Le nombre de cétane (CN) est un nombre permettant d'évaluer précisément l'aptitude d'un gazole à s'auto-enflammer. Plus le nombre de cétane est élevé, plus le délai d'auto-inflammation est court. Cet indice est caractéristique des carburants pour moteur Diesel qui nécessitent une auto-inflammation du carburant dans la phase de compression contrairement aux carburants de type essence dont l'inflammation est provoquée par une bougie d'allumage. (Voir Indice d'octane) Le nombre de cétane est un facteur important dans la détermination de la qualité du carburant diesel.

Définition
Il existe deux types d'indicateurs de « cétane » : le mesuré, aussi appelé « nombre de cétane », et le calculé, en général appelé « indice de cétane ».

L'indice de cétane calculé s'appuie sur des données physico-chimiques des carburants et ne tient pas compte de la présence possible d'additifs améliorateurs de cétane.

Le nombre de cétane mesuré permet d'évaluer la capacité réelle à l'auto-inflammation du carburant, en présence d'un additif ou non. C'est une valeur obtenue expérimentalement.

Le nombre de cétane s'exprime sur une échelle allant de 0 à 100 qui fut autrefois fixée par deux combustibles de référence : le n-hexadécane (ou cétane), dont le nombre de cétane est de 100 et le 1-méthylnaphtalène dont le nombre de cétane est 0.

Aujourd'hui un des produits de référence a changé pour des raisons de sécurité. On utilise désormais les produits présentés dans le tableau ci-dessous avec une échelle allant également de 15 à 100.

Le nombre de cétane d'un réactif est exprimé en pourcentage des deux substances de référence dans un mélange qui prendrait le même temps pour s'enflammer que le réactif à mesurer. C'est une échelle arbitraire fixée par les substances de référence selon la formule suivante:

CN (nombre de cétane) = %vol (n-hexadécane) + 0,15 * %vol (heptaméthylnonane).

Avantages
Le nombre de cétane dépend de la composition chimique du gazole. Chaque gazole possède des proportions en famille d'hydrocarbures différents et chaque famille d'hydrocarbures apporte des propriétés spécifiques, comme le montre le tableau ci-dessous.

Un gazole avec un nombre de cétane élevé aura une composition chimique favorable à l'auto-inflammation et sa combustion dans un moteur sera plus maitrisée.

Une auto-inflammation maitrisée aide au bon fonctionnement du moteur : meilleur démarrage à froid, bruit régulier et réduit, et meilleur rendement provoquant une tendance à la diminution de la consommation en carburant.

Réglementations
Le nombre de cétane naturel du gazole varie selon sa qualité mais dans une majorité de pays, le nombre de cétane minimum des carburants Diesel est règlementé.

En Europe selon la réglementation EN 590, un gazole doit avoir un indice de cétane au minimum de 46 et son nombre de cétane mesuré doit atteindre au minimum 51 pour être commercialisé.

En Amérique du Nord, la plupart des États adoptent la norme ASTM D975 pour les carburants Diesel et le nombre de cétane minimum est fixé à 40. En Californie, les spécifications des gazoles doivent respecter les règles du California Air Resources Board (CARB) donnant une valeur minimale de l'indice de cétane à 53. Au Texas, le TxLED () Program impose un nombre de cétane minimum de 48.

En Chine, avec la réglementation China VI, les carburants Diesel doivent avoir un nombre de cétane minimum de 51 (47 possible selon les saisons).

Pour que les carburants atteignent leurs cibles en nombre de cétane, les fabricants ou vendeurs de carburants ont plusieurs moyens.

L'un d'entre eux est le traitement du carburant en petites quantités avec des additifs améliorateurs de cétane (le terme anglais « cetane improver » est souvent employé). L'améliorateur de cétane le plus répandu mondialement est le nitrate de 2-éthylhexyle ().

Instruments de mesure
Le moyen standard de mesure du nombre de cétane d'un mélange ou d'un carburant est un moteur Diesel expérimental monocylindre à taux de compression variable appelé « moteur CFR » ( ou ).

L'opérateur du moteur CFR augmente le taux de compression dans le cylindre jusqu'à ce que le temps entre l'injection de carburant et l'allumage soit de .

Le nombre de cétane résultant est ensuite calculé en déterminant quel mélange de cétane et d'isocétane entraînera les mêmes conditions pour ce délai d'allumage (voir formule ci-dessus).

C'est cette méthode qui arbitre le nombre de cétane imposé par les normes dont l'EN 590 s'appliquant à tous les gazoles européens.

Néanmoins, la détermination du nombre de cétane via le moteur CFR présente des inconvénients : les mesures réalisées sont très chronophages, assez imprécises, elles demandent une certaine maîtrise opérationnelle et peuvent être coûteuses. Enfin, les résultats sont peu répétables et reproductibles.

D'autres instruments ont été développés pour faciliter la mesure du nombre de cétane, la rendre plus rapide, plus robuste (répétabilité et reproductibilité) et moins couteuse (taille d'échantillon réduite et temps d'analyse optimisé).

Ils sont aujourd'hui très largement utilisés pour déterminer le nombre de cétane dérivé (DCN) ou un nombre de cétane indiqué (ICN) :
 l'IQT (Ignition Quality Tester) (ASTM D6890, EN 17155) ;
 le FIT (Fuel Ignition Testing) (ASTM D7170) ;
 le Cetane ID 510 ou CID (pour Cetane Ignition Delay) (ASTM D7668, EN 16715) ;
 l'AFIDA (Advanced Fuel Ignition Delay Analyzer) (ASTM D8183, EN 17155).

Le terme « dérivé » est employé pour stipuler que la méthode utilisée n'est pas celle encadrée par la norme NF EN ISO 5165 : 2018 mais en est dérivée.

L'IQT par exemple est un instrument qui applique une approche plus simple et plus rigoureuse à la mesure du nombre de cétane que le CFR. Le carburant est injecté dans une chambre de combustion à volume constant (CVCC) à environ  et . Le délai d'allumage (ID) est mesuré et ensuite utilisé pour calculer le nombre de cétane dérivé du carburant en utilisant l'équation (empirique) en .

Si ID est compris entre 3,1 et  : .

Sinon :   Formule 1. Modèle mathématique du calcul du DCN pour l'IQT.

De même, le Cetane ID 510 de PAC Instrument utilise une chambre de combustion à volume constant (CVCC) conditionnée à une valeur de pression de  et une température de . L'échantillon de combustible y est injecté et des mesures du délai entre l'injection et l'inflammation du carburant (ID) et de la durée de la combustion (CD) sont effectuées grâce à différents capteurs de pression. Cela va permettre d'aboutir au DCN via le modèle mathématique empirique ci-dessous.

  Modèle mathématique du calcul du DCN pour le CID.

Notes et références

Carburant
Moteur Diesel

Nombre de cétane


Crkva sv. Marije na groblju u selu Gornjem Humcu, općina Pučišća, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Crkva sv. Marije na groblju sagrađena je u predromanici sa slijepim arkadama na bočnim zidovima. U 17. st je dograđena crkva na zapadu, pa predromanička crkvica postaje njeno svetište ograđeno visokom baroknom kovanom rešetkom. Na oltaru je kameni reljefni triptih Nikole Firentinca s prikazom Bogorodice s Djetetom, sv. Ivanom i sv. Petrom.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4571 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Marija

Crkva sv. Marije u Gornjem Humcu


Likovna kolonija koju organizira Hrvatsko kulturno društvo Šid i  Likovne udruge CroArt iz Subotice je jedna od kulturnih manifestacija Hrvata u Vojvodini. Likovna kolonija održava se od 2013. godine. Prve dvije godine održavala se u župnom dvorištu u Šidu. 2015. održala se u Moroviću. Naslikana djela ostaju hrvatskoj udruzi iz Šida koja je organizator. Na likovnoj koloniji sudjelovali su članovi Likovne udruge CroArt iz Subotice i drugi:  Tomislav Marjanović, Sándor Kerekes, Katica Seleši, Kata Šetrov, Marta Ožvar, Kristijan Sakulić, Miodrag Mišo Boroš, Anto Nikolić, Ivan Grozdanovski, Dorotea Cvijanović, Sanja Prodanović, Nataša Miljanović, Miloš Ostojić, Božidar Stojković, Snežana Đorđević i dr.

Izvori

Srijem
Vojvođanski Hrvati
Manifestacije Hrvata u Vojvodini
Slikarstvo

Likovna kolonija HKD Šid i CroArta


Guy de Baudement, né vers 1105 et mort en 1146, est seigneur de Baudement et de Braine au milieu du . Il est le fils d'André de Baudement et de son épouse Agnès de Braine.

Biographie

Guy de Baudement est le fils d'André de Baudement, seigneur de Baudement et sénéchal de Champagne, et de son épouse Agnès de Braine, dame de Braine. Il apparait comme témoin dans de nombreux actes de son père.

Plus tard, il obtient les titres de seigneur de Baudement et de Braine, probablement du vivant de ses parents qui seraient devenus religieux dans l'ordre de Citeaux pour son père et dans l'ordre de Prémontré pour sa mère, tandis que ses frères aînés sont soit devenu moine pour le premier ou soit devenu Templier pour le second.

Il meurt relativement jeune en 1144 et comme ses deux fils sont morts jeunes et probablement sans union ni descendance, c'est sa fille Agnès de Baudement qui hérite de ses titres.

Mariage et enfants

Avant 1130, il épouse Alix, dame de Braine qu'elle reçoit probablement dans son douaire et dont les parents sont inconnus, avec qui il a trois enfants :
 Hugues de Baudement, probablement mort jeune et sans enfant ;
 Guidon de Baudement, probablement mort jeune et sans enfant ;
 Agnès de Baudement, qui épouse en premières noces , comte de Bar-sur-Seine, d'où postérité. Veuve, elle épouse en secondes noces , comte de Dreux, d'où postérité.

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Comté de Champagne
 Village de Baudement
 Village de Braine
 Seigneurie de Braine

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Notes et références

Noblesse du Moyen-Âge en Champagne
Décès en 1144
Guy

Guy de Baudement


Jorge Célio Sena (Jorge Célio da Rocha Sena; * 13. Januar 1985 in Rio de Janeiro) ist ein brasilianischer Sprinter.

2003 gewann er bei den Leichtathletik-Südamerikameisterschaften in Barquisimeto Bronze über 200 m.

2009 lief er bei den Südamerikameisterschaften in Lima mit der brasilianischen Mannschaft in der 4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel auf dem zweiten Platz ein. Die Silbermedaille wurde der Stafette aberkannt, nachdem eine kurz zuvor bei Sena durchgeführte Dopingkontrolle ein positives Ergebnis für Erythropoetin (EPO) ergeben hatte. Wegen dieses Verstoßes gegen die Dopingbestimmungen wurde eine zweijährige Sperre gegen ihn verhängt.

Persönliche Bestzeiten

 100 m: 10,30 s, 5. Juni 2009, Rio de Janeiro
 200 m: 20,63 s, 4. Mai 2003, Belém

Weblinks

 Athletenporträt von Jorge Célio Sena bei der IAAF (englisch)

Fußnoten

100-Meter-Läufer (Brasilien)
200-Meter-Läufer (Brasilien)
4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel-Läufer (Brasilien)
Dopingfall in der Leichtathletik
Doping in Brasilien
Brasilianer
Geboren 1985
Mann

Jorge Célio Sena


A Guerra dos Camarões, também conhecida como Guerra Bamileke ou Guerre Cachée ("Guerra Oculta"), refere-se a luta pela independência camaronesa entre o movimento nacionalista dos Camarões e a França. O movimento foi liderado pela União das Populações dos Camarões (UPC) que se opunha a qualquer continuação das relações de dominação com o poder colonial francês. Mesmo após a independência, a rebelião prosseguiu, moldando a política contemporânea.

A guerra começou com tumultos em 1955 e continuou depois que Camarões conquistou a independência em 1960. Após a independência, o primeiro presidente de Camarões, Ahmadou Ahidjo, solicitou a continuação da intervenção militar francesa para combater os rebeldes. A rebelião da UPC foi amplamente esmagada pelas Forças Armadas Camaronesas e pelo Exército Francês em 1964. Esta guerra é muitas vezes esquecida porque ocorreu no auge do maior conflito colonial da França, a Guerra da Argélia.

Acredita-se que a guerra tenha produzido cerca de 61.300 a 76.300 mortes de civis, de acordo com estimativas da embaixada britânica montada em 1964, com 80% dos mortos sendo da região de Bamileke. O general Max Briand, comandante de todas as forças militares francesas em Camarões, deu uma estimativa de 20.000 pessoas mortas na região de Bamileke somente em 1960. Algumas estimativas modernas de mortes chegam a centenas de milhares ou até milhões, mas acredita-se que não sejam confiáveis. No geral, estimar o número de mortes é difícil, pois a administração francesa não manteve registros meticulosos do número de pessoas mortas.

Resistência africana ao colonialismo

Guerra dos Camarões


Reineke Fuchs (auch: Die Fabel von Reineke Fuchs; Originaltitel: Le Roman de Renard) ist der einzige abendfüllende Film des Animationsfilmers Władysław Starewicz. Der auf dem mittelalterlichen Text Le Roman de Renart und den nachfolgenden Reineke-Fuchs-Dichtungen basierende Film entstand bereits zwischen 1929 und 1931 in Frankreich, wurde aber erst 1937 in Berlin uraufgeführt. Der Puppentrickfilm ist einer der ältesten abendfüllenden Animationsfilme der Filmgeschichte und zählt zu den bekanntesten Werken Starewicz'.

Inhalt

Produktionsgeschichte

Der gebürtige Pole Władysław Starewicz gilt als ein Pionier des europäischen Animationsfilms, der maßgeblich zur Popularität des Filmgenres beigetragen hatte. Bereits 1910 hatte er im zaristischen Russland erste Filme im Stop-Motion-Verfahren gedreht, in denen er präparierte Tiere und Puppen in Szene setzte. Nach der Oktoberrevolution emigrierte Starewicz nach Frankreich und ließ sich in Fontenay-sous-Bois nieder. Er richtete sich in seinem Haus ein Atelier ein, wo er mit Unterstützung seiner Familie als unabhängiger Filmemacher eine Vielzahl von Puppentrickfilmen realisierte.

In vielen seiner Kurzfilme setzte Starewicz Fabeln und bekannte Märchenstoffe um. Bereits Anfang der 1920er Jahre arbeitete Władysław Starewicz an einer Adaption der Geschichte des Fuchses Renart, die im Spätmittelalter in ganz Europa verbreitet war und später unter anderem von Johann Wolfgang von Goethe als Reineke Fuchs bearbeitet wurde. Die Vorbereitung von Starewicz' Verfilmung dauerten über zehn Jahre, die Dreharbeiten begannen schließlich im Jahr 1929 und zogen sich über 18 Monate hin. Le Roman de Renard wurde Starewicz' erster abendfüllender Film, für den er zusammen mit seiner Tochter Irène, die als Regieassistentin und Drehbuchautorin fungierte, hunderte von Figuren entwarf und detaillierte Szenenbilder gestaltete.

Finanziert wurde Le Roman de Renard von Louis Nalpas, der bereits seit 1928 mit Starewicz zusammengearbeitet hatte. Nalpas nutzte Starewicz' Filme, um sein Tonfilmverfahren L. N. A. zu bewerben, das ähnlich wie das US-amerikanische Vitaphone nach dem Nadeltonverfahren arbeitete. Mit La petite parade, basierend auf Hans Christian Andersens Der standhafte Zinnsoldat, hatte Starewicz 1928 bereits einen Film abgeliefert, der von Nalpas nachträglich vertont wurde. Bei der Produktion von Le Roman de Renard verzögerten Probleme bei der Nachvertonung allerdings erheblich die Fertigstellung des Films. Nalpas' Tonfilmverfahren erwies sich als unzuverlässig, Finanzierungsprobleme führten zu weiteren Verzögerungen. Es entwickelte sich ein jahrelanger Rechtsstreit zwischen den Geschäftspartnern, die schließlich 1935 ihre Partnerschaft beendeten.

Nach dem Ausstieg von Louis Nalpas besaß Starewicz alleine die Rechte an Le Roman de Renard, dessen Vertonung weiterhin unvollständig war. 1936 erwarb die deutsche UFA die Aufführungsrechte an dem Film. Der Komponist Julius Kopsch wurde mit der Produktion einer deutschen Tonfassung unter dem Titel Reineke Fuchs beauftragt. Diese Version wurde am 3. Oktober 1937 im UFA-Pavillon am Berliner Nollendorfplatz uraufgeführt. Es folgten Aufführungen der deutschen Fassung unter anderem in Österreich, Ungarn, in der Tschechoslowakei und in den Niederlanden.

Erst 1939 fand Starewicz mit Roger Richebé einen Produzenten für eine Veröffentlichung in Frankreich. Richébe kaufte von der UFA das Originalnegativ sowie die Tonspuren der Filmmusik und der Soundeffekte auf. Für die französische Veröffentlichung wurde der Film überarbeitet: einzelne Szenen und Szenenübergänge wurden mit Hilfe von Iréne Starewicz nachgedreht, um eine bessere Synchronisation zu ermöglichen, die Traumsequenz wurde sogar völlig neu gefilmt. Richebé gewann den bekannten Liedtexter Jean Nohain für die Dialoge, die Filmmusik wurde von den populären Komponisten Vincent Scotto neu geschrieben und von dem Dirigenten Raymond Legrand eingespielt. Am 10. April 1941 wurde der überarbeitete Film schließlich in Vichy-Frankreich uraufgeführt.

Synchronisation
Die heute im Umlauf befindliche Fassung von Reineke Fuchs entspricht der 1941 veröffentlichten französischen Version des Films.

Zeitgenössische Rezeption
Trotz der Popularität Władysław Starewicz' fand Reineke Fuchs ein geringes Zuschauerinteresse im Deutschen Reich, der Film wurde nur auf wenigen Leinwänden gezeigt. Dessen ungeachtet zeigte sich der Film-Kurier begeistert von der Tricktechnik des Films: "Die Technik der Puppenbewegung? Man spürt sie nicht!" In Österreich fanden die Vorführungen in der Wiener Urania dagegen großen Zuspruch, im Sommer 1938 bilanzierte die Urania, dass Reineke Fuchs in Österreich anders als im Altreich ein großer Erfolg war.

Die französische Fassung des Films erwies sich dagegen von Anfang an als ein großer Erfolg. Obwohl Produzent Roger Richebé nur acht Kopien des Films fertigstellen konnte, wurden diese bis 1943 in mehr als 200 Kinos vorgeführt. Rund 120.000 Menschen sahen Le Roman de Renard in der Erstauswertung in Frankreich, davon etwa die Hälfte in Paris, wo der Film allerdings nach kurzer Zeit wieder abgesetzt wurde, um Platz für den nationalsozialistischen Propagandafilm Jud Süß zu machen. Die französische Presse pries die Animation, die Synchronisation und die musikalische Untermalung des Films, so beschrieb die Pariser Filmzeitschrift La Cinématographie française als eine "Tour-de-Force" sowohl in technischer Hinsicht als auch in Bezug auf die Geduld der Filmemacher. Der Filmkritiker Maurice Rousseau du Gard verglich Starewicz' Fabel sogar mit den Werken Jean de La Fontaines und Victor Hugos. Die Filmkritik von Le Film Complet war dagegen reservierter, sie bezeichnete Le Roman de Renard als "interessant, aber auch etwas speziell".

Sowohl die deutschsprachige Fassung Reineke Fuchs als auch die französische Version le Roman de Renard bleiben während des Zweiten Weltkriegs im Umlauf.

Inszenierung

Filmhistorische Einordnung

Literatur
 Léona Béatrice Martin, François Martin: Ladislas Starewitch, 1882–1965: "Le cinéma ... rend visibles les rêves de l'imagination". Harmattan, Paris 2003, ISBN 2-7475-4733-7.
 Richard Neupert: French Animation History. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2011, ISBN 978-1-4443-3836-2.

Weblinks

 Eintrag bei der Friedrich-Wilhelm-Murnau-Stiftung

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1937
Französischer Film
Stop-Motion-Film
Literaturverfilmung
Fuchs in Kunst und Literatur

Reineke Fuchs (1937)


Proso (lat. Panicum), rod jednogodišnjeg raslinja i trajnica iz porodice trava (Poaceae) kojemu pripada preko 270 vrsta. Raširene su u tropskom području, odakle se nekoliko vrsta širi na sjever u umjereni pojas. Narastu od nekoliko desetaka centimetara do tri metra visine. Cvat je u obliku metlice koje su često duge do 60 cm u kojima se nalaze brojne sjemenke dužine 1-6mm.

Kao žitarica poznata je nekoliko tisuća godina. U sjeverozapadnoj Kini pronađena je zdjelica s rezancima od prosa, a poznavali su je i stari Gali i Rimljani. Proso je često bio hrana sirotinje, dok se u sadašnje vrijeme koristi sve više zato što ne sadrži gluten.

U Hrvatskoj rastu tri vrste prosa, to su Panicum capillare ili vlasasto proso, Račvasto proso (Panicum dichotomiflorum), obično proso Panicum miliaceum. Četvrta vrsta koja se spominje, Panicum riparium, sinonim je za P. capillare.

Prosu dolazi ime po riječi panis u značenju kruh, i to po imenu biljke koja se više ne smatra predstavnikom ovog roda, to je Setaria italica (sin. Panicum italicum), koja pripada rodu
muhar (Setaria).

Vrste

 Panicum acrotrichum Hook.fil.
 Panicum aequinerve Nees
 Panicum afzelii Sw.
 Panicum alatum Zuloaga & Morrone
 Panicum aldabrense Renvoize
 Panicum altum Hitchc. & Chase
 Panicum amarum Elliott
 Panicum ambositrense A.Camus
 Panicum ambougense A.Camus
 Panicum amoenum Balansa
 Panicum anabaptistum Steud.
 Panicum andringitrense A.Camus
 Panicum ankarense A.Camus
 Panicum aquarum Zuloaga & Morrone
 Panicum aquaticum Poir.
 Panicum arbusculum Mez
 Panicum arcurameum Stapf
 Panicum assumptionis Stapf
 Panicum atrosanguineum Hochst. ex A.Rich.
 Panicum aztecanum Zuloaga & Morrone
 Panicum bambusiculme Friis & Vollesen
 Panicum bambusiusculum Stapf
 Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash
 Panicum bartlettii Swallen
 Panicum bechuanense Bremek. & Oberm.
 Panicum beecheyi Hook. & Arn.
 Panicum bergii Arechav.
 Panicum bicuspidatum A.Camus
 Panicum bisulcatum Thunb.
 Panicum bombycinum B.K.Simon
 Panicum brevifolium L.
 Panicum buncei F.Muell. ex Benth.
 Panicum calcicola A.Camus
 Panicum callosum Hochst. ex A.Rich.
 Panicum calocarpum Berhaut
 Panicum calvum Stapf
 Panicum campestre Nees ex Trin.
 Panicum capillare L.
 Panicum capillarioides Vasey
 Panicum capuronii A.Camus
 Panicum carneovaginatum Renvoize
 Panicum caudiglume Hack.
 Panicum cayennense Lam.
 Panicum cervicatum Chase
 Panicum chambeshii Renvoize
 Panicum chasei Roseng.
 Panicum chillagoanum B.K.Simon
 Panicum chionachne Mez
 Panicum chloroleucum Griseb.
 Panicum cinctum Hack.
 Panicum coloratum L.
 Panicum comorense Mez
 Panicum complanatum Guglieri, Longhi-Wagner & Zuloaga
 Panicum congoense Franch.
 Panicum costatispiculum Ohwi
 Panicum crassum Chase
 Panicum crystallinum Judz. & Voronts.
 Panicum cupressifolium A.Camus
 Panicum curviflorum Hornem.
 Panicum danguyi A.Camus
 Panicum deccanense Naik & Patunkar
 Panicum deciduum Swallen
 Panicum decolorans Kunth
 Panicum decompositum R.Br.
 Panicum delicatulum Fig. & De Not.
 Panicum dewinteri J.G.Anderson
 Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.
 Panicum diffusum Sw.
 Panicum dolichoadenotrichum A.Camus
 Panicum dorsense S.M.Phillips
 Panicum dregeanum Nees
 Panicum effusum R.Br.
 Panicum eickii Mez
 Panicum ephemeroides Zuloaga & Morrone
 Panicum ephemerum Renvoize
 Panicum exiguum Mez
 Panicum fasciculiforme Mez
 Panicum fauriei Hitchc.
 Panicum fischeri Bor
 Panicum flacourtii A.Camus
 Panicum flexile (Gatt.) Scribn.
 Panicum flexuosum Retz.
 Panicum fluviicola Steud.
 Panicum fontanale Swallen
 Panicum furvum Swallen
 Panicum garadei Sundararagh. & Karthik.
 Panicum gardneri Thwaites
 Panicum genuflexum Stapf
 Panicum ghiesbreghtii E.Fourn. ex Hemsl.
 Panicum gilvum Launert
 Panicum glabripes Döll
 Panicum glanduliferum K.Schum.
 Panicum glandulopaniculatum Renvoize
 Panicum gouinii E.Fourn.
 Panicum goyazense Mez
 Panicum graciliflorum Rendle
 Panicum grandiflorum Stapf
 Panicum griffonii Franch.
 Panicum haenkeanum J.Presl
 Panicum hallii Vasey
 Panicum hanningtonii Stapf
 Panicum haplocaulos Pilg.
 Panicum harmandii (A.Camus) Stieber
 Panicum havardii Vasey
 Panicum hayatae A.Camus
 Panicum hemitomon Schult.
 Panicum hillmanii Chase
 Panicum hippothrix K.Schum. ex Engl.
 Panicum hirsutum Sw.
 Panicum hirticaule J.Presl
 Panicum hirtiglume H.Scholz
 Panicum hirtum Lam.
 Panicum hispidifolium Swallen
 Panicum hochstetteri Steud.
 Panicum homblei Robyns
 Panicum hubbardii (A.Camus) Renvoize
 Panicum humbertii A.Camus
 Panicum humidorum Buch.-Ham.
 Panicum hygrocharis Steud.
 Panicum ibitense A.Camus
 Panicum ikopense A.Camus
 Panicum impeditum Launert
 Panicum inaequilatum Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
 Panicum incisum Munro ex C.B.Clarke
 Panicum incomptum F.Muell.
 Panicum incomtum Trin.
 Panicum inconspicuum Voronts.
 Panicum issongense Pilg.
 Panicum johnii S.M.Almeida
 Panicum joshuae Lambdon
 Panicum juniperinum Nees
 Panicum kalaharense Mez
 Panicum kasumense Renvoize
 Panicum kerrii C.E.Hubb.
 Panicum khasianum Munro ex Hook.fil.
 Panicum konaense Whitney & Hosaka
 Panicum kuhlmannii Swallen
 Panicum lachnophyllum Benth.
 Panicum lacustre Hitchc. & Ekman
 Panicum laevinode Lindl.
 Panicum lanipes Mez
 Panicum larcomianum Hughes
 Panicum laticomum Nees
 Panicum latzii R.D.Webster
 Panicum leprosulum Mez
 Panicum ligulare Nees ex Trin.
 Panicum lineale H.St.John
 Panicum longiloreum M.M.Rahman
 Panicum longissimum (Mez) Henrard
 Panicum longivaginatum H.St.John
 Panicum luridum Hack. ex Scott Elliot
 Panicum luzonense J.Presl & C.Presl
 Panicum madipirense Mez
 Panicum magnispicula Zuloaga, Morrone & Valls
 Panicum mahafalense A.Camus
 Panicum mananarense A.Camus
 Panicum mandrarense A.Camus
 Panicum manongarivense A.Camus
 Panicum mapalense Pilg.
 Panicum massaiense Stapf
 Panicum maximilianii Schrad. ex Schult.
 Panicum merkeri Mez
 Panicum miliaceum L.
 Panicum millegrana Poir.
 Panicum mindanaense Merr.
 Panicum mitchellii Benth.
 Panicum mitopus K.Schum.
 Panicum mlahiense Renvoize
 Panicum mohavense Reeder
 Panicum monticola Hook.fil.
 Panicum morombense A.Camus
 Panicum mucronulatum Mez
 Panicum muscicola A.Camus
 Panicum mystasipum Zuloaga & Morrone
 Panicum nehruense Jauhar & Joshi
 Panicum neobathiei A.Camus
 Panicum neohumbertii A.Camus
 Panicum nephelophilum Gaudich.
 Panicum nigerense Hitchc.
 Panicum niihauense H.St.John
 Panicum notatum Retz.
 Panicum novemnerve Stapf
 Panicum nudiflorum Renvoize
 Panicum nymphoides Renvoize
 Panicum oblongispiculum Ohwi
 Panicum obseptum Trin. ex Nees
 Panicum oligoadenotrichum A.Camus
 Panicum olyroides Kunth
 Panicum omega Renvoize
 Panicum ononbiense Balansa
 Panicum paianum Naik & Patunkar
 Panicum palackyanum A.Camus
 Panicum palauense Ohwi
 Panicum pansum Rendle
 Panicum parapaurochaetium A.Camus
 Panicum paucinode Stapf
 Panicum pedersenii Zuloaga
 Panicum peladoense Henrard
 Panicum pellitum Trin.
 Panicum perangustatum Renvoize
 Panicum perrieri A.Camus
 Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. ex Trin.
 Panicum phippsii Renvoize
 Panicum phoiniclados Naik & Patunkar
 Panicum phragmitoides Stapf
 Panicum pilgeri Mez
 Panicum pilgerianum (Schweick.) Clayton
 Panicum pinifolium Chiov.
 Panicum pleianthum Peter
 Panicum plenum Hitchc. & Chase
 Panicum poioides Stapf
 Panicum porphyrrhizos Steud.
 Panicum pseudoracemosum Renvoize
 Panicum pseudovoeltzkowii A.Camus
 Panicum pusillum Hook.fil.
 Panicum pygmaeum R.Br.
 Panicum quadriglume (Döll) Hitchc.
 Panicum queenslandicum Domin
 Panicum racemosum (P.Beauv.) Spreng.
 Panicum ramosius Hitchc.
 Panicum repens L.
 Panicum rigidum Balf.
 Panicum robustum B.K.Simon
 Panicum robynsii A.Camus
 Panicum rostellatum Trin.
 Panicum rudgei Roem. & Schult.
 Panicum rupestre Trin.
 Panicum ruspolii Chiov.
 Panicum sancta-luciense Fish
 Panicum sarmentosum Roxb.
 Panicum schinzii Hack. ex Schinz
 Panicum sellowii Nees
 Panicum seminudum Domin
 Panicum semirugosum Nees
 Panicum semitectum Swallen
 Panicum shinyangense Renvoize
 Panicum silvestre Fish
 Panicum simulans Smook
 Panicum smithii M.M.Rahman
 Panicum socotranum Cope
 Panicum sparsicomum Nees ex Steud.
 Panicum spergulifolium A.Camus
 Panicum spongiosum Stapf
 Panicum stapfianum Fourc.
 Panicum subalbidum Kunth
 Panicum subflabellatum Stapf
 Panicum subhystrix A.Camus
 Panicum sublaeve Swallen
 Panicum subtilissimum Renvoize
 Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. & Schult.
 Panicum taiwanense S.S.Ying
 Panicum tamaulipense F.R.Waller & Morden
 Panicum tenuifolium Hook. & Arn.
 Panicum torridum Gaudich.
 Panicum trachyrhachis Benth.
 Panicum trichanthum Nees
 Panicum trichocladum Hack. ex K.Schum.
 Panicum trichoides Sw.
 Panicum tricholaenoides Steud.
 Panicum trichonode Launert & Renvoize
 Panicum tsaratananense A.Camus
 Panicum turgidum Forssk.
 Panicum urvilleanum (Herter) Kunth
 Panicum vaseyanum Scribn. ex Beal
 Panicum vatovae Chiov.apud Chiarugi
 Panicum venezuelae Hack.
 Panicum virgatum L.
 Panicum voeltzkowii Mez
 Panicum vohitrense A.Camus
 Panicum vollesenii Renvoize
 Panicum volutans J.G.Anderson
 Panicum walense Mez
 Panicum wiehei Renvoize
 Panicum xerophilum (Hillebr.) Hitchc.
 Panicum zambesiense Renvoize

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Panicinae

Proso


Ayn Calut Muharebesi, (Arapça: عين جالوت, Calut'un gözü), 3 Eylül 1260'ta Memlük Ordusu ile İlhanlılar arasında, Celile Bölgesi'nin Ayn Calut mevkiinde yapılan muharebe.

Arka Plan
10 Şubat 1258'de Bağdat şehrini istila edip Halife Mustasım Billah'ı idam eden Hülagû'nun komutasındaki Moğol Orduları, Suriye'ye ilerlemişlerdir. Hülagû'den aldığı tehdit dolu mesajdan sonra Eyyûbi Sultanı Nasır Yusuf, Memlûkler'den acil yardım talep etmiştir. 12 Kasım 1259 günü Memlûkler arasında yapılan toplantıda, yaşının küçük olması sebebiyle Sultan Mansur Ali tahttan indirilerek yerine Seyfeddin Kutuz çıkartılmıştır. 1260 yılı başında Hülagu, Memlûk Sultanı Kutuz'un kendisine tâbi olması için bir elçilik heyeti göndermişti. Elçiler beraberinde Hülagu'dan tehdit dolu bir mektup da getirmişlerdi. Kutuz, tehdit dolu bu mektuptan hiçbir suretle etkilenmeyerek es-Salihiyye'de Emirlerini toplayarak, onlarla durumu görüştü. Alınan kararlara göre Moğollar'a itaat edilmeyip sonuna kadar mukâvemet edilecekti. Bu suretle Hülagu'nun göndermiş olduğu dört kişiden oluşan elçilik heyeti Kahire'nin değişik yerlerinde idâm edildi. 11 Ağustos 1259 yılında Moğol Büyük Han'ı Mengü, kardeşi Kubilay ile Çin'de savaşırken ölmüştü. Bunun üzerine kardeşleri Kubilay ile Arık Boğa (Erik Boğa) arasında taht kavgaları başladı. Hülagu kardeşi Mengü Han'ın vefâtı ve Moğolistan'da çıkan iç karışıklık sebebiyle ordusunun büyük bir kısmıyla başkent Karakurum'a hareket etti. Suriye'deki Moğol kuvvetlerinin komutanlığı ise Ketboğa Noyan'a bırakıldı.

Savaş

Savaştan hemen önce Mısır'da Sultan ilan edilen Seyfeddin Kutuz kumandasındaki 20.000 kişilik bir orduyla, Hulagu'nun en seçkin kumandanlarından Ketboğa Noyan kumandasındaki çok sayıdaki Suriyeli savaşçılar, Ermeni ve Gürcülerle takviye edilmiş Moğol ordusunu Filistin'de karşıladı. İki ordu 3 Ekim 1260 tarihinde, Ayn Calut denilen mevkide karşılaştı. Baybars küçük bir birliğe komuta etmesine karşın Mısır'dan kaçtıktan sonra (Bkz. Baybars / Hükümdarlık öncesi yaşamı) sırasında bölgeyi ve araziyi iyi tanıdığından muharebenin stratejisini kendisi belirlemişti. Baybars, vur/kaç taktikleriyle Moğol ordusunu birkaç saat oyaladıktan sonra sahte bir geri çekilmeyle Moğol kuvvetlerini Memluk ordusunun büyük kısmının gizlendiği yüksek araziye çekmiştir. Ketboğa ordusuna takip emri verince hazırlanmış tuzağa düşmüştür. Bunun üzerine Memluk kuvvetleri her yandan şiddetli bir ok yağmuru ve süvari hücumuyla saldırmıştır. Bu zor duruma rağmen Moğollar hırsla dövüşüp Memluk ordusunun sol kanadını püskürtmeyi başardılar. Bunun üzerine Memluklar Moğol atlarını korkutmak içi el toplarını kullandılar ve Moğol ordusu bir karmaşanın içine düştü. Yenilginin anlaşılması üzerine hayatta kalan Moğol askerleri geri çekilmiştir. Ancak Memluk ordusu onları inatla takip edince durup yeniden savaştılar. Fakat onlar da sonuçta erimiştir. Moğol ordusunun hemen hemen tamamı imha edilmiştir. Bu muharebede öldürülen Moğol askerleri arasında Ketboğa Noyan da bulunmaktadır.

Sonuç
Moğollar şayet bu savaşta gâlip gelselerdi Mısır'a kadar ilerleyecekler, Irak'taki faaliyetleri gibi burada da aynı fiilleri işleyecekler, Mısır'a yerleşmeseler bile Irak'ta yerleştikleri gibi Suriye'ye de yerleşeceklerdi. Ayn-ı Câlût zaferi sadece Mısır'ı değil aynı zamanda Suriye'yi de Moğol hakimiyetinden kurtardı. Cengiz Han'ın cihangirliği ve dünya hâkimiyeti fikrinden yola çıkarak önlerinde hiçbir gücün duramayacağını zanneden İlhanlılar, Memlûkler sayesinde durdurulmuş ve onlardan yedikleri ağır darbeler sonucunda yavaş yavaş yıkılmaya sürüklenmişlerdir. Memlükler'in İlhanlılar karşısında elde ettikleri başarılar ve buna bağlı olarak İslâm alemindeki itibârlarının artması Osmanlı Devleti'nin yükselişine kadar bölgedeki en önemli siyasi güç olmalarına sebep olmuştur.

Ayrıca bakınız
 İlhanlılar
 Seyfeddin Kutuz
 Ketboğa

Kaynakça

Moğol İmparatorluğu'nun muharebeleri

Memlûk Devleti'nin muharebeleri
1260'larda çatışmalar
Gürcü Krallığı'nın muharebeleri
Kilikya Ermeni Krallığı'nın muharebeleri

13. yüzyılda Memlûk Devleti
1260'larda Asya
1260'larda Avrupa
13. yüzyılda Gürcü Krallığı

İlhanlılar'ın muharebeleri

Ayn Calut Muharebesi


Samtalen er en kortfilm instrueret af Jesper Lambæk, Truels Bisgaard efter manuskript af Jesper Lambæk, Truels Bisgaard.

Handling
To venners møde og deres forsøg på at mødes. Den ene med krigens rædsler som frisk bagage, den anden en helt 'almindelig' dansker. Samtalen bringer os vidt omkring i danske landskaber og foregår alle steder på én gang.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1995

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Samtalen


Robert Laurent, né le  à Vauvillers et mort le  à Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer, est un militaire et résistant français, Compagnon de la Libération. Sous-marinier déjà expérimenté au moment où commence la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il décide de se rallier à la France libre et participe aux combats dans les rangs des forces navales françaises libres. Après la guerre, il poursuit sa carrière militaire en occupant divers postes au sein des états-majors de la Marine.

Biographie

Jeunesse et engagement

Robert Laurent naît le 24 décembre 1097 à Vauvillers, en Haute-Saône. En 1927, il s'engage dans la Marine et est affecté sur le sous-marin Regnault où il est promu second maître-timonier en janvier 1930. Pendant sept ans, il est affecté à plusieurs bâtiment de la Marine et est promu maître-timonier en juillet 1937. En octobre de la même année, il est muté sur le sous-marin Rubis ancré à Cherbourg puis à Bizerte en Tunisie.

Seconde Guerre mondiale

Toujours basé en Tunisie au moment où débute la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Robert Laurent est promu premier maître-timonier en avril 1940. Dans le même temps, le gouvernement français mets le Rubis à disposition de l'amirauté britannique qui le fait déplacer vers la base navale de Dundee, en Écosse. Le sous-marin est en mission de mouillage de mines au large de Trondheim lorsque la France signe l'armistice du 22 juin 1940. L'équipage apprend la nouvelle lors de son retour à la base le 30 juin suivant et, sous l'impulsion de son commandant Georges Cabanier, décide de se rallier à la France libre.

Avec ses camarades du Rubis, Robert Laurent effectue une dizaine de missions en mer de Norvège, en mer du Nord et dans la Manche, coulant sept navires ennemis. Promu officier des équipages de  classe le  juillet 1941, il est affecté à terre sur la base de sous-marins de Dundee puis, un an plus tard, est muté à la  flottille de vedettes MTB. Commandant de vedette, il effectue près de cinquante patrouilles maritimes au cours desquelles il entre en contact cinq fois avec des convois ennemis dont il coule un bâtiment. Promu officier des équipages de  classe le 2 juillet 1944, il termine la guerre au sein des groupes de réserve Jeanne et Geneviève où il est affecté d'août 1944 à juin 1947.

Après-Guerre

Poursuivant sa carrière militaire après la guerre, Robert Laurent est affecté à la direction du port militaire de Toulon de 1947 à 1952 puis part pour l'Algérie où il travaille à la direction du port d'Oran jusqu'en 1954. Il revient à Toulon en 1955 pour être en poste à la  région maritime et quitte l'armée après avoir été promu officier principal des équipages le  juin 1957. Robert Laurent meurt le 17 décembre 1958 à Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer où il est inhumé.

Décorations

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

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Articles connexes

 Ordre de la Libération
 Libération de la France

Liens externes

Résistant français
Officier des Forces navales françaises libres
Officier de la Marine française
Officier de la Légion d'honneur (date non précisée)
Compagnon de la Libération
Titulaire de la médaille militaire
Titulaire de la croix de guerre 1939-1945
Naissance en décembre 1907
Naissance en Haute-Saône
Décès en décembre 1958
Décès à Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer
Décès à 50 ans

Robert Laurent (militaire)


Les Franciscaines de Notre-Dame du Perpétuel Secours sont une congrégation religieuse féminine enseignante et hospitalière de droit pontifical.

Histoire

En 1901, trois Franciscaines de Marie Immaculée de Joliet (Solana Leczna, Ernestine Matz et Hilaria Matz) s'installent près de l'église  à Saint-Louis (Missouri) pour s'occuper des enfants d'immigrés polonais. Le 29 mai 1901, la communauté devient autonome sous le nom de Franciscaines de Notre-Dame du Perpétuel Secours. Les sœurs étendent bientôt leurs activités à l'enseignement dans les écoles rurales, à l'assistance aux malades et au travail dans les missions.

L'institut est agrégé à l'ordre des frères mineurs le 15 octobre 1907 ; il reçoit le décret de louange en 1931 et l'approbation définitive de ses constitutions le 6 juin 1939.

Activité et diffusion

Les sœurs se consacrent à l'enseignement et au soin des malades.

Elles sont présentes aux États-Unis avec la maison-mère à Saint Louis.

En 2017, la congrégation comptait 155 sœurs dans 75 maisons.

Notes et références

Congrégation catholique féminine
Congrégation enseignante catholique
Famille franciscaine
Fondation en 1901
Diaspora polonaise


El RD-108, junto al RD-107, es un modelo de motor de cohete desarrollado inicialmente para propulsar el misil R-7 Semyorka. Después, los motores RD-108 se continuaron empleando en los sistemas de lanzamiento espaciales basados en el R-7. En el 2007, el Soyuz FG seguía empleando unos motores, los RD-118, muy similares al original.

Diseño

El RD-108 se diseñó entre 1954 y 1957, en la Agencia de Diseño y Laboratorio de Dinámica de Gases (OKB-456), bajo la dirección de Valentín Glushkó.

Emplea oxígeno líquido y queroseno como propergoles. Y peróxido de hidrógeno y helio a presión para realizar tareas auxlilares.

Cada motor está formado por cuatro cámaras de combustión fijas y cuatro orientables más pequeñas. Todas las cámaras comparte un único equipo de turbobomba.

Este modelo se emplea en el propulsión central, fase 1. Para los propulsores laterales, fase 0, se emplea el RD-107 con el que comparte gran parte del diseño.

Fabricación

Estos motores se produjeron en la fábrica de Samara, bajo la supervisión de la rama Privolzhskiy de NVO Energomash. Se organizó como una rama del OKB-456 en 1957 específicamente dedicada a la fabricación del RD-107 y el RD-108.

Variaciones

La sucesivas modificaciones del RD-107 han dado lugar a distintas versiones
 8D75
 8D729
 11D512
 14D21

Los trabajos en 14D21 comenzaron (junto con los de su complemetario 14D22) en 1986, y el primer diseño preliminar estuvo listo en 1993. Se modificó la cabeza de inyección para mejorar el empuje específico. La primera vez que se empleó en el lanzamiento en un carguero Progress  fue en mayo del 2001. Y el primer vuelo tripulado aconteció en octubre del 2002.

Especificaciones
 Empuje al despegue: 813 kN
 Empuje en el vacío: 941 kN
 Impulso específico al despegue: 2430/ kN·s/kg
 Impulso específico en el vacío: 309 kN·s/kg
 Presión en cámara 5,10 MPa / 51,0 ba
 Propergoles: Oxígeno Líquido (Lox)/queroseno

Referencias

Notas

Motores de cohete
R-7_(familia_de_cohetes)

RD-108


Un eruv (en hebreo עירוב, mezcla, asociación, reunión, plural eruvim) es una demarcación construida por las comunidades judías con el propósito de poder cargar objetos de un lugar a otro durante Shabbat y otras festividades judías sin transgredir la Halajá o Ley Judía.

Ver además: Actividades prohibidas durante Shabbat

El eruv permite que los judíos observantes puedan cargar y transportar, entre otras cosas, llaves, medicinas, bastones, muletas e incluso bebés, tanto en brazos como en un coche de niño o carriola. La existencia o no de un eruv en una comunidad judía, define de manera dramática la vida de aquellas personas con movilidad reducida, con bebés, o responsables de cuidar niños pequeños.

Composición del Eruv
Un eruv se compone de dos elementos primordiales, a saber:
 Un cerco físico que hace al área demarcada el equivalente a un "dominio privado" y delimitado con "portones" hechos con alambres que se ajustan al cableado de servicio público de la zona;
 Una "comida común". que simbólicamente une a todos los hogares judíos en el área en un solo hogar. Estas comidas comunitarias hacen referencia a alguna festividad judía, como Shabbat, Pésaj o Shavuot.

Un eruv puede agrupar un grupo de edificaciones o incluso bajo ciertas condiciones, todo un barrio o como en Israel, una ciudad entera.

Eruvim en el mundo
Desde el año 2004, el barrio caraqueño de La Florida dispone de un eruv para uso de la comunidad judía. Desde el año 2008, la ciudad de Viena tiene su eruv, el cual sirve a una comunidad de 7000 personas.

En la ciudad de Montevideo, Uruguay, existe un eruv desde el año 2018, el cual fue autorizado por la Intendencia de Montevideo. Cubre los barrios de Pocitos, Buceo y Punta Carretas. También está prevista la construcción de un eruv en la península de Punta del Este para el año 2021.

Referencias

Judaísmo

Eruv


El coronel general vitéz Gusztáv Jány (21 de octubre de 1883, Rajka - 26 de noviembre de 1947, Budapest) fue comandante del II Ejército Húngaro durante la batalla de Stalingrado. El general Gusztáv Jány tuvo que hacer frente a la derrota posiblemente más brutal del Ejército húngaro durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Sus fuerzas, que protegían uno de los flancos del VI Ejército de von Paulus mientras combatía en Stalingrado, fueron literalmente arrolladas por los soviéticos durante las fases iniciales de su contraofensiva y los posteriores movimientos que darían paso a la formación de la Bolsa "Kessel de Stalingrado"

Veterano del ejército imperial austro-húngaro durante la Primera Guerra Mundial y de los conflictos fronterizos que tuvo que lidiar Hungría tras el fin del conflicto, el General Jány era uno de los hombres de confianza del líder húngaro Miklós Horthy. Durante los años de entreguerras fue ascendiendo paulatinamente en el escalafón militar siendo, ya al inicio de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el Comandante en Jefe del Primer Cuerpo de Ejército. En 1940, en plenos reajustes fronterizos con Rumanía, pasó a dirigir el II Ejército, que se uniría a las fuerzas alemanas del grupo sur en abril de 1942, justo a tiempo de participar, en junio de ese año, en la Operación Fall Blau, la ofensiva alemana de verano que acabaría en el desastre de Stalingrado.

Tras la debacle en el frente ruso se retiró del servicio activo y tras la caída del régimen del almirante Miklós Horthy se negó a servir al régimen fascista pronazi húngaro de los Flechas Negras. Juzgado en plena represión por las nuevas autoridades prosoviéticas de Hungría, fue primero apartado del ejército en 1946 y posteriormente ejecutado.

Condecoraciones
 Cruz de Hierro (1939) segunda y primera clase
 Cruz de Caballero de la Cruz de Hierro (31 de marzo de 1943)

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939-1945.  Friedburg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas, 2000. ISBN 3-7909-0284-5.

Condecorados con la Cruz de Caballero de la Cruz de Hierro
Militares austrohúngaros de la Primera Guerra Mundial
Militares de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Militares de Hungría del siglo XX
Nacidos en Hungría
Fallecidos en Budapest

Gusztáv Jány


Kuyucu, Adana ilinin Karaisalı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Adana iline 40 km, Karaisalı ilçesine 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Karaisalı'nın mahalleleri

Kuyucu, Karaisalı


Inger Ninni Marianne Holmqvist (* 24. Juni 1958 in Lund) ist eine schwedische Schriftstellerin und Übersetzerin.

Leben

Ninni Holmqvist wuchs im südschwedischen Malmö auf. Sie ging verschiedenen Berufen nach, bevor sie sich für das Schreiben entschied. Schreiblehrgänge besuchte sie an den Volkshochschulen in Skurup und auf der Insel Biskops-Arnö bei Håbo sowie an der Universität Göteborg. Sie lebt und arbeitet in Katslösa in der Gemeinde Skurup.

Werk und Übersetzungen

Ihr erstes veröffentlichtes Buch war eine Sammlung von Erzählungen, die 1995 unter dem Titel Kostym in der Stockholmer Verlagsgruppe Nordstedts erschien. Ihr erster Roman, der 1999 bei Nordstedts unter dem Titel Något av bestående karaktär erschien, kam 2004 in einer deutschen Übersetzung (als Die Verführten) als Suhrkamp-Taschenbuch heraus. Ihr dystopischer Roman Enhet, der 2006 in Schweden erschien, wurde vielfach übersetzt, zum Beispiel ins Norwegische (2007 bei Damm als Enheten), Niederländische (2007 bei Anthos als De eenheid), Englische (2008 bei Other Press als The Unit), Deutsche (2008 beim Fahrenheit-Verlag und 2011 als Fischer-Taschenbuch als Die Entbehrlichen), Russische (2010 bei Rippol klassik als Биологический материал, Neuausgaben unter dem Titel Вечернее платье должно быть сексуальным) und Französische (2011 bei Éditions SW Télémaque als L'unité). Er wurde verglichen mit Karin Boyes Kallocain (1940) und George Orwells 1984 (1949).

Holmqvist wurde 2010 mit dem mit 15.000 schwedischen Kronen dotierten Ludvig Nordström-priset der Ludvig-Nordström-Gesellschaft ausgezeichnet.

Ninni Holmqvist übertrug unter anderem Werke von Jane Aaamund, Natasha Illum Berg, Sara Blædel, Kirsten Hammann, Helle Helle, Iselin C. Hermann, Christina Hesselholdt, Peter Høeg und Ida Jessen aus dem Dänischen sowie von Adam Thirlwell, Kurt Vonnegut und Xinran aus dem Englischen ins Schwedische.

Romane

 Något av bestående karaktär. Nordstedts, Stockholm 1999, ISBN 978-91-1-300664-2.
deutsche Übersetzung: Die Verführten. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2004, ISBN 3-518-45623-7.
 Enhet. Nordstedts, Stockholm 2006, ISBN 978-91-1-301612-2.
 Erstausgabe der deutschen Übersetzung: Die Entbehrlichen. Fahrenheit, München 2008, ISBN 978-3-940813-00-8.

Kurzgeschichtensammlungen

 Kostym. Nordstedts, Stockholm 1995, ISBN 978-91-1-942251-4.
 Biroller. Nordstedts, Stockholm 2002, ISBN 978-91-1-301039-7.

Weblinks

 Ninni Holmqvist auf der Website der Verlagsgruppe Nordstedts (schwedisch)

Einzelnachweise

Literatur (Schwedisch)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Roman, Epik
Autor
Schwede
Geboren 1958
Frau

Ninni Holmqvist


Austrijski šahovski savez (nje. Österreichischer Schachbund), krovno tijelo športa šaha u Austriji. Sjedište je u Grazu, Sackstrasse 17. Osnovan je 1920. i član je FIDE od 1926. godine. Austrija pripada europskoj zoni 1.2a. Predsjednik je Christian Hursky (ažurirano 21. listopada 2019.).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice

Šah u Austriji
Austrija

Austrijski šahovski savez


An Liparis bifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Célestin Alfred Cogniaux. An Liparis bifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Liparis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Liparis (Orchidaceae)

Liparis bifolia


Los Chicataneros de Huatusco fue un equipo de béisbol que participó en la Liga Invernal Veracruzana con sede en Huatusco, Veracruz, México.

Historia

Los Chicataneros de Huatusco retornaron a la LIV para la Temporada 2011-2012.

Inicios

Los Chicataneros de Huatusco debutaron en la LIV hace algunos años, y se han ido y regresado varias veces al circuito.

Actualidad

Forman parte de la Zona Centro en la actual temporada de la LIV.

Jugadores

Roster actual
"Temporada 2011-2012"

Jugadores destacados

Véase también

 Liga Invernal Veracruzana.
 Huatusco.
 Estado de Veracruz.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial de la Liga Invernal Veracruzana
 Sitio Oficial de la Federación Mexicana de Béisbol

Equipos de béisbol desaparecidos de México
Equipos de béisbol del estado de Veracruz

Chicataneros de Huatusco


محافظة كويافسكو-بومورسكي (البولندية : Województwo kujawsko-pomorskie) هي واحدة من 16 محافظة التي تتكون منها جمهورية بولندا، عاصمتها هي مدينة تورون، تقع في شمال وسط بولندا.

مراجع

محافظات بولندا

محافظة كويافسكو-بومورسكي


Dattilo je nenaseljeni otočić u Liparskom otočju. Otočje se nalazi sjeverno od Sicilije, u Tirenskom moru, u Italiji.

Najbliži veći otok je Panarea, oko 1,5 km zapadno. Administrativno, otok pripada općini Lipari.

Geologija
Datillo, kao i susjedni otočići Bottaro, Lisca Bianca, Lisca Nera i brojne hridi, ostaci su ugaslog vulkanskog grotla nastalog prije 130 000 godina. U prošlosti, ovi su otočići vjerojatno bili povezani u jedno kopno, možda čak i spojeni s Panareom. No, utjecaj atmosferskih prilika i uzdizanje i spuštanje tla (pojava karakteristična za ovo otočje) učinili su da danas postoji niz manjih otoka. Smatra se da je ovaj proces završen prije oko 10 000 godina.

Dattilo je u potpunosti stjenovit i posve je nepristupačan, osim male šljunčane plaže na istočnoj strani. Bogat je alumom, sumporom i gipsom.

Flora i fauna
Glavne biljke prisutne na otoku su rijetki grmovi tršlje (Pistacia lentiscus), divljak (Limbarda crithmoides) i Suaeda vera. Najčešće životinje uključuju kunića (Oryctolagus cuniculus), poljskog guštera (Podarcis sicula), zidnog macaklina (Tarentola mauritanica) i bradavog gekona (Hemidactylus turcicus). Na otoku se gnijezdi i galeb klaukavac (Larus michahellis).

Godine 1991. Dattilo je zajedno s ostalim manjim otočićima oko Panaree proglašen integralnim prirodnim rezervatom, te je na njega zabranjeno iskrcavanje, osim u znanstvene svrhe.

Etimologija
U nedostatku povijesnih izvora, vjeruje se da ime otoka potječe od starogrčkog dáctylos (δάκτυλος), što znači "prst", zbog kamena uperenog prema nebu koja poprima oblik prsta.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Liparski otoci

Dattilo


Autoportret u konveksnom zrcalu (talijanski: Autoritratto entro uno specchio convesso) je najpoznatije je djelo slavnog talijanskog renesansnog i manirističkog slikara Francesca Mazzole, poznatijeg pod imenom Parmigianino. Djelo je naslikano 1527. godine uljem na drvetu i danas se nalazi u Muzeju povijesti umjetnosti u Beču, Austriji.

Povijest

Djelo prvi put spominje kasno renesansni slikar i biograf umjetnika, Giorgio Vasari, koji je ovo djelo naveo kao jedno od tri djela manjih dimenzija koje je umjetnik donio u Rim 1525. godine. Vasari tada govori kako je ovo djelo napravio Parmigianino kao primjer svog talenta za potencijalne kupce.

Portret je isprva bio darovan papi Klementu VII., a kasnije piscu Pietru Aretinu u čijem je domu tada mladi Vasari primijetio ovo djelo. Kasnije, djelo je preuzeo kipar Valerio Belli nakon čije ga smrti 1546. godine preuzima njegov sin Elio. Po zagovoru Andrea Palladija, 1560. godine djelo je došlo do venecijanskog kipara Alessandra Vittoria koji ga je dodijelio baštini cara Rudolfa II. Djelo u Prag stiže 1608. godine, gdje kasnije postaje dio Habsburške carske zbirke 1777. godine, iako je isprva bilo krivo pripisano Correggiju.

Autoportret u konveksnom zrcalu je naziv slavne poeme Johna Ashberyja koja je osvojila sve tri najveće nagrade američke poezije.

Odlike

Slika prikazuje autoportret mladog umjetnika Parmigianina, tada dvadesetjednogodišnjeg mladića koji se nalazi u sredini sobe iskrivljen zbog korištenja konveksnog zrcala.U prvom planu djela nalazi se izdužena ruka pod utjecajem zrcala. Na slici se također ističu zlatni prsten na malom prstu, krznena jakna i čipka na kraju rukava. To prikazuje stalešku pripadnost lika na slici. Lice i ruka su jasno osvijetljeni odrazom svijetlosti iz zrcala.
Djelo je najprije nacrtano na posebno pripremljenoj konveksnoj ploči da bi se dobile te linije konveksnog zrcala.

Poveznice

 Manirizam
 Dugovrata Madona

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice slike
 Video na Smarthistory

Manirističke slike
Muzej povijesti umjetnosti u Beču
Slike iz 1520-ih

Autoportret u konveksnom zrcalu


Load, Amerikalı heavy metal grubu Metallica'nın Haziran 1996'da çıkardıkları 6. albümlerinin adıdır.Albüm grubun dinleyicileri tarafından çok yadırganmış ve Thrash kalıplarından uzaklaşıldığı için çok yoğun olarak eleştirilmiştir.Grubun müziği dışında bu albüm sırasında imaj değişikliğine gidilmiş grup üyeleri uzun saçlarını kestirmişlerdir.Hatta James Hetfield ve Jason Newsted saçlarını tamamen kısaltmışlardır. Albüm, hard rock ve heavy metal'in karışımına sahip senkronik bir eserdi ve zamanla en iyi hard rock albümlerinden birisi kabul edilerek severek dinlendi.

Albümdeki şarkılar
 "Ain't My Bitch" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 5:04
 "2x4" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 5:28
 "The House That Jack Built" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 6:39
 "Until It Sleeps" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 4:30
 "King Nothing" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 5:28
 "Hero of the Day" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 4:22
 "Bleeding Me" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 8:18
 "Cure" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 4:54
 "Poor Twisted Me" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 4:00
 "Wasting My Hate" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 3:57
 "Mama Said" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 5:20
 "The Thorn Within" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 5:52
 "Ronnie" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 5:17
 "The Outlaw Torn" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 9:49

Grup
Grup
 James Hetfield - Gitar, Vokal
 Lars Ulrich - Davul, Perküsyon
 Jason Newsted - Bas, Geri Vokal
 Kirk Hammett - Gitar
Prodüksiyon
 Prodüktörler - Bob Rock, James Hetfield, Lars Ulrich
 Mühendisler - Brian Dobbs, Randy Staub
 Yardımcı Mühendisler - Brian Dobbs, Jason Goldstein, Kent Matcke
 Dizayn - Andie Airfix
 Fotoğrafçı - Anton Corbijn
 Dijital Düzenleme - Paul DeCarli, Mike Gillies, Chris Vrenna
 Kapak Dizaynı - Andres Serrano

Dış bağlantılar
 Albümdeki şarkıların sözleri
 OrionTurk Turkish Local Chapter

Metallica albümleri
1996 albümleri
Billboard 200'de bir numara olan albümler

Load


"රුසියානු භාණ්ඩ මිලදී නොගන්න!" () හෙවත් "රුසියානු භාණ්ඩ වර්ජනය!" () යනු යුක්‍රේනයේ රුසියානු ගනුදෙනු වර්ජනය කිරීම සඳහා වූ සැහැසිනොවූ විරෝධයකි. විරෝධය පෑම 2013 අගෝස්තු 14 දින අරඹන ලද්දේ යුක්‍රේනයට එරෙහි රුසියානු සමූහාණ්ඩු වෙළඳ නැව් තහනමට ප්‍රතිචාරයක් වශයෙනි.

රුසියානු භාණ්ඩ මිලදී නොගන්න!


Alexander Martin Clunes (28 de noviembre de 1961) es un actor y comediante inglés, conocido por sus papeles como Gary Strang en Men Behaving Badly, Doctor Martin Ellingham en Doc Martin y en Reggie Perrin.

Biografía
Clunes es hijo del actor Alec Clunes, que murió de cáncer de pulmón cuando Clunes tenía ocho años y medio. Tiene una hermana mayor llamada, Amanda. Su madre Daphne, luego de ser un miembro de la Academia de Música y Arte Dramático de Londres, una vez trabajó para Orson Welles. Su primo fue el fallecido actor Jeremy Brett.

En 2010 fue nombrado presidente del Royal International Horse Show, y el 1 de junio de 2011 de la British Horse Society.

Carrera
En 1998 se unió al elenco de la película estadounidense Shakespeare in Love donde interpretó a Richard Burbage, un actor y propietario de un teatro que le ofrece William Shakespeare (Joseph Fiennes) su etapa para su obra Romeo y Julieta.

En el 2000 apareció en la película Saving Grace donde interpretó al doctor Martin Bamford, un amigo del jardinero Matthew Stewart (Craig Ferguson). Más tarde el personaje fue renombrado Martin Ellingham para la serie.

En 2004 se unió al elenco de la serie Doc Martin donde interpreta al médico Martin Ellingham, hasta ahora.

En 2013 apareció como invitado en la serie Strike Back: Shadow Warfare donde interpretó a Sebastian Grey, un exagente del MI6 que ahora trabaja como un oficial en inteligencia en inteligencia a las afueras de Beirut.

Vida personal
En 1990 se casó con la actriz Lucy Aston, sin embargo el matrimonio se terminó en 1997.

Ese mismo año Clunes se casó con la productora de televisión Philippa Braithwaite. En 1999 la pareja tuvo una hija (Emily Clunes).

Apoyo a beneficencias
En enero del 2011 fue nombrado patrón del "Animal Care" en Egipto. Clunes apoya al Weldmar Hospicecare Trust en Dorset, de "Born Free" y de "MacMillan Cancer Support".

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Películas

Apariciones

Director, presentador, narrador y departamento de música

Teatro

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Digital Spy > Celebrity News > Martin Clunes
 Martin Clunes on TV.com
 Martin Clunes - Zimbio

Ganadores del premio BAFTA
Actores de cine de Inglaterra
Actores de televisión de Inglaterra
Músicos de Inglaterra

Martin Clunes


The Rasheed (or sometimes known as the Rashid) is a semi-automatic carbine, derived from the Hakim Rifle and used by the Egyptian military. Only around 8,000 were made.

The Rasheed was designed by the Swedish engineer Erik Eklund, who based it on his previous Hakim Rifle, which was itself a slightly modified version of the Swedish Ag m/42 rifle.

Design
The carbine resembles the Soviet SKS carbine, particularly in the permanently attached pivoting-blade bayonet, which appears identical to its Russian counterpart. The 12-inch (305 mm) blade bayonet pivots from a mount under the barrel, back into a recessed groove in the forend stock.

The carbine features a rear ladder sight, with a "battle" position for short-range fire as well as increments of 100 to 1000 metres, although the latter distance greatly exceeds the 300-metre effective range of the weapon.

The semi-automatic mechanism is gas-operated through the direct impingement system. The Egyptian training manual had users use stripper clips to reload. However, the hot gas would heat up the receiver and cause burns when fingers would touch the receiver.

The Rasheed has a 10-round magazine capacity.

Variants

Baghdad Rifle
The Baghdad is a variant of the Rasheed, made from the same machinery from 1969 to 1977.

Users

 : Used the Baghdad rifle.

References

Firearms of Egypt
7.62×39mm semi-automatic rifles
Rifles of the Cold War
Infantry weapons of the Cold War
Military equipment introduced in the 1950s
Gas-operated firearms

Rasheed Carbine


The 1918 United Kingdom general election was called immediately after the Armistice with Germany which ended the First World War, and was held on Saturday, 14 December 1918. The governing coalition, under Prime Minister David Lloyd George, sent letters of endorsement to candidates who supported the coalition government. These were nicknamed "Coalition Coupons", and led to the election being known as the "coupon election". The result was a massive landslide in favour of the coalition, comprising primarily of the Conservatives and Coalition Liberals, with massive losses for Liberals who were not endorsed. Nearly all the Liberal MPs without coupons were defeated, including party leader H. H. Asquith.

It was the first general election to include on a single day all eligible voters of the United Kingdom, although the vote count was delayed until 28 December so that the ballots cast by soldiers serving overseas could be included in the tallies.

It resulted in a landslide victory for the coalition government of David Lloyd George, who had replaced H. H. Asquith as Prime Minister in December 1916. They were both Liberals, and continued to battle for control of the party, which was rapidly losing popular support, and never regained power.

It was the first general election to be held after enactment of the Representation of the People Act 1918. It was thus the first election in which women over the age of 30 (with some property qualifications), and all men over the age of 21, could vote. Previously, all women and many poor men had been excluded from voting.  Women generally supported the coalition candidates.

It was the first parliamentary election in which women were able to stand as candidates, following the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918, believed to be one of the shortest Acts of Parliament ever given Royal Assent. The Act was passed shortly before Parliament was dissolved. It followed a report by Law Officers that the Great Reform Act 1832 had specified parliamentary candidates had to be male, and that the Representation of the People Act passed earlier in the year did not change that. One woman, Nina Boyle, had already presented herself for a by-election earlier in the year in Keighley, but had been turned down by the returning officer on technical grounds.

The election was also noted for the dramatic result in Ireland, which showed clear disapproval of government policy. The Irish Parliamentary Party were almost completely wiped out by the Irish republican party Sinn Féin, who vowed in their manifesto to establish an independent Irish Republic. They refused to take their seats in Westminster, instead forming a breakaway government and declaring Irish independence. The Irish War of Independence began soon after the election.  Because of the resulting partition of Ireland, this was the last United Kingdom general election to include the entire island of Ireland.

Background
Lloyd George's coalition government was supported by a minority (majority after the election) of the Liberals and Bonar Law's Conservatives. However, the election saw a split in the Liberal Party between those who were aligned with Lloyd George and the government and those who were aligned with Asquith, the party's official leader.

On 14 November it was announced that Parliament, which had been sitting since 1910 and had been extended by emergency wartime action, would dissolve on 25 November, with elections on 14 December.

Following confidential negotiations over the summer of 1918, it was agreed that certain candidates were to be offered the support of the Prime Minister and the leader of the Conservative Party at the next general election. To these candidates a letter, known as the Coalition Coupon, was sent, indicating the government's endorsement of their candidacy. 159 Liberal, 364 Conservative, 20 National Democratic and Labour, and 2 Coalition Labour candidates received the coupon. For this reason, the election is often called the Coupon Election.

80 Conservative candidates stood without a coupon. Of these, 35 candidates were Irish Unionists. Of the other non-couponed Conservative candidates, only 23 stood against a Coalition candidate; the remaining 22 candidates stood in areas where there were no coupons, or refused the offer of a coupon.

The Labour Party, led by William Adamson, fought the election independently, as did those Liberals who did not receive a coupon.

The election was not chiefly fought over what peace to make with Germany, although those issues played a role.  More important was the voters' evaluation of Lloyd George in terms of what he had accomplished so far and what he promised for the future. His supporters emphasised that he had won the Great War. Against his strong record in social legislation, he called for making "a country fit for heroes to live in".

This election was also known as a khaki election, due to the immediate postwar setting and the role of the demobilised soldiers.

Coalition victory
The coalition won the election easily, with the Conservatives the big winners. They were the largest party in the governing majority. Lloyd George remained Prime Minister, despite the Conservatives outnumbering his pro-coalition Liberals and had a majority in their own right. The Conservatives welcomed his leadership on foreign policy as the Paris Peace talks began a few weeks after the election.

An additional 47 Conservatives, 23 of whom were Irish Unionists, won without the coupon but did not act as a separate block or oppose the government except on the issue of Irish independence.

While most of the pro-coalition Liberals were re-elected, the Independent Liberal faction was reduced to a handful of MPs, not all of whom were opponents of the coalition. Asquith and the other leaders lost their seats, and only three with junior ministerial experience were elected. According to Trevor Wilson's book, The Downfall of the Liberal Party, 136 couponed Liberals were elected, whereas only 29 who did not receive the coupon were returned to Parliament, but as 8 Independent Liberals received the coupon and 10 Lloyd George Liberals did not, the actual number of the Asquith faction was 27. Another historian puts the Asquith faction at 36 seats, of whom nine of these MPs subsequently joined the Coalition Liberal group. The remainder became bitter enemies of Lloyd George. Asquith's biographer Stephen Koss accepts that, although accounts differ as to the exact numbers, around 29 uncouponed Liberals had been elected. On 3 February 1919, 23 non-coalition Liberals formed themselves into a "Free Liberal" group (soon known as the "Wee Frees" after a Scottish religious sect of that name); they accepted Asquith's appointment of Sir Donald Maclean as chairman in his absence. After a brief attempt to set up a joint committee with the Coalition Liberal MPs, the "Wee Frees" resigned the government whip on 4 April, although some Liberal MPs still remained of uncertain allegiance. Maclean served as Leader of the Opposition until Asquith returned at a by-election in February 1920.

The Labour Party greatly increased its vote share and surpassed the total votes of either faction of the Liberal party, but they lacked an official leader. Labour could only slightly increase their number of seats, however, from 42 to 57 and some of their earlier leaders including Ramsay MacDonald and Arthur Henderson lost their seats. Labour won the most seats in Wales (which had previously been dominated by the Liberals) for the first time, a feat it has continued to the present day.

The Conservative MPs included record numbers of corporate directors, bankers and businessmen, while Labour MPs were mostly from the working class. Bonar Law himself symbolised the change in the type of a Conservative MP as he was a Presbyterian Canadian-born Scottish businessman who became, in the words of his biographer Robert Blake, the leader of "the Party of Old England, the Party of the Anglican Church and the country squire, the party of broad acres and hereditary titles". Bonar Law's ascent as leader of the Conservatives marked a shift in Conservative leaders from the aristocrats who generally led the party in the 19th century to a more middle class leadership who usually led the party in the 20th century. Many young veterans reacted against the harsh tone of the campaign and became disillusioned with politics.

Ireland

In Ireland, the Irish Parliamentary Party, which favoured Home Rule within the United Kingdom, lost almost all their seats, most of which were won by Sinn Féin under Éamon de Valera, which called for independence. The executions of many of the leaders of the Easter uprising of 1916, the force-feeding of those imprisoned in connection with the uprising who had gone on a hunger strike in 1917, and the Conscription Crisis of 1918 all served to alienate Irish Catholic opinion from the United Kingdom. The Sinn Féin candidates had promised on the campaign trail to win an Irish republic "by any means necessary", which was a code-word for violence, though it is not entirely clear if all Irish voters understood what the phrase meant. The 73 Sinn Féin elected members declined to take their seats in the British House of Commons, sitting instead in the Irish revolutionary assembly, the Dáil Éireann. On 17 May 1918 almost the entire leadership of Sinn Féin, including de Valera and Arthur Griffith, had been arrested. In total 47 of the Sinn Féin MPs were elected from jail. The Dáil first convened on 21 January 1919, which marks the beginning of the Irish War of Independence.

In the six Ulster counties that became Northern Ireland, Unionists consolidated their position by winning 23 out of the 30 seats. Cardinal Michael Logue brokered a pact in eight seats (one, East Donegal, not in the six counties), after nominations closed, where Catholic voters were instructed to vote for one particular nationalist party. Split evenly, the Irish Parliamentary Party won four of those seats and Sinn Féin three. (The pact failed in East Down). Joseph Devlin, memorably, also won Belfast (Falls) for the Irish Parliamentary Party in a straight fight with Éamon de Valera of Sinn Féin.

Constance Markievicz became the first woman elected to Parliament and also to the Dáil Éireann. She was a Sinn Féin member elected for Dublin St Patrick's, and like the other Sinn Féin MPs, did not take her seat at Westminster.

Women candidates

The seventeen women candidates were:
Margery Corbett Ashby, aged 36, Liberal, Birmingham, Ladywood
Winnifred Carney, aged 31, Sinn Féin, Belfast, Victoria
Charlotte Despard, aged 74, Labour, Battersea, North
Norah Dacre Fox, aged 40, Independent, Richmond
Alison Vickers Garland, aged 56, Liberal, Portsmouth South
Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, aged 51, Labour, Manchester, Rusholme
Alice Lucas, aged 65, Conservative, Lambeth, Kennington
Mary Macarthur (Mrs W. C. Anderson), aged 38, Labour, Stourbridge, Worcestershire
Violet Markham (Mrs Carruthers), aged 46, Independent Liberal, Mansfield, Nottinghamshire
Edith How Martyn, aged 43, Independent Progressive, Hendon, Middlesex
Janet McEwan, aged 58, Liberal, Enfield, Middlesex
Millicent Mackenzie, 55, Labour, University of Wales
Constance Markievicz, aged 50, Sinn Féin, Dublin, St. Patrick's (elected)
Eunice Murray, aged 41, Independent, Glasgow, Bridgetown
Christabel Pankhurst, aged 38, Women's Party, Smethwick
Emily Phipps, aged 53, Independent Progressive, Chelsea
Ray Strachey, aged 31, Independent, Brentford and Isleworth, Middlesex

Results

Seats by party

|colspan=12 bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align="center"|Coalition Government

|-
|colspan=1 bgcolor=#efefef align="left"|
|colspan=1 bgcolor=#efefef align="left"| Coalition Government (total)
|colspan=1 bgcolor=#efefef align="right"| David Lloyd George
|colspan=1 bgcolor=#efefef align="right"| 614
|colspan=1 bgcolor=#efefef align="right"| 520
|colspan=1 bgcolor=#efefef align="right"|
|colspan=1 bgcolor=#efefef align="right"|
|colspan=1 bgcolor=#efefef align="right"|+249
|colspan=1 bgcolor=#efefef align="right"| 73.6
|colspan=1 bgcolor=#efefef align="right"| 53.0
|colspan=1 bgcolor=#efefef align="right"| 5,529,441
|colspan=1 bgcolor=#efefef align="right"| +6.4
|-
|colspan=12 bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align="center"|Non-Coalition parties

|}

Votes summary

Seats summary

Maps

Transfers of seats
 All comparisons are with the December 1910 election.
In some cases the change is due to the MP defecting to the gaining party. Such circumstances are marked with a *.
In other circumstances the change is due to the seat having been won by the gaining party in a by-election in the intervening years, and then retained in 1918. Such circumstances are marked with a †.

See also
1920 United States elections, the first held after the passage of the 19th amendment allowed American women to vote
United Kingdom general elections
List of MPs elected in the 1918 United Kingdom general election
Parliamentary franchise in the United Kingdom 1885–1918, for details of the franchises replaced by the ones used in 1918
1918 Irish general election

Notes

References

Further reading

 Adelman, Paul. The Decline of the Liberal Party 1910–1931 (2014).

Hallam, David J.A., Taking on the Men: the first women parliamentary candidates 1918, Studley 2018
 Hilson, Mary. "Women voters and the rhetoric of patriotism in the British general election of 1918" Women's History Review 10.2 (2001): 325–347.

 McGill, Barry. "Lloyd George's Timing of the 1918 Election." Journal of British Studies 14.1 (1974): 109–124.

External links

Spartacus: Political Parties and Election Results
United Kingdom election results—summary results 1885–1979

Manifestos
1918 Conservative manifesto
1918 Labour manifesto
1918 Liberal manifesto
1918 Sinn Féin manifesto

1918
General election
United Kingdom general election
General election
Bonar Law
David Lloyd George
Éamon de Valera
H. H. Asquith

1918 United Kingdom general election


اللويزة (جزين): قرية لبنانية في جنوب لبنان.

 اللويزة (بعبدا): قرية لبنانية في جبل لبنان.
 اللويزة (نبات): جنس نباتي له عشرات الأنواع أهمها النبات الطبي والتابل المعروف اللويزة الليمونية.

ألقاب النسب
صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن

اللويزة (توضيح)


The Wesleyan Church, also known as the Wesleyan Methodist Church and Wesleyan Holiness Church depending on the region, is a Methodist Christian denomination in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Namibia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Indonesia, and Australia. The church is aligned with the Wesleyan-Holiness movement and has roots in the teachings of John Wesley. It adheres to Wesleyan-Arminian doctrine and is a member of the World Methodist Council.

Near the end of 2014, the Wesleyan Church had grown to an average of 516,203 adherents weekly in around 5,800 churches worldwide, and was active in almost 100 nations. In 2017, there were 140,954 members in 1,607 congregations in North America, and an average worship attendance of 239,842.

Wesleyan Life is the official publication. Global Partners is the official non-profit missions organization. The Wesleyan Church world headquarters are in Fishers, Indiana, United States.

History

The Wesleyan Methodist Connection was officially formed in 1843 at an organizing conference in Utica, New York, by a group of ministers and laymen splitting from the Methodist Episcopal Church. The split was primarily over their objections to slavery, though they had secondary issues as well, such as ecclesiastical polity. Orange Scott presided as the meeting formed a federation of churches at first calling themselves the Wesleyan Methodist Connection, a name chosen to emphasize the primacy of the local church, and the intended nature of the denomination as a connection of churches. Other leaders at the organizing conference were La Roy Sunderland, who had been tried and defrocked for his antislavery writings, Lucious C. Matlack, and Luther Lee, a minister who later operated an Underground Railroad station in Syracuse, New York.

The denomination sponsored traveling preachers on the frontier and into Canada, where they appealed to workingmen and farmers. Typical was Rev. James Caughey, an American sent to Ontario by the Wesleyan Methodist Church from the 1840s through 1864. He brought in converts by the score, most notably in the revivals in Canada West 1851–53. His technique combined restrained emotionalism with a clear call for personal commitment, coupled with follow-up action to organize support from converts. It was a time when the Holiness Movement caught fire, with the revitalized interest of men and women in Christian perfection. Caughey successfully bridged the gap between the style of earlier camp meetings and the needs of more sophisticated Methodist congregations in the emerging cities.

In addition to advocating for abolitionism, the early Wesleyan Methodists championed the rights of women. In 1848, the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls, New York, hosted the Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention. It is commemorated by the Women's Rights National Historical Park in the village today. Luther Lee, General President in 1856, preached at the ordination service of Antoinette Brown (Blackwell), the very first woman ordained to the Christian ministry in the United States. The Alliance of Reformed Baptists of Canada ordained the very first woman to the ministry in Canada in the late 1800s. At General Conference in 1867, a resolution was adopted favoring the right of women to vote (as well as the right of freedmen—blacks). This was 44 years before the US constitution was amended to ensure women voting privileges.

In 1966 the Wesleyan Methodist Church merged with the Alliance of Reformed Baptists of Canada and in 1968 with the Pilgrim Holiness Church. It spread through revivals emphasizing a deepening experience with God called holiness or sanctification. Heart purity was a central theme. During this period of time, many small churches developed through revivals and the emphasis of entire sanctification (taught by John Wesley, but not emphasized by some mainline Methodists). As many as 25 or 30 small denominations were formed and eventually merged with other groups to enlarge the church. The church was strong in missionary and revival emphasis. The merger took place in 1968 at Anderson University, Anderson, Indiana. Some conferences and local churches of the Wesleyan Methodist Church objected to the merger, thus resulting in a schism of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection with the Wesleyan Church, as well as the creation of the Bible Methodist Connection of Churches and Bible Methodist Connection of Tennessee around 1968. The Pilgrim Holiness Church of New York (formed in 1963) and Pilgrim Holiness Church of the Midwest (formed in 1970) were also established around this time, with the former in response to the tendency of centralization of the larger Pilgrim Holiness Church and the latter in response to the merger.

Beliefs

The Wesleyan Church has the following core values:
 Biblical authority
 Christlikeness
 Disciple-making
 Local church-centered
 Servant leadership
 Unity in diversity

In addition, the Wesleyan Church holds to the following articles of religion:

Faith in the Holy Trinity — There is one true God, united in three persons: the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

 The Father — the Father created all things, and that all humans are created in the image of God. God, in love, seeks out and receives penitent sinners.

 The Son of God — Jesus Christ is the Son of God, conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, fully God and fully man. He died on the cross and was buried as a sacrifice both for original sin and all human transgression and to reconcile us to God. He was raised bodily from the dead, ascended into heaven, and intercedes at the Father's right hand, until he returns to judge all humanity.

 The Holy Spirit — The Holy Spirit administers grace to all and is the agent in conviction for sin, in regeneration, in sanctification, and in glorification.

The sufficiency and full authority of the Holy Scriptures for salvation — The Old and New Testaments are the inspired and infallible Word of God, inerrant in their original manuscripts, superior to any human authority and sufficient for all things necessary to salvation. The Bible has been transmitted to the present without corruption of any essential doctrine.

God's Purpose for Humanity — The divine law is summarized in the commands to love God with all one's heart and to love one's neighbor as oneself. All persons, therefore, ought to seek to obey God and to preserve and promote for others the exercise of every natural right.

Marriage and the Family — People are made in the image of God. Marriage is designed by God as a metaphor for His relationship with His covenant people. Therefore, human sexuality ought only to be expressed in heterosexual monogamy. Marriage has the highest priority among social organizations, and was divinely designed for reproduction. Extramarital and same-sex relationships are immoral and sinful.

Personal Choice — Humans were created with the ability to choose between right and wrong. But, since the fall, humans cannot choose right on their own, because of original sin. Humans are inclined toward sin and cannot, on their own, call on God or exercise faith. But God, through Christ, provides to each person prevenient grace, allowing each to choose salvation.

 Sin: Original, Willful, and Involuntary — All of creation suffers the consequences of Adam and Eve's disobedience and groans for redemption. Each person is born with a bent toward sinning, which manifests itself in outward acts of unrighteousness. Failures in judgment and involuntary flaws are not to be equated with willful sin but still require the atonement of Christ for forgiveness. Willful sin is when a free moral agent volitionally chooses to transgress a known law of God. Such sin will result in a loss of fellowship with God, self-absorption, an inability to live righteously, and, ultimately, eternal separation from God. The atonement of Christ is the only remedy for sin, whether original, willful or involuntary.

 The Atonement — Christ's crucifixion allows redemption for the whole world. It is the only foundation of salvation from sin. The atonement covers those who mentally cannot choose salvation, but individuals who are mentally accountable must accept the gift of salvation of their own free will.

Repentance and Faith
Affirms that salvation is by grace alone but must be accepted by the believer. Denies the Reformed view of unconditional election.
 Affirms that repentance precedes saving faith.
 Affirms that faith is the only condition for salvation. Directly negates any need for good works to attain salvation. Does not negate good works as evidence of salvation.
 Affirms that saving faith publicly acknowledges Christ as Lord.
 Affirms that the saved will identify with the church.

Justification, Regeneration, and Adoption — Asserts that when one repents and has saving faith in Christ, in that same moment that person is:
Justified: Granted full pardon for all sin, guilt, and penalty of sins.
Regenerated: Reborn spiritual life in Christ with a distinct capacity for love and obedience to God.
Adopted: Given full rights, privileges, and responsibilities of a child of God.

Good Works — Reaffirms that humankind is justified by faith and affirms that good works are evidence of salvation.

Sin After Regeneration — Affirms it is possible for a believer to sin after regeneration in salvation and that there is grace and forgiveness for repentant believers.

Sanctification
 Initial: The work of the Holy Spirit in the moment of conversion in a new believer to be separated from sin to God.
 Progressive: The continual work of the Holy Spirit to grow the believer in love and more perfect obedience.
 Entire" The perfecting of the believer in love and empowerment for service. It follows in lifelong growth in grace and knowledge.

The Gifts of the Spirit — Asserts that the Holy Spirit gives gifts to people, for the benefit of the Church, but that the Holy Spirit himself is the most desirable gift.

The Church — The Christian Church is the entire body of believers (both living and those died and in heaven). Jesus Christ is the founder and only head of the Church, which is not identified with any particular institution or denomination. The Church is called to preach the Word of God, administer the sacraments, and live in obedience to Christ. A local church is a body of believers formally organized for the purposes of evangelism, discipleship, and worship. The Wesleyan Church is a denomination within the greater, invisible Church, and that invisible church encompasses Christians who hold to a variety of differing beliefs, not just Wesleyan beliefs.

The Sacraments
Baptism — Baptism is a sacrament commanded by our Lord and administered to believers. It works as a symbol and as part of the new covenant of grace.
The Lord's Supper — The Lord's Supper is a sacrament of our redemption by Christ's death, our hope in his return, and a sign of Christian love for one another.

The Second Coming of Christ — Asserts that Christ will return, fulfilling numerous biblical prophecies and that this certain event should inspire proper living and evangelization.

Resurrection of the Dead — Asserts that all will be raised from the dead at Christ's return, damnation for the lost and life for the saved, and that the resurrection body will be a spiritual body but still personally recognizable.

Judgment of All Persons — Asserts a final judgment for all humans before God, regardless of the individual's beliefs, and asserts God's omniscience and eternal justice.

Destiny — Asserts that Scripture teaches there is life after death, and the fate of each person is determined by God's grace and their individual response, evidenced through moral character rather than arbitrary decree of God. Heaven and Christ's presence is the place for those who choose God's salvation given through Christ, but hell and separation from Christ is the resulting place for those who neglect the great salvation.

Organizations and relations
Local churches are organized into a network of districts with equal representation of clergy and laity at their annual conferences. Each has an elected administrator known as the district superintendent and has a district board of administration with both lay and clergy serving. National and multi-national networks are called general conferences with strong national leadership and meet every four years. The North American General Conference has one General Superintendent, Dr. Wayne Schmidt.

Currently, general conferences exist in the Philippines, the Caribbeans, and North America, though The Wesleyan Church has recently begun a process of "internationalization" in which areas and regions of the world have the opportunity to form their own general conferences. Though it is too early to predict which general conferences will be formed in the coming years, the eventual shift is inevitable. The overarching goal of the internationalization process is to create a global network of partnership and not a "top-down" leadership structure within the worldwide church.

Official names by region
According to the 2012 Wesleyan Church Discipline, the official name of the denomination is The Wesleyan Church. However, different names may be used by different units of the church for practicality and localization.  The following are the official names of the denomination, for the various organizational units:
 Australia: The Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia
 Bougainville: The Wesleyan Methodist Church of Bougainville
 Brazil: Igreja Evangélica Wesleyana
 British Isles: The Wesleyan Holiness Church
 Cambodia: 'The Wesleyan Church of Cambodia'
 Canada: The Wesleyan Church
 Caribbean: The Wesleyan Holiness Church of the Caribbean
 Chile: Ministerio Evangelistico y Misionero "Cristo es la Unica Respuesta"
 Colombia: La Iglesia Wesleyana de Colombia
 Costa Rica: Iglesia Wesleyana Internacional de Costa Rica
 Egypt: The Standard Wesleyan Church
 Ghana: The Standard Wesleyan Church
 Guyana: The Wesleyan Church
 Haiti: L'Eglise Wesleyenne d'Haiti
 Honduras: Mision Methodista Sión
 India, Central: The Wesleyan Methodist Church of Central India
 India, East: The Wesleyan Methodist Church of East India
 India, Western: The Wesleyan Methodist Church of Western India
 Indonesia: Gereja Wesleyan Indonesia (GWI)
 Lahore: "The Wesleyan Methodist Church in Pakistan"
 Liberia: The Wesleyan Church of Liberia
 Mexico: Iglesia Evangelica Los Peregrinos
 Mozambique: Igreja Emmanuel Evangelica Wesleyana
 Myanmar: The Wesleyan Methodist Church
Namibia: The Wesleyan Church in Namibia
 New Zealand: Wesleyan Methodist Church of New Zealand
 Nicaragua: Asociación Mundial de Iglesias Wesleyanas de Nicaragua
 Pakistan: The Wesleyan Church in Pakistan
 Panamá: Iglesia Cristiana Wesleyana de Panamá
 Peru: Iglesia Wesleyana Peregrina
 Philippines: The Wesleyan Church of the Philippines
 Poland: Ewangeliczny Kościół Metodystyczny w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
 Puerto Rico: Iglesia Evangélica Wesleyana
 Sierra Leone: The Wesleyan Church of Sierra Leone
 South Korea: Jesus Korea Wesleyan Church
 South Africa: The Wesleyan Church of Southern Africa
 Suriname: De Wesleyaanse Gemeente
 Tonga: Free Wesleyan Church
 United States: The Wesleyan Church
 Venezuela: Iglesia Evangélica Wesleyana
 Zambia: Pilgrim Wesleyan Church of Zambia
 Zimbabwe: The Wesleyan Church

Sister denominations and fraternal relations

The Wesleyan Church is a part of the holiness movement, and as such, follows many of the same teachings as similar denominations that follow Wesleyan traditions.  At times in its history, it has sought merger with both the Church of the Nazarene and the Free Methodist Church, both of which practice very similar doctrine.

The Wesleyan Church is a member of the following organizations:
 National Association of Evangelicals
 World Methodist Council

Seminaries, universities, colleges, and schools in the U.S. and Canada
Affiliated with The Wesleyan Church are five universities and one seminary:
 Houghton University (New York)
 Indiana Wesleyan University (Indiana)
 Kingswood University (New Brunswick)
 Oklahoma Wesleyan University (Oklahoma)
 Southern Wesleyan University (South Carolina)
 Wesley Seminary (Indiana)

Wesleyan Publishing House
The Wesleyan Church runs its own publishing house located in  Indianapolis, Indiana.  Its mission is to "be a leader in communicating the message of holiness through the publication of quality resources for local churches and ministries around the world."

Districts
The Wesleyan Church in North America is organized in the following 22 districts:
 Atlantic (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the US state of Maine)
 Central Canada (central and western Canada)
 Chesapeake (Delaware, Maryland, Northern Virginia, Washington D.C.)
 Crossroads (North and Central Indiana)
 Florida
 Great Lakes (Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin)
 Greater Ohio
 Indiana South
 Kansas
 Kentucky-Tennessee
 Mountain Plains (Colorado, Nebraska, Texas, Louisiana, and New Mexico)
 North Carolina East
 North Carolina West
 Northeast (Eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Eastern New York (including the NYC Metro Area & Long Island), Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Vermont & Massachusetts)
 Northwest (Alaska, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming)
 Pacific Southwest (California, Arizona, Nevada, Hawaii)
 Penn York (Central New York, Western Pennsylvania)
 Shenandoah (Virginia and West Virginia)
 South Carolina
 South Coastal (Georgia, Alabama, and much of Mississippi)
 Tri-state (Oklahoma, Arkansas and Missouri)
 Western New York

Wesleyan Church of Sierra Leone

John Augustus Abayomi-Cole, a creole from Freetown attended the 1887 General Conference of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of the United States. He implored the Connection to send missionaries to Sierra Leone. This led to a small mission led by Rev. Henry Johnston being dispatched there in 1889. This was the first step towards the foundation of the Wesleyan Church of Sierra Leone.

Notable people

Academics
 Keith Drury – writer and professor of religion at Indiana Wesleyan University
 Ronald Enroth – Christian author and professor of sociology at Westmont College, and graduate of Houghton College
 Ken Schenck – New Testament scholar
 Jerry Pattengale – founder of purpose-guided education, director of Green Scholars Initiative, executive director at the Museum of the Bible in Washington, D.C, Indiana Wesleyan University graduate

Athletes
 Erik Lefebvre – goalkeeper for the Charlotte Eagles soccer team, formerly played for Houghton College
 Brandon Beachy – pitcher for the Atlanta Braves, Major League Baseball team, formerly played for Indiana Wesleyan University

Authors
 Mary Ann Lyth – English missionary, teacher, translator of the Bible into Fijian

Clergy
 Adam Crooks – early Wesleyan Methodist minister, responsible for a number of early church plants in the denomination.
 Frank Ritchie – Pastor of Commoners Church, A Wesleyan Methodist Community in New Zealand. "Rev. Frank is an ordained Wesleyan Methodist minister. He's convinced that as we open our lives to the presence of God, the natural outcome is a world more tuned towards justice."
 Rufus Lumry – American circuit preacher, outspoken abolitionist and leading Illinois organizer of  the Wesleyan Methodist Connexion, which eventually became the Wesleyan Church.
 Jo Anne Lyon – pastor, author, international leader, founder of World Hope International, global advocate, general superintendent emeritus.
 John C. Maxwell – prolific writer and former senior pastor at Skyline Church.
 Orange Scott – president of the convention that formed the Wesleyan Methodist Connexion, which eventually became the Wesleyan Church.

Politicians
 Joseph Kofi Adda – Member of Parliament in Ghana, graduate of Indiana Wesleyan University
 Jean Breaux – Indiana state senator representing the 34th District, graduate of Indiana Wesleyan University
 Ghassan Hitto – former opposition prime minister of Syria, graduate of Indiana Wesleyan University
 Randy Truitt – Indiana state representative from the 26th District, graduate of Indiana Wesleyan University

Scientists and inventors
 Thomas Bramwell Welch – a Methodist Episcopal pastor, developed a pasteurization process to prevent grapes from fermenting, thus creating grape juice instead of wine

References

External links

  of the Wesleyan Church in New Zealand
 Official website of the Grace Fellowship Churches in New Zealand
 Wesleyan Publishing House
 Methodist History Bookmarks
 Wesleyan Methodist Church – Association of Religion Data Archives

1843 establishments in New York (state)
Christian denominations established in the 19th century
History of Methodism in the United States
Holiness denominations
Members of the National Association of Evangelicals
Wesleyan
Religious organizations established in 1843

Wesleyan Church


ركبة الجاثي الجنوبية  نجم تابع لكوكبة الجاثي، يبعد 669 سنة ضوئية عن الأرض. يعدّه الفلكيون نجمًا عملاقًا برتقاليًا.

انظر أيضا
 كوكبة الجاثي.

نجوم

ركبة الجاثي الجنوبية


لاكيووود  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة لوس أنجليس، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 16 أبريل، 1954.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية للاكيووود في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان لاكيووود 79,345 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 26,853 أسرة وعدد العائلات 20,550 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 27,310 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 62.67% من البيض و7.34% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.60% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و13.51% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.62% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و10.10% من الأعراق الأخرى و5.17% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و22.78% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 26,853 أسرة كانت نسبة 42.8% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 57.8% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 13.4% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 5.3% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 23.5% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 18.4% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 8.2% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.95، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.37.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 35.3 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 27.5% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 8.1% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 31.1% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 21.4% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 11.7% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 94.0 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 90.3 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 58,214 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 63,342 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 45,447 دولارًا مقابل 35,206 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 22,095 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 5.6% من العائلات ونسبة 7.4% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 9.7% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 7.1% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان لاكيووود 80,048 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 26,543 أسرة وعدد العائلات 20,382 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 27,470 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 55.99% من البيض و8.71% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.70% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و16.38% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.93% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و11.55% من الأعراق الأخرى و5.73% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و30.11% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 26,543 أسرة كانت نسبة 40.1% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 55.4% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 15% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 6.4% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 23.2% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 17.8% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 7.4% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 3.01، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.41.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 37.5 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 24.3% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 9.5% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 27.6% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 27.2% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 11.4% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 48.5% ذكور و51.5% إناث.

أعلام

 رايان أيجولد
 بوبي كروسبي
 كريستين مان
 دوني ميرفي
 جورج كاستر
 ستيفن بورتون
 ديف مارشال
 جين فيليبس

مراجع

الموقع الجغرافي
الموقع الجغرافي للمناطق المحيطة بهذه النقطة هو كالتالي:

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1954
تأسيسات سنة 1954 في كاليفورنيا
مدن كاليفورنيا
مدن لوس أنجلوس (كاليفورنيا)

لاكيووود (كاليفورنيا)


Megachile pluto එසේත් නැත්නම් වොලස්ගේ යෝධ මී මැස්සා යනු විශාල මී මැසි විශේෂයකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
 ඇල්ෆ්‍රඩ් රසල් වොලස්

මූලාශ්‍ර

වොලස්ගේ යෝධ මී මැස්සා