La Primera Batalla de Jorramchar fue una gran batalla entre Irak e Irán durante la Guerra Irán-Irak en la ciudad de Jorramchar, provincia de Juzestán, Irán. La batalla tuvo lugar entre el 22 de septiembre y el 10 de noviembre de 1980 siendo una de las primeras de dicho conflicto. Conocida por su brutalidad y condiciones violentas, la ciudad es conocida por los iraníes como "Juninshahr", que significa Ciudad de sangre.

Preludio
Prioritaria para la guerra, la ciudad tenía una población de 220,000 habitantes y con un crecimiento extensivo para ser una de las mayores ciudades portuarias del mundo y hogar para algunos de los más exclusivos barrios en Irán. La población era predominantemente acaudalada y de las clases altas, y junto con Abadán, la cultura que prevalecía era del cosmopolitanismo iraní.

Desde la Revolución iraní de 1979, elementos de grupos árabes antigubernamentales conspiraban en la provincia en un intento para apoyar a Irak. Desde octubre del mismo año hasta septiembre de 1980 la ciudad sufrió una oleada de bombazos terroristas en medio del pueblo. Este periodo también es conocido por incidentes fronterizos entre ambos países. En efecto, estas violaciones y episodios de violencia eran tan frecuentes que la vivieron algunos habitantes en los primeros días de la guerra cuando empeoraron las riñas. Finalmente el 17 de septiembre el presidente iraquí Saddam Hussein declaró que los Acuerdos de Argel de 1975 eran nulos, estableciendo las bases de la contienda que estallaría pocos días después.

Primera fase
En la tarde del 22 de septiembre Irak lanzó la primera fase de la invasión (la Operación Kaman 99) con una serie de ataques aéreos sobre Irán. Las aduanas de la ciudad fueron las primeras en ser atacadas y cerca de 150 cañones, emplazados ceca de la ciudad de Tanomah abrieron fuego contra Jorramchar causando muerte, fuego y humo. Los servicios básicos como el agua y la electricidad fueron cortados y cientos de miles de personas fueron ejecutadas en el lado oeste de la ciudad (particularmente en el distrito Taleqani), la estación de tren y en el barrio Moulawi.

Durante la noche 500 tanques se movieron en la carretera Jorramchar-Ahwaz. Querían rendir la ciudad, pero los defensores atacaron los tanques con rifles sin retroceso. En la mañana del 23 de septiembre fueron atacadas las divisiones mecanizadas iraníes dando tiempo a los iraníes para preparar las defensas dentro y fuera de la ciudad. El ataque iraquí hizo una formación de media luna por lo que el tercer y cuarto día de la invasión consistió en tomar dicha carretera, aunque vieron un enemigo difícil en las fuerzas iraníes que atacaban incesantemente con RPG-7 y armas de 106 mm. Buena parte de la guarnición Dej fue exterminada pero la batalla contribuyó al lento avance iraquí. El 30 de septiembre los iraquíes ocuparon muchos de los diques y tomaron la zona alrededor de la ciudad, aislándola de Abadán y el resto de Juzestán.

Al alba una unidad de 60 comandos se convirtió en la primera de miles de las fuerzas iraquíes en entrar a Jorramchar vía el lado sur del puerto. Esta fuerza fue atacada por los defensores Pasdaran, 8 de los cuales murieron; los tanques y unidades mecanizadas iraquíes de la III División se movieron a través de la ciudad por el resto del día. Una tomó el matadero, otra la estación de tren y otra aseguró las barracas Dej en el distrito Taleqani. Los Pasdaran atacaron con RPG-7 y cócteles Molotov: El peso absoluto del ataque iraquí fue efectivo contra los equipos antitanque iraníes.

Segunda fase
En respuesta al primer asalto los atacantes recuperaron las afueras de la ciudad hasta el siguiente ataque el 11 de octubre. Durante este tiempo los iraquíes se mostraron inhumanos bajo las órdenes del coronel Ahmad Zeidan. El 14 ellos se movieron, usado elementos de ataques nocturnos para el avance de las tropas, conseguir sorpresa y establecer puntos de observación en los edificios; los iraníes usaron francotiradores esa noche contra los invasores. Con esas tácticas estos lograron resultados significantes con fuerzas especiales y unidades comando tomando el puerto y la estación de policía de tránsito. Brigadas armadas tomaron las barracas Dej en el distrito Taleqani y tomó control del camino hacia la gran mezquita, los combates fueron casa por casa, piso por piso y cuarto por cuarto. Reportes indican que los invasores varias veces se encontraban con las unidades Pasdaran y Basij armadas con cualquier arma de fusiles de asalto para disparar.

Tercera fase
Con el centro de la ciudad a la vista el 21 de octubre los iraquíes tomaron sus objetivos para tomar los edificios del gobierno y el puente que une Jorramchar y Abadán. En general, 5 batallones de infantería y fuerzas especiales tomaron parte en la toma de estos objetivos. El objetivo inicial del ataque era tomar estos blancos dentro de 48 horas y hacer efectivo el control de la ciudad. Las fuerzas despachadas en las primeras horas del 24 de octubre y las tropas iraníes lucharon contra los invasores, pero el puente fue derribado dentro de 5 horas. Cerca de los edificios gubernamentales los iraquíes encontraron fuerte resistencia en las calles circundantes y barrios.

Como la lucha se movió cerrando el centro de la ciudad, los Chieftains iraníes fueron reducidos a un rol de apoyo, desde los tanques el fuego podría ser efectivo a través de las ajustadas y estrechas calles. En la tarde del mismo día los iraquíes los iraquíes tomaron brevemente el edificio del gobierno lo que indignó a las tropas iraníes, pero contraatacaron durante la noche tomando control del edificio. Todo lo que quedaba era la gran mezquita y un puñado de Pasdaran y jóvenes voluntarios; los comandantes del ejército y los Pasdaran empezaron a dar órdenes de evacuación final con avisos de impedir ataques aéreos por la Fuerza Aérea de Irán. En la noche del 25 al 26 de octubre el resto de los defensores iraníes procedió a evacuar las inmediaciones del río Karun y la artillería enemiga disparó su vuelo, pero algunos voluntarios se quedaron detrás para cubrir su retirada. Para la mañana del 10 de noviembre la ciudad de Jorramchar estaba efectivamente bajo control iraquí.

Después
La ciudad prácticamente se convirtió en una ciudad fantasma con la excepción de los ocupantes iraquíes. Inmediatamente después de empezar la ocupación los soldados saquearon del puerto iraní, incluyendo grifos de agua, y los trasladaron a Basora. Según otras versiones, los soldados violaron a mujeres iraníes. Debido a su alta importancia estratégica los iraquíes fueron incapaces para conducir ofensivas furtivas contra Irán y la ciudad permaneció en sus manos hasta abril de 1982, cuando los iraníes lanzaron la Operación Beit ol Moqaddas para recapturar la provincia de Juzestán; Jorramchar estaba completamente devastada por las fuerzas de Saddam Hussein, con excepción de pocos edificios que quedaron intactos. Otros mayores centros urbanos como Abadán y Ahwaz también estaban en ruinas, el pensamiento era que ningún sitio era malo como Jorramchar. Décadas después del fin de la guerra, en 1988, algunos edificios siguen en escombros como testimonio del combate y grafitis en muros dicen "Permaneceremos por siempre", la ciudad de Jorramchar era una de las primarias y más importantes líneas del frente de la guerra y logró un status mítico entre el pueblo iraní.

Figuras históricas
El comandante Pasdaran, Muhammad Jahanara, fue uno de los últimos pocos soldados que abandonaron la ciudad cuando la tomaron los iraquíes. Él fue a pelear en el sitio de Abadán y así las fuerzas iraníes fueron a liberar Jorramchar, muriendo antes que la ciudad fuera liberada el 24 de mayo de 1982: Una canción fue escrita en conmemoración suya, diciendo: "Mamad, tú no estabas cuando nuestra ciudad fue liberada".

La batalla también es adagio del inicio de la campaña iraní del reclutamiento de niños soldados, inspirada por el martirio de Mohammad Hosein Fahmidé el 30 de octubre. También es recordada por 4 mujeres iraníes capturadas por las fuerzas iraquíes, 1 en las líneas del frente y las otras 3 en la ciudad propiamente dicha, siendo las únicas mujeres iraníes prisioneras de guerra durante la contienda.

Véase también
Segunda Batalla de Jorramchar
Operación Sultan 10

Bibliografía
Los hijos desechos de Jomeini: Niños víctimas del Irak de Saddam, de Ian Brown, Grey Seal Books, 1990.
Historias esenciales: La Guerra Irán-Irak 1980-1988, de Efraim Karsh, Osprey Publishing, 2002.
Una ciudad fantasma en el Golfo, TIME Magazine, 24 de noviembre de 1980.
Una guerra santa molesta y lluviosa, de William E. Smith, TIME Magazine, 7 de junio de 1982.
 Tuarij Guru Jalsa de Giani Gian Singh.
Viviendo en el infierno, de Ghazal Omid, Park Avenue Publishers, Oklahoma, 30 de julio de 2005.
El camino a Jorramchar, de William Drozdiak, TIME Magazine, 13 de octubre de 1980.
La guerra más larga, Dilip Hiro, Routledge, Chapman, & Hall, 1991.

Referencias

 En.wikipedia.org
 La Guerra Irán-Irak 1980-1988, Cámara de la Sociedad de Irán

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial de la Defensa Santa – Jorramchar (en inglés)
 La Guerra del Golfo Pérsico: La invasión iraquí de Irán, septiembre de 1980 (en inglés)
 Oficina de Estudios Militares Extranjeros: MOUT en Irak: Población dependiente?  (en inglés)
 Hasta extraños armados en dos batallas urbanas un relato de dos ciudades – Hue y Jorramchar (en inglés)
 Fotos de Muhammed Yahanara (en inglés)
 Video de Mohammed Hossein Fahmideh en YouTube (en inglés)
 La única mujer iraní capturada en el frente (en inglés)

Jorramchar, Primera Batalla de
Jorramchar, Primera Batalla de
Jorramchar, Primera Batalla de
Provincia de Juzestán

Primera Batalla de Jorramchar


Jakob Friedrich von Rüchel-Kleist (* 25. Januar 1778 in Segenthin; † 15. März 1848 in Danzig) war ein preußischer General der Infanterie sowie Gouverneur von Danzig.

Leben

Herkunft
Er entstammte dem alten pommerschen Adelsgeschlecht von Kleist, dessen Wurzeln sich bis ins frühe Mittelalter zurückverfolgen lassen und das neben bedeutenden Militärs auch bekannte Dichter hervorbrachte. Bereits sein Großvater Franz Ulrich von Kleist war General, ebenso sein Onkel Franz Casimir von Kleist sowie dessen Sohn Friedrich Ludwig Heinrich von Kleist, auch einer seiner Neffen, Karl Wilhelm Heinrich von Kleist. Jakob Friedrich war der Sohn des Landschaftsdirektors Carl Caspar von Kleist (1734–1808) und dessen Ehefrau Marie Luise, geborene von Böhn. Kleist wurde im Frühjahr 1807 von Ernst von Rüchel adoptiert, der selbst ohne männliche Erben war.

Militärkarriere
Nach dem Besuch des Gymnasiums in Neu-Ruppin trat Kleist am 6. Februar 1792 als Freikorporal in das Infanterieregiment "von Kleist" der Preußischen Armee in Prenzlau ein und kämpfte 1792/94 im Krieg gegen Frankreich. Am 2. März 1794 wurde er Fähnrich und am 12. Mai 1796 Sekondeleutnant. Als solcher fungierte er von 1797 bis 1799 als Regimentsadjudant. Kleist besuchte seit 1801 die in Berlin errichtete Kriegsschule und war in der Akademie für junge Offiziere einer der besten Schüler Gerhard von Scharnhorst. Kleist war Mitglied der Militairischen Gesellschaft und wurde am 13. Februar 1804 Premierlieutenant, gleichzeitig Adjutant der Potsdamer Infanterieinspektion unter General der Infanterie Ernst von Rüchel. In dieser Stellung wurde er am 22. September 1805 Stabskapitän. Kleist machte die Feldzüge von 1806/07 gegen Napoleon Bonaparte als Adjutant Rüchels mit, u. a. die Schlacht bei Jena. Nach dem Frieden von Tilsit trat er aus dem Dienst, das Majorspatent erhielt er am 25. August 1807.

Bei Ausbruch der Befreiungskriege trat er erneut in den Dienst und führte verschiedene Stabs- u. Feldkommandos. 1813 zum Kommandeur des 4. Pommerschen Reserveregiments ernannt, nahm er an der Einschließung von Stettin teil, wurde bald darauf in den Stab des Generals Ludwig von Borstell versetzt und war als Oberstleutnant an den Schlachten bei Großbeeren, Dennewitz und Leipzig beteiligt. Anfang 1814 war er Kommandeur des 1. Westfälischen Landwehrregiments; später Kommandant von Herzogenbusch und leitete die Blockade von Antwerpen. Im Feldzug des Jahres 1815 befehligte er unter dem General von Jagow eine Brigade im Zieten'schen Armeekorps. In der Schlacht bei Hoyerswerda erwarb er das Eiserne Kreuz II. Klasse, bei Ligny 1815 das Eiserne Kreuz I. Klasse. Auch an der Schlacht bei Waterloo war er beteiligt.

Nach den Befreiungskriegen wurde er 1820 Kommandeur der 3. Infanterie-Brigade und Generalmajor, 1833 Generalleutnant und Kommandeur der 4. Division. Seit 30. März 1838 Gouverneur von Danzig, verlieh ihm die Stadt am 17. Februar 1842 anlässlich seines 50-jährigen Dienstjubiläums die Ehrenbürgerschaft. Aus dem gleichen Anlass hatte er bereits einige Tage zuvor am 6. Februar den Roten Adlerorden I. Klasse mit Brillanten erhalten. Unter Verleihung des Charakters als General der Infanterie wurde Kleist am 23. Dezember 1847 aus gesundheitlichen Gründen und auf eigenen Wunsch hin mit Pension zur Disposition gestellt.

Eine Jugendfreundschaft verband ihn mit dem Schriftsteller Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué.

Familie
Als Major heiratet Kleist am 16. Januar 1808 die 17-jährige Caroline Friederike Sophie Albertine von Rüchel (1790–1831). Sie war die jüngste Tochter von Ernst von Rüchel. Rüchel-Kleist erwarb unweit von Haseleu, dem Wohnsitz seines Schwiegervaters, das große Gut Hoffelde. Ab 2. Januar 1810 nennt er sich "von Rüchel, sonst von Kleist", auch "von Rüchel-Kleist". Aus der Ehe gingen sieben Kinder hervor:

 Friedrich Wilhelm (1814–1815)
 Elisabeth Philippine Karoline (1820–1899) ⚭ Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Franz von Dewitz gen. Krebs. Sie veröffentlichte als Schriftstellerin unter dem Namen Elise von Fernhain etwa 20 volkstümliche Romane.
 Friedrich Wilhelm (1822–1844), preußischer Offizier
 Johanne Luise Sophie (1824) ⚭ Heinrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Eckardstein (1804–1871)
 Franz Karl (1825–1858), preußischer Offizier
 Friederike Marie Albertine (1821) ⚭ Hermann von Weyher (1800–1871), Kreis- und Landschaftsdeputierter, Herr auf Bozepol und Felstow
 Albrecht Philipp (1828–1876), preußischer Offizier

Literatur
 Kurt von Priesdorff: Soldatisches Führertum. Band 4, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, o. O. [Hamburg], o. J. [1937], , S. 334–336, Nr. 1340.

 C. W. S.: Jakob Friedrich von Rüchel-Kleist. In: Neuer Nekrolog der Deutschen. Jahrgang 1848, Weimar 1850, S. 255, Digitalisat
 Olaf Jessen: Preußens Napoleon? Ernst von Rüchel (1754–1823). Krieg im Zeitalter der Vernunft. Verlag Schöningh, Paderborn/München/Wien/Zürich 2007, ISBN 3-506-75699-0.

Weblinks
 Porträt
 Erwähnung in  der Geschichte des Geschlechts von Kleist – Muttrin-Damensche Linie.

Einzelnachweise

General der Infanterie (Königreich Preußen)
Gouverneur (Preußen)
Ehrenbürger von Danzig
Person in den Koalitionskriegen (Preußen)
Träger des Roten Adlerordens 1. Klasse
Träger des Eisernen Kreuzes I. Klasse
Jakob Friedrich #Ruchel
Deutscher
Geboren 1778
Gestorben 1848
Mann

Jakob Friedrich von Rüchel-Kleist


Alain Blieck, né à Lomme le 5 août 1949 et mort le 6 février 2022 à Lille, est un paléontologue français.

Biographie
Après sa maîtrise de Géologie obtenue à l'université de Lille 1 en 1971, il poursuit ses études en paléontologie pour obtenir une thèse de troisième cycle en 1976 à l'université Pierre et Marie Curie. Il est agrégé de Sciences Naturelles en 1974.

Il est salarié du CNRS, d'abord chargé de recherche puis directeur de recherche à partir de 1999, jusqu'à sa retraite en 2014.

Après quelques années au Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, il rejoint Lille en 1983. Il est directeur du Laboratoire de Paléontologie et Paléogéographie du Paléozoïque de l'université de Lille 1 de 1998 à 2005.

Il est un expert des animaux marins des périodes Silurien et Dévonien du Paléozoïque, en particulier des Hétérostracés. Il est contributeur dans la classification des espèces et l'auteur de nombreuses publications.

Il est très impliqué dans de la Société Géologique du Nord, il en est président de 2010 à 2014.

Il fait également un important travail de vulgarisation, auteur de définition dans l'Encyclopædia Universalis.

Distinctions
Il reçoit en 1994 le prix Léonard Danel de la Société des sciences, de l'agriculture et des arts de Lille. Il est récipiendaire du prix Léon de Lamothe de la Société géologique de France en 1998.

Publications

Livres
 Les Hétérostracés ptéraspidiformes, agnathes du Silurien-dévonien du continent Nord-Atlantique et des blocs avoisinants : révision systématique, phylogénie, biostratigraphie, biogéographie, Édition du CNRS 1984

 Editeur Guidebook for IGCP 328-SDS joint field trip : Boulonnais (France), Ardenne (Belgium), VIIIth International Meeting in early vertebrates-lower vertebrates, Paris-Lille, éditeur Université des sciences et techniques de Lille,1995

 Editeurs avec Jean-Pierre De Baere La Société géologique du Nord et l'histoire des sciences de la Terre dans le Nord de la France, Villeneuve-d'Ascq : Société géologique du Nord, 2014

Articles très cités
 Susan Turner, Carole J Burrow, Hans-Peter Schultze, Alain Blieck, Wolf-Ernst Reif, Carl B Rexroad, Pierre Bultynck et Godfrey S Nowlan, False teeth: conodont-vertebrate phylogenetic relationships revisited, Geodiversitas, décembre 2010
 Gaël Clément, Per E Ahlberg, Alain Blieck, Henning Blom, Jennifer A Clack, Edouard Poty, Jacques Thorez et Philippe Janvier, Devonian tetrapod from western Europe, Nature, Janvier 2004
 Pierre-Yves Gagnier et Alain Blieck, First Ordovician vertebrate from South America, Geobios, Janvier 1986
 Jacques Godefroid, Alain Blieck, Pierre Bultynck, Léon Dejonghe, Philippe PG Gerrienne, Luc Hance, Francis Meilliez, Pierre Stainier et Philippe Steemans, Les formations du Dévonien inférieur du Massif de la Vesdre, de la Fenêtre de Theux et du Synclinorium de Dinant (Belgique, France), Memoirs of the geological survey of Belgium, 1994

Notes et références

Liens externes

Zoologiste français
Paléontologue français du XXe siècle
Paléontologue français du XXIe siècle
Naissance en août 1949
Naissance à Lomme
Décès en février 2022
Décès à 72 ans
Décès à Lille

Alain Blieck


Blot en drengestreg er en kortfilm fra 1998 instrueret og med manuskript af John Goodwin.

Handling
En filmatisering af Villy Sørensens makabre novelle Blot en drengestreg, hvor to små brødre leger doktor. De møder deres legekammerat, der har slået benet, og for at forhindre blodforgiftning beslutter de at behandle ham.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Film baseret på værker af danske forfattere
Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1998

Blot en drengestreg (kortfilm)


හේමන්ත දේවප්‍රිය (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Hemantha Devapriya) යනු හිටපු සිලෝන් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩක සහ හිටපු ශ්‍රී ලංකා "ඒ" ක්‍රිකට් පිළ පුහුණු කරුවරයෙකි.

ජීවන සටහන්

හේමන්ත දේවප්‍රිය  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යා‍ලයෙහි ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

හේමන්ත 1976 සිට 1978 දක්වා  කොලඹ නාලන්ද  විද්‍යාලයේ  ජේෂ්ට ක්‍රිකට් පිලේ ක්‍රීඞා  කල අතර 1977 සහ 1978 දී ආනන්ද - නාලන්ද මහා ක්‍රිකට් තරගයට නාලන්දාව වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රීඞා කලහ.  යොහාන් ගුනසේකර, කීර්ති රණසිංහ, සනත් කලුපෙරුම හා  ෂම්මි සිල්වා මොහුගේ නාලන්දා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ සමකාලීනයන්ය.

ආශ්‍රිත

 හේමන්ත දේවප්‍රියගේ ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියා පිටුව

 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු ක්‍රීඩකයින්

ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
චරිත කතා
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ

හේමන්ත දේවප්‍රිය


Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Geschichte des Radsportteams Quick Step-Innergetic in der Saison 2006.

Die Saison begann schon sehr erfolgreich mit dem Sieg der Katar-Rundfahrt durch Tom Boonen. Im Februar folgten noch mehrere Siege bei kleineren Rennen. Tom Boonen holte dann auch den ersten Sieg in der UCI ProTour 2006 bei Paris–Nizza mit dem Gewinn der ersten Etappe. Er ließ zwei weitere Etappensiege folgen. Paolo Bettini war fast zeitgleich bei Tirreno–Adriatico erfolgreich, wo er zwei Etappen gewann.

Erster Höhepunkt war Mailand-San Remo und Tom Boonen ging als Topfavorit ins Rennen, doch das Team vollbrachte eine taktische Meisterleistung und überraschte mit Filippo Pozzato als Sieger des Rennens, der als Ausreißer mit wenigen Metern Vorsprung das Ziel erreichte. Danach ging es weiter in Tom Boonens Heimat Belgien, wo die Flandern-Rundfahrt auf dem Plan stand. Wie im Vorjahr dominierte Tom Boonen das Rennen und entschied es souverän für sich. Bei Paris–Roubaix fehlte Tom Boonen aber die Kraft seinen Sieg vom Vorjahr zu wiederholen und er kam nur als 5. ins Ziel, wurde wegen der Disqualifikation von drei Fahrern, die vor ihm lagen, noch auf Platz 2 hochgestuft. Boonen trug zu diesem Zeitpunkt das Führungstrikot der ProTour, dass er aber wenige Wochen später an Alejandro Valverde verlor.

Im Mai startete der Giro d'Italia, wo aus dem Team zwei Fahrer herausragten. Zum einen Paolo Bettini, der einen Etappensieg und die Punktewertung gewann, zum anderen Juan Manuel Garate, der ebenfalls einen Etappensieg holte und Sieger der Bergwertung wurde. Im Juni kehrte Tom Boonen dann wieder auf die große Radsportbühne zurück und holte sich einen Etappensieg bei der Tour de Suisse. Nick Nuyens errang ebenfalls einen Tagessieg in der Schweiz.

Am 1. Juli startete die Tour de France, bei der das Team Quick Step aber eher blass blieb. Tom Boonen konnte zwar für vier Tage das gelbe Trikot tragen, aber für einen Etappensieg reichte es nicht. Auch der Rest des Teams agierte sehr unauffällig. Erst zwei Tage vor dem Ende der Tour konnte Matteo Tosatto den Bann brechen und den ersten Etappensieg bei der diesjährigen Frankreich-Rundfahrt holen.

Im August konnte Tom Boonen drei Etappen der ENECO Tour gewinnen. Paolo Bettini gewann die zweite Etappe der Vuelta a Espana im Massensprint.

Für einen positiven Abschluss der Saison sorgte Bettini, der zum zweiten Mal in Folge die Lombardei-Rundfahrt gewinnen konnte.

Weblinks
 Das Team in der Datenbank der radsportseiten.net

Radsportteam 2006

Quick Step/Saison 2006


1970 දශකයේ තිරගත වූ වර්ෂ අනුව ලැයිස්තුව පහත දැක්වේ.

1970 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව
1970 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව
==1971 සිංහල චි

ත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව==
1971 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව

1972 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව
1972 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව

1973 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව
1973 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව

1974 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව
1974 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව

1975 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව
1975 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව

1976 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව
1976 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව

1977 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව
1977 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව

1978 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව
1978 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව

1979 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව
1979 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව

1970 දශකයේ සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව


Dorothy Mae Kilgallen (July 3, 1913 – November 8, 1965) was an American columnist, journalist, and television game show panelist. After spending two semesters at the College of New Rochelle, she started her career shortly before her 18th birthday as a reporter for the Hearst Corporation's New York Evening Journal. In 1938, she began her newspaper column "The Voice of Broadway", which was eventually syndicated to more than 140 papers. In 1950, she became a regular panelist on the television game show What's My Line?, continuing in the role until her death.

Kilgallen's columns featured mostly show-business news and gossip, but also ventured into other topics, such as politics and organized crime. She wrote front-page articles for multiple newspapers on the Sam Sheppard trial and, years later, events related to the John F. Kennedy assassination, such as testimony by Jack Ruby.

Life and career

Education and early work
Kilgallen was born in Chicago, the daughter of newspaper reporter James Lawrence Kilgallen (1888–1982) and his wife, Mae Ahern (1888–1985). She was of Irish descent, and was a Catholic. Dorothy had a sister, Eleanor (1919–2014), who was six years her junior. The family moved to various regions of the United States until 1920, when the International News Service hired James Kilgallen as a roving correspondent based in New York City. The family settled in Brooklyn, New York. Dorothy Kilgallen was a student at Erasmus Hall High School. After completing two semesters at The College of New Rochelle, she dropped out to take a job as a reporter for the New York Evening Journal. The newspaper was owned and operated by the Hearst Corporation, which also owned International News Service, her father's employer.

In 1936 Kilgallen competed with two other New York newspaper reporters in a race around the world using only means of transportation available to the general public. She was the only woman to compete in the contest and came in second. She described the event in her book Girl Around The World, which is credited as the story idea for the 1937 movie Fly-Away Baby starring Glenda Farrell as a character partly inspired by Kilgallen.

In November 1938, Kilgallen began writing a daily column, the "Voice of Broadway," for Hearst's New York Journal-American, which the corporation created by merging the Evening Journal with the American. The column, which she wrote until her death in 1965, featured mostly New York show business news and gossip, but also ventured into other topics such as politics and organized crime. The column eventually was syndicated to 146 newspapers via King Features Syndicate. Its success motivated Kilgallen to move her parents and Eleanor from Brooklyn to Manhattan, where she continued to live with them until she got married.

On April 6, 1940, Kilgallen married Richard Kollmar, a musical comedy actor and singer who had starred in the Broadway show Knickerbocker Holiday and was performing, at the time of their wedding, in the Broadway cast of Too Many Girls. They had three children: Richard "Dickie" (b. 1941), Jill (b. 1943), and Kerry Kollmar (b. 1954), and remained married until Kilgallen's death.

Early in their marriage, Kilgallen and Kollmar both launched careers in network radio. Kilgallen ran her radio program Voice of Broadway, which was broadcast on CBS during World War II, and Kollmar worked a long stint in the nationally syndicated crime drama in which he played Boston Blackie.

Beginning in April 1945, Kilgallen and Kollmar co-hosted a weekday radio talk show on WOR 710 AM. Breakfast With Dorothy and Dick was broadcast from their 16-room apartment at 640 Park Avenue.  The show followed them when they bought a neo-Georgian townhouse at 45 East 68th Street in 1952. The radio program, like Kilgallen's newspaper column, mixed entertainment news and gossip with serious matters. Kilgallen and Kollmar occasionally had a major league baseball player as a guest on the show. The couple continued doing the show from their home until 1963.  Kilgallen's long-time fellow panelist on What's My Line, Arlene Francis, also hosted a weekday talk show on WOR for many years.

Frank Sinatra feud
Kilgallen and noted singer and actor Frank Sinatra were fairly good friends for several years and were photographed rehearsing in a radio studio for a 1948 broadcast.  But they had a falling out after she wrote a multipart 1956 front-page feature article titled "The Real Frank Sinatra Story". In addition to the New York Journal-American, Hearst-owned newspapers across the United States ran the feature.

Thereafter Sinatra made derogatory comments about Kilgallen's physical appearance to his audiences at nightclubs in New York and Las Vegas.  However, he stopped short of mentioning her name on television or during interviews for magazines and newspapers.

Sam Sheppard murder trial
Kilgallen covered the 1954 murder trial of Sam Sheppard.  He was a doctor convicted of killing his wife at their home in the Cleveland suburb of Bay Village.

The New York Journal-American carried the banner front-page headline that Kilgallen was "astounded" by the guilty verdict because of what she argued were serious flaws in the prosecution's case. At the time of the Cleveland jury's guilty verdict in December 1954, Kilgallen's sharp criticism of it was controversial and a Cleveland newspaper dropped her column in response. Her articles and columns in 1954 did not reveal all she had witnessed in the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas.

Nine years after the verdict and sentence, and after the judge had died, she claimed at an event held at the Overseas Press Club in New York that the judge had told her before the start of jury selection that Sheppard was "guilty as hell".

Attorney F. Lee Bailey, who was working on a habeas corpus petition for his client Sheppard, attended the Overseas Press Club event, heard what Kilgallen told the crowd, and then asked her privately if she would help him. "Some days later," as Bailey wrote in his memoir The Defense Never Rests, "we obtained a deposition from Dorothy that was inserted into the petition submitted to" Carl Andrew Weinman, judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio. Bailey also included in the habeas corpus petition a statement from Edward Murray, who had worked in 1954 as a court clerk at the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas. Similar to Kilgallen's statement, Murray's statement indicated that Edward J. Blythin, the original Sheppard judge, had said that Sheppard was guilty even before the grand jury indicted him on August 17, 1954.

In July 1964, four months after the Overseas Press Club event where Kilgallen broke her silence about the deceased Judge Blythin, Judge Weinman of the federal court granted Bailey's habeas corpus petition, Sam Sheppard was released from prison amid much newspaper publicity, and Sheppard met Kilgallen at a "late-night champagne party" (as described by Bailey in The Defense Never Rests) in Cleveland. After Kilgallen's death, Sheppard was retried and acquitted.

Kennedy assassination
Kilgallen was publicly skeptical of the conclusions of the Warren Commission's report about the assassination of President Kennedy and Jack Ruby's shooting of Lee Oswald, and she wrote several newspaper articles on the subject. On February 23, 1964, she published an article in the New York Journal-American about a conversation she had with Jack Ruby, when he was at his defense table during a recess in his murder trial.

She also obtained a copy of Ruby's June 7, 1964, testimony to the Warren Commission, which she published in August 1964 in three installments on the front pages of the New York Journal-American, The Philadelphia Inquirer, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, and other newspapers.

What's My Line?

Kilgallen became a panelist on the American television game show What's My Line?, beginning on its first broadcast, which aired live on February 2, 1950. The series was telecast from New York City on the CBS television network until 1967. She was seen almost every Sunday evening on the show for 15 years (until her death).

Beginning in 1959, the series was not always telecast live. Goodson Todman Productions used videotape, a recent invention.  In 1961, producers were able to stockpile enough videotaped episodes so that Kilgallen and fellow panelists Arlene Francis and Bennett Cerf, along with host John Charles Daly, could take their summer vacations. In 1965, they returned to do a live telecast on September 12. It was followed by eight consecutive Sunday nights when Kilgallen appeared live, the last of them being November 7, the night before her body was discovered.

Death

On November 8, 1965, Kilgallen was found dead in her Manhattan townhouse located at 45 East 68th Street. Her death was determined to have been caused by a combination of alcohol and barbiturates. The police said there was no indication of violence or suicide. According to New York City medical examiner James Luke, the circumstances of her death were undetermined, but emphasized that "the overdose could well have been accidental".

Her funeral mass took place on November 11 at the Church of St. Vincent Ferrer in Manhattan; John Daly, Arlene Francis, What's My Line? producer Mark Goodson, Betty White, Ed Sullivan, Joseph E. Levine, and Bob Considine were among the 2,600 people attending. Coverage of the funeral in the New York Journal-American, where she had worked, included "Mrs. Bennett Cerf" (Phyllis Fraser), among the notable people who attended. She was interred at the Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne, Westchester County, New York.

Legacy
In 1960, Kilgallen was one of the initial 500 persons chosen to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
The What's My Line? telecast on November 14, 1965, paid tribute to Kilgallen. Kitty Carlisle filled in for Kilgallen during the episode, and said on camera that although she was occupying Kilgallen's seat, "no one could ever possibly take her place."

In a 1996 memoir, Kilgallen's colleague and friend Theo Wilson wrote that her work as a crime reporter was often overlooked during her lifetime and was forgotten after her death:
"Part of being a good reporter is to be anonymous, to stay out of the story so that you can better watch and study and listen to the principals. She couldn't do that, mostly because people wouldn't let her. She'd walk into a trial and the prosecutor would ask for her autograph for his wife or the judge would send out greetings."

Filmography
 Sinner Take All (1936) onscreen appearance as a fictitious reporter
 Fly-Away Baby (1937) identified in the opening credits as the inspiration for the story; her book Girl Around the World, published in 1936, was the source.
 Pajama Party (1964) uncredited onscreen cameo appearance as herself

Bibliography

 Dorothy Kilgallen and Herb Shapiro, Girl Around the World (David McKay Publishing, 1936)
 Dorothy Kilgallen, Murder One (Random House, 1967) ASIN: B0007EFTJ6

In fiction
Flo Kilgore, a character based on Kilgallen, appears in novels by Max Allan Collins in his series featuring private detective Nathan Heller. In Ask Not (2013), Heller and Kilgore investigate the JFK assassination.

See also

List of unsolved deaths
Gossip columnist

References

Further reading

External links

 Dorothy Kilgallen papers and scrapbooks, 1936–1965, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
 The Supposed "Mysterious Death" of Dorothy Kilgallen, John C. McAdams mcadams.posc.mu.edu (archived)

1913 births
1965 deaths
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century Roman Catholics
Accidental deaths in New York (state)
Alcohol-related deaths in New York City
American gossip columnists
American people of Irish descent
American women columnists
American women television personalities
Barbiturates-related deaths
Burials at Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Hawthorne, New York)
Catholics from New York (state)
Drug-related deaths in New York City
Erasmus Hall High School alumni
John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories
Researchers of the assassination of John F. Kennedy
Television personalities from New York City
Unsolved deaths in the United States
Journalists from Chicago
College of New Rochelle alumni

Dorothy Kilgallen


El fruterito de vientre dorado (Euphonia chrysopasta) es una especie de ave paseriforme que vive en América del Sur. Su taxonomía es incierta, tradicionalmente su género se situaba en Thraupidae mientras que actualmente algunos expertos lo sitúan en la familia Fringillidae.

Descripción

El fruterito de vientre dorado mide de 10 a 12 cm de longitud. El macho es uniformemente verde oliváceo, con listas lorales claras, nuca grisácea y vientre amarillo. La hembra tiene la garganta y el vientre color gris blancuzco.

Distribución y hábitat

Se encuentra en  Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, la Guayana francesa, Guyana, Perú, Surinam y Venezuela.

Vive en las tierras bajas de la Amazonia, en el borde del bosque y matorrales, tanto en tierra firme como en áreas inundables.

Alimentación

Se alimenta de frutos, solo o en pequeños grupos ruidosos en lo alto de dosel.

Reproducción
Construye un nido en forma de bola con una entrada lateral.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Chrysopasta
Aves de América del Sur
Taxones descritos por Osbert Salvin
Taxones descritos por Philip Lutley Sclater
Animales descritos en 1869

Euphonia chrysopasta


La temporada 1922 de la Liga Nacional fue la 2.ª edición de la máxima categoría del sistema de Ligas costarricenses de fútbol. Se disputó entre agosto y diciembre de 1922.

Tras no producirse ningún descenso, y por lo tanto ascenso en la primera edición, la competición mostró un pequeño cambio en la cantidad de clubes inscritos, siendo inicialmente por seis ante la baja de Gimnástica Limonense que no entró. El 10 de septiembre fue expulsado La Unión de Tres Ríos al no presentarse en un partido, por lo que sus registros en cuanto a partidos disputados fueron eliminados.

El Herediano conquistó su segundo título de la competición tras hacerse con el liderato de la tabla, convirtiéndose en el primer equipo de fútbol federado en lograr un bicampeonato. Gran parte del mérito fue de sus atacantes, donde además uno de ellos se quedó con la distinción de máximo goleador que fue Claudio Arguedas con siete tantos.

Sistema de competición
La competición constó de un grupo único integrado por cinco clubes. Siguiendo un sistema de liga, los cinco equipos se enfrentaron todos contra todos en dos ocasiones sumando un total de 8 jornadas. La clasificación final se estableció con arreglo a los puntos obtenidos por los equipos en cada enfrentamiento, a razón de dos por partido ganado, uno por empatado y ninguno en caso de derrota.

Clubes participantes
Cinco equipos tomaron parte de la temporada de la Liga Nacional de Fútbol, los mismos que en el campeonato anterior pero con la excepción del retiro de La Unión de Tres Ríos y la no inscripción de Gimnástica Limonense:

Desarrollo

Clasificación

Estadísticas

Plantilla del campeón
La nómina completa de la temporada 1922 del Herediano que se proclamó bicampeón por primera vez en el fútbol federado costarricense.
 Ángel Bernini
 Braulio Morales
 Claudio Arguedas
 Eladio Rosabal
 Fabio Pacheco
 Félix Contreras
 Gilberto Arguedas
 Guillermo Cerdas
 Guillermo Pérez
 Joaquín Gutiérrez
 Luis Valerio
 Marco García
 Miguel García
 Otoniel Martínez
 Rafael Campos
 Víctor Ruiz

Máximo goleador: Claudio Arguedas (7 goles)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial de la Primera División
 Sitio oficial de la Federación de Fútbol
 RSSSF

1922
Costa Rica en 1922
Fútbol en 1922

Campeonato de Fútbol de Costa Rica 1922


Reacția biuretului (de asemenea denumită și reacția Piotrowski) este o reacție chimică folosită pentru identificarea peptidelor (cu excepția dipeptidelor) și proteinelor, prin prezența legăturilor peptidice. În prezența peptidelor și în mediu alcalin, ionul de cupru divalent formează complecși coordinativi colorați în violet.

Note

Vezi și
 Biuret

Chimie analitică
Metode biochimice

Reacția biuretului


The Covenant is a fictional military alliance of alien races who serve as one of the main antagonists in the Halo science fiction series.  The Covenant are composed of a variety of diverse species, united under the religious worship of the enigmatic Forerunners and their belief that Forerunner ringworlds known as Halos will provide a path to salvation. After the Covenant leadership – the High Prophets – declare humanity an affront to their gods, the Covenant prosecute a lengthy genocidal campaign against the technologically inferior race.

The Covenant were first introduced in the 2001 video game Halo: Combat Evolved as enemies hunting the player character, a human supersoldier known as Master Chief. Not realizing the Halos were meant as weapons of destruction rather than salvation, the Covenant attempt to activate the rings on three separate occasions throughout the series, inadvertently releasing a virulent parasite known as the Flood in the process.

To develop a distinctive look for the various races of the Covenant, Bungie artists drew inspiration from reptilian, ursine, and avian characteristics.  A Covenant design scheme of purples and reflective surfaces was made to separate the aliens from human architecture.

Overview
In the primary 26th century setting of Halo, humanity and the Covenant meet for the first time in the year 2525. Searching for relics left behind by their gods, the Forerunners, the Covenant stumble across humans at the colony world of Harvest. The Covenant leadership discovers that the Forerunners designated humanity "reclaimers" of their legacy, and that the Covenant religion is built on falsehoods; to prevent the truth from being uncovered, they instigate a genocidal war against humanity.

The Covenant's superior technology gives them a distinct advantage in the war. In 2552, the Covenant discover and destroy Reach, one of humanity's greatest military strongholds. A human ship fleeing the battle discovers a Forerunner ringworld, Halo. The Covenant believe the activation of these rings are key to bringing about salvation, but the ring is destroyed by the human supersoldier Master Chief. Soon after, the Covenant falls into civil war as the truth of the Halo rings' purpose is revealed: they are actually weapons of mass destruction built to stop the spread of the parasitic Flood. The disgraced Covenant commander known as the Arbiter allies with the Master Chief to stop the Covenant and Flood, ending the Human-Covenant War. In the post-war era, various factions replace the power vacuum left by the Covenant; these include the Banished, who feature as primary antagonists in Halo Infinite.

Game development
Throughout much of the development of Halo: Combat Evolved, very little concrete story details had been developed for the story campaign, and what trials the player character would face. Writer Joseph Staten and other Bungie staff came up with the idea of a coalition of alien races, subsequently deciding that the faction would be motivated by religion. During the course of development of Halo, the designers decided upon three "schools" of architecture, for each of the factions represented – humans, Covenant, and Forerunners. For the Covenant, the team decided on "sleek and shiny", with reflective surfaces, organic shapes, and use of purples. According to art director Marcus Lehto, the principle designs for the faction came from environmental artist Paul Russell, while concept artist Shi Kai Wang was instrumental in developing the look of the various races within the Covenant. Armor color was used to denote ranks of enemies.

Like the character designs, Covenant technology, architecture, and design continually changed throughout development, occasionally for practical reasons as well as aesthetics. According to Eric Arroyo, the Covenant cruiser Truth and Reconciliation, which plays a major role in Halo: Combat Evolved, was to be boarded by the player by a long ramp. However due to technical considerations of having a fully textured ship so close to the player, the designers came up with a "gravity lift", which allowed the ship to be farther away (thus not requiring as much processing power for detail) as well as adding a "visually interesting" component of Covenant technology.

The art team also spent a large amount of time on Covenant weaponry, in order to make them suitably alien yet still recognizable to players. At the same time, the designers wanted all aspects of Covenant technology, especially the vehicles, to act plausibly. In contrast to human weapons firing projectiles, many of the Covenant's weaponry are depicted as firing plasma. A few of the Covenant's weapons are not plasma-based, including the Needler, which fires razor-sharp pink needles capable of homing at organic foes. A weapons expert noted parallels between the Needler and ancient Greek Amazons painting their daggers pink as a psychological weapon. Bungie designed the majority of Covenant technology to mirror the aesthetic of the Elites; the exteriors are sleek and graceful, with a more angular and complex core underneath hinting at the Forerunner origins of the technology.

Species
Covenant society is depicted as a caste system composed of different species. Bungie's artists looked at live animals and films for inspiration; as a result, the species within the Covenant bear simian, reptilian, avian, and ursine characteristics. Concept artist Shi Kai Wang focused on making each enemy seem appropriate to its role in gameplay. The species within the Covenant include:

Sangheili (called Elites in Human language) who stand nearly 8'6 (2.6 m) and feature recharging personal shields. The Sangheili initially had simple mouths, which developed into pairs of split mandibles substituting for the lower jaws. Bungie concept artist Shi Kai Wang noted that project lead Jason Jones had been insistent on giving the Sangheili a tail. While Wang thought it made the aliens look too animalistic, the idea was dropped due to practical considerations, including where the tail would go when the Sangheili were driving vehicles. According to Paul Russel, when Bungie was bought by Microsoft and Halo was turned into an Xbox launch title, Microsoft took issue with the design of the Sangheili, as they felt that the Sangheili had a resemblance to cats that might alienate Japanese consumers.
Unggoy or Grunts, are commonly depicted as basic foot soldiers. Squat and cowardly fighters, Unggoy panic and run if players kill their leaders.
Kig-Yar or Jackals carry energy shields or ranged weaponry. In some cases, such as with the Kig-Yar, the overall design was honed once the enemy's role was clearly defined.
Mgalekgolo or Hunters are collectives of alien worms encased in tough armor. Initial concepts were less humanoid-looking and softer than the final shape, with angular shields and razor-sharp spines.
San'Shyuum or Prophets serve as the supreme rulers of the Covenant, and were primarily designed by Shi Kai Wang and Eric Arroyo. Originally, the San'Shyuum were built in a more unified way, with the gravity thrones they used for flotation and movement fused with the Prophet's organic structures. The characters were also designed to be feeble, yet sinister. The three Prophet Hierarchs were each individually designed.
Jiralhanae or Brutes are even more physically imposing than the Sangheili, with their society organized around tribal chieftains. Inspired by the animators watching biker films, the Jiralhanae incorporated simian and ursine elements while retaining an alien look. Wang's final concept for the creatures in Halo 2, replete with bandoliers and human skulls, was simplified for the game. Jiralhanae were meant to typify the abusive alien menace of the Covenant and in the words of design lead Jaime Griesemer, to serve as "barbarians in Rome".

Other members of the Covenant include insectoid Yanme'e (Drones); the animators found the creatures challenging, as they had to be animated to walk, run, crawl, or fly on multiple surfaces. Old concept art from Combat Evolved was repurposed in influencing the Yanme'e final shape, which took cues from cockroaches, grasshoppers, and wasps. Cut from Combat Evolved were floating support workers known as The Huragok (Engineers) , actually constructed machines rather than organic creatures. They later made appearances in Halo Wars  Halo 3: ODST,Halo Reach And Halo Wars 2 as well as various novels.

With subsequent games, the Covenant and their look were changed or refined to account for increased graphic hardware or gameplay needs. In Halo 3, the Jiralhanae became the primary enemy, and they were heavily redesigned. Concept artists took inspiration from rhinoceroses and gorillas, and armored them with buckles and clothing to represent a different aesthetic look compared to the Covenant. Weaponry was designed to reflect the Jiralhanae's "souls" distilled to its purest form – conveyed by dangerous shapes, harsh colors, and objects that looked "dangerous to be around". The more seasoned the Brute, the more ornate clothing and helmets; the armor was designed to convey a culture and tradition to the species, and emphasize their mass and power. Designs for Halo 3 took cues from ancient Greek Spartans. Character animators recorded intended actions for the new Jiralhanae in a padded room at Bungie. A new addition to the Jiralhanae artificial intelligence was a pack mentality; leader Brutes direct large-scale actions simultaneously, such as throwing grenades towards a player.Halo: Reach served as a prequel to Halo: Combat Evolved, and creative director Marcus Lehto pushed for the team to revamp the Covenant. The aliens' translated English was replaced with untranslated, guttural alien sounds, and their look and weaponry was redesigned. The goal was to make the Covenant intimidating and more alien to players.

Analysis
The Covenant serve as one of a number of religious allusions in Halo. Their name refers to sacred agreements between the people of Israel and their God in Jewish and Christian tradition, and could be used to indicate the attitude of superiority complex the aliens have to the inferior and sacrilegious humans. The Covenant's ships bear names referring to elements of Judeo-Christian religion. A review of religions and religious material in video games noted that the Covenant's invented religion had many similarities to those in similar games, and would likely be called a cult in the real world. The thematic parallels of religious zealots fighting an American military metaphor was not lost on Microsoft's content review team, who forced a name change of the holy warrior "Dervish" to Arbiter before the release of Halo 2. Theologian P.C.J.M. Paulissen notes that while on the surface the Halo games present a conflict between rational humans and religious alien fanaticism, the comparison is complicated by the technical superiority of the Covenant (they wield energy weapons compared to primitive human ballistics) and the games seem to reject the idea science and religion are rigidly disconnected.

Cultural impact
Merchandise
Microsoft has commissioned multiple sets of action figures and merchandise featuring Covenant characters for each video game. The Halo 3 action figure sets have been made by McFarlane Toys, and include Brutes and Jackals. The Covenant's weaponry has also been adapted into large-scale replicas.

Reception
The Covenant were positively received in Combat Evolved, with their artificial intelligence praised and the different tactics needed to defeat each enemy type commended.

The ability to experience the storyline of Halo 2 from the Covenant perspective was described as a "brilliant stroke of game design". Allowing the player to assume the role of a Sangheili who was described as providing an unexpected plot twist, and allowing the player to experience a "newfound complexity to the story". In addition, some reviewers thought that this provided the series with a significant plot element – IGN referred to it as the "intriguing side story of Thel 'Vadam and his Sangheili" – and its elimination in Halo 3 was pointed to as responsible for reducing the role of the Arbiter within the series plot. Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition'' listed Covenant as 16th in their list of top 50 Villains.

References

External links

Fictional extraterrestrial life forms
Fictional military organizations
Galactic empires
Fictional omnicide perpetrators

Covenant (Halo)


علي الفندري، ولد بمدينة صفاقس في 30 ديسمبر 1946، فنان تشكيلي تونسي  مواهبه التي ابدع فيها هي الرسم والزخرفة.

تكوينه
درس فيما بين 1967 و1971 بمدرسة الفنون الجميلة بتونس، وتلقى فيما بين 1972 و1973 تأهيلا بمانهايم- ألمانيا، وأقام بمدينة الفنون بباريس فيما بين 1974 و1976.

معارضه
 1975: معرض شخصي بقاعة الأخبار- تونس
 1976: معرض شخصي بقاعة الأخبار- تونس
 1977: معرض شخصي برواق الفنون- تونس
 1981: معرض شخصي بقاعة الأخبار- تونس
 معرض شخصي في نطاق المهرجان الدولي لمدينة أنطاكيا بتركيا.

أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
رسامون تونسيون
مواليد 1946

علي الفندري


The Boy in the Ocean er en dansk kortfilm fra 2016 instrueret af Friedrich Tiedtke.

Handling
Den 12-årige tyske dreng Mathias opdager sin seksualitet på en sejlbåd i Danmark. Han er omgivet af hav og fanget på båden med sine forældre, der stadig behandler Mathias som et barn. Han drømmer om at komme i land, og hans begær vokser, da han fascineres af en dansk pige i en havn.

Medvirkende

 Mikkel Jacobsen, Thomas
 Anders Khayat, Benjamin
 Fie London, Emilie
 Andreas Nickl, Ralf
 Barbara Philipp, Marianne
 Mika Seidel, Mathias

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2016

The Boy in the Ocean


Kettering er en by i North Northamptonshire unitary authority (købstadskommune), oprettet 1. april 2021 ved sammenlægning af fire kommuner, og indtil 31. marts 2021 i Kettering-distriktet, Northamptonshire, England, som havde et indbyggertal (pr. 2015) på 58.162. Distriktet havde et befolkningstal på 99.002 (pr. 2015). Byen ligger 107 km fra London. Den nævnes i Domesday Book fra 1086, hvor den kaldes Cateringe.

Referencer

Byer i England
Northamptonshire

Kettering


Troskot (zubača, lat. Cynodon), biljni rod iz porodice trava kojemu pripada 10 vrsta trajnica puzačica raširenih po Starom svijetu. Ime mu dolazi iz grčkih riječi kyon, kynos (pas) i odous, odontos (zub), zbog izgleda cvata ili populjka.

Najpoznatija vrsta je prstasti troskot ili zubača, čiji podanak može narasti preko jednog metra i ići u dubinu do 35 centimetara. Prema izračunu, ova tvrdokorna biljka na jednom hektaru može razviti oko 800 kilometara podanaka koji nose nekoliko milijuna pupoljaka. Listovi su lancetasti, a cvjetovi skupljeni, od 3 do 6, u klasove. Cvatu od lipnja do klolovoza.

Troskot je otporan na sušu i mraz, a može ga se naći po livadama, vrtovima, voćnjacima, vinogradima, a najviše voli topla i sunčana mjesta. Smatra se najotpornijim korovom, ali je i biljka koja djeluje antierozivno.

Vrste
 Cynodon aethiopicus Clayton & J.R.Harlan, etiopska zubača
 Cynodon ambiguus (Ohwi) P.M.Peterson
 Cynodon barberi Rang. & Tadul., bradata zubača
 Cynodon convergens F.Muell.
 Cynodon coursii A.Camus
 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., prstasti troskot
 Cynodon incompletus Nees, nepotpuni troskot
 Cynodon × magennisii Hurcombe
 Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst, afrički troskot
 Cynodon plectostachyus (K.Schum.) Pilg.
 Cynodon prostratus (C.A.Gardner & C.E.Hubb.) P.M.Peterson
 Cynodon radiatus Roth, zrakasti troskot
 Cynodon simonii P.M.Peterson
 Cynodon tenellus R.Br.
 Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy

Cynodon parviglumis Ohwi (Japanski troskot ), sinonim je za Cynodon dactylon.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Cynodonteae

Troskot


Phraya Phichai (Thai: , Phaya Phichai, auch bekannt unter seinem Beinamen Phraya Phichai Dab Hak (Thai: , "Graf von Phichai mit dem zerbrochenen Schwert"); * 1741 in Ban Huai Kha, Amphoe Phichai, Provinz Uttaradit; † 1782 in Thonburi) war in der Zeit des Königreichs Ayutthaya ein siamesischer Adliger und Gefolgsmann des späteren Königs Taksin (reg. 1768 bis 1782), mit dem zusammen er auch exekutiert wurde. Seinen Beinamen erhielt er nach einer Schlacht, bei der er so lange kämpfte, bis seinen beiden Schwerter zerbrochen waren.

Leben

Kindheit und Jugend
Phraya Phichai wurde in Ban Huai Kha geboren, seine Eltern sind nicht bekannt; von seinen vier Geschwistern starben drei vor seiner Geburt. Sein Geburtsname war Choi (Thai: , "der Kleine").

Der kleine Choi praktizierte mit Vorliebe das Thai-Boxen und ging oft ohne Wissen seiner Eltern fort, um sich in der Kunst zu üben und mit vielen Lehrern zu trainieren. Einer seiner Lehrer nannte ihn "Thong Di" (Thai: ).

Im Dienst des Königs

Während eines Boxkampfes im Jahr 1761 in der Provinz Tak lernte Thong Di den seinerzeitigen Gouverneur von Tak, Phraya Taksin, kennen, der von seinem exzellenten Boxstil beeindruckt war und ihn in seine Armee holte und später zu seinem Leibwächter machte.

Nach der vollständigen Zerstörung Ayutthayas durch die Birmanen zog Taksin mit rund 500 Getreuen nach Prachinburi und Rayong; der nun zum Befehlshaber ernannte Thong Di (Phraya Phichai) hob eine neue Armee aus, und Taksin erklärte Krieg gegen die Birmanen, mit dem Ziel das Reich Ayutthaya von den Birmanen zu befreien. Kurze Zeit darauf wurde Taksin zum König von Siam erklärt.

Phraya Phichai nutzte Guerilla-Taktiken, um einzelne Dörfer und kleinere Städte von den Birmanen zu befreien. Während einer dieser zahlreichen Scharmützel geschah es im Jahr 1773, dass er während eines Gefechts gegen Truppen des birmanischen Generals Bo Supia bei dem Ort Phichai in der Provinz Uttaradit (Nord-Thailand) so intensiv die Gegner bekämpfte, dass er sein Schwert zerbrach und mit seinen Truppen dennoch die Gegner zum Rückzug zwang.

Taksin wurde infolge der Beanspruchung durch die Kämpfe und die Reorganisation des Reiches nach und nach geistig so verwirrt, dass er sich gar als Oberhaupt der buddhistischen Sangha gerierte und Mönche exekutieren ließ, die ihm nicht folgen wollten. Die Adligen setzten ihn schließlich ab und ließen ihn selbst exekutieren. Viele Berichte deuten darauf hin, dass der treue Gefolgsmann Pharaya Phichai darum bat, ihn mit dem König hinzurichten, damit er bei diesem bleiben konnte, wie es seinerzeit das Gesetz des siamesischen Hofes verlangte.

Werk
Phraya Phichai gilt als Vorbild für die moderne thailändische Armee durch seine Aufopferung für den König und die Nation ("das Volk").

Wirkung
Vor dem Provinzgebäude in Uttaradit steht seit 1969 eine Statue zu Ehren von Phraya Phichai. Ein kleines Museum ist ihm in Amphoe Phichai gewidmet, südlich der Stadt Uttaradit.

Viele Schulen, die das thailändische Kickboxen lehren, nennen sich nach Phraya Phichai.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Militärperson (Thailand)
Geschichte Thailands
Siamesischer Adliger
Thailänder
Geboren 1741
Gestorben 1782
Mann

Phraya Phichai


Bojan Šaranov (n. 22 septembrie 1987) este un fotbalist sârb, care joacă pentru Partizan în Superliga Serbiei. În 2011, a jucat pentru Echipa națională de fotbal a Serbiei.

Palmars

Individual
Superliga Serbiei Echipa sezonului: 2010–11

Legături externe
Bojan Saranov at Transfermarkt

Nașteri în 1987
Fotbaliști sârbi
Fotbaliști internaționali sârbi
Nașteri pe 22 octombrie

Bojan Šaranov


Palatale konsonanter udtales ved at tungen trykkes mod ganen.

Se også
Det internationale fonetiske alfabet

Fonetik

Palatal konsonant


En carbokation er en ion med et positivt ladet kulstofatom. Blandt de simpleste eksempler på carbokationer er methenium (), methanium () og ethanium (). Nogle carbokationer har to eller flere positive ladninger, enten på samme kulstofatom eller på forskellige atomer; f.eks. ethyldikationen ().

Frem til begyndelsen af 1970'erne blev alle carbokationer kaldt carboniumioner. I moderne kemi er en carbokation en hvilken som helst ion med et positivt ladet kulstofatom, og de inddeles i to hovedtyper efter valensen af det ladede kulstofatom: Carbeniumioner (protoniserede carbener) har tre bindinger, carboniumioner (protoniserede alkaner) fem eller seks. Denne nomenklatur blev foreslået af den ungarsk-amerikanske kemiker George Andrew Olah. Carbokationer stabiliseres ved delokalisering af den positive ladning, f.eks. ved hyperkonjugering (det fænomen, at sigmabindingselektroner delt mellem det positivt ladede kulstofatom og atomer bundet hertil kan bevæge sig ind i den tomme p-elektronskal på kulstofatomet, hvorved den positive ladning spredes over flere atomer).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Press Release: The 1994 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Nobelprize.org. Websted besøgt 21. august 2016.

Se også
 Carbanion

Kationer
Kulstofforbindelser

Carbokation


Nes kan henvise til:

Steder

Færøerne
 Nes, Eysturoy, en landsby i Nes Kommuna på Eysturoy
 Nes kommuna, en kommune på øen Eysturoy
 Nes, Suðuroy, en landsby i Vágur kommuna på øen Suðuroy

Norge
 Nes, Akershus, en kommune i Akershus fylke
 Nes, Bjugn, en landsby i Bjugn kommune i Trøndelag fylke
 Nes, Buskerud, en kommune i Buskerud fylke
 Nes, Fosen, en tidligere kommune i den gamle Sør-Trøndelag fylke
 Nes, Hedmark, en tidligere kommune i Hedmark fylke
 Nes, Hole, en landsby i Hole kommune i Buskerud fylke
 Nes, Sogn og Fjordane, en landsby i Luster kommune i Sogn og Fjordane fylke
 Nes, Vest-Agder, en tidligere kommune i Vest-Agder fylke
 Nes, Ådal, en landsby i Ringerike kommune i Buskerud fylke

Holland
 Nes, Ameland, en landsby i kommunen of Ameland
 Nes, Amsterdam, en gammel gade i centrale Amsterdam
 Nes, Heerenveen, en landsby i kommunen Heerenveen
 Nes, Dongeradeel, en landsby i kommunen Dongeradeel
 Nes, Schagen, en landsby i kommunen Schagen
 Nes aan de Amstel, en landsby i kommunen Amstelveen
 De Nes, en landsby i kommunen Texel

Nes


Berkan Yıldırım (* 20. Dezember 1986 in Wuppertal) ist ein deutsch-türkischer Fußballspieler.

Karriere
Berkan Yıldırım kam in Wuppertal zur Welt. Nachdem er das Fußballspielen in den Jugendabteligungen diverser Amateurklubs  erlernte, wechselte er in die Jugend vom 1. FC Union Solingen.
Zur Saison 2006/07 wurde er in den Profikader aufgenommen und absolvierte bis zur Winterpause 17 Ligapartien.

Zu dieser Zeit wurde er von einigen Talentjägern beobachtet. So wechselte er zur Rückrunde zum türkischen Drittligisten Eyüpspor. Nachdem er hier zwei Jahre aktiv war, verließ er den Verein Richtung Ligakonkurrent Elazığspor.

Im Sommer 2010 wechselte er dann zum Erstligisten Adanaspor. Hier fristete er in der ersten Saison hinter dem Rechtsaußen İzzet Yıldırım eher ein Reservistendasein und kam auf lediglich vier Ligaeinsätze. In der zweiten Spielzeit für Adanaspor saß er nur auf der Ersatzbank. So wurde er zur Winterpause an den Drittligisten Turgutluspor ausgeliehen. Hier verpasste man erst in der Relegationsphase den Aufstieg in die TFF 2. Lig.

Zum Sommer 2012 löste er seinen Vertrag mit Adanaspor nach gegenseitigem Einvernehmen auf und wechselte zum Drittligisten Giresunspor. Mit diesem Klub erreichte er am letzten Spieltag der Saison 2013/14 die Drittligameisterschaft und damit den Aufstieg in die TFF 1. Lig. Nach sechs Spielzeiten kehrte er im Januar 2018 wieder zu Adanaspor zurück um nach einer halben Saison erneut zu Giresunspor zu wechseln.

Erfolge
 Mit Giresunspor
 Meister der TFF 2. Lig und Aufstieg in die TFF 1. Lig: 2013/14

Weblinks

Fußballspieler (1. FC Union Solingen)
Fußballspieler (Adanaspor)
Fußballspieler (Elazığspor)
Fußballspieler (Eyüpspor)
Fußballspieler (Giresunspor)
Fußballspieler (Turgutluspor)
Deutscher
Türke
Geboren 1986
Mann

Berkan Yıldırım


Sveti Ulrik Augsburški ili Sveti Ulrik (Zürich ili Dillingen, 890. – Augsburg, 973.) bio je njemački biskup i prva osoba koju je jedan od papa proglasio svecem.

Životopis
Rodio se u plemićkoj obitelji. Budući da mu je otac bio grof Hubalt iz Dillingena, pretpostavlja se da je rođen u Dilingenu. Od ranog je djetinjstva pokazivao duhovne sposobnosti, a od 900. do 908. studirao je teologiju u samostanu Svetog Gallena. Nakon završetka studija odlučuje se za monaški život, no ubrzo je izabran za novog biskupa Augsburga. Imao je dobre odnose s carem Otonom I. kojem je pomogao pri obrani Augsburga – inicirao je gradnju zidina za obranu od Mađara u kolovozu 955. Gradio je mnoge crkve i javne ustanove diljem Augsburške biskupije.

Legende i štovanje
Uz svetog Ulrika vežu se mnoge legende, a jedna je od njih večera s biskupom iz Konstanza. Prema predaji ta se večera, tijekom koje su posluženi pileći bataci, održala u petak. Tijekom večere u sobu je ušao glasnik jednog kneza i predao Ulriku kneževo pismo u kojem se biskupa osuđuje zbog povrede dostojanstva. Ulrik je potom knezu poslao batak. Primivši paket, knez se nasmijao jer je mislio kako biskupi na petak jedu ribu. Batak se u taj trenutak pretvorio u ribu.

Do kongregacije su lokalni biskupi obično mogli samostalno kanonizirati svece. To nije bio slučaj sa Svetim Ulrikom, kojeg je papa Ivan XV. 3. veljače 995. kanonizirao, pa je tako postao prvi svetac kojeg je kanonizirao jedan papa. Njemu su posvećene razne crkve i kapele, zaštitnik je Augsburga i tamošnje biskupije, a slavi ga se i u Sloveniji pod imenom Urh.

Izvori

Sveci

Ulrik Augsburški


Amanita virosa, Ölüm meleği olarak da bilinir , Amanitaceae ailesinden öldürücü derecede zehirli bir mantar türüdür. Kesinlikle yiyeceklerle birlikte tutulmaması gerektiği önerilir.

Amanita virosa beyaz, kenarları beyaz ortası sarımsı veya pembemsi bir şapkaya sahiptir. Mantarın ilk oluştuğunda onu taşıyan beyaz bir yumurtaya benzeyen kapsülü karakteristiktir, genç örnekleri yenebilen diğer mantarlarla karıştırılabilir. Küçükken konveks olan şapka mantar büyüdükçe tamamen düzleşir. Genelde Ağustos'tan Kasım'a kadar ormanlarda bulunabilir, kokusu hoş değildir.

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

virosa
Zehirli mantarlar
1866'da tanımlanan mantarlar

Amanita virosa


القديس، هو كل شخص عاش الفضائل الإلهية في الإيمان والرجاء والمحبة، خلال حياته على الأرض «ببطولة»، فيمكن اعتباره بعد تحقيق دقيق في سيرة حياته، علمًا من أعلام الدين و«سعيدًا مغبوطًا من الفردوس بناءً على الوعود الإلهية المسبقة». تشترط الكنيسة، في بعض الحالات تأييد التحقيق بمعجزة - غالبًا ما تكون شفائية عجز الطب عن حلّها - لإعلان القداسة، وإلا تكتفي بإعلانه طوباويًا. تعني كلمة قديس كتابياً «المفروز أو المتقدس لغاية معينة»، وكل من نال سر العماد، مدعو للقداسة.

حسب المعتقدات المسيحية، فإن العلاقة بين المؤمنين الأحياء والأموات لا تنقطع روحيًا، ولذلك فإنّ من «استراح سعيدًا بعد وفاته» أي القديس يصلّي لأهل الأرض، وطلب شفاعته، أي صلاته وتضرعه إلى الله، ممكن، وعلى هذا الأساس يقوم مفهوم قديس شفيع. من الممكن تكريم القديس سواءً من خلال التكني باسمه، أو تشييد الكنائس على اسمه، أو تكريم أيقوناته، أو رفاته، غير أن التركيم من بابا الاقتداء والتمثّل ولا يعني أبدًا العبادة، ويعلّم يوحنا بولس الثاني بأنّ «الكنيسة في إعلان تكريم وقداسة أبنائها وبنايتها، تؤدي التكريم السامي إلى الله نفسه منبع كل قداسة»، ومن الممكن أن يكون القديس من جميع الأعمار أو الأجناس، أو الوظائف والمهن الاجتماعية وليس الكهنة والرهبان فقط.

القديسين كقدوة
القديسون يعتبرون أيضًا مثال وقدوة للمسيحين، ويدعون «شهود الإيمان» كما ينصّ التعليم المسيحي للكنيسة الكاثوليكية: «فالعالم الذي نعيش فيه، كثيرًا ما يبدو بعيدًا جدًا عما يؤكده لإيمان، وتجارب الشر والألم والمظالم والموت تبدو متناقضة مع الإنجيل، وقد تستطيع أن تزعزع الإيمان، وأن يكون موضع تجربة. في هذه الحالة، من الممكن التوجه نحو القديسين، إذ تقتضي الضرورة أن نتوجه إلى شهود الإيمان، إبراهيم مثلاً الذي آمن راجيًا خلاف كل رجاء (وروما 4: 18) ومريم العذراء التي في» رحلة الإيمان«انطلقت حتى» ليل الإيمان«في ليل قبر ابنها، ولم تفقد إيمانها». الكتاب المقدس يحوي عددًا من هذه النصائح: «اذكروا دائمًا مرشديكم الذين علموكم كلام الله. تأملوا بسيرتهم حتى النهاية واقتدوا بإيمانهم». «فمع أن هابيل قد مات قتلاً، فإنه ما زال يلقننا العبر بإيمانه».

إعلان القداسة في الكنيسة الكاثوليكية
في القرن السابع عشر أصدر البابا أوربان الثامن قانونًا بأنه لا يعتبر قديسًا في نظر الكنيسة إلا من يثبته الحبر الأعظم بنوع احتفالي وأدرج اسمه في عداد القديسين. غير أنّ القديسين السابقين، الذين يكرمون اكرامًا جمهوريًا، بقوة العادة الاجتماعية ومصادقة الكنيسة ورضاها، بالتالي هم جديرون بالإكرام المقدم لهم عبر القرون، وإن لم يكونوا مثبتين من الحبر الأعظم إثباتًا احتفاليًا. أما الطوباوي، أي السعيد في السماء، لا يسمح بإكرامه إكرامًا جمهوريًا إلا في منطقته أو مناطق أخرى تحدد من قبل السلطة الكنسية. في الكنيسة الكاثوليكية هناك مجمع خاص لدعاوى القديسين في الكوريا الرومانية يتولى التحقيق في سيرة المرشح.

انظر أيضًا

 آباء الكنيسة.
 قديس شفيع.
 قديس شفيع حسب البلد.

المراجع

قداسة
قديسون
مصطلحات دينية
مصطلحات مسيحية

قديس


1996 සිංගර් චැම්පියන්ස් කුසලානය එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යයේ සාජා හිදී 1996 නොවැම්බර් 7-15 අතර පැවැත්විණි. ජාතික කණ්ඩායම් තුනක් සහභාගී වූහ. එනම් නවසීලන්තය, පකිස්ථානය සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාව .

1996 චැම්පියන්ස් කුසලානය ආරම්භ වූයේ ද්විත්ව රවුන්ඩ් රොබින් තරගාවලියකින් වන අතර එහිදී සෑම කණ්ඩායමක්ම අනෙක් කණ්ඩායම් සමග දෙවරක් ක්‍රීඩා කළහ. අවසන් තරඟය සඳහා ප්‍රමුඛ කණ්ඩායම් දෙක සුදුසුකම් ලැබීය. පාකිස්තානය තරඟාවලිය ජයග්‍රහණය කළ අතර ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් 30,000 ක් දිනා ගත්තේය. අනුශූරතාව දිනාගත් නවසීලන්තය ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් 15,000 ක් දිනා ගත්තේය.

මෙම තරඟාවලියේ ප්‍රතිලාභීන් වූයේ තලාත් අලි, සාදික් මොහොමඩ් සහ ඉජාස් අහමඩ් (පකිස්තානය) යන තිදෙනාම ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් 35,000 ක් ලබා ගත්හ.

සංචිත

තරග

කණ්ඩායම් අදියර

අවසාන තරගය
නවසීලන්තය අවසන් මහා තරඟයට සුදුසුකම් ලැබුවේ ඔවුන් මුහුණට මුහුණලා ක්‍රීඩා කිරීමේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට වඩා ලකුණු ලබා ගත් බැවිනි.

මේවාද බලන්න

 සාජා කුසලානය

බාහිර සබැදි
 ක්‍රිකට් ලේඛනාගාරය: සිංගර් චැම්පියන්ස් කුසලානය 1996/97
 ඊඑස්පීඑන් ක්‍රික්ඉන්ෆෝ: සිංගර් චැම්පියන්ස් කුසලානය, 1996/97

යොමු කිරීම්

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්
ක්‍රිකට්

සිංගර් කුසලානය 1996–97


Ashab-ı suffa, İslam peygamberi Muhammed tarafından Mescid-i Nebevi'nin duvarına bitişik olarak kurulmuş olan ve "suffa" adı verilen gölgelikte yaşayan; genellikle genç, bekar ve yoksul insanlar.

Bu kişiler Medine'de ailesi olmayan; ticaret, sanat, ziraat ve başka bir mesleği olmayan, İslam'ı öğrenmeye çalışan insanlardır. Vakitlerini Muhammed'in çevresinde geçirir ve ondan öğrendikleri ayetleri ezberlerlerdi. Kur'an ve Sünnet öğrencileriydiler. Bir yere İslam'ı öğretmek için öğretmen gönderileceği zaman onların arasından seçilirdi.

Ebu Hureyre, suffada yetişmiş kişilerdendir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Suffa

Siyer

Ashab-ı suffa


An Liparis sootenzanensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Noriaki Fukuyama. An Liparis sootenzanensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Liparis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Liparis (Orchidaceae)

Liparis sootenzanensis


Karizmatski pokret je međudenominacijski kršćanski pokret obnove.

Naziv dolazi od grčke riječi "charisma", što znači milosni Božji dar. Naglašava očitovanje darova Duha Svetoga kao znak Njegove prisutnosti. Ti su darovi poznati kao biblijske karizme ili duhovni darovi koji pojedincu daju utjecaj ili autoritet nad ljudima. Vrlo važni darovi među tim karizmama su govorenje u jezicima i proročanstvo. Karizmatici tvrde da se i danas može doživjeti objava Duha Svetoga, kakva je bila dana Crkvi u prvim stoljećima.

Pokret je započeo 1906. u misiji Azusa Street u Los Angelesu; u duhovnoj obnovi metodista. Pripadnici su tvrdili, da su ispunjeni Duhom Svetim, pozivajući se na izvještaj o Pedesetnici u Djelima apostolskim. Govor u jezicima i čuda iscjeljenja doveli su ih do duhovnog zanosa. Oni koji su prisustvovali ovom događaju proširili su svoje oduševljenje diljem Sjedinjenih Američkih Država. Tako je započeo Karizmatski pokret.

Početkom 1970-ih pokret se proširio Europom. U 1980-ima proširio se na mnoge nove denominacije. Utjecao je na baptiste, episkopalce, evangelike i također na nedenominacijske crkve. Među rimokatolicima se proširio počevši od oko 1967. godine. Karizmatski pokret u Katoličkoj Crkvi, poznat i pod imenom Katolička udruga Obnova u Duhu Svetom, nastao je neposredno nakon Drugoga vatikanskog sabora. Sa sveučilišta Duquesne u SAD-u karizmatski pokret se proširio kasnije po cijelom svijetu. Smatra se da danas u svijetu katolički karizmatski pokret Obnove u Duhu Svetom obuhvaća oko 200 milijuna članova u većini zemalja svijeta.

Karizmatski pokret u Hrvatskoj najviše su širili: Tomislav Ivančić, Zvjezdan Linić, Zlatko Sudac, Smiljan Kožul, Milivoj Bolobanić, Josip Lončar i Dražen Radigović, a u Bosni i Hercegovini Ivo Pavić. Na vrhuncu Karizmatskog pokreta u Hrvatskoj krajem 2000-ih i početkom 2010-ih održavali su se seminari duhovne obnove u sportskim dvoranama pred tisućama vjernika. Tako je fra Zvjezdan Linić više puta držao trodnevnu duhovnu obnovu obraćenja u zagrebačkom Domu sportova pred 8,000 vjernika. U razdoblju od 2000. do rujna 2009. godine u Domu za duhovne susrete "Betanija" u Ćunskom na Malome Lošinju, Zlatko Sudac održao je 240 organiziranih seminara duhovne obnove s oko 31,000 polaznika, od čega je branitelja bilo 3356. Dražen Radigović utemeljio je karizmatsko-molitvenu zajednicu "Dobri Pastir" 1997. godine. Pokrenuo je časopis Rhema te od 2000. do 2007. godine organizirao je i vodio tridesetak većih karizmatskih susreta po sportskim dvoranama, od kojih se ističe onaj u dvorani Košarkaškog centra Dražen Petrović pred više od 8,000 ljudi.

Fra Ivo Pavić organizira duhovne obnove u Šurkovcu u Bosni i Hercegovini. U 2011. godini župu je posjetilo oko 80,000 hodočasnika, a u 2012. do kolovoza je došlo 120,000 hodočasnika.

Karizmatski pokret poznat je po prihvaćanju govorenja u jezicima, po karizmama ozdravljenja, počivanja u Duhu i proroštvu. Karizmatski susreti uključuju: molitvu, pjevanje, ples, klicanje u Duhu i podizanje ruku u molitvi. Pomazanje bolesnika uljem i polaganje ruku često je dio službe. To su temeljni razlozi rasta i popularnosti ovog pokreta. Poteškoće vezane uz Karizmatski pokret mogu biti: elitizam (smatranje pripadnika Karizmatskog pokreta boljim od drugih vjernika), navezanost na jakog vođu karizmatika, bijeg od stvarnog života, otuđenje od pastoralnog života svoje župne zajednice, nepridržavanje propisa Crkve, pretjerano korištenje psihologije, grčevito traženje ozdravljenja, teatralnost i senzacionalizam.

Ostaje pitanje temelji li se karizmatski pokret na Bibliji. Zagovornici se pozivaju na Bibliju, vjerujući da je Božja istina otkrivena u njoj.

Izvori

Kršćanstvo

Karizmatski pokret