උඩවැඩියා මල් විශේෂයකි
                සිංහල බසින් උඩවැඩියා යනුවෙන් හදුන්වන ඕකිඩ් ඔකිඩේසියේ කුලයට අයත් වේ. ඕකිඩ් පවුලේ ගණ 880 ක් පවතින අතර ඒ යටතේ විශේෂ 29,000 කට අධිකව පවතී. දැනට හඳුනාගෙන ඇති විශාලතම සපුෂ්ප ශාක පවුලක් වන ඕකිඩ් පවුල වර්තමාන කුරුලු විශේෂ මෙන් දෙගුණයක්, සහ පෘථිවිය මත ක්ෂීරපායී විශේෂ මෙන් සිවු ගුණයක් විශාල බව හඳුනාගෙන ඇත. ඔකිඩේසියේ උඩවැඩියා පවුල, දැනට පිළිගත් සපුෂ්ප ශාක වල දෙවන විශාලතම පවුල වේ.  උඩවැඩියා පවුල ට එෆිඩෙන්ඩ්රම් ( Epidendrum ) විශේෂ 1500 ක් , ඩෙන්ඩෙ‍්‍රාබියම් (Dendrobium) විශේෂ 1400 ක් බුල්බෝපිලම් (Bulbophyllum)  විශේෂ 2000 ක්, සහ ප්ලුරෝතාලිස් (Pleurothallis) විශේෂ 1000 ක් පමණ අැතුලත් වේ.
උඩවැඩියා පවුලේ මල් බොහෝ විට වර්ණවත්ය. සමහරක් සුවඳින් ද යුක්තය. ඕකිඩ් යනු වර්ෂා වනාන්තරවල ස්වාභාවිකව වැවෙන ශාකයක් වන අතර විවිධ දේශගුණික තත්ව යටතේ සාමාන්‍ය ගෙමිදුලකත් විශේෂ හරිතාගාර ආවරණයන් තුළත්, වගාකල හැක.ඕකිඩ් උණුසුම් නිවර්තන වනාන්තර කළාප ,උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ සීතල දේශගුණික කළාප, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහද්වීපය හැරුණු කොට සියලූම මහද්වීප තුල දක්නට ලැබේ. ඕකිඩ් වර්ග බහුතරයක් නිවර්තන කලාපීය රටවල හා මධ්යම හා දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාව, මෙක්සිකෝව, ඉන්දියාව, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව, බුරුමය, දකුණු චීනය, තායිලන්තය, මැලේසියාව, පිලිපීනය, නව ගිනියාව හා ඕස්ට්රේලියාවේ උණුසුම් තෙත් වනාන්තර තුළ ස්වාභාවිකව වැවේ. සමහර උඩවැඩියා විශේෂ පමණක් ලෝකයේ ඇතැම් කලාප වල හැර  වෙන කොහේවත් නැත, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස,වැන්ඩා කුලය අග්නිදිග ආසියාවේ  වනාන්තර වල පමණක් දක්නට ලැබේ. බ්රසීලයේ කැට්ලියාස් cattleyas, මෙක්සිකානු ලීලියාස් laelias සහ ඉන්දීය ඩෙන්ඩෙ‍්‍රාබියම් dendrobiums, සිම්බීඩියම් cymbidiums හා වැන්ඩාස් vandas ලෝකයේ නවීන උඩවැඩියා කර්මාන්තයේ මුල් තැන උසුලයි.

ඔකිඩේසියේ කුලයට අයත් පැලෑටි ඒක බීජ පත්‍රී බහුවාර්ෂික ශාක විශේෂයකි.  මේ හැරුණු විට මාංසල පත්‍රද, කඳ ඝණ වූ පර්වවලින් යුතු ව්‍යාජ බල්බවලින් යුතුවීමද ඔකිඩේසියේ කුලයට අයත් ශාකවල විශේෂත්වයකි. ඉතාම කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයේ මිනි ඕකීඩ් වල සිට අඟල් 20 – 30 පමණ දක්‌වා විශාලව දිගට පිපෙන ඕකීඩ් මල්, කැපූ මල් කර්මාන්තයේදී සුවිශේෂ තැනක් හිමිකරගෙන ඇත්තේ එහි ඇති සුවිශේෂ අලංකාර හැඩය හා වර්ණය මෙන්ම දිගුකලක් ජීව ගුණයෙන් ද නොමැළවී තබා ගැනීමට හැකි වීමත්  නිසාය.

උඩවැඩියා විවිධ සත්ත්ව රූප හැඩ වලින් යුතුය. පරෙවි මල් , තාරා මල් , කරාබු මල් , යක්මල් , ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුල තිබෙන නිදර්ශනයන්ය. අප රටේ ඕකීඩ් මල් විශේෂ 169 ක් හමු වන අතර ඉන් 73 ක් ම අප රටටම ආවේණික ය. ගුරුළුරාජ ( Fox Tail Orchid ) හා වෙසක් මල් දේශීය සුදු හා දම් පාටින් යුක්ත වේ. මෙය වන සත්ත්ව වෘක්ෂලතා ආඥා පනත යටතේ උඩවැඩියා අතර වෙති. මේවා ආරක්ෂිත පැළෑටි විශේෂයන් ලෙස ද නම් කර ඇත.

ඕකිඩ් වර්ගීකරන ධුරාවලිය
ශාක සත්ව ලෝකයේ සියළු ශාක අයත් වන ප්ලාන්ටේ  රාජ්යයෙහි මැග්නොලියොප්ටා වසම තුළ ලිලියොප්සිඩා පන්තියේ  ඇස්පරගාලස්  අනුපිළිවෙළින් ඔකිඩේසියේ කුළයට අයත් වන ඕකිඩ් පැලෑටිය උප කුල පහකට බෙදී යයි. Cypripediodeae, Vanilloideae, Orchidoideae, Epidendroideae, සහ Apostasiodeae යන මෙම උප කුල නැවතත් කුඩා ගෝත්‍ර 16 කට බෙදේ. මේ 16 ට අයත් මල් විශේෂ 30000 කට ආසන්න වේ.

ඔකිඩේසියේ කුළයේ සංයුතිය පිලිබඳ සිත්ගන්නාසුළු ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමක් අමෙරිකානු ඔකිඩ් සංගමය විසින් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කර ඇත.

මූලාශ්‍ර

උඩවැඩියා


Başaran, Sinop ilinin Erfelek ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 28 km, Erfelek ilçe merkezine 12 km uzaklıktadır. Çiltepe Höyüğü köy yakınlarında bulunur.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Erfelek belde ve köyleri

Başaran, Erfelek


14310 Shuttleworth este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
14310 Shuttleworth este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Bloemfontein la Observatorul Boyden. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,71 ua, o excentricitate de 0,16 și o înclinație de 2,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 14001-15000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1966
Centura de asteroizi

14310 Shuttleworth


Das Stückgutschiff Secundus war eines der ersten in Deutschland gebauten Dieselmotorschiffe.In britischen Dienst wurde die ehemalige Secundus 1943 durch ein japanisches U-Boot auf Position  versenkt.

Geschichte
Das Schiff wurde 1913/14 bei der Hamburger Werft Blohm & Voss für die Hamburg-Amerika-Linie gebaut. Die Secundus und ihr kurz zuvor bei der AG Weser begonnenes Schwesterschiff Primus waren zunächst für den Einbau von doppeltwirkenden Zweitaktmotoren vorgesehen, aufgrund technischer Schwierigkeiten entschied man sich während des Baus aber bei der Primus für eine Fertigstellung mit Dampfmaschine als Kribi und bei der Secundus für die Verwendung einfachwirkender Dieselmotoren. Das Schiff sah wie ein normales Dampfschiff aus. Es hatte mittschiffs ein Brückenhaus und dahinter etwas abgesetzt einen zweiten niedrigen Aufbau mit einem großen Schornstein. Darunter befanden sich die Treibstofftanks und die Motoren. Das Schiff wurde ausgiebig getestet und machte dann seine erfolgreiche Jungfernreise über 10250 sm von Hamburg über New York, Philadelphia, Boca Grande und New Orleans zurück nach Hamburg.

Nach dem Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs wurde die Secundus an den Shipping Controller abgeliefert. 1919 erwarb die britische Reederei Sagami Navigation Company das Schiff und taufte es in Sagami um. 1927 wechselte das Schiff innerhalb Großbritanniens zur Reederei Phoenix Shipping Company, die es bis 1933 als Mindoro betrieben. Danach übernahm die Londoner Andrew Weir Shipping (Bank Line) das Schiff und benannte es auf den Namen Congella.

Versenkung
Am 24. Oktober 1943 befand sich die Congella auf einer Reise mit 8700 Tonnen Stückgut von Kalkutta nach Durban, als sie nordwestlich des Addu-Atolls vom japanischen U-Boot I-10 mit zwei Torpedoschüssen angegriffen wurde. Da beide Torpedos ihr Ziel verfehlten, tauchte das U-Boot unter dem Kommando von Tonozuka auf und schoss den britischen Frachter in Brand. 25 Besatzungsmitglieder und drei Marinesoldaten kamen bei der Versenkung ums Leben, der Funker der Congella wurde von den Japanern gefangen genommen und 37 weitere Überlebende wurden vom Walfangschiff Okapi und zwei britischen Catalina-Flugbooten der Royal Air Force gerettet.

Literatur

Weblinks
 Die Secundus bei wrecksite (englisch)

Fußnoten

Frachtschiff (Deutschland)
Frachtschiff (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Schiff (Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Actien-Gesellschaft)
Schiffsverlust im Zweiten Weltkrieg
Schiffsverlust 1943
Motorschiff
Blohm + Voss

Secundus (Schiff)


An Nervilia macroglossa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schltr.. An Nervilia macroglossa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Nervilia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Nervilia

Nervilia macroglossa


Vinxel ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Königswinter im nordrhein-westfälischen Rhein-Sieg-Kreis. Er gehört zum Kirchspiel Stieldorf, am 30. September 2022 zählte er 1.612 Einwohner.

Geographie
Vinxel liegt an der nordwestlichen Stadtgrenze zu Bonn im Pleiser Hügelland auf 140 bis  auf einem von Nordosten nach Südwesten zum Paffelsberg () hin ansteigenden Gelände. Im Nordosten reicht Vinxel bis auf wenige Hundert Meter an die benachbarten Ortsteile Oelinghoven und Stieldorf heran. Im Südosten schließt sich das Gut Frankenforst an. Zwei Nebenbäche des im Tal östlich von Vinxel verlaufenden Eichenbachs fließen, zum Teil unterirdisch, innerhalb bzw. am Rande des Ortsteils. Die Landesstraße 490 führt auf einer Länge von etwa drei Kilometern von Stieldorf über Vinxel ins Rheintal nach Oberkassel.

Die Gemarkung Vinxel umfasst neben der Ortschaft Vinxel und dem Gut Frankenforst auch den Heiderhof sowie einen Teil der ehemals eigenständig benannten Ortschaft Winkel am Südwestrand von Oelinghoven. Sie grenzt (im Uhrzeigersinn) an die Gemarkungen Holzlar (Stadt Bonn), Rauschendorf, Oelinghoven, Oberdollendorf, Oberkassel und Holtorf (beide Stadt Bonn).

Geschichte

Vinxels erste urkundliche Erwähnung als "Vünfselden" fällt in das Jahr 1173. Dieser Name nimmt Bezug auf die hier ansässigen Herren von Vünftzail und steht damit für die einstigen fünf zu Vinxel gehörenden Höfe. Davon bestehen heute noch das 1475 erstmals erwähnte Gut Frankenforst – heute ein klassizistisches Herrenhaus aus dem Jahre 1872 – und der ab 1501 zum Kloster Bödingen gehörende Heiderhof, dessen Wohnhaus vom Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts erhalten ist. Die Vorgängerbauten der katholischen Kapelle Mariä Heimsuchung in Vinxel lassen sich urkundlich bis ins 14. Jahrhundert zurückverfolgen, der aktuelle Bau stammt aus dem Jahre 1758.

Vinxel gehörte bis 1806 als Honschaft zum Kirchspiel Stieldorf im bergischen Amt Blankenberg. Die Honschaft umfasste auch die Ortschaften Gielgen, Hoholz und Roleber sowie den Hof Ungarten. In der Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts durchgeführten Topographischen Aufnahme der Rheinlande lautete der Ortsname noch Pfingsen. Nach Auflösung des Herzogtums Berg bildete Vinxel (ohne Gielgen und Roleber) von 1808 bis 1813 eine der 31 Gemeinden bzw. Ortsbezirke im Kanton Hennef im Großherzogtum Berg und wurde von der Mairie Oberpleis (ab 1813 "Bürgermeisterei Oberpleis") verwaltet. In preußischer Zeit (ab 1815) blieb die Gemeinde Vinxel Teil der Bürgermeisterei Oberpleis und wurde dem Kreis Siegburg (ab 1825 "Siegkreis") zugeordnet. Die Gemeinde wurde 1845/46 in die neu gebildete und politisch eigenständige Gemeinde Stieldorf eingegliedert.
Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde im Gebiet des heutigen Plateaus westlich von Vinxel Richtung Oberholtorf und bis zum Rheinhang weitfläufig unter Tage im Rückbau Braunkohle abgebaut. Dieses Mutungs- bzw. Bewilligungsfeld "Deutsche Redlichkeit" gehörte zum damals größten Kohleabbaugebiet des Rheinlands mit zahlreichen Schächten, Kaulen und Gruben auf der Hardt (mit Alaunhütten) sowie im Bereich Roleber und Gielgen (heute Holzlar) sowie auch Pützchen. Nachdem das Flöz bei Vinxel abgebaut war und sich die rund 10 m Boden darüber abgesenkt hatten, sind davon dort heute kaum mehr Spuren wahrnehmbar.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg erfuhr Vinxel ein spürbares Bevölkerungswachstum. Der Zuzug von Heimatvertriebenen und die geographische Nähe zum neuen Regierungssitz Bonn führten zu einem Anstieg der Bevölkerung von 500 Einwohnern im Jahre 1950 auf etwa 1000 Einwohner 1970. Bis zur kommunalen Neugliederung des Raumes Bonn am 1. August 1969 gehörte Vinxel zur Gemeinde Stieldorf. Zu diesem Stichtag wurden auch die Orte Hoholz und Ungarten aus der Gemarkung Vinxel herausgelöst und in die Stadt Bonn (Stadtbezirk Beuel) eingegliedert.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Sehenswürdigkeiten
Die katholische Kapelle Mariä Heimsuchung, errichtet im Jahre 1758 und nach Kriegsschäden 1945 wiederaufgebaut, ist ein verputzter Bruchsteinbau mit dreiseitiger Apsis. Sie besitzt ein Portal mit breitem Trachytgewände und ein verschiefertes Dach mit Dachreiter; im Innern ist das Gebäude flachgedeckt. Die Kapelle wurde von der Eigentümerin, der Stadt Königswinter bautechnisch seit Jahren vernachlässig, hat mittlerweile einen maroden Bauzustand und die Diskussion darüber wurde bereits in der lokalen Presse aufgegriffen. Als Baudenkmal unter Denkmalschutz stehen außer der Kapelle ein vor ihr befindliches Gedenkkreuz sowie drei weitere Wegekreuze in- und außerhalb der Ortslage, außerdem der Heiderhof und das Versuchsgut Frankenforst.

Literatur
 Angelika Schyma: Stadt Königswinter. (= Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Denkmäler im Rheinland, Band 23.5.) Rheinland-Verlag, Köln 1992, ISBN 3-7927-1200-8, S. 273, 290–292.
 Volkmar Kellermann, Klaus Havermann: 800 Jahre Vinxel: 1173-1973, Verlag Uelpenich, 1973.
 Gabriele Wasser (unter Mitarbeit von Josef Griese): Vom Rittergut zur landwirtschaftlichen Lehr- und Forschungsstation – Die Geschichte des Hofes Frankenforst in Vinxel, herausgegeben von Gabriele Wasser in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Heimatverein Oberdollendorf und Römlinghoven e.V.,  Verlag: Kleines jüdisches Lehrhaus, Bonn 2012.

Weblinks

 www.unservinxel.de Website des Bürgerverein Vinxel e. V.
 kapelle-vinxel.de/ Website der Kapellengemeinde Vinxel
 www.bi-vinxel.de/ Website der Bürgerinitiative Vinxel
 www.vinxel.de
 Gut Frankenforst – seine Geschichte – eine Dokumentation mit vielen historischen Bildern

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Königswinter
Stieldorf
Gemarkung in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Ersterwähnung 1173

Vinxel


Agrilus cladrastis é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Knull, 1945.

Referências

cladrastis

Agrilus cladrastis


Fortune —en español: Fortuna— es el quinto álbum del cantante estadounidense de R&B Chris Brown y fue lanzado el 3 de julio de 2012 por RCA Records, siguiendo la disolución de Jive Records en octubre de 2011. Tras haber finalizado el álbum F.A.M.E., Brown confirmó en Twitter que lanzaría Fortune en 2012 y empezó a ser grabado en octubre de 2011 y últimamente será grabado en junio de 2012.

Originalmente pensado para su lanzamiento, 6 meses después de su cuarto álbum de estudio, F.A.M.E., Fortune obtuvo varios retrasos, antes de su fecha final de lanzamiento, el 3 de julio de 2012. La estética azul y futurista del álbum se destaca por separarse de inspiraciones de grafitti de sus últimos álbumes, F.A.M.E (2011) y Grafitti (2009).

Sencillos
 «Turn Up the Music» es el primer sencillo y fue lanzado el 7 de febrero de 2012 en ritmo contemporáneo en la radio.
 «Sweet Love» es el segundo sencillo y fue lanzando el 10 de abril de 2012.
 «Till I Die» es el tercer sencillo y fue lanzando el 17 de abril de 2012.
 «Don't Wake Me Up» es el cuarto sencillo y fue lanzado el 18 de mayo de 2012.

Lista de canciones

Fecha de lanzamiento

Referencias

Álbumes de 2012
Álbumes de Chris Brown
Álbumes en inglés

Fortune (álbum)


La gare de Vila Olímpia est une gare ferroviaire de la . Elle est située dans le district d'Itaim Bibi à la zone ouest de São Paulo.

Ouverte en 2001, c'est, depuis 1921, une gare de ViaMobilidade desservie par les trains de la ligne 9-Émeraude.

Situation ferroviaire

Histoire
L'Estrada de Ferro Sorocabana a créé une gare avec le nom de Parada Traição (Halte Traição) entre les années 1950 et 1960 sur le site. Elle a été désactivée dans les années 1970 par la FEPASA, avec la reformulation de la Ligne Sud.

La gare a été construite par CPTM, lors du projet "Dynamisation Ligne Sud", et a été inaugurée le 23 mars 2001. Elle est située à Vila Olímpia, à proximité de la station d'ascenseur Traição, propriété de la Empresa Metropolitana de Águas e Energia.

Le 20 avril 2021, il a été accordé au consortium ViaMobilidade, composé des sociétés CCR et RUASinvest, avec la concession d'exploiter la ligne pendant trente ans. Le contrat de concession a été signé et le transfert de la ligne a été réalisé le 27 janvier 2022.

Service des voyageurs

Accueil

Desserte

Intermodalité

À proximité
 Vila Olímpia
 Shopping JK Iguatemi
 Shopping Vila Olímpia
 Usine São Paulo

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 ViaMobilidade
 ligne 9-Émeraude

Liens externes
 Site officiel Viamobilidade

Ligne 9-Émeraude
Gare mise en service en 2001

Gare de Vila Olímpia


Cornelius Ryan (5 June 1920 – 23 November 1974) was an Irish journalist and author known mainly for writing popular military history. He was especially known for his histories of World War II events: The Longest Day: 6 June 1944 D-Day (1959), The Last Battle (1966), and A Bridge Too Far (1974).

Born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, he began working as a journalist in London in 1940. He became involved in covering World War II and travelled with troops in Europe. After the war, he covered the establishment of Israel. He immigrated to the United States in 1947 to work for Time. In 1951 Ryan became a naturalized US citizen and lived there for the remainder of his life.

Early life and education
Ryan was born in Dublin and educated at Synge Street CBS, Portobello, Dublin, Ireland. He was an altar boy at St Kevin's Church, Harrington Street and studied the violin at the Irish Academy of Music in Dublin. He was a boy scout in the 52nd Troop of the Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland and travelled on their pilgrimage to Rome on the liner Lancastria in 1934.

Career

Ryan moved to London in 1940, where he became a war correspondent for The Daily Telegraph in 1941. He initially covered the air war in Europe. After the US entered the war, he flew along on fourteen bombing missions with the Eighth and Ninth United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). He joined General George S. Patton's Third Army and covered its actions until the end of the European war in 1945. That year he transferred to the Pacific theater until the war ended there. He travelled to Jerusalem in 1946 to cover the end of the Palestinian mandate and rise of an independent Israel.

Ryan emigrated to the United States in 1947 to work for Time. He reported on the postwar tests of atomic weapons carried out by the United States in the Pacific. He also reported for Time on the Israeli war in 1948. This was followed by work for other magazines, including Collier's Weekly and Reader's Digest.

He married Kathryn Morgan (1925–1993), a novelist. Ryan became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1951.

On a trip to Normandy in 1949, Ryan became interested in telling a more complete story of Operation Overlord than had been produced to date. He began compiling information and conducting over 1000 interviews as he gathered stories from both the Allies and the Germans, as well as French civilians.

In 1956 he began to write down his World War II notes for The Longest Day: 6 June 1944 D-Day, which tells the story of the D-Day Invasion of Normandy. He completed it and published it in 1959. It was an instant success, and film rights were purchased. Ryan helped to write the screenplay for the 1962 film of the same name. Darryl F. Zanuck paid the author US$175,000 for the screen rights to the book.

Ryan's 1957 book One Minute to Ditch! is about the successful ocean ditching of a Pan American Boeing 377 Stratocruiser. After publishing an article about the ditching for Collier's in their 21 December 1956, issue, Ryan expanded it and developed it as a book.

His next work was The Last Battle (1966), about the Battle of Berlin. The book contains detailed accounts from all perspectives: civilian, and American, British, Russian and German military. It deals with the fraught military and political situation in the spring of 1945, when the forces of the western allies and the Soviet Union contended for the chance to liberate Berlin and to carve up the remains of Germany.

Ryan followed this work by A Bridge Too Far (1974), which tells the story of Operation Market Garden, the ill-fated assault by Allied airborne forces on the Netherlands, culminating in the Battle of Arnhem. This work was also adapted for the cinema and released as a major 1977 film of the same name.

He was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1970, and struggled to finish A Bridge Too Far during his illness. He died in Manhattan, while on tour promoting the book, two months after its publication in 1974. He is buried in the Ridgebury Cemetery in northern Ridgefield, Connecticut.

Four years after his death, his widow Kathryn Morgan Ryan published a memoir about his last years, entitled A Private Battle (1978). She based it on notes that he had secretly left behind for that purpose.

For many years Ryan's editor at Simon & Schuster was Peter Schwed, who was assisted by Michael Korda. Ryan's literary agent was Paul Gitlin.

Legacy and honours
Ryan was awarded the French Legion of Honour.
He received an honorary Doctor of Literature degree from Ohio University. His papers are kept there as the Cornelius Ryan Collection in Vernon R. Alden Library.

Bibliography
 1946. – Star-Spangled Mikado. – with Frank Kelley. – New York City:: R.M. McBride. OCLC
 1950. – MacArthur: Man of Action. – with Frank Kelley. – Garden City, New York: Doubleday. – OCLC:
 1957. – One Minute to Ditch!. – New York: Ballantine Books. – OCLC
 1959. – The Longest Day: 6 June 1944 D-Day. – Greenwich, Connecticut: Fawcett Publications.
 1966. – The Last Battle. – New York City: Simon & Schuster
New English Library (1979) – .
Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition (1995) –
 1974. – A Bridge Too Far. – New York City: Simon & Schuster. –
 1979. – A Private Battle. – Posthumously with Kathryn Morgan Ryan. – New York City:: Simon & Schuster. –

References

External links

Cornelius Ryan Collection of World War II Papers – Ohio University Libraries
The Reporter Whom Time Forgot by Michael Shapiro, Columbia Journalism Review

1920 births
1974 deaths
Bancarella Prize winners
The Daily Telegraph people
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Irish emigrants to the United States
Journalists from Dublin (city)
Irish male writers
Irish war correspondents
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Military historians
Time (magazine) people
War writers
Historians of World War II
20th-century Irish writers
20th-century Irish historians
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American historians
American military historians
American male non-fiction writers
People educated at Synge Street CBS
20th-century journalists
War correspondents of World War II
20th-century English businesspeople

Cornelius Ryan


Anne Greene (* 1628; † 1665) war ein Dienstmädchen des Herrenschaftshauses in Dun's Tew. Sie wurde 1650 in Oxford wegen Kindestötung gehängt, überlebte aber die Hinrichtung und wurde begnadigt.

Kindheit und Jugend
Anne Greene wuchs in Steeple Barton, Oxfordshire auf. Über ihre Kindheit und Jugend weiß man nicht viel. Später arbeitete sie als Dienstmädchen im Herrenschaftshaus in Dun's Tew. Dort kümmerte sie sich vor allem um die Wäsche. Sie lebte in einer kleinen Kammer zusammen mit anderen Dienstmädchen. Diese Kammer ist heute noch erhalten.

Verurteilung und Hinrichtung
Anne Greene wurde wegen Tötung ihres eigenen Kindes verurteilt, sie selbst gab jedoch an, es sei eine Totgeburt gewesen. Vater des Kindes war der Enkel ihres Dienstherrn. Am 14. Dezember 1650 wurde sie in Oxford gehängt. Nach der üblichen Wartezeit wurde ihr Körper abgenommen und zur Obduktion an Ärzte übergeben, die jedoch feststellten, dass Greene noch atmete. Es gelang ihnen, Greene wiederzubeleben. Die Ärzte, darunter Thomas Willis und Ralph Bathurst, stützten sich auf die Humoralpathologie. Mit warmen bzw. kalten Wickeln regulierte man ihre Körpertemperatur. Mit warmen Einläufen versuchte man ihr Blut zum Zirkulieren zu bringen. Da man ihr Überleben als Eingreifen Gottes wertete, wurde Greene begnadigt.

Weblinks

 Intensive care 1650: the revival of Anne Greene (c. 1628-59). PMID 19190198 (englisch)
 Artikel aus Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

Person (Mordfall)
Zum Tode verurteilte Person
Engländer
Geboren 1628
Gestorben 1665
Frau

Anne Greene


Barming es una parroquia civil del distrito de Maidstone, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Barming tiene una superficie de 3,64 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Barming tenía 1654 habitantes (48,49% varones, 51,51% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 454,4 hab/km². El 16,75% eran menores de 16 años, el 72,85% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 10,4% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 44,67 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 17,57% estaban solteros, el 68,34% casados y el 14,09% divorciados o viudos.

El 94,8% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,75% de la población, mientras que el 3,45% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 97,57% eran blancos, el 0,18% mestizos, el 1,82% asiáticos, el 0,18% negros y el 0,24% chinos. El cristianismo era profesado por el 78,64%, el budismo por el 0,79%, el hinduismo por el 0,73%, el islam por el 0,3% y cualquier otra religión, salvo el judaísmo y el sijismo, por el 0,54%. El 10,47% no eran religiosos y el 8,53% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

751 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 736 de ellos (98%) empleados y 15 (2%) desempleados. Había 682 hogares con residentes y 4 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Parroquias civiles de Kent

Barming


Fortean Times is a British monthly magazine devoted to the anomalous phenomena popularised by Charles Fort. Previously published by John Brown Publishing (from 1991 to 2001), I Feel Good Publishing (2001 to 2005), Dennis Publishing (2005 to 2021), and Exponent (2021), as of December 2021 it is published by Diamond Publishing, part of Metropolis International.

In December 2018, its print circulation was just over 14,800 copies per month. This now appears to include digital sales. The magazine's tagline is "The World of Strange Phenomena".

History

Origin
The roots of the magazine that was to become Fortean Times can be traced back to Bob Rickard's discovering the works of Charles Fort through the secondhand method of reading science-fiction stories:
"John Campbell, the editor of Astounding Science Fiction  (as Analog was then titled), for example," writes Rickard "encouraged many authors to expand Fort's data and comments into imaginative stories."

In the mid-1960s, while Rickard was studying product design at Birmingham Art College, he met several like-minded science-fiction fans, particularly crediting fellow student Peter Weston's fan-produced Speculation magazine as helping him to "[learn] the art of putting together a fanzine," some years before he created his own. Attending a science-fiction convention in 1968, Rickard obtained Ace paperback copies of all four of Fort's books from a stall run by Derek Stokes (later to run Dark They Were, and Golden-Eyed, and take a role in the day-to-day running of The Fortean Times).

After reading an advertisement in the underground magazine Oz (in 1969) for the International Fortean Organization (INFO), an American group "founded in 1966... by Paul and Ronald Willis," who had acquired material from the original Fortean Society (started in 1931, but in limbo since the 1959 death of its founder Tiffany Thayer), Rickard began to correspond with the brothers, particularly Paul. Rickard was instrumental in encouraging the Willises to publish their own Fortean journal – the INFO Journal: Science and the Unknown began intermittent publication in spring, 1967 – and sent them many British newspaper clippings, although few came to print.

Rickard later discovered that the production was fraught behind-the-scenes, as Ronald Willis had been seriously ill, Paul thus finding it difficult to "keep up with things" on his own. Ultimately, the Willises were instrumental in inspiring Rickard to create his own periodical. Ron Willis succumbed to a brain tumour in March 1975. Bearing a date of  November 1973, the first issue of Rickard's self-produced and self-published The News was available directly from him.

The News (1973–1976)
The magazine which was to continue Fort's work documenting the unexplained was founded by Robert JM "Bob" Rickard in 1973 as his self-published, bimonthly, mail-order "hobbyish newsletter" miscellany The News — "A Miscellany of Fortean Curiosities". The title is said to be "a contraction taken from Samuel Butler's The News from Nowhere", (although Rickard may be conflating/confusing Butler's Erewhon and William Morris' News from Nowhere). The News had fairly regular bimonthly publication for 15 issues between November 1973 and April 1976. Debuting at 35p (£1.80/$4.50 for a year of six issues) for 20 pages, The News was produced on Rickard's typewriter, with headings created with Letraset, during (as Rickard says in #2) the late-1970s blackouts. The first issue featured a cover (which would become briefly the unofficial logo of The News) drawn by Rickard from a Selfridges advertisement originally created by Bernard Partridge. From the second issue, pictures and photographs from various newspapers were interpolated within the text. The price was raised slightly for #6 — which also had its page count upped to 24 pages — due in large part to rising postal and paper costs.

Helping behind the scenes was Steve Moore, a kindred spirit whom Rickard met at a comics convention when the latter was a subeditor at IPC. The two found they had much in common, including a love of Chinese mysticism, and Moore helped inspire Rickard to publish The News. The early issues featured some articles by different individuals, but were "largely the work of Bob Rickard, who typed them himself with some help from Steve Moore."

Key News-people
Moore and Paul Screeton (then editor of The Ley Hunter), both urged on the first few uncertain issues" and Moore frequently joined Rickard to "stuff envelopes and hand-write a few hundred addresses" to disseminate the early issues. Rickard also highlights amongst the key early Fortean Times advocates and supporters: Ion Alexis Will, who discovered The News in 1974 and became a "constant [source] of valuable clippings, books, postcards, and entertaining letters"; Janet and Colin Bord, later authors of Mysterious Britain (Janet also wrote for Flying Saucer Review and Lionel Beer's Spacelink, while Colin's Fortean article in Gandalf's Garden was particularly cited by Rickard as bringing him/them to his attention); Phil Ledger, a "peripatetic marine biologist", and The News' "first enthusiastic fan"; Ken Campbell, Fortean theatre director and playwright; John Michell; graphic designer Richard Adams and Dick Gwynn, who both helped with the evolving layout and typesetting of later issues; Chris Squire, who helped organise the first subscription database; Canadian "Mr. X"; Mike Dash; and cartoonist Hunt Emerson. Emerson was introduced to Rickard in late 1974, when after seven issues, he "wanted to improve the graphics", which Emerson certainly did, providing around 30 headings for use in issues #8 onwards. (Emerson's still-on-going monthly "Phenomenomix" strip in FT had its prototype in #11's three-page "Fortean Funnies").

Notable News content
Other early contributors included writer and researcher Nigel Watson (chairman of the Scunthorpe UFO Research Society), who wrote "Mysterious Moon" for The News #2. Watson later wrote a regular column of UFO commentary entitled Enigma Variations (from #29), and articles on the subject of UFO-related murders and stories of sexual assault by aliens. Phil Grant wrote about Ley lines for #3, and Mary Caine, who revised an earlier article (from Gandalf's Garden) on The Glastonbury Zodiac for issue #4, which also had the debut of the "Reviews" section, beginning with comments on a book by John Michell, the Sphere reprint of Charles Fort's New Lands and John Sladek's The New Apocrypha.
Issues #2 and #3 noted, The News was published "with an arrangement with INFO", this was revised from #4 to it being "affiliated to the International Fortean Organization". From #5, Mark A. Hall produced a section entitled "Fortean USA", continuing on from his earlier, discontinued, newsletter From My Files; issue #5 also had William Porter's article on Llandrillo printed, after being delayed from #4 for space constraints. Janet Bord contributed "Some Fortean Ramblings" alongside William R. Corliss's "The Evolution of the Fortean Sourcebooks" for #7, and issue #8 was the first issue of volume 2, after Rickard decided to end volume 1 with #7 (not #6 as fully bimonthly titles do), since that issue was dated November '74, thereby attempting to keep each volume aligned with a year.

Issue #8 (or, volume 2, issue #1) got the special "Christmas present" of headings by Hunt Emerson, after Rickard was introduced to Emerson by Carol and Nick Moore, as Hunt was working on Large Cow Comix. Described by Rickard as "as much a disciple of George [Herriman]... and my [Rickard's] favourite artists from Mad (Bill Elder and Wally Wood)" as Rickard was of Charles Fort, the two got on well, with Emerson producing not only a series of headings, but also later strips and covers for issues to the present. The death of INFO co-founder Ron Willis was announced in #9, which described itself as providing "bimonthly notes on Fortean phenomena", and an index to the first year's issues (#1–7) became available. Colin Bord penned "Amazing Menagerie" for issue #10, while Paul Devereux and Andrew York compiled an exhaustive study of Leicestershire in "Portrait of a Fault Area", serialised in #11–12. Issue #11 featured Rickard and Emerson's first "Fortean Funnies" cartoon, while #12 had a price rise to 50p/$1.25, a logo change (from Selfridges' herald-on-horseback to the more descriptive Fort's face-encircled) and a tweaking of its tagline to "bimonthly news & notes on Fortean phenomena." Issue #14 first mentioned Rickard and Michell's then-in-production book Phenomena!, which would be more actively trailed from #18. Issue #15 — now with 28 pages — announced that Rickard had decided to bow to popular opinion and retitle his miscellany with a more descriptive title. Thus, with a subtitle of "Portents & Prodigies", Fortean Times was born.

Fortean Times (since 1976)
After 15 issues of The News, issue #16 (1976) had the magazine renamed Fortean Times, which "new title emerged from correspondence between Bob Rickard and Paul Willis" — the two having talked of creating a Fortean version of The Times newspaper, "full of weird and wonderful news and read by millions worldwide". Its cover bore the descriptive text "Strange phenomena — curiosities — prodigies — portents — mysteries," while the inside cover kept the "Fort face" logo from later issues of The News, but bore the revised legend "A Contemporary Record of Strange Phenomena". Included within was an offer for a "4-colour silk-screened poster" created by Hunt Emerson for this landmark issue. From the start, this new format compounded earlier financial difficulties for Rickard, following on from #14's plea: "we need more subscribers or we die!". (Fortean Times issues #16–18 — as The News #1–15 before them — were solely edited, published, and in large part written and typed by Rickard himself. Even by passing on rising postal and paper costs to the readership, which Rickard constantly reiterates that he is loath to do, the early Fortean Times was constantly facing an uphill financial battle.) Early editorials of the new FT, therefore (in fact beginning with The News #15) featured a notification of donations received, naming and thanking the hardcore readership (which included many current and future contributors) for monies received, which aided the move towards higher production values. With donations helping to offset costs, the price was held at 50p  until issue #20, whereupon the magazine dropped to a quarterly schedule from Spring 1977 (issue #21) — but raised the page count (and price) to continue producing the same amount of material for the same yearly fee (40 pg, 75p ea. or £3/year).

Issue #18 received a new semiregular feature entitled "Forteana Corrigenda", aimed at correcting "errors in the literature" that had crept into various Fortean works through misquotation or other difficulties. After 18 more-or-less solo-produced issues, long-term supporter and helper Steve Moore was credited as assistant editor for issues #19–21, becoming co-contributing editor (with Phil Ledger, Stan Nichols, and Paul J Willis) on issues #22–26 and associate editor from issue #27. He was joined by contributing editor David Fideler, and subsequently (also as co-associate editor) by Paul Sieveking (#28— ) and Valerie Thomas (#31–32). Issue #20 announced that Kay Thompson (a staff member of Ley Hunter magazine, then under the editorship of Paul Devereux, with whom FT shared an address for several issues) would be helping to type parts of subsequent issues to further delegate the burden from Rickard. Moore, Sieveking, and he were also later joined editorially by author Mike Dash (who is mentioned as particularly overseeing the publication of scholarly occasional papers), before Moore moved from full editorial to largely correspondent duties for a dozen issues after #42, returning as a contributing editor in Autumn 1990 (#55). The four — Rickard, Sieveking, Dash, and Moore — are often collectively referred to as "the Gang of Fort," after the Gang of Four.

Issue #21 had the debut of FT semiregular column "Strange Deaths" (later descriptively subtitled "Unusual ways of shuffling off this mortal coil"), while issue #22 updated FT's to include (Ivan T. Sanderson's) The Society for the Investigation of the Unexplained, alongside INFO. Issue #23 featured an article by Robert Anton Wilson on, aptly, "The 23 Phenomenon," made available a second index (1975, to The News #8–13) and included a 12-page "Review Supplement", issued as a separately bound supplement since the then-printers had difficulty binding more than 40 pages. With #24, the printers were changed to Windhorse Press to overcome this difficulty, and FT became officially 52 pages in length, the changes cemented in issue #25 with a new font for the title and a change of address — c/o London-based "SF and cosmic" bookshop Dark They Were and Golden-Eyed, run by Derek Stokes (who had sold Rickard the four Fort books 10 years previously). The same issue ran an obituary for Eric Frank Russell, of whom Rickard was a considerable fan. He writes that Russell turned down an invitation to contribute material to The News back in 1973, having "earned his rest" after 40 years as an active Fortean. Rickard further states that Russell was one of the key Fortean-fiction writers he read in Campbell's Astounding Science Fiction  and Analog, and the author of "the first Fortean book I [Rickard] ever read": Russell's Great World Mysteries. Issue #26 trailed "a special series of 'Occasional Papers' in Fortean subjects" to be edited by Steve Moore, and #27 — the 5th Anniversary issue — welcomed Michigan-native David Fideler (whose Anomaly Research Bulletin was then due to cease publication, although its subscribers, FT promised, would be absorbed by them) as FT's "man in the New World".

Paul Sieveking and FT's format change
In 1978, mutual friend Ion Will introduced Rickard to Paul Sieveking, who recalls, "the Forteans used to meet every Tuesday afternoon above the science-fiction bookshop Dark They Were And Golden-Eyed in Soho to open post and interact. (Indeed, this was the semiofficial address of FT until that shop closed. With #35, Summer '81, the address was changed.) Sieveking joined the FT team with #28 as co-associate editor, and writes, highlighting the intrinsic early difficulties in printing FT that that issue "was printed by an Israeli entrepreneur in northern Greece and shipped to London." That issue (#28), bearing a cover blurb of "Strange Phenomena", featured an early advertisement for the bookshop Dark They Were And Golden-Eyed, drawn by Bryan Talbot, while the editorial promised that the next issue would not only see the availability of Index 1976, but also be in a "larger and more professional format, typeset throughout, [with] better graphics, layout, and legibility."

Indeed, #29, under a cover by Hunt Emerson, was printed fully typeset in A4 (thanks to art director Richard Adams of AdCo, and,according to Rickard's preface to Yesterday's News Tomorrow, Dick Gwynn) and even distributed on a limited basis through WH Smiths. The move away from production on Rickard's typewriter gave "The Journal of Strange Phenomena," (as it was now subtitled) greater ability to produce longer, better laid-out articles. These opened with a seven-page guide to "Charles Fort and Fortean Times" by Bob Rickard, explaining the background and philosophy of FT, as well as outlining the influence of Fort,  "who is still largely unknown", writes Rickard, and also included the first of Nigel Watson's "Enigma Variations" columns and Loren Coleman's "Devil Names and Fortean Places" article sat alongside comments by Colin Bord, Tim Dinsdale, VGW Harrison, and Rickard on Anthony 'Doc' Shiels' 1977 "Nessie" photographs. The magazine itself dropped the description 'non-profitmaking' from its publication information, and ceased to name its stated affiliations to INFO, SITU, and "other Fortean journals" in favour of the more general aim to be a "friend to all groups and magazines continuing the work of Charles Fort". It also contained a considerably higher number of advertisements, including both inside covers — making the page count slightly higher than previous issues, which had previously counted the cover as page 1 — and an early advertisement by Brian Bolland for Forbidden Planet (which would ironically begin to take off only after the closure of Stokes' bookshop).

Issue #30 announced that while "over the last couple of issues [the] subscriber list... nearly doubled," so too had the "printing, production, and postage bill," necessitating a price rise to 95p/$2.50 — albeit softened by another length increase, to 68 pages. Now published not merely by Rickard, but by Fortean Times Ltd, it was typeset by Warpsmith Graphics and printed by Bija Press. The cover was painted by Una Woodruff (whose Inventorum Natura was reviewed within) to illustrate John Michell's article on "Spontaneous Images and Acheropites," drawing on his 1979 Thames & Hudson book dealing with — and titled — Simulacra. Bob Rickard produced an article on one "Clemente Dominguez: Pope, Heretic, Stigmatic"; Michael Hoffman speculated on the occult aspects of a serial killer in "The Sun of Sam"; Robert J. Schadewald wrote about "The Great Fish Fall of 1859", while Hunt Emerson produced the first cartoon strip under the title "Phenomenomix".

Sieveking took over full editorial duties from Rickard with #43, helming the subsequent four quarterly issues (to #46) to give Rickard a chance to "revitalize", which he did, returning with #46 to the position of co-editor. Moore, Dash, and Ian Simmons (and others) variously edited the magazine for the next 18+ years, and although main editorship passed from Rickard and Sieveking to David Sutton in 2002, they both continued to contribute. Sieveking semiretired at the end of 2019, handing most of the "Strange Days" news editor role to Christopher Josiffe. Sieveking continues to write the archaeology column, compile the "Extra, Extra" section, and edit the letters pages, also acting as the main quality-control proof-reader (as well as producing an occasional feature). Sieveking's wife Val Stevenson was book-review editor for several years, eventually passing this role on to David V. Barrett in 2019.

During the 40+ years of its publication, Fortean Times has changed both format and publishers on a few occasions. Early issues (particularly of The News) were produced in black and white (for ease of photocopying), and the whole was largely produced by typewriter until #29. Colour, professional printing, and wider distribution followed, and a 6.5- x 4.5-in size held sway for several years before the magazine settled into its "normal" A4 (magazine) size in the 1980s, after which glossy covers followed. Several changes of logo and font have occurred throughout its life.

General content
The identification of correct original sources by contributors is a defining feature of the magazine, as it was for Charles Fort himself. However, the "objective reality" of these reports is not as important.  The magazine "maintains a position of benevolent scepticism towards both the orthodox and the unorthodox" and "toes no party line".
The range of subject matter is extremely broad, including:

 General Forteana
 Anomalous phenomena
 Apparitions
 Bizarre deaths
 Conspiracy theories
 Crop circles
 Cryptozoology
 Cults and would-be Messiahs and prophets
 Fringe science
 Hoaxes
 Millennialism, eschatology, and cases of mass hysteria
 Mutants (human and animal)
 Parapsychology
 Religious phenomena (stigmata, appearances and simulacra and miracles, etc.)
 Natural simulacra
 Unidentified flying objects
 Urban legends

Fortean Times also frequently covers the Ig Nobel Prizes, as well as unusual aspects of mainstream science and research.

Current content
The magazine's current regular contents include:
 Three or four feature articles
 Strange Days, a wide-ranging overview of odd and interesting stories mostly culled from the world's newspapers. Some feature in particular sections, including:
 Science
 Archaeology (usually by Paul Sieveking and Paul Devereux)
 Ghosts, in a column titled Ghostwatch (by Alan Murdie)
 Alien Zoo, Dr. Karl Shuker's regular discussion of cryptozoological matters
 Necrolog, obituaries of Fortean-relevant individuals
 Strange deaths, a long-running round-up of the odd manners in which some people meet their ends
 UFO Files/Saucers of the Damned is by Nigel Watson who provides a "regular survey of the latest fads and flaps from the world of ufology"; "UFO Files/UFO Casebook" is Jenny Randles' "round-up of sightings and hot-spots from around the world"
Clippings for most of Strange Days' stories are requested from, and supplied by, the readers of FT
 Mythconceptions, which debunks modern myths, old wives' tales, etc. (in a similar manner to, for example, Snopes.com)
 Classical Corner, in which Barry Baldwin reviews Fortean events from ancient times
 Fortean Bureau of Investigation, which typically revisits and reassesses older Fortean cases
 Forum, featuring three or four shorter articles on diverse topics
 Reviews of Fortean, science fiction/fantasy and related books, films and computer games
 A letters page, incorporating:
Simulacra Corner, photographs submitted by readers of (typically) naturally occurring objects which appear to be in the shape of something else
"it happened to me...", readers' stories of strange personal occurrences
 Fortean Traveller, "a guide to various sites of interest to the traveling Fortean"
 Phenomenomix, a comic strip by Hunt Emerson

Praise and criticism
Most of the articles in Fortean Times are written in the style of objective journalism, but this is not a mandatory requirement, and some articles focus on a specific theory or point of view. Although such articles are presented as the opinion of the author and not the editors (who claim to have no opinions), this has occasionally led to controversy. In January 1997, the magazine ran an article by David Percy under the headline "FAKE! Did NASA hoax the moon landing photos?". The article outraged many readers and led to the magazine's most vigorous postbag up to that time. In August 2000, the magazine's cover headline was "UFO? The shocking truth about the first flying saucers". The article in question, by James Easton, proposed a mundane explanation for Kenneth Arnold's sighting — American white pelicans. This suggestion so outraged ufologists that many of them still use the term "pelican" or "pelicanist" as a pejorative term for a debunker.

Most Fortean researchers contribute articles, criticism, or letters to the magazine. It has also attracted more widespread coverage and praise. Fortean Times #69 claims, "extracts from FT have featured in at least three publications used for teaching English as a foreign language." Lynn Barber of The Independent on Sunday newspaper described writing in FT as "a model of elegant English."

UnConvention
The magazine has organised an "UnConvention" (or UnCon), most years since 1994 (the "missing" years being 2001, 2005, and 2009), at various venues in London (the University of London Union, the Institute of Education, the Commonwealth Institute, and in recent years, Friends House). Many "hot topics" of the day have been discussed, such as the Ray Santilli "alien autopsy" film at the 1996 UnCon, and the death of Diana, Princess of Wales at the 1998 event, which also saw Lynn Picknett and Clive Prince discussing Templar conspiracies and hidden symbolism in the paintings of Leonardo da Vinci, years before these were turned into mass-media subjects by The Da Vinci Code. Besides the formal lecture programme, UnCon normally features exhibits by organizations such as the Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena and the Centre for Fortean Zoology. The event often ends with a panel discussion, as was the case in 2002, when the subject was "Is Ufology Dead?". This was widely reported in the British media as an "official" statement by Fortean Times that "Ufology is Dead".

Related projects
Fortean Studies, the magazine's more academic sister publication published yearly volumes in the late 1990s. The seventh and last issue was published in 2001.

Its website tracks Fortean news stories and holds a small archive of articles and photographs. For many years, it also supported a busy internet forum for the discussion of Fortean topics. With the advent of GDPR legislation in 2018, this forum was moved to the website of the Charles Fort Institute.

The magazine has also occasionally published both academic and lighthearted books on various aspects of Forteana.

Collections and spin-off books
Many of the earliest issues of FT were collected in book format in the early 1990s. In recent years, the print volumes have been overtaken by digital files, available on CD. In addition, several smaller collections have been compiled on various themes and sold, or given away as 'free gifts' with the magazine. A more academic journal, Fortean Studies, has also been printed and is an ongoing venture. In the late 1990s Polygram Spoken Word released an audio version of several Fortean stories, written and produced by Steve Deakin-Davies and featured Brian Cant and Joanna Bowen amongst its actors, this project was licensed from John Brown Publishing.( (c) 1997 Polygram Record operations ltd, Speaking Volumes no: 5361444)

Fortean Tomes
Starting in the very early 1990s, Fortean Times produced a number of facsimile editions collecting the earliest issues of the magazine, in their entirety, including advertisements. These collections, prepared and edited for print by Paul Sieveking (including hand corrections to early typographic errors) are now out-of-print. Although demand was such to warrant reprints of several volumes, after collecting up to #77  FT decided that the previous volumes had not sold well enough to continue completely up to date. (Concern over the likely cost of reprinting issues in the new full colour format led to a publishing decision to stockpile 500 unbound run-on copies of each number to provide the basis of future reprint editions, and this project resulted in one further collection — Snakes Alive!, collecting #93–97 — but the in-between issues #78–92 have not yet been collected in trade format.)

(The early collections, like the earliest magazines, were published in smaller, 6.5 x 4.5in format)
Yesterday's News Tomorrow: Fortean Times Issues 1–15 (John Brown Publishing, 1992 2nd ed. 1995)
Diary of a Mad Planet: Fortean Times Issues 16–25 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 2nd ed. 1995)
Seeing Out the Seventies: Fortean Times Issues 26–30 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1990)
Gateways to Mystery: Fortean Times Issues 31–36 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1993)
Heaven's Reprimands: Fortean Times Issues 37–41 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1994)
If Pigs Could Fly: Fortean Times Issues 42–46 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1994)
Fishy Yarns: Fortean Times Issues 47–51 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1994)
Bonfire of the Oddities: Fortean Times Issues 52–56 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1995)
Strange Attractors: Fortean Times Issues 57–62 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1996)
(The later collections were of a larger — A4 — size)
Plumber from Lhasa: Fortean Times Issues 63–67 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1996)
Memories of Hell: Fortean Times Issues 68–72 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1997)
Mouthful of Mysteries: Fortean Times Issues 73–77 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1998)
Snakes Alive!: Fortean Times Issues 93–97 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1998)
"Fortean Times" Index by Steve Moore (John Brown Publishing Ltd, October 1997)

CDs
Around 2005, FT began to release a series of digital archives. Beginning with more recent issues (presumably for reasons of ease — more recent issues would be more readily available as digital files), they have also begun to re-release the earliest issues — apparently the digital archive CD format has taken over from print collections.
Issues 1–15 CD  (The complete The News)
Issues 16–25 CD
Issues 26–30 CD
Issues 1–30 3-CD boxset
2001 CD Archive  (Issues 142–153)
2002 CD Archive  (Issues 154–165)
2003 CD Archive  (Issues 166–178)
2004 CD Archive  (Issues 179–191)
2005 CD Archive  (Issues 192–204)
2006 CD Archive  (Issues 205–217)
2002–2005 Four-CD Archive

Fortean Studies
A sister publication, Fortean Studies, began in the mid-1990s and was edited by Steve Moore. In the words of frequent contributor Neil Nixon, it "compiled serious research and opinion on a range of paranormal and conspiracy-related issues", and was a more academic counterpart to FT.
 Rickard, Bob (producer) & Moore, Steve (ed.) Fortean Studies: Volume 1 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1994)
 Rickard, Bob (producer) & Moore, Steve (ed.) Fortean Studies: Volume 2 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1995)
 Rickard, Bob (producer) & Moore, Steve (ed.) Fortean Studies: Volume 3 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1996)
 Rickard, Bob (producer) & Moore, Steve (ed.) Fortean Studies: Volume 4 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1998)
 Rickard, Bob (producer) & Moore, Steve (ed.) Fortean Studies: Volume 5 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1998)
 Rickard, Bob (producer) & Moore, Steve (ed.) Fortean Studies: Volume 6 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 1999)
 Simmons, Ian & Quin, Melanie (eds.) Fortean Studies: Volume 7 (John Brown Publishing Ltd, 2001)

Other titles
Wild Man: China's Yeti by Yuan Zhenxin and Huang Wanpo with Fan Jingquan and Zhou Xinyan, edited and introduced by Steve Moore. Fortean Times Occasional Paper no.1, 1981. No ISBN or ISSN assigned
Toad in the Hole: Source Material on the Entombed Toad Phenomenon selected and annotated by Bob Skinner. Fortean Times Occasional Paper no.2, 1986. ISSN 0260-5856
The Halifax Slasher: An Urban Terror in the North of England by Michael Goss. Fortean Times Occasional Paper no.3, 1987. ISSN 0260-5856
The World's Most Incredible Stories: The Best of Fortean Times by Adam Sisman and Hunt Emerson (May 1992)
Fortean Times 1993 Diary by Paul Sieveking (December 1992)
"Fortean Times" Book of Strange Deaths compiled by Steve Moore, illustrated by Etienne (John Brown Publishing Ltd 1994)
US edition: The Comedian Who Choked to Death on a Pie—and the Man Who Quit Smoking at 116: A Collection of Incredible Lives and Unbelievable Deaths (November 1996)
"Fortean Times" Book of Weird Sex  (September 1995)
"Fortean Times" Book of Life's Losers by Ian Simmons, illustrated by Geoff Coupland (October 1996)
"Fortean Times" Book of Inept Crime compiled by Steve Moore, illustrated by Geoff Coupland (October 1996)
US edition: The World's Stupidest Criminals (June 1998)
"Fortean Times" Book of Exploding Pigs and Other Strange Animal Stories by Ian Simmons (October 1997)
"Fortean Times" Book of Bizarre Behaviour by Ian Simmons (October 1998)
"Fortean Times" Book of More Strange Deaths by Paul Sieveking (October 1998)
"Fortean Times" Book of Unconventional Wisdom  (1999)
"Fortean Times" Book of Close Shaves by Steve Moore (John Brown Publishing Ltd October 1999)
"Fortean Times" Book of Medical Mayhem by Paul Sieveking and Ian Simmons (October 1999)
"Fortean Times" Book of the Millennium by Kevin McClure (September 1996)
"Fortean Times" Presents UFO: 1947–1997 – 50 Years of Flying Saucers by Dennis Stacy and Hilary Evans  (May 1997)
Aliens Ate My Trousers: Crazy Comics from the Pages of "Fortean Times" by Hunt Emerson (March 1998)
Weird Year 1996: The Best of Strange Days by James Wallis and Joe McNally (November 1995)
Weird World 1999 by Mark Pilkington and Joe McNally (November 1998)
(Barmy Sutra by David Sutton — planned for 2001; unpublished)

See also
Fortean TV
List of magazines of anomalous phenomena

References and footnotes

External links
Official website
Blather.net on Uncon 2006
40th anniversary
Unofficial article index

Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Forteana
Paranormal magazines
Magazines established in 1973
1973 establishments in the United Kingdom
Magazines published in London

Fortean Times


අවිහරණය හෝ නිරායුධකරණය යනු යුද අවි අඩු කිරීමේ, සීමා කිරීමේ හෝ අහෝසි කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලිය යි. අවිහරණය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් රාජ්‍යයක මිලිටරිය හෝ යම් වෙසෙසි අවි වර්‍ගයක් ඉලක්ක කරගනියි. අවිහරණය බොහෝවිට න්‍යශ්ටික අවි වැනි සර්‍වවිනාශකාරී යුද අවි බැහැරීම ලෙස දැක්විය හැක. සාමාන්‍ය හා පූර්‍ණ අවිහරණය එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහ මඞුල්ලේ නිර්‍වචනයට අනුව "රටක ආරක්‍ෂාව සුරැකීමේ අවැසියාව සළකා බලමින්, අවම මිලිටරි මට්ටමක සිට ස්ථායිතාව නඟා සිටුවීමේ හා ප්‍රරෝහනයේ දැක්මක් පෙරදැරි ව, පවත්නා පක්‍ෂයන්හි නො හීන වූ ආරක්‍ෂා ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පදනම් කර ගෙන, සන්නඳ්‍ධ බලකායන්ගේ හා සම්මුතිගත යුද අවි වල සමබර ඌණනය" හා ඈඳූ සියලු සර්‍වවිනාශකාරී යුද අවියන්ගේ බැහැරීම යි.

ඉතිහාසය

න්‍යශ්ටික නිරායුධකරණය

නිරායුධකරණ සම්මන්ත්‍රණ හා ගිවිසුම්
 1675: ස්ට්රැස්බර්ග් ගිවිසුම (1675)
 1899: හේග් සාම සමුළුව
 1919: වර්සායි ගිවිසුම
 1925: Locarno ගිවිසුම්
 1927: Kellogg-Briand ගිවිසුම
 1932-34: ලෝක නිරායුධකරණ සමුළුව
 1960: දසජාති නිරායුධකරණ කමිටුව
 1962-1968: දහඅටජාති නිරායුධකරණ කමිටුව
 1969-1978: නිරායුධකරණය පිළිබඳ කාරක සභාවේ සමුළුව
 1979–present: නිරායුධකරණ සමුළුව (CD)

විමර්ශන සහ පාද සටහන්
නිශ්චිත යොමු:
සාමාන්‍ය නිදෙසි:
 Jonathan M. Feldman. "From the From Warfare State to 'Shadow State': Militarism, Economic Depletion and Reconstruction," Social Text, 91, Volume 25, Number 22 Summer, 2007.
 Seymour Melman, Editor, Inspection for Disarmament (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958).
 Alva Myrdal. The Game of Disarmament: How the United States and Russia run the arms race (New York: Pantheon, 1978).
 Marcus G. Raskin. "Draft Treaty for a Comprehensive Program for Common Security and General Disarmament," in Essays of a Citizen: From National Security State to Democracy (Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1991): 227-291.

මේවාත් බලන්න
 අවි ආයුධ පාලනය
 අවි ආයුධ සම්බාධක
 තුවක්කුවට එදිරිව බටර් ආකෘතිය
 රසායනික අවි පාලන ගිවිසුම් ලැයිස්තුව
 හමුදා කේන්සියානුවාදය
 න්‍යශ්ටික නිරායුධකරණය
 කෘතින් රුසියානු න්යෂ්ටික බලයෙන් යාත්රා
 සාම ලාභාංශය
 නිරායුධකරණ කටයුතු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ කාර්යාලය

බාහිර සබැඳි
 UN - Disarmament Affairs
 Disarmament Insight Blogsite
 Seymour Melman Website  Archive of Related Writings
 Economic Reconstruction Website Archive of Related Writings
 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute's Research on Arms Control and Non-Proliferation
 League of Nations conference listing
 Columbia Encyclopedia entry for "Naval conference"

අවිහරණය


RFA Prince Salvor (A292) was a salvage vessel of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

External links
http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/7708.html

1943 ships
King Salvor-class salvage vessels

RFA Prince Salvor (A292)


Henry Louis "Lou" sau Buster" Gehrig (născut Heinrich Ludwig Gehrig), (n. 19 iunie 1903 - d. 2 iunie 1941), a fost un jucător american de baseball care a jucat pentru New York Yankees timp 17 sezoane, între anii 1923 și 1939, cu care a câștigat All-Star-ul de șapte ori consecutiv, S-a retras la 2 mai 1939, după ce a fost diagnosticat cu scleroză laterală amiotrofică, boală care îi poartă numele. În același an a fost inclus în Baseball Hall of Fame.

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1903
Nașteri pe 19 iunie
Decese pe 2 iunie
Decese în 1941
Eponime ale asteroizilor
Sportivi americani din secolul al XX-lea
Sportivi din statul New York
Jucători de baseball

Lou Gehrig


وهو الشيخ أحمد أفندي السمين ابن إبراهيم أغا، وأصلهُ من ألبانيا، ولد في بغداد عام 1220هـ/1805م، ونشأ فيها واخذ دروس العلم والفقه على علمائها حتى نبغ وبرع، واشتهر بعلمهِ وقصدهُ الطلاب لطلب العلم من مناهل علمهِ، وأدبهِ وفنهِ، وكان خطاطاً بارعاً، ولهُ علمٌ واسع في قواعد اللغة العربية، والنحو والبلاغة، واشتهر بين الناس بالصلاح والتقوى، والسعي لأصلاح أحوال المسلمين، وكان لهُ معرفة بعلوم الحديث النبوي، مع نزعتهِ الصوفية الخالية من الخرافات والبدع، ولهُ بعد نظر في الفقه والفتوى، ولقد درس عليهِ جماعة من علماء بغداد، ومنهم الشيخ عبد الوهاب النائب، والشيخ محمد أمين الواثق السهروردي والشيخ عبد المجيد أفندي وغيرهم، ولقد عين بوظيفة المدرس الأول في كلية الإمام الأعظم أبي حنيفة النعمان في عهد الدولة العثمانية، وذلك قبل عام 1276 هـ/1859م، وكان طيب الخلق رؤوفاً بالفقراء والمساكين، جواداً سخياً.

مجلسهِ
كان للشيخ أحمد السمين مجلس للوعظ والارشاد في بيتهِ يقصدهُ العلماء والأدباء ومعظم الناس، وكان متأسيا بمنهج السلف الصالح من الصحابة، كثير الصيام والقيام، ملتزماً بأحكام السنة النبوية، وهو إلى جانب ذلك كان طلق الوجه بشوش ذو دعابة ومزاح لا يخرج عن طور المنادمة وحسن المجالسة، وحفظ الناس عنه ذلك في مجالسهِ العلمية.

وفاتهِ
توفي في بغداد عام 1320هـ/1902م، ودفن في مقبرة الخيزران بجوار مرقد الشيخ أبو بكر الشبلي، ولهُ بنت واحدة اسمها عائشة توفيت بعده ودفنت بجوارهِ.

مصادر

أشخاص من أصل ألباني
أشخاص من بغداد
خطاطو الخط العربي في القرن 13 هـ
خطاطون عراقيون
صوفيون عراقيون
علماء دين سنة عراقيون
فقهاء عراقيون
مواليد 1220 هـ
مواليد 1805
وفيات 1320 هـ
وفيات 1902
مدفونون في مقبرة الخيزران

أحمد السمين الألباني


Beatrice Whitney Straight (født 2. august 1914, død 7. april 2001) var en amerikansk teater- og filmskuespiller. Hun spillede også en del roller på tv. Hun er berømt for sin Oscar-vindende rolle i Nettet og Poltergeist. Hun vandt også en Tony for sin rolle i Heksejagt.

Opvækst
Beatrice Whitney Straight blev født i Old Westbury, New York, som datter af Dorothy Payne Whitney og Willard Dickerman Straight, en investeringsbankmand, diplomat og officer i den amerikanske hær. Hendes morfar var politisk leder og finansmand William Collins Whitney. I 1918, da Straight var fire år, døde hendes far i Frankrig af influenza under den store epidemi, mens han tjente i den amerikanske hær under første verdenskrig. Da moderen havde giftet sig igen med den britiske agronom Leonard K. Elmhirst, flyttede familien i 1925 til Devon, England. Straight blev uddannet på Dartington Hall og begyndte at optræde i amatørteaterproduktioner.

Karriere
Straight vendte tilbage til USA og fik sin Broadway-debut i 1939 i De besatte (The Possessed), Camus' dramatisering af Dostojevskijs roman af samme navn. Det meste af hendes teaterarbejde var i klassikerne, herunder Shakespeares Helligtrekongersaften (1941), Macbeth og Arthur Millers Heksejagt (1953), som hun vandt Tony Award for bedste kvindelige teaterbirolle.

Beatrice Straight var medlem af Actors Studio fra dets oprettelse, og hun deltog i undervisningen, som fandt sted tre gange om ugen med grundlæggeren Robert Lewis som underviser. Blandt hendes klassekammerater var Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift, Jerome Robbins, Sidney Lumet og omkring 20 andre.

Straight optrådte på tv fra mediets tidlige år, hvor hun medvirkede i antologi-serier som Armstrong Circle Theatre, Hallmark Hall of Fame, Kraft Television Theatre, Studio One, Suspense, USA Steel Hour, Playhouse 90 og Alfred Hitchcock Presents foruden i dramatiske serier som Dr. Kildare, Ben Casey, Defenders, Route 66, Mission: Impossible, og St. Elsewhere. Yderligere tv-optagelser omfatter rollen som Hippolyts i Wonder Woman-serien og den iskolde og kontrollerende mor Marion Hillyard til Stephen Collins i The Promise.

Straight Indspillede ikke så mange film og huskes måske bedst for sin rolle som en knust hustru, der konfronterer manden spillet af William Holden med hans utroskab i Nettet (1976). Hun modtog en Oscar for bedste kvindelige birolle for sin indsats, som med fem minutter og to sekunder fortsat er den korteste, der har Indbragt en Oscar. Hendes mest kendte filmoptræden efter Nettet var rollen som den paranormale efterforsker Dr. Martha Lesh i gyserfilmen Poltergeist.

Privatliv
Den 22. februar 1942 blev Straight gift med Louis Dolivet. På det tidspunkt var Dolivet lektor på National Farm Institute, og Straight var midt i sin midtvesten-turné med stykket Helligtrekongersaften. Hendes mor Dorothy Elmhirst og bedstefar Leonard K. Elmhirst deltog i brylluppet sammen med hendes bror Michael Straight og dennes kone Belinda Crompton. Dolivet var i det franske luftvåben indtil juni 1940 og var medredaktør for The Free World, der var et magasin udgivet af International Free World Association, hvor han var generalsekretær. På bryllupstidspunktet havde hendes ældre bror Whitney Straight været savnet siden august 1941, da hans fly blev skudt ned ved den franske kyst.

Straight blev skilt fra Dolivet i Reno, Nevada den 24. maj 1949. Sammen fik de en søn ved navn Willard Whitney Straight Dolivet (1945-1952).

I 1948 mødte hun Peter Cookson, som hun spillede overfor, mens de begge medvirkede i Broadway-produktion af Arvingen (The Heiress), en dramatisering af Henry James' roman Washington Square. De giftede sig i 1949 og forblev gift indtil Cooksons død i 1990. Cookson havde to børn fra sit tidligere ægteskab: Peter Cookson, Jr. og Jane Copland (født Cookson). Sammen fik Straight og Cookson to børn: Gary Cookson og Anthony "Tony" Cookson.

I 1952 druknede Straights 7-årige søn Willard i en dam på deres gård i Armonk, mens han legede på en lille båd fortøjret ved bådebroen. Drengen blev fundet af Cookson. Drengens far, Dolivet, der boede i Paris på det tidspunkt, blev nægtet visum og var derfor ikke i stand til at flyve til USA for at deltage i begravelsen. Dette var på grund af hans påståede pro-kommunistiske aktiviteter, som han benægtede.

Død
Straight led angiveligt af Alzheimers sygdom i sine sidste leveår. Hun døde i 2001 af lungebetændelse i en alder af 86 år i Northridge, Los Angeles. Hendes bisættelse foregik ved William Henry Lee Memorial Cemetery i New Marlborough, Massachusetts.

Filmografi

Film

Teater (Broadway)

TV

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA
Teaterskuespillere fra USA
Filmskuespillere fra USA
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Personer fra New York
Oscar for bedste kvindelige birolle

Beatrice Straight


المجسم الدوراني في الرياضيات هو كل جسم ينشأ عن دوران منطقة مستوية حول محور دوران مستقيم ثابت دورة كاملة، ويسمى الخط المستقيم بمحور المجسم.

حساب الحجم
رموز :
 r = نصف القطر
 h = الارتفاع
 A = المساحة أو مساحة القاعدة
 V = الحجم

يتم حساب الحجم بعدة طرق، منها :

التكامل بالأقراص

 تقوم الطريقة على تقسيم الجسم إلى أقراص غير متناهية.

محور الدوران هو المحور السيني
 إذا كان المجسم الدوراني ينتج عن دوران منطقة مستوية حول محور السينات فإنه حجمه يعطى بالمعادلة :

 حيث R هي المساحة بين الدالة ومحور الدوران .

محور الدوران هو المحور الصادي
 إذا كان المجسم الدوراني ينتج عن دوران منطقة مستوية حول محور الصادات فإنه حجمه يعطى بالمعادلة:

 حيث R هي المساحة بين الدالة ومحور الدوران .

بعض أنواع المجسمات الدورانية
 الأجسام الدورانية متنوعة بتنوع منحنيات الدوال، ولكن هناك أجسام مشهورة منها :

وبعض الأجسام قد تنتج من خلال المنطقة المحصورة بين داليتين ليست صفرية(انظر الشكل المقابل)

انظر أيضا
 سطح دوراني
 دوران
 تكامل

المصادر

 كتاب الرياضيات الصف الثالث ثانوي الصف الدراسي الثاني، ط 1431-1432 , المملكة العربية السعودية

أشكال هندسية
حساب تكاملي
مواد صلبة

مجسم دوراني


La  est l'une des quatre circonscriptions législatives que compte la préfecture de Nagasaki au Japon. Cette circonscription comptait  électeurs en date du .

Description géographique

La troisième circonscription de la préfecture de Nagasaki regroupe les villes d'Ōmura, Tsushima, Iki et Gotō, le sud-est de Sasebo, le bourg d'Ojika et les districts de Higashisonogi et Minamimatsuura.

Députés

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chambre des représentants du Japon

Circonscription législative au Japon

Troisième circonscription de la préfecture de Nagasaki


An Dendrochilum javieriense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Magrath, Bulmer ngan I.Shafer. An Dendrochilum javieriense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrochilum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Dendrochilum

Dendrochilum javieriense


Earl William "Madman" Muntz (January 3, 1914 – June 21, 1987) was an American businessman and engineer who sold and promoted cars and consumer electronics in the United States from the 1930s until his death in 1987. He was a pioneer in television commercials with his oddball "Madman" persona; an alter ego who generated publicity with his unusual costumes, stunts, and outrageous claims. Muntz also pioneered car stereos by creating the Muntz Stereo-Pak, better known as the 4-track cartridge, a predecessor to the 8-track cartridge developed by Lear Industries.

He invented the practice that came to be known as Muntzing, which involved simplifying otherwise complicated electronic devices. Muntz produced and marketed the first black-and-white television receivers to sell for less than $100, and created one of the earliest functional widescreen projection TVs. He was credited with coining the abbreviation "TV" for television, although the term had earlier been in use in call letters for stations such as WCBS-TV. A high school dropout, Muntz made fortunes by selling automobiles, TV receivers, and car stereos and tapes. A 1968 Los Angeles Times article noted that in one year he sold $72 million worth of cars; five years later he sold $55 million worth of TV receivers, and in 1967 he sold $30 million worth of car stereos and tapes.

After his success as a used car salesman and with Kaiser-Frazer dealerships in Los Angeles and New York City, Muntz founded the Muntz Car Company, which made the "Muntz Jet", a sports car with jet-like contours. The car was manufactured between 1951 and 1953, although fewer than 400 were produced.

Muntz married seven times. His wives included actress Joan Barton (who appeared in Angel and the Badman with John Wayne) and Patricia Stevens of the Patricia Stevens finishing schools. Phyllis Diller was among his many girlfriends. He was friends with celebrities such as singer Rudy Vallee, comedian Jerry Colonna, actor Bert Lahr, television presenter Dick Clark, and cowboy actor Gene Autry.

Early career: 1922–1953
Muntz was fascinated by electronics from an early age. He built his first radio at age 8 and built another for his parents' car at age 14. During the Great Depression, at age 15, he dropped out of Elgin High School to work in his parents' hardware store in Elgin, Illinois.

Car sales

In 1934, Muntz opened his first used car lot, in Elgin, with a $500 ($ in ) line of credit. He was only 20 years old, and his mother had to sign the car-sale papers because legally he was too young to close his own deals. During a vacation in California, Muntz discovered that used cars sold there for far higher prices, so he moved to California in 1940 at age 26 to open a used car lot in Glendale. On a hunch, he purchased 13 brand-new right-hand-drive vehicles to resell. These vehicles had been built for customers in Asia, but could not be delivered due to World War II. One vehicle was a custom-made Lincoln built for Chiang Kai-shek. Local newspapers ran stories about the unusual cars, and Muntz sold them all within two weeks, still in their original shipping crates. Muntz soon opened a second lot in Los Angeles and closed his lot in Elgin.

Muntz rejected the then-common opinion that used car salesmen should project a staid image. He realized the possibilities of generating publicity with odd stunts, and developed a "Madman" persona as a result. His flamboyant billboards and oddball television and radio commercials soon made him famous. In his used auto commercials, he marketed one model as the "daily special"; Muntz claimed that if the car did not sell that day, he would smash it to pieces on camera with a sledgehammer. Another notorious Muntz used-car TV pitch was "I buy 'em retail and sell 'em wholesale ... it's more fun that way!" His commercials generated so much publicity that comedians such as Bob Hope, Jack Benny, and Steve Allen often tried to outdo each other during television appearances by telling "Madman" Muntz jokes. University of Southern California fans would spell out Muntz's name during halftime as a prank.

During the war, the Office of Price Administration sought to suspend Muntz' license to sell automobiles subject to price control. On August 1, 1945, Muntz was acquitted of an O.P.A. charge of violating used car regulations by Superior Judge Reuben H. Schmidt in Los Angeles.

Muntz's car lots became tourist attractions due to the widespread publicity from his television commercial appearances. A 1946 survey by Panner Motor Tours revealed that they ranked seventh among tourist attractions in Southern California. Muntz was willing to take large risks in his attempts to generate publicity. During the era of McCarthyism, he asked one of his advisers, "Do you think I'd make the front pages if I joined the Communist Party?"

Muntz Jet

In 1948, race car designer and Kurtis-Kraft founder Frank Kurtis attempted to market a new sports car, the two-seater Kurtis Kraft Sport. Only 36 units had been sold by 1950. In 1951, for just $200,000 ($ in ) Kurtis sold the cars' manufacturing license to Muntz, who quickly rebadged them as the "Muntz Jet". Initial production of the Jet took place in Glendale, where Muntz extended the two-seater Kurtis Kraft Sport's body by , making it a four-seater, and exchanged the Ford V8 engine for a larger Cadillac V8. Later, after making just 28 Jets in California, Muntz moved production to a new factory in Evanston, Illinois, extended the body further by , and replaced the Cadillac V8 with a less expensive Lincoln sidevalve V8.

The Jet was featured on the cover of the September 1951 issue of Popular Science along with a Jaguar and an MG. It featured its own design, with aluminum body panels and a removable fiberglass top. Paint schemes were extravagant, with names like "Mars Red", "Stratosphere Blue", and "Lime Mist", and interior options included alligator or Spanish leatherette. The backseat armrests contained a full cocktail bar.

The Jet was capable of a top speed of  and acceleration of 0–50 mph (0–80 km/h) in 6 seconds, a significant achievement for a road car at the time. The fastest production car in 1953 was the Pegaso Z-102 Supercharged sports car at . Jet owners included the CEO of CBS Frank Stanton, and actors Mickey Rooney and Lash La Rue.

The labor and materials required to produce the Jet resulted in a high price for the end product and, in 1954, after selling about 400 cars and losing about $1,000 ($ in ) on each, Muntz closed the company. Today, Muntz Jets are prized collector cars and are recognized as predecessors to the Chevrolet Corvette and Ford Thunderbird.

Muntz TV
Muntz started plans to sell television receivers in 1946, and sales began in 1947. Muntz played the madman in his unorthodox television commercials, but in fact he was a shrewd businessman and a self-taught electrical engineer. By trial and error, taking apart and studying Philco, RCA, and DuMont televisions, he figured out how to reduce the devices' electrical components to their minimum functional number. This practice became known as "Muntzing".

In the 1940s and 1950s, most brands of television receivers were complicated pieces of equipment, commonly containing about 30 vacuum tubes, as well as rheostats, transformers, and other heavy components. As a result, they were usually very expensive: the cheapest U.S.-manufactured receiver made before World War II used a  screen and cost $125 ($ in ); the cheapest model with a  screen cost $445 ($ in ). By 1954, although broadcast television in the United States had existed in various forms since 1928, only 55 percent of U.S. households owned a receiver. By contrast, eight years later, 90 percent of U.S. households had one.

Muntz developed a television chassis that produced an acceptable monochrome picture with 17 tubes. He often carried a pair of wire clippers, and when he thought that one of his employees was "overengineering" a circuit, he would begin snipping components out until the picture or sound stopped working. At that point, he would tell the engineer "Well, I guess you have to put that last part back in" and walk away.

Marketed under the name "Muntz" by his company Muntz TV, Inc., the simplified units were the first black and white TV receivers to retail in the U.S. for less than $100. Muntz was also the first retailer to measure his screens from corner to corner rather than by width. The receivers sold well and were reliable partly because fewer tubes created less heat. The sets worked well in metropolitan areas that were close to television transmission towers where signals were strong. They worked poorly with weaker signals, as most of the components that Muntz had removed were intended to boost performance in fringe areas. This was a calculated decision: Muntz preferred to leave the low-volume, high-performance television receiver market to firms such as RCA and Zenith Electronics, as his intended customers were primarily urban dwellers with limited funds. Additionally, many urban apartment buildings had rules prohibiting external television antennas, and installation of an antenna, even if allowed, cost as much as $150. Muntz solved this problem by adding a built-in antenna to his receivers. In 1952, Muntz TV Inc. grossed $49.9 million ($ in ).

Muntz continued with his "Madman" persona in many of his advertisements. In one TV commercial that normally aired after The Ed Sullivan Show, Muntz, dressed in red long johns and a Napoleon hat, promoted his new  televisions by saying, "I wanna give 'em away, but Mrs. Muntz won't let me. She's crazy!" Another TV commercial presented a marching-band song with lyrics about Muntz TVs and incorporated animations by Oskar Fischinger. His radio commercials, which Muntz ran up to 170 times a day, initially followed a classical music theme built around the spelling of Muntz's name. However, he soon convinced radio stations to run ads more in line with his persona. In one spot, Muntz screamed "Stop staring at your radio!" He followed up his radio ads with a direct mail campaign, collecting thousands of TV knobs and mailing them to prospective customers with a note saying, "Call us and we'll show up with the rest of the set!"

Some sources credit Muntz with inventing the abbreviation "TV". Muntz used skywriting as one of his marketing tactics, but, after watching one of his ads being created, he noted that the letters began to blur and dissipate before the pilot could finish spelling out "Muntz Televisions". So Muntz came up with the abbreviation "TV". However, "TV" had earlier been used in the call letters of television stations, such as WCBS-TV, which adopted those call letters in 1946. Muntz also named his daughter "Tee Vee", although she normally went by "Teena" and, later, "Tee".

Audio and video: 1954–1985
Despite his early success, sales later declined and Muntz's creditors refused to provide further financing in 1954. Muntz admitted his business lost $1,457,000 from April to August 1953, and although he tried to reorganize, Muntz TV filed bankruptcy and went out of business in 1959. (The company would be reorganized and last through the 1960s, but without its namesake at the helm.) However, Muntz's success continued in the sales of cars and general consumer electronics.

4-track cartridge

Attempting to combine his two main product lines, cars and stereos, Muntz invented the Muntz Stereo-Pak 4-track tape cartridge. 4-track was the direct predecessor of the Stereo 8 cartridge, also known as the 8-track, later developed by American inventor Bill Lear. The Stereo-Pak cartridge was based on the endless-loop Fidelipac cartridge, which was being used by radio stations, designed by inventor George Eash. Muntz chose stereo recording as a standard feature because of its wide availability. Before Muntz developed the Stereo-Pak, the only in-car units capable of recorded playback were phonograph-based players, such as the Highway Hi-Fi invented by Peter Goldmark. These units played special 16 rpm records or 45 rpm records, however they tended to skip whenever the vehicle hit a bump in the road, and attempts to alleviate this by increasing the pressure on the arm caused discs to wear out prematurely.

Muntz designed a stereo tape player called the Autostereo for cars and had it inexpensively manufactured in Japan. The Autostereo could play a complete album without changing tracks or turning the tape over, did not suffer from skipping or premature wear as the phonograph-based players did, and its number of knobs and controls were minimized to allow the driver to concentrate on the road. The tape player gave customers greater control over their listening experiences, because the tapes never ran advertisements or public service announcements, unlike radio broadcasts. Muntz sold the players and cartridges from his own stores and through franchises in Florida and Texas.

Muntz audio products were so profitable by 1962 that he cancelled his agreements with tape-duplicating companies and founded his own company to manufacture prerecorded Stereo-Pak cartridges. Most record companies did not manufacture Stereo-Pak cartridges themselves; however, the Muntz Electronics Corporation licensed music from all the major record labels and issued hundreds of different tapes in the mid to late 1960s. Muntz exhibited his Autostereo players and Stereo-Pak cartridges under the trade name Stereo-Pak at the 1967 Consumer Electronics Show.

The Autostereo player, which retailed from $129 in 1963 ($ in ) was a popular aftermarket addition to cars among the Beverly Hills rich and famous. Frank Sinatra used one in his Buick Riviera, Dean Martin in his Corvette, and Peter Lawford in his Ghia. James Garner, Red Skelton, and Lawrence Welk also used Autostereo players in their cars. Barry Goldwater purchased one for his son, and Jerry Lewis recorded his scripts onto Stereo-Pak cartridges to learn his lines while driving.

Muntz attempted to establish a modern, trendy image for his players and cartridges. His print advertisements often showed the player installed in an appealing sports car and usually incorporated a young, attractive model with a suggestive tagline. Most of his employees in his California shops were attractive young women dressed in overbright clothing.

Bill Lear distributed the Stereo-Pak in 1963, intending to install units in his Learjet aircraft. However, he soon decided to re-engineer and customize the units to suit his own wishes, the result of which became the Stereo 8 system. The market for Muntz's 4-track system had faded by 1970 due to competition from Stereo 8, which reduced costs by using less magnetic tape and a less-complex cartridge mechanism. Although the 4-track system had wider heads resulting in better bandwidth, the Stereo 8 quickly became the dominant format for car stereo systems during the late 1960s. Ford Motor Company began featuring Stereo 8 players in their 1965 automobiles, and it became a standard option by 1966.

In a 1979 interview in The Videophile, Muntz revealed the biggest problem for the Stereo-Pak business was returned merchandise. He explained that when reproducing the work of major artists like The Beatles, the Stereo-Pak plant had to make hundreds of thousands of cartridges. But once a popular album became less popular, retailers would return the unsold cartridges, expecting credit towards new titles. Muntz was unprepared for the returns and said the huge cost of unsold merchandise eventually made his Stereo-Pak business unprofitable.

Home video
In late 1970, Muntz closed his Stereo-Pak audio business after a fire severely damaged his main offices. He then entered the growing home-video market. During the mid-1970s, Muntz thought of taking a  Sony color cathode ray tube (CRT) television receiver, fitting it with a special lens and reflecting mirror, then projecting the magnified image onto a larger screen. He housed these primitive units in a large wooden console, making it one of the first successful widescreen projection TV receivers marketed for home use.

The receivers were built in Muntz's headquarters in Van Nuys, California. Sony's U.S. sales division was unaware that Muntz was dealing directly with Sony's Tokyo original equipment manufacturer (OEM) department, which shipped him the TV chassis directly. Thanks to Muntz's talent for mass-market advertising and self-promotion, by 1977 the projection receivers were a multimillion-dollar business. Muntz was quick to feature Sony's Betamax as well as JVC's and RCA's VHS recorders in his store, setting up a showroom to demonstrate the potential for a "theater experience in the home".

In 1979, Muntz decided to sell blank tapes and VCRs as loss leaders to attract customers to his showroom, where he would then try to sell them his projection TV systems. His success continued through the early 1980s until he invested heavily in the Technicolor Compact Video Cassette (CVC), a  in (6 mm) system designed to compete with Betamax, VHS, and the Super 8 film home-movie system. The CVC format failed in the marketplace, sales quickly eroded, and Muntz's store closed soon after.

Later years
Shortly before dying of lung cancer in 1987, Muntz centered his retail business on cellular phones, satellite dishes, a motorhome rental company dubbed "Muntz Motor Mansions", and prefabricated aluminum houses. He made headlines in February 1985 as the first retailer to offer a Hitachi cellular phone for less than $1,000 ($ in ), when just two years earlier most cellular phones had cost about $3,000 ($ in ).  At the time of his death, he was the leading retailer of cellular phones in Los Angeles. During his final years, Muntz drove a customized Lincoln Continental with a television installed in the dashboard: Muntz claimed it helped him "drive better".

After he died, his children, James and Tee, continued to operate two Muntz stores in Van Nuys and Newhall; the remainder of the stores were franchised businesses. James employed his father's advertising techniques to create splashy ads featuring prices that annoyed his competitors so much that they referred to them as "cutthroat".

Legacy
The "Madman" method pioneered by Muntz was later copied by other retailers, including California car salesman Cal Worthington and New York area electronics chain Crazy Eddie. In Crazy Eddie TV commercials, radio personality Jerry Carroll leapt at the camera and jumped around while jabbering at high speed, always ending with the line, "Crazy Eddie: Our prices are insaaaaaane!" As a result of his Crazy Eddie commercials, Carroll became a significant 80s icon, even appearing in the film Splash.

Muntz's cultural impact was such that he was mentioned in novels, including children's book The Neddiad: How Neddie Took The Train, Went To Hollywood, And Saved Civilization by Daniel Manus Pinkwater, The Lost Get-Back Boogie by James Lee Burke, and Franklin Mason's Four Roses in Three Acts.

A production called Madman Muntz: American Maverick was screened at film festivals through 2007. Directed by Dan Bunker and Judy ver Mehr, it was produced by Jim Castoro, an owner of an original Muntz Jet. The film was an official 2005 selection at the San Fernando Valley International Film Festival and the Ole Muddy Film Festival. The film documents Muntz's life, paying particular attention to his colorful career, and includes interviews with people who knew him and home movie footage contributed by his children.

The KCET 1997 documentary More Things That Aren't Here Anymore has a segment on Muntz and is broadcast by the station regularly during pledge periods.

In 2001, Madman Muntz was posthumously inducted into the Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame.

See also
 Jacque Fresco

References

External links
Earl Muntz Biography, a short biography from the Consumer Electronics Association website
Madman Muntz: American Maverick, a biography from the website of a biopic about him
History of the Muntz Jet
Earl Muntz, the 4-Track Madman, from a website maintained by fans of 8-track tapes (archive.org)
Madman Muntz Story, a biography at FreeEnterpriseLand.com (archive.org)

1914 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
Male characters in advertising
American businesspeople in retailing
American electrical engineers
American founders of automobile manufacturers
American manufacturing businesspeople
Consumer electronics retailers in the United States
Deaths from lung cancer in California
Engineers from California
Engineers from Illinois
People from Elgin, Illinois
People from Glendale, California

Madman Muntz


Kristoffer Eriksen (født 7. august 1986 i Søborg) er en dansk journalist, redaktør og tv-vært. Han er i dag (2021) ansat som chefredaktør på Frihedsbrevet og har tidligere været tv-vært på DR's tv-program Detektor og chefredaktør på Ekstra Bladet.

Han er uddannet journalist fra Danmarks journalisthøjskole (2007-2011). Under studiet var han sammen med Nicolai Achton med til at skabe reality-personen Ciano.

Ansættelser
Kristoffer Eriksen har tidligere andet arbejdet som journalist og skriver på Koncern TV og som tilrettelægger for Douglas Entertainment.

Kristoffer Eriksen er tillige kendt som satiriker og tv-vært for forskellige reportager:

 Den dag DF så lyset, 2011, FunnyHaHa Tv
 Søndag Live, 2013-2014, DR2
 Absurdistan og Hyklerriget, medvært: Jesper Juhl, 2013-2014, DR3
 Superrig i Slummen, 2016, DR3

13. november 2017 blev det offentliggjort, at han fra 1. januar 2018 skulle være vært på tv-programmet Detektor sammen med journalist Camilla Stampe.

Siden 1. december 2018 har han været nyhedschef for Radio24syv.

Siden 1. januar 2020 har han været chefredaktør for "Dagsorden", som er Ekstra Bladets gravergruppe.

Den 19. maj 2021 stoppede Eriksen som chefredaktør på Ekstra Bladet.
Han ville fortsætte som chefredaktør på mediet Frihedsbrevet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Journalister fra Danmark
Tv-værter fra Danmark
Ansatte i DR
Ansatte ved Radio24syv
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog

Kristoffer Eriksen


Rosa Pohjolainen, née le  à Hyvinkää, est une  skieuse alpine finlandaise.

Biographie
En 2020, elle remporte la médaille d'argent du slalom géant des Jeux olympiques de la jeunesse de Lausanne ainsi que la médaille d'or dans l'épreuve par équipes.

Lors de la saison 2021-2022, elle maruqe des points à deux reprises en coupe du monde avec une quatorzième place à Schladming. À la fin de la saison, elle remporte la médaille d'or du slalom du Festival olympique de la jeunesse européenne.

Palmarès

Championnats du monde

Légende :
 — : non disputée par Rosa Pohjolainen
 DNF : N'a pas terminé

Championnats du monde juniors

Légende :
  : Pas d'épreuve
 — : non disputée par Rosa Pohjolainen
 DNF : N'a pas terminé

Jeux olympiques de la jeunesse

Légende :
  : première place, médaille d'or
  : deuxième place, médaille d'argent
  : troisième place, médaille de bronze

Notes et références

Liens externes

Skieuse alpine finlandaise
Skieuse alpine aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Naissance en juillet 2003

Rosa Pohjolainen


La šin (𐤔) es la vigesimoprimera letra del alfabeto fenicio. Representaba el sonido fricativo postalveolar sordo transliterado como /š/ o /ʃ/, aunque otros autores defienden el sonido silbante, alveolar, predorsal y sordo /s/. De esta letra derivan la šin siríaca (ܫ), la šin hebrea (ש), las šīn (ش) y sīn (س) árabes, la sigma (Σ) griega, la S latina y las С, Ш y Щ cirílicas.

Historia
Significa literalmente «diente», siendo esto lo que pretende representar el glifo. No obstante, la Encyclopaedia Judaica refería en 1972 que representaría un arco compuesto.

Evolución fonética
Los fonemas del protosemítico septentrional  y  se fusionaron en fenicio en , sonido que comúnmente se otorga a esta letra. Se discute si los fonemas  (𐤔) y  (𐤎), claramente distinguidos en la ortografía fenicia, no acabarían fusionándose en fencio clásico o en púnico tardío.

Véase también
 Alfabeto fenicio

Referencias

Alfabeto fenicio

𐤔


جبل الدخان هو جبل يقع جنوب غرب بلدة الخوبة في محافظة الحرث في منطقة جازان جنوب غرب المملكة العربية السعودية ويبعد عن مدينة جازان نحو 100 كيلو متر، حيث يحف جبل الدخان مسار خط الحدود بين السعودية واليمن من الجهة الجنوبية الشرقية وتبلغ مساحة الجبل 14 كم2، ويبلغ ارتفاع الجبل نحو 500 متر عن سطح البحر ويرتفع عما حوله 250 مترا. ويمثل مع جبل الرميح الواقع جنوبه منطقة جبلية واحدة داخل الأراضي السعودية.

الحدود
تحيط بالجبل من جميع الجهات بلدات وقرى منها: الخوبة، الغاوية، مصفوقة، الشانق، المعرسة، السبخاية، جلاح، الراحة، المزبرات. يحد الجبل من الشمال وادي حمران أحد روافد وادي خلب ومن الجنوب وادي ليه، كما أن أهمية جبل دخان كونه يشرف على جميع القرى السعودية واليمنية القريبة منه ويمثل بداية ارتفاع الجبال من جهة البحر الأحمر غرباً. ويقع إلى الشرق من جبل الدخان جبل الدود وهو من الجبال السعودية ويتميز جبل الدود بإشرافه على بلدة الخوبة من الشمال الغربي وعلى بلدة الملاحيظ اليمنية من الشمال الشرقي، كما تقع على سفوحه الغربية بلدات الغاوية ومصفوقة السعوديتين وبلدة المقبص السعودية من الشرق ــ ويعد جبلا الدخان والدود من جبال تهامة، حيث يبدأ من بعدهما باتجاه الشرق ارتفاع الجبال حتى سلسلة جبال الحجاز.

الجبال والقرى اليمنية المحاذية للحدود السعودية في هذه المنطقة تتبع إدارياً محافظة صعدة اليمنية في الشمال الشرقي من المنطقة وترتبط الملاحيظ مع صعدة بطريق معبد يبلغ طوله 200 كيلومتر عبر جبل رازح في محافظة صعدة الذي يصل ارتفاعه إلى أكثر من 2400 متر ويبعد جبل رازح عن صعدة نحو 100 كيلومتر.

انظر أيضاً
 حرب الخوبة
 محافظة الحرث
 قائمة جبال السعودية

المراجع

 الحرب في جبل الدخان د. عبد العزيز بن جار الله الجار الله

دخان
دخان
دخان

الدخان (جبل)


Antoine François Claude, comte Ferrand (4 July 175117 January 1825), French statesman and political writer, was born in Paris, and became a member of the parlement of Paris at eighteen.

Life and career
Ferrand left France with the first party of emigrants, and attached himself to the Prince of Condé; late he was a member of the council of regency formed by the comte de Provence after the death of Louis XVI. He lived at Regensburg until 1801, when he returned to France, though he still sought to serve the royalist cause.

In 1814 Ferrand was made minister of state and postmaster-general. Ferrand countersigned the act of sequestration of Napoleon's property, and introduced a bill for the restoration of the property of the emigrants establishing a distinction, since become famous, between royalist of la ligne droite and those of la ligne courbe. At the second Bourbon restoration Ferrand was again for a short time postmaster general. He was also made a peer of France, member of the privy council, grand-officer and secretary of the orders of Saint Michel and the Saint Esprit, and in 1816 member of the Académie française. He continued his active support of ultra-royalist views until his death, which took place in Paris on 17 January 1825.

Besides a large number of political pamphlets, Ferrand was the author of:
Éloge funèbre de Mme Élisabeth, sœur de Louis XVI
L'Esprit de l'histoire, ou Lettres d'un père a son fils sur la manére d'étudier l'histoire (4 vols., 1802), which reached several editions, the last number in 1826 having prefixed to it a biographical sketch of the author by his nephew Héricart de Thury
Éloge historique de Madame Élisabeth de France (1814)
Œuvres dramatiques (1817)
Théorie des révolutions rapprochée des principaux événènements qui en ont été l'origine, le développement ou la suite (4 vols., 1817)
Histoire des trois démembrements de la Pologne, pour faire suite l'Histoire de l'anarchie de Pologne par Russie (3 vols., 1820).

References

1751 births
1825 deaths
French political writers
Members of the Académie Française
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Peers of France
French male non-fiction writers
State ministers of France

Antoine-François-Claude Ferrand


An Exocarya sclerioides in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Mueller, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni George Bentham. An Exocarya sclerioides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Exocarya, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Exocarya

Exocarya sclerioides


An Smithsonia viridiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Nicol Alexander Dalzell, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Cecil John Saldanha. An Smithsonia viridiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Smithsonia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Smithsonia

Smithsonia viridiflora