Portsmouth Football Club is a professional football club based in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, which competes in the , the third tier of English football.

They are also known as Pompey, a local nickname used by both His Majesty's Naval Base, Portsmouth and the city of Portsmouth. Founded in 1898, Portsmouth began their early history in the Southern and Western leagues, before being elected into the English Football League in 1920. Portsmouth won two promotions in the 1920s to reach the First Division. After reaching FA Cup finals in 1929 and 1934, they won for the first time in 1939. Portsmouth won the First Division title in 1948–49 and 1949–50. However, their 32 consecutive years in the top-flight ended with relegation in 1959 and was followed by another relegation two years later.

They were relegated to the fourth tier for the first time in 1978, their second relegation in three years, before earning three promotions in the 1980s. After a brief spell in the top flight, Pompey would remain in the second tier from 1988 until 2003. After winning promotion, they spent seven years in the Premier League and lifted the FA Cup again in 2008. Relegation in 2009–10 signalled the beginning of a difficult period where the club entered financial administration twice and were relegated three times. After the club was purchased by the Pompey Supporters Trust, Pompey would begin to recover financially as well as winning the League Two title in 2016–17.

Portsmouth are one of only five English football clubs to have been champions of all four tiers of the professional English football pyramid. Portsmouth's arch-rivals are Southampton, a rivalry based in part on geographic proximity and both cities' respective maritime histories.

History

1898–1920: founding of Portsmouth F.C. and early years

Portsmouth F.C. were formed on 5 April 1898, at 12 High Street, Old Portsmouth, as "The Portsmouth Football and Athletic Company", with John Brickwood as chairman. Although the founding of Portsmouth F.C. had been agreed on 5 April 1898, a football ground or a team of players did not exist until 1899.

In 1899, work began on developing a plot of former agricultural land near Goldsmith Avenue, Milton, Portsmouth into a new football ground, bought in 1898 from the local Goldsmith farming family. The new football ground was to be named Fratton Park after the nearby and convenient Fratton railway station. Frank Brettell was announced as Portsmouth Football Club's first manager-secretary in February 1899, A bold and ambitious application for Portsmouth's direct entry into the Southern League First Division, without the usual probationary period in the lower divisions, was accepted, and the club joined the Southern Football League Division One for the 1899–1900 season. The Southern League were very keen to see a professional team from Portsmouth join the Southern League.

On 6 September 1899, the first-ever home match at Fratton Park was played; a friendly against local team Southampton, which Portsmouth won 2–0. Portsmouth's first competitive Southern League home match followed on 9 September, a 2–0 win against Reading. Portsmouth's first 1899–1900 season in the Southern Football League Division One was successful, with the club winning 20 out of 28 league matches, earning them the runner-up spot in the table behind champions, Tottenham Hotspur.

In their second 1900–01 Southern Football League Division One season, Portsmouth finished in third place and joined the 1900–01 Western Football League, where they finished as Division One champions. Portsmouth won the 1901–02 Southern Football League championship title but were not promoted. In the 1901–02 Western Football League, Portsmouth also won the Division One championship for a second consecutive season. In the 1902–03 Western Football League, Portsmouth won the Division One championship for a third consecutive season.

In the 1906–07 Western Football League, the top Division One was split into equal 'A' and 'B' sections, with a play-off between the two section winners to decide a Division One champion. The 1906–07 season was highlighted by the visit of Manchester United to Fratton Park in the FA Cup, which generated a record attendance of 24,329. A 2–2 draw meant a replay in Manchester, where Portsmouth recorded a famous 2–1 win.

In their last Western Football League appearance, Portsmouth finished in fourth position of the 'B' section of Division One. At the end of the season, all fourteen members of the split 'A' and 'B' sections of Division One resigned from the Western Football League. Portsmouth ended their season in sixth place before the following season saw the team relegated. A severe financial crisis struck between seasons and a public appeal for funds in May 1911 kept the club afloat.

With the recruitment of manager Robert Brown from Sheffield Wednesday the team finished second place in the 1911–12 Southern Football League Division Two and were promoted as runners-up. However, the club's finances were in trouble again, with losses and debts increasing to £10,000. A shareholders meeting was called on 8 May 1912, where George Lewin Oliver, one of the original founders and directors, proposed that "The Portsmouth Football and Athletic Company" should be wound up and replaced with a more business orientated company. The original company was then liquidated to remove the debt and on 27 July 1912, the "Portsmouth Football Company Ltd" was formed as the new parent company of Portsmouth F.C., with substantial financial guarantees given by the board of directors. The original 1898 founding director George Lewin Oliver became the new Portsmouth F.C. chairman.

For the new 1912–13 Southern Football League season back in Division One, Portsmouth, now under new ownership, wore new home colours of blue shirts, white shorts and black stockings. Portsmouth finished the season in 11th position. Football was suspended during the First World War. Many with connections to Portsmouth F.C. joined the "Pompey Pals Battalions", which formed parts of the Hampshire Regiment, many never returned home. In 1915, the Fratton End terrace was upgraded to accommodate 8,000 standing supporters and covered with a roof for the first time. Following the resumption of matches in the 1919–20 season, Portsmouth won the Southern League championship for the second time. Portsmouth were then elected to the Football League Third Division as founder members.

1920–1939: establishment in Football League, FA Cup triumph
Competing in the Football League Third Division, Portsmouth claimed the title in the 1923–24 season. Debuting in the second division for the first time, they finished in fourth place. Portsmouth won promotion to the First Division by finishing runners-up in the 1926–27 season and in the process, recording their club record win in a 9–1 victory over Notts County.

Portsmouth's debut season in the 1927–28 First Division was a struggle, finishing one point and one place above relegation. The next 1928–29 season in the First Division, Portsmouth continued to falter, losing 10–0 away at Filbert Street to Leicester City, the club's record away defeat. Despite their failings in the league, Portsmouth reach the FA Cup Final for the first time, which they lost to Bolton Wanderers. Portsmouth managed to survive relegation, finishing one place above relegation.

From 1929 to 1934, Portsmouth had become a regular top-half table finisher in the First Division. The 1933–34 season saw Portsmouth again reach the FA Cup final for a second time but lost to Manchester City. Halfway through the 1934–35 season, the original 1898 founding director and later Portsmouth chairman, George Lewin Oliver died. The ground's capacity was extended to more than 58,000. Having established themselves in the top flight, the 1938–39 season saw Portsmouth reach the FA Cup final. This was indeed third time lucky, as Portsmouth managed to defeat favourites Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–1. Bert Barlow and John 'Jock' Anderson scored, whilst Cliff Parker scored twice (third and fourth goals).

The new 1939–40 season was cut short with the start of World War Two. However, football competitions did take place during the war, with the Football League being split into ten regional mini leagues, with Portsmouth in 'League South' along with an annual national cup competition, the Football League War Cup. In 1942, Portsmouth reached the London War Cup final. The London War Cup competition required Portsmouth, the current FA Cup champions, to secede from the Football Association to enter. Portsmouth progressed to the 1942 London War Cup final at Wembley Stadium, but were beaten by Brentford.

During his wartime visits to Portsmouth, Field Marshal Montgomery became interested in Portsmouth Football Club and was made honorary President of Portsmouth F.C. in 1944 (until 1961). The end of World War II in 1945 caused Portsmouth to hold the distinction of holding the FA Cup trophy for the longest uninterrupted period of seven years. Manager Jack Tinn was rumoured to have kept the FA Cup trophy 'safe under his bed' during a part of the war. As the navy city of Portsmouth was a primary strategic military target for German Luftwaffe bombing, the FA Cup trophy was routinely moved around the city of Portsmouth for its protection.

1946–1959: post-war years, champions of England
FA Cup competition was resumed for the 1945–46 season, but the resumption of the Football League had to wait one more year. The Football League finally resumed in 1946–47. Portsmouth had capitalised on the footballers called up to serve in the Royal Navy and Royal Marines in the war years and recruited some of them.

In the 1948–49 season, Bob Jackson's Portsmouth side were tipped to be the first team of the 20th century to win a historic Football League and FA Cup "double" which helped attract average home attendances of 36,000 supporters, and a record attendance of 51,385 in an FA Cup quarter-final match against Derby County before a defeat in the semi-final. Portsmouth however, did win the First Division title. Bob Jackson's Portsmouth side beat Aston Villa 5–1 on the last day of the following 1949–50 season, winning the Football League title again for a second consecutive season – on goal average – as both Portsmouth and runners up Wolverhampton Wanderers finished the season with the same points tally. In the following 1950–51 season, Portsmouth finished in 7th position. Eddie Lever took over at Pompey in 1952 after championship-winning manager Bob Jackson joined Hull City. After narrowly avoiding relegation in previous seasons, Portsmouth finished bottom of the First Division at the end of the 1958–59 season, ending their 32-year stay in the First Division

1959–1979: decline and relegation to the Fourth Division
After another poor season, they escaped a further relegation to the Third Division only by 2 points and finishing only one place above the relegation zone. In the 1960–61 season Portsmouth finished second-to-last place in the Second Division relegation zone and were relegated once again to the Third Division. Under the guidance of George Smith, Portsmouth were promoted back to the Second Division at the first time of asking, winning the Third Division title.

Despite limited financial means, manager George Smith maintained Portsmouth's Second Division status throughout the rest of the 1960s until Smith was replaced by Ron Tindall in April 1970. The cash injection that accompanied the arrival of John Deacon as chairman in 1972 failed to improve Portsmouth's Second Division position. With Deacon unable to continue bankrolling the club on the same scale, Portsmouth finished bottom of the Second Division in the 1975–76 season and were relegated down to the Third Division.

In November of the 1976–77 Third Division season, the club found itself needing to raise £25,000 to pay off debts and so avoid bankruptcy. With players having to be sold to ease the club's financial situation, and no money available for replacements, Portsmouth were forced to rely on inexperienced young players. They ended the 1976–77 season only one place and one point above the Third Division's relegation zone. They were relegated at the end of the new 1977–78 season, finishing in bottom place. In the 1978–79 Fourth Division season, Portsmouth finished in 7th position. Jimmy Dickinson suffered a heart attack near the end of the season and after the season in May 1979, was replaced by Frank Burrows.

1979–1987: return to the First Division

Under Frank Burrows new management, Portsmouth gained promotion back to the Third Division after finishing in 4th place in the 1979–80 season. Portsmouth would take three seasons before in 1983, Portsmouth claimed their Third Division championship title, gaining promotion back into the Second Division.

In the 1983–84 Second Division season, Portsmouth finished sixteenth place in the table. After the season, Bobby Campbell was replaced by former England World Cup winner, Alan Ball on 11 May 1984. Under Ball, Portsmouth's results markedly improved and they narrowly missed winning promotion to the First Division in the 1984–85 season. In Ball's third season as Portsmouth manager in the 1986–87 Second Division season, Portsmouth finished as runners-up behind Derby County, gaining promotion back to the First Division for the first time since the 1958–59 season.

By the middle of the new 1987–88 First Division season, the club was again in financial trouble with the ground in a poor condition. Portsmouth were relegated straight back down to the Second Division. The summer of 1988 saw chairman John Deacon sell the club to London-based businessman and former Queens Park Rangers chairman, Jim Gregory.

1988–2003: second tier

Halfway through the season, Alan Ball was sacked on 17 January 1989 and replaced by John Gregory. The club's parent company had a name change from 'Portsmouth Football Company Limited' to 'Portsmouth Football Club Limited' on 23 January 1989. Portsmouth ended the season only two places above the relegation zone.

Jim Smith's arrival as manager at the start of the 1991–92 season sparked a revival in the team's fortunes and that year Portsmouth reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup, but lost the replay to Liverpool on penalties. The 1992–93 Football League season saw a major restructuring of the English football "pyramid" system, with the new FA Premier League becoming the new first tier and the First Division becoming the second tier. Therefore, Portsmouth played in the new "First Division" but missed out on automatic promotion by virtue of scoring only one fewer goal than second-placed West Ham United. In the subsequent promotion play-offs, Portsmouth lost 3–2 on aggregate to Leicester City.

In 1994–95, Jim Smith was sacked on 1 February 1995 and was replaced by Terry Fenwick, who guided them to safety with 4 wins in their final 6 league games. In the 1995–96 season, relegation to the Second Division was avoided on the last day of the season (on goal difference) when Portsmouth won away at Huddersfield Town while other results went the club's way. Terry Venables took over as chairman in February 1997 after buying a 51 per cent controlling share in the club for £1. Two-thirds of the way through the 1997–98 season, Venables and manager Terry Fenwick left the club, with Portsmouth on the bottom of the table, and Venables selling his shareholding back to Martin Gregory, son of former chairman Jim Gregory. Alan Ball then returned as manager for the second time on 26 January 1998. Relegation to the third tier was avoided on the last day of the season – by 1 point.

Portsmouth's centenary season, 1998–99, saw a financial crisis hit the club, and in December 1998 Portsmouth went into financial administration. Serbian-born US businessman Milan Mandarić was persuaded by his friend George Best to invest in an English football club; Mandaric decided to buy Portsmouth in May 1999. Alan Ball was sacked on 9 December 1999 during the 1999–2000 season with the club near the bottom of the table. Tony Pulis steered the club to safety. Portsmouth escaped relegation on the last day of the 2000–01 season when they won their final game and Huddersfield Town lost theirs, keeping Portsmouth up at their expense. A week before the new season began, 25-year-old Portsmouth goalkeeper Aaron Flahavan was killed in a car crash on 5 August 2001 with the club retiring his number 1 shirt for the season. Harry Redknapp became manager in 2002. After a 17th place finish, he led Pompey to the First Division title in 2002–03, after an absence of fifteen seasons from the first tier.

2003–2010: Premier League
In Portsmouth's Premiership debut season in 2003–04, the partnership of Harry Redknapp and Jim Smith resulted in a 13th place final position at the end of the season. Almost halfway through the following 2004–05 season in the Premiership, Harry Redknapp unexpectedly walked out on Portsmouth on 24 November 2004 after a row with chairman Milan Mandarić over the appointment of new Director of Football Velimir Zajec at the club and later joined Southampton.  Zajec then replaced Redknapp as Portsmouth manager, but in April 2005, Zajec was replaced by Frenchman Alain Perrin. Perrin managed to secure Portsmouth's Premiership status with a few games of the season left.

During the 2005–06 season, Alain Perrin was sacked with Harry Redknapp then making a surprise return to manage Portsmouth again after leaving relegated Southampton. In January 2006, Portsmouth were sold by Milan Mandarić and bought by businessman Alexandre Gaydamak. The club survived their third season in the Premier League one place above the relegation zone in 17th position. With large amounts of money available for Redknapp to make record signings, the club finished the 2006–07 season in the top half of the table for the first time since their promotion, in ninth position.

The following 2007–08 season, Portsmouth finished eighth in the Premier League and reached the FA Cup final for the first time since 1939 after defeating Championship side West Brom in the semi-finals. On 17 May 2008, Portsmouth played Cardiff City in the FA Cup final at Wembley Stadium. Portsmouth won 1–0, with Nwankwo Kanu scoring the only goal.

The FA Cup win had also earned Portsmouth a place in the 2008–09 UEFA Cup, the club's first time playing European football. On 25 October 2008, Redknapp left Portsmouth for a second time, leaving his assistant Tony Adams to be promoted to the managerial role. On 27 November 2008, Portsmouth drew 2–2 with AC Milan, going 2–0 up, but conceding two goals later in the game. Adams was dismissed in February 2009. Youth team coach Paul Hart took over as manager until the end of the season, eventually finishing in 14th place. On 26 May, Portsmouth accepted a bid from Emirati businessman Sulaiman Al Fahim to purchase the club.

Because of the financial problems suffered by the club, Portsmouth were forced to sell several of their top players and high earners, including Peter Crouch, Sylvain Distin, Glen Johnson and Niko Kranjčar. On 21 July 2009, Al Fahim was appointed non-executive chairman of Portsmouth. On 19 August 2009, Portsmouth announced on their website that a rival consortium headed by current CEO Peter Storrie had also made a bid for the club; unknown at the time, this was backed by Ali al-Faraj. Despite this, Al Fahim completed the takeover on 26 August 2009; al Faraj moved to review a takeover of West Ham United.

As the early stages of the 2009–10 season progressed, the finances dried up and the club admitted on 1 October that some of their players and staff had not been paid. On 3 October, media outlets started to report that a deal was nearing completion for Ali al-Faraj to take control of the club. On 5 October, a deal was agreed for al-Faraj and his associates, via BVI-registered company Falcondrone, to hold a 90% majority holding, with Al-Fahim retaining 10% stake and the title of non-executive chairman for two years. Falcondrone also agreed a deal with Alexandre Gaydamak the right to buy, for £1, Miland Development (2004) Ltd., which owns various strategic pockets of land around the ground, once refinancing was complete. Because of the financial difficulties, the Premier League placed the club under a transfer embargo.

Avram Grant took over at Portsmouth on 26 November 2009, following the dismissal of Hart. HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) filed a winding-up petition against Portsmouth at the High Court of Justice on 23 December 2009. In March 2010, this winding-up petition was dropped, leaving Portsmouth with a nine-point penalty for entering administration.

2010–2017: administration, FA Cup final appearance and relegations
During the 2009–10 season, it had become apparent to the club's new owner Balram Chainrai that Portsmouth were approximately £135 million in debt so to protect the club from liquidation, Chainrai placed the club into administration on 26 February 2010, and the club appointed Andrew Andronikou, Peter Kubik and Michael Kiely of accountancy firm UHY Hacker Young as administrators. This automatically incurred a nine-point penalty from the Premier League which came into effect on 17 March and consigned the team to almost certain relegation, which was mathematically confirmed on 10 April 2010 after West Ham won.

Portsmouth won their FA Cup semi-final match against Tottenham 2–0 after extra-time the next day and faced Chelsea in the final at Wembley on 15 May 2010 but lost 1–0 to a goal from Didier Drogba. Despite being the FA Cup finalists, the club were denied a licence to play European football the following season in the UEFA Europa League. On 17 June, the club's creditors voted for a company voluntary arrangement (CVA), with an 81.3% majority; HMRC, Paul Hart and the agent of Portsmouth midfielder Tommy Smith were the only ones to reject it, but HMRC appealed against the CVA due to the reduction of its considerable debt. On 15 July 2010, HMRC appealed against the proposed CVA on the last day before it would be formally agreed, the case was originally going to take place in October 2010, but after an appeal from the administrators at the club it was set for 3 August at the High Court in London. The case was heard by Mr Justice Mann from 3 to 5 August where, having heard submissions from both sides, he turned down HMRC's appeal on all five counts it had put forward. HMRC decided not to appeal against the verdict, leaving Portsmouth's administrators to formally agree the CVA and bring the club out of administration. On 17 August, Balram Chainrai completed his takeover of the club and passed the owners' and directors' fit and proper person test.

On 22 October 2010, Portsmouth issued a statement saying, "It appears likely that the club will now be closed down and liquidated by the administrators," but key creditor Alexandre Gaydamak announced the next day that he had reached an agreement which could save their future. It was revealed just hours later that Portsmouth had finally come out of administration, with Balram Chainrai regaining control of the company. On 1 June 2011, Convers Sports Initiatives (CSI) owned by Russian Vladimir Antonov completed its takeover of the club, although an arrest warrant would later be issued for him in November 2011 following allegations of asset stripping. Antonov was subsequently arrested at his offices in London on 24 November and was bailed. He shortly afterwards resigned as chairman of Portsmouth after parent company CSI entered administration. On 24 January 2012, Portsmouth were issued with a winding up petition by HMRC for over £1.6 million in unpaid taxes, which was heard on 20 February. On 17 February 2012, Portsmouth went into administration for the second time in two years, bringing them an automatic 10-point deduction. On 11 April 2012, reports from administrators PKF revealed that Portsmouth owed £58 million with £38 million being owed to UHY Hacker Young, £10.5 million investment made by Vladimir Antonov's CSI remained outstanding, players were due £3.5 million in wages and bonuses for the last two seasons, while £2.3 million was owed to HMRC and, additionally, £3.7 million was owed for general trade. On 21 April, Portsmouth were relegated from the Championship after a 2–1 loss to Derby County, the first time in 30 years that the club had played at that level.

Following Pompey's relegation to League One, the entire professional playing squad left the club. The team were given a 10-point deduction in December 2012 for their financial issues.  On 9 November 2012, Chanrai halted his attempt to buy the club. Six days later, the Pompey Supporters Trust signed a conditional agreement with PFK to buy the club.  The club went on a record winless run of 23 matches during the season. On 10 April 2013, a deal with administrators was reached, although the Pompey Supporters' Trust had not yet finalised the purchase. Portsmouth were relegated again at the end of the season. On 19 April 2013, Portsmouth exited administration when the Pompey Supporters' Trust (PST) deal to buy the club was completed.

The 2013–14 season was also a turbulent one for Pompey with a high turnover of managers. With the club in serious danger of relegation to non-League, Andy Awford was again made caretaker manager and guided the club away from the drop. In a historic announcement on 29 September 2014, the club was able to declare itself debt-free after paying back all creditors and legacy payments to ex-players. Following an unsuccessful 2014–15 campaign, Paul Cook was appointed new manager of Portsmouth on 12 May 2015.

Following an unsuccessful play-off attempt in the previous season, Paul Cook's side secured promotion to League One in 2016–17 with a 3–1 win away at Notts County. On the final day of the season, Portsmouth reached the top the table for the first time in the season following a 6–1 home win against Cheltenham Town and were crowned champions of League Two. However, Paul Cook resigned on 31 May 2017 to join Wigan Athletic.

2017–present
In May 2017, the Pompey Supporters' Trust (PST) voted in favour of a proposed bid by The Tornante Company, headed by former Disney chief executive Michael Eisner, to take over the club which was completed on 3 August 2017. Portsmouth ended their first season back in League One in 8th position on 66 points, missing out on the play-off places. On 31 March 2019, Portsmouth met Sunderland in the 2019 EFL Trophy final at Wembley Stadium. The match finished 2–2 after extra time, with Pompey winning 5–4 on penalties. Portsmouth finished 4th and qualified for the play-offs but lost 1–0 on aggregate to Sunderland.

During the 2019–20 season, Portsmouth achieved a winning run of nine consecutive matches in all competitions, setting a new win record for the club since Portsmouth joined the Football League in 1920. Portsmouth were due to return to Wembley Stadium to defend the EFL Trophy as champions against Salford City on 5 April 2020, however, the COVID-19 pandemic forced the suspension of the season on 13 March. On 9 June 2020, the football clubs of EFL League One (and EFL League Two) voted to end the season early on a points-per-game calculation which meant Pompey finished 5th. This meant a behind closed doors play-off tie against Oxford United. After two legs a penalty shoot-out was needed to settle the 2–2 aggregate tie, which Oxford won 5–4.

Portsmouth's fourth-successive season in League One began behind closed doors due to the ongoing pandemic. COVID-19 'social-distancing' restrictions were partially relaxed in December 2020 when 2,000 Portsmouth fans were permitted to return to Fratton Park on 5 December for a fixture against Peterborough United. The delayed 2020 EFL Trophy final was eventually played behind closed doors at Wembley Stadium on 13 March 2021, with Portsmouth losing 4–2 on penalties to Salford City after a 0–0 draw. Pompey finished just outside the play-off places in 2020–21, 2021–22 and 2022–23.

Club identity

Club badge

Although Portsmouth F.C. were formed in 1898, the club did not have a club badge until one was introduced for the 1913–14 season. The official Coat of Arms of the City of Portsmouth contains an eight pointed gold star and crescent moon on a blue shield, Portsmouth's adoption of the star and crescent is said to have come from when King Richard I (1157–1189), who granted the city "a crescent of gold on a shade of azure, with a blazing star of eight points" which he had taken from the Byzantine Emperor's standard of Governor Isaac Komnenos, after capturing Cyprus.

The first 1913 Portsmouth F.C. badge was based on official symbols belonging to the town council of Portsmouth, which featured a golden eight-pointed star and a golden crescent moon. The club's first badge featured a horizontally elongated white crescent moon beneath a white five pointed star, with both symbols positioned in the centre of a blue four pointed shield. Portsmouth town council bestowed the privileged use (but not ownership) of their moon and star motifs to Portsmouth F.C., albeit with some colour and design changes.

Throughout their history Portsmouth F.C. have tried different variations of the badge. After World War II, Portsmouth began using an eight-pointed star to match that used by the city of Portsmouth. In the 1950s and 1960s, the traditional badge was emblazoned on the shirt in white rather than gold but this was due to white being a cheaper alternative to a more expensive gold coloured thread. Between 1980 and 1989, Portsmouth scrapped their traditional star and crescent badge and replaced it with an entirely new design. This badge showed a football in front of an anchor (representing the navy) and a sword (representing the army), with the whole design surrounded by an outer ring of ships rope. An alternative version included a circular version of the traditional star and crescent badge in place of the football.

During 1989 and 1993, the sword and anchor badge was dropped replaced with a simpler eight pointed star and crescent moon on a long narrow shield. From 1993 until 1997, the 1989–93 long narrow shield design was replaced by an embroidered badge of the city of Portsmouth Coat of Arms. The 1993–97 city arms badge was replaced in 1997, with an eight pointed gold star and a golden crescent moon on a blue shield edged with a gold outer rim. This new badge coincided with the centennial anniversary in the 1997–98 season.

On 6 May 2008, Portsmouth revealed a new badge with "three points" at the top of the shield were replaced with two straightened angles, with "Portsmouth F.C." written above the star on the shield. The traditional elongated crescent moon was replaced with a new circular one, which closely resembled that on the city's Coat of Arms. The new badge had its debut in the 2008 FA Cup final, in which Portsmouth also wore a new 110th Anniversary all-blue commemorative home strip. As part of the World War I Centennial Commemorations in the 2014–15 season, the club opted to temporarily replace the badge with a more traditional badge. In June 2015, Portsmouth reverted the official club badge back to a traditional design.

On 4 May 2017, during a meeting between the Tornante Company the Supporters Trust, the prospective new owners identified a long overlooked ownership and copyright issue concerning the traditional Portsmouth badge – Portsmouth Football Club did not legally "own" the symbols on the badge, which had actually only been "on loan" to the club from Portsmouth City Council since 1913. On 15 March 2018, two newly redesigned club badges were finally revealed ahead of the 2018–19 season (one for players' shirts and the other for commercial purposes).

Home colours
In the 1899–1900 season, Portsmouth's first home colours were salmon pink shirts with maroon collars and cuffs, matched with white shorts and black socks. The pink shirts gave the early Portsmouth F.C. the alternative second nickname of 'The Shrimps'. The collars and cuffs were the same colour as the Corporation of Portsmouth's public trams, which were painted maroon at the time. These colours lasted until the end of the 1908–09 season. At the start of the 1909–10 season, Portsmouth changed to white shirts with navy blue shorts and navy blue socks.

For the start of the 1912–13 Southern League Division One season, Portsmouth changed their home colours to azure blue shirts, white shorts and black socks. This was to become Portsmouth's home kit colour combination up until the start of the 1933–34 season, when the shirts were changed to a royal blue. These colours remained until the start of the 1947–48 season, when the black socks were changed to red; this coinciding with the club's most successful period and has remained the favoured colours for the majority of the time since. Portsmouth F.C. changed their colour combination several times during the 1966–1976 period, before reverting to the now tradition post-war blue shirts, white shorts and red stockings in 1976. For the club's 110th anniversary season in 2008–09, Portsmouth played in an all blue home kit, which debuted in the previous season's successful 2008 FA Cup final win. Since the 2009–10 season, Portsmouth reverted to the now traditional blue-white-red home kit.

Red socks memorial

Portsmouth had predominantly worn black socks since their first match in 1899. During the Second World War and post-war periods, the British Army's Field Marshal Sir Bernard 'Monty' Montgomery had been based at Southwick House, 5 miles to the north of Portsmouth. Montgomery regularly attended Pompey matches at Fratton Park, becoming the honorary President of Portsmouth Football Club. Following the suggestion by Montgomery, red socks were introduced by the club as a memorial to soldiers lost in wartime as red is the traditional colour of the British Army and also the colour of the Remembrance poppy. This also gave the Portsmouth team a patriotic blue, white and red appearance similar to the United Kingdom's red white and blue Union Flag. The new red socks also coincided with Portsmouth's most successful period, so the red socks were retained for good luck.

Away colours
The most frequent away colours used by Portsmouth have been white shirts with royal or navy blue shorts and either blue or white socks.

Other historic kits

For the 2008 FA Cup final victory against Cardiff City, Portsmouth debuted an all blue home kit manufactured by Canterbury and sponsored by Oki Printing Solutions to commemorate the club's 110th Anniversary year. The all blue home kit was also used throughout the following 2008–09 season.

Portsmouth again reached the FA Cup final in 2010, but were defeated 1–0 by Chelsea. Portsmouth, as the away team, wore a white and maroon kit inspired from elements of the original "Shrimps" era (1899–1909) kit in which maroon collars and cuffs featured on the salmon pink home shirts.

Kit manufacturers and sponsors
Source:

1 Portsmouth's own manufacturer.

"Pompey" nickname

The traditional nickname of the Portsmouth Football Club is  Pompey, a nickname already long associated with the English city of Portsmouth and its Royal Navy base. An exact origin for the Pompey nickname has never formally been identified by historians, as many variations and interpretations of the Pompey nickname exist.

Ground

Portsmouth play their home games at Fratton Park, in the Portsmouth suburb of Milton. The football ground has been home to the club throughout its entire history. The football ground was formerly the site of a potato field in 1898 when it was purchased by the newly-formed Portsmouth Football & Athletic Company.

Fratton Park was designed and completed during 1899 by local architect Arthur Cogswell, and was first opened to the public on 15 August 1899. The early Fratton Park of 1899 only had one roofed all-seat stand on the pitch's southern side. The first ever football match to take place at Fratton Park was a friendly against Southampton, played on 6 September 1899, with Portsmouth winning 2–0. The first competitive match at Fratton Park was played three days later on 9 September 1899; a Southern League Division One match against Reading, which Portsmouth also won 2–0.

In 1905, the club expanded Fratton Park, adding a mock Tudor style club pavilion to the south-west corner in Frogmore Road, a pavilion designed by architect Arthur Cogswell. The pavilion originally featured  a tall octagonal clock tower spire on its north-east corner, with an upper viewing gallery built beneath it giving an unobscured view over the entire Fratton Park pitch. In addition, two new solid earthbank terraces, topped with cinders and wooden planking were built behind the two goal ends. They were initially known as the Fratton Railway End and Milton End (or Spion Kop) and were built behind the west and east end goal lines respectively.

The pavilion's clock tower was demolished in the 1920s as the South Stand was partially built into the pavilion's footprint and still contains most of the pavilion's original east side within it. Ten years later in 1935, Archibald Leitch also designed a larger North Stand for Fratton Park. Fratton Park reached its current all-time ground attendance record of 51,385 supporters on 26 February 1949, for an FA Cup sixth-round match, a 2–1 win against Derby County. The Fratton Railway End was demolished in 1956 and replaced by a new prefabricated concrete and steel stand, simply known as The Fratton End. Fratton Park became an all seated football ground in 1996, which greatly reduced Fratton Park's previous maximum capacity. In 1997, a new Fratton End was opened in October 1997. Plans for relocation were first mooted in the early 1990s, but due to various objections and financial obstacles, the club has continued to play at Fratton Park.

Rivalries and supporters

Portsmouth's main rivals are Southampton, who are 19.8 miles (31.8 km) away. The South Coast Derby is one of the less frequently played rivalries within English football due to the clubs being in different divisions; however this usually adds to the ferocity of the fixture.

Prior to the mid/late 1960s, rivalry between Portsmouth and Southampton was largely non-existent, as a consequence of their disparity in league status. This derby match has been sporadic. Since 1977, the teams have only played league games against each other in four seasons (1987–88, 2003–04, 2004–05 and 2011–12). Including Southern League games, there have been 64 league games between the clubs, but they have also met five times in the FA Cup, and twice in the League Cup – with Southampton winning both times, including at the most recent match between the two sides, with Portsmouth losing to their rivals 4–0 at Fratton Park in 2019

Many Portsmouth supporters commonly use the derogatory nickname Scummer (plural: Scummers) to describe Southampton fans, or collectively Scum to also include their football club, and indeed the city of Southampton itself. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, Scummers was a derogatory name with naval origins for pirates or buccaneers, and was first recorded in use in 1585.

Meanwhile, Portsmouth supporters have had the equally derogatory nickname Skate bestowed upon them by Southampton fans as a rebuttal to Scummer since the 1987–88 Division One season. This was unofficially chosen by Southampton fans from a list of insults compiled by a Southampton-based supporters fanzine called The Ugly Inside in 1988. Ironically, the chosen nickname Skate was actually stolen from the civilian population of Portsmouth, who had long used Skate as a derogatory insult or nickname for sailors based in Portsmouth Dockyard and other Royal Navy establishments.

Another rivalry over the years, known as the "Dockyard Derby" by the media, is with Plymouth Argyle. This rivalry is also known as the Battle of the Ports. In recent seasons the club has also developed a minor rivalry with Sunderland, mainly stemming from the clubs meeting each other 5 times in the 2018–19 season.

'The Pompey Chimes'
The best-known chant sung by Portsmouth supporters are "The Pompey Chimes". The chant is regarded as football's oldest chant still in use today.

"The Pompey Chimes" were originally called "The Town Hall Chimes", and were created by the supporters of Royal Artillery (Portsmouth) Football Club, a British Army artillery regiment team, who were the most popular and successful amateur football team based in Portsmouth for much of the 1890s. Royal Artillery played their home matches at the United Services Recreation Ground in Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, and were already nicknamed "Pompey" before the founding of Portsmouth F.C. in 1898.

The nearby Portsmouth Town Hall, only 0.3 miles (0.5 km) from Burnaby Road was completed in 1890, and would strike the various Westminster Quarters chimes every quarter hour. Football referees would use the Town Hall's clock bells as a reference to when the football match should end at 4 pm. Just before 4 pm the crowd of supporters would sing in unison with the Town Hall's chimes on the hour to encourage the referee to blow the whistle to signify full-time. The original words to "The Pompey Chimes" (as printed in the 1900–01 Official Handbook of Portsmouth F.C.), were:

Play up Pompey,
Just one more goal!
Make tracks! What ho!
Hallo! Hallo!!

With the demise of Royal Artillery (Portsmouth) F.C. after their expulsion from the 1898–99 FA Amateur Cup for alleged professionalism, many of Royal Artillery's supporters switched their allegiance in 1899 to Portsmouth F.C., taking the "Town Hall Chimes" chant and the "Pompey" nickname from Burnaby Road to Fratton Park, a distance of 1.8 miles (2.8 km).

The Pompey Chimes are still sung at Fratton Park today, and have evolved to be sung at a quicker tempo, and with a shortened chime style – usually twice:

Play up Pompey,
Pompey play up!
Play up Pompey,
Pompey play up!

It is most common to hear The Chimes sung by Portsmouth supporters as an encouragement to the Portsmouth team, more specifically before the Portsmouth players take set-piece kicks, such as corner-kicks, penalty-kicks or direct free-kicks.

Club records
 Home attendance record: 51,385 vs. Derby County, 1948–49, FA Cup fifth round, 26 February 1949, Fratton Park
 Attendance record (neutral venue): 99,370 vs. Wolverhampton Wanderers, 1939 FA Cup final, 29 April 1939, Wembley Stadium
 Current Wembley Stadium attendance record for a football match: 89,874, 2008 FA Cup final, 17 May 2008
 Record victory: 9–1 vs. Notts County, Second Division, 9 April 1927
 Record defeat: 10–0 vs. Leicester City, First Division, 20 October 1928
 Highest scoring game: 7–4 (11 goals) vs. Reading, Premier League, 29 September 2007
 Most consecutive wins (all competitions): 9 (4 January 2020 – 8 February 2020)
 Most appearances for club: 845, Jimmy Dickinson, 1946–1965
 Most league goals for club: 194, Peter Harris, 1946–1960
 Most league goals in a season: 42, Guy Whittingham, 1992–93
 Most goals for club: 208, Peter Harris, 1946–1960
 Most international caps while at club: 48 Jimmy Dickinson (England)
 Transfer record (received): £20 million from Real Madrid for Lassana Diarra, December 2008
 Transfer record (paid): £11 million to Liverpool for Peter Crouch, July 2008

Portsmouth in Europe

To date Portsmouth have played one season in UEFA competitions, competing in the 2008–09 UEFA Cup. They beat Vitória de Guimarães 4–2 on aggregate in the first round. In the group stage Portsmouth registered one win along with a draw against A.C. Milan, and were knocked out at the group stages after a 3–2 away loss to VfL Wolfsburg.

Players
For a list of notable players and players who played for Portsmouth for more than 100 games in a sortable-list format, see List of Portsmouth F.C. players.

Current squad

Out on loan

Youth Academy

Retired and reserved numbers
 Number 1 was temporarily retired for the 2001–02 season in respect to goalkeeper Aaron Flahavan, who died in a car crash in August 2001, days after being handed the squad number 1 for the first time. Since the 2003–04 season, number 13 shirt was reserved in respect for him, as this was the number he wore for the majority of his stay at the club. Ten years after his death, however, the number 13 was again used.
 Number 12 is reserved for the fans (often referred to as the 12th man).
 Number 58 is "Nelson" the club mascot's number.

Portsmouth Player of the Season (since 1968)
Source:

 1968 –  Ray Pointer
 1969 –  John Milkins
 1970 –  Nicky Jennings
 1971 –  David Munks
 1972 –  Richie Reynolds
 1973 – N/A
 1974 –  Paul Went
 1975 –  Mick Mellows
 1976 –  Paul Cahill
 1977 – N/A
 1978 – N/A
 1979 –  Peter Mellor
 1980 –  Joe Laidlaw
 1981 – N/A
 1982 –  Alan Knight
 1983 –  Alan Biley
 1984 –  Mark Hateley
 1985 –  Neil Webb
 1986 –  Noel Blake
 1987 –  Noel Blake
 1988 –  Barry Horne
 1989 –  Micky Quinn
 1990 –  Guy Whittingham
 1991 –  Martin Kuhl
 1992 –  Darren Anderton
 1993 –  Paul Walsh
 1994 –  Kit Symons
 1995 –  Alan Knight

 1996 –  Alan Knight
 1997 –  Lee Bradbury
 1998 –  Andy Awford
 1999 –  Steve Claridge
 2000 –  Steve Claridge
 2001 –  Scott Hiley
 2002 –  Peter Crouch
 2003 –  Linvoy Primus
 2004 –  Arjan de Zeeuw
 2005 –  Dejan Stefanović
 2006 –  Gary O'Neil
 2007 –  David James
 2008 –  David James
 2009 –  Glen Johnson
 2010 –  Jamie O'Hara
 2011 –  Hayden Mullins
 2012 –  Ricardo Rocha
 2013 –  Johannes Ertl
 2014 –  Ricky Holmes
 2015 –  Jed Wallace
 2016 –  Michael Doyle
 2017 –  Enda Stevens
 2018 –  Matt Clarke
 2019 –  Matt Clarke
 2020 –  Christian Burgess
 2021 –  Craig MacGillivray
 2022 –  Sean Raggett
 2023 –  Colby Bishop

Portsmouth Hall of Fame
Portsmouth created a Hall of Fame in March 2009, which honours former players and staff members of the club. At a year-by-year ceremony, the club holds a day to announce the year's inducted to the list, and also has a dinner for the people present.

The following players have been inducted into the Portsmouth Football Club Hall of Fame:

All appearances and goals according to Soccerbase. * Denotes player for Portsmouth FC Women

Key:

Women's team

The club's female counterpart is Portsmouth Women, which was founded in 1987. The team currently competes in the FA Women's National League South and play at Havant & Waterlooville's stadium. Following the takeover of the club by the Portsmouth Supporters Trust, it was announced that there would be closer ties between the men's and women's clubs.

On 5 June 2023, Portsmouth announced that their women's team would integrate under The Tornate Company, meaning the side would be turning semi-professional for the first time in the club's history.

Club management

Coaching positions
Source:

 Mark Catlin

|}

Managerial history

Ownership
Portsmouth Football Club has operated under five different parent company names in its history:
 Portsmouth Football and Athletic Company Limited (5 April 1898 – 27 July 1912)
 Portsmouth Football Club Limited (27 July 1912 – 12 May 1999) (initially as 'Portsmouth Football Company Limited' from 27 July 1912 until 23 January 1989 when name officially changed to 'Portsmouth Football Club Limited')
 Portsmouth City Football Club Limited (12 May 1999 – 25 May 2010) (initially as 'Overflint Limited' from 7 April 1999 – 12 May 1999)
 Portsmouth Football Club (2010) Limited (25 May 2010 – 10 April 2013) (initially as 'PFC Realisations Limited' from 25 May 2010 – 23 November 2010)
 Portsmouth Community Football Club Limited (10 April 2013 – present) (initially as 'Portsmouth Supporters Trust (Operations) Limited' from 7 February 2012 – 14 September 2012)

The current owner of Portsmouth Community Football Club Limited is The Tornante Company, which purchased the club from the Portsmouth Supporters Trust (PST) on 3 August 2017.

Affiliated clubs
Portsmouth have had a long-standing relationship with Havant & Waterlooville, with regular pre-season friendlies organised between the two clubs. Portsmouth have also previously used West Leigh Park, Havant & Waterlooville's home stadium, for reserve team matches. Previous links with Belgian side Zulte Waregem and Irish academy Home Farm have been cancelled.

Portsmouth have developed a relationship with Gosport Borough after their promotion to the Conference South. Portsmouth fans were encouraged to support Gosport in their FA Trophy final match at Wembley in March 2014. They also play friendlies and loan out players to the side.

Honours and achievements
Source:

Portsmouth are one of only five English football clubs to have been champions of all four tiers of the professional English football pyramid. In addition, Portsmouth are also one of only two English football clubs to have been champions of five professional divisions including the former regional Football League Third Division South championship in the 1923–24 season.

League
 First Division (level 1)
Champions: 1948–49, 1949–50
 Second Division / First Division (level 2)
Champions: 2002–03
Runners-up: 1926–27, 1986–87
 Third Division South / Third Division (level 3)
Champions: 1923–24, 1961–62, 1982–83
 Fourth Division / League Two (level 4)
Champions: 2016–17
Promoted: 1979–80
 Southern League First Division
Champions: 1901–02, 1919–20
 Western League First Division
Champions: 1900–01, 1901–02, 1902–03

Cup
 FA Cup
Winners: 1938–39, 2007–08
Runners-up: 1928–29, 1933–34, 2009–10
 FA Charity Shield / Community Shield
Winners: 1949 (shared)
Runners-up: 2008
 EFL Trophy
Winners: 2018–19
Runners-up: 2019–20
 Hampshire Senior Cup
Winners: 1902–03, 1912–13, 1951–52, 1986–87

References and notes

General references

Notes

Citations

1898 establishments in England
Association football clubs established in 1898
Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom
English Football League clubs
FA Cup winners
EFL Trophy winners
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Hampshire
Premier League clubs
Southern Football League clubs
Sport in Portsmouth

Portsmouth F.C.


Rutan may refer to:
Rutan, Iran, a village in Hormozgan Province, Iran
Burt Rutan, American aircraft designer
Dick Rutan, American test pilot, and brother of Burt Rutan
Erik Rutan, American metal guitarist and producer
Rutan (Doctor Who), a member of a fictional alien race from the British television series Doctor Who
Rutan, a planet in the Star Wars universe.

See also
Routan (disambiguation)

Rutan


Selen Öztürk (n. 23 iulie 1980, Izmir, Turcia) este o actriță turcă. A devenit cunoscută datorită rolului lui Gulfem Hatun din serialul Suleyman Magnificul.

Note

Nașteri în 1980
Actrițe turce
Oameni în viață

Selen Öztürk


Sidney Pollard (eigentl. Siegfried Pollak; geboren 21. April 1925 in Wien; gestorben 22. November 1998 in Sheffield) war ein maßgeblicher britischer Sozial- und Wirtschaftshistoriker. Insbesondere sein Konzept der regionalen Industrialisierung war von nachhaltiger Bedeutung.

Leben
Seine Eltern gehörten dem Judentum an und hatten galizische Wurzeln. Sein Vater Moses Pollak war schon vor 1914 nach Wien gekommen. Die Mutter Leontine kam erst kurz nach dem Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges auf der Flucht vor antisemitischen Ausschreitungen in die Stadt. Der Vater war Handelsreisender, die Mutter war vor der Heirat Lehrerin gewesen. Die vergleichsweise günstigen Vermögensumstände der Familie erlaubten es, dass der Sohn die Zwi-Perez-Chajes-Schule besuchen konnte. Diese Privatschule versuchte ihren Schülern ein Bewusstsein für die jüdische Tradition zu vermitteln und war daher früh Ziel antisemitischer Angriffe.

Nachdem Anschluss Österreichs an das Deutsche Reich im Jahr 1938 verlor die Familie ihre Wohnung und der Vater wurde entlassen. Der Familie gelang es, dass Pollard mit einem Kindertransport nach Großbritannien ausreisen konnte. Die Eltern mussten dagegen zurückbleiben. In England kam er zunächst auf eine Landwirtschaftsschule, die auf ein späteres Leben in einem Kibbuz in Palästina vorbereitete. Daneben belegte er Fernkurse. Im Alter von sechzehn Jahren ging Pollard nach Cambridge und arbeitete in einer Gärtnerei. Daneben setzte er die Fernkurse fort und schaffte 1943 die Aufnahme an der London School of Economics.

Zunächst meldete er sich freiwillig zur britischen Armee. In diesem Zusammenhang hat er seinen Namen anglisiert. Er blieb bis 1947 als Dolmetscher im besetzten Deutschland. Nach der Rückkehr studierte er in London Nationalökonomie und schloss das Studium bereits nach zwei Jahren erfolgreich ab. Danach promovierte er mit einer Arbeit über die Geschichte des Schiffsbaus in Großbritannien zwischen 1870 und 1914.

An der University of Sheffield lehrte er ab 1952 als Assistant Lecturer. Seit 1963 war er dort ordentlicher Professor für Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Als herausragender Wirtschaftshistoriker nahm er zahlreiche Gastprofessuren in Israel, den USA, der DDR, der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in Australien an. Im Jahr 1971 wurde er an die University of California, Berkeley berufen. Allerdings verweigerten die Behörden ihm wegen seiner vorübergehenden Mitgliedschaft in der kommunistischen Partei die unbefristete Arbeitserlaubnis. Daher lehrte er weiterhin in Sheffield.

Im Jahr 1980 übernahm er an der Universität Bielefeld den neuen Lehrstuhl für Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Nach seiner Pensionierung in Bielefeld im Jahr 1990 kehrte er nach Sheffield zurück. Die dortige Universität ehrte ihn 1995 mit der Ehrendoktorwürde. In seinem Todesjahr 1998 wurde er zum Mitglied der British Academy gewählt.

Werk
Charakteristisch für seine Arbeitsweise war, dass er neben der angloamerikanischen auch die darüber hinausgehende Forschung verfolgte und sein vergleichender Ansatz. In seinen früheren Arbeiten widmete er sich insbesondere den sozialen Folgen der Industrialisierung. Ausgangspunkt war eine 1959 erschienene Arbeit zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung in Sheffield. Auch in der Folge bildeten Untersuchungen zur Gewerkschafts- und Genossenschaftsgeschichte einen Schwerpunkt der Arbeit. Bedeutend war Mitte der 1960er Jahre seine Forschung über die Entwicklung des modernen Managements.

Seit den 1970er Jahren hat er insbesondere die Industrialisierungsforschung stark geprägt. Er begriff die industrielle Entwicklung nicht als einen nationalstaatlichen Prozess, sondern beschrieb sie als regionales Phänomen. In seinem Buch The Genesis of Modern Management (1965) beschrieb er neben der Vielschichtigkeit der Industrialisierung auch die Rolle des Managers und der Managementmethoden. Einen ersten Aufsatz zur regionalen Industrialisierung veröffentlichte er 1973. Im Jahr 1981 erschien sein Werk Peaceful Conquest. Mit seiner Neuinterpretation befruchtete er die Industrialisierungsforschung wie zuletzt vorher Alexander Gerschenkron. Im Jahr 1997 veröffentlichte Pollard sein Werk Marginal Europe, in der er den Niedergang früherer gewerblicher Verdichtungszonen seit dem späten Mittelalter untersuchte.

Schriften
 The Genesis of Modern Management (1965).
 The process of industrialization 1750–1870 (1968).
 Industrial power and national rivalry 1870–1914 (1972).
 The end of the old europe 1914–1939 (1973).
 European economic integration 1815–1970 (1974).
 Region und Industrialisierung. Studien zur Rolle der Region in der Wirtschaftsgeschichte der letzten zwei Jahrhunderte (1980) (= Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft, Bd. 42).
 Peaceful Conquest 1760–1970 (1981).
 Markt, Staat, Planung. Historische Erfahrungen mit Regulierungs- und Deregulierungsversuchen der Wirtschaft, hrsg. mit Dieter Ziegler (1992).
 Von der Heimarbeit in die Fabrik. Industrialisierung und Arbeiterschaft in Leinen- und Baumwollregionen Westeuropas während des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts, hrsg. mit Karl Ditt (1992).
 Marginal Europe (1997).

Literatur
 Hartmut Berghoff und Dieter Ziegler: Nachruf auf Professor Dr. Sidney Pollard 1925–1998. In: Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte 1/1999, S. 207–209 (online).
 Hartmut Berghoff, Dieter Ziegler (Hrsg.): Pionier und Nachzügler? Vergleichende Studien zur Geschichte Großbritanniens und Deutschlands im Zeitalter der Industrialisierung. Festschrift für Sidney Pollard zum 70. Geburtstag (= Veröffentlichungen des Arbeitskreises Deutsche England-Forschung. Bd. 28). Brockmeyer, Bochum 1995, ISBN 3-8196-0335-2.
 Colin Holmes: Sidney Pollard, 1925–1998. In: Proceedings of the British Academy. 105, 2000, S. 482–507 (online).
 Dave Renton: Sidney Pollard – A Life in history (= International library of twentieth century history. Bd. 2). Tauris Academic Studies, London 2004, ISBN 1-85043-453-0.
 Richard H. Tilly: Pollard, Sidney. In: Harald Hagemann, Claus-Dieter Krohn (Hrsg.): Biographisches Handbuch der deutschsprachigen wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Emigration nach 1933. Band 2: Leichter–Zweig. Saur, München 1999, ISBN 3-598-11284-X, S. 535–537.

Wirtschaftshistoriker
Sozialhistoriker
Neuzeithistoriker
Hochschullehrer (University of Sheffield)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Bielefeld)
Mitglied der British Academy
Österreichischer Emigrant zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
Österreicher
Brite
Geboren 1925
Gestorben 1998
Mann

Sidney Pollard


Paralanguage, also known as vocalics, is a component of meta-communication that may modify meaning, give nuanced meaning, or convey emotion, by using techniques such as prosody, pitch, volume, intonation, etc. It is sometimes defined as relating to nonphonemic properties only.  Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously.

The study of paralanguage is known as paralinguistics and was invented by George L. Trager in the 1950s, while he was working at the Foreign Service Institute of the U.S. Department of State. His colleagues at the time included Henry Lee Smith, Charles F. Hockett (working with him on using descriptive linguistics as a model for paralanguage), Edward T. Hall developing proxemics, and Ray Birdwhistell developing kinesics. Trager published his conclusions in 1958, 1960 and 1961.

His work has served as a basis for all later research, especially those investigating the relationship between paralanguage and culture (since paralanguage is learned, it differs by language and culture). A good example is the work of John J. Gumperz on language and social identity, which specifically describes paralinguistic differences between participants in intercultural interactions. The film Gumperz made for BBC in 1982, Multiracial Britain: Cross talk, does a particularly good job of demonstrating cultural differences in paralanguage and their impact on relationships.

Paralinguistic information, because it is phenomenal, belongs to the external speech signal (Ferdinand de Saussure's parole) but not to the arbitrary conmodality. Even vocal language has some paralinguistic as well as linguistic properties that can be seen (lip reading, McGurk effect), and even felt, e.g. by the Tadoma method.

Aspects of the speech signal

Perspectival aspects
Speech signals arrive at a listener's ears with acoustic properties that may allow listeners to identify location of the speaker (sensing distance and direction, for example). Sound localization functions in a similar way also for non-speech sounds. The perspectival aspects of lip reading are more obvious and have more drastic effects when head turning is involved.

Organic aspects
The speech organs of different speakers differ in size. As children grow up, their organs of speech become larger, and there are differences between male and female adults. The differences concern not only size, but also proportions. They affect the pitch of the voice and to a substantial extent also the formant frequencies, which characterize the different speech sounds. The organic quality of speech has a communicative function in a restricted sense, since it is merely informative about the speaker. It will be expressed independently of the speaker's intention.

Expressive aspects
Paralinguistic cues such as loudness, rate, pitch, pitch contour, and to some extent formant frequencies of an utterance, contribute to the emotive or attitudinal quality of an utterance.  Typically, attitudes are expressed intentionally and emotions without intention, but attempts to fake or to hide emotions are not unusual.

Consequently, paralinguistic cues relating to expression have a moderate effect of semantic marking. That is, a message may be made more or less coherent by adjusting its expressive presentation. For instance, upon hearing an utterance such as "I drink a glass of wine every night before I go to sleep" is coherent when made by a speaker identified as an adult, but registers a small semantic anomaly when made by a speaker identified as a child. This anomaly is significant enough to be measured through electroencephalography, as an N400. Autistic individuals have a reduced sensitivity to this and similar effects.

Emotional tone of voice, itself paralinguistic information, has been shown to affect the resolution of lexical ambiguity. Some words have homophonous partners; some of these homophones appear to have an implicit emotive quality, for instance, the sad "die" contrasted with the neutral "dye"; uttering the sound /dai/ in a sad tone of voice can result in a listener writing the former word significantly more often than if the word is uttered in a neutral tone.

Linguistic aspects
Ordinary phonetic transcriptions of utterances reflect only the linguistically informative quality. The problem of how listeners factor out the linguistically informative quality from speech signals is a topic of current research.

Some of the linguistic features of speech, in particular of its prosody, are paralinguistic or pre-linguistic in origin. A most fundamental and widespread phenomenon of this kind is described by John Ohala as the "frequency code". This code works even in communication across species. It has its origin in the fact that the acoustic frequencies in the voice of small vocalizers are high, while they are low in the voice of large vocalizers. This gives rise to secondary meanings such as "harmless", "submissive", "unassertive", which are naturally associated with smallness, while meanings such as "dangerous", "dominant", and "assertive" are associated with largeness. In most languages, the frequency code also serves the purpose of distinguishing questions from statements. It is universally reflected in expressive variation, and it is reasonable to assume that it has phylogenetically given rise to the sexual dimorphism that lies behind the large difference in pitch between average female and male adults.

In text-only communication such as email, chatrooms and instant messaging, paralinguistic elements can be displayed by emoticons, font and color choices, capitalization and the use of non-alphabetic or abstract characters. Nonetheless, paralanguage in written communication is limited in comparison with face-to-face conversation, sometimes leading to misunderstandings.

Specific forms of paralinguistic respiration

Gasps

A gasp is a kind of paralinguistic respiration in the form of a sudden and sharp inhalation of air through the mouth. A gasp may indicate difficulty breathing and a panicked effort to draw air into the lungs. Gasps also occur from an emotion of surprise, shock or disgust. Like a sigh, a yawn, or a moan, a gasp is often an automatic and unintentional act. Gasping is closely related to sighing, and the inhalation characterizing a gasp induced by shock or surprise may be released as a sigh if the event causing the initial emotional reaction is determined to be less shocking or surprising than the observer first believed.

As a symptom of physiological problems, apneustic respirations (a.k.a. apneusis), are gasps related to the brain damage associated with a stroke or other trauma.

Sighs

A sigh is a kind of paralinguistic respiration in the form of a deep and especially audible, single exhalation of air out of the mouth or nose, that humans use to communicate emotion. It is voiced pharyngeal fricative, sometimes associated with a guttural glottal breath exuded in a low tone.  It often arises from a negative emotion, such as dismay, dissatisfaction, boredom, or futility. A sigh can also arise from positive emotions such as relief, particularly in response to some negative situation ending or being avoided. Like a gasp, a yawn, or a moan, a sigh is often an automatic and unintentional act. In literature, a sigh is often used to signify that the person producing it is lovelorn.

Scientific studies show that babies sigh after 50 to 100 breaths. This serves to improve the mechanical properties of lung tissue, and it also helps babies to develop a regular breathing rhythm. Behaviors equivalent to sighing have also been observed in animals such as dogs, monkeys, and horses.

In text messages and internet chat rooms, or in comic books, a sigh is usually represented with the word itself, 'sigh', possibly within asterisks, *sigh*.

Sighing is also a reflex, governed by a few neurons.

Moans and groans

Moaning and groaning both refer to an extended sound emanating from the throat, which is typically made by engaging in sexual activity. Moans and groans are also noises traditionally associated with ghosts, and their supposed experience of suffering in the afterlife. They are sometimes used to indicate displeasure.

Throat-clear
Throat-clearing is a metamessaging nonverbal form of communication used in announcing one's presence upon entering the room or approaching a group.  It is done by individuals who perceive themselves to be of higher rank than the group they are approaching and utilize the throat-clear as a form of communicating this perception to others. It can convey nonverbalized disapproval.

In chimpanzee social hierarchy, this utterance is a sign of rank, directed by alpha males and higher-ranking chimps to lower-ranking ones and signals a mild warning or a slight annoyance.

As a form of metacommunication, the throat-clear is acceptable only to signal that a formal business meeting is about to start.
It is not acceptable business etiquette to clear one's throat when approaching a group on an informal basis;
the basis of one's authority has already been established and requires no further reiteration by this ancillary nonverbal communication.

Mhm

 is between a literal language and movement, by making a noise "hmm" or "mhm", to make a pause for the conversation or as a chance to stop and think.

The "mhm" utterance is often used in narrative interviews, such as an interview with a disaster survivor or sexual violence victim. In this kind of interview, it is better for the interviewers or counselors not to intervene too much when an interviewee is talking. The "mhm" assures the interviewee that they are being heard and can continue their story. Observing emotional differences and taking care of an interviewee's mental status is an important way to find slight changes during conversation.

Huh?
"Huh?", meaning "what? (that is, used when an utterance by another is not fully heard or requires clarification), is an essentially universal expression, but may be a normal word (learned like other words) and not paralanguage. If it is a word, it is a rare (or possibly even unique) one, being found with basically the same sound and meaning in almost all languages.

Physiology of paralinguistic comprehension

fMRI studies
Several studies have used the fMRI paradigm to observe brain states brought about by adjustments of paralinguistic information. One such study investigated the effect of interjections that differed along the criteria of lexical index (more or less "wordy") as well as neutral or emotional pronunciation; a higher hemodynamic response in auditory cortical gyri was found when more robust paralinguistic data was available. Some activation was found in lower brain structures such as the pons, perhaps indicating an emotional response.

See also
Business communication
Intercultural competence
Kinesics
Meta message
Meta-communication
Metacommunicative competence
Prosody (linguistics)
Proxemics

References

Further reading
 Cook, Guy (2001) The Discourse of Advertising. (second edition) London: Routledge. (chapter 4 on paralanguage and semiotics).
 Robbins, S. and Langton, N. (2001) Organizational Behaviour: Concepts, Controversies, Applications (2nd Canadian ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
 Traunmüller, H. (2005) "Paralinguale Phänomene" (Paralinguistic phenomena), chapter 76 in: SOCIOLINGUISTICS An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, 2nd ed., U. Ammon, N. Dittmar, K. Mattheier, P. Trudgill (eds.), Vol. 1, pp. 653–665. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York.
 Matthew McKay, Martha Davis, Patrick Fanning [1983] (1995) Messages: The Communication Skills Book, Second Edition, New Harbinger Publications, , , pp. 63–67.

Human communication
Nonverbal communication
Sociological terminology
Social philosophy
Online chat

Paralanguage


Gökçesaray, Antalya ilinin Gazipaşa ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı, 1522 yılı kayıtlarında Kiristine ya da Köstene olarak geçmektedir. Daha önceleri Direvli köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 13 Ocak 1956'da köy statüsü kazandı. 2012 yılındaki yasa değişikliğinden sonra yeniden mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Antalya il merkezine 212 km, Gazipaşa ilçe merkezine 34 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Gazipaşa'nın mahalleleri

Gökçesaray, Gazipaşa


Zakara ist der Name von
Mouddour Zakara (1912–1976), nigrischer Politiker
Zakara steht für
 Zkara, Berberstamm

Zakara


Avustralya doları (para birimi kodu AUD), 1966 yılından itibaren Avustralya'nın para birimidir. Ayrıca Christmas Adası, Cocos Adaları, Norfolk Adası ve bağımsız Pasifik Ada ülkeleri Kiribati, Nauru ve Tuvalu'nun para birimidir. Genelde Dolar simgesiyle ($) kısaltılır. Alternatif olarak A$ veya $A, $AU veya AU$ yazılarak diğer dolar para birimlerinden ayırt edilir.

Avustralya doları dünya çapında Amerikan doları, Euro, İngiliz sterlini, Japon yeni ve Kanada doları'ndan sonra en çok işlem gören para birimidir. Yabancı döviz işlemlerinin %4-5'ini temsil etmektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Avustralya ekonomisi
 Amerikan doları

Kaynakça
 28 Ekim 2006 tarihli İngilizce Vikipedi Australian dollar maddesi

Dış bağlantılar

Dolar
Dolar

Avustralya doları


An Puya stenothyrsa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Gilbert Baker, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Christian Mez. An Puya stenothyrsa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puya, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puya

Puya stenothyrsa


BCM Olimpic Baia Mare este un club românesc de baschet masculin cu sediul în Baia Mare, România. Clubul a fost înființat în 2015 și a promovat în Liga Națională după ce a câștigat turneul de baraj al Ligii 1 în sezonul 2015-2016. Echipa joacă meciurile de pe teren propriu în sala Colegiului Economic "Nicolae Titulescu" din Baia Mare.

Palmares

Național
Liga I (al doilea eșalon baschetbalistic)
 Vicecampioană (1): 2015-2016

Referințe

Legături externe

Cluburi românești de baschet
Sport în Baia Mare

BCM Olimpic Baia Mare


إدوارد الخامس (1470-1483) هو الابن الذكر الأكبر للملك إدوارد الرابع وزوجته إليزابيث وودفيل ملك إنكلترا من نفس العام 1483 وعرف بأقصر حكم في إنكلترا مع ليدي جين غراي وإدوارد الثامن

الحياة المبكرة

كان إدوارد الابن الرابع للملك إدوارد الرابع ملك إنجلترا بعد ثلاث شقيقات وولد في المنفى في هولندا، ثم عاد والده إلى العرش وقضى على جميع أعدائه، وعين إدوارد أميرا على ويلز وأرسله مع والدته ليمكثوا في قلعة بويلز، عاش هناك حتى وفاة والده واستلم العرش من حينها.

فترة الحكم والاختفاء
حين توفي إدوارد الرابع في 9 نيسان عام 1483م ارتقى إدوارد البالغ من العمر اثني عشر عاماً عرش إنجلترا خلفاً لوالده، وعُيّن عمه ريتشارد الذي كان دوق غلوسستر حينها وصياً على العرش. بيد أن النزاع الذي استفحل بين نبلاء وودفيل أخوال إدوارد الخامس المسيطرين عليه ودوق غلوسستر، دفع الأخير ٍإلى اعتقال قادة حزب وودفيل والاستيلاء على ممتلكات إدوارد وأخيه الصغير ريتشارد دوق يورك، وحجز الأميرين في برج لندن الذي كان مقراً للإقامة الملكية وسجنا في آن واحد.

انتهى عهد إدوارد الخامس القصير في 26 حزيران عام 1483م حين أعلن مجلس اللوردات دوق غلوسستر ملكاً على إنجلترا باسم ريتشارد الثالث بعد إقرار صحة ادعائه بأن زواج أخيه إدوارد الرابع من إليزابيت وودفيل باطل وأن ولديه إدوارد وريتشارد غير شرعيين. بعد ذلك بمدة وجيزة، اختفى الولدان الاثنان من برج لندن إلى الأبد، ويعتقد أنهما قُتلا على أيدي أعوان الملك ريتشارد الثالث في آب عام 1483م، كما نُسبت الجريمة إلى هنري ستافورد دوق بكنغهام وإلى خلف ريتشارد الثالث الملك هنري السابع.

مراجع

الموت في لندن
أسرة يورك
أشخاص في حرب الوردتين
أشخاص من وستمينستر
أمراء مفقودون
أمراء ويلز
أولاد إدوارد الرابع ملك إنجلترا
إدوارد الخامس
إنجليز من أصل فرنسي
إيرلات بيمبروك
حالات أشخاص مفقودين في العقد 1480
حالات أشخاص مفقودين في إنجلترا
حكام أطفال في العصور الوسطى
حكام توفوا أطفالا
حكام خلعوا أثناء الطفولة
دوقات كورنوال
سجناء برج لندن
مدفونون في دير وستمنستر
ملكيون إنجليز في القرن 15
ملكيون قتلوا في القرن 15
ملكيون مغتالون
ملوك إنجلترا
مواليد 1470
مواليد في دير وستمنستر
نبلاء إنجليز في القرن 15
وفيات 1483
وفيات عقد 1480
وفيات في برج لندن

إدوارد الخامس ملك إنجلترا


Die Vajiralongkorn-Talsperre, früher Khao-Laem-Talsperre genannt, ist eine Talsperre im Kreis Thong Pha Phum der Provinz Kanchanaburi in Thailand, die durch den ersten CFR-Staudamm Thailands aufgestaut wird. Der Staudamm steht am Mae Nam Khwae Noi (Khwae-Noi-Fluss, "River Kwai") und wurde am 13. Juli 2001 nach dem Kronprinzen von Thailand Maha Vajiralongkorn umbenannt. Mit der Talsperre wird ein Wasserkraftwerk mit 300 MW Leistung betrieben.

Bauwerk
Der Staudamm ist nach verschiedenen Quellen entweder 92 (nach Martin Wieland, Qingwen Ren, John S.Y., Balkema, London 2004) oder 130 m hoch.
Der Dammbau begann 1979 und dauerte fünf Jahre, worauf sich im Juni 1984 die Füllung des Reservoirs anschloss. Die drei 100-MW-Generatoren, angetrieben durch Francis-Turbinen, gingen zwischen Oktober 1984 und Dezember 1985 ans Netz. Damit können jährlich 760 GWh Strom erzeugt werden.

Der Stausee hat eine maximale Speicherkapazität von 8860 Millionen Kubikmetern, eine Fläche von 388 km² und ein Einzugsgebiet von 3720 km². Der durchschnittliche Zufluss zu dem Speicher beträgt rund 5500 Millionen Kubikmeter pro Jahr.

Aus dem Bereich des Stausees mussten 10.800 Menschen umgesiedelt werden. Er flutete auch einen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg aufgegebenen Abschnitt der Thailand-Burma-Eisenbahn.

Sehenswürdigkeiten

 Wat Wang Wiwekaram () – ein alter buddhistischer Tempel (Wat) der Volksgruppe der Mon liegt im Landkreis Sangkhla Buri am Ufer des Stausees. Der große Chedi Phutthakaya ist dem Mahabodhi-Tempel in Bodhgaya im nordöstlichen indischen Bundesstaat Bihar nachempfunden.

Siehe auch
 Flussabwärts liegt die Si-Nakharin-Talsperre.
 Liste der größten Talsperren der Erde
 Liste der größten Stauseen der Erde
 Liste der größten Wasserkraftwerke der Erde
 Liste von Talsperren der Welt

Literatur
 Vajiralongkorn Dam and Hydropower Plant (Broschüre), Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) Public Relations Division, November 2002.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Wasserkraftwerk in Thailand
See in Thailand
Stausee in Asien
Talsperre in Thailand
CFR-Damm
Erbaut in den 1980er Jahren
SVajiralongkorn
Provinz Kanchanaburi

Vajiralongkorn-Talsperre


Karlbergs BK (Karlbergs Bollklubb) ist ein schwedischer Sportverein aus Karlberg in Birkastaden, einem Gebiet in Vasastaden, Ortsteil des Stockholmer Stadtbezirks Norrmalm.

Zwischen 1928 und 1962 war der 1912 gegründete Klub mehrfach in der höchsten schwedischen Eishockey-Liga vertreten. Die Fußballmannschaft des Vereins wurde in der Saison 2011 Meister der Division 3 Norra Svealand und spielt 2012 in der Division 2 Norra Svealand.

Geschichte

Der Verein wurde am 15. Mai 1912 auf einem Treffen in der Karlbergsvägen 74 in Vasastaden unter dem Namen Bollklubben 74:an gegründet. Vorübergehend nannte sich der Sportklub Widar, bevor er 1919 unter dem heutigen Namen Karlbergs Bollklubb registriert wurde. Neben der Herren-Fußballmannschaft betrieb der Verein zwischen 1981 und 1988 auch eine Damenmannschaft. Zudem besteht eine Jugendabteilung.

Eishockey

Die Eishockey-Mannschaft spielte mehrere Jahre in der höchsten Liga Schwedens, zuerst in der Saison 1928/1929 und zuletzt 1961/1962. In den Elitserien erreichte sie in der Saison 1928/29 mit dem vierten Rang ihre beste Platzierung. Mit dem dritten Platz 1938/39 gelang ihr der größte Erfolg in der Svenska serien i ishockey. In der neuen Division 1 belegte sie 1944/45 und 1945/46 jeweils den dritten Rang der Gruppe Nord. 1961/62 stieg die Mannschaft als letztplatzierte mit lediglich einem Punkt aus vierzehn Spielen ab.

In der Schwedischen Eishockeymeisterschaft erreichte die Mannschaft mehrfach das Viertelfinale und viermal das Halbfinale:

 Viertelfinale: Saison 1929, Saison 1930, Saison 1931, Saison 1932, Saison 1933, Saison 1936, Saison 1937, Saison 1938, Saison 1941, Saison 1944, Saison 1945, Saison 1947.

 Halbfinale: Saison 1934, Saison 1935, Saison 1940, Saison 1942.

Ihre Spiele trug die Mannschaft in der Multifunktionsarena Hovet aus. Von 1960 bis 1962 spielte der zweimalige Nationalmannschaftsspieler Benny Söderling für Karlbergs BK.

Fußball

Seine Fußballspiele bestreitet Karlbergs BK im Stadion Kristinebergs IP im Stockholmer Stadtbezirk Kungsholmen. 1999 noch fünftklassig in der "Stockholm Mellersta", verbesserte sich die Herrenfußballmannschaft kontinuierlich und steht 2012 erstmals in der zweiten Division "Norra Svealand":

2012 - Division II, Norra Svealand
2011 - Division III, Norra Svealand
2010 - Division III, Norra Svealand
2009 - Division III, Norra Svealand
2008 - Division III, Norra Svealand
2007 - Division IV, Stockholm Mellersta
2006 - Division IV, Stockholm Mellersta
2005 - Division IV, Stockholm Mellersta
2003 - Division IV, Stockholm Mellersta
2002 - Division IV, Stockholm Mellersta
2001 - Division IV, Stockholm Mellersta
2000 - Division IV, Stockholm Mellersta
1999 - Division V, Stockholm Mellersta

Zwischen 1965 und 1966 spielte der spätere Erstligaspieler Jörgen Bengtsson für die zu dieser Zeit drittklassige Mannschaft. Ein weiterer späterer Spieler der Fotbollsallsvenskan, Claes Marklund, wurde seit Anfang der 1960er-Jahre in der Jugendabteilung von Karlbergs BK ausgebildet.

Weblinks
Homepage des Vereins

Einzelnachweise

Schwedischer Fußballverein
Schwedischer Eishockeyclub
Sportverein (Stockholm)
Gegründet 1912

Karlbergs BK


Erich Netzsch (* 1903; † 12. April 1990) war ein deutscher Unternehmer.

Werdegang
Netzsch kam als Sohn des Maschinenfabrikanten Gustav Netzsch (1875–1939) zur Welt. Sein Studium schloss er als Diplom-Ingenieur ab. 1929 übernahm er von seinem Vater die Leitung der Gebrüder Netzsch Maschinenfabrik in Selb. Zwei Jahre später wurde der Firmensitz ins böhmische Asch verlegt, wo das Unternehmen bald 200 Mitarbeiter beschäftigte. Nach Kriegsende kehrte die Produktion wieder nach Selb zurück. Ab Ende der 1950er Jahre expandierte Netzsch sein Unternehmen ins Ausland. Es entstanden Niederlassungen in Österreich, Italien, den Vereinigten Staaten, Brasilien, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Japan, der Schweiz, Singapur und Thailand.

Ehrungen
 1968: Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Weblinks
 Historie der Netzsch-Gruppe

Unternehmer (Bayern)
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes 1. Klasse
Person (Selb)
Deutscher
Geboren 1903
Gestorben 1990
Mann

Erich Netzsch


Den syvende himmel er en svensk komediefilm fra 1956 af Hasse Ekman.

Manuskript Hasse Ekman.
Instruktion Hasse Ekman.

Medvirkende
Sickan Carlsson - Lovisa Sundelius
Hasse Ekman - Willy Lorens
Gunnar Björnstrand - Ernst C:son Kruuse
Stig Järrel - Sture Turesson
Sigge Fürst - radioförfattare
Inga Gill - fröken Jonasson
Torsten Winge - Torsten Tidström
Gunnar Sjöberg - Bernhard Svanström
Bellan Roos - Inez
Doreen Denning - Lisa Brattström

Eksterne henvisninger

Svenske film fra 1956
Svensksprogede film
Film instrueret af Hasse Ekman

Den syvende himmel (film fra 1956)


Kærlighedsdigteren er en dansk stumfilm fra 1919, der er instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr. efter manuskript af Aage Brodersen.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1919

Stumfilm fra Danmark
Film instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr.

Kærlighedsdigteren


Hugo de Noaria también conocido como Hugo de Novara fue un monje cisterciense , discípulo de Bernardo de Claraval. Francés de nacimiento, sirvió como primer abad de la abadía de Novara, Sicilia, donde permaneció hasta su muerte en 1170.

Notas

Enlaces externos

Santos católicos de Francia del siglo XII
Religiosos de Francia del siglo XII
Abades cistercienses
Cistercienses de Italia
Santos cistercienses
Monjes cristianos de Italia del siglo XII
Fallecidos en la provincia de Mesina

Hugo de Novara


البيرقدار وهو لقب لرتبة عسكريه في الجيش العثماني ويتكون من كلمتين وهي البيرق (العلم أو الراية) ملحقة بكلمة دار الفارسية بمعنى صاحب التي تلحق با القاب المهن كالـ (الحملة دار، الدفتردار، العلم دار، السلح دار...الخ) ومنتشر هذا اللقب في كافة الدول التي كانت تابعة للدولة العثمانيه كتركيا والعراق وسوريا ومصر والكويت وإيران وأذربيجان والأردن والسعوديه وبلدان أخرى، ويحمل هذا اللقب مختلف الأجناس كالعرب، الاتراك، الكرد، الأفغان، الشراكسه, ومنهم من حمل رتبة الاشراف وغيرهم.

ووضعت الدولة العثمانية مشرفين منهم على عدة مناطق مثال كانوا مشرفين على حلب وحمص في سوريا وفي جنوب العراق وشمال الأردن وهضبة الجولان وعند قيام الثورة العربية الكبرى عام 1916 لجؤوا إلى الشريف الحسين بن علي هربا من ظلم الدولة العثمانية التي كانت قد شنت حرب عليهم لأنهم كانوا من مناصري مصطفى باشا بيرقدار وقام الشريف بإعطائهم الحماية وانضموا إلى الجيش الشريفي وعند انتهاء الثورة وانهيار الدولة العثمانية هنالك من بقي في الأردن واستقروا في جبال الشمال وعجلون وعمان والسلط والزرقاء ومنهم من استضافتهم بعض العشائر الأردنية وهنالك من ذهب إلى سوريا في حلب وحمص والجولان والعراق وفلسطين في يافا والقدس ولبنان ودول الحجاز.

بني بيرق أو البيارقة وهم قبائل أتت من دول الحجاز إلى بلاد الشام ويعود أصلهم إلى العمريون وأيضا يحملون اسم البيرقدار .

التجارة
وكان بعضهم يشتهر بتجارة القماش فهم أول من قام بتطريز الأثواب والقمصان في بلاد الشام

نسبهم
 منهم من يعود أصله إلى الصحابي
عقبة بن عامر بن عبس بن عمرو بن عدي بن رفاعة بن مودوعة بن عدي بن غنم بن ربعة بن رشدان بن قيس بن جهينة الجُهَني اليماني الصحابي الراوية.
والمعروف ب بيرقدار الرسول وسمي بالبيرقدار لنشره الأعلام في الغزوات ويعود أصل بعضهم إليه.

 ومنهم من يعود أصله إلى عشيرة العبيد العربية
ويتواجدون في العراق في بغداد والموصل وباقي المحافظات والصورة توضح شجرة لأحد فروع عائلة البيرقدار

هجرتهم
في عهد الملك المؤسس عبدالله الأول بن حسين قامت بعض العائلات العمرية التي سكنت الشام بالذهاب إلى الأردن وفلسطين فهاجرت عائلة البيرقدار والصمادي وأبو قورة وأبو لغد والحمصي وأبو الراغب والطباع والخطيب وخرفان فانقسموا إلى نصفين فمنهم من ذهب لفلسطين سكنوا في القدس ويافا ونابلس ومنهم من ذهب للأردن وسكن في عمان وجرش والسلط والزرقاء وعجلون .

محاربتهم من الدولة العثمانية
كانت البيرقدار إحدى أكبر القبائل والعشائر في بلاد الشام ولكن بعد انقلاب الدولة العثمانية على مصطفى باشا البيرقدار وقتله قاموا بملاحقة أتباعه وأنصاره وقتلهم أيضا وهذا هو السبب الرئيسي الذي أدى إلى انقسامهم وتشتتهم.

المراجع

ألقاب النسب
ألقاب تركية
تحويلات ألقاب تركية
رتب عسكرية عثمانية
صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن

بيرقدار


Catherine (* 28. Januar 1972) ist eine indonesische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Catherine siegte 1991 bei den Polish International im Damendoppel mit Eliza Nathanael. Mit ihr belegte sie auch Platz zwei bei den US Open des gleichen Jahres. Gemeinsam qualifizierten sie sich ebenfalls für die Badminton-Weltmeisterschaft 1991 und wurden dort 17. im Damendoppel.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen

Badmintonspieler (Indonesien)
Indonesier
Geboren 1972
Frau

Catherine (Badminton)


Friedrich Christian Diez (født 15. marts 1794 i Giessen, død 29. maj 1876 i Bonn) var en tysk sprogforsker, grundlægger af den romanske filologi.

Liv og gerning
Under påvirkning af Goethe, hvem han besøgte i Weimar, begyndte Diez at studere provençalsk, men efterhånden udvidede han sine studier til at omfatte alle de romanske Sprog. Han blev lektor ved Universitetet i Bonn 1821 og ordentlig professor i germansk og romansk filologi 1830. Hans første arbejder vedrører udelukkende den provençalske litteratur: Poesie der Troubadours (1826, ny udgave 1883) og Leben und Werke der Troubadours (1829, ny udgave 1882); disse to værker, der helt igennem hviler på direkte kildestudier, er banebrydende for vort kendskab til middelalderens troubadourdigtning. Hans hovedværk er Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen (3 bind, 1836-38, 3. udgave 1870-73; denne udgave er senere flere gange optrykt uforandret); det er skrevet under påvirkning af Grimms tyske grammatik, til hvilken det danner en interessant parallel, og må i alle henseender betegnes som et mesterværk; det forbinder en omfattende viden og sindrig kombinationsevne med en sjælden klar fremstilling og grundlagde det metodiske, komparative studium af de romanske sprog. Grammatikken efterfulgtes af den ikke mindre betydelige Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen (2 bind, 1853, 3. udgave 1869), der gennem skarpsindige enkeltundersøgelser gør rede for de romanske sprogs ordbestand, hvad oprindelsen angår. Af hans øvrige arbejder skal særlig fremhæves Über die Minenhöfe (1825), Altromanische Sprachdenkmale (1846), og Altromanische Glossare (1865). Den af Diez grundlagte videnskab blev i det af ham engang dragne spor ført videre af en talrig skare romanister i forskellige lande.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Romanister
Filologer fra Tyskland
Professorer fra Tyskland
Ansatte ved Bonns Universitet
Faglitterære forfattere fra Tyskland
Tysksprogede forfattere
Tyskere i 1800-tallet

Friedrich Christian Diez


سبنسر برسيفال  (1 نوفمبر 1762 - 11 مايو 1812)، كان رجل دولة بريطاني من حزب المحافظين شغل منصب رئيس وزراء المملكة المتحدة منذ أكتوبر 1809 حتى اغتياله في مايو من العام 1812. بيرسيفال هو رئيس الوزراء البريطاني الوحيد الذي اغتيل، ويظل حتى اليوم النائب العام الوحيد أو المدعي العام الوحيد الذي أصبح رئيسًا للوزراء.

تلقى بيرسيفال، وهو الابن الأصغر لإيرل إنجليزي - إيرلندي، تعليمه في مدرسة هارو وكلية ترينيتي في كامبريدج. درس القانون في لنكولن إن، وعمل محاميًا في دائرة ميدلاند، وفي عام 1796 أصبح مستشارًا للملك. دخل السياسة في سن الثالثة والثلاثين عضوًا في البرلمان عن نورثامبتون. كان بيرسيفال، أحد أتباع ويليام بيت الأصغر، يصف نفسه دائمًا بأنه «صديق السيد بيت»، بدل أن يعرف عن نفسه عضوًا في حزب المحافظين. عارض برسيفال التحرر الكاثوليكي وإصلاح البرلمان. أيد الحرب ضد نابليون وإلغاء تجارة الرقيق عبر المحيط الأطلسي. كان من معارضي الصيد والقمار والزنا. لم يشرب مثل معظم النواب في ذلك الوقت، وقدم بسخاء للأعمال الخيرية، واستمتع بقضاء وقته مع أطفاله الثلاثة عشر.

بعد دخوله السياسة في وقت متأخر، كان صعوده إلى السلطة سريعًا. عين محاميًا عامًا ونائبًا عامًا على التوالي، في ظل حكومة أدينغتون، ثم وزير الخزانة ورئيس مجلس العموم في ظل حكومة بورتلاند، وأصبح رئيسًا للوزراء في عام 1809. واجه برسيفال وهو على رأس حكومة ضعيفة عددًا من الأزمات، بما في ذلك التحقيق في حملة والتشيرن وجنون الملك جورج الثالث والكساد الاقتصادي وأعمال الشغب في لوديت. تغلب على هذه الأزمات وتابع حرب شبه الجزيرة في مواجهة الانهزامية المعارضة بنجاح، وفاز بدعم الأمير الذي قام مقام الملك في أثناء مرضه. أصبح بموقف أقوى بحلول أوائل عام 1812، عندما اغتيل في ردهة مجلس العموم على يد تاجر شكوى ضد حكومته.

كان لدى برسيفال أربعة إخوة يكبرونه سنًا الذين لم يعيشوا إلا حتى سن الرشد. مع انقضاء سلالة الذكور، انتقل الورثة إلى أحد أحفاده في أوائل القرن العشرين لتنتهي سلالته في عام 2011.

البدايات والتعليم
ولد برسيفال في أودلي سكوير، مايفير، وهو الابن السابع لجون بيرسيفال، إيرل إيغمونت الثاني، وابنه الثاني من زواجه الثاني. كانت والدته، البارونة كاثرين كومبتون، حفيدة إيرل نورثهامبتون الرابع. كان سبنسر لقب عائلة كومبتون، وكان عم كاثرين كومبتون، سبنسر كومبتون، إيرل ويلمنجتون الأول، رئيسًا للوزراء.

عمل والده، المستشار السياسي لأمير ويلز فريدريك وللملك جورج الثالث، لفترة وجيزة في مجلس الوزراء بصفته اللورد الأول للأميرالية. قضى برسيفال بدايات طفولته في تشارلتون هاوس، الذي اشتراه والده بالقرب من وولويتش دوكيارد.

توفي والد برسيفال عندما كان في الثامنة من عمره. ارتاد سبنسر مدرسة هارو، حيث كان تلميذًا منضبطًا ويعمل بجد. طور اهتمامه بالإنجيلية  في هارو، وكون صداقة استمرت مدى الحياة مع دودلي رايدر. بعد خمس سنوات في هارو، التحق بشقيقه الأكبر تشارلز في كلية ترينيتي، كامبريدج، لينال هناك جائزة التكريم باللغة الإنجليزية ويتخرج عام 1782.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص توفوا أثناء شغلهم لمنصب
أشخاص قتلوا في وستمنستر
أشخاص متعلمون في مدرسة هرو
أشخاص من إيلينغ
أشخاص من لندن
أشخاص من نورثامبتونشاير
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1801–02
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1802–06
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1806–07
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1807–12
أعضاء مجلس الشورى البريطاني
خريجو كلية ترينيتي (كامبريج)
رؤساء حكومات مغتالون
رؤساء وزراء المملكة المتحدة
رؤساء وزراء المملكة المتحدة القرن 19
رؤساء وزراء في القرن 19
سياسيون إنجليز مغتالون
سياسيون توفوا أثناء شغلهم لمنصب
سياسيون مغتالون عقد 1810
سياسيون من لندن
ضحايا قتل ذكور
قادة مجلس العموم البريطاني
كتاب بريطانيون قتلوا
كتاب قتلوا
محامون مقتولون
محامون من لندن
مدعون عامون في إنجلترا وويلز
مستشارو دوقية لانكستر
مواليد 1762
مواليد في ماي فير
وفيات 1812
وفيات بإطلاق النار في إنجلترا
وفيات بإطلاق النار في لندن
وفيات في وستمنستر

سبنسر برسيفال


Tcl, John K. Ousterhout tarafından geliştirilen bir programlama dilidir. Yaygın kullanımını büyük ölçude TK kütüphanesi ile beraber dağıtılan TK grafik sistemine ve platformdan bağımsız olarak grafik arayüzleri geliştirilmesini sağlayabilmesine borçludur.

Dış bağlantılar
 Ousterhout'un Tcl bildirisi
 Tcl.tk

Betik dilleri
Dinamik tipli programlama dilleri
Metin tabanlı programlama dilleri

Tcl


Emajl Cloisonné (fr. émail cloisonné, hrv. ćelijasti emajl, njem. Zellenschmelz) je umjetnička tehnika emajliranja. Uglavnom se izvodi na bakrenoj podlozi (posudi ili komadu nakita). Željena se dekoracija odnosno motiv izrađuje od tankih metalnih žica koje se zaleme na podlogu te potom ispune emajlom željene vrste i boje. U drugoj varijanti postupka žice se biljnim ljepilom zalijepe za podlogu na koju je već zataljen sloj prozirnog emajla. Zatim se komad u posebnoj peći zagrije na 750–800 °C. Osim u bakru može se raditi u zlatu te srebru, platini, mjedi i bronci.

Povijest
Naraniji sačuvani primjeri tehnike potječu s Cipra iz 12. stoljeća prije Krista.

Dodatna literatura
Campbell, Marian. An Introduction to Medieval Enamels, 1983, HMSO for V&A Museum,

Vanjske poveznice
 Cloisonné Articles and Tutorials at The Ganoksin Project
Chinese Cloisonné, Department of Asian Art, in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–2004
 An Interview with Contemporary Enamel Artist Laura Zell Demonstrating Basic Cloisonné Techniques

Izvori

Umjetnička obrada metala

Emajl Cloisonme


Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange, også Du Cange (1610-1688) er en anerkendt leksikograf.
Hans glossarium over middelalderlatin tilhører den begyndende leksikografiske tradition i den europæiske region.

Levned

Født 18. december 1610 som femte søn af Louis Du Fresne, sieur de Frédeval et du Cange, kongelig foged  i Beauquène ved Amiens.

Fra 11. august 1631 embedsmand ved  i Paris, men efter sigende er det ikke et arbejde der fuldt ud engagerer ham.

Du Cange vender tilbage til Amiens og
bliver gift 19. juli 1638 med den 10 år yngre Catherine Du Bos, datter til skatmesteren  i Amiens.
Ved faderens død samme år overgår foged-amtet til Du Cange's ældre bror, Adrien,

men 10. juni 1645 købte han svigerfaderens amts-stilling, som han beholdt indtil 1668, herefter bosat i Paris som privatlærd, indtil sin død 23. oktober 1688.
Han blev far til 10 børn, hvoraf 4 levede til efter hans død.

Navnet "Du Cange" er et nom de terre, navnet på familien Du Fresne's jordbesiddelse i Contay, ved Amiens - altså lensherre af Cange.
Foged-amtet i Amiens er gået i arv i familien, og den kongelige gunst går tilbage til kampene ved Calais i midten af 1300-tallet.

Efter Du Cange's bortgang modtager familien en kongelig anerkendelse på 2000
for arbejdet med redaktionen af den alexandrinske kronik (Chronicon Pascal).

Akademiske virke

our sure and indefatigable guide in the Middle Ages and Byzantine history
()

Som helt ung gik han ved Jesuiternes kollegie i Amiens, senere studerede han retsvidenskab i Orléans.
Allerede som tyve-årig
skitserede han
en genealogisk tavle over det franske 'hus' og dets konger
og om hans iver efter studier siges det at han på sin bryllupsdag sad og læste i seks eller syv timer.

1657 fik han publiceret sit første værk, en kommenteret redaktion af Villehardouin's historiske værk om Byzantium.

Da der kom pest til Amiens, 1668, flyttede familien til Paris og Du Cange vandt der venskab til Léon d'Hérouval.
De havde samme lærde interesser og vennen støttede ham de næste årtier.

Som basis for sine studier søgte han de overleverede skrifter - i særdeleshed fra højmiddelalderen og den tidlige middelalder -
og af dette engagement opstod hans eget detaljerede vulgær-latinske
Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae latinitatis

som lærde folk i århundreder efter og til det 21. århundrede har trukket på.
Også hans græske glossarie er anerkendt.
Værket Historia byzantina, bestående af det genealogiske afsnit "De familiis Byzantinis" og det topografiske afsnit "Constantinopolis Christiana" fik indflydelse på fremstillingen af det byzantinske riges historie,
og Du Cange medvirkede ligeledes ved udgivelsen af kildesamlingen .

Uden at disse kan tælle som personlige bekendtskaber, så er det interessant at notere Du Cange har haft forbindelse med Leibniz,  og Colbert.

Mest relevant er Colbert's projekt at udgive en , i hvilken sammenhæng Du Cange blev konsulteret, men projektet nåede ikke publikation.
Det gælder også Du Cange's egne omfangsrige studier over Frankrigs domæner, heriblandt en samling af historiske citater - fra Martials tid til det 12. århundrede - arrangeret efter den provins de beskriver.
En stor del af Du Cange's arbejder blev ikke publiceret
selvom enkelte værker fik en posthum udgivelse.
Nogle få af dokumenterne, bl.a. Du Cange's synops for en skildring af Frankrigs historie, blev gengivet i Journal des Savants,
og en oversigt over dokumenternes indhold
viser Du Canges interesse for genealogi og kildestudier over hans hjemegn og fædreland, Pikardiet og Frankrig.
Du Cange var ikke til sinds at ansætte en sekretær, og alt er skrevet af ham selv.

Manuskripterne blev kun delvist i familiens eje, men findes senerehen hos:baron de  Hohendorff—11 bind, hovedsageligt historiske beskrivelser af Pikardiet;d'Hozier de Serigny—(ubeskrevet);Dufresne d'Aubigny—samler mange dokumenter af et historisk og genealogisk indhold.

Manuskripterne findes i dag forvaret i Bibliothèque nationale de France og stadsbiblioteket til Amiens.

 Værkliste (udvalg)

 Historiske og genealogiske studier
 Traité historique de la translation du chef de saint Jean-Baptiste Paris 1665
 Online: (archive.org).
 Historia byzantina duplici commentario illustrata Paris 1680; 2 bind
 Online: (archive.org)
 Histoire de l'état de la ville d'Amiens et de ses comtes, avec un recueil de plusieurs titres concernant l'histoire de cette ville, qui n'ont pas encore esté publiez Amiens 1840 (posthumt)
 Online: (archive.org)
 Familles d'outre-mere M.Rey, Paris 1869 (posthumt)
 Online: (archive.org)

 Kildeudgivelser
 : Histoire de l'Empire de Constantinople sous les empereurs françois Paris 1657; 2 bind
 : Histoire de Saint Louis Roi de France Paris 1668
 : Historiarum de rebus gestis a Joanne et Manuele Comnenis Paris 1670
 : Annales ab exordio mundi ad mortem Alexii Comneni Paris 1686; 2 bind
 (Ukendt forfatter):  ; a mundo condito ad Heraclii Imperatoris annum vigesimum ved Étienne Baluze Paris 1688 (posthumt)

 Ordbøger
 Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae latinitatis Paris 1678; 3 bind
 Udgave: Frankfurt, 1710
 Online: Bind I, II, III (archive.org)
 Digital redigering: (uni-mannheim.de); "Thesaurus Eruditionis"
 Redigering: ved D.P. Carpenteri, senere ved Benediktiner-munkene af St.Maur (), og endelig Henschel
 Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis Udgave: ved Firmin Didot fratres, Paris 1840-50; 10 bind
 Udgave: editio nova, ved Léopold Favre; Niort, Paris 1883-1887; 10 bind
 Genoptryk: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1954
 Digital redigering: (sorbonne.fr). Sitet giver også link til TEI konform xml data og dokumentation for samme
 Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Graecitatis,in quo graeca vocabula novatae significationis,aut usus rarioris,barbara,extica,ecclesiastica,liturgica,tactica,nomica,jatrica,botanica,chymica explicantur,eorum notiones & originationes reteguntur... E libris editis,ineditis veteribus monumentis. Accedit appendix ad glossarium mediae & infimae latinitatis, una cumbravi etymologico linguae gallicae ex utoque glossario Lyon 1688; 2 bind
 Online: (uoc.gr) The Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies
 Genoptryk: Welter, Paris 1905 – Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1958

 Se også
 Lensmand
 , en leksikograf fra det 16.århundrede
 Pierre Larousse, leksikograf og encyklopædist fra det 19. århundrede

 Litteratur

  (pdf: s.1210-1212)
 Supplerende litteratur
 angivet som kilder i den tyske version Wikipedia: Du Cange  (pdf er ufuldstændig)

 Eksterne links
 Liste over Du Cange's værker:
 Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de)
 Bibliothèque nationale de France (bnf.fr)
 Identifiants et Référentiels pour l'Enseignement supérieur et la Recherche (idref.fr) - kategorisering iflg. SUDOC
 En 'adelsprøve' af 1696, med DuFresne-familiens våbenskjold (geneanet.org) Preuves de noblesse des gentilshommes de la généralité d'Amiens faite en execution de la déclaration du roy du 4 septembre 1696''

Noter

Filologer fra Frankrig

Lensmænd

Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange


Lake Catherine ist der Name folgender geographischen Objekte:

Seen in Australien:
 Lake Catherine (Australien), in Tasmanien

Seen in Neuseeland:
 Lake Catherine (Neuseeland), in Canterbury

Seen in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Lake Catherine (See, Arkansas)
 Lake Catherine (See, Illinois)

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Lake Catherine (Arkansas)
 Lake Catherine (Illinois)
 Lake Catherine (Louisiana)

Siehe auch:
 Lake Saint Catherine
 Catherine Lake
 Lake Katherine

Lake Catherine