රයිගම දසවන අලකේෂ්වර

ගිරි වංශාභිජාත වණිඛ් වංශයේ පළමු අලකේෂ්වර විරුදය ලත් අලගක්කෝනාරවරයා මහා පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජ දවස සිටිබව සෙනරත් පරණවිතාන මහතා කිත්සිරිමෙවන් කැළණි විහාර සෙල්ලිපියේ අලකේෂ්වර පුස්තක ඇසුරෙන් දක්වයි. මේ අතර ඉබන් බතුතා නම් සංචාරකයා මෙරටට පැමිනෙන විට මෙරට පාලකයා වූයේ දස වන අලකේෂ්වරයානන්ය. එවකට හෙතෙම මහලු වියේ සිටි පාලකයෙකි. නමුත් ඔහු රයිගම පැමිනෙන සමය වන විට එකොලොස්වන අලකේෂ්වර නම් රජුගේ පුත්‍රයා විසින් රජුව බලයෙන් පහකොට බලයට පත්ව සිටියේය.

ක්‍රි.ව 1344 දී කිත්සිරිමෙවන් කැළණි විහාරය දියුණු කළ ඔහුගේ සමය වන විට රයිගම මහත් බලයක් ගොඩනගාගෙන පැවති බව පෙනේ. මෙයට හේතු වූයේ කුරුණෑගල හා ගම්පල රජකළ රජුන්ගේ දුර්වල පාලනය හා ඔවුන්ට නිරන්තරව එල්ල වූ ආර්ය චක්‍රවර්තී ආක්‍රමණයන් හා වන්නි ප්‍රධානීන්ගේ ප්‍රහාර හමුවේ දුර්වලව පැවතීමයි.  අලකේෂ්වරවරුන්ගේ  ජන්මභූමිය රයිගම බව නිකාය සංග්‍රහයේ 'ජන්ම ප්‍රෙව්ණි වූ රාජග්‍රාම පුර" යැයි සඳහන් වීමෙන් පසක්වේ. (41 පිට) මෙහි රාජග්‍රාම පුර, රදළ ග්‍රාම යනු යනු එවකට රයිග් පුරය හැදින්වූ නාමයකි. මෙසේ කීර්තිමත් හා බලවත් වංශයක් බවට පත්වීමට මෙම ගිරි වංශිකයන් මහත් වෙහෙස මහන්සි වී කටයුතු කළ බව පෙනේ. ඔවුන්ගේ විජිතය වූ රයිගමද එයට සාපේක්ෂව  බලවත් විය.

ක්‍රි.ව 1344 දී පිහිටවා ඇති කිත්සිරිමෙවන් ලිපියේ එම විහාරය සෑදීමේ කටයුතු වලට 'සංඝරාජ විල්ගම්මුල' නාහිමියන්ට ප්‍රධාන අනුග්‍රහය දැක් වූ අමාත්‍ත්‍යයෝත්තම නිශ්ශංක අලකේෂ්වරයන්ව මහත් ශ්‍රී යෙන් වර්නා කර ඇත. 'සියළු ජරාවැස කර්මාන්ත කුෂලය විශිෂ්ට වඤ්චි (වාණිජ) කුලෙන් පැවත එන නිශ්ශංක අලකක්කෝණාර නම් අමාත්‍ය ශේෂ්ඨයානනන් පරපුරෙන් පැවත එන දසවැනි අලගක්කෝණාර නම් අමාත්‍යෙයා්ත්තමයානන් උපස්ථම්භ කරවා" ලෙසින් දැක්වේ. මෙසේ ඉහළ ගනයේ විහාර පුජාවකදී රජු මුල්වූවානම් රජුගේ නාමය සඳහන් කිරීම අනිවාර්යවේත නමුත් මේ පුජාවන් කිසිවකට කුරුණෑගල හෝ ගම්පල එවකට රජකළ රජුන්ගේ නම් සදහන් නොවීමෙන් දසවන අලකේෂ්වර පාලකයා ස්වාධීන පාලකයෙක් ලෙස කටයුතු කළ බව පෙනී යයි.

මේවන විට කුරුණෑගල හා  ගම්පළ අතර පාලන බලය දෝලනය වෙමින් පැවති සමයක් විය. හතරවන භුවනෙකබාහු රජ ගම්පල රජවන විට කුරුණෑගල පස්වන විජයබාහු නම් රජෙක්ද සිටි බව කියවේ.  ඇතැම් රජ වරුන්ට සිය විජිතය පවා ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ශක්තියක් පැවතියේ නැත. මෙවන් තත්වයක් තුළ යම් දේශපාලන හා ආර්ථික ස්ථාවරත්යක් ඇතිව සිටියේ රයිගම පමණි. මේ නිසා රයිගම අගකේෂ්වරයන්ගේ බලයට රජවරුන්ට බලපෑමක් කළ නොහැකිවිය.

 සමකාලීන කෑරගල සෙල්ලිපියේ මෙසේ සඳහන්වේ. සිරිසඟබෝ ශ්‍රී විජයබාහු  මහා රාජයානන්ට එකොලොස් වැන්නේ දි අර්ථනායක දළසෙන්ගමු මිගන්තරුන් තමන් ලඟ වුන් අලගක්කෝණාර පාදයාගේ සහෝදර බුහුණයන් පද්මාවතීන්ට වැදපුදා ගන්නට කරවූ කෑරගල විහාර ... ලෙසින් සඳහන්වේ. මෙයින් අලකේෂ්වර පවුලේ බලය විවාහ සබදතා තුළින් වර්ධනය කරගත් ආකාරය පැහැඳිවේ. මෙහි අලගක්කෝණාර පාදයානන් ලෙසින් දක්වා ඇත්තේ දසවන අලකේෂ්වරයානන්ගේ ඥති  සොහොයුරෙක් වන පසුව රයිගම මහත් බලයක් ගොඩ නගා ගන්නාවූ ප්‍රභූ රාජ මහා නිශ්ශංක අලකේෂ්වරයානන්ය.(දොළොස්වනඅලකේෂ්වර)

ඉබන් බතුත්තා  නම් සංචාරකයා මෙරටට පැනෙන විට දසවන අලකේෂ්වරයානන්ගේ ප්‍රත්‍රයා පියාගේ ඇස් අන්ද කර බලය පැහැර ගෙන එකොස්වන අලකේෂ්වර නමින් බලයට පත්ව සිටි බවය. මේ අනුව මේ අරඹුද පිරි අවිචාරවත් සමයේ අලකේෂ්වර පවුලේ පවා අර්බුද පැවති බව පෙනේ. එකොලොස්වන අලකේෂ්වර සිය පියාටත් වඩා ස්වාධීන පාලකයෙකු ලෙස කටයුතු කරන්නට උත්සාහ කළ බව පෙනේ. කෙසේ නමුත් දසවන අලකේෂ්වර සමයේදී රයිගම දියුණු විය. නගරයේ ගොඩනැගිලි බොහොමක් තැනින. ඉබන් බතුත්තා යාපනයේ ද, ගම්පළද, සංචාරය කර අනතුරුව රයිගමට පැමිනේ. හෙතෙම රයිගම පාලකයා ලංකාවේ සුල්තාන්වරයා (පලකයා ) ලෙසින් හඳුන්වා ඇත. එයින්ම රයිගම එවකට පැවති බලපරාක්‍රමය පැහැදිළිවේ.

තවදුරටත් ඉබන් බතූතා රයිගම නගරයේ ශ්‍රී විභූතිය විස්තර කරයි. අලකේෂ්වර පාලකයාට සිටි ඇලි ඇතෙක් එනම් සුදු ඇතෙක් ගැන මහත් අභිරුචියකින් වර්ණනා කරයි. එම සත්වයා එවකට ජාතික වස්තුවක් ලෙස සැලකූ බව හෙතෙම පෙන්වා දෙයි.

රයිගම දසවන අලකේෂ්වර


La Estación de Santana-Cartaxo es una estación de la línea del Norte perteneciente a la red de convoyes regionales de la CP. Se localiza en el PK 60,3 dentro de la localidad de Santana.

En la actualidad cuenta con servicios regionales dentro de la línea del Norte.

Santana
Santana
Cartaxo

Estación de Santana-Cartaxo


Sami Wolking (nacido el 15 de agosto de 1973 en Helsinki, Finland) más conocido como Magnum, es un bajista finlandés y antiguo miembro de la banda  Lordi durante los años 1999-2002. Actualmente toca en la banda Naked Idol

Lordi

Usando el nombre artístico Magnum, Wolking fue un miembro de la banda Lordi desde 1999 hasta 2002. En 2002, el incremento de la  popularidad de la banda comenzó a exigir que sus miembros estuvieran disponibles en todo momento. Incapaces de arriesgar sus finanzas personales  en una banda que aún no había visto ningún ingreso, se tomó la decisión de que Magnum dejaría Lordi con el fin de mantener su trabajo de cada día.

Magnum, sin embargo, es visto en el videoclip Would You Love a Monsterman? y tocó el bajo en el primer álbum de Lordi, Get Heavy. El bajo que usó durante su etapa en Lordi fue el Ibanez Soundgear 5-string. También grabó el álbum "no publicado" hasta 2012 Bend Over And Pray The Lord, pero no tocó el bajo en dicho álbum. El título de dicho álbum fue creado por él

El álbum Get Heavy está dedicado a él.

Naked Idol

Formó la banda Naked Idol en la primavera de 2006 con su amigo Jones y sigue actuando bajo el nombre de Magnum, pero sin la personalidad cyborg.
Actualmente toca el bajo, es corista y con frecuencia hace las composiciones de las canciones.
La canción My Weakness fue publicada a través de la radio como sencillo promocional en 2010, y ocasionalmente, se ha tocado en las estaciones de radio.

Personaje
Magnum era un cyborg de una civilización avanzada originaria de la galaxia Alpha Centauri. Como mercenario, luchó en las fuerzas de defensa de Mu Arae. Con el tiempo, murió en combate, pero fue resucitado como un muerto viviente cyborg. Después de escapar de los hombre-bestias de Mu Arae hacia la Tierra, Mr. Lordi lo encontró y propuso una alianza. Magnum primera aparición fue en el cómic de ficción Monsterican presents: The Cyber-Zombie from Outer Space #1.

Menciones
En el libro de letras de "Get Heavy", al final, donde los componentes agradecen, hay una foto de Magnum en una esquina y pone: "For Magnum" ("Para Magnum"). Magnum sale en el video "Would you love a monsterman?" porque Kalma aún no estaba en el grupo.

Bandas
 Noroses (1996-2000)
 Lordi (1999-2002)
 Naked Idol (2006-)

Discografía

Lordi
 Álbum: Bend Over and Pray the Lord (1997) (coros)
 Álbum: Get Heavy (2002) (bajo, coros)
 Sencillo: Would You Love a Monsterman? (2002) (bajo, coros)

Naked Idol
 Sencillo: My Weakness (2010) (bajo, coros y composición)
 Sencillo: Back From Oblivion (2011) (bajo, coros y composición)
 Sencillo: Boys Of Summer (2013) (bajo y coros)
 Sencillo: Shattered (2013) (bajo, coros, composición y letras)
 EP: Filthy Fairies (2013) (bajo, coros, composición y letras)

Referencias

Bajistas de Finlandia
Miembros de Lordi
Bajistas de heavy metal
Cristianos de Finlandia
Nacidos en Helsinki

Sami Wolking


Viktor Goziridse ist der Name folgender Personen:

 Wiktor Goziridse (1910–1995), georgischer Bauingenieur

Viktor Goziridse steht für:

 Wiktor Goziridse, den früheren Namen der Station Delissi der Metro Tbilissi

Viktor Goziridse


Barigau ist ein Stadtteil der Stadt Königsee im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt (Thüringen).

Lage
Barigau liegt auf einer waldarmen Hochfläche zwischen dem Schwarzatal im Süden und dem Rinnetal im Norden. Der Hädderbach entspringt auf der 665 Meter hohen Barigauer Höhe und fließt durch Oberhain der Schwarza entgegen. Verkehrsmäßig hat Barigau über die Kreisstraße Anschluss an die Bundesstraße 88.

Geschichte

Am 19. November 1370 wurde das Dorf erstmals urkundlich erwähnt.
Neben der Landwirtschaft und Bergbau war das Olitätengewerbe auch hier ein bedeutender Wirtschaftsfaktor. Auf der Barigauer Höhe steht der Barigauer Turm. Bis 1918 gehörte der Ort zur Oberherrschaft des Fürstentums Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.

Am 1. Juli 1950 wurde Barigau zu Oberhain eingemeindet. Seit dem 1. Januar 2019 ist der Ort ein Teil der Stadt Königsee.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
Die Gaststätte "Barigauer Turm" war bis Ende 2018 mit Unterbrechungen eine Ausflugsgaststätte mit einem Aussichtsturm und einem Restaurant und wird derzeit saniert.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Geographie (Königsee)
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt)
Ersterwähnung 1370
Gemeindeauflösung 1950

Barigau


Olaylar

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 14 Eylül - I. İmâdüddin Zengî, Büyük Selçuklular'ın Musul ve Halep Atabeyi ve Zengi hanedanının kurucusu (d. 1085)

1146


er en liste over vandfald i Japan, der blev udarbejdet i 1990 af det japanske miljøministerium.

Baggrunden
Ifølge den japanske regering er der 517 navngivne vandfald i Japan. Mange af disse vandfald er placeret i fjerntliggende bjergområder, men på grund af stigningen i vandreture og turisme de seneste år er antallet af besøgende steget dramatisk, hvilket i høj grad påvirker belastningen på det omgivende miljø.

Liste

Galleri

Kilder og eksterne henvisninger
 Must Love Japan
 The Best 100 Waterfalls of Japan

Vandfald i Japan

100 vandfald i Japan


Os 25 km da maratona aquática masculina é um dos eventos do Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022 que foi realizado no dia 30 de junho de 2022, em Budapeste, na Hungria.

Calendário
Horário local (UTC+2).

Medalhistas

Resultados
A prova foi realizada no dia 30 de junho às 07:00.

Ligações externas

 Site da Federação Internacional de Natação

Eventos do Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022

Maratona aquática no Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos de 2022 - 25 km masculino


Catiguá es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza a una latitud 21º02'58" sur y a una longitud 49º03'30" oeste, estando a una altitud de 483 metros. La ciudad tiene una población de 7.127 habitantes (IBGE/2010). Catiguá pertenece a la Microrregión de Catanduva.

Historia
La historia de Catiguá se inicia con la creación de dos pequeños poblados en los márgenes del Río São Domingos: Villa Santa Isabel y Villa Mariana.

La antigua Villa Santa Isabel estaba localizada entre el Río São Domingos y el Río de los Cândidos, y recibió este nombre en homenaje a la mujer de Artur Ortenblad, donadora del terreno donde fue construida la plaza y la capilla de Santa Isabel.

La Villa Mariana estaba localizada entre el Río São Domingos y el Río Bate-Panela. En esa villa, Manuel Caetano y José Rodrigues donaron el terreno donde fue construida la plaza y la capilla de São Sebastião.

Alrededor de noviembre de 1910, la Villa Santa Isabel pasó a llamarse Villa Ibarra.

En 1921, la Villa Mariana fue elevada a la categoría de distrito, con el nombre de Catupiry, jurisdicionado al municipio de Catanduva.

En 1929, Villa Ibarra también fue elevada a la categoría de distrito, jurisdicionado al municipio de Tabapuã.

En 1938, a través del decreto estatal n.º 9775, del 30 de noviembre, los dos distritos fueron unidos en un solo con la denominación de Catiguá. El nuevo distrito fue instalado en 1939, siendo subordinado al municipio de Catanduva.

Geografía
Se localiza a una latitud 21º02'58" sur y a una longitud 49º03'30" oeste, estando a una altitud de 483 metros. Su población estimada en 2010 fue de 7.127 habitantes. Posee un área de 148km².

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2010

Población Total: 7.127
 Urbana: 6.569
 Rural: 558
 Hombres: 3.632
 Mujeres: 3.495

Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 48,03

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 10,42%

Expectativa de vida (años): 75,38

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 2,40

Tasa de Alfabetización: 86,86%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,787
 IDH-M Salario: 0,688
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,840
 IDH-M Educación: 0,833
(Fuente: IPEADATA)

Hidrografía
 Arroyo São Domingos

Carreteras
 SP-310
 Vecinal José Fernandes
 Vecinal Vicente Fernandes
 Ruta Municipal Catiguá-Tabapuã

Administración
 Prefecto: Vera Lucia de Azevedo Vallejo (2009/2012)
 Viceprefecto: Valdecir César Grava
 Presidente de la cámara: Fernando Cesar Darcie

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de São Paulo

Catiguá


Lavinia Braniște ()  o prozatoare și traducătoare română.

Biografie
Lavinia Braniște a crescut în Brăila. A studiat limbi străine și literatură în Cluj-Napoca și în București. Lucrează ca traducător de cărți pentru copii.

În 2006, și-a publicat primul volum de poezie, iar în 2016, i-a apărut primul roman, Interior zero, care a fost distins cu premiul Nepotu' lui Thoreau și-a avut un considerabil succes de public, în ciuda unei recepții critice ambivalente. Au urmat alte două romane, Sonia ridică mâna (2019) și Mă găsești când vrei (2021), ambele publicate la editura Polirom.

Opere

Poezie
 Povești cu mine. Poezii. Pitești: Paralela 45, 2006

Proză
 Cinci minute pe zi. București: Casa de Pariuri Literare, 2011
 Escapada. Povestiri. Iași: Polirom, 2014
 Interior zero. Roman. 2016
 Sonia ridică mâna. Roman. 2019
 Mă găsești când vrei. Roman.  2020.

Literatură de copii
 Rostogol merge acasă. Editura Arthur. Ilustrații de Andrei Măceșanu,  2016,
 Rostogol păzește pepenii, Editura Arthur. Ilustrații de Andrei Măceșanu, 2021.
 Rostogol și vulcanii noroioși. Editura Arthur. Ilustrații de Andrei Măceșanu, 2021.
 Rostogol iluzionist. Editura Arthur. Ilustrații de Andrei Măceșanu, 2021.

Traduceri
 Tip Campbell: editura Cartea băieților: cum să supraviețuiești. 2008
 Charlaine Harris: Morți cu toții. 2009
 Mark Robson: Spioana imperială. 2009
 Kate DiCamillo: Miraculoasa călătorie a lui Edward Tulane. 2013
 David Walliams: Bunicuța hoțomană. 2013
 Henry Miller: Un diavol în paradis. 2013
 Ruth Stiles Gannett: Dragonul tatălui meu. 2014
 Kate DiCamillo: Flora și Ulise: aventurile iluminate. 2015
 Kevin Henkes: Anul lui Billy Miller. 2016
 Kate DiCamillo: Raymie nightingale. 2016

Opere traduse
În 2018 la Târgului de Carte de la Leipzig Braniște a lansat  traducerea în germană a volumui Interior zero cu titlul Null Komma Irgendwas, în traducerea Manuelei Klenke. Al doilea volum tradus în germană al Laviniei Braniște a fost Sonia ridică mâna (Sonia meldet sich), publicat în 2021. Romanul Interior zero a fost tradus în polonă și, în 2022, în spaniolă.

Premii și recunoaștere

 2016 - premiul "Nepotul lui Thoreau" pentru cel mai bun roman românesc al anului, pentru roman "Interior zero"
 2022  premiul la categoria Proză la Gala Premiilor Sofia Nădejde pentru Literatură Scrisă de Femei pentru romanul "Mă găsești când vrei"

Note

Legături externe

 Corina Sabău , Ana Nedelea: roman, "interior Zero" de Lavinia Braniște: tragedia de zi cu Zi, la Radio România Internațional, 2017
 Lavinia Braniște, 978-3
 Lavinia Braniște, în literatura de specialitate port

Nașteri în 1983
Scriitori români din secolul al XXI-lea
Traducători români
Brăileni
Românce din secolul al XXI-lea
Scriitoare din secolul al XXI-lea

Lavinia Braniște


Chambray Touraine Handball  er en fransk håndboldklub, der kommer fra Chambray-lès-Tours i Frankrig. Klubben spiller i Championnat de France
de Handball. Klubben blev etableret i 2006 og har Guillaume Marques som træner.

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Spillertruppen 2022-23

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 22  Kimberley Bouchard
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 6  Clara Monti Danielsson
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Etableret i 2006
Håndboldklubber fra Frankrig
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Chambray Touraine Handball


PL/0 is a programming language, intended as an educational programming language, that is similar to but much simpler than Pascal, a general-purpose programming language. It serves as an example of how to construct a compiler. It was originally introduced in the book, Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs, by Niklaus Wirth in 1976. It features quite limited language constructs: there are no real numbers, very few basic arithmetic operations and no control-flow constructs other than "if" and "while" blocks. While these limitations make writing real applications in this language impractical, it helps the compiler remain compact and simple.

Features
All constants and variables used must be declared explicitly.

The only data types are integers. The only operators are arithmetic and comparison operators. There is an odd function that tests whether the argument is odd.

In the original implementation presented by Wirth, there are no input and output routines. The new value of each variable is printed compiler prints  as it changes. So the program:
var i, s;
begin
  i := 0; s := 0;
  while i < 5 do
  begin
    i := i + 1;
    s := s + i * i
  end
end.
gives the output:
          0
          0
          1
          1
          2
          5
          3
         14
          4
         30
          5
         55
However, most implementations have single input and single output routines.

Flow control structures are if-then and while-do constructs and user-defined procedures. Procedures cannot accept parameters.

Grammar
The following is the syntax rules of the model language defined in EBNF:

program = block "." ;

block = [ "const" ident "=" number {"," ident "=" number} ";"]
        [ "var" ident {"," ident} ";"]
        { "procedure" ident ";" block ";" } statement ;

statement = [ ident ":=" expression | "call" ident
              | "?" ident | "!" expression
              | "begin" statement {";" statement } "end"
              | "if" condition "then" statement
              | "while" condition "do" statement ];

condition = "odd" expression |
            expression ("="|"#"|"<"|"<="|">"|">=") expression ;

expression = [ "+"|"-"] term { ("+"|"-") term};

term = factor {("*"|"/") factor};

factor = ident | number | "(" expression ")";

It is rather easy for students to write a recursive descent parser for such a simple syntax. Therefore, the PL/0 compiler is still widely used in courses on compiler construction throughout the world. Due to the lack of features in the original specification, students usually spend most of their time with extending the language and their compiler. They usually start with introducing REPEAT .. UNTIL and continue with more advanced features like parameter passing to procedures or data structures like arrays, strings or floating point numbers.

Use in education
The main article on compilers honours PL/0 for introducing several influential concepts (stepwise refinement, recursive descent parsing, EBNF, P-code, T-diagrams) to the field by educating students to use these concepts. Over the last 3 decades, most university courses on compiler construction that used PL/0 have followed Wirth strictly in employing these techniques (see references below). Some years ago university courses deviated from the course set by Wirth with the replacement of the classical recursive descent parsing technique by a (nonetheless classical) Unix-like approach of employing lex and yacc. Only recently an implementation (PL/0 Language Tools) along this way has also combined modern concepts like object-orientation and design patterns with a modern scripting language (Python), allowing students to consume the source text of the implementation in a contemporary programming style.

Compiler construction
In December 1976, Wirth wrote a small booklet about compiler construction, containing the full source code of the PL/0 compiler. The syntax rules above were taken from this first edition of Wirth's book Compilerbau. In later editions of this book (under the influence of his ongoing research) Wirth changed the syntax of PL/0. He changed the spelling of keywords like const and procedure to uppercase. This change made PL/0 resemble Modula-2 more closely. At the same time, Wirth's friend and collaborator C. A. R. Hoare was working on his influential communicating sequential processes concept, which used the exclamation mark ! and the question mark ? to denote communication primitives. Wirth added both symbols to the PL/0 language, but he did not mention their semantics in the book.

Examples

This program outputs the squares of numbers from 1 to 10. Most courses in compiler construction today have replaced the exclamation mark with the WriteLn procedure.
VAR x, squ;

PROCEDURE square;
BEGIN
   squ:= x * x
END;

BEGIN
   x := 1;
   WHILE x <= 10 DO
   BEGIN
      CALL square;
      ! squ;
      x := x + 1
   END
END.

This following program prints the prime numbers from 1 to 100. The write statement corresponds to '!' statement in the EBNF syntax above.

const max = 100;
var arg, ret;

procedure isprime;
var i;
begin
	ret := 1;
	i := 2;
	while i < arg do
	begin
		if arg / i * i = arg then
		begin
			ret := 0;
			i := arg
		end;
		i := i + 1
	end
end;

procedure primes;
begin
	arg := 2;
	while arg < max do
	begin
		call isprime;
		if ret = 1 then write arg;
		arg := arg + 1
	end
end;

call primes
.

The following example was taken from the second edition of Wirth's book Compilerbau, which appeared in 1986 in Germany.

VAR x, y, z, q, r, n, f;

PROCEDURE multiply;
VAR a, b;
BEGIN
  a := x;
  b := y;
  z := 0;
  WHILE b > 0 DO
  BEGIN
    IF ODD b THEN z := z + a;
    a := 2 * a;
    b := b / 2
  END
END;

PROCEDURE divide;
VAR w;
BEGIN
  r := x;
  q := 0;
  w := y;
  WHILE w <= r DO w := 2 * w;
  WHILE w > y DO
  BEGIN
    q := 2 * q;
    w := w / 2;
    IF w <= r THEN
    BEGIN
      r := r - w;
      q := q + 1
    END
  END
END;

PROCEDURE gcd;
VAR f, g;
BEGIN
  f := x;
  g := y;
  WHILE f # g DO
  BEGIN
    IF f < g THEN g := g - f;
    IF g < f THEN f := f - g
  END;
  z := f
END;

PROCEDURE fact;
BEGIN
  IF n > 1 THEN
  BEGIN
    f := n * f;
    n := n - 1;
    CALL fact
  END
END;

BEGIN
  ?x; ?y; CALL multiply; !z;
  ?x; ?y; CALL divide; !q; !r;
  ?x; ?y; CALL gcd; !z;
  ?n; f := 1; CALL fact; !f
END.

Oberon-0
In the third and last edition of his book on compiler construction, Wirth replaced PL/0 with Oberon-0.  The language Oberon-0 is much more complex than PL/0. For example, Oberon-0 offers arrays, records, type declarations and procedure parameters. The publisher of Wirth's books (Addison-Wesley) has decided to phase out all his books, but Wirth has published revised editions of his book beginning in 2004.  , the most recent revision available is from May 2017.

See also
P-code machine
City & Guilds Mnemonic Code

Notes

References

 Liffick, Blaise W., Ed (1979), The Byte Book of Pascal,
 Wirth, Niklaus (1975), Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs,
 Wirth, Niklaus (1986), Compilerbau, B.G. Teubner, Stuttgart

External links
The compiler (.pas file) from the first edition of the Compilerbau book, written in Pascal
 Another copy of the compiler at Pascal for small machines site
The interpreter from "Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs" book, written in Pascal
Development of a PL/0 style compiler based on 'Compiler construction' written in Mocka (Modula-2 for Linux)
A paper explaining the use of PL/0 at the University of Rochester
The homepage of the PL/0 reference book, "Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs"
http://sourceforge.net/projects/pl0-compiler (written in C/C++, uses QT framework)
https://modernc.org/pl0 (written in Go, runs in terminal, cross platform)
https://github.com/dodobyte/plzero (a very small compiler produces windows executable)
https://github.com/MarcRochkind/pl0compiler (compiler for IBM 701 written in C; generates 701 assembler)
 Category:PL/0 Tasks implemented in PL/0 on rosettacode.org

Pascal programming language family
Procedural programming languages
Structured programming languages
Educational programming languages
Compilers
Programming languages created in 1975

PL/0


Die Liste der Flughäfen in Russland enthält die russischen Flughäfen mit dem höchsten Passagieraufkommen. Sie ist erhebt keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit.

Weblinks
 Liste von Rosawiazija zum Passagieraufkommens an allen Flughäfen in Russland im Jahr 2015 (russisch)
 und die

Einzelnachweise

!
Russland

Liste der Flughäfen in Russland


Iperit, nazvan prema flamanskom gradu Ypresu, službenog imena diklordietil-sulfid, bojni otrov plikavac, žućkasta uljevita tekućina visokog ledišta (oko 14°C) i vrelišta (od 216-218°C) koja se ne miješa s vodom, ali se brzo razara oksidativnim sredstvima poput klornog vapna i hipermangana. Osim što uzrokuje stvaranje plikova na koži, iperit je težak stanični otrov koji oštećuje kapilare.

Upotrebom u bitkama za flamanski grad Ypres 1917. godine u Prvom svjetskom ratu započeo je novi oblik modernog ratovanja i razvijanje novih vrsta bojnih otrova koji su doveli do suvremenog kemijskog i biološkog oružja. Iperit je korišten i u Talijanskoj invaziji na Abesiniju, Drugom japansko-kineskom ratu te Iračko-iranskom ratu. Međunarodnom Konvencijom o kemijskom oružju iz 1993. sumporni iperiti (skupina bojnih otrova) zabranjeni su te se ne smiju upotrebljavati kao kemijsko oružje. Unatoč zabrani, u svojoj okupaciji Bliskog istoka upotrebljavala ga je Islamska Država

Nakon Prvog svjetskog rata pokusno se upotrebljavao radi dokazivanja sposobnosti potiskivanja hematopoeze, stvaranja krvnih stanica. Sposobnost usporavanja i otežavanja hematopoeze dokazana je nakon obdukcije i autopsije tijela 75 vojnika preminulih od začepljavanja ili oštećivanja kapilara. Ubrzo se odustalo od njegove primjene u medicini, nakon što liječenje Hodgkinsonove bolesti i leukemije azotnim iperitom nije dalo zadovoljavajući ishod.

Vanjske poveznice
 Iperit Natuknica u Hrvatskoj enciklopediji Leksikografskog zavoda Miroslav krleža
 Treatment of Mustard Gas Burns British Medical Journal (1946.)

Kemijsko oružje

Iperit


Ioan Milea (n. 11 martie 1958, Turda) este un poet, eseist și traducător român.

Biografie
S-a născut în orașul Turda, în familia magazionerului Gheorghe Milea și al soției sale, vânzătoarea Valeria (n. Ilea). A urmat studii elementare (1965-1973) și liceul (1973-1978) la Turda, apoi cursurile Facultății de Filologie din cadrul Universității din Cluj, secția română-italiană (1979-1983). În perioada studenției a redactat revista Echinox din Cluj-Napoca.

După absolvirea facultății a lucrat ca profesor de limba și literatura română la Liceul nr. 2 din Oradea (1983-1989), redactor la revistele literare Tribuna (februarie – mai 1990) și Apostrof (mai 1990 – noiembrie 1991), apoi cercetător științific la Institutul de Lingvistică și Istorie Literară "Sextil Pușcariu" din Cluj, Secția de istorie literară. În calitate de cercetător a contribuit la elaborarea mai multor lucrări importante precum Dicționarul scriitorilor români (I-IV, 1995-2001, coordonatori Mircea Zaciu, Marian Papahagi, Aurel Sasu), Dicționarul esențial al scriitorilor români (coordonatori Mircea Zaciu, Marian Papahagi, Aurel Sasu, 2000), Dicționarul cronologic al romanului românesc de la origini până la 1989 (Editura Academiei Române, București, 2004), Dicționarul general al literaturii române (vol. I-VII, Editura Univers Enciclopedic, București, 2004-2009), Dicționarul cronologic al romanului tradus (Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005), Dicționarul cronologic al romanului românesc – 1990-2000 (Editura Academiei Române, București, 2011) ș.a.

Activitatea științifică și literară a lui Ioan Milea a fost recunoscută de specialiști, care i-au decernat mai multe premii: Premiul pentru traducere al revistei Poesis (1991), Premiul pentru polivalență culturală al revistei Familia (1996), Premiul pentru debut în critică al Salonului național de carte din Cluj-Napoca (1996), Premiul Uniunii Scriitorilor din România pentru vol. Dicționarul cronologic al romanului românesc (coautor) (2004), Premiul "Mircea Zaciu" al Uniunii Scriitorilor din România – Filiala Cluj (2005), pentru vol. Dicționarul cronologic al romanului tradus în România (coautor) și Premiul pentru poezie al Bibliotecii Județene "Octavian Goga" din Cluj (2007).

De asemenea, Ioan Milea a fost decorat în anul 2009 cu Ordinul Meritul Cultural în grad de cavaler, categoria A "Literatură", "în semn de apreciere deosebită pentru întreaga activitate de cercetare științifică, încununată cu apariția Dicționarului general al literaturii române".

Activitatea literară
Ioan Milea s-a format la cenaclul Echinox în anii '80 și a debutat cu versuri în revista Tribuna (1980), el publicând ulterior în revistele Echinox, Steaua, Familia, Vatra, Apostrof, Poesis, Calende, Contrapunct etc. Debutul editorial a avut loc cu volumul de critică Lecturi bacoviene și alte eseuri (1995), urmat de placheta de versuri Seară cu Dante și alte poeme (1996). În afară de poezie, a mai realizat și publicat traduceri din scrierile religioase ale lui Rudolf Otto, Giuseppe Tucci, Blaise Pascal, Julius Evola, Tomáš Špidlík, Marko Ivan Rupnik ș.a.

Criticul Ion Pop considera versurile lui Ioan Milea ca fiind "o poezie de calitate, a cărei substanță livrescă e benefic concurată de o fină sensibilitate "impresionistă", foarte adecvată sentimentului dominant al fragilității ființei prinse în brutalul zgomot al lumii și în furia ei. Un discurs ce se ferește programatic de retorism, alegând mai degrabă calea unui soi de minimalism exersat la școala stanțelor bacoviene", apropiindu-le de rafinamentul haiku-ului. Poeziile sale sunt dominate de melancolie, încercând să surprindă momentele momentele de grație create de transgresarea întâmplătorului către esențial și regăsirea drumului către divinitate. Criticul Alexandru Cistelecan plasează viziunile lirice ale autorului între miraj și angoasă, într-o confruntare permanentă cu desfigurarea realității și cu coșmarul existenței. Poezia lui Ioan Milea glisează, potrivit criticului Iulian Boldea, "în spațiul nuanței și al imaginarului cu irizații livrești".

Poeziile sale sunt închise de multe ori în forma fixă a haiku-ului, dezvăluind un univers liric minimalist. Haiku-ul este, în concepția lui Ioan Milea, "promisiunea de a putea regăsi, prin sclipătul unei intuiții minimal exprimate, acel profund și tainic echilibru între tăcere și cuvânt, pe care poezia vremii noastre pare a-l fi pierdut".

Opera
 Lecturi bacoviene și alte eseuri, Editura Didactică și Pedagogică, București, 1995;
 Seară cu Dante și alte poeme, Editura Arhipelag, Târgu Mureș, 1996;
 Sub semnul poeziei, eseuri, Editura Paralela 45, Pitești, 1999;
 Recviem în mai (poeme), Editura Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2007;
 Despre Brâncuși (poeme), Editura Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2007;
 Florilegiu (poeme), Editura Casa Cărții de Știință, Cluj-Napoca, 2008;
 Lecturi bacoviene, Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2010;
 Fulgurații (poeme), Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2010;
 Aievea (poeme alese), Editura Dacia XXI, Cluj-Napoca, 2010;
 Fulgurații II (poeme), Editura Eikon, Cluj-Napoca, 2012;
 Brevilocviu, Charmides, Bistrița, 2013;
 Fulgurații III, Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2013.

Traduceri
 Rudolf Otto, Sacrul, Editura Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1992 (ed. a II-a 1996, ed. a III-a, 2002; ed. a IV-a, Ed. Humanitas, București, 2005);
 Giuseppe Tucci, Teoria și practica mandalei, Editura Humanitas, București, 1995;
 Rudolf Otto, Despre numinos, în colab. cu Silvia Irimie, Editura Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1996 (ed. revăzută, Editura Humanitas, București, 2005);
 Blaise Pascal, Misterul lui Iisus, în colab. cu Simona Șuta, Editura Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1998 (ed. a II-a 2002);
 Julius Evola, Tradiția hermetică. Simbolismul ei, doctrina și "Arta Regală", Editura Humanitas, București, 1999;
 Tomáš Špidlík, Marko Ivan Rupnik, Credință și icoană, Editura Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 2002 (ed. a II-a, 2008);
 Romano Guardini, Sfârșitul modernității, Editura Humanitas, București, 2004;
 Francesco Lambiasi, A fost răstignit: de ce?, Galaxia Gutenberg, Târgu-Lăpuș, 2006;
 Marko Ivan Rupnik, Arta – memorie a comuniunii, Galaxia Gutenberg, Târgu-Lăpuș, 2007;
 Antonio Spadaro, La ce folosește literatura?, Galaxia Gutenberg, Târgu-Lăpuș, 2007;
 Paola Bignardi, Evanghelia cotidianului, Galaxia Gutenberg, Târgu-Lăpuș, 2007;
 Tomáš Špidlík, Marko Ivan Rupnik, Teologia pastorală. Pornind de la frumusețe, Galaxia Gutenberg, Târgu-Lăpuș, 2008;
 Wolfhart Pannenberg, Ce este omul? Antropologia actuală în lumina teologiei, Editura Herald, București, 2012.

Note

Bibliografie
 Aurel Sasu (ed.), Dicționarul biografic al literaturii române, vol. II, Editura Paralela 45, Pitești, 2004, pp. 107-108. ISBN 973-697-758-7

Nașteri în 1958
Poeți români
Eseiști români
Traducători români

Ioan Milea


Die ehemalige Prioratskirche Prieuré de Saint-Généroux gehörte zum Besitz des nur sieben Kilometer östlich gelegenen Mutterklosters Saint-Jouin-de-Marnes und gilt – noch vor der Kirche Notre-Dame de Champdeniers – als einer der ältesten erhaltenen Kirchenbauten im Poitou. Während der Französischen Revolution wurde der Kirchenbau die – viel zu große – Pfarrkirche des kleinen Ortes. Seit 1846 ist die Kirche als Monument historique eingestuft.

Baugeschichte
Erbaut wurde die erste Kirche – der Überlieferung zufolge – über dem Grab des Mönchs Generosus, der im 9. Jahrhundert das Kloster Saint-Jouin verlassen und sich als Einsiedler in die Waldeinsamkeit zurückgezogen hatte; seine Reliquien werden bis auf den heutigen Tag in der Region verehrt. Im 12. Jahrhundert wurde der Chorbereich in Teilen erneuert. Bei zwei Kampagnen in der Mitte und gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde der Bau – vor allem im Äußeren – komplett restauriert; dabei wurde auch der Glockengiebel rekonstruiert.

Architektur

Fassade und Außenwände
Die völlig schmucklose Westfassade hat ein kleines Portal und ein Fenster – beide ohne Gewände und Archivolten. In einem zweibogigen Glockengiebel, der eigenartigerweise um eine weitere doppelte Bogenstellung nach unten erweitert ist, findet sich heute die einzige Glocke der Kirche. Ob dieser Zustand dem Originalzustand entspricht oder den Restaurierungsmaßnahmen des 19. Jahrhunderts zu verdanken ist, ist nicht mehr bekannt. Die Außenwände des Langhauses sind jedenfalls – vor allem in der oberen Zone – stark überarbeitet worden und haben mit dem ursprünglichen bzw. überlieferten Zustand nichts mehr gemein.

Langhaus

Das Langhaus der Kirche mit seinen hochgelegenen Seitenfenstern und einem offenen hölzernen Dachstuhl gilt einigen Forschern als bedeutendes und nahezu einziges Beispiel spätkarolingischer Architektur im Poitou: Ursprünglich handelt es sich – ihrer Meinung zufolge – um einen großen einschiffigen und ungewölbten Saalbau mit einer querliegenden dreibogigen Arkadenstellung vor dem Chorbereich, die im oberen Bereich nochmals durch kleinere Arkaden geöffnet ist. Im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert seien im Innern Pfeilerarkaden ohne Kapitelle – aber dafür mit schlichten Kämpferplatten – hinzugefügt worden, um das Aussehen eines basilikalen, 3-schiffigen Bauwerks zu erreichen.

Andere Forscher sind dagegen der Ansicht, dass der gesamte Bau mit Ausnahme der großen und gewölbten Chorkapellen eher dem frühen 11. Jahrhundert zugerechnet werden müsse.

Chorhaupt
Die heutige Choranlage entstammt zweifellos dem 12. Jahrhundert. Sie besteht aus einer Art Querhaus mit drei eingewölbten Apsiden, von denen die mittlere stärker gestreckt und gegenüber den beiden anderen erhöht ist – außerdem ist ihre Wand im unteren Bereich durch zwei halbhohe Strebepfeiler stabilisiert. Jede der drei Apsiden hat ein Ostfenster; die äußeren Apsiden verfügen jeweils zusätzlich über ein seitliches Fenster. Die Mittelapsis hat stattdessen zwei kleine Rundfenster (oculi), die in der Zeit der Romanik bzw. der Frühgotik eher selten anzutreffen sind – möglicherweise sind sie in der Renaissance bzw. im Barock oder aber im 19. Jahrhundert hinzugefügt worden. Wie bei vielen Kirchen im Poitou fehlt ein alles überragender Vierungsturm.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Thorsten Droste: Poitou. Westfrankreich zwischen Poitiers und Angoulême – die Atlantikküste von der Loire bis zur Gironde. DuMont, Köln 1999, ISBN 3-7701-4456-2, S. 100f.

Weblinks

 Saint-Généroux, Kirche – Fotos + Infos (französisch)
  (französisch)
 Saint-Généroux, Kirche – Fotos
 Saint-Généroux, Kirche – Fotos
 Saint-Généroux, Kirche – Fotos
 Karolingische Kirchen in der Umgebung – Fotos + Text (englisch)

SaintGeneroux
Monument historique im Département Deux-Sèvres
SaintGeneroux
SaintGeneroux
SaintGeneroux
SaintGeneroux
Monument historique seit 1846
Saintgeneroux
Saint-Généroux

Prieuré de Saint-Généroux


An escape pod, escape capsule, life capsule, or lifepod is a capsule or craft, usually only big enough for one person, used to escape from a vessel in an emergency. An escape ship is a larger, more complete craft also used for the same purpose. Escape pods are ubiquitous in science fiction but are only used in a few real vehicles.

Real life
 Because they were intended to fly too high and fast for safe use of conventional ejection seats, the Bell X-2, B-58 Hustler, XB-70 Valkyrie, F-111 and B‑1A Lancer all used enclosed escape crew capsules of some kind.
 The single submarine of the Soviet "Mike"-class, K-278 Komsomolets had an escape capsule, which was jettisoned upon its sinking in 1989. Other Soviet submarines like the Oscar-class are only rumored to have escape capsules. During the sinking of the Kursk, the crew was unable to reach it. Also the Typhoon-class is rumored to have escape pods located near or in the sail. Evidence for this can be found in a German documentary on the Typhoon-class submarine Severstal.

Fiction
In the 1950 science fiction aviation film Chain Lightning, the advanced experimental jet fighter, the JA-4, can achieve 1400 MPH at an altitude of 90,000 feet. It is equipped with a new, untried pilot escape pod that is tested safely at the very end of the film.
 In the 1966 film Thunderbirds Are Go, the Zero-X spacecraft features an escape pod, referred to in the film as an "Escape Unit", capable of evacuating the Zero-X's five-man crew in one go in case of a serious emergency.
Many spacecraft in the Star Wars franchise are equipped with escape pods. A notable appearance is in the first film, in which the use of an escape pod by R2-D2 and C-3PO leads to their encounter with Luke Skywalker, starting the main plot of the film.
 Spaceball One, the enormous spacecraft featured in the 1987 science fiction parody film Spaceballs, is seen to be equipped with one-person escape pods. Dark Helmet is kicked out of one by the Bearded Lady (even though the doorway to the pod was designed in the shape of his helmet, signifying the pod was intended for his use), and President Skroob tries to leave on the last one but finds it already occupied by a bear.
 In The Simpsons episode "Homer Goes to College", Mr. Burns uses an escape pod to escape from a nuclear meltdown.
 In the 1997 political action thriller film Air Force One, U.S. President James Marshall, played by Harrison Ford, pretends to have escaped the presidential aircraft after terrorist hijacking by using an escape pod. It is later revealed that Marshall had remained onboard, hidden in a cargo hold, to fight the terrorists and ultimately regain control of the plane. The actual VC-25A, which is the principal aircraft used to transport the U.S. President, does not contain an escape pod or a parachute ramp.
 In the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero comic books, the Joes' underground base, the Pit, had an escape pod in the form of a drill tank. Similar ones named "Mole Pods" would appear in the 2009 film G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, but for the reverse purpose – to invade the Pit.
 In the 2008 science fiction film WALL-E, the BNL starliner Axiom is depicted as having numerous six-person escape pods aboard. These pods are able to deploy a parachute, inflate a raft on their underside in case of a water landing, and deploy flares. They also have artificial gravity through some means, as indicated by WALL-E not floating weightlessly even after the pod he is in is well away from the Axiom. Strangely for vehicles designed to keep their occupants alive, the Axiom escape pods are also demonstrated to have a self-destruct sequence included.
 Capital ships of the United Nations Space Command (UNSC) in the Halo video game series are shown to feature nine-person escape pods; in the first mission of Halo: Combat Evolved, the first game in the series, the Master Chief leaves the UNSC Pillar of Autumn on an escape pod.
 In the 2010 video game Mass Effect 2, the SSV Normandy is heavily damaged in a Collector surprise attack at the beginning of the game, prompting the crew to abandon ship aboard multi-person escape pods. Most, but not all, of the crew makes it to the pods before Normandy is destroyed and are later picked up by the Systems Alliance Navy.
 In the 2004 video game Unreal II: The Awakening, the main character John Dalton completes the game's final mission by abandoning the spacecraft Dorian Gray on a one-person escape pod.
 In the 2017 video game Subnautica, the player escapes the Aurora using an escape pod at the beginning of the game. These two-person "life pods" are demonstrated in-game to have essential supplies such as food, water, medical kits, a radio, and a crafting device.
 In the 2017 video game Prey, the player can try to escape Talos I with the help of two escape pods: the one above Alex Yu's office and the other which is one of the few pods that can be repaired. However, both the pods fail after initiation of the escape process and Morgan Yu dies requiring the player to start over.
 In the Star Trek universe, every starship in Starfleet is equipped with escape pods.
 In the 2018 film Bumblebee, escape pods are used by the Autobots to escape the planet Cybertron, as they are scattered across the galaxy before joining Bumblebee to arrive on Earth.
In the 2018 film Incredibles 2, the Underminer uses an escape pod to flee with his spoils after robbing a bank vault. The pod is a miniaturized version of his subterrene, tipped with a drill.

See also

References

Aircraft emergency systems
Fictional spacecraft by type
Rescue equipment

Escape pod


STS-78 was the fifth dedicated Life and Microgravity Spacelab mission for the Space Shuttle program, flown partly in preparation for the International Space Station project. The mission used the Space Shuttle Columbia, which lifted off successfully from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Pad 39B on June 20, 1996. This marked the 78th flight of the Space Shuttle and 20th mission for Columbia.

Crew

Backup crew

Mission objectives

 Research into the effects of long – duration spaceflight on human physiology in preparation for flights on the International Space Station.
 22 life science and microgravity experiments using the Orbiter's pressurised Life & Microgravity Spacelab module (LM2).
 Tests into the use of the Orbiter's Reaction Control System jets to raise the altitude of orbiting satellites.

Mission highlights

During the 16-day, 21-hour mission, the crew of Columbia assisted in the preparations for the International Space Station by studying the effects of long-duration spaceflight on the human body in readiness for ISS Expeditions, and also carried out experiments similar to those now being carried out on the orbital station.

Following launch, Columbia climbed to an altitude of  with an orbital inclination of 39° to the Earth's  equator to allow the seven-member flight crew to maintain the same sleep rhythms they were accustomed to on Earth and to reduce vibrations and directional forces that could have affected on-board microgravity experiments.

Once in orbit, the crew entered the  long pressurized Spacelab module to commence over 40 science experiments to take place during the mission. Not only did these experiments make use of the module's laboratory, but also employed lockers in the middeck section of the orbiter. Thirteen of the experiments were dedicated to studying the effects of microgravity on the human body, whilst another six studied the behaviour of fluids and metals in the almost weightless environment and the production of metallic alloys and protein crystals. The crew also carried out the first ever comprehensive study of sleep patterns in microgravity, research into bone and muscle loss in space, and in-flight fixes to problem hardware on the Bubble, Drop and Particle Unit (BDPU), designed to study fluid physics.

The mission also featured a test of a procedure that was later used during the second Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission to raise the telescope's altitude without damaging the satellite's solar arrays. During the test, Columbia's vernier Reaction Control System jets were gently pulsed to boost the Shuttle's altitude without jarring any of the mission payloads. The test was successful, and was later employed by Discovery during STS-82, and was used multiple times to boost the orbit of the ISS when docked with an orbiter.

Mission anomaly
Although the launch went without any issue, an issue was discovered with the SRB's following recovery. Analysis showed worrying damage to the field joints which was likely caused by hot gases. This similar damage is what caused booster seals aboard Space Shuttle Challenger to break resulting in a break-up mid-flight. The issue did not compromise astronaut safety because there was a hot gas path through the motors field joint but not the capture joint. Despite there being no issue with safety, it did raise questions of a new EPA required cleaning fluid.

Due to the issue, STS-79 which was meant to dock with the Space Station Mir and return astronaut Shannon Lucid, was delayed. Options of returning Shannon on a Soyuz were considered, but never followed through as the Shuttle was considered safe and able to return Shannon.

See also

List of human spaceflights
List of Space Shuttle missions
Outline of space science
STS-80 (17 day 8 hour Shuttle mission)
STS-67 (16 days 15 hour Shuttle mission)
STS-73 (15 days 21 hours Shuttle mission)

References

External links
 NASA mission summary
 STS-78 Video Highlights

Spacecraft launched in 1996
STS-078

STS-78


Yeniören, Karabük ilinin Ovacık ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1919 yılı kayıtlarında Öküzören olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karabük il merkezine 53 km, Ovacık ilçe merkezine 6 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Ovacık (Karabük) belde ve köyleri

Yeniören


ජනපද යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ඉන්දියානු උපමහාද්වීපයේ වෛදික යුගයේ පැවති සමූහාණ්ඩු (ගණපද) සහ රාජධානි (සාමරාජ්‍ය) ය. වෛදික යුගය පසුකාලීන ලෝකඩ යුගයේ සිට යකඩ යුගය තෙක් විහිදේ: ක්‍රි.පූ. 1500 පමණ සිට ක්‍රි.පූ. 6වන සියවස තෙක්. සොළොස් මහාජනපදවල ව්‍යාප්තියත් සමඟ මෙම බොහෝ ජනපද යාබද බලවත් රාජ්‍ය විසින් ඈඳාගන්නා ලදී. ඇතැම් ජනපද ස්වාධීනව පැවතිණි.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ග්‍රන්ථාවලිය

ඉන්දියාවේ අධිරාජ්‍ය සහ රාජධානි
ඉන්දියාවේ ඉතිහාසය
ඉන්දියාවේ සමාජ කණ්ඩායම්

ජනපද


«Sunshine» (Luz del Sol en inglés) puede referirse a:

Cine
 Sunshine (1999), película dirigida por István Szabó y protagonizada por Ralph Fiennes y Rosemary Harris.
 Sunshine (2007), película dirigida por Danny Boyle y protagonizada por Cillian Murphy, Rose Byrne y Chris Evans.

Música
 Sunshine (2001), sencillo de Aerosmith.
 Sunshine (2011), sencillo de David Guetta & Avicii.

Lugares
 Sunshine, localidad de Colorado, Estados Unidos.

Sunshine


Bunicul automobil (titlul original: în ) este un film de comedie cehoslovac, realizat în 1957 de regizorul Alfred Radok, după romanul omonim a lui Adolf Branald care este și scenarist, protagoniști fiind actorii Vladimír Mensík, Ludek Munzar, Raymond Bussières și Ginette Pigeon.

Filmul este dedicat pionierilor raliurilor automobilistice de la începutul secolului XX, povestit cu un umor deosebit de molipsitor. Sunt prezentate atât modele de automobile care astăzi fac parte din categoria Oldtimer (De Dion-Bouton, Laurin & Klement - devenita ulterior Škoda), constructorii acestora și piloții de "raliu" care conduceau aceste automobile sau motociclete .

Este de remarcat una dintre primele apariții ale cunoscutului regizor Milos Forman, în rolul unui mecanic, totodată ocupând aici și postul de asistent de operator.

Conținut

Distribuție

Referințe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Legături externe

Filme din 1957
Filme de comedie
Filme în limba cehă
Filme regizate de Alfred Radok
Filme alb-negru
Filme cu automobilism

Bunicul automobil


Alberto Colombo (Varedo, Lombardija, Italija, 23. veljače 1946.) je bivši talijanski vozač automobilističkih utrka. Godine 1973. osvojio je titulu viceprvaka u Talijanskoj Formuli 3, a sljedeće 1974. naslov prvaka u istom natjecanju. U Formuli 1 1978. je imao tri pokušaja da se kvalificira na utrku, no nijednom nije uspio.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Alberto Colombo - Driver Database
Alberto Colombo - Stats F1
All Results of Alberto Colombo - Racing Sport Cars

Talijanski vozači Formule 1

Alberto Colombo


Antun Golob (Bileća, 1919. – Varaždin, 1995.), hrvatski nogometaš, trener i športski novinar i publicist. Svestrani športaš, najpoznatiji kao nogometaš, bio također skijaš, stolnotenisač, odbojkaš, rukometaš, gimnastičar i lovac.

U športu aktivan od 1934. do 1957. godine. Nogometne korake napravio kao junior VŠK-a 1934. godine. Prešao u Slaviju gdje je igrač prve postave 1936. do 1941. godine. Još kao igrač pokrenuo je 1945. list Vijesti. Rano se dao u športsko novinarstvo. S Dragom Krnoulom autor prvoga radijskog prijenosa športskog događaja u Varaždinu, još dok je bio aktivni igrač. Bilo je to 2. lipnja 1946. godine, a prenosili su utakmicu Tekstilca i Hajduka.
U Varaždinu ostao i poslije rata igrajući poslije rata za Tekstilac od 1945. do 1951. i potom u Slobodi do 1957. godine. U Slobodi igrao s dvojicom braće. U nogometu ostao kao nogometni trener i bio vrlo uspješan, vodeći Slobodu.

Bio je glavni urednik Varaždinskih vijesti i dugogodišnji profesionalni dopisnik Radio Zagreba i suradnik Televizije Zagreb. Glavni urednik Varaždinskog kalendara, kulturnjačkog lista Varaždinske lire i humoristično-satiričnog lista Grabancijaš. Napisao knjige Zaslužni Varaždinci, Heroj crvenog sela, Heroj s nasmijanim licem : Florijan Bobić, Novinarski zapisi iz starog i novog Varaždina i Tiskare u Varaždinu od 17. do kraja 19. stoljeća.

Izvori

Hrvatski nogometaši
Hrvatski nogometni treneri
Hrvatski športski novinari
Životopisi, Varaždin
Nogometaši NK Varteksa

Antun Golob


Hrvatsko otvoreno natjecanje u informatici (engl. Croatian Open Competition in Informatics) natjecanje je u programiranju učenika osnovnih i srednjih škola putem Interneta. Učenici su organizirani u ekipe koje predstavljaju njihove škole, informatičke klubove ili udruge HSIN-a.

Povijest
Hrvatski savez informatičara 2006. godine pokrenuo je HONI s ciljem pripreme nadarenih učenika informatičara osnovnih i srednjih škola Hrvatske za informatička natjecanja, te COCI za natjecanja i pripreme mladih informatičara Europe i ostatka svijeta prije međunarodnih natjecanja.

HONI je nastao po uzoru na druga međunarodna informatička natjecanja, a ranijih je godina postojao u sličnom obliku — na domaćoj razini Hrvatska programerska liga, a na međunarodnoj Internet online contest.

Velike pohvale natjecanju dao je Međunarodni informatički olimpijski odbor, koji nadzire Međunarodnu informatičku olimpijadu.

Profesori Ruske akademije prirodnih znanosti Vladimir M. Kiryukhin i Marina S. Tsvetkova za individualni trening ruskih studenata za natjecanja u programiranju preporučuju COCI.

Natjecanje
Hrvatsko otvoreno natjecanje u informatici odvija se u šest ili sedam kola tijekom školske godine. Svako se kolo sastoji od trosatnog rješavanja osam zadataka matematičke ili algoritamske osnove. Dozvoljeni programski jezici su Python, Pascal, C, C++ i Java. Prva su četiri zadataka primjerena učenicima osnovnih škola. Broj bodova koje učenik osvoji jednak je zbroju bodova pet zadataka koji tom natjecatelju donose najviše bodova.

COCI sadrži dodatno kolo sa zadacima s Hrvatske informatičke olimpijade. COCI se sastoji od posljednjih šest zadataka HONI-ja.

Nakon natjecanja objavljuju se rješenja svih zadataka.

Izvori

Računarstvo u Hrvatskoj


Petasites is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae, that are commonly referred to as butterburs and coltsfoots. They are perennial plants with thick, creeping underground rhizomes and large rhubarb-like leaves during the growing season.  Most species are native to Asia or southern Europe.

Taxonomy
The genus name is derived from the Greek word  petasos, from the plant's broad leaves resembling a wide-brimmed hat.

Species
Accepted species
 Petasites albus – white butterbur – Europe, Algeria, Turkey, Caucasus, India
 Petasites fominii – Republic of Georgia
 Petasites formosanus – Taiwan
 Petasites frigidus – Arctic butterbur or Arctic sweet coltsfoot – Scandinavia, Mongolia, Canada, northern USA
 Petasites hybridus – common butterbur – Europe, Mediterranean
 Petasites japonicus – giant butterbur, fuki – China, Japan, Korea
 Petasites kablikianus – southeastern Europe from Poland to Albania
 Petasites kamengicus – Arunachal Pradesh
 Petasites paradoxus – central + southwestern Europe from Spain to Poland
 Petasites pyrenaicus syn. Petasites fragrans - winter heliotrope - from Azores to Ireland + Tunisia
 Petasites radiatus – Mongolia
 Petasites rubellus – Mongolia, Manchuria, Korea
 Petasites sibiricus – Siberia
 Petasites spurius – Europe, Siberia, Caucasus, Central Asia
 Petasites tatewakianus – Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China
 Petasites tricholobus – China, Vietnam, Himalayas
 Petasites versipilus – Sichuan, Yunnan

Species of hybrid origin
Petasites × vitifolius

Species formerly included
Petasites glacialis (Ledeb.) Polunin - Endocellion glaciale (Ledeb.) Toman

Characteristics
The short spikes of flowers are produced just before the leaves in late winter (e.g. Petasites fragrans) or spring, emerging with only a few elongated basal bracts and are usually green, flesh coloured or dull white depending on the species. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers borne on separate plants.

Butterbur can be found in parts of Asia such as Korea, China, and Japan, as well as Europe and North America. They prefer moist environments such as riverbanks, marshes and ditches.

Petasites is closely related to the genera Tussilago and Senecio.

Medicinal uses
Butterbur has been used for over 2000 years to treat a variety of ailments including fever, lung disease, spasms, and pain. Currently, butterbur extract is used for migraine prevention and treatment of allergic rhinitis, which have the most evidence for its effectiveness.

Migraine
Some butterbur species contain the chemicals petasin and isopetasin which are believed to have potential benefits in treating migraines.  High concentrations of petasin occur in both butterbur root and leaves, with the leaves containing lower levels of the toxic chemical. Butterbur extracts have been reported to be effective in reducing frequency and severity of migraine headaches. Several double-blind studies have shown that high doses of Petasites hybridus" extract, containing petasin and/or isopetasin, are effective both in preventing and in relieving migraine, with the best results in groups taking the higher dose of the supplement. Although mainly well tolerated, the adverse effects of butterbur reported in clinical trials include mainly gastrointestinal problems, such as nausea, flatulence, and belching. In 2015, the American Academy of Neurology withdrew its original endorsement of butterbur due to safety concerns. However, the Canadian Headache Society still recommends its use in migraine prevention for a selected number of patients based on their clinical features and co-existing disorders.

Hay fever or allergic rhinitis
Additionally, a study showed butterbur extract to be an effective treatment for hay fever without the sedative effect of the antihistamine cetirizine, if taken four times daily. Butterbur was also shown to be comparably effective as fexofenadine when compared to placebo for reducing symptoms of allergic rhinitis.

Risks
Butterbur extracts may contain harmful components called pyrrolizidine alkaloids if the preparations are not carefully and fully purified. The concentration of the toxic alkaloids is often highest in the rhizomes and lowest in the leaves, and may vary depending on where the plants are grown.  These chemicals are toxic to the liver and may cause cancers. Thus, due to the potential for contamination, taking butterbur supplements is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Some sources say it is safe practice to consume butterbur extract that has been prepared by a reputable laboratory. Other sources say no butterbur product is safe: "The cases of liver toxicity appear to have occurred with extracts of butterbur where the pyrrolizidine alkaloids had been removed and only small amounts remained. There is some evidence that other constituents found in butterbur such as the sesquiterpene constituents for example petasin may be implicated in the liver toxicity".

Long-term health effects and interaction of butterbur with other drugs have not been well documented. However, it can theoretically interact with certain blood pressure and heart medications, as well as with drugs that can induce a liver enzyme called CYP3A4 (i.e. St. John's wort, carbamazepine, phenytoin, rifampin); this interaction can potentially lead to increased concentration of the toxic alkaloids.

References

External links
Flora Europaea: Petasites species list and distributions
eFloras search results: Petasites
Edibility of Petasites: Visual identification and edible parts of sweet coltsfoot.

Asteraceae genera
Medicinal plants

Taxa named by Philip Miller
Dioecious plants

Petasites


Wotton-under-Edge  is a market town and civil parish in the Stroud district of Gloucestershire, England. Near the southern fringe of the Cotswolds, the Cotswold Way long-distance footpath passes through the town.

History

The first record of the town is in an Anglo-Saxon Royal Charter of King Edmund I, who in AD 940 leased four hides of land in Wudetun to Eadric. The name Wudetun means the enclosure, homestead or village (tun) in or near the wood (wude).  The "Edge" refers to the limestone escarpment of the Cotswold Edge which includes the hills of Wotton Hill and Tor Hill that flank the town. In the 1086 Domesday Book listing, Wotton was in the hundred of Dudstone.  Kingswood Abbey was founded in 1139, but all that remains is a 16th-century Cistercian gatehouse. Nearby historical buildings include the Tudor houses of Newark Park and Owlpen Manor, both open to the public at set times.  The medieval former public house The Ancient Ram Inn dates back to 1145.  The original town was burnt down during the reign of King John (1199–1216); it was rebuilt in 1252 and a charter granted to Johanna de Berkeley authorising her to hold a market and a three-day annual fair on the Feast of the Cross. In 1272 the inhabitants of the borough were authorised to elect one of their members as a Mayor, a practice that continued every year until 1886.

St. Mary the Virgin was consecrated in 1283, and is the oldest and largest church in the town.  The Katharine Lady Berkeley's Grammar School was established in 1384 and is now a comprehensive named Katharine Lady Berkeley's School although the present modern building is a little outside of the town on the way to the village of Kingswood.  The British School was established in the village in 1835.

The Battle of Nibley Green occurred near the Ancient Ram Inn in 1470 (or 1469 under the calendar of the time), when the building was owned by Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle. William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley led the forces that beat the Viscount, and after the battle his men sacked the manor.  Overlooking the town on the top of Wotton Hill are a collection of trees planted in the 19th century to commemorate the Battle of Waterloo. These are situated on the site that housed one of the early warning beacons used to warn England of the approach of the Spanish Armada in 1588.
  New Mills, founded in 1810, prospered by supplying both sides in the Napoleonic wars but after a century of decline the mill was near to closing in 1981 when it was acquired by Renishaw plc.

Wotton-under-Edge Town Hall was substantially rebuilt in 1872. The town's corporation status was abolished in 1886 following the Municipal Corporations Act of 1883.

Governance
An electoral ward with the same name exists. The ward mainly covers Wotton-under-Edge but also stretches to North Nibley. The total population of the ward taken at the 2011 census was 6,510.

Facilities
The town has several pubs and a hotel, and a range of takeaways and restaurants. It has several active social groups, such as Scouts, a gardening club and the Wotton Lions.  In 1958, local people and school students built the town swimming pool, which was completed in 1961. Subsequently the pool has had solar and electric heating installed.  In 1999 with the fund raising support of community groups, a retractable enclosure was fitted to prolong the swimming season. In 2015, a skate park was opened to improve sporting facilities in the town, with traffic-free paved access.

In 2002, following the closure of the local cinema, a group of volunteers raised funds for a refurbishment to become one of the first digital cinemas in the UK. It re-opened in 2005 as a 100-seat facility inside an old stable yard, once part of the Crown Inn which closed in 1911. Films were first shown in the old Banqueting Hall of the Inn and moved to the stable yard some years later, due to the popularity of films. The Wotton Electric Picture House (the original name) is now a thriving venue.

On the hills immediately to the east, the Wotton-under-Edge BT Tower formed part of the microwave communication network between Bristol, Corsham and London during the Cold War before decommissioning, and remains a prominent local landmark (albeit without its distinctive horn aerials). Nearby Newark Park is operated by the National Trust as a heritage attraction within walking distance of the town, along with the Neolithic long barrow on a prominent position atop Blackquarries Hill.

Transport

Road
Wotton-under-Edge is on the B4058 road and is  from the M5 motorway.

Rail
Brunel's Bristol and Gloucester Railway passes within  of Wotton-under-Edge, following a curve to the west to stay on the gentler Vale of Berkeley and avoid Wotton Hill, Nibley Knoll and Stinchcombe Hill as it heads north. It carries a wide mix of local, intercity and freight trains.

Charfield station, just to the west on flatter ground, was within walking distance from its opening in 1844.
A branch line from Charfield to Wotton was authorised in 1899 under the Light Railways Act, but never constructed.

Charfield station closed in 1965 during the Beeching cuts, leaving Wotton with no rail access.

Following the successful reopening of neighbouring Yate in 1989 and Cam & Dursley in 1994, plans to reopen Charfield station were developed by the West of England Combined Authority in 2021; a planning application was submitted in September 2022, with planning permission granted in March 2023. A "Greenway" is also proposed to allow traffic-free walking and cycling between Wotton, Kingswood and Charfield.

The nearest railway station to the town is Cam & Dursley,  from the town centre.

Bus
Bus services link the town to Charfield, Dursley, Yate, Chipping Sodbury, Nailsworth, Stroud, and Thornbury, but run infrequently. Wotton is not part of WECA, but Katherine Lady Berkeley's school is served by the WESTlink on-demand bus, a short walk from the town centre and available to the public Monday-Saturday.

Hiking routes
The Cotswold Way follows a route down Wotton Hill and through the centre of the town, making it a popular stopover with hikers.
The Slow Ways traffic-free accessible walking project connects Wotton to Dursley, Yate, Thornbury, Tetbury and Sherston.
The Monarch's Way passes within  of Wotton through nearby Tresham and Hawkesbury Upton.

Gallery

Notable people

More Adey (1858–1942) – art critic
Ian Alexander – footballer
Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley (d.1417)
John Biddle – Unitarian
Charles Blagden – physician
Sophie Brzeska – writer.
Bruce Chatwin – writer. Chatwin and his wife Elizabeth owned the house Holwell Farm from the mid-1960s to the 1980s.
Ann Dinham – born Ann Orchard, later Ann Riddiford and then Ann Foster; exiled to Tasmania in 1851 for "inciting a burglary".
U. A. Fanthorpe – poet
Sir Matthew Hale – Lord Chief Justice (1671–1676)
Matthew Blagden Hale – bishop
Evan Hayward – Member of Parliament
Mark Horton – archaeologist
Catherine Johnson – playwright
Richard Knill – missionary
James Lees-Milne and his wife Alvilde Lees-Milne - writers, lived at Alderley Grange for 13 years during the 1960s and 70s.
Ian MacDonald (1948–2003) –  music critic and author
Sir Isaac Pitman – creator of Pitman Shorthand, Pitman Place is named after him
Mark Porter – doctor
Sean Rigg – footballer
Jamie Stephens – footballer

Further reading
 E. S. Lindley. Wotton under Edge: Men and Affairs of a Cotswold Wool Town.  Published by Museum Press, 1962
 Simon Herrick. Under the Hill. (1979).

References

External links

BBC archive film of Wotton-under-Edge from 1977

Electric Picture House Cinema
Stroud Voices (Wotton-under-Edge filter) – oral history site
 Ordnance Survey Bench Marks (Wotton-under-Edge page) – height above sea level markers

Market towns in Gloucestershire
Towns in Gloucestershire
Stroud District
Civil parishes in Gloucestershire
Cotswolds

Wotton-under-Edge


Kendileme, yakın akrabalar arasında olan çaprazlama veya bir ağacın kendi kendini döllemesi. Ağaçlar doğada zengin gen kaynakları oluştururlar ve birçok resesif gen taşırlar bu resesif genlerin bir kısmı ekonomik önem taşır. Kendileme sonunda resesif genler açığa çıkabilir. İki kendileme mahsulü bireyin çaprazlanmasından da heterosis ortaya çıkabilir.

Kendilemenin sonunda çıkan bireyler ebeveynlerinden daha zayıf görünmektedir. Buna kendileme depresyonu denir. Generasyonlar ilerledikçe heterozigot bireylerin sayısı azılır. F4'de %12,5 olur; F15 generasyonunda %1,56 da sonunda o'a kadar düşer.

Tarım ürünlerinde kendileme ile yararlı sonuçlar alınabilir. Bu bitkilerde bulunan resesif genler, kendileme generasyonları boyunca elimine olur.

Ağaç türlerindeki denemeler kendileme mahsulü fidanların diğer normal fidanlardan %50 oranında yavaş büyüdükleri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Ağaçlarda kendilemeyi engellemeye yönelik bazı mekanizmalar oluşmuştur. İki evcikli türlerde kendileme görülmez, çünkü bu türler de erkek ve dişi çiçekler ayrı bitkilerdedir. Erkek ve dişi çiçeklerin aynı ağaç üzerinde olduğu bir evcikli türlerde dişi çiçeklerin tacın üst kısmında erkek çiçeklerin ise tacın alt kısmında yer alması kendilemeyi bir ölçüde engellemektedir.

Bitki ıslahı
Genetik

Kendileme


Antropometrija (grč. ἄνθρωπος - anthropos = čovjek + μέτρον - metron = mjera), metoda mjerenja morfoloških osobina čovječjeg tijela i njegovih pojedinih segmenata.

U starih naroda vršena su određena antropometrijska mjerenja još prije Krista, a starogrčki i rimski kipari su na osnovu antropometrijskih podataka, određivali proporcije pravilno razvijenog čovjeka. Široko se koristi u medicini, a i u industriji, građevinarstvu i dr. (izrada odgovarajuće odjeće, obuće, opreme, sjedišta, ležaja, strojeva i dr.).

Vrste i provođenje antropometrijskih mjerenja
Antropometrijska mjerenja mogu biti višekratna, jednokratna i miješana.

Prva se izvode u određenim vremenskim intervalima u duljem periodu na istim osobama. Dobiveni rezultati omogućuju praćenje brzine razvoja i rasta djece, utjecaj vojničkog života i rada na razvoj vojnika i sl. Jednokratna mjerenja izvode se u kratkom vremenskom periodu na raznim osobama različite starosti i spola, a u miješanim mjerenjima uključuju se nove osobe.

Sistematska antropometrijska mjerenja stanovništva, posebno mladeži, ukazuju na stupanj fizičke razvijenosti, razvoj skeleta i, eventualno, postojanje deformiteta i anomalija u držanju tijela. Analiza rezultata s procjenom ekoloških uvjeta omogućavaju sagledavanje osnovnih faktora razvoja, a istovremeno upozoravaju i na pravce preventivnog djelovanja.

Antropometrijska mjerenja izvode se po utvrđenim specijalnim antropološkim instrumentima: vagom, metrom, centimetarskom vrpcom, raznim šestarima, priborom za mjerenje debljine kožnog nabora, foto-kamerom i dr. Za sistematska antropometrijska ispitivanja od posebnog su značaja za pravilan izbor zajednice, i odgovarajući broj ispitanika po starosti, spolu, teritorijalnoj ili nacionalnoj pripadnosti (zavisno od cilja ispitivanja). Orijentacijske točke pri uzimanju antropometrijskih mjera točno su definirane i, obično, to su istaknuta mjesta na kostima. Pri masovnom ispitivanju fizičke razvijenosti mjere se: visina, masa, obujam (grudi, trbuha, nadlaktice i potkoljenice), debljina nabora kože i promjeri biakromijalni, bideltoidni i bikristalni. Na osnovu dobivenih antropometrliskih podataka ocjenjuje se fizička razvijenost metodama standarda i indeksa.

Metode antropometrijskih mjerenja
Za primjenu metoda standarda neophodne su tablice normi-standarda, koje se dobivaju statističkom obradom antropometrijskih podataka uzetih od većeg broja osoba oba spola i uzrasta. Standardi — norme moraju poticati od iste populacije kojoj pripada i ispitanik, a vrijednosti dobivene njegovim mjerenjem (visina i masa tijela, obujam grudi i dr.) uspoređuju se s danim vrijednostima u tablicama i utvrđuje se stupanj odstupanja.

Metoda indeksa sastoji se od izračunavanja međusobnih odnosa dva ili više antropometrijska podatka ispitanika, i usporedba dobivenog rezultata s normama.

Tako, npr., teorijska masa po Franzu Vandervaelu izračunava se po formuli: 50 + (visina u cm —150) x 0,7 za muškarce stare od 18 do 25 godina, odnosno 50 (visina u cm —150) x o,6 za žene iste starosti.

Dobivene vrijednosti uspoređuju se sa stvarnom masom i utvrđuje se odstupanje. Za orijentacionu procjenu uhranjenosti koristi se indeks Davenport-Kaup, za procjenu konstitucije indeks Pignet i dr. U novije vrijeme fizička sposobnost se ne procjenjuje se samo na osnovu antropometrijskih podataka o fizičkoj razvijenosti, već i u sklopu s funkcionalnim ispitivanjima kardiorespiratornog sistema i testovima tjelesne sposobnosti.

Vojna antropometrija
Prva antropometrijska mjerenja novaka izvršena su 1741. u Norveškoj, a zatim u Finskoj, Švicarskoj i Rusiji. Tako se razvila vojna antropometrija, a utvrđene su i norme osnovnih antropometrijskih pokazatelja na osnovu kojih je ocjenjivala sposobnost za vojsku i vršena selekcija za pojedine rodove i specijalnosti. U suvremenim vojskama norme su proširene pri ocjeni sposobnosti za pojedine vidove, rodove, službe i specijalnosti. Sistematska antropometrijska mjerenja novaka daju sliku o fizičkoj razvijenosti naroda, njegovoj ishrani, zdravlju, uvjetima života, kulturi, navikama i dr. Na taj način utvrđen je i negativni utjecaj rata i poslijeratnog perioda na stanje uhranjenosti i brzinu razvoja mladeži.

Literatura

 "Antropometrija", U: Vojna enciklopedija, sv. 1., Beograd: Izdanje redakcije Vojne enciklopedije, 1970., str. 178. – 179.
 K. Saller, Leitfaden der Anthropologie, Berlin, 1930.
 B.B. Бунак, Антропометрия, Москва, 1941.
 G. Olivier, Pratique anthropologique, Paris, 1960.
 B. Škerlj, Opšta antropologija, Beograd, 1960.
 Н. Башкиров, Учение о физическом развитии человека, Москва, 1962.
 F. Vandervael, Biométrie humanie, Liége—Paris, 1964.
 D. Damon, H. Stoudt i R. Mc. Farland, The Human Body in Equipment Design, Cambridge-Massachusetts, 1966.

Medicina
Anatomija

Antropometrija


Mario Lanfranchi (* 30. Juni 1927 in Parma; † 3. Januar 2022) war ein italienischer Opern- und Filmregisseur.

Leben
Lanfranchi war früh beim neuen Medium Fernsehen tätig, wo er für journalistische, musikalische und darstellende Programmformen zuständig war. Daneben etablierte er sich als einer der bedeutenden Opernregisseure, wobei er des Öfteren seine Frau, Sopran Anna Moffo – die beiden waren von 1957 bis 1974 verheiratet –, in Szene setzte. Hatte er zwischen 1956 und 1962 dreizehn Opern-Inszenierungen für das Fernsehen geschaffen, so trat er ab 1963 auch mehrmals mit Kinoverfilmungen dieser Musikgattung in Erscheinung; allerdings blieben die ersten beiden Versuche nahezu ungesehen. Der dritte jedoch, eine La-traviata-Version, wurde ein großer Erfolg. Es folgten ein ungewöhnlicher Italowestern und zwischen 1974 und 1976 zwei selbstproduzierte Krimis und ein Pornofilm. 1982 entstand für das Fernsehen seine letzte Arbeit. Lanfranchi ist nicht zu verwechseln mit einem vor allem Mitte der 1960er Jahre aktiven Schauspieler gleichen Namens.

Lanfranchis Familie besaß die gleichnamige Villa.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1967: La Traviata (La traviata)
 1968: Django – Unbarmherzig wie die Sonne (Sentenza di morte)
 1974: Il bacio
 1976: Die Herrenreiterin (La padrona è servita)
 1976: Genova a mano armata

Weblinks

 Lanfranchi bei mymovies (italienisch)
 Interview mit Lanfranchi vom Januar 2009 (italienisch)

Einzelnachweise

Opernregisseur
Filmregisseur
Drehbuchautor
Filmproduzent
Filmschauspieler
Italiener
Geboren 1927
Gestorben 2022
Mann

Mario Lanfranchi


Bhachau (en guyaratí: ભચાઉ ) es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Kutch, estado de Guyarat.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 42  a 272 km de la capital estatal, Gandhinagar, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 32 671 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Guyarat

Bhachau


Det internationale kommunistiske seminar er en samarbejdsorganisation og årlig sammenkomst for socialistiske og kommunistiske partier fra hele verden. Initiativtagerne var det kommunistiske belgiske arbejderparti, som har arrangeret seminaret, siden det blev grundlagt i 1999. Seminaret er anti-revisionistisk og er i dag et af de mest omfattende samarbejdsorganer for de kommunistiske partier imellem efter østblokkens kollaps. Seminaret fokuserer på kampen mod imperialisme, forsvaret af marxismen-leninismen, mod reformister og revisionister. Fra Danmark har blandt andet Danmarks Kommunistiske Parti og Kommunistisk Parti deltaget.

Eksterne henvisninger
International Communist Seminar

Kommunisme
Etableret i 1999