback is easy to find in nature and easy to keep in aquaria.

Description

This species can occasionally reach lengths of , but lengths of  at maturity are more common. The body is laterally compressed. The base of the tail is slender. The caudal fin has 12 rays. The dorsal fin has 10–14 rays; in front of it are the three spines that give the fish its name (though some individuals may have only two or four). The third spine (the one closest to the dorsal fin) is much shorter than the other two. The back of each spine is joined to the body by a thin membrane. The anal fin has eight to 11 rays and is preceded by a short spine. The pelvic fins consist of just a spine and one ray. All spines can be locked in an erect position, making the fish extremely hard to swallow by a predator. The pectoral fins are large, with 10 rays. The body bears no scales, but is protected by bony plates on the back, flanks, and belly. Only one ventral plate is present, but the number of flank plates varies greatly across the distribution range and across habitat types (see below); it is normally higher in marine populations (some freshwater populations may in fact lack lateral plates altogether).

Dorsal coloration varies, but tends towards a drab olive or a silvery green, sometimes with brown mottling. The flanks and belly are silvery. In males during the breeding season, the eyes become blue and the lower head, throat, and anterior belly turn bright red. The throat and belly of breeding females can turn slightly pink. A few populations, however, have breeding males which are all black or all white.

Habitat and distribution

The three-spined stickleback is found only in the Northern Hemisphere, where it usually inhabits coastal waters or freshwater bodies. It can live in either fresh, brackish, or salt water. It prefers slow-flowing water with areas of emerging vegetation. It can be found in ditches, ponds, lakes, backwaters, quiet rivers, sheltered bays, marshes, and harbours.

In North America, it ranges along the East Coast from Chesapeake Bay to the southern half of Baffin Island and the western shore of Hudson Bay, and along the West Coast from southern California to the western shore of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. It can be found throughout Europe between 35 and 70°N. In Asia, the distribution stretches from Japan and the Korean peninsula to the Bering Straits.

Its distribution could be said to be circumpolar were it not for the fact that it is absent from the north coast of Siberia, the north coast of Alaska, and the Arctic islands of Canada.

Variation in morphology and distribution

Three subspecies are currently recognized by the IUCN:
G. a. aculeatus is found in most of the species range, and is the subspecies most strictly termed the three-spined stickleback; its common name in Britain is the tiddler, although "tittlebat" is also sometimes used.
G. a. williamsoni, the unarmored threespine stickleback, is found only in North America; its recognised range is southern California, though isolated reports have been made of it occurring in British Columbia and Mexico;
G. a. santaeannae, the Santa Ana stickleback, is also restricted to North America.

These subspecies actually represent three examples from the enormous range of morphological variation present within three-spined sticklebacks. Hybrids between some of these morphs show foraging disadvantages, a form of reinforcement in the course of speciation. This is evidence for speciation by reinforcement.

Overall these morphs fall into two rough categories, the anadromous and the freshwater forms:

The anadromous form spends most of its adult life eating plankton and fish in the sea, and returns to freshwater to breed. The adult fish are typically between 6 and 10 cm long, and have 30 to 40 lateral armour plates along their sides. They also have long dorsal and pelvic spines. The anadromous form is morphologically similar all around the Northern Hemisphere, such that anadromous fish from the Baltic, the Atlantic and the Pacific all resemble each other quite closely.

Three-spined stickleback populations are also found in freshwater lakes and streams. These populations were probably formed when anadromous fish started spending their entire lifecycle in fresh water, and thus evolved to live there all year round. Freshwater populations are extremely morphologically diverse, to the extent that many observers (and some taxonomists) would describe a new subspecies of three-spined stickleback in almost every lake in the Northern Hemisphere. One consistent difference between freshwater populations and their anadromous ancestors is the amount of body armour, as the majority of freshwater fish only have between none and 12 lateral armor plates, and shorter dorsal and pelvic spines. However, also large morphological differences occur between lakes. One major axis of variation is between populations found in deep, steep-sided lakes and those in small, shallow lakes. The fish in the deep lakes typically feed in the surface waters on plankton, and often have large eyes, with short, slim bodies and upturned jaws. Some researchers refer to this as the limnetic form. Fish from shallow lakes feed mainly on the lake bed, and are often long and heavy bodied with relatively horizontal jaws and small eyes. These populations are referred to as the benthic form.

Since each watershed was probably colonised separately by anadromous sticklebacks, morphologically similar populations in different watersheds or on different continents are widely believed to have evolved independently. A unique population is found in the meromictic Pink Lake in Gatineau Park, Quebec. Populations have been observed rapidly adapting to different conditions, such as in Lake Union, where sticklebacks have lost and regained armor plates in response to pollution from human activity around the watershed.

One aspect of this morphological variation is that a number of lakes contain both a limnetic and a benthic type, and these do not interbreed with each other. Evolutionary biologists often define species as populations that do not interbreed with each other (the biological species concept), thus the benthics and limnetics within each lake would constitute separate species. These species pairs are an excellent example of how adaptation to different environments (in this case feeding in the surface waters or on the lake bed) can generate new species. This process has come to be termed ecological speciation. This type of species pair is found in British Columbia. The lakes themselves only contain three-spined sticklebacks and cutthroat trout, and all are on islands. Tragically, the pair in Hadley Lake on Lasqueti Island was destroyed in the mid-1980s by the introduction of a predatory catfish, and the pair in Enos Lake on Vancouver Island has started to interbreed and are no longer two distinct species. The two remaining pairs are on Texada Island, in Paxton Lake and Priest Lake, and they are listed as Endangered in the Canadian Species at Risk Act.

Other species pairs which consist of a well-armored marine form and a smaller, unarmored freshwater form are being studied in ponds and lakes in south-central Alaska that were once marine habitats such as those uplifted during the 1964 Alaska earthquake. The evolutionary dynamics of these species pairs are providing a model for the processes of speciation which has taken place in less than 20 years in at least one lake. In 1982, a chemical eradication program intended to make room for trout and salmon at Loberg Lake, Alaska, killed the resident freshwater populations of sticklebacks. Oceanic sticklebacks introduced through nearby Cook Inlet recolonized the lake. In just 12 years beginning in 1990, the frequency of the oceanic form dropped steadily, from 100% to 11%, while a variety with fewer plates increased to 75% of the population, with various intermediate forms making up another small fraction. This rapid evolution is thought to be possible through genetic variations that confer competitive advantages for survival in fresh water when conditions shift rapidly from salt to fresh water. However, the actual molecular basis of this evolution still remains unknown.

Although sticklebacks are found in many locations around the coasts of the Northern Hemisphere and are thus viewed by the IUCN as species of least concern, the unique evolutionary history encapsulated in many freshwater populations indicates further legal protection may be warranted.

Diet
In its different forms or stages of life, the three-spined stickleback can be a bottom-feeder (most commonly chironomid larvae and amphipods) or a planktonic feeder in lakes or in the ocean; it can also consume terrestrial prey fallen to the surface. It can cannibalize eggs and fry.

Life history

Many populations take two years to mature and experience only one breeding season before dying, and some can take up to three years to reach maturity. However, some freshwater populations and populations at extreme latitudes can reach maturity in only one year.

Reproduction

Sexual maturation depends on environmental temperature and photo-period. Longer days and warmer days stimulate brighter colouration in males and the development of eggs in females.

From late April, males and females move from deeper waters to shallow areas. There, each male defends a territory where he builds a nest on the bottom. He starts by digging a small pit. He then fills it with plant material (often filamentous algae), sand, and various debris which he glues together with spiggin, a proteinaceous substance secreted from the kidneys. The word spiggin is derived from spigg, the Swedish name for the three-spined stickleback. He then creates a tunnel through the more or less spherical nest by swimming vigorously through it. Nest building typically takes 5–6 hours though it may also be spread out over several days. After this, the male courts gravid females that pass by with a zigzag dance. (In some populations, the male leads the female to the nest, rather than doing the zigzag dance.) He approaches a female by swimming very short distances left and right, and then swims back to the nest in the same way. If the female follows, the male often pokes his head inside the nest, and may swim through the tunnel. The female then swims through the tunnel as well, where she deposits 40–300 eggs. The male follows to fertilize the eggs. The female is then chased away by the male. For the duration of the eggs' development, the male will chase away other males and non-gravid females. He may, however, court other gravid females (more than one batch of eggs can be deposited in the same nest).

The sequence of territorial courtship and mating behaviours was described in detail by Niko Tinbergen in a landmark early study in ethology. Tinbergen showed that the red colour on the throat of the territorial male acts as a simple sign stimulus, releasing aggression in other males and attracting females. The red colouration may also be used by females as a way to assess male quality. Red colouration is produced from carotenoids found in the diet of the fish. As carotenoids cannot be synthesised de novo, the degree of colouration gives an indication of male quality (ability to find food), with higher-quality males showing more intense colouration. Also, males that bear fewer parasites tend to exhibit brighter red colours. Many studies have shown that females prefer males with brighter red colouration. However, the response to red is not universal across the entire species, with black throated populations often found in peat-stained waters.

The male takes care of the developing eggs by fanning them. He lines himself up with the entrance of the nest tunnel and swims on the spot. The movement of his pectoral fins creates a current of water through the nest, bringing fresh (well-oxygenated) water to the eggs. He does this not only during the day, but throughout the night, as well. Fanning levels tend to increase until the eggs are about to hatch, which takes 7–8 days at 18–20 °C. Fanning levels also increase when the water is poorly oxygenated. Towards the end of the egg development phase, the male often makes holes in the roof and near the rim of the nest, presumably to improve ventilation of the nest during fanning at a time when the eggs are more metabolically active. Once the young hatch, the male attempts to keep them together for a few days, sucking up any wanderers into his mouth and spitting them back into the nest. Afterwards, the young disperse and the nest is either abandoned by the male, or repaired in preparation for another breeding cycle.

In Nova Scotia, a form of three-spined stickleback departs from the usual pattern of parental care. Unlike other sticklebacks that nest on the substrate, Nova Scotian male sticklebacks build nests in mats of filamentous algae. Surprisingly, almost immediately after fertilization, the males disperse the eggs from the nest and resume soliciting females for eggs. Hence, there appears to have been a loss of parental care in this population. Because these males have reduced dorsal pigmentation, resulting a pearlescent white appearance, they have been dubbed "white sticklebacks". It is currently unknown whether they are a distinct species, or simply a morph of the common Atlantic stickleback.

As the breeding cycle of the three-spined stickleback is light and temperature dependent, it is also possible to manipulate breeding in the lab. For example, it is possible to stimulate sticklebacks to breed twice in a calendar year, instead of once, under the right conditions. This can be useful for genetic and behavioural multi-generational studies.

Infection with the cestode parasite Schistocephalus solidus can cause a reduction in egg mass or complete absence of eggs in female three-spined sticklebacks.

Cooperative behavior
Some evidence indicates the existence of cooperative behavior among three-spined sticklebacks, mainly cooperative predator inspection. Predator inspection appears to allow acquisition of information about the risk a potential predator presents, and may deter attack, with the cost being an increased chance of being attacked if the predator proves to be hungry.

Tit for tat strategy
Sticklebacks are known to cooperate in a tit for tat (TFT) strategy when doing predator inspection. The idea behind TFT is that an individual cooperates on the first move and then does whatever its opponent does on the previous move. This allows for a combination of collaborative (it starts by cooperating), retaliatory (punishes defection), and forgiving (respond to cooperation of others, even if they had defected previously) behavioral responses. When three-spined sticklebacks approaching a live predator were provided with either a simulated cooperating companion or a simulated defecting one, the fish behaved according to tit-for-tat strategy, supporting the hypothesis that cooperation can evolve among egoists.

Typically, sticklebacks operate in pairs. Individuals have partners with which they repeatedly perform pairwise predator inspection visits. Two reciprocal pairs per trial occur significantly more often than what was expected due to chance. These results provide further evidence for a tit-for-tat cooperation strategy in sticklebacks.

Stickleback behavior is often cited as an archetypal example of cooperative behavior during predator inspection. Fish from three sites differing in predation risk inspected a model predator in pairs and reciprocated both cooperative moves and defections by the partner, but not on every opportunity. Sticklebacks that originated in the two sites containing piscivorous fish were more likely to reciprocate following a cooperative move than following a defection. Individuals from higher-risk sites were generally more cooperative. Individuals accompanied by a model companion show reciprocal moves of cooperation and defection in response to the model's movements about a third of the time. Both examples of stickleback behavior demonstrate the elements of a strategy of cooperation that may resemble tit-for-tat.

Partner-dependence

The tit-for-tat cooperation strategy has been shown to be evident in sticklebacks. In addition, the size of a stickleback's partner fish may also be a factor in determining what a stickleback will do when both fish are faced with a predator. Two sticklebacks simultaneously presented to a rainbow trout, a predator much larger in size, will have differing risks of being attacked. Usually, the larger of the two sticklebacks has a higher risk of being attacked. Individual sticklebacks are more likely to move closer to a trout (or some other predator) when a larger potential partner moves close to the trout than when a smaller partner approaches the trout. Although both large and small partners behave similarly, a small partner's behavior affects the strategy of the test fish more than that of the large partner. Regardless of whether it is alone or with a partner that cooperates, a larger fish will approach a predator more closely than does a smaller fish. If a partner defects, then a stickleback's condition-factor (i.e. its ability to flee) determines how closely it approaches the predator rather than the stickleback's size. Both the strategy and reaction to different-sized partners seem to be dependent on whether the partner cooperates or defects.

Parasites

The three-spined stickleback is a secondary intermediate host for the hermaphroditic parasite Schistocephalus solidus, a tapeworm of fish and fish-eating birds. The tapeworm passes into sticklebacks through its first intermediate hosts, cyclopoid copepods, when these are eaten by the fish. The parasite matures into its third larval stage, the plerocercoid, in the abdomen of the stickleback. Infected sticklebacks are afterwards consumed by fish-eating birds, which serve as the tapeworm's definitive host.

Genetics
Three-spined sticklebacks have recently become a major research organism for evolutionary biologists trying to understand the genetic changes involved in adapting to new environments. The entire genome of a female fish from Bear Paw Lake in Alaska was recently sequenced by the Broad Institute and many other genetic resources are available. This population is under risk from the presence of introduced northern pike in a nearby lake. Three-spined sticklebacks are also used for researching sex-specific brain gene expression. Parents exposed to predator models produced offspring with different gene expressions compared to those that were not exposed to predators. Non-overlapping genes appear highly influenced by the sex of the parent, with genes being differentially expressed in offspring based on whether the male or female parent was exposed to predation.

Eco-evolutionary dynamics

Three-spined stickleback research has been central to the field of eco-evolutionary dynamics. Eco-evolutionary dynamics is an area of study investigating how ecological processes (e.g., population dynamics, community interactions, and nutrient cycling) affect how populations evolve, and in turn, how these patterns of evolution feed back to affect ecological processes. Importantly, these dynamics arise when substantial evolutionary change occurs on the same time scale as ecological change (i.e., less than 1,000 generations). Three-spined stickleback are particularly useful for studying eco-evolutionary dynamics because multiple populations have evolved rapidly and in predictable, repeated patterns after colonizing new environments. These repeated patterns of evolution allow scientists to assess whether the impacts of stickleback evolution on ecological processes are reproducible.

An eco-evolutionary framework has been used to explore multiple aspects of stickleback biology. Notably, this research has focused on how populations of three-spined stickleback have diverged to occupy different ecological niches (a process called adaptive radiation) and how sticklebacks have coevolved with their parasites.

Eco-evolutionary dynamics of adaptive radiation
Most eco-evolutionary dynamics research in sticklebacks has focused on how the adaptive radiation of different ecotypes affects ecological processes. Ecotypes represent genetically and morphologically recognizable populations occupying distinct ecological niches. In three-spined stickleback, divergent ecotypes are often found as sympatric (i.e., co-occurring) or parapatric (i.e., partially overlapping, but mostly isolated) species pairs, including benthic—limnetic pairs, freshwater—anadromous pairs, and lake—stream pairs. Pairs of stickleback ecotypes have diverged at time scales ranging from 10,000 years to only decades ago.

Different combinations of stickleback ecotypes affect ecosystem processes in different ways. For example, the combined presence of specialized benthic and limnetic sticklebacks has a different effect on the diversity and abundance of prey species compared to the presence of only a generalist ancestral stickleback ecotype. Notably, this effect appears to be driven by limnetic sticklebacks specializing on zooplankton prey, rather than by an increase in the number of co-occurring stickleback species alone. The impacts of ecotype specialization on prey communities can even affect the abundance of algae and cyanobacteria that do not directly interact with sticklebacks, along with aspects of the abiotic environment, such as the amount of ambient light available for photosynthesis and levels of dissolved oxygen, carbon, and phosphorus. These diverse changes in ecosystem processes can persist to affect natural selection on subsequent stickleback generations, potentially shaping how stickleback populations will evolve in the future. Because the presence of specialist verses generalist ecotypes can impact ecosystems in a way that, in turn, affects selection on future stickleback generations, the adaptive radiation of specialized ecotypes could drive eco-evolutionary feedback loops in natural populations.

Eco-evolutionary dynamics of host-parasite interactions
Sticklebacks have also been studied to investigate the eco-evolutionary dynamics of host-parasite coevolution. Three-spined sticklebacks can be hosts to a variety of parasites (e.g., Schistocephalus solidus, a common tapeworm of fish and fish-eating birds). The diversity of parasite species within individual stickleback is influenced by an individual's dietary niche and immune response. This covariation between parasite infection and host traits is likely a consequence of eco-evolutionary feedback, whereby the evolution of dietary and parasite resistance traits in sticklebacks alters parasite reproduction and infection rates, which in turn affects parasite exposure and selection on parasite resistance in sticklebacks. These feedbacks can also extend beyond stickleback-parasite interactions to modify ecosystem processes. Specifically, differences in resistance and infection rates among stickleback ecotypes can alter how sticklebacks affect the abundance of prey species and levels of dissolved nutrients and oxygen. These ecosystem impacts can further affect selection on sticklebacks in subsequent generations, which suggests a complex feedback loop between the evolution of host-parasite interactions, community composition, and abiotic conditions.

Common methods
Many researchers have used mesocosm experiments to test how the adaptive radiation of stickleback ecotypes and stickleback-parasite interactions can impact ecological processes. In these experiments, researchers simulate the natural environments of sticklebacks in enclosed tanks, including natural plant and invertebrate communities and freshwater ecological zones. They then systematically manipulate an independent variable (e.g., which stickleback ecotypes were present or the presence of parasites), and measured differences in biotic and abiotic aspects of ecosystems among the different stickleback treatments. In some cases, researchers have then tested for potential feedback loops between ecotype evolution and ecological change by removing the adult stickleback from the mesocosms and replacing them with juveniles of different ecotypes. By doing so, the researchers could then measure how the effects of adult sticklebacks on their ecosystems influenced overall juvenile fitness (e.g., survival and growth rates) and differences in fitness between juveniles of different ecotypes.

References

Further reading
 Wootton, R.J. 1976. The biology of the sticklebacks. Academic Press, London.
 Bell, M.A., and Foster, S.A. (eds.) 1994. The evolutionary biology of the three-spined stickleback. Oxford University Press, New York.
 Ostlund-Nilsson, S., Mayer, I., and Huntingford, F.A. (eds.) 2007. Biology of the three-spined stickleback. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

External links

The section of the Canadian Species at Risk Act dealing with the species pairs
View the stickleback genome in Ensembl

three-spined stickleback
Fish of the North Pacific
Fish of the North Atlantic
Fish of the Great Lakes
Freshwater fish of Europe
Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area
Western North American coastal fauna
Fauna of Atlantic Canada
Fauna of the Northeastern United States
three-spined stickleback
three-spined stickleback
Fish of the Baltic Sea

Three-spined stickleback


Hans-Jürgen P. Walter (born 25 March 1944 in Gladenbach-Weidenhausen, Germany) is a German psychologist and psychotherapist known as one of the main founders of Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy. Walter studied psychology with the German Gestalt psychologists Edwin Rausch and Friedrich Hoeth, eminent representatives of the second and third generation of  Gestalt theory in Germany. Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy GTP spread as a psychotherapeutic method in the German-speaking countries, being officially accredited as an independent scientific psychotherapy method in Austria.

Life and study
Between 1965 and 1971 Hans-Jürgen Walter studied psychology and German studies in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany. In 1977 he earned his doctorate in Darmstadt with a thesis on Die Gestalttheorie als wissenschaftliche Grundlage psychotherapeutischer Praxis und ihre Beziehung zu psychotherapeutischen Ansaetzen der Gegenwart ("The Gestalt theory as a scientific base for psychotherapy practice and its relation to contemporary approaches in psychotherapy"). This thesis shows that Gestalt theory can provide an appropriate framework to integrate the methods and merits of many other psychotherapeutic schools, especially the analytic and the humanistic ones. This work has appeared in 1994 in its third and enlarged edition under the title Gestalt Theorie und Psychotherapy. Zur integrativen Anwendung zeitgenoessischer Therapieformen ("Gestalt Theory and Psychotherapy: an integrative approach to contemporary forms of psychotherapy"). It is considered the first basic text for Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy in its contemporary form.

Walter held a teaching position for Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy at the University of Vienna and at several psychotherapy institutes in Germany and Austria. In 1999 he was appointed honorary chairman of the international Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications (GTA). He has been one of the editors of the international multidisciplinary journal Gestalt Theory (Sciendo, De Gruyter), and is now a member of its Founders and Honorary Board.

History
Many years of intensive pursuit of theoretical and practical evaluation of several psychotherapeutical approaches preceded Walter's formation and development of Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy. Before him, other well-known representatives of Gestalt psychology of the Berlin school, especially in the U.S.A. (for example Erwin Levy, Abraham S. Luchins, Erika Oppenheimer-Fromm, Molly Harrower, Junius F. Brown and other students of Kurt Lewin) had stated their opinions and elaborated theoretically and practically on applying Gestalt theory to psychotherapeutic problems. Walter, however, earned recognition for being the first to generally, originally and stringently use the theoretical and practical possibilities of Gestalt theory to formulate a consistent and encompassing Gestalt theoretical approach to psychotherapy. In addition to this, he also demonstrated that it was possible to use Gestalt theoretical principles in order to develop and extend the Gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls, which Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy is related, but not identical, to.

One of the most striking characteristics of Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy is the key role of the epistemological grounding position of Gestalt theory (critical realism) and its consideration in all fundamental, theoretical and practical problems in psychotherapy. In Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy this is closely bound up with the basic methodological approach (holistic, phenomenological, experimental) of Gestalt theory, its system theoretical approach, its specific psychophysical and psychological approach. Walter has started to bring all of these approaches together, as well as the long and rich tradition of Gestalt theoretical experimental research.

Works
Hans-Jürgen P. Walter: Gestalttheorie und Psychotherapie (Gestalt theory and psychotherapy). Westdeutscher Verlag: Opladen 1994 (3. Auflage).
Hans-Jürgen P. Walter: Angewandte Gestalttheorie in Psychotherapie und Psychohygiene (Applied Gestalt theory in psychotherapy and psychohygiene). Westdeutscher Verlag: Opladen 1996.
Entry about life and work of Hans-Jürgen P. Walter in: G. Stumm, A. Pritz (Hrsg.), Personenlexikon der Psychotherapie, Springer: Vienna 2003

References

External links
About life and work of Hans-Jürgen Walter
Reviews of Walter's book Gestalttheorie und Psychotherapie in English
Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Gestalt-Theoretical Psychotherapy (article in full text)
What do Gestalt therapy and Gestalt theory have to do with each other? (article in full text)

1944 births
Living people
German psychologists
Gestalt psychologists
German psychotherapists

Hans-Jürgen Walter