The attila is an elaborately braided Hungarian shell-jacket or short coat, decorated with lace and knots. Historically it was part of the uniform of the Hungarian cavalry known as hussars (or huszárs). It was a part of the everyday wear of rural men as well as members of the nobility and officials.

The attila was made in many styles and many colors including black, gray, blue, green, red and white. Some of these overlapped with the Turkish dolman.
The origins of the attila are believed to go back to the 16th century when Hungarians adopted the practice of wearing their short coats slung on one shoulder. When worn in this fashion the jacket was often referred to as a pelisse. In cold or wet weather the attila could be buttoned across the chest and worn as a conventional jacket.

One possibly mythical account, reported by an English general, is that one night a Hungarian cavalry unit was attacked by the Turks and had no time to dress properly. Instead they just threw on their short coats half shouldered and went into battle. Supposedly the Turks on seeing the "flying sleeves of the short coats", thought that they were fighting men who had more than two arms, and fled.

Other accounts suggest that Hungarian hussars wore their short coat slung over one shoulder to provide limited protection from glancing sword blows. Earlier Hungarian horsemen had used slung animal skins as a shield in this way. After 1850 the Austro-Hungarian cavalry attila became longer. In 1892 the attila also became part of the Hungarian forester's ceremonial uniform. It was dark green or black with seven golden braids and golden buttons. During the late 18th and 19th centuries hussar regiments were raised in many European and Latin American armies and the fur trimmed pelisse, worn over a braided attila or dolman, often continued to be worn in the slung fashion described. By the mid-19th century the attila had become part of the ceremonial uniform of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army

Michael Kovats, the Hungarian hussar, who recruited, trained, organized, and led some of the first American cavalry into battle, wore an attila as part of his uniform.

See also
 Dolman
 Hussar
 Michael de Kovats

References

External links
Hussar uniforms from 1740-1780
Hussar uniforms around 1800
Hussar uniforms during the revolution 1848-1849
Hussar uniforms after 1850
Tompos Lilla: '48 hatása a magyar viseletre

Hungarian clothing
Jackets
Coats (clothing)
Military uniforms

Attila (clothing)


Europolis este un roman scris de Jean Bart (pseudonimul lui Eugeniu P. Botez) care a fost publicat prima dată în 1933.

Fundal
Apar mai multe fragmente din roman în Viața românească  nr. 1-3 din 1 ianuarie 1930 sub titlul O scrisoare uitată. Este anul în care Bart iese la pensie după 30 de ani de ofițer maritim, din această dată este numit inspector diurnist la Direcția Educației Poporului. La 9 noiembrie 1930 este anunțat în Adevărul literar și artistic numele viitorului roman, Europolis, totodată apare următorul anunț că autorul "pregătește un vast roman din viața porturilor dunărene, în care va fi descris amalgamul de popoare adunat într-o Europă în miniatură." În 28 decembrie 1930 apare un alt fragment din roman în revista Vatra din Craiova sub denumirea Orașul plutitor în care este descrisă Sulina iarna.

În noiembrie 1932 în două numere ale României maritime și fluviale (noiembrie și decembrie) este publicat un alt fragment din roman denumit La gura Dunării și este dezvăluit că romanul Europolis va apărea curând.

La 13 ianuarie 1933 autorul oferă un interviu despre roman la emisiunea radio Descrierea Deltei în care afirmă că inițial voia să-i pună numele Cosmopolis, pentru caracterul internațional, dar denumirea era folosită deja de Paul Bourget.

În Viața românească nr. 1-2 din 1933 apare primul capitol al cărții, denumit Hoții de cereale.
La începutul lunii aprilie 1933, apare prima ediție integrală a romanului la editura Adevărul, la prețul de 80 de lei. Prima recenzie este semnată la 16 aprilie 1933 de George Călinescu în Adevărul literar și artistic.

Bart  a plasat locul acțiunii romanului în micul port de la gurile Dunării, unde a petrecut anii maturității sale având funcția de comisar maritim. El cunoaște foarte bine locul și îl descrie în cele mai infime amănunte, populându-l cu un număr impresionant de personaje, fiecare cu trăsături distincte. Eroii principali din fosta colonie elenă alcătuiesc sunt greci levantini predispuși la iluzii din cauza imaginației aprinse și a sângelui clocotitor care îi duce la mișcări și gesturi iuți dar uneori fatale și funeste datorită urmărilor lor. Alte personaje sunt ofițerii flotilei române, lumea în care și-a petrecut Bart tinerețea și de care a rămas anterior legat sufletește.

Prezentare

Autorul dorește să prezinte "fizionomia însuflețită, dramatică și completă a Sulinei."

În anii 1920, o scrisoare destinată lui Stamate Marulis, proprietarul unei cafenele, a stârnit o furtună în Sulina. Scrisoarea a fost trimisă din America de Sud de fratele său, Nicola Marulis, care a rătăcit prin lume de mai bine de 40 de ani după ce a plecat ca marinar pe un vapor francez. Nicola îi spune fratelui său ca revine acasă, împreună cu fiica sa, Evantia, după ce și-ar fi vândut proprietățile. Astfel este introdus mitul americanului probabil foarte bogat de pe "pământul făgăduinței".

Toți din Sulina așteaptă cu nerăbdare să apară Nicola, ieșind din rutina cotidiană: se nasc invidii, regrete, speranțe, iluzii, planuri. Dar Nicola apare îmbrăcat sărăcăcios, cu puține bagaje, dar oamenii se amăgesc în continuare. Familia, oficialii orașului sunt împărțiți în tabere ce și-l dispută pe Nicola. Acesta este o persoană modestă, fragilă, el este dornic de a fi neobservat. Cu toate acesta, fără voia sa, devine eroul comunității, înălțat foarte sus de imaginația oamenilor, lucru care îi va aduce o prăbușire dureroasă și brutală.

Declinul lui Nicola și al Evantiei, economic, social și moral reprezintă pedeapsa pentru ca aceștia nu au confirmat visurile și așteptările tututor.

Capitole
Romanul are 17 capitole, primul capitol, denumit Hoții de cereale, a apărut separat în ianuarie-februarie 1933.

Personaje
În primul plan se disting două personaje feminine: frumoasa, romantica și vanitoasa Penelopa și nefericita și grațioasa Evantie. Foarte bine sunt descriși și soțul înșelat Stamate Marulis și fratele său Nicola americanul, fost pușcăriaș în Guyana. Alte personaje sunt Angelo Deliu, un Don Juan rafinat ce nu are milă în aventurile sale galante și Neagu, care este visător și timid.

Printre personajele secundare se numără enigmaticul maistru Jack, doctorul simpatic Barbă Roșie sau Ahile Buzatul.

Primire
Criticul literar Garabet Ibrăileanu afirma la 11 iunie 1933 că romanul "m-a interesat enorm. Este o lume nouă, foarte interesantă și tratată de un romancier, nu de un povestitor. Are intrigă, mediu, personaje, mai ales cele două femei: Penelopa și Evantia."

Criticul literar Nicolae Manolescu evocă romanul Europolis la capitolul insolit "literatura pentru copii și adolescenți": "Pe degetele de la o mână se numără romanele de aventuri demne de a fi remarcate: Europolis, Toate pânzele sus!, Cireșarii, Seri albastre."

Traduceri în limbi străine
 Europolis, traducere în limba franceză de Constantin Botez, România, 1958
 Europolis, traducere în limba germană de Alfred Kittner, Germania de Est, 1974
 Europolis, traducere în limba franceză de Gabrielle Danoux, Franța, 2016

Ecranizare

În 1961 romanul a fost ecranizat ca Porto-Franco în regia lui Paul Călinescu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Ștefan Ciobotărașu ca Stamate, Simona Bondoc ca Penelopa, Elena Caragiu ca Evantia, Geo Barton ca Nick Santo, Liliana Tomescu ca Olimpia și Fory Etterle ca Doctorul. A avut premiera la 28 decembrie 1961.

Referințe și note

Legături externe

 Clara Margineanu - "Europolis", romanul unui port cosmopolit, jurnalul.ro, 22 martie 2010
 Despre Europolis la targulcartii.ro

Vezi și
 1933 în literatură

Romane românești
Romane românești după care s-au făcut filme
Romane din 1933
Sulina  în ficțiune
1933 în literatura română

Europolis (roman)


Rolf Henn alias "Luff" (* 1956 in Idar-Oberstein) ist ein deutscher Karikaturist.

Leben
Rolf Henn studierte Kunsterziehung an der Universität Mainz. Er arbeitete freiberuflich als Industrie- und Grafikdesigner und gelegentlich als Schnellzeichner. 1987 erschien seine erste politische Karikatur in der Mainzer Allgemeinen. Es folgten Arbeiten für die Stuttgarter Zeitung, die Nordsee-Zeitung Bremerhaven die Mittelbayerische Zeitung, die Westfälische Rundschau, die Märkische Oderzeitung, die Hannoversche Allgemeine, die Mainzer Zeitung, die Freie Presse (Chemnitz) und die Neue Presse.

Mit Ehefrau und vier Kindern lebt er in Hennweiler im Hunsrück.

Werke
 Sammelbände (7) Karikaturen der Jahre 1990–1998, zusammengefasst von Klaus Bresser
 Sammelbände Luff '89–'20 – Ertappt! Ein Jahresrückblick in politischen Karikaturen, zusammengefasst von Rolf Henn. Seit 2020 im Gmeiner-Verlag

Auszeichnungen
 1998: Deutscher Preis für die politische Karikatur 3. Platz
 1995: Deutscher Preis für die politische Karikatur Förderpreis
 2008: Deutscher Preis für die politische Karikatur 1. Platz
 2010: Deutscher Preis für die politische Karikatur 2. Platz
 2020: Karikaturenpreis der deutschen Zeitungen 1. Platz

Einzelnachweise

Karikaturist (Deutschland)
Person (Idar-Oberstein)
Deutscher
Geboren 1956
Mann

Rolf Henn


Indiana (), ABD'nin Ortbatı bölgesinde yer alan bir eyaletidir. Başkenti Indianapolis şehridir. Adı, Kızılderililerin yurdu anlamına gelir. Milattan önceki dönemlerden itibaren yerleşilmiş olsa da, bilinen tarihi ancak 17. yüzyılda Avrupalıların bölgeye ulaşmasından sonrasını içerir. Önceleri Fransızların etki alanında olan bölge daha sonra İngilizlerin kontrolüne bırakılmış, ABD'nin bağımsızlığını kazanmasından sonra da bu ülkenin bir parçası olmuştur. Eyalet statüsünü ise 1816 yılında kazanmıştır, ABD'nin 19. eyaletidir. Kuzeyde Michigan Gölü ve Michigan eyaleti, doğuda Ohio eyaleti, güneyde Kentucky eyaleti, batıda ise Illinois eyaleti ile komşudur. Ayrıca Indiana'da bulunan Gary şehri şarkıcı Michael Jackson'ın doğum yeri olması sebebi ile tanınmaktadır.

Coğrafya
Coğrafi olarak diğer Ortabatı eyaletleri gibi düzlüğüyle dikkati çeker, fakat güneyi yine de biraz engebelidir. Bundan yüz elli yıl kadar önce neredeyse tamamen ormanlık olan bölge Avrupalı yerleşmecilerin ulaşmasıyla hızla ağaçsızlaşmış, eyaletin büyük bir kısmı tarla olarak kullanıma açılmıştır. Bunun istisnası gene eyaletin güneyindeki dağınık ormanlık alanlardır. Genelde küçük kasabalar şeklinde yerleşilmiş olan eyalette en büyük şehir bir buçuk milyonu aşan nüfusuyla Indianapolis'tir. Onu Fort Wayne, Evansville ve Michigan City izler. Eyaletin kuzeybatı ucu Chicago şehrine komşudur ve buranın bir banliyösü durumundadır. Eyalette toplam nüfus 6 milyon civarındadır.

Ekonomi
Tarımsal olarak eyalette mısır üreticiliği ön plandadır. Bunu soya fasulyesi ve hayvancılık izler. Endüstriyel üretimde ise eyaletin kuzey yarısında ağır endüstri ön plandadır, güney yarıda fazla bir endüstri bulunmaz. ABD genelinde, küreselleşmenin bir sonucu olarak bu tür endüstri daha ucuz iş gücü bulmak amacıyla ABD dışındaki ülkelere kaymaya başlamış olsa da, Indiana iş gücünün kalifiye olması ve büyük şirketler yanlısı çalışma yasaları sayesinde bu durumdan nispeten az etkilenmiştir.

Demografi
Etnik olarak halkın %85'i Avrupa kökenlidir. Onları %8,5 ile Siyahiler, %3,5 ile Hispanikler, %1 ile Asya kökenliler ve en son da %0,3 ile Kızılderili kökenliler izler. Avrupa kökenliler içerisinde Alman kökenliler çoğunluktadır. Dinî olarak Hristiyanlık baskındır. Bütün nüfusun %62'si bir Protestan kilisesine mensuptur, bunu %19 ile Katolik kilisesi izler.

Politika

Politik olarak Ortabatı eyaletleri içerisinde en tutucusu olarak bilinen Indiana'da Demokrat Parti mensubu adaylar 1900'den beri yalnızca beş kez başkanlık seçimlerini kazanabilmiştir: 1912, 1932, 1936, 1964 ve 2008. Ancak yerel seçimlere bakıldığında Demokrat ve Cumhuriyetçi parti adaylarının aşağı yukarı eşit başarı sağladığı görülür. Indiana, Amerikan İç Savaşı'na kölelik karşıtı kuzey eyaletleri tarafında katılmış olmasına rağmen, eyaletin güney kesimleri kültürel olarak ABD'nin güney eyaletlerine çok benzerdir. Bunun da bir sonucu olarak 20. yüzyılın başlarında ırkçı Ku Klux Klan örgütü eyalette çok güçlenmiş ve eyalet valisi de dâhil olmak üzere pek çok eyalet görevlisi bu örgütün ırkçı amaçlarına hizmet etmeye başlamıştır. Bu dönem, yüksek düzey Ku Klux Klan yöneticilerini de içeren bir tecavüz ve cinayet olayının ortaya çıkmasıyla son bulmuştur.

Eğitim
Indiana dünyaca ünlü Indiana, Purdue ve Notre Dame Üniversitelerine ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bunlardan Indiana Üniversitesi, ABD'deki sayılı Türkoloji bölümlerinden birini barındırır.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
Indiana Kızılderili tehcirleri

Indiana


Furi er et Actionspil/shoot 'em up udviklet og udgiveet af indie studiet "Game" Bakers. Spillet tager sted på en ukendt planet, i et farvefuldt retro sci-fi univers, hvor spilleren kontrolerer "Rider".

Gameplay
Furi er et Actionspil med Hack 'n' slash , shoot 'em up og "bullet hell" elementer, som kun består af Boss (computerspil) kampe.

Actionspil
Windows-spil
PlayStation 4-spil
Xbox One-spil

Furi


Orduköy, Çarşamba - Samsun ili Çarşamba ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Orduköy, Sinop - Sinop ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy

Orduköy


Batı Şeria

 Ariel (אריאל)
 Beit Jala (بيت جالا/בית ג'אלה)
 Betar Illit (ביתר עילית)
 Beytüllahim (بيت لحم/בית לחם)
 Hebron (الخليل/חברון)
 Cenin (جنين/ג'נין)
 Jericho (أريحا/יריחו)
 Doğu Kudüs (القدس/ירושלים)
 Ma'ale Adummim (מעלה אדומים)
 Nablus (نابلس/שׁכם)
 Kalkilya (قلقيلية/קלקיליה)
 Ramallah (رام الله/רמאללה)
 Rawabi (روابي/רוואבי), inşa halinde
 Salfit (سلفيت/סלפית)
 Tulkarim (طولكرم/טולכרם)

Gazze Şeridi
 Beyt Hanun (بيت حانون)
 Beyt Lahya (بيت لاهية)
 Deyr El Balah (دير البلح)
 Gazze (غزة/עזה)
 Jabalia (جباليا)
 Han Yunus (خان يونس)
 Refah (رفح/רפיח)

Kaynakça

Ülkelerine göre şehir listeleri
Şehir

Filistin'deki şehirler listesi


An Scaphyglottis conferta in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Hipólito Ruiz López ngan Pav., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Eduard Friedrich Poeppig och Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher. An Scaphyglottis conferta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scaphyglottis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Scaphyglottis

Scaphyglottis conferta


Das Smolensker Archiv ist die Bezeichnung für das Archiv der Kommunistischen Partei der Sowjetunion der Oblast Smolensk, umfassend die Jahre 1917 bis 1938, welches intakt durch die Wehrmacht erbeutet wurde, als sie am 15. Juli 1941 die Stadt Smolensk eroberte. Das Archiv wurde dann nach Deutschland gebracht.

Es sind keine weiteren so umfangreichen und vollständigen Archive erbeutet worden, da die Behörden der Sowjetunion während des Rückzuges 1941 und 1942 große Anstrengungen unternahmen, die staatlichen und Parteiarchive rechtzeitig in Sicherheit zu bringen. Die Deutschen nutzten das Archiv für Propagandazwecke, indem sie Details der darin enthaltenen Informationen über den stalinistischen Terror in der Sowjetunion veröffentlichten.

Das Archiv befand sich dann zur Auswertung in Deutschland, ab Mai 1943 in Vilnius, dann in Polen, wo Teile im Februar 1945 von sowjetischen Truppen bei der Bahnstation Pszczyna entdeckt und in die Sowjetunion zurückgebracht wurden.

Noch 1945, kurz nach der bedingungslosen Kapitulation der Wehrmacht, wurde das Archiv vom OSS, der Vorgängerbehörde der CIA, in die USA verbracht und dort in einem unterirdischen Flugzeughangar gelagert. Es wurde von einer Gruppe amerikanischer Sowjetologen gesichtet, die zu dem Schluss kamen, es enthalte sehr wertvolle Informationen. Danach wurde das Archiv für wissenschaftliche Forschung zugänglich.

Der Politikwissenschaftler Merle Fainsod (1907–1972) half 1948 das Russland-Forschungszentrum in Harvard einzurichten, dessen Direktor er von 1950 bis 1964 war. Dort wertete er das Archiv aus und veröffentlichte seine Forschungen als Buch Smolensk under Soviet Rule 1958. Daraufhin behauptete das Außenministerium der Sowjetunion, das Smolensker Archiv sei eine Fälschung der CIA. Robert Conquest (The Great Terror) und Richard Pipes (Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime) verwendeten ebenfalls in großem Umfang Material des Smolensker Archivs für ihre Veröffentlichungen über das System der Sowjetunion unter Stalin.

Seit 1963 forderte die Sowjetunion trotz des im Raum stehenden Fälschungsvorwurfs immer wieder die Rückgabe des Archivs. 1991 räumte Russland die Authentizität der Dokumente ein und verhandelte seitdem um eine Rückgabe, die im März 2003 erfolgte. Das Archiv befindet sich nun im Dokumentationszentrum für neueste Geschichte der Oblast Smolensk. Im Davis-Center der Universität Harvard verblieb eine komplette Verfilmung auf Mikrofilmrollen, eine Kopie befindet sich auch in der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München (Sign.: Film R 786-rn).

Weblinks
 Forschungsportal Smolensker Archiv der Harvard-Universität

Literatur
 Der Archivar. 60.2007, H.3, S. 241 (PDF; 2,1 MB)
 Merle Fainsod: Smolensk under Soviet Rule. 1958.
 Merle Fainsod: Wie Russland regiert wird. 1965.
 Robert Conquest: The Great Terror. 1968.
 Richard Pipes: Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. 1994.

Kommunistische Partei der Sowjetunion
Archiv (Russland)
Beziehungen zwischen der Sowjetunion und den Vereinigten Staaten
Geschichte (Oblast Smolensk)
Politische Kontroverse
Sowjetologie
Organisation (Oblast Smolensk)

Smolensker Archiv


FreeCAD ist eine CAD-Anwendung zur parametrischen 3D-Modellierung, die eine Reihe weiterer Ingenieursanwendungen wie das Building Information Modeling (BIM) und die Finite-Elemente-Analyse (FEA) unterstützt. Die seit 2002 entwickelte freie und quelloffene Software wurde in Python geschrieben und steht in diversen Sprachen für Windows, Mac und Linux zur Verfügung.

Funktionsumfang
Der Konstruktionsprozess bietet die Erstellung dreidimensionaler Objekte. Dazu nutzt FreeCAD die Open CASCADE Technology. Objekte werden mit änderbaren Parametern beschrieben. 2D-Zeichnungen werden durch Projektion aus dem 3D-Modell erzeugt. Die meisten Funktionen der Software werden durch Plug-ins realisiert. Es gibt Module zum Erstellen von Objekten aus einer 2D-Geometrie oder zur Simulation von Roboterbewegungen. Mit einem Interpreter auf Basis der Programmiersprache Python (Version 3.6) können Befehle automatisiert und zusammengefasst werden.

Dateien können in den Formaten DXF, SVG, STEP, IGES und IFC exportiert und importiert werden. Das DWG-Format wird von FreeCAD nicht unterstützt.

Erweiterungen
Die Open-Source-Dokumentation ermöglicht Entwicklern und Anwendern die individuelle Ergänzung des Funktionsumfangs FreeCADs. Beispielsweise existiert eine Workbench zur teilautomatisierten Ableitung von Bau- und Montageanleitungen aus Baugruppen in FreeCAD.

Galerie

Historie

Versionsgeschichte
Auf der Sourceforge-Seite sind Installationsdateien für unterschiedliche Versionen verfügbar.

Sonstiges
Laut Umfragen des Onlineportals CNC Cookbook besaß FreeCAD Mitte der 2010er-Jahre einen Marktanteil im CAD- und CAE-Segment um zwei Prozent. Knapp vier Prozent aller Anwender probierten FreeCAD als Option. 2023 nutzten 4,7 Prozent der Befragten FreeCAD und 6,8 Prozent testeten die Software (Platz 4 im Ranking).

Im November 2021 wurde die in Brüssel ansässige FreeCAD Project Association (FPA) gegründet. Seit Januar 2023 existiert das Unternehmen Ondsel, das neben der Community die Weiterentwicklung von FreeCAD und Erweiterung des Funktionsumfangs vorantreiben soll. Die Fakultät für Ingenieurwesen der Universität Pretoria richtete im März 2023 die FreeCAD Users Conference aus.

Siehe auch
 Liste von CAD-Programmen

Literatur
 Jo Hinchliffe: FreeCAD for Makers. Create 3D prints, laser cuts, folded sheets, and more with free design software. Raspberry Pi Press, Crawley 2022. (online)
 Daniel Falck, Brad Collette: FreeCAD [How-to]. Solid Modeling with the Power of Python. Packt Publishing, Birmingham 2012, ISBN 978-1-84951-886-4 (englisch, 68 Seiten).

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website
 Dokumentation als Wiki

 Einführungsvideo vom Chaos Communication Congress

Einzelnachweise

Freie CAD-Software
Qt-basierte Software
Linux-Software
Windows-Software
MacOS-Software

FreeCAD


Aðgerð Íkarus (þýska: Unternehmen  Ikarus eða Fall  Ikarus) var áætlun Þjóðverja um að gera innrás í Ísland í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni eftir að Bretar höfðu hernumið landið árið 1940. Áætluninni var aldrei hrint í framkvæmd.

Bretar höfðu hernumið Ísland til að koma í veg fyrir að Þjóðverjar gerðu það fyrst. Þjóðverjar framkvæmdu aldrei innrásaráætlun sína vegna frestunar Sæljónsaðgerðarinnar (Unternehmen Seelöwe). Auk þess töldu þeir að þótt mögulegt væri að gera innrás í Ísland væri ekki raunhæfur möguleiki á að halda uppi vörnum og birgðalínum.

Áætlun Þjóðverja
Í innrásaráætlun Þjóðverja kann að hafa verið gert ráð fyrir notkun þýsku farþegaskipanna SS Europa og SS Bremen. Einnig hafði verið tekið til greina að nota þessi skip í Sæljónsaðgerðinni, annarri áætlaðri innrás Þjóðverja sem aldrei var framkvæmd.

Ítarefni

Tilvísanir

Ísland í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni

Aðgerð Íkarus


Limbile austro-asiatice constă într-o familie de limbi formată din 171 de limbi, vorbite de 100.000.000 de oameni în estul Subcontinentului indian (mai exact în estul Indiei și în Bangladesh) și în Asia de Sud-Est (în China, Malaezia, Thailanda, Laos, Cambodgia și Myanmar). Există antropologi și lingviști care consideră că populațiile care vorbeau limba proto-austo-asiatică sunt populațiile autohtone ale acestor regiuni, celelalte (proto-indo-europenii, proto-sino-tibetanii, și așa mai departe) migrând ulterior aici.

austro-asiatice

Limbi austro-asiatice


La route régionale 467 () est une route régionale allant de Hiismäki jusqu'à Susimäki à Rantasalmi en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 467 est une route régionale dans la commune de Rantasalmi en Savonie du Sud.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

467

Transport à Rantasalmi

Seututie 467


Sir Charles Bagot GCB (23 September 1781 – 19 May 1843) was a British politician, diplomat and colonial administrator. He served as ambassador to the United States, Russia, and the Netherlands. He served as the second Governor General of the Province of Canada from 1841 to 1843.

Early life, family, education, political career

He was the second son of William Bagot, 1st Baron Bagot of Blithfield Hall, Staffordshire. He was educated at Rugby School and Christ Church, Oxford. He entered Lincoln's Inn, where he studied law, but left and returned to Oxford to complete his master's degree.

His marriage to the wealthy Lady Mary Charlotte Anne Wellesley-Pole, the niece of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, and other Bagot family connections made possible his subsequent diplomatic career.

Bagot served as Member of Parliament for Castle Rising from 1807 to 1808.

Diplomatic career

Ambassador to United States
He was named minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinaire to the United States on 31 July 1815, in the aftermath of the War of 1812. With Richard Rush, he negotiated the Rush–Bagot Treaty to limit naval forces on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain. He also contributed to negotiations leading to the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which defined the border between British North America and the United States from Lake of the Woods (see Northwest Angle) to the Pacific Ocean. Bagot ended his term in Washington, D.C. in 1820.

Ambassador to Russia, Netherlands
He subsequently served as British Ambassador to Russia, where he took part in negotiations leading to the 1825 Treaty of Saint Petersburg.

Then, he served as British Ambassador to the Netherlands, where he was involved in negotiations leading to the establishment of Belgium in 1831.

Governor General of the Province of Canada
After a hiatus of ten years from diplomatic service, Bagot agreed to succeed Lord Sydenham as governor general of the newly proclaimed Province of Canada. He was chosen because of his diplomatic knowledge of the United States. Bagot was appointed 27 September 1841, and arrived in the Canadian capital Kingston on 10 January 1842, taking office two days later.

Political  administration
Bagot was ordered by the British government to resist the strengthening demands for responsible government. As an important concession, however, Bagot did allow the leading Canadian colonial politicians Robert Baldwin and Sir Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine to form a ministry, on the basis of their parliamentary majority. Lafontaine, as a French-Canadian leader, had suffered abusive treatment by the British under the previous governor general, Lord Sydenham, who had died in office in 1841. This was the beginning of what became known as representative government in Canada. Bagot's leadership was an important step forward in establishing more amicable relations between the colonizing British and French.

Bagot worked productively with Baldwin and Lafontaine to establish a structure for fair municipal governance in the province of Canada. Their work has stood the test of time. With the arrival of Confederation in 1867, a well-defined system of three-tiered governance—federal, provincial, and municipal—came into being in Ontario and Quebec.

Extradition of fugitive slave
While serving as governor-general, Bagot ordered the first criminal extradition of a fugitive slave to the United States from Canada West. The fugitive in question, Nelson Hacket (or Hackett), had been valet and butler to a wealthy Arkansas slave owner. In 1841, Hacket allegedly stole a beaver overcoat and a racing mare from his master, as well as a gold watch and a saddle from two others, and fled to Canada West. Hacket's master caught up with him in Chatham, Ontario, and Hacket was jailed. Governor-General Bagot ruled Hacket had committed a crime by stealing items not necessary for his escape, and for this reason he was extradited. The public in Canada West, as well as abolitionists in the U.S. and Canada, were dismayed, and their displeasure led to a formal treaty, which codified rules for extradition, but upset fugitives, abolitionists, and slave owners.

Indigenous schools
In 1842 Bagot initiated a major review of government policies and expenditures related to Indigenous peoples in Canada East and Canada West, appointing Rawson W. Rawson, John Davidson and William Hepburn as report commissioners. Completed in 1844, the final report, titled the Report on the affairs of the Indians in Canada, included a call for the introduction of industrial schools to address the noted failure of day schools to effectively keep Indigenous children from the influence of their parents and is regarded as a foundational document in the rationale for establishing the Canadian Indian residential school system.

University administrator
He served as Chancellor of King's College, (now the University of Toronto), 1842–1843.

Death
Having resigned his governor general's office in January 1843, Bagot died four months later at the vice-regal residence, Alwington House, Alwington, Kingston, too ill to return to the United Kingdom. Bagot's library was sold at auction by Messrs Evans in London on 20 June 1844 (and two following days); a copy of the catalogue (which contained Audubon's Birds of America) is at Cambridge University Library (shelfmark Munby.c.149(10)).

Legacy
Today, he is chiefly remembered for his role in developing the Residential school system, his contributions to the development of the "undefended border" between the United States and Canada, and for fostering more cooperative and positive political relations between the two main colonial groups of British and French settlers.

Bagot Street, a main thoroughfare in downtown Kingston, is named in his memory.

Family

Bagot married Lady Mary Charlotte Anne Wellesley, daughter of William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington on 22 July 1806. Together they had:

 Colonel Charles Bagot (1808 - 1881)
Emily Georgiana Bagot (1809 -1848)
 Henrietta Maria Bagot (1815 - 1844)
 Georgiana Augusta Bagot (1818 - 1851)
 George Talbot Bagot (1820 - 1907)
 Colonel Alexander Bagot (1822 - 1874)
 Wilhelmina Frederica Bagot (1826 - 1852)

The family accompanied their parents to Canada, on Bagot's appointment as Governor-General of British North America on 12 January 1842. After her husband's death at Kingston, on 18 May 1843, she accompanied his remains to England. She died in London on 2 February 1845.

References

Sources

External links

1781 births
1843 deaths
People educated at Rugby School
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Governors-General of the Province of Canada
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
People from the Borough of East Staffordshire
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Russia
Younger sons of barons
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1807–1812
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Netherlands

Charles Bagot


Mbuka ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Alexander Mbuka-Nzundu (1918–1985), kongolesischer Geistlicher, Bischof von Kikwit
 Cyprien Mbuka (* 1943), kongolesischer Ordensgeistlicher, Bischof von Boma

Mbuka


David Ricardo Williams (* 28. Februar 1923 in Kamloops, British Columbia, Kanada; † 29. Januar 1999 in Duncan) war ein kanadischer Jurist, Historiker und Schriftsteller.

Leben

David Ricardo Williams wurde 1923 als Sohn einer langen Reihe von Land-Pfarrern der Church of England geboren. Seine formenden Jahre verbrachte er in Vancouver und studierte Rechtswissenschaften an der University of British Columbia in den späten 1940er Jahren. 1949 wurde er in British Columbia als Anwalt zugelassen und zog nach Duncan, wo er viele Jahre als Anwalt für Zivil- und Strafrecht praktizierte.

1969 wurde er zum Queen's Counsel ernannt. William war einer der Gründer des B.C. Forest Museums und arbeitete als Berater des Senats und Gouverneurs von British Columbia. Später wurde er außerordentlicher Professor an der Juristischen Fakultät der University of British Columbia und 1980 an der University of Victoria.

David Ricardo Williams veröffentlichte seit 1966 Bücher zur Landes- und Rechtsgeschichte seiner Heimat, wobei er die meisten seiner Werke in den 1980er und 1990er Jahren verfasste. Dennoch praktizierte er weiterhin in seinem Beruf als Jurist. Als wichtiges Mitglied der Writers Union of Canada gab er seiner Vereinigung oft juristischen Rat oder konterte die zuweilen verworrene, liberale Rhetorik von außen.

1985 war er mit seinem Werk Duff: A Life in the Law der erste Preisträger des zu den BC Book Prizes gehörenden Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize

Williams starb am 29. Januar 1999.

Werk
 100 Years at St. Peter's Quamican. 1966; Neuauflage 1991.
 The Man for a New Century: Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie. Gray's Publishing 1977; NA 1980.
 Simon Peter Gunanoot: Trap-Line Outlaw. Sono Nis, 1982; Trapline Outlaw, Sono Nis, 2005.
 Duff: A Life in the Law. 1982.
 Mayor Gerry: The Remarkable Gerald Grattan McGeer. 1986.
 Ace of Pentacles. Sono Nis, 1990. (Roman)
 Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: A History of Vancouver's Terminal City Club (Terminal City Club, 1992).
 With Malice Aforethought. 1993.
 Just Lawyers. Seven Portraits. 1995.
 Call in Pinkerton's. American detectives at work for Canada. 1998.

Auszeichnungen

 1980: UBC Medal for Canadian Biography, The Man for a New Century: Sir Matthew Baillie
 1985: Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize, Duff: A Life in the Law

Weblinks
 Nachlassverzeichnis der University of Victoria
 Autorenporträt und Reviews einzelner Werke auf ABCbookworld.com
 Rezension zu Call in Pinkerton's. American detectives at work for Canada

Autor
Rechtsanwalt (Kanada)
Historiker
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Kanadische Literatur
Hochschullehrer (University of British Columbia)
Hochschullehrer (University of Victoria)
Kanadier
Geboren 1923
Gestorben 1999
Mann

David Ricardo Williams


O Tribunal Permanente dos Povos é um tribunal de opinião internacional que julga crimes cometidos contra povos e minorias. Foi criado em 1979 por iniciativa do senador italiano Lelio Basso, após a experiência com o Tribunal Russell, que julgou os crimes da Guerra do Vietnã e das ditaduras latino-americanas.

Estrutura
O tribunal é composto por um presidente, quatro vice-presidentes, um secretário-geral e 66 membros internacionais, de diferentes disciplinas, como direito, economia, sociologia, artes e literatura.

Tribunais internacionais

Tribunal Permanente dos Povos


Juniperus ashei (Ashe juniper, mountain cedar, blueberry juniper, post cedar, or just cedar) is a drought-tolerant evergreen tree, native from northeastern Mexico and the south-central United States to southern Missouri. The largest areas are in central Texas, where extensive stands occur. Ashe juniper grows up to  tall, and over time can reach , and provides erosion control and year-round shade for wildlife and livestock.

Description
The feathery foliage grows in dense sprays, bright green in color. The leaves are scale-like,  long, and produced on rounded (not flattened) shoots. It is a dioecious species, with separate male and female plants. The seed cones are round,  long, and soft, pulpy and berry-like, green at first, maturing purple about 8 months after pollination. They contain one or two seeds, which are dispersed when birds eat the cones and pass the seeds in their droppings. The male cones are 3–5 mm long, yellow, turning brown after pollen release in December to February.

Scientific name
The specific name ashei pays homage to American forester and botanist William Willard Ashe.

As an invasive species
Despite being native to Texas, ashe juniper is often considered an invasive species and weed by many landowners and ranchers. It is commonly believed that they use more water than live oaks, but more recent research suggests the reverse.

Ashe juniper thrives on ranches, as cattle avoid the bitter-tasting seedlings. In contrast to the redberry juniper, ashe juniper does not resprout when cut.

Allergens

Ashe juniper pollen, along with that of the related Juniperus virginiana, can cause a severe allergic reaction. Consequently, what begins as a winter allergy may extend into spring, as the pollination of J. virginiana follows that of J. ashei. Colloquially, many Texans refer to the allergy as cedar fever.

Uses

Spanish explorers who arrived in what is now Texas in the mid-18th century built Hill Country missions using ashe junipers for roof beams. Poor land management, due to decades of clearcutting and overgrazing, led to soil erosion and a preponderance of caliche. The ashe juniper was one of the few plants that could thrive in the rocky soil.

The wood is naturally rot-resistant and provides raw material for fence posts. Posts cut from old-growth Ashe junipers have been known to last in the ground for more than 50 years. Over 100 years ago, most old-growth Ashe junipers were cut and used not only for fence posts, but also for foundation piers, telegraph and telephone poles, roof framing, and railroad ties.

The berry-like cones are eaten by a number of wildlife.  The endangered golden-cheeked warbler uses the shredding bark of older Mountain Cedars to build its nests and old-growth cedar brakes and juniper-oak woodlands as habitat.

References

External links

 Image Archive of Central Texas Plants detailed photographs
 Photographs of large Ashe Junipers (also called Mountain Cedars)
 Dimensions of Texas Champion Ashe juniper
 Evaluation of the Effects of Ashe Juniper (Cedar) Control on Water Quantity, Water Quality, and Suspended-Sediment Loads in three watersheds on the Edwards Aquifer Recharge and Catchment Area, South-Central Texas

ashei
Flora of Northeastern Mexico
Flora of the United States
Trees of the South-Central United States
Dioecious plants

Juniperus ashei


El colibrí colirraro, colibrí delgado, colibrí cola rara, colibrí colifino, tijereta centroamericana, colibrí tijereta guatemalteco o colibrí tijereta (Doricha enicura) es una especie de ave apodiforme de la familia Trochilidae. Es nativo de El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras y México. Vive en bosque montano tropical y subtropical y bosque muy degradado. No tiene subespecies reconocidas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

enicura
Aves de América Central
Taxones descritos por Louis Pierre Vieillot
Animales descritos en 1818

Doricha enicura


Roger Bacon (1219/1220 - 1292), İngiliz bilim insanı, filozof ve Fransisken rahibi.

"Deneysel bilim" yolunda çaba harcamış olan Bacon, çağdaş bilimin deneysel yaklaşımının tarihsel bakımdan erken olgunlaşmış bir temsilcisi olarak kabul edilir. İnsanın bilgisizliğinin nedenleri üzerinde duran Bacon, otoriteye dayanmanın, geleneğin etkisinin, önyargıların ve kişinin cehaletini saklayan sözde bilgeliğin, insanı hakikate ulaşmaktan alıkoyduğunu söylemiştir.

Özgür fikirleri yüzünden otorite ve din adamlarıyla sürekli tartışmalar yaşadığı için 14 yıl hapis yattı. Hristiyan olmayanlardan (özellikle Araplardan) birçok şey öğrenilebileceğini söyledi. Ona göre İbn-i Sina Aristoteles'den sonraki en büyük filozoftu.

Empirik fikrinin ilk savunucusu olduğu kabul edilir.

Felsefenin görevinin insanı Tanrı'nın bilgisine götürmek ve O'nun hizmetine koşmak olduğunu dile getiren Bacon, matematiğe özel bir önem vermiş ve matematiği tüm bilimlerin anahtarı olarak kabul etmiştir. Zamanının bilimiyle ahlakına yoğun eleştiriler yöneltmiş olan Bacon, tümevarım ve tümdengelimden meydana geldiğini söylediği bilimsel yöntem konusunda önemli katkılar yapmıştır.

Roger Bacon'un anlayışına göre gerçeğin önünde engeller bulunmaktadır. Bu engellerin cehaletin nedenleri olduğunu savundu. Opus Majus adlı eserinde bunu dile getirdi. Bu engeller aşağıdaki şekilde sıralanabilir:

 Otoriteye bağlılık
 Skolastik gelenek
 Eğitim yetersizliği
 İnsanların cahilliklerini gizleme tutumları.

Bacon, aynı zamanda otoriteye bağlılık ve aşırı güvenin bilimsel bilgi için büyük tehlike olduğunu savunur.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1220 doğumlular
1292 yılında ölenler
13. yüzyıl filozofları
13. yüzyıl bilim insanları
13. yüzyıl matematikçileri
Oxford Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Deneyciler
İngiliz simyacılar
İngiliz filozoflar
İngiliz bilim insanları
Orta Çağ'da yazarlar
Bilim felsefecileri
Roma Katolik filozoflar
Bilimsel alet yapımcıları
İngiliz mucitler
Roma Katolik bilim adamlar
Fransiskenler
İngiliz Fransiskenler

Roger Bacon


Christopher John "Chris" Wilder (Stocksbridge, 23 de setembro de 1967) é um ex-futebolista e treinador de futebol inglês que jogava como lateral-direito. Atualmente está sem clube.

Carreira de jogador
Depois de defender o  nas categorias de base e ser dispensado antes de ser promovido ao elenco principal, Wilder iniciou a carreira profissional em 1986, no . Atuando como zagueiro, levou um cartão vermelho após uma entrada violenta em Jimmy Carter, do , em uma temporada que viu os Blades caírem para a terceira divisão inglesa. Ajudou o Sheffield a obter 2 promoções seguidas nas temporadas 1988–89 (terceira pra a segunda divisão) e 1989–90 (segunda para a primeira divisão) - nos 2 últimos anos em que ficou vinculado ao clube, Wilder teve passagens por  Walsall, Charlton Athletic e Leyton Orient, todas por empréstimo. Ele ainda voltaria a defender os Blades entre 1997 e 1999.

Após deixar o Sheffield em 1992, defendeu Rotherham United, Notts County, Bradford City, Northampton Town, Lincoln City, Brighton & Hove Albion e Halifax Town, onde se aposentou em 2001.

Carreira como treinador
Pouco depois da aposentadoria como jogador, Wilder estreou como técnico no Alfreton Town, onde ficou por uma temporada. Em 2002, voltou ao Halifax Town, comandando o time em 312 jogos até 2008, quando o Halifax foi dissolvido por problemas financeiros.

Passou ainda por Oxford United e Northampton Town até maio de  2016, ano em que voltou ao Sheffield United, substituindo Nigel Adkins. Após um começo irregular (os Blades chegaram a perder os 4 primeiros jogos na League One de 2016–17) , Wilder levou o Sheffield ao título da terceira divisão inglesa e bateu o recorde de pontos da história da equipe (100)., e ainda conseguiu o acesso à Premier League da temporada 2019–20 (como vice-campeão), 12 anos depois da última participação, recebendo o prêmio de Treinador do Ano da League Managers Association e renovando seu contrato com o Sheffield por mais 3 anos, ampliando o vínculo por mais 4 em janeiro de 2020 A passagem de Wilder nos Blades encerrou-se em março de 2021, tendo conquistado apenas 14 pontos em 28 jogos da edição 2020–21 da Premier League, que terminou com o rebaixamento do time

Em novembro de 2021, foi anunciado como novo técnico do , onde chegou a vencer 4 dos primeiros 5 jogos e permanecer 1 mês invicto. Deixou o Boro em outubro de 2022, após vencer somente 2 das primeiras 11 partidas do clube na segunda divisão inglesa.

Títulos

Como jogador (individual)
 Time do ano da PFA: 1995–96 (segunda divisão)

Como treinador
Alfreton Town
 Primeira Divisão da Northern Counties East Football League: 2001–02
 Northern Counties East Football League League Cup: 2001–02
 Northern Counties East Football League President's Cup: 2001–02
 Derbyshire Senior Cup] 2001–02
Halifax Town
 West Riding County Cup: 2003–04
Northampton Town
 League Two: 2015–16
Sheffield United
 League One: 2016–17

Individuais
 Treinador da temporada da The Football League / EFL: 2015–16, 2018–19
 Treinador do ano da League Two pela League Managers Association: 2015–16
 Treinador do ano da League One pela League Managers Association: 2016–17
 LMA Special Achievement Award: 2016–17
 Treinador do ano da Championship pela League Managers Association: 2018–19
 Treinador do ano da League Managers Association: 2018–19

Ligações externas
 Perfil de Chris Wilder - OGol.com.br

Futebolistas da Inglaterra
Futebolistas do Charlton Athletic F.C.
Futebolistas do Notts County F.C.
Futebolistas do Walsall F.C.
Treinadores do Rotherham United F.C.
Futebolistas do Bradford City A.F.C.
Futebolistas do Leyton Orient F.C.
Futebolistas do Sheffield United F.C.
Futebolistas do Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.
Futebolistas do Northampton Town F.C.
Futebolistas do Lincoln City F.C.
Treinadores de futebol da Inglaterra
Treinadores do Oxford United F.C.
Treinadores do Middlesbrough F.C.

Chris Wilder


Kasas Suresi (Arapça: سورة القصص), Kur'an'ın 28. suresidir. Adını, 25. ayette geçen "el-Kasas" kelimesinden almıştır. Kasas, kıssalar veya anlatılar anlamındadır. Kur'an'da çok sayıda anlatı yer alır.

Konuları
Sûrede başlıca Musa'nın çocukluğu, peygamberliği, Yahudileri Mısır'dan çıkarması ve Firavun ordusunun boğulması hikâyeleri anlatılır.

Surede anlatılan diğer bir hikâye ise halk edebiyatında zenginlik ve gösteriş ile özdeşleştirilen Kârûn anlatısıdır. Sure Karun'u Musa'nı kavminden bir zengin olarak anlatır.

"76- Gerçek şu ki, Karun, Musa'nın kavmindendi, ancak onlara karşı azgınlaştı. Biz, ona öyle hazineler vermiştik ki, anahtarları, birlikte (taşımaya) davranan güçlü bir topluluğa ağır geliyordu.

81- Sonunda onu da, konağını da yerin dibine geçirdik."

Tarihsel karşılık

Kur'an'da anlatılan kıssanın tarihsel karşılığı Lidya kralı Krezüs (Karun) olmalıdır. Antik çağın bilinen en zengin kralı olan Krezüs mitolojiye göre her tuttuğunun altın olması için ilâhlara yalvarır; bu dileği kabul edilince mutluluğa erişeceğini sanır. Ancak çok zengin olduğu halde mutluluğu bir türlü bulamayan kral acı içinde kıvranarak ölür.

Anadolu'daki en eski Yahudi yerleşimlerinin Lidya topraklarında bulunması sebebiyle hikâyenin Yahudiler vasıtasıyla zaman, mekan gibi niteliklerinin değişerek Ortadoğu halkları arasında yayılması olasıdır. Karun hazineleri Uşak arkeoloji müzesinde sergilenmektedir.

Hikâyenin diğer bir çıkış noktası ise, Eski Ahit'e (Sayılar'ın 16. bölümü) göre Musa ile tartışan, ancak zenginliği ile ilgili bilgi bulunmayan Korah anlatısıdır.

Kaynakça

Sureler

Kasas Suresi


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 İmparator Shōmu, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 45. imparatoru (ö. 756)
 Li Bai, Tang dönemi'nde yaşamış Çinli şair (ö. 762)

Ölümler

701


Atlas Copco (Copco from Compagnie Pneumatique Commerciale) is a Swedish multinational industrial company that was founded in 1873. It manufactures industrial tools and equipment.

The Atlas Copco Group is a global industrial group of companies headquartered in Nacka, Sweden. In 2019, global revenues totaled SEK 104 billion, and by the end of that year the company employed about 38,774 people. The firm's shares are listed on the Nasdaq Stockholm exchange and both 'A' and 'B' classes form part of the benchmark OMXS30 index.

Atlas Copco companies develop, manufacture, service, and rent industrial tools, air compressors (of which it is the world's leading producer), construction and assembly systems. The Group operates in four areas: Compressor Technology, Vacuum Technology, Power Technology and Industrial Technology.

History

Early development
AB Atlas, as it was previously named, was founded by Edvard Fränckel, who was a Swedish industrialist, politician and senior official at Swedish State Railways. The company was established along with Andre O. Wallenberg, Johan W. Arnberg, Carl G. Cervin and Fredrik Didro. In its inauguration phase, Atlas dealt with the manufacturing, purchasing and selling of all types of material for railway construction and operations. After the hard hit of the recession in the 1880s and the decline in railway construction, Atlas diversified its undertakings and branched off into locomotives, central heating and tool machinery. In 1899, Atlas began developing their first air compressors and established itself as a compressor manufacturer. As older production branches started phasing out, Atlas teamed up with Diesel Motors in 1917 and the new company of Atlas Diesel emerged with two primary divisions: diesel engines and compressor air products.

War-time development
The Atlas Diesel merger experienced significant growth during the First World War and towards the end of the war, export dominated 40–50 % of production. The depression years caused significant losses for the company, which led to several financial reconstructions in the 1920s and 1930s. The economy began recovering, demand started growing again in the mid-1930s, and Atlas Diesel experienced a boom in sales, where compressed air operations was the most expansive area. The Second World War remained an active period for the firm and a time when strategic planning for development played a principal role. Manufacturing capabilities were embellished and the purchasing along with the acquisition of manufacturing subsidiaries in Sweden and other countries, was a key component to Atlas Diesel's continued growth after WWII. The "Swedish method" was another war period strategy that strongly influenced the firm's pneumatic program, consisting of lightweight rock drills and drill bits with carbide tips. In 1948 the company terminated its diesel manufacturing and the name "Atlas Diesel" was no longer pertinent. The name Atlas Copco became official in 1955 and was inspired by the Belgian subsidiary Compagnie Pneumatique Commerciale (Trading Pneumatic Company).

Post-war international expansion
The Swedish method that was founded during the war period laid the foundation for the international expansion Atlas Copco engaged in starting in the 1950s. The purchasing of the Belgian compressor company Arpic Engineering in 1956, was the firm's first major international acquisition. Eventually, Arpic's plants carried out a majority of Atlas Copco's compressor production. In 1960 another important acquisition was made with the purchasing of Craelius. In the 1970s, international expansion accelerated dramatically, due to various structural reforms and efficiency measures brought on by weakened economic conditions and increased production costs. These conditions meant that Atlas Copco had to accelerate and brake simultaneously in order to keep profitability up.  A number of strategic acquisitions were therefore made including the French compressor manufacturer Mauguière. In order to strengthen their position in the United States, several strategic acquisitions were made in the Airpower business, including the key purchase of Worthington Compressors.

In the early 1980s Atlas Copco was the world leader in rock drilling and pneumatics. Seeing the potential in industrial tools, they purchased Chicago Pneumatic Tools in 1987, which opened up the important American, French and British markets. Atlas Copco then became one of the world's largest manufacturers of pneumatic tools and monitoring systems. At the end of the 1980s the company's geographical foothold grew and assortments expanded due to several acquisitions including the French company Ets. Georges Renault that manufactured pneumatic power tools. The British company Desoutter Brothers Plc. that supplied industrial tools and monitoring systems was purchased in 1990. In 1992 AEG Elektrowerkzeuge was purchased and in 1995 Milwaukee Electric Tool was acquired, which further strengthened the company's reach. In 2004 Milwaukee Electric Tool was sold to Hong Kong based Techtronic Industries. In 1997, Atlas Copco made its biggest and most important acquisition with the purchasing of the Prime Service Corporation, which was the largest machine leasing company in the United States. The North American Rental Service Corporation was purchased in 1999.

Business areas

From 2017, Atlas Copco has four main business areas: Compressor Technology, Vacuum Technology, Industrial Technology and Power Technology. They all focus on the design, manufacturing and marketing of a large range of products for different industry segments.

Compressor Technology
Atlas Copco's Compressor Technology area creates products such as industrial compressors, oil and gas treatment equipment, air management systems, and gas and process compressor/expanders. The products are mainly used in the manufacturing, oil, gas and process industries. Their compressors are used in ships, trains and hospitals, and in other facilities and applications. Their main market competitors in this area are Ingersoll-Rand, Kaeser, Kobelco, Hitachi, Gardner Denver, Cameron, Sullair, and Parker Hannifin.

Vacuum Technology
Atlas Copco's Vacuum Technology business area provides vacuum products, exhaust management systems, valves and related products mainly under the Edwards, Leybold and Atlas Copco brands. The main markets served are semiconductor and scientific as well as a wide range of industrial segments including chemical process industries, food packaging and paper handling. Principal product development and manufacturing units are located in the United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Germany, South Korea, United States, China and Japan.

Industrial Technology
Atlas Copco's products in Industrial Technology are mainly developed for the automotive and aerospace industries, but are also used in industrial manufacturing and maintenance and vehicle service. Products manufactured include assembly systems, industrial power tools, quality assurance products and various types of software. Their main competitors in this area are Apex Tool Group, Ingersoll-Rand, Stanley Black & Decker, Uryu and Bosch.

Power Technology
This area produces portable compressors, lighting towers, pumps and generators, paving equipment, compaction equipment, demolition tools and construction tools for a wide variety of infrastructure projects. These include civil works, road construction, gas and oil, and drilling construction projects. The company's main competitors in this area include Doosan Infracore, Kaeser, Sullair, Volvo, Caterpillar and Wirtgen.

Operations

Manufacturing
Atlas Copco manufactures critical equipment components in-house and co-operates with business partners for non-critical components. Approximately 75% of the production cost of equipment represents purchased components and around 25% are internally manufactured core components, assembly costs and overhead. Equipment represents less than 64% of revenues and the manufacturing of equipment is primarily based on customer orders and only some standard, high volume equipment is manufactured based on projected demand.

Distribution
Atlas Copco has customer centres in about 71 countries and sales in about 180 countries. Sales and service are primarily direct, but also channeled through alternative sales mechanisms, e.g. distributors. Sales of equipment is performed by engineers and service and maintenance are performed by technicians. Service is the responsibility of divisions in each business area. The responsibility includes development of service products, sales and marketing, technical support, service delivery and follow-up. About 36% of revenues are generated from service (spare parts, maintenance, repairs, consumables, accessories, and rental).

Brands

The Atlas Copco Group has dozens of brands around the world, including Chicago Pneumatic for compressors and tools, Edwards for vacuum, BeaconMedeas for medical gas, and SCA & Henrob for automotive assembly.

Notable brands include:
 Chicago Pneumatic
 Desoutter Tools
 Edwards
 Leybold GmbH

Structure
Atlas Copco's organization is based on the principle of decentralized responsibilities and authorities. Their operations are organized into four business areas and more than 20 divisions. The organization has both operating units and legal units. Each operating unit has a business board which reflects the operational structure of the Group. The duty of a business board is to serve in an advisory and decision-making capacity concerning strategic and operative issues. It also ensures the implementation of controls and assessments. Each legal company has a legal board focusing on compliance and the legal structure of the Group.

Epiroc
In 2018 Atlas Copco decide on a split and formed Epiroc AB which will focus on customers in the mining, infrastructure and natural resources segments. Epiroc is now a fully independent company.

Innovation

Atlas Copco conducts research and development in a wide range of technologies at their global research centres, where each division has its individual area of focus and resources. Training and workshops have been rolled out in customer centres and product companies globally. The company puts focus on growth in automation to bring more production back to US and Europe. In 2020 Atlas Copco acquired Isra Vision in February and Perceptron in September to boost its position in automation. In March 2022, Atlas Copco acquired the assets of Ceres Technologies - US-based manufacturer and designer of gas and vapour delivery equipment for the semiconductor industry.

References

External links

Companies related to the Wallenberg family
Tool manufacturing companies of Sweden
Manufacturing companies established in 1873
Swedish brands
Companies listed on Nasdaq Stockholm
companies based in Stockholm County
Multinational companies headquartered in Sweden
Swedish companies established in 1873
Nacka Municipality

Atlas Copco


Slick.Boutique er et dansk pladeselskab, som blev startet i 2015 af musikproducerne Engelina Andrina og Jules Wolfson (en del af producerduon Jon & Jules). De er også bag pladeselskabet Nexus Music.

Udgivelser (singler)
 2015: Cisilia - Luftballon
 2015: Patrick Spiegelberg - Dig Og Mig Mod Verden

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiel hjemmeside

Noter

Pladeselskaber fra Danmark
Etableret i 2015

Slick.Boutique


Uzhhorod (, , , , ) is a city and municipality on the Uzh River in western Ukraine, at the border with Slovakia and near the border with Hungary. The city is approximately equidistant from the Baltic, the Adriatic and the Black Sea (650–690 km) making it the most inland city in this part of Europe. It is the administrative center of Zakarpattia Oblast (region), as well as the administrative center of Uzhhorod Raion (district) within the oblast. Population:

Name
The city's earliest known name is Ungvár, from Hungarian Ung (River Uzh) and vár "castle, fortress", originally referring to a castle outside the city (probably Nevytske Castle).

The name Uzhhorod was coined in early 19th century Slavophile circles as a literal translation of the name Ungvár. The city officially adopted this name some time after 1920, under Czechoslovak administration.

The names of the city also include:  (before 1996); ,  (historically); ; ; , ; ; ; ; ; .

History

Early Hungarian history

In the migration period Celts, Sarmatians, Huns, and Avars ruled the area. During the 9th century a fortified castle changed into a fortified early feudal town-settlement. The first mention of the settlement's name is "Hunguar" from  AD 1150 in Gesta Hungarorum. According to Gesta Hungarorum, at the time of the Hungarian conquest the fortified castle was under the rule of Laborc, who is most likely a fictional figure created by Anonymus, named after the nearby river Laborc.

Almos's Magyars who had arrived in the region from Kyiv (then known as Kevevara) stormed the Hunguar fortress in 895 AD. Having taken over the castle, Almos appointed his son Árpád as prince of Hunguaria and from Ungvar all of his warriors were called Hungarians instead. This is naiv folk etymology by the medieval writer. For further information on the ethnonym of the Hungarians see the article Name of Hungary.

In the Kingdom of Hungary, the small town began to extend its borders. King Saint Stephen made it the centre (castrum) of Ung county with a strong military presence to protect the north east boarder of Hungary. In 1241–1242 the Mongols of Batu Khan burnt the settlement. After, in 1248 the city was granted town privileges by the King Béla IV of Hungary. In the early 14th century, Uzhhorod was involved in the civil wars in the interregnum between Hungarian barons  when the dynasty of Árpád died out. Finally Charles I of Hungary from the Anjou dynasty, descendant of the House of Árpád by his mother occupied the throne. The Anjou House also ruled the Kingdom of Naples and the Hungarian king Charles I invited the Drugeths (Italian counts from the Kingdom of Naples) into Hungary and gave the town to them. The Drugeth family became a member of the Hungarian nobility. During that period Philip Drugeth built Uzhhorod Castle. Together with the castle, the city began to grow. From 1430, Uzhhorod became a free royal town.

Under Habsburg rule
During the 16–17th centuries The Kingdom of Hungary fell into three parts. The middle was occupied by the Ottoman Empire, the north west was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty, the eastern part became the Principality of Transylvania, that hold the independent Hungarian statehood. During this period there were many handicraft corporations in Uzhhorod. In this period the city was engaged in the religious and political fight between primarily Hungarian Protestant Transylvania and the German Catholic Austria. Each one wanted to reunite the Kingdom of Hungary under their rule. In 1646 the Union of Ungvár was proclaimed and the Greek-Catholic church was established, in a ceremony held in the Ungvár castle by the Vatican Aegis. In 1707 Ungvár was the residence of Ferenc II Rákóczi, leader of the national liberation war of Hungarians against Habsburgs. From 1780 the city became the capital of the Greek Catholic Eparchy and from 1776 the center of a newly created school district.

The beginning of the 19th century was characterized by economic changes, including the first factories in the city. The greatest influence on Ungvár among the political events of the 19th century was made by the Hungarian Revolution of 1848-1849, during which the native Hungarian nobility sought both to shake off the suzerainty of the Austrian Empire and to have authority over their own people. 27 March 1848 was officially celebrated in the city as the overthrow of the monarchy in Hungary. It is now celebrated in Hungary on 15 March.

In 1872 the first railway line opened, linking the city to the important railway junction of Chop, then known as Csap.

According to the 1910 census, the city had 16,919 inhabitants, of which 13,590 (80.3%) were Magyars, 1,219 (7.2%) Slovaks, 1,151 (6.8%) Germans, 641 (3.8%) Rusyns and 1.6% Czechs. By religion, 5,481 Roman Catholic, 5,305 Jewish, 4,473 Greek Catholic, 1,368 Calvinist. At the same time, the municipal area of the city had a population composed of 10,541 (39.05%) Hungarians, 9,908 (36.71%) Slovaks, and 5,520 (20.45%) Rusyns.

During the World Wars
The First World War slowed down the tempo of city development. On 10 September 1919, Subcarpathia was officially allocated to the Republic of Czechoslovakia. Uzhhorod became the administrative center of the territory. During these years Uzhhorod developed into an architecturally modern city.

After the First Vienna Award in 1938, Uzhhorod was given back to Hungary from which it was separated after World War I.

In 1941 the Jewish population reached 9,576. On 19 March 1944, Germans troops entered the city. They established a Judenrat (Jewish council) and set up two ghettos, at the Moskovitz brickyard and Gluck lumberyard. During May 1944, all Jews were deported to Auschwitz in five different transports and subsequently murdered. Only a few hundred Jews survived.

In the Soviet Union
On 27 October 1944, the city was captured by the troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front of the Red Army. Thousands of ethnic Hungarians were killed, expelled, or else taken to work in Soviet forced labor camps. The Hungarian majority population was decimated in order to strengthen the Soviet and Ukrainian right to the city.

This period brought significant changes. On the outskirts of Uzhhorod new enterprises were constructed and the old enterprises were renewed. On 29 June 1945, Subcarpathian Ukraine was annexed by the Soviet Union and became a westernmost part of the Ukrainian SSR. This followed the assumption of local authority by the People's Committee of Transcarpathian Ukraine based in Uzhhorod and headed by a local Communist. That year the Uzhhorod State University (now Uzhhorod National University) was also opened. Since January 1946 Uzhhorod was the center of newly formed Zakarpatska oblast.

In Ukraine

Since 1991 Uzhhorod has become one of 24 regional capitals within independent Ukraine. Of these, Uzhhorod is the smallest and westernmost.

In 2002, a bust of Tomáš Masaryk, Czechoslovakia's first president, was unveiled in a main square of the city. A similar bust was unveiled in 1928 on the 10th anniversary of Czechoslovak independence, but was removed by the Hungarians when they took over the region in 1939.

On 15 April 2022, as part of the derussification campaign that swept through Ukraine following the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Uzhhorod City Council decided to rename 58 streets connected to Russian figures. United States First Lady Jill Biden visited the city on 8 May 2022, which was not announced to the public until after the visit.

Geography

Climate

Uzhhorod has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with cool to cold winters and warm summers. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of  while the warmest month is July with an average temperature of . The coldest temperature ever recorded is  and the warmest temperature was . Average annual precipitation is , which is evenly distributed throughout the year though the summer months have higher precipitation. On average, Uzhhorod receives 2023 hours of sunshine per year.

Demographics
According to the Ukrainian 2001 census, the population of Uzhhorod included:
 Ukrainians including Rusyns (77.8%)
 Russians (9.6%)
 Hungarians (6.9%)
 Slovaks (2.2%)
 Romani (1.5%)

According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April–May 2023, 85% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, 9% spoke Russian, and 1% spoke Hungarian.

Transportation

The city is served by Uzhhorod railway station and has railway connections with Chop and Lviv. It is also served by Uzhhorod International Airport. The airport is situated on the Ukraine Slovakia border.

Government
The territory of the city of Uzhhorod is coterminous with Uzhhorod urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine which was established on 12 June 2020.

Sport
The city was home to the SC Rusj Užhorod football club from 1925. Contemporary side FC Hoverla Uzhhorod made their debut in the Ukrainian Premier League in 2001, but dissolved in 2016 due to money issues.

In 2020 professional football matches at the highest levels of Ukraine returned to Uzhhorod since the 2020–21 season FC Mynai plays its home matches in the Avanhard Stadium. FC Uzhhorod currently in Ukrainian Second League also plays its matches at Avanhard Stadium.

International relations

Uzhhorod is currently twinned with:

  Békéscsaba, Hungary
  Nyíregyháza, Hungary
  Szombathely, Hungary
  Trogir, Croatia
  Pula, Croatia
  Corvallis, Oregon, US
  Darmstadt, Germany, since 1992
  Košice, Slovakia, since 1993
  Krosno, Poland, since 2008
  Jarosław, Poland, since 2002
  Česká Lípa, Czech Republic
  Satu Mare, Romania
  Târgu Mureș, Romania

Notable people

 Arieh Atzmoni (1926–2005) an Israeli soldier rewarded with the Hero of Israel
 János Erdélyi (1814 in Veľké Kapušany – 1868) Hungarian poet, critic, author and philosopher.
 Mihály Fincicky (1842-1916), Hungarian folklorist and mayor
 Renée Firestone (born 1924), Holocaust survivor, fashion designer
 Lisa Fittko (1909–2005) author and helper to many escaping Nazi-occupied France during WWII.
 Wilem Frischmann (born 1931) WWII refugee, became a leading British engineer
 Shlomo Ganzfried (1804–1886), an Orthodox rabbi of Ungvar and posek
 József Gáti (1885-1945) an ethnic Hungarian communist politician from Subcarpathian Rus
 Jenő Janovics (1872–1945) a Hungarian film director, screenwriter and actor of the silent era.
 Józef Kasparek (1915 in Broumov - 2002), a Polish lawyer, historian and political scientist in the US; carried out covert operations in Carpathian Rus 1938/39.
 Mikhail Kopelman (born 1947), a Russian-American violinist, first violin in the Kopelman Quartet
 Joseph L. Kun (1882–1961), emigrated to the US aged 4, became a judge in Pennsylvania
 Serhiy Kvit (born 1965), a Ukrainian literary critic, journalist, educator and social activist.
 Samuel Lipschütz (1863–1905), a chess player and author
 Nil Lushchak (born 1973) a Ruthenian Catholic hierarch for Mukachevo.
 Jonathan Markovitch (born 1967) a Ukrainian rabbi and the Chief rabbi of Kyiv
 József Örmény (born 1960), a Ukrainian pianist of Hungarian origin.
 Ilka Pálmay (1859–1945), a Hungarian-born singer and actress.
 Géza Pap (1883-1912), socialist from the Austro-Hungarian Empire
 Dezső Pattantyús-Ábrahám (1875–1973) a Hungarian politician from an ancient and noble family
 Serhiy Ratushniak (born 1961) former long-term Mayor of Uzhhorod, 1994–2002 & 2006–2010
 Lika Roman (born 1985), a Ukrainian model, charity worker and Miss Ukraine, 2007
 Zsuzsanna Sirokay (born 1941) a Hungarian pianist, she lives in Switzerland.
 Avgustyn Voloshyn (1874 in Kelechyn – 1945), a Subcarpathian politician, teacher and priest
 Yolka (born 1982), singer, songwriter, recording artist, presenter and actress.
 Anatoly Zatin (born 1954), a Mexican composer, pianist and orchestral conductor
 Gregory Zatkovich (1886 in Holubyne – 1967), an American lawyer and first governor of Carpathian Ruthenia
 Paul Zatkovich (1852—1916) newspaper editor and cultural activist for Rusyns in the US.

Sport
 Matviy Bobal (born 1984) a Ukrainian football forward with ca. 300 club caps
 Juraj Demeč (born 1945) a Czechoslovak former track and field athlete who competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics
 Vladimir Koman (born 1989), a footballer with nearly 300 club caps and 36 for Hungary
 Vladyslav Mykulyak (born 1984) a Ukrainian retired footballer with 320 club caps.
 Yozhef Sabo (born 1940), a former football player with 347 club caps and 76 for the Soviet Union
 György Sándor (born 1984) a Carpathian Ruthenian footballer with 370 club caps and 9 for Hungary
 István Sándor (born 1986) an Hungarian footballer with 380 club caps
 Daria Shestakova (born 1996) a Russian rugby sevens player.
 Tetyana Trehubová (born 1989) a Ukrainian-born Slovak handball player.

See also
 Bridges in Uzhhorod
 Uzhgorod Synagogue
 Zakarpattia Oblast

References

Further reading
 Rampley, Matthew (2019). "Uzhhorod Modernism" (2019). https://craace.com/2019/05/09/uzhhorod-modernism/

External links

 Official website of the City
 Official website of Uzhhorod National University
 Uzhhorod in old postcards
 Uzhhorod Modernism Architectural Manual

Cities in Zakarpattia Oblast
Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine
Populated places established in the 9th century
Cities of regional significance in Ukraine
Oblast centers in Ukraine

Uzhhorod


Phønix Ordenen (græsk: Τάγμα του Φοίνικος) er en græsk orden. Den blev indstiftet af Grækenlands republikanske regering 13. maj 1926 til erstatning for den kongelige Georg den I.s Orden, som blev afskaffet ved overgangen til republikansk statsform. Ordenen fik navn efter den mytiske fugl Føniks, som et symbol på republikkens og Grækenlands genfødelse. Phønix Ordenen blev beholdt da Grækenland igen blev et monarki i 1935 og har siden eksisteret under skiftende statsformer og regimer. Under monarkiet var kongen ordenens ordensherre. I dag er republikkens præsident stormester. I det nuværende græske ordensvæsen rangerer  Phønix Ordenen efter Frelserens Orden og Æresordenen, men foran Orden for Gode Gerninger.

Inddeling
Phønix Ordenen er inddelt i fem klasser:
 Storkors ('Μεγαλόσταυρος')
 Storofficer ('Ανώτερος Ταξιάρχης')
 Kommandør ('Ταξιάρχης')
 Guldkors ('Χρυσούς Σταυρός')
 Sølvkors ('Αργυρούς Σταυρός')

Insignier

Udformningen af ordenstegnene for Phønix Ordenen har skiftet i perioderne landet har været republik eller monarki. Ved indstiftelsen bestod ordenstegnet af et hvidemaljeret guld kors med svagt udbuede arme og udrundede korsender. Over korsmidten var der placeret en guld Føniks som stiger op af flammerne. En stjerne i guld var placeret over fuglens hoved. Korsarmene var besat med bogstaverne E, T, T og A, for mottoet "Εκ Της Τέφρας Αναγεννώμαι" (jeg genfødes fra asken), også disse i guld. Bagsiden af korset var uden motiver. Ordenstegnet var identisk, men i forskellig størrelse, for de forskellige grader, bortset fra at korset for den laveste grad var i sølv. Ordensstjernen har otte takker og bar Føniks-motivet i midten. Ordensbåndet er mørkegult af farve og har smalle sorte kantstriber.

Da Grækenland i 1935 igen blev et monarki, blev ordenstegnet ophængt i båndet i en kongekrone. Bagsiden af korset fik videre kongens monogram. Ordensstjernen fik en kongekrone placeret over fuglens hoved. Ordenstegnene var ellers uændret. I 1936 blev ordenstegnene imidlertid forenklet, ved at bogstaverne blev fjernet fra korset. I nogle tilfælde mangler stjernen også over fuglens hoved. Ved indstiftelse af en militær afdeling i 1941, fik ordenstegn tildelt for militære fortjenester desuden af korslagte sværd.

I 1975, da Hellas igen blev republik, blev ordenstegnene for Phønix Ordenen modificeret ved at kongekronen blev fjernet og kongemonogrammet fjernet fra korsets bagside. Bagsiden fik i stedet Grækenlands nationalvåben som motiv. Våbnet er omgivet af indskriften "ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ" (Græske republik). Korset bærer en femtakket guld stjerne øverst på den vertikale korsarm. Ordensstjernen er i sølv og har otte grupper af takker. I midten af stjernen er relieffet med fugl Føniks placeret. Fuglen er i guld.

Tildeling
Ved indstiftelsen kunne Phønix Ordenen tildeles både grækere og andre landes borgere. Grundloven af 1927 forbød tildeling af ordener til grækere og ordenen blev derefter kun tildelt udlændinge. Ved genoprettelsen af monarkiet i 1935 blev ordenen igen også tildelt græske statsborgere, som belønning for civil eller militær indsats. Der var sat begrensninger på antallet af tildelinger i hver grad. Da der i 1941 blev etableret en egen militær afdeling, blev ordenen tildelt for udvist mod i krig.

I vore dage tildeles Phønix Ordenen græske borgere som har udmærket sig indenfor offentlig forvaltning, videnskab, kunst og kultur, samt handel, industri og skibsfart. Tildelinger i den militære afdeling, det vil sige med sværd, har ikke fundet sted siden afskaffelsen af monarkiet. Den ordinære, civile udgave af Phønix Ordenen tildeles alligevel militært personel, samt medlemmer af det græske politi, kystvagten og brandvæsenet. Tildeling sker da efter den rang modtageren besidder. Ordenen kan også tildeles udlændinge som har virket til fremme af Grækenland på de nævnte områder.

Det første storkors af Phønix Ordenen, som blev tildelt efter overgangen til republik i 1975, blev givet til arkæologen Manolis Andronikos som belønning for udgravningerne af Filip 2. af Makedoniens grav ved Vergina.

Kilder
 Dimitris Giannogolou: "Greece" i Guy Stair Sainty og Rafal Heydel-Mankoo: World Orders of Knighthood and Merit, andet bind, Buckingham: Burke's Peerage, 2006, s. 1168–1171.
Dimitri Romanoff: The orders, medals and history of Greece, Rungsted Kyst: Balkan Heritage, 1987.

Eksterne henvisninger
The Order of the Phoenix  Presidency of the Hellenic Republic

Ordener, dekorationer og medaljer fra Grækenland
Etableret i 1926

Føniksordenen (Grækenland)


Bunsoh er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Mitteldithmarschen i den centrale del af Kreis Dithmarschen. Kreis Dithmarschen ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Kommunen ligger i Ditmarskens gest i nærheden af Albersdorf i en skovrig egn ud til Kielerkanalen. I kommunen ligger, udover Bunsoh, landsbyen Westerau.

Nabokommuner
Nabokommuner er (med uret fra nord) kommunerne Immenstedt, Osterrade, Offenbüttel (alle i Kreis Dithmarschen), Steenfeld og Beldorf (begge i Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernförde) samt Wennbüttel, Albersdorf, Arkebek og Schrum (alle igen i Kreis Dithmarschen).

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Dithmarschen

Bunsoh


Wilma M. Sherrill was a  Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the state's one hundred sixteenth House district, including constituents in Buncombe county. She was the main supporter of NC House Bill 769. A businesswoman from Asheville, North Carolina, Sherrill concluded serving her sixth term in the state House in 2006. She currently  serves as a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of North Carolina at Asheville. There, she has a Health and Wellness Center named after her.

References

External links

|-

Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Women state legislators in North Carolina
Living people
1939 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians

Wilma M. Sherrill


Die Alepocephaliformes (früher Alepocephaloidei; gr.: "a"- = ohne, "lepos" = Schuppe, "kephale" = Kopf), deutsch Glattkopffische, sind eine Gruppe weltweit in allen Ozeanen verbreiteter Tiefseefische. Sie leben normalerweise in Tiefen zwischen 1000 und 6000 Metern.

Die Alepocephaliformes wurden zunächst in die Verwandtschaft der Heringe (Clupeidae) gestellt, später als Unterordnung den Goldlachsartigen (Argentiniformes) zugeordnet. Neuere Untersuchungen auf der Grundlage von DNA-Analysen kehren zu der weiteren Heringsverwandtschaft zurück und positionieren die Alepocephaliformes in die eigene Unterkohorte Alepocephali der Ostarioclupeomorpha, zu denen außerdem die Heringsartigen (Clupeiformes) und die Ostariophysi, das artenreichste Taxon von Süßwasserfischen, gehören.

Merkmale
Im Unterschied zu vielen anderen Tiefseefischen besitzen die Alepocephaliformes eine "normale" Fischgestalt. Ihre Länge liegt in den meisten Fällen zwischen 20 und 50 cm, nur wenige Arten bleiben kleiner, die größte Art wird etwa einen Meter lang. Die Alepocephaliformes sind ohne Fettflosse und ohne Schwimmblase. Ihre Rückenflosse sitzt hinter der Körpermitte. Das Maul ist groß. Die Alepocephaliformes sind meist von dunkler Farbe (einige sind auch hell), ihre Eier sind relativ groß. Die beiden Scheitelbeine werden durch das Supraoccipitale voneinander getrennt. Der Hinterschläfenknochen (Posttemporale) ist nicht eingebuchtet. Branchiostegalknorpel sind vorhanden. Der obere (dorsale) Teil des Kiemendeckels ist reduziert. Das Postcleithrum, ein Knochen des Schultergürtels, ist nur einmal vorhanden. Der bei vielen Fischgruppen vorhandene Urodermalknochen, ein aus Schuppen entstandener paariger, dünner Hautknochen auf der Rückenseite des Schwanzflossenskeletts, fehlt.

Der Autor der Erstbeschreibung, Norman Bertram Marshall, gab folgende Merkmale für die Alepocephaliformes an:
 fehlende Schwimmblase.
 kleine Brustflossen, die relativ weit unten ansetzen.
 eine Reduzierung oder ein vollständiges Fehlen der Kopfbeschuppung.
 der Ansatz der Rückenflosse ist nah, aber immer hinter der Mitte der Standardlänge, gegenüber der Afterflosse.
 normalerweise 7 bis 9 Branchiostegalstrahlen.

Innere Systematik
Gegenwärtig werden zwei Familien mit 39 Gattungen und etwa 130 Arten anerkannt.
 Familie Schwarzköpfe (Alepocephalidae)
 Familie Leuchtheringe (Platytroctidae)
Die Platytroctidae nehmen eine basale Stellung ein und sind die Schwestergruppe aller übrigen Alepocephaliformes.

Folgendes Kladogramm zeigt die innere Systematik:

Äußere Systematik
Die Alepocephaliformes wurden in der Vergangenheit zunächst mit den Heringen (Clupeidae) in die Unterordnung Clupeoidea (Ordnung Isospondyli) gestellt, später als Unterordnung Alepocephaloidei zu den Goldlachsartigen (Argentiniformes) gezählt und sollten damit in die weitere Verwandtschaft der Lachsartigen, Stintartigen und Hechtartigen, die Protacanthopterygii, gehören. Neue kladistische Untersuchungen positionieren sie als Schwestergruppe der Ostariophysi, des artenreichsten Süßwasserfischtaxons mit den Heringsartigen (Clupeiformes) in der weiteren Verwandtschaft, oder, beim Vergleich der Mitochondrialen DNA, basal zu den Ostarioclupeomorpha, der Gruppe aus Heringsartigen und Ostariophysi.

Das folgende (ältere Einordnung und neuere Erkenntnisse vermischende) "Kladogramm" zeigt die systematische Stellung der Alepocephaliformes und die alte Position als Unterordnung der Goldlachsartigen:

Stammesgeschichte
Die fossile Überlieferung der Alepocephaliformes ist spärlich. Lediglich eine Art, Carpathichthys polonicus aus dem Oligozän von Polen, ist bekannt. Sie gleicht der rezenten Gattung Rouleina und wird, wie diese, der Familie Alepocephalidae zugeordnet.

Quellen

Weblinks

Alepocephaliformes


TNCA Serie E era a designação de uma família de vários monoplanos construídos no México pela "Talleres Nacionales de Construcciones Aeronáuticas" ("Oficinas Nacionais de Construção Aeronáutica").

Projeto e desenvolvimento
A primeira aeronave da família Serie E foi um monoplano de asa baixa com o número de registro "2-E-98", que foi apelidado de "Sonora", este avião fez seu primeiro voo em 2 de março de 1922. Era equipado com um motor giratório le Rhône 9J de 9 cilindros e 110 cv (82 kW), superando as expectativas, com desempenho significativamente superior ao de aeronaves similares da época. Apesar de seus benefícios, o avião não foi produzido em série, pois para o Consultor Técnico do Departamento de Aviação Ralph O'Neill, a aeronave não poderia ser utilizada para fins militares. O "Sonora" esteve em serviço com a Força Aérea Mexicana até 1925 e depois foi desmontado, sendo vendido a um particular.

Ángel Lascurain e Antonio Sea fizeram um redesenho do "Sonora", desta vez era um monoplano de asa alta que recebeu o registro "3-E-130" e foi apelidado de "Tololoche", que fez seu primeiro voo no final de março de 1923 O "Tololoche" era equipado com um motor giratório Le Rhône 18E de 18 cilindros (2 fileiras de 9) refrigerado a ar, também tinha duas metralhadoras sincronizadas com a hélice. A fuselagem foi feita em uma estrutura monocoque coberta inteiramente em madeira. As asas eram semi-rígidas cobertas com compensado, que eram fáceis de desmontar usando dois pinos.

Em junho de 1923, foi construído um protótipo semelhante ao "Tololoche" mas com dimensões maiores, que recebeu a matrícula "4-E-131" e foi apelidado de "Quetzalcóatl" ou "Tololoche grande" devido à sua grande semelhança com o "Tololoche". O "Quetzlcóatl" era equipado com um motor BMW IIIa de 6 cilindros em linha refrigerado a água de 185 hp (138 kW) e sua fuselagem era construída principalmente de madeira. Quatro "Quetzlcóatl" foram construídos, participando de voos de observação e bombardeio durante a rebelião Delahuertista.

Outro protótipo que foi construído quase simultaneamente com o "Quetzalcoatl", recebeu o registro "5-E-132", que foi apelidado de "México", este avião tinha dois assentos lado a lado e era equipado com um motor le Rhône de 80 cv (60 kW). Ele teve seu primeiro vôo em 21 de agosto de 1923.

Variantes
Série E "Sonora"
Monoplano de asa baixa, foi a primeira versão da Série E e foi construído apenas um único exemplar impulsionado por um motor Le Rhône 9J de 110 cavalos de potência. Recebeu o registro 2-E-98.
Série E "Tololoche"
Monoplano de asa alta usado como caça monoposto, movido por um motor Le Rhône 18E de 160 cavalos de potência, tinha 2 metralhadoras sincronizadas com a hélice. O único exemplar recebeu o número de registro 3-E-130.
Série E "Quetzalcóatl"
(Também chamado de "Tololoche grande") semelhante ao Tololoche, mas com dimensões ampliadas, era movido por um motor BMW IIIa de 185 cavalos de potência. Quatro exemplares foram construídos.
Série E "México"
Versão com assentos lado a lado ("Sonora" e "Quetzalcoatl" tinham configuração tandem) movida por um motor Le Rhône 9C de 80 cavalos de potência. Foi feito apenas um exemplar que recebeu o registro 5-E-132.

Especificações
Dados de: Mexican Aviation History,
Airwar.ru: Sonora,
Airwar.ru: Tololoche,
Airwar.ru: Quetzalcóatl
Airwar.ru: Serie E (5-E-132),

Ver também
 TNCA Serie A

Aviação no México
Aviões militares a pistão
Aviões monomotor
Aviões monoplanos

TNCA Serie E


ليلى عبد الحميد محمود رستم، ابنة المهندس عبد الحميد بك رستم وابنة أخ الفنان زكي رستم. مذيعة تليفزيون مصرية اشتهرت في فترة الستينات. حاصلة على ماجستير في الصحافة من جامعة نورث وسترن بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. بدأت كمذيعة تليفزيونية مع ميلاد التليفزيون المصري في 23 يوليو 1960. وقد بدأت كمذيعة ربط ثم قارئة للنشرة الفرنسية.

نشاطها التلفزيوني
خلال فترة عملها بالتليفزيون المصري اعتباراً من عام 1960م وحتى عام 1967م قدّمت العديد من البرامج السياسية والاجتماعية والفنية منها «نافذة على العالم» ويتضمن أهم الأحداث في كل أسبوع وبرنامج «الغرفة المضيئة» وكان يعده مفيد فوزي ويتضمن أهم حدث محلي، وبرنامج «نجمك المفضل» من إعداد مفيد فوزي أيضاً وكان برنامجا أسبوعيا استمر لمدة ثلاث سنوات قدّمت خلالها 150 حلقة مع كبار الممثلين والأدباء والشعراء أمثال محمد عبد الوهاب وعبد الحليم حافظ وفاتن حمامة وطه حسين ويوسف السباعي وإحسان عبد القدوس وعمر الشريف ومصطفى أمين وعلي أمين، كما استضافت الملاكم الأمريكي محمد علي كلاي.

المصدر
مجلة حريتي

مراجع

آل رستم
أشخاص من محافظة الدقهلية
إعلاميات مصريات
حائزون على جائزة الصحافة العربية
أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
مذيعات مصريات
مصريون من أصل تركي
مقدمو برامج
مواليد 1355 هـ

ليلى رستم


Die 2. Tennis-Bundesliga der Damen ist die zweithöchste Spielklasse der Mannschaftswettbewerbe im deutschen Damen-Tennis, unterhalb der 1. Tennis-Bundesliga, und wurde im Jahr 1999 eingeführt. Sie wurde zunächst in zwei getrennten Staffeln ausgetragen, war dann 2010 und 2011 vorübergehend eingleisig, ist seitdem aber wieder in zwei Staffeln (Nord und Süd) zu je sieben Mannschaften geteilt. Die Erstplatzierten der beiden Staffeln steigen in die 1. Bundesliga auf, die Letztplatzierten steigen in die örtlich zuständige Regionalliga ab. Die beiden Aufsteiger in die 2. Tennis-Bundesliga werden in Entscheidungsspielen unter den Bestplatzierten der vier Tennis-Regionalligen (Nord-Ost, West, Süd-West und Süd-Ost) ermittelt.

Teilnehmer seit 2004

Siehe auch
 Medenspiele
 Tennis-Bundesliga (Damen)
 Tennis-Bundesliga (Herren)
 2. Tennis-Bundesliga (Herren)
 Tennis-Bundesliga (Herren 30)

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website der 2. Tennis-Bundesliga der Damen
 Webauftritt des DTB (Ergebnisdienst)
 Bayerischer Tennisverband

Tennis-Bundesliga #2 Damen
Frauensportwettbewerb

2. Tennis-Bundesliga (Damen)


An Festuca alatavica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni St.-yves, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Roman Julievich Roshevitz. An Festuca alatavica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca alatavica


Giánnaris est un nom propre grec qui peut faire référence à :

Patronyme

  (1852-1909), philologue et linguiste grec, chef de la révolution crétoise de 1895 à 1898 ;
 Constantínos Giánnaris (1959-), réalisateur grec ;
  (1833-1916), chef grec de Crète.

Patronyme grec

Giánnaris


was a town located in Kamo District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,269 and a density of 58.83 persons per km2. The total area was 72.56 km2.

On February 7, 2005, Toyosaka, along with the towns of Fukutomi, Kōchi and Kurose (all from Kamo District), and the town of Akitsu (from Toyota District), was merged into the expanded city of Higashihiroshima and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

External links
 Official website of Higashihiroshima  (English content forthcoming)

Dissolved municipalities of Hiroshima Prefecture
Higashihiroshima

Toyosaka, Hiroshima


Kazancı Camii, Taksim'de Kazancı Yokuşu'nda 17. yüzyılda Osmanlı üslubuna göre yapılmış olan bir camiidir. Tuğladan bir minaresi olup kare planlı, kâgir ve çatılıdır. Fevkani olan caminin bodrumu namaz sahnı olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Taksim
İstanbul'daki Osmanlı camileri
Beyoğlu'ndaki camiler

Kazancı Camii


Kulturna karta svijeta Inglehart – Welzel  je dijagram raspršenja koju su stvorili politolozi Ronald Inglehart i Christian Welzel na temelju Ankete o svjetskim vrijednostima. Prikazuje usko povezane kulturne vrijednosti koje se među društvima razlikuju u dvije dominantne dimenzije: tradicionalne naspram sekularno-racionalnih vrijednosti na vertikalnoj osi y i vrijednosti preživljavanja naspram vrijednosti samoizražavanja na vodoravnoj osi x. Pomicanje prema gore na ovoj karti odražava pomak s tradicionalnih vrijednosti na sekularno-racionalne, a pomicanje prema desno odražava pomak s vrijednosti preživljavanja na vrijednosti samoizražavanja.

Prema autorima: "Ove dvije dimenzije objašnjavaju više od 70 posto transnacionalne varijance u faktorskoj analizi deset pokazatelja - a svaka od tih dimenzija snažno je povezana s rezultatima drugih važnih usmjerenja."

Autori naglašavaju da socio-ekonomski status nije jedini čimbenik koji određuje položaj neke države, jer je njihovo vjersko i kulturno povijesno naslijeđe također važan čimbenik.

Vrijednosti
Analiza podataka Svjetske ankete vrijednosti Ingleharta i Welzela tvrdi da postoje dvije glavne dimenzije međukulturalnih varijacija u svijetu:

 os x: Vrijednosti preživljavanja naspram vrijednosti samoizražavanja
 os y: tradicionalne vrijednosti naspram sekularno-racionalne vrijednosti.

Karta nije zemljopisna karta, već je grafikon na kojem su zemlje pozicionirane na temelju njihovih ocjena za dvije vrijednosti mapirane na osi x (vrijednosti preživljavanja u odnosu na vrijednosti samoizražavanja) i osi y (tradicionalne vrijednosti u odnosu na sekularno-racionalne vrijednosti). Karta pokazuje gdje se nalaze društva u ove dvije dimenzije. Skupine zemalja odražavaju njihove zajedničke vrijednosti, a ne geografsku bliskost.

Tradicionalne vrijednosti ističu važnost religije, veza roditelja i djeteta, poštovanje autoriteta, apsolutnih standarda i tradicionalnih obiteljskih vrijednosti. Ljudi koji prihvaćaju ove vrijednosti također odbacuju razvod, pobačaj, eutanaziju i samoubojstvo. Društva koja prihvaćaju ove vrijednosti imaju visoku razinu nacionalnog ponosa i nacionalistička gledišta.

Svjetovno-racionalne vrijednosti imaju suprotne preferencije od tradicionalnih vrijednosti. Društva koja prihvaćaju ove vrijednosti manje naglašavaju religiju, tradicionalne obiteljske vrijednosti i autoritet. Razvod, pobačaj, eutanazija i samoubojstvo smatraju se relativno prihvatljivim.

Prelazak s tradicionalnih na sekularno-racionalne vrijednosti Engelbrekt i Nygren opisali su kao "u osnovi zamjenu religije i praznovjerja sa znanošću i birokracijom".

Vrijednosti preživljavanja stavljaju naglasak na ekonomsku i fizičku sigurnost. Povezani su s relativno etnocentričnim pogledima i niskom razinom povjerenja i tolerancije.

Vrijednosti samoizražavanja daju visoki prioritet subjektivnoj dobrobiti, samoizražavanju i kvaliteti života. Neke vrijednosti, češće u društvima koja prihvaćaju te vrijednosti, uključuju zaštitu okoliša, rastuću toleranciju prema strancima, homoseksualcima i lezbijkama i rodnu ravnopravnost, sve veće zahtjeve za sudjelovanjem u odlučivanju u ekonomskom i političkom životu (autonomija i sloboda od središnje vlasti), međuljudsko povjerenje, politička umjerenost i pomak u vrijednostima odgoja djece s naglaska na marljivom radu prema mašti i toleranciji.

Prijelaz s vrijednosti preživljavanja na vrijednosti samoizražavanja također predstavlja prijelaz iz industrijskog u postindustrijsko društvo, kao i prihvaćanje demokratskih vrijednosti.

Klasteri
Inačica karte iz 2017. imala je zemlje podijeljene u devet klastera: englesko govorno područje, Latinska Amerika, Katolička Europa, Protestantska Europa, Afričko-islamska skupina, Baltička skupina, Južnoazijska skupina, Pravoslavna skupina te Konfucijanska skupina. U prethodnim istraživanjima afričko-islamski klaster bio je podijeljen na dva dijela (afrički i islamski), a baltičke države nisu imale svoj klaster.

Drugi predloženi način grupiranja društava je kroz materijalno bogatstvo, gdje su siromašnija društva na dnu obje osi, a bogatija na vrhu.

Analiza pojedinih zemalja
Od zemalja zapadnog svijeta, Sjedinjene Države su među najkonzervativnijim (kao jedna od najlošije smještenih zemalja), zajedno s visoko konzervativnim katoličkim zemljama poput Irske i Poljske. Simoni zaključuje da se "po tradicionalnoj / sekularnoj dimenziji Sjedinjene Države nalaze daleko ispod ostalih bogatih društava, s razinama religioznosti i nacionalnog ponosa usporedivim s onima koje imaju neka društva u razvoju."

Azijska su društva raspodijeljena u tradicionalnoj / svjetovnoj dimenziji u dva skupa, s više sekularnih konfucijanskih društava na vrhu, a više tradicionalnih južnoazijskih društava u središtu karte.

Rusija je među zemljama s najviše orijentacije prema preživljavanju, a s druge strane, Švedska se nalazi na najvišem mjestu na ljestvici samoizražavanja.

Također je utvrđeno da se osnovne kulturne vrijednosti većinom primjenjuju na nacionalnim linijama, s tim da su prekogranične mješavine relativno rijetke. To vrijedi čak i među zemljama sa zajedničkom kulturnom poviješću. Uz to, čak se ni kulturni skupovi zemalja ne miješaju puno preko granica. To sugerira da su nacije kulturno značajne jedinice.

Povijest
Karta se redovito ažurira i mijenja, zajedno s novim valovima podataka iz Svjetske ankete o vrijednostima. Različite verzije dostupne su na web mjestu Svjetske ankete o vrijednostima.

Ranu verziju karte objavio je Ronald Inglehart 1997. godine s dimenzijama nazvanim "Tradicionalno vs. Sekularno-racionalna vlast "i" Preživljavanje vs. Dobrobit ".

Inglehart i Welzel revidirali su ovu kartu 2005. godine i dimenzije imenovali "Tradicionalni vs. Sekularno-racionalne vrijednosti "i" Preživljavanje vs. Vrijednosti samoizražavanja ". Ova se karta i njena različita ažuriranja obično nazivaju kulturnom kartom Inglehart-Welzel.

Welzel je 2013. objavio sasvim drugačiju mapu s dvije usko povezane dimenzije nazvane "Emancipativne vrijednosti" i "Svjetovne vrijednosti", gdje Emancipativne vrijednosti predstavljaju glavnu varijablu koja stoji iza njegove teorije ljudskog osnaživanja.

Ostale kulturne karte objavili su Shalom Schwartz, Michael Minkov,  i Stankov i suradnici.

Prihvaćanje
Kulturna karta općenito je dobro prihvaćena i često ju se navodi ili se na nju poziva. Ipak, dva su britanska znanstvenika dovela u pitanje koje su mjere kulture najadekvatnije i jesu li izmjerene promjene tijekom vremena stvarne, a dvojica malezijskih znanstvenika istaknula su

da se istočnoazijski stavovi i vrijednosti ne odražavaju na odgovarajući način.

Kasniji izračuni pokazuju da su podaci podijeljeni na dva čimbenika ili dimenzije slabo obrazloženi i da bi rješenje s jednim faktorom moglo biti prikladno. Welzel je predložio da se dvije dimenzije mogu kombinirati u zajedničkom okviru ljudskog osnaživanja. Slično tome, Inglehart otkriva da jedan faktor koji kombinira kulturne vrijednosti prilično dobro odražava modernizaciju.

Meta-analiza studija kulturnih razlika otkriva da su mnoga druga istraživanja kulturnih razlika rezultirala sličnim čimbenicima, ali da su se rotirala drugačije. Uobičajena praksa rotacije faktora prikrivala je sličnost između različitih studija s različitim usmjerenjima osi na kulturnim kartama. Nerotirano rješenje ima najjači faktor ili dimenziju koja odgovara crti od donjeg lijevog do gornjeg desnog dijela Inglehartove i Welzelove karte, kombinirajući dvije dimenzije. Ova kombinirana dimenzija može se protumačiti kao razvoj ili modernizacija. Kombinira puno ekonomskih, tehnoloških, institucionalnih i psiholoških varijabli koje su međusobno u snažnoj korelaciji. Nerotirani drugi faktor ili dimenzija odgovara vertikalnoj crti na Inglehartovoj i Welzelovoj karti, odražavajući posebne kulturne vrijednosti istočnoazijskih kultura.

Izvori

Sociološke teorije
Stranice s nepregledanim prijevodima

Inglehart–Welzelova svjetska karta vrijednosti


الدوري الألماني لكرة القدم 2008-2009 هو موسم من الدوري الألماني لكرة القدم و قد توج به فولفسبورغ لأول مرة في تاريخه.

ترتيب الفرق

نتائج الفرق
Official schedule

تصفيات الهبوط والصعود
لعب إنيرجي كوتبس صاحب المركز السادس عشر في دوري الدرجة الأولى مع نورنبيرغ صاحب المركز الثالث في دوري الدرجة الثانية، وفي كلتا المبارتين فاز نادي نورنبيرغ على إنيرجي كوتبس بنتيجة 3-0 و2-0 على التوالي وبذلك صعد فريق نورنبيرغ إلى الدرجة الأولى وهبط إنيرجي كوتبس إلى الدرجة الثانية.

إحصائيات

ترتيب الهدافين
المصدر: kicker.de

ترتيب صانعي الأهداف
المصدر: kicker.de

الجوائز

لاعب الشهر

المصدر: fussballer-des-monats.de

روابط إضافية
 Official site of the DFB
 Kicker.de
 Official site of the Bundesliga
 Official site of the Bundesliga

مصادر

ألمانيا في 2008
دوريات كرة قدم ألمانية في 2008-09
دوريات كرة قدم أوروبية في 2008–09
مقالات مع مصادر باللغة الألمانية (de)
مواسم الدوري الألماني
موسم رياضي 2008-09

الدوري الألماني 2008–09