In mathematics, a formal group law is (roughly speaking) a formal power series behaving as if it were the product of a Lie group. They were introduced by . The term formal group sometimes means the same as formal group law, and sometimes means one of several generalizations. Formal groups are intermediate between Lie groups (or algebraic groups) and Lie algebras. They are used in algebraic number theory and algebraic topology.

Definitions
A one-dimensional formal group law over a commutative ring R is a power series F(x,y) with coefficients in R, such that
 F(x,y) = x + y + terms of higher degree
 F(x, F(y,z)) = F(F(x,y), z)  (associativity).
The simplest example is the additive formal group law F(x, y) = x + y.
The idea of the definition is that F should be something like the formal power series expansion of the product of a Lie group, where we choose coordinates so that the identity of the Lie group is the origin.

More generally, an  n-dimensional formal group law is a collection of n power series
Fi(x1, x2, ..., xn, y1, y2, ..., yn) in 2n variables, such that
 F(x,y) = x + y + terms of higher degree
 F(x, F(y,z)) = F(F(x,y), z)
where we write F for (F1, ..., Fn), x for (x1, ..., xn), and so on.

The formal group law is called commutative if F(x,y) = F(y,x). If R is torsionfree, then one can embed R into a Q-algebra and use the exponential and logarithm to write any one-dimensional formal group law F as F(x,y) = exp(log(x) + log(y)), so F is necessarily commutative. More generally, we have:
Theorem. Every one-dimensional formal group law over R is commutative if and only if R has no nonzero torsion nilpotents (i.e., no nonzero elements that are both torsion and nilpotent).
There is no need for an axiom analogous to the existence of inverse elements for groups, as this turns out to follow automatically from the definition of a formal group law. In other words we can always find a (unique) power series G such that F(x,G(x)) = 0.

A homomorphism  from a formal group law F of dimension m to a formal group law G of dimension n is a collection f of n power series in m variables, such that
G(f(x), f(y)) = f(F(x,y)).
A homomorphism with an inverse is called an isomorphism, and is called a strict isomorphism if in addition f(x) = x + terms of higher degree. Two formal group laws with an isomorphism between them are essentially the same; they differ only by a "change of coordinates".

Examples
The additive formal group law is given by

The multiplicative formal group law is given by

This rule can be understood as follows. The product G in the (multiplicative group of the) ring R is given by G(a,b) = ab. If we "change coordinates" to make 0 the identity by putting a = 1 + x, b = 1 + y, and G = 1 + F, then we find that F(x,y) = x + y + xy.
Over the rational numbers, there is an isomorphism from the additive formal group law to the multiplicative one, given by . Over general commutative rings R there is no such homomorphism as defining it requires non-integral rational numbers, and the additive and multiplicative formal groups are usually not isomorphic.

More generally, we can construct a formal group law of dimension n from any algebraic group or Lie group of dimension n, by taking coordinates at the identity and writing down the formal power series expansion of the product map. The additive and multiplicative formal group laws are obtained in this way from the additive and multiplicative algebraic groups. Another important special case of this is the formal group (law) of an elliptic curve (or abelian variety).
F(x,y) = (x + y)/(1 + xy) is a formal group law coming from the addition formula for the hyperbolic tangent function: tanh(x + y) = F(tanh(x), tanh(y)), and is also the formula for addition of velocities in special relativity (with the speed of light equal to 1).
 is a formal group law over Z[1/2] found by Euler, in the form of the addition formula for an elliptic integral ():

Lie algebras

Any n-dimensional formal group law gives an n-dimensional Lie algebra over the ring R, defined in terms of the quadratic part F2 of the formal group law.
[x,y] = F2(x,y) − F2(y,x)
The natural functor from Lie groups or algebraic groups to Lie algebras can be factorized into a functor from Lie groups to formal group laws, followed by taking the Lie algebra of the formal group:
Lie groups → Formal group laws → Lie algebras

Over fields of characteristic 0, formal group laws are essentially the same as finite-dimensional Lie algebras: more precisely, the functor from finite-dimensional formal group laws to finite-dimensional Lie algebras is an equivalence of categories. Over fields of non-zero characteristic, formal group laws are not equivalent to Lie algebras. In fact, in this case it is well-known that passing from an algebraic group to its Lie algebra often throws away too much information, but passing instead to the formal group law often keeps enough information. So in some sense formal group laws are the "right" substitute for Lie algebras in characteristic p > 0.

The logarithm of a commutative formal group law

If F is a commutative n-dimensional formal group law over a commutative Q-algebra R, then it is strictly isomorphic to the additive formal group law. In other words, there is a strict isomorphism f from the additive formal group to F, called the logarithm of F, so that
f(F(x,y)) = f(x) + f(y).

Examples:
The logarithm of F(x,y) = x + y is f(x) = x.
The logarithm of F(x,y) = x + y + xy is f(x) = log(1 + x), because log(1 + x + y + xy) = log(1 + x) + log(1 + y).

If R does not contain the rationals, a map f can be constructed by extension of scalars to  R ⊗ Q, but this will send everything to zero if R has positive characteristic.  Formal group laws over a ring R are often constructed by writing down their logarithm as a power series with coefficients in R ⊗ Q, and then proving that the coefficients of the corresponding formal group over R ⊗ Q actually lie in R.  When working in positive characteristic, one typically replaces R with a mixed characteristic ring that has a surjection to R, such as the ring W(R) of Witt vectors, and reduces to R at the end.

The invariant differential
When F is one-dimensional, one can write its logarithm in terms of the invariant differential ω(t). Let where  is the free -module of rank 1 on a symbol dt. Then ω is translation invariant in the sense that where if we write , then one has by definitionIf one then considers the expansion , the formuladefines the logarithm of F.

The formal group ring of a formal group law

The formal group ring of a formal group law is a cocommutative Hopf algebra analogous to the group ring of a group and to the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra, both of which are also cocommutative Hopf algebras. In general cocommutative Hopf algebras behave very much like groups.

For simplicity we describe the 1-dimensional case; the higher-dimensional case is similar except that notation becomes more involved.

Suppose that F is a (1-dimensional) formal group law over R. Its formal group ring (also called its hyperalgebra or its covariant bialgebra) is a cocommutative Hopf algebra H constructed as follows.
 As an R-module, H is free with a basis 1 = D(0), D(1), D(2), ...
The coproduct Δ is given by ΔD(n) = ΣD(i) ⊗ D(n−i) (so the dual of this coalgebra is just the ring of formal power series).
The counit η is given by the coefficient of D(0).
The identity is 1 = D(0).
The antipode S takes D(n) to (−1)nD(n).
The coefficient of D(1) in the product D(i)D(j) is the coefficient of xiyj in F(x,y).

Conversely, given a Hopf algebra whose coalgebra structure is given above, we can recover a formal group law F from it. So 1-dimensional formal group laws are essentially the same as Hopf algebras whose coalgebra structure is given above.

Formal group laws as functors

Given an n-dimensional formal group law F over R and a commutative R-algebra S, we can form a group F(S) whose underlying set is Nn where N is the set of nilpotent elements of S. The product is given by using F to multiply elements of Nn; the point is that all the formal power series now converge because they are being applied to nilpotent elements, so there are only a finite number of nonzero terms.
This makes F into a functor from commutative R-algebras S to groups.

We can extend the definition of F(S) to some topological R-algebras. In particular, if S is an inverse limit of discrete R algebras, we can define F(S) to be the inverse limit of the corresponding groups. For example, this allows us to define F(Zp) with values in the p-adic numbers.

The group-valued functor of F can also be described using the formal group ring H of F. For simplicity we will assume that F is 1-dimensional; the general case is similar. For any cocommutative Hopf algebra, an element g is called group-like if Δg = g ⊗ g and εg = 1, and the group-like elements form a group under multiplication. In the case of the Hopf algebra of a formal group law over a ring, the group like elements are exactly those of the form
D(0) + D(1)x + D(2)x2 + ...
for nilpotent elements x. In particular we can identify the group-like elements of H ⊗ S with the nilpotent elements of S, and the group structure on the group-like elements of H ⊗ S is then identified with the group structure on F(S).

Height
Suppose that f is a homomorphism between one-dimensional formal group laws over a field of characteristic p > 0. Then f is either zero, or the first nonzero term in its power series expansion is  for some non-negative integer h, called the height of the homomorphism f. The height of the zero homomorphism is defined to be ∞.

The height of a one-dimensional formal group law over a field of characteristic p > 0 is defined to be the height of its multiplication by p map.

Two one-dimensional formal group laws over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p > 0 are isomorphic if and only if they have the same height, and the height can be any positive integer or ∞.

Examples:
The additive formal group law F(x,y) = x + y has height ∞, as its pth power map is 0.
The multiplicative formal group law F(x,y) = x + y + xy has height 1, as its pth power map is (1 + x)p − 1 = xp.
The formal group law of an elliptic curve has height either one or two, depending on whether the curve is ordinary or supersingular.  Supersingularity can be detected by the vanishing of the Eisenstein series .

Lazard ring

There is a universal commutative one-dimensional formal group law over a universal commutative ring defined as follows.  We let

F(x,y)

be

x + y + Σci,j xiyj

for indeterminates

ci,j,

and we define the universal ring R to be the commutative ring generated by the elements ci,j, with the relations that are forced by the associativity and commutativity laws for formal group laws. More or less by definition, the ring R has the following universal property:
For any commutative ring S, one-dimensional formal group laws over S correspond to ring homomorphisms from R to S.

The commutative ring R constructed above is known as Lazard's universal ring. At first sight it seems to be incredibly complicated: the relations between its generators are very messy. However Lazard proved that it has a very simple structure: it is just a polynomial ring (over the integers) on generators of degrees 2, 4, 6, ... (where ci,j has degree 2(i + j − 1)). Daniel Quillen proved that the coefficient ring of complex cobordism is naturally isomorphic as a graded ring to Lazard's universal ring, explaining the unusual grading.

Formal groups

A formal group is a group object in the category of formal schemes.
 If  is a functor from Artin algebras to groups which is left exact, then it is representable (G is the functor of points of a formal group. (left exactness of a functor is equivalent to commuting with finite projective limits).
 If  is a group scheme then , the formal completion of G at the identity, has the structure of a formal group.
The formal completion of a smooth group scheme is isomorphic to . Some people call a formal group scheme smooth if the converse holds; others reserve the term "formal group" for objects locally of this form.
Formal smoothness asserts the existence of lifts of deformations and can apply to formal schemes that are larger than points. A smooth formal group scheme is a special case of a formal group scheme.
Given a smooth formal group, one can construct a formal group law and a field by choosing a uniformizing set of sections.
The (non-strict) isomorphisms between formal group laws induced by change of parameters make up the elements of the group of coordinate changes on the formal group.

Formal groups and formal group laws can also be defined over arbitrary schemes, rather than just over commutative rings or fields, and families can be classified by maps from the base to a parametrizing object.

The moduli space of formal group laws is a disjoint union of infinite-dimensional affine spaces, whose components are parametrized by dimension, and whose points are parametrized by admissible coefficients of the power series F.  The corresponding moduli stack of smooth formal groups is a quotient of this space by a canonical action of the infinite-dimensional groupoid of coordinate changes.

Over an algebraically closed field, the substack of one-dimensional formal groups is either a point (in characteristic zero) or an infinite chain of stacky points parametrizing heights. In characteristic zero, the closure of each point contains all points of greater height.  This difference gives formal groups a rich geometric theory in positive and mixed characteristic, with connections to the Steenrod algebra, p-divisible groups, Dieudonné theory, and Galois representations.  For example, the Serre-Tate theorem implies that the deformations of a group scheme are strongly controlled by those of its formal group, especially in the case of supersingular abelian varieties.  For supersingular elliptic curves, this control is complete, and this is quite different from the characteristic zero situation where the formal group has no deformations.

A formal group is sometimes defined as a cocommutative Hopf algebra (usually with some extra conditions added, such as being pointed or connected).  This is more or less dual to the notion above.  In the smooth case, choosing coordinates is equivalent to taking a distinguished basis of the formal group ring.

Some authors use the term formal group to mean formal group law.

Lubin–Tate formal group laws

We let Zp be the ring of p-adic integers. The Lubin–Tate formal group law is the unique (1-dimensional) formal group law F such that e(x) = px + xp is an endomorphism of F, in other words

More generally we can allow e to be any power series such that e(x) = px + higher-degree terms and e(x) = xp mod p.  All the group laws for different choices of e satisfying these conditions are strictly isomorphic.

For each element a in Zp there is a unique endomorphism f of the Lubin–Tate formal group law such that f(x) = ax + higher-degree terms. This gives an action of the ring  Zp on the Lubin–Tate formal group law.

There is a similar construction with Zp replaced by any complete discrete valuation ring with finite residue class field.

This construction was introduced by , in a successful effort to isolate the local field part of the classical theory of complex multiplication of elliptic functions. It is also a major ingredient in some approaches to local class field theory and an essential component in the construction of Morava E-theory in chromatic homotopy theory.

See also
Witt vector
Artin–Hasse exponential
Group functor
Addition theorem

References

 P. Gabriel, Étude infinitésimale des schémas en groupes SGA 3 Exp. VIIB
Formal Groups and Applications (Pure and Applied Math 78) Michiel Hazewinkel Publisher: Academic Pr (June 1978)

Algebraic topology
Algebraic groups
Algebraic number theory

sr:Формална група

Formal group law


Juan Amador Sánchez (Totoras, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina; 26 de enero de 1961) es un exfutbolista y actual director técnico argentino. Jugaba como marcador central y su primer equipo fue Huracán. Su último club antes de retirarse fue Deportivo Morón. Es padre del futbolista Alan Sánchez.

Actualmente es el coordinador de inferiores del Club Atlético Platense.

Trayectoria

Como entrenador
En julio de 2011, luego del descenso de Huracán a la Primera B Nacional y la rescisión del contrato de Roberto Pompei, fue contratado como director técnico de la institución de Parque Patricios. Previamente había tenido la posibilidad de ser el ayudante de campo de Matías Almeyda en River Plate, pero finalmente decidió ir a Huracán por ser simpatizante del club.  Los resultados no acompañaron al equipo, ya que solo consiguió cuatro puntos en cinco partidos. Muy dolido, se dio cuenta de que Huracán necesitaba un cambio y decidió renunciar al cargo. Entre lágrimas declaró que era el momento más difícil de su carrera deportiva.

Clubes

Como jugador

Como entrenador

Como mánager

Palmarés

Como jugador

Como entrenador

Como Mánager

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en BDFA
 Ficha en soccerway
 Ficha en fichajes.com
 Ficha en transfermarkt

Futbolistas de la provincia de Santa Fe
Futbolistas de las inferiores del Club Atlético Huracán
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Huracán
Futbolistas del Boca Juniors en los años 1980
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Platense
Futbolistas del Club Atlético River Plate en los años 1990
Futbolistas de la Asociación Mutual Social y Deportiva Atlético de Rafaela
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Unión (Santa Fe) en los años 1990
Futbolistas del Club Atlético San Martín (Tucumán)
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Tucumán
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Nueva Chicago
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Morón
Entrenadores de fútbol de Argentina
Entrenadores del Club Atlético San Telmo
Entrenadores de la selección de fútbol de Haití
Entrenadores del Club Almagro
Entrenadores del Club Guaraní
Entrenadores del Club Universitario de Deportes
Entrenadores del Club Atlético Platense
Entrenadores de la Sociedad Deportiva Aucas
Entrenadores de la Asociación Mutual Social y Deportiva Atlético de Rafaela
Entrenadores del Club Atlético Talleres (Córdoba)
Entrenadores del Club Atlético Boca Unidos
Entrenadores del Club Atlético Huracán
Entrenadores del Club Atlético Defensores de Belgrano
Entrenadores del Club Atlético San Martín (Tucumán)
Entrenadores del Club Atlético Chaco For Ever
Entrenadores del Centro Deportivo Olmedo
Entrenadores del Manta Fútbol Club

Juan Amador Sánchez


Francesco Renga (n. 12 de julio de 1968) es un cantante italiano.

Biografía
Francesco nació en Údine y se crio en Brescia.

Su primera participación en un concurso musical fue en Deskomusic en 1983, en Brescia, en un grupo que creó junto a sus amigos, al que denominaron "Modus Vivendi", él tenía 16 años.

En 1986 cambió el nombre de su grupo "Precious time" por el de Timoria, sacan a la venta 14 álbumes. En 2001 comienza su carrera como solista. En 2007 fue su última participación en el grupo.

En 2005 ganó un premio, en la categoría masculino, en el Festival de la Canción de San Remo por su canción "Angelo".

Estuvo en pareja con Ambra Angiolini con quien tuvo dos hijos Jolanda (2004) y Leonardo (2006), ambos nacieron en Brescia, donde convivía la pareja hasta su separación en 2015.

En 2011 grabó con Jarabe de Palo una versión en italiano de "La quiero a morir".

Álbumes

Premios y reconocimientos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial

Cantantes en italiano
Cantantes masculinos de Italia
Ganadores del Festival de San Remo
Cantantes con vídeos musicales certificados por Vevo
Nacidos en Údine

Francesco Renga


Eocarterus es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Eocarterus amicorum Wrase, 1993
 Eocarterus baeticus Rambur, 1837
 Eocarterus chodshenticus Ballion, 1871
 Eocarterus esau Heyden, 1885
 Eocarterus propagator Reitter, 1901
 Eocarterus semenowi (Reitter, 1893)
 Eocarterus tazekensis Antoine, 1959
 Eocarterus usgentensis Heyden, 1884

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Eocarterus en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Ditomina

Eocarterus


Agrilus oreophilus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Fisher, 1921.

Referências

oreophilus

Agrilus oreophilus


Rosario Lanza, né à Barrafranca (province d'Enna) le , mort à Palerme le , est un homme politique italien.

Biographie
Diplômé en droit et en sciences politiques, il exerce comme avocat.

Combattant durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et titulaire de la Croix de guerre, il s'engage en politique au sein de la Démocratie chrétienne dont il devient secrétaire provincial d'Enna et Caltanissetta et vice secrétaire régional. Il siège également au conseil d'administration de Banco di Sicilia.

Après avoir échoué aux élections de 1947, il est élu à l'Assemblée régionale sicilienne en 1951 et en 1955.

Il est appelé dans les deux premiers gouvernements régionaux La Loggia comme conseiller aux travaux publics (27 septembre 1956-30 octobre 1958). Quand Silvio Milazzo est élu président de la Sicile, il prend la présidence du groupe chrétien démocrate placé dans l'opposition.

Après la chute du gouvernement Milazzo, il devient assesseur au budget dans le gouvernement de Benedetto Majorana della Nicchiara.

A l'issue des élections de 1963, il est élu président de l'assemblée régionale sicilienne et reconduit en 1967 pour une seconde législature. Dans un contexte de gouvernements régionaux de centre-gauche, il doit gérer les tensions partisanes internes.

Il ne se représente pas aux élections de 1971, et est nommé conseiller d'État puis président de l'Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Président de l'Assemblée régionale sicilienne
Député de l'Assemblée régionale sicilienne
Naissance en juin 1912
Personnalité de la Démocratie chrétienne (Italie)
Naissance dans la province d'Enna
Décès à Palerme
Décès en janvier 2006
Décès à 93 ans

Rosario Lanza


Pikolo kolonija je bila dubrovačka kolonija u župi Soli.

Godine 1189. bosanski ban Kulin i Dubrovačka Republika potpisali su sporazum. Ovom je odlukom Bosna žrtvovala vlastitu proizvodnju soli višim političkim interesima. Politička je podjela nanijela težak udarac. Dubrovnik je dobio monopol na proizvodnju soli pa su se ondašnji žitelji župe Soli tim poslom bavili ilegalno. Dubrovčani su provjeravali lokalne stanovnike pridržavaju li se zabrane. Kad su dolazili prodavati raznu robu u ovaj kraj, tad su provjeravali.

Kolonija je nastala u doba dok je Dubrovačka Republika ovdje imala monopol na proizvodnju soli.
Znanstveno se pretpostavlja se da su ovdje u svojoj koloniji Dubrovčani proizvodili sol i njome trgovali u bližim i daljim krajevima.

Ne zna se točno gdje je bila kolonija. Mjesni proučavatelji prošlosti tuzlanskog kraja misle da se kolonija nalazila se na padinama Ilinčice niže od staroga katoličkog groblja. To katoličko groblje postoji i danas u Par Selu. Teza nije bez osnova, jer se smatra da je to groblje najstarije u tuzlanskoj župi.

Izvori

Dubrovačka Republika
Povijest Hrvata Bosne i Hercegovine
Par Selo Gornje

Pikolo kolonija


Rio Maior  belediyesi, Portekiz'in Alentejo bölgesine bağlı Lezíria do Tejo altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 14 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

 Alcobertas
 Arrouquelas
 Arruda dos Pisões
 Asseiceira
 Assentiz
 Azambujeira
 Fráguas
 Malaqueijo
 Marmeleira
 Outeiro da Cortiçada
 Ribeira de São João
 Rio Maior
 São João da Ribeira
 São Sebastião

Dış bağlantılar

 Rio Maior fotoğrafları

Lezíria do Tejo'nun belediyeleri

Rio Maior


ක්‍රි.ව. 17 වැනි සියවසේ දර්ශනවාදයේ දී නවතම විද්‍යාවේත්, උසස් ගණිතයේත්, නිදහස් හෘද සාක්ෂියේත්, සංකලනය වීමෙන් පැන නැගුණ ඩෙකාට් ගේ දර්ශනයේ ආරම්භය, සංශය (Doubt) නම් වේ. "තේරුම් ගැනීමට නම් සංශය (අවිශ්වාස) කරන්න" යයි නිර්භීතව පැවසීය.

අවිශ්වාස කරන්නේ කුමක්ද?
  * තමා ගේ සිට දෙවියන් දක්වා සෑම මතයක්ම.
  * ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂයෙන් (ඉන්ද්‍රියන් මගින්) ලැබෙන සෑම ඥානයක්ම.
  * සෑම තර්කයක්ම
  * නින්දේදී සහ අවදියේදී ලැබෙන අනුභූතීන්
  * විද්‍යාඥයන් ගේ සහ දර්ශනවාදීන් ගේ අදහස්.

එසේ අවිශ්වාස කරන්නේ මන්ද?
ශීත සෘතුවෙහි එක් දිනෙක තම ගිනි උදුන අසල වූ සිද්දියකින් ලැබුණු අත්දැකීමක්, "අවිශ්වාසයෙහි" හෙවත් "සංශයෙහි" උපත විය. එය නම්, උදුන සමීපයෙහි තිබි ඉටිකැබැල්ලක් වේගයෙන් උණුවී යාමයි. ප්‍රථමයෙන් ම ඉටි කැබෙල්ල හා සම්බන්ධව තබි ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂයන් වන වර්ණය, සුවද හා හැඩය වේගයෙන් වෙනස්ව ගියේය. මින් ඩෙකාට් නිගමනය කළේ, ක්ෂණයකින් වෙනස්වන ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂමය අත්දැකීම් මත දර්ශනයක් ගොඩ නො නැගිය හැකි බවයි.

මේ ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂයන් පිළිබදව ඩෙකාට් මෙසේ පවසයි. එනම් "මා දන්නා අන්දමට මේවා සමහරවිට අප රවටති." යනුයි. එමනිසා ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂමය ඥානය පරම නියත ස්වරූපයෙන් යුතු යැයි අවිශ්වාසයෙන් තොරව පිළිගත නොහැක. මේ හේතු කොට ගෙන ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂමය ඥානය, දර්ශනයේ නියත පදනම විය නොහැක.

ඔහුගේ මෙම විප්ලවීය සැකකිරීම (radical doubt) හුදු සැකකිරීම පමනකින් නොනැවතී විදිමත් සන්දේහයක් (The Method of Doubt) ගොඩනගයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

දර්ශනික සිද්ධාන්ත

සංශය


Hrvatski savez za skokove u vodu (HSSV) je hrvatska krovna organizacija za skokove u vodu.

Međunarodni naziv za savez je Croatian diving federation.

Osnovan je 21. svibnja 1971. godine u Splitu.

Član je Federation Internationale de Natation Amateur (FINA) - Međunarodne amaterske plivačke federacije od 8. veljače 1992. godine i Ligue Europeenne de Natation (LEN) - Europske plivačke federacije od 24. travnja 1992. godine.

Olimpijske igre

Pojedinačno
Najbolji rezultat je 25. mjesto na trometarskoj dasci Marcele Marić 2016.

Svjetsko prvenstvo

Pojedinačno
27. mjesto Šime Perića 2009. je najbolji rezultat.

Svjetski kup
FINA Diving World Cup

Pojedinačno
29. mjesto Marcele Marić 2016. je najbolji rezultat.

Svjetske serije

Svjetska serija skokova u vodu
FINA Diving World Series

Svjetski kup high divinga
 FINA High Diving World Cup

Svjetska serija skokova u vodu s litice
Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series

Europsko prvenstvo

Pojedinačno
14. mjesto u dasci 1m te 16. mjesto u dasci 3m Marcele Marić najbolji su rezultati.

Europske igre

Ostalo
Marcela Marić je prvi predstavnik iz Hrvatske koji je nastupio na OI u skokovima u vodu (2016.).

Helen Crlenkovich je bila svjetska prvakinja u skokovima s 10m.

Najviše ocjene za pojedinačne skokove

Vidi
 Svjetska serija skokova u vodu s litice u Hrvatskoj

Vanjske poveznice
Hrvatski savez za skokove u vodu

Izvori

Skokovi u vodu
Skokovi u vodu

Hrvatski savez za skokove u vodu


Dieter Roth se poate referi la:
Dieter Roth, scriitor german din România (n. 1936)
Dieter Roth (boxer) (n. 1983)
Dieter Roth (scriitor elvețian) (1930-1998)
Dieter Roth (pictor)

Dieter Roth (dezambiguizare)


Agave hauniensis ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Agaven (Agave) in der Unterfamilie der Agavengewächse (Agavoideae). Das Artepitheton hauniensis leitet sich vom lateinischen Wort Haunia für 'Kopenhagen' ab und verweist darauf, dass die Pflanzen im dortigen Botanischen Garten kultiviert wurden.

Beschreibung
Agave hauniensis vermehrt sich vegetativ durch seitliche Triebe aus dem 7 Zentimeter im Durchmesser messenden Rhizom. Die übergebogenen linealisch-lanzettlichen, etwas ledrigen Laubblätter sind seicht rinnig. Ihre Spitze ist spitz und trägt ein langes, stechendes Spitzchen. Die grünen, auf der Unterseite leicht glauke Blattspreite ist 49 bis 77 (selten 35 bis 92) Zentimeter lang und 4 bis 10,5 Zentimeter breit. Die hyalinen Blattränder sind knorpelig. Sie sind manchmal dunkelgrün oder purpurfarben gestrichelt und unregelmäßig gezähnelt bis gezähnelt- ausgenagt. Die Zähne sind klein und einfach bis groß und zwei- bis dreispitzig.

Der "ährige" Blütenstand erreicht eine Höhe von 200 bis 350 (selten bis 380) Zentimeter. Der dichte blütentragende Teil ist 41,5 oder mehr (selten ab 22,5) Zentimeter lang und trägt 23 bis 40 oder mehr Blüten. Die sitzenden Blüten sind aufrecht-ausgebreitet und fleischig. Der ellipsoide bis eiförmige Fruchtknoten ist 12 bis 22 Millimeter lang. Die trichterförmige, fast gerade  Perigonröhre weist eine Länge von 14 bis 20 Millimeter auf. Die ausgebreiteten, länglichen, kapuzenförmigen, gelblich grünen oder innen auch dunkelroten Zipfel sind 20 bis 27 Millimeter (in Kultur 35 bis 46 Millimeter) lang. Die ausgebreiteten Staubfäden sind rötlich. Der rötlichbraune Griffel überragt die Blütenröhre um 72 bis 108 Millimeter. Die keulenförmigen Narben sind dreikantig. Die Blütezeit ist der November.

Die eiförmigen bis länglichen, unten gerundeten Früchte sind etwa 3 Zentimeter lang und 1,2 bis 2 Zentimeter breit.

Systematik und Verbreitung
Agave hauniensis ist in den mexikanischen Bundesstaaten Guerrero, México und Morelos auf Lavafeldern, felsigen Hängen in Eichenwäldern oder in voller Sonne auf Lichtungen in Höhenlagen von 700 bis 2010 Metern verbreitet.

Die Erstbeschreibung durch Johannes Boye Petersen wurde 1947 veröffentlicht.

Ein nomenklatorisches Synonym ist Manfreda hauniensis  (1978). Weitere Synonyme sind Manfreda insignis  (1966) und Manfreda malinaltenangensis  (1976).

Die Art gehört in die Untergattung Manfreda und wird dort der Manfreda-Gruppe zugeordnet.

Nachweise

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Herbarbelege von Agave hauniensis

Agaven
Hauniensis

Agave hauniensis


Olaylar
 Alâiye Beyliği kuruldu (dağılışı 1471).

Doğumlar
 Brunswick'li İrini, III. Andronikos'un ilk eşi ve Bizans İmparatoriçesi (ö. 1324)
 VI. Philippe, Fransa Kralı (ö. 1350)

Ölümler
 VI. Davit, Bagrationi hanedanına mensup Gürcü kralı (d. 1225)
 El-Eşref Halil, Mısır Memlûk Sultanı

1293


Joel Edward Philip Ward (Portsmouth, Inglaterra, Reino Unido, 29 de octubre de 1989) es un futbolista que juega para Crystal Palace FC de la Premier League de Inglaterra desde el año 2012. Juega como defensor central, lateral derecho o centrocampista defensivo. Es uno de los jugadores con más partidos en la historia de su club. Para algunos, ya sería considerado como un histórico.

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en footballdatabase.eu

Futbolistas de Inglaterra
Futbolistas del Portsmouth Football Club
Futbolistas del AFC Bournemouth
Futbolistas del Crystal Palace Football Club

Joel Ward


Afrikansk gabenæb () er en subsaharisk storkefugl.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Gabenæb
Storkefugle

Afrikansk gabenæb


The Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967 (c. 41), shortened to Marine Broadcasting Offences Act or "Marine offences Act", became law in the United Kingdom at midnight on Monday 14 August 1967. It was subsequently amended by the Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006 and the Broadcasting Act 1990. Its purpose was to extend the powers of the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949 (which was incorporated by this Act), beyond the territorial land area and territorial waters of the UK to cover airspace and external bodies of water.

The Act represented the UK's ratification of the 1965 "European Agreement for the Prevention of Broadcasts Transmitted from Stations outside National Territories" (sometimes referred to as the "Council of Europe Strasbourg Convention" or "Strasbourg Treaty").

At the time that the Bill was introduced in Parliament in 1966, there were radio stations and proposals for television stations outside British licensing jurisdiction with signals aimed at Britain. These stations were anchored at sea but there were press reports of stations broadcasting from aircraft – Caroline TV, and from a ship – Radex TV.

The Act extended to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man (despite the protests of the Governments there). The Act meant that the operation of offshore, pirate radio stations became illegal if they were operated or assisted by persons subject to UK law. It prohibited "carrying by water or air goods or persons to or from it" which made tendering illegal. Station operators thought they could continue if they were staffed, supplied and funded by non-British citizens, but this largely proved impractical.

Origins
In 1966, broadcasting in the UK was controlled by the British General Post Office, which had granted exclusive radio broadcasting licences to the British Broadcasting Corporation and television licences to the BBC and 16 regional Independent Television companies.

The power of the GPO covered letters delivered by the Royal Mail, newspapers, books and their printing presses, the encoding of messages on lines used to supply electricity; the electric telegraph, the electric telephone (which was originally deemed an electronic post office); the electric wireless telegraph and the electric wireless telephone which became known as "telephony" and later wireless broadcasting. In the 1920s the GPO had been circumvented by broadcasting from transmitters in countries close to British listeners. World War II terminated these broadcasts except for Radio Luxembourg.

Broadcasting pressure groups
In the 1950s a pressure group campaigned with the help of Winston Churchill to pass the Television Act 1954 that broke the BBC television monopoly by creating ITV. Some members wanted commercial competition to radio but were thwarted by a succession of governments.

By the 1960s several companies formed in the hope that radio licences would be issued. Radio monopolies in adjoining nations had been broken by transmitters on ships in international waters. The first attempt to broadcast offshore to Britain was by CNBC, an English-language station from the same ship as Radio Veronica broadcasting in Dutch to the Netherlands. CNBC ended transmissions but press reports followed that GBLN, The Voice of Slough, would transmit from a ship with sponsored programming already booked and advertised by Herbert W. Armstrong. GBLN was followed by reports that GBOK was attempting to get on the air from another ship, both ships to be anchored off south-east England. Many in these early ventures were known to each other.

Some of the commercial television group members had registered broadcasting companies and were working to create offshore radio. The first venture was "Project Atlanta" in 1963, which had ties to British political leaders, bankers, the music industry and to Gordon McLendon, who had helped Radio Nord broadcast from a ship off Sweden. When that was put off the air by Swedish law it became available to British entrepreneurs. Before Radio Atlanta got on the air, Radio Caroline began broadcasting in March 1964.

Texas connections to British stations led Don Pierson of Eastland, Texas to promote three American-radio format stations off Britain: Wonderful Radio London or Big L, Swinging Radio England and Britain Radio. By 1966 other stations had come on the air transmitting to Scotland, northern and southern England, or were in the process of doing so. Press reports included rumours of offshore television stations and the brief success of the Dutch REM Island operation called Radio and TV Noordzee heightened the fear of the authorities that de facto unregulated broadcasting was becoming so entrenched due to its popularity that it would not be possible to stop it.

Existing laws
Although these stations maintained sales and management offices in Britain, the transmitters were not under British law. In many instances, the ships were registered in other countries.

Claims of piracy
Parliamentary debates listed several reasons why unlicensed broadcasting should be stopped. Opponents referred to "pirate radio stations". Allegations of piracy included misappropriation of World War II military installations; wavelengths allocated to others and the unauthorised playing of recorded music. Other claims said the vessels were a danger to shipping and that signals could interfere with aircraft and police, fire and ambulance services.

Timing
In 1966, a dispute among offshore radio operators brought the issue of unlicensed radio stations to the fore. Reginald Calvert, operator of Radio City, had refused to pay Radio Caroline's operator Oliver Smedley for a substandard transmitter. Smedley hired some riggers to occupy the Radio City facility (on Shivering Sands, a disused offshore defence fort), and in an altercation at Smedley's house, Smedley killed Calvert.  This incident strengthened the position of the Labour government of Harold Wilson, who wanted to bring the pirate stations under control, enough to see the passage of the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act on 15 August 1967.

Results
The offshore stations fell into four groups:

Local operators of small stations such as Radio Essex and Radio City who conducted their businesses with limited budgets primarily from disused forts on offshore sandbars, plus the similarly based larger operation, Radio 390. The UK silenced these stations by bringing the sandbars within UK waters.
 Regional operators such as Radio 270 and Radio Scotland who lacked the resources to relocate to other countries and staff their operations with non-British personnel.
 The ship based stations of Wonderful Radio London, Swinging Radio England and Britain Radio. While Wonderful Radio London made money, the others had lost so they closed ahead of the law to save further expense. Radio London continued broadcasting until its last transmission on the eve of the new law.
 The Radio Caroline ships announced they would move to Holland, with an advertising office in New York City. The reality was felt in early 1968 when two tugs representing the company supplying the ships with food, fuel, water, and spares towed the vessels away to satisfy debts.

Continuing challenges
Although challenges began with Radio North Sea International in 1970, the British governments (both Labour, then Conservative) jammed it until it moved to a position off the Netherlands. There was no Dutch equivalent of the Act until 1974; upon its introduction, RNI closed.

Radio Caroline returned through the 1970s using the , a vessel that sank in 1980, then returned with a new ship, the , in 1983, primarily conducted with volunteer help. For much of this period Caroline's ships also hosted Dutch-language stations whose revenue, along with that of American evangelical broadcasts, kept the station on the air.

In 1984 Caroline was joined by Laser 558 another station with American backing, and while the latter gained a huge audience, the legislation plus a sea embargo monitoring supplies out to its ship, MV Communicator, drove its operators into insolvency as well as putting additional pressure on Caroline. An attempt to revive Laser under new management only lasted a few months from 1986 to 1987. The arrival of Laser had increased knowledge of Caroline's presence, and its closure plus a change in Caroline's music policy resulted in an increase in their younger audience.

Further amendments to the act had resulted in Radio Caroline having to move its operations into wilder water, and the Great Storm of 1987 damaged their antenna tower, which collapsed a few weeks later. A smaller antenna system was built but was less efficient. The Dutch and British governments then raided the Radio Caroline ship and removed much of its equipment, but again it limped back onto the air until late 1990 when, with its funding running low, the final amendment to the act, instigating a 200-mile limit, came into effect. Attempts to secure more funding proved futile, and thereafter it pursued legal means of broadcasting.

Apparent conclusion of unlicensed British offshore radio
The end of the offshore Radio Caroline came when the Broadcasting Act 1990, which built on all similar and related legislation, together with a storm that caused its staff temporarily to abandon the ship, caused the station to come ashore in 1991, where enthusiasts continue to build a broadcasting business using the new licensing system available to British broadcasters.

Similar legislation in other countries
Denmark 1962, Belgium 1962, Ireland 1968, France 1969, Netherlands 1974

See also

 Wireless Telegraphy Act
 The Boat That Rocked

References

External links

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1967
Telecommunications in the United Kingdom
Radio in the United Kingdom
Offshore radio
Pirate radio
Media legislation
1967 in radio
History of mass media in the United Kingdom


Infrared radiation

දෘශ්‍ය ආලෝක පරාසයේ රතු වර්ණයට පහළ සංඛ්‍යාත සහිත, අපගේ ඇසට නොපෙනෙන තරංග පරාසය අධෝරක්ත කිරණ ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. රත් වූ වස්තු මගින් අධෝරක්ත කිරණ නිකුත් වන නිසාත්, එම කිරණ අපගේ සම මත වැටුණු විට උණුසුම් බවක් දැනෙන නිසාත් අධෝරක්ත කිරණ බොහෝ විට තාප විකිරණ ලෙස ද හැඳින්වෙයි.අපගේ ශරීරවලින් ද අධෝරක්ත තරංග පිට කෙරේ. ශරීර අවයවවලින් පිට කෙරෙන තාපජ තරංග ඇසුරින් තාපජ ඡායාරූප ලබා ගැනේ. එමගින් යම් යම් රෝග හඳුනාගත හැකි වේ. තවද, අධෝරක්ත දෙනෙති සහ කැමරා භාවිත කිරීමෙන්, රාතී්‍ර කාලයේ දී සිදු කෙරෙන මිනිසුන් හෝ සතුන්ගේ කි්‍රයාකාරකම් නිරීක්ෂණය කර ගත හැකි වේ.

දුරස්ථ පාලකවල සිට රූපවාහිනී යන්ත්‍ර දක්වා සංඥා යැවීමට භාවිත වන්නේ අධෝරක්ත කිරණ යි. ජංගම දුරකථනවල සහ පරිගණකවල අඩංගු කැමරා බොහොමයක් අධෝරක්ත කිරණවලට සංවේදී වෙයි. භෞත චිකිත්සක ප්‍රතිකාර ක්‍රම සඳහා ද අධෝරක්ත කිරණ භාවිත වේ.

අධෝරක්ත කිරණ


A Girl Called Cerveza petnaesti je studijski album njemačkog thrash metal sastava Tankard. Album je objavljen 27. srpnja 2012. godine, a objavila ga je diskografska kuća Nuclear Blast.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Tankard
Frank Thorwarth — bas-gitara
Andreas "Gerre" Geremia — vokali
Olaf Zissel — bubnjevi
Andy Gutjahr — gitara
Dodatni glazbenici
Michael Mainx — akustična gitara
Doro Pesch — vokali
Ostalo osoblje
Sascha Bühren — mastering
Patrick Strogulski — omot albuma
Michael Mainx — produciranje, miksanje

Izvori

Albumi iz 2012.
Albumi sastava Tankard

A Girl Called Cerveza


اتحاد المنظمات الإسلامية في فرنسا  هو اتحاد إسلامي فرنسي. تأسس في يونيو 1983، ويشرف كل سنة على الملتقى السنوي لمسلمي فرنسا وهو الأكبر من نوعه في أوروبا والذي ينظم في باريس.
الاتحاد عضو في اتحاد المنظمات الإسلامية في أوروبا. وهو كذلك عضو في المجلس الفرنسي للديانة الإسلامية منذ انتخابات 2003، وله فيه منصب نائب الرئيس، وكذلك 11 من 25 لرئاسات المجالس الجهوية للديانة الإسلامية.

الأصل والتنظيم
تم تأسيس الاتحاد في إقليم مورت وموزيل في يونيو 1983، من قبل تجمع أربع جمعيات لشمال وشرق فرنسا.
أحمد جاب الله خلف فؤاد علاوي الذي استقال في 4 يونيو 2011 وهو في نفس يوم انتخابات المجلس الفرنسي للديانة الإسلامية. فؤاد علاوي كان قد خلف هو نفسه الحاج ثامي بريز أثنا الجمعية العامة للمنظمة في 2009.
تتكون المنظمة من أكثر من 250 جمعية إسلامية على كامل أراضي فرنسا وتنتمي إليها مباشرة. تشرف كذلك على عدة مساجد في المدن الكبرى في البلاد. رسميا لا تتلقى المنظمة أي مساعدة مالية من أي دولة. أكثر من 80% من تمويلها يأتي من تبرعات أعضائها، وحوالي 12% من التمويل يأتي من أشخاص أجانب من خارج فرنسا.

التوجهات والأهداف
اعتمد UOIF من البداية على قراءة للإسلام الذي يركز على أغراض المبادئ الدينية، وهي البحث عن الانسجام والاستخدام المنتظم للنقائص، وقبول الاختلاف، والتسامح والاعتراف بالآخر، بغض النظر عن المعتقدات.
قراءة الإسلام بالنسبة تقوم على القواعد التالية:
 فهم على أساس الإسلام: وUOIF يتوسل للتفاهم الذي يقوم على النصوص دون إهمال السياق، وذلك لنشر قراءات وتفسيرات كافية لواقع المسلمين في فرنسا. هذا الموقف المرجعي يحرر العادات والتقاليد الإسلامية، وهو ما يتماشى مع واقع المسلمين في فرنسا.
 ممارسة مستنيرة: الممارسة الدينية تعتمد على الذكاء في قراءة النصوص المرجعية. ولذلك، فهم جيد للمراجع يجب أن يراعي المتطلبات الدينية، وتحديد الأولويات والنظر في السياق الذي تعيش فيه الجالية المسلمة في فرنسا.
 الاعتراف واحترام التنوع: التنوع هو متأصل في الطبيعة البشرية. تعتبر UOIF أن الحوار هو أفضل وسيلة لتحقيق الاعتراف المتبادل بين أفراد المجتمع. وUOIF تعارض الخطب التي تدعو إلى الكراهية وكراهية الأجانب والخوف من الإسلام.

الأهداف
 التسهيل للمسلمين في ممارسة شعائرهم الدينية من خلال المساعدة في اقتناء وبناء المساجد ووضعها تحت تصرف جمعيات إسلامية، من خلال تقديم قروض لهم أو تأجيرها أو كفالتها وتوفير المباني اللازمة لأنشطتهم.
 تقديم ونشر الإسلام وقيمه من الانفتاح والتسامح والأخلاق والآداب بالتساوي بين فهم متوازن وممارسة أصيلة ووسطية.
 توفير وتعزيز التدريب والتعليم الديني، دينيا وروحيا.
 العمل من أجل تفعيل مشاركة المواطنين المسلمين في الحياة العامة والسياسية في فرنسا.
 الدفاع عن حقوق الإنسان والحرية الدينية وحرية الضمير.
 مكافحة جميع أشكال التمييز والعنصرية وكراهية الإسلام والتحريض على الكراهية العنصرية.
 تعزيز الحوار مع مختلف الأسر الدينية في فرنسا، ومؤسسات المجتمع المدني، لتعزيز التماسك الاجتماعي.
 إقامة علاقات الصداقة والتعاون مع المؤسسات الدينية والاجتماعية الفرنسية والأوروبية والأجنبية.
 إنشاء وتنظيم وتعميق العلاقات بين الجمعيات الإسلامية في فرنسا ومساعدتهم على تطوير مهاراتهم والتعاون مع بعضهم البعض.

فريق الإدارة
فريق الإدارة يتكون من 19 عضو، وهم:

جمعيات الاتحاد الخاصة
أنشأ الاتحاد عدة جمعيات خاصة تؤطر الوضع ومخلتف مكونات الجالية المسلمة في فرنسا، وهي:

النشاطات

منذ 1984، ينظم الاتحاد كل سنة الملتقى السنوي لمسلمي فرنسا وذلك في مطار باريس لو بورجيه في ضواحي باريس، وهو أكبر تجمع للمسلمين في أوروبا، ويستضيف العشرات من المحاضرين والشيوخ من العالم أجمع. هو ذو طابع ثقافي وتجاري وديني. يستضيف كل سنة حوالي 000 200 زائر. وكذلك يتم تنظيم لقاءات سنوية جهوية في داخل فرنسا، أقل كبرا وأهمية بكثير من اللقاء السنوي.

الانتقادات
الاتحاد يقال عنه عادة أنه قريب من الإخوان المسلمين، بينما لا يتبنى هو ذلك رسميا.
تم تصنيف الاتحاد كمنظمة إرهابية من قبل الإمارات العربية المتحدة في نوفمبر 2014 وذلك إلى جانب 81 جمعية ومنظمة أخرى، أغلبهم يعملون قانونيا في عدة دول أوروبية.

مقالات ذات صلة
 المجلس الفرنسي للديانة الإسلامية
 اتحاد المنظمات الإسلامية في أوروبا
 الملتقى السنوي لمسلمي فرنسا

روابط خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للاتحاد.

المصادر

الإخوان المسلمون
تأسيسات سنة 1983 في فرنسا
مسلمون فرنسيون
منظمات إسلامية
منظمات إسلامية مقرها في فرنسا
منظمات أسست في 1983
منظمات مقرها في فرنسا

اتحاد المنظمات الإسلامية في فرنسا


ابن قانع (265 هـ - 351 هـ / 880 - 962م)، عالم مُسلم، ومصنّف، ومُحدِّث، وقاضٍ، كان واسع الرحلة كثير الحديث. وهو صاحب كتاب معجم الصحابة.

سيرته
هو أبو الحسين عبد الباقي بن قانع بن مرزوق بن واثق الأموي مولاهم البغدادي، ولد سنة 265 هـ، ارتحل لطلب الحديث، وكان قاضيًا، وحافظًا للحديث، اختلط قبل موته بسنتين، توفي في شوال سنة 351 هـ.

روايته للحديث
 سمع من: الحارث بن أبي أسامة، وإبراهيم بن الهيثم البلدي، وإبراهيم الحربي، ومحمد بن مسلمة الواسطي، وإسماعيل بن الفضل البلخي، وبشر بن موسى، وأحمد بن موسى الحمار، وعبيد بن شريك البزار، وأحمد بن إسحاق الوزان، ومحمد بن يونس الكديمي، وأبا مسلم الكجي، وعلي بن محمد بن أبي الشوارب، وعبيد بن غنام، ومطينًا، ومعاذ بن المثنى، وأحمد بن إبراهيم بن ملحان.
 حدث عنه: الدارقطني، وأبو الحسن بن رزقويه، وأبو عبد الله الحاكم النيسابوري، وأبو الحسين بن الفضل القطان، وأحمد بن علي البادي، وأبو علي بن شاذان، وأبو الحسن الحمامي، وأبو القاسم بن بشران، وأبو الحسن بن الفرات.
 منزلته في الجرح التعديل: قال البرقاني: «البغداديون يوثقونه، وهو عندي ضعيف». وقال الدارقطني: «كان يحفظ، ولكنه يخطئ ويصر». وروى الخطيب البغدادي عن أبو القاسم الأزهري، عن أبي الحسن بن الفرات، قال: «كان ابن قانع قد حدث به اختلاط قبل موته بنحو من سنتين، فتركنا السماع منه، وسمع منه قوم في اختلاطه». قال الخطيب البغدادي: ، وقال ابن حزم: «اختلط ابن قانع قبل موته بسنة وهو منكر الحديث تركه أصحابه.» ولكن تعقبه ابن حجر العسقلاني قال: «ما أعلم أحداً تركه وإنما صح أنه اختلط فاجتنبوه».

مؤلفاته
 معجم الصحابة، أفرد ابن فتحون كتابًا لنقده وبيان ما فيه من أوهام في الحديث، سماه «إصلاح أوهام المعجم لابن قانع».

مصادر

رواة الحديث
راوي متروك
قضاة عباسيون
مواليد 266 هـ
مواليد 880
وفيات 351 هـ
وفيات 962

ابن قانع


Simon Lehna Singh,  (born 19 September 1964) is a British popular science author, theoretical and particle physicist.  His written works include Fermat's Last Theorem (in the United States titled Fermat's Enigma: The Epic Quest to Solve the World's Greatest Mathematical Problem), The Code Book (about cryptography and its history), Big Bang (about the Big Bang theory and the origins of the universe), Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial (about complementary and alternative medicine, co-written by Edzard Ernst) and The Simpsons and Their Mathematical Secrets (about mathematical ideas and theorems hidden in episodes of The Simpsons and Futurama). In 2012 Singh founded the Good Thinking Society, through which he created the website "Parallel" to help students learn mathematics.

Singh has also produced documentaries and works for television to accompany his books, is a trustee of the National Museum of Science and Industry, a patron of Humanists UK, founder of the Good Thinking Society, and co-founder of the Undergraduate Ambassadors Scheme.

Early life and education
Singh was born in a Sikh family to parents who emigrated from Punjab, India to Britain in 1950. He is the youngest of three brothers, his eldest brother being Tom Singh, the founder of the UK New Look chain of stores. Singh grew up in Wellington, Somerset, attending Wellington School, and went on to Imperial College London, where he studied physics. He was active in the student union, becoming President of the Royal College of Science Union. Later he completed a PhD in particle physics at the University of Cambridge as a postgraduate student of Emmanuel College, Cambridge while working at CERN, Geneva.

Career
In 1983, he was part of the UA2 experiment in CERN.
In 1987, Singh taught science at The Doon School, an independent all-boys' boarding school in India. In 1990 Singh returned to England and joined the BBC's Science and Features Department, where he was a producer and director working on programmes such as Tomorrow's World and Horizon. Singh was introduced to Richard Wiseman through their collaboration on Tomorrow's World. At Wiseman's suggestion, Singh directed a segment about politicians lying in different mediums, and getting the public's opinion on whether the person was lying or not.

After attending some of Wiseman's lectures, Singh came up with the idea to create a show together, and Theatre of Science was born. It was a way to deliver science to normal people in an entertaining manner. Richard Wiseman has influenced Singh in such a way that Singh states:

Singh directed his BAFTA award-winning documentary about the world's most notorious mathematical problem entitled Fermat's Last Theorem in 1996. The film was memorable for its opening shot of a middle-aged mathematician, Andrew Wiles, holding back tears as he recalled the moment when he finally realised how to resolve the fundamental error in his proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. The documentary was originally transmitted in January 1996 as an edition of the BBC Horizon series. It was also aired in America as part of the NOVA series. The Proof, as it was re-titled, was nominated for an Emmy Award.

The story of this celebrated mathematical problem was also the subject of Singh's first book, Fermat's Last Theorem. In 1997, he began working on his second book, The Code Book, a history of codes and codebreaking. As well as explaining the science of codes and describing the impact of cryptography on history, the book also contends that cryptography is more important today than ever before. The Code Book has resulted in a return to television for him. He presented The Science of Secrecy, a five-part series for Channel 4. The stories in the series range from the cipher that sealed the fate of Mary, Queen of Scots, to the coded Zimmermann Telegram that changed the course of the First World War. Other programmes discuss how two great 19th-century geniuses raced to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs and how modern encryption can guarantee privacy on the Internet.

On his activities as author he said in an interview to Imperial College London:

In October 2004, Singh published a book entitled Big Bang, which tells the history of the universe. It is told in his trademark style, by following the remarkable stories of the people who put the pieces together.

He made headlines in 2005 when he criticised the Katie Melua song "Nine Million Bicycles" for inaccurate lyrics referring to the size of the observable universe. Singh proposed corrected lyrics, though he used the value of 13.7 billion light years; accounting for expansion of the universe, the comoving distance to the edge of the observable universe is 46.5 billion light years. BBC Radio 4's Today programme brought Melua and Singh together in a radio studio where Melua recorded a tongue-in-cheek version of the song that had been written by Singh.

Singh was part of an investigation about homeopathy in 2006. This investigation was made by the organization Sense about Science.
In the investigation, a student asked ten homeopaths for an alternative to her preventive malaria medication. All ten homeopaths recommended homeopathy as a substitute.
This investigation was reported by the BBC.

Singh is a member of the Advisory Council for the Campaign for Science and Engineering.

Singh has been involved in television and radio programmes, including Five Numbers (BBC Radio 4, 11 March 2002 to 20 September 2005).

Honorary degrees
In 2003 Singh was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (honoris causa) by Loughborough University, and in 2005 was given an honorary degree in Mathematics by the University of Southampton.

In 2006, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Design degree by the University of the West of England "in recognition of Simon Singh's outstanding contribution to the public understanding of science, in particular in the promotion of science, engineering and mathematics in schools and in the building of links between universities and schools".  This was followed up by his receipt of the Kelvin Medal from the Institute of Physics in 2008, for his achievements in promoting Physics to the general public. In July 2008, he was also awarded a degree of Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) by Royal Holloway, University of London.

In July 2011, he was awarded another degree of Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) by the University of Kent at Canterbury for services to Science. In June 2012, Singh was awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science (honoris causa) for his contribution to science communication, education and academic freedom by The University of St Andrews.

Other awards and honours
In 2003, Singh was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to science, technology and engineering in education and science communication.

In 2010 he became the inaugural recipient of the Lilavati Award.

In February 2011 he was elected as a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.

Chiropractic lawsuit

On 19 April 2008, The Guardian published Singh's column "Beware the Spinal Trap", an article that was critical of the practice of chiropractic and which resulted in Singh being sued for libel by the British Chiropractic Association (BCA).
The article developed the theme of the book that Singh and Edzard Ernst had published, Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial, and made various statements about the lack of usefulness of chiropractic "for such problems as ear infections and infant colic":

When the case was brought against him, The Guardian supported him and funded his legal advice, as well as offering to pay the BCA's legal costs in an out-of-court settlement if Singh chose to settle.
A "furious backlash" to the lawsuit resulted in the filing of formal complaints of false advertising against more than 500 individual chiropractors within one 24-hour period, with one national chiropractic organisation ordering its members to take down their websites, and Nature Medicine noting that the case had gathered wide support for Singh, as well as prompting calls for the reform of English libel laws. On 1 April 2010, Simon Singh won his court appeal for the right to rely on the defence of fair comment. On 15 April 2010, the BCA officially withdrew its lawsuit, ending the case.

To defend himself for the libel suit, Singh's out-of-pocket legal costs were tens of thousands of pounds. The trial acted as a catalyst. The outrage over the initial ruling brought together several groups to support Singh and acted as a focus for libel reform campaigners, resulting in all major parties in the 2010 general election making manifesto commitments to libel reform.

On 25 April 2013 the Defamation Act 2013 received Royal Assent and became law. The purpose of the reformed law of defamation is to 'ensure that a fair balance is struck between the right to freedom of expression and the protection of reputation'. Under the new law, claimants must show that they suffer serious harm before the court will accept the case. Additional protection for website operators, defence of 'responsible publication on matters of public interest' and new statutory defences of truth and honest opinion are also part of the key areas of the new law.

Publications
 Fermat's Last Theorem (1997) – the theorem's initial conjecture and eventual proof
 The Code Book (1999) – a history of cryptography –
 Big Bang (2004) – discusses models for the origin of the universe –
 Trick or Treatment?: Alternative Medicine on Trial (2008) (with Edzard Ernst) – examines various types of alternative medicine, finds lack of evidence –
 The Simpsons and Their Mathematical Secrets (2013) – highlights mathematical references in The Simpsons –

Personal life
Singh married journalist and broadcaster Anita Anand in 2007. The couple have two sons and live in Richmond, London.

References

External links

 Official website

1964 births
Living people
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Alumni of Imperial College London
Critics of alternative medicine
The Doon School faculty
English people of Indian descent
English people of Punjabi descent
British writers of Indian descent
English humanists
English sceptics
English science writers
Mathematics popularizers
Mathematics writers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People associated with CERN
People associated with The Institute for Cultural Research
People educated at Wellington School, Somerset
People from Wellington, Somerset
Recreational cryptographers

Simon Singh


Salviinae, podtribus biljaka iz porodice usnača, dio je tribusa Mentheae. Postoji nekoliko rodova. Za monotipski rod Chaunostoma, ustanovljeno je da je sinonim za Lepechinia

Rodovi
 Dorystaechas Boiss. & Heldr. ex Benth.
 Lepechinia Willd.
 Melissa L.
 Salvia L.
 Zhumeria Rech.f. & Wendelbo

Izvori

Mentheae

Salviinae


Liu Zhiyu (刘治宇; Shenzhen, 5 de janeiro de 1993) é um remador chinês, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Zhiyu conquistou a medalha de bronze nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio na prova de skiff duplo masculino, ao lado de Zhang Liang, com o tempo de 6:03.63.

Naturais de Shenzhen
Remadores olímpicos da China
Remadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Liu Zhiyu


Din porțiunea inițială a aortei ascendente, bulbul aortic, se bifurcă 2 artere coronare: stângă și dreaptă (au traiect sinuos și trec pe subepicard, sunt însoțite de vene, nervi și țesut adipos.

Artera coronară stângă - originea în sinusul stâng al aortei, porțiunea inițială între trunchi pulmonar și auriculul sting, cu 3-5 cm. deasupra șanțului coronar stâng se ramifică în : ramura interventriculară dreaptă și ramura circumflexă.
Ramura interventriculară se termină la nivelul vârfului inimii și poate să se ridice retrograd prin șanțul interventricular posterior.
Ramura circumflexă-formează un unghi variabil cu artera interventriculară anterioară și urmează în partea stângă a șanțului coronarian unde anastomozează pe fața posterioară a cordului cu artera coronară dreaptă. Ea dă naștere la ramuri ascendente atriale și ramuri descendente ventriculare , ce irigă atriul și auriculul sting, septul intertrial, nodulul sinoatrial, ventriculul stâng și trunchiul pulmonar.

Artera coronară dreaptă - apare la nivelul sinusului drept al aortei, se situează între trunchiul pulmonar și auriculul drept, înglobat de țesut adipos. Apoi urmează șanțul coronarian coborând pe șanțul interventricular-ramura interventriculară posterioară- mergând spre apexul cordului. La nivel șanțului interventricular posterior de la artera coronară dreaptă se pornește ramura marginală dreaptă ce se îndreaptă spre ramura circumflexă a arterei coronare stângi.

Aparatul cardiovascular
Artere

Artere coronare


ADSL2+ ITU'nun (International Telecommunication Union=Uluslararası Telekominikasyon Birliği) geliştirdiği bir standarttır. ITU G.992.5 olarak da bilinir. 24 Mbit/s hızında veri almaya olanak sağlar.
Türkiye'de ilk olarak ticari satışı Koç.Net'in ADSL operatörü olarak faaliyet gösteren şirketi BİRİ tarafından Şubat 2009'da başlamıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 ADSL2
 ADSL
 DSL

Digital Subscriber Line

ADSL2+


Elena Dache (n. 24 martie 1997, în Galați) este o handbalistă din România care joacă pentru CS Măgura Cisnădie și echipa națională a României. Dache poate juca pe orice post la linia de 9 metri, intermediar stânga, centru și intermediar dreapta.

Biografie
Elena Dache a fost descoperită de profesorul Manuel Ivan și a început să joace handbal la Clubul Sportiv Școlar Galați, unde a fost pregătită de profesoara Maria Lupu. În 2014, ea a fost transferată de CSU Danubius Galați, care avea ca obiectiv promovarea în Liga Națională. Anul următor a fost adusă la echipa a doua a CSM București, unde a fost antrenată de Kasper Jensen și Daniela Strat. În vara anului 2016, Elena Dache a fost promovată la prima echipă a clubului bucureștean. În sezonul 2017-2018 a evoluat împrumutată la echipa Rapid București, iar în 2018, a semnat cu HC Dunărea Brăila. Din vara lui 2021 până în 2022 Dache a evoluat pentru SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea. În vara lui 2022, ea a semnat cu CS Măgura Cisnădie.

A fost componentă a echipei naționale de tineret a României, cu care a câștigat medalia de bronz la Campionatul Mondial din 2016, desfășurat în Rusia.  Dache a jucat în toate cele 9 partide și a înscris 21 de goluri.

Palmares
Campionatul Mondial pentru Tineret:
 Medalie de bronz: 2016

Liga Națională:
 Câștigătoare: 2017
 Medalie de bronz: 2022

Cupa României:
 Câștigătoare: 2017
 Finalistă: 2022

Supercupa României:
 Câștigătoare: 2016

Liga Campionilor:
 Medalie de bronz: 2017

Liga Europeană:
Sfertfinalistă: 2021, 2022

Statistică goluri și pase de gol
''Conform Federației Române de Handbal, Federației Europene de Handbal și Federației Internaționale de Handbal:

Goluri în competițiile naționale:

Goluri în Liga Națională

Goluri în Cupa României

Goluri în Supercupa României

Goluri și pase de gol în competițiile internaționale:

Goluri și pase de gol la Campionatul Mondial de Handbal Feminin pentru Tineret

Goluri și pase de gol la Campionatul Mondial de Handbal Feminin

Goluri în Liga Campionilor

Goluri în Liga Europeană

Note

Legături externe
Profilul Elenei Dache pe pagina EHF
Pagina de Facebook a Elenei Dache
Interviu cu Elena Dache în Jurnal Sportiv

Nașteri în 1997
Sportivi români în viață
Jucătoare de handbal din România
Handbaliste ale Rapid București
Handbaliste ale CSM București
Gălățeni

Elena Dache


El Hospital Domingo Funes es un establecimiento de salud público provincial ubicado a 50 km de la ciudad de Córdoba, en la localidad de Santa María de Punilla, Departamento Punilla, Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. Localidad situada sobre la Ruta Nacional 38 (Argentina).

Historia
El hospital debe su nombre a una resolución dada por el albacea de la herencia de Susana Funes de Pizarro Lastra, filántropa quien hiciera una fuerte donación para construir un establecimiento antituberculoso femenino, con la condición de que llevase su nombre. El albacea quien fuera el escribano Jacinto Fernández, determinó sin embargo colocar el nombre del padre de la benefactora al futuro hospital, Domingo Funes. Desde su creación, en el año 1939, el establecimiento pasó por varias etapas, siendo en sus inicios un hospital femenino nacional antituberculoso, es hoy en día un hospital provincial polivalente.

Actividad Asistencial

Centro de referencia regional, nivel II, el hospital Domingo Funes atiende a pacientes provenientes del Valle de Punilla, Cruz del Eje y provincias aledañas como La Rioja y Santiago del Estero, además a través del sistema provincial de derivación de pacientes recepta urgencias dentro de un radio aproximado de 100 km.
Cuenta con médicos de guardia activa las 24 h del día, los 7 días de la semana, en las especialidades de Medicina Familiar, Medicina Interna, Cardiología, Terapia Intensiva, Nefrología, Neumonología, Infectología, Neurología, Pediatría, Neonatología, Tocoginecología, Cirugía General, Cirugía Toráxica, Cirugía Cardiovascular, Neurocirugía, Traumatología,y Anestesiología, auxiliados por los servicios de Enfermería, Kinesiología, Hemoterapia, Laboratorio y Radiología. Así también de lunes a viernes se realiza la atención a pacientes en consultorios externos en las principales especialidades y subespecialidades en horarios de mañana y tarde.

Actividad Docente

Es además un centro formador de especialistas reconocido por la Secretaria de Graduados en Ciencias de la Salud de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y la Dirección General de Capacitación y Formación en Salud de la provincia de Córdoba dependiente del Ministerio de Salud entrenando médicos en las residencias y concurrencias de medicina familiar, clínica médica, terapia intensiva, gineco-obstetrica, y cirugía general; del mismo modo su actividad académica se extiende a médicos en búsqueda de un año de formación pre-post básico o año previo en las áreas de clínica médica y cirugía general y a estudiantes del último año de la carrera de medicina en su práctica final obligatoria, como también a estudiantes de las carreras de enfermería, nutrición, fisioterapia, bioquímica y farmacia.
El 23 de abril de 2012, el gobernador de la provincia de Córdoba, José Manuel de la Sota, junto al ministro de salud de la provincia, Carlos Simon y el Decano de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Gustavo Irico, inauguraron el anexo de la Escuela de Enfermería Profesional de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba el cual funciona en las instalaciones del hospital.

Horarios
Los turnos para atención en consultorios externos se entregan personalmente de lunes a viernes a partir de las 6:00 y 10:00 para las consultas matutinas y vespertinas respectivamente.
Las Urgencias y Emergencias son atendidas por el Servicio de Emergencia las 24 h, los 7 días de la semana.

Contacto
Av. Domingo Funes s/n, Villa Caeiro, Ruta Nacional 38, Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba. CP 5164, Argentina. Teléfonos: (3541)488-900  Fax: (3541)489-671

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial del Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba. Ministerio de Salud

 Historia de los hospitales de Santa María - Santa María de Punilla su voz

Funes
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
Hospitales de Argentina del siglo XX
Arquitectura de Argentina de 1939

Hospital Domingo Funes


තාරකා විද්‍යාව හෙවත් තාරකාවේදය (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Astronomy / ඇස්ට්‍රොනොමි) (ග්‍රීක: αστρονομία = άστρον + νόμος, astronomia / ඇස්ට්‍රොනොමියා  = astron + nomos, සරලව ගත් කල, "තාරකා නීතිය") යනු තාරකා, ග්‍රහලෝක, ධූමකේතු (comets), ඌෂාලෝකය (aurora), චක්‍රාවාට (galaxies) සහ අන්තරීක්‍ෂ පසුබිම් විකිරණය (cosmic background radiation) යනාදී පෘථිවි වායුගෝලයෙන් පරිභාහිර සංසිද්දීන් සහ අභ්‍යවකශ වස්තූන් (celestial objects) පිලිබඳ විද්‍යාවයි. මෙහි ප්‍රධාන කාර්යයන් වන්නේ විශ්වයේ සම්භවය සහ විකාශණය, විශ්ව වස්තූන්ගේ භෞතික සහ රසායනික ගුණයන්ගේ පරිනාමය සහ ඒවායේ චලනයන් යනාදිය ගැන හැදෑරීමයි. මෙහි එන විද්‍යාත්මක නිරීක්‍ෂණයන් වැදගත් වන්නේ තාරකා විද්‍යාවට පමණක් නොවේ, ඒවා සාමාන්‍ය සාපේක්‍ෂතා වාදය වැනි භෞතික විද්‍යාත්මක මතවාදයන් සනාථ කරගැනීමට අවශ්‍ය වැදගත් තොරතුරු ද සපයයි.

තාරකා විද්‍යාව යනු විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමය රැගත් ලෝකයේ පැරණිම විද්‍යාවන්ගෙන් එකකි. එය පෞරාණික ග්‍රීක යුගය දක්වා දිවයන අතර දියුණු නිරීක්‍ෂණ ක්‍රම ඊටත් වඩා ඈත අතීතය කරා දිවයයි. ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන් ගත්කල තාරකා විද්‍යාවේ වැදගත් සොයාගැනීම් රැසකට දායක වී ඇත්තේ ආධුනික තාරකා විද්‍යාඥයන්ය. එසේම අදට ද තාරකා විද්‍යාව යනු ආධුනිකයන්ගේ දායකත්වය නොමසුරුව ලැබිය හැකි "විද්‍යාවන්" අතලොස්සෙන් එකකි. ඒ නව සොයාගැනීම් වලින් සහ කෙටි කාල පරාසයන් තුල සිදුවන සංසිද්දීන් නිරීක්‍ෂණය කිරිමෙන්ය.

නූතන තාරකා විද්‍යාව සහ ජ්‍යෝතීෂ්‍යය යන දෙකෙහිම පදනම සැලකිය යුතු තරමකට සමානය. ග්‍රහ වස්තූන්හි අහසේ පිහිටීම මත යම් පුද්ගලයකුගේ හෝ පොදුවේ මනුෂ්‍ය වර්ගයාගේ දෛවය ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට ජ්‍යෝතීෂ්‍යය උත්සාහ කරයි. එහෙත් තාරකා විද්‍යාවේ කටයුතු වලදී "විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමය" යන්න භාවිතා වන අතර ජ්‍යෝතිෂ්‍යයේදී එසේ නොවේ. එමනිසා මේ දෙක සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම වෙනස් ක්‍ෂේත්‍ර දෙකක් ලෙස සැලකිය යුතුය.

ඉතිහාසය
දූරේක්‍ෂය සොයාගැනීමට පෙර තාරකා විද්‍යාවට මහඟු මෙහෙවරක් ඉටු කළ උපකරණය වූයේ තරු මාලිමාවයි. මධ්‍යතන යුගයේදී මැදපෙරදිග සිටි විද්‍යාඥයන්, කාලය නිර්ණය කිරීමටත් ආකාශ වස්තුවල පිහිටීම සොයා බැලීමටත් එම උපකරණය යොදාගත්තා.

තරු මාලිමාව සාදා තිබුණේ වානේ තැටියකයි. එම තැටියේ තරුවල පිහිටීම ලකුණු කර තිබුණා. එම තැටිය සවි කර තිබූ තැටියේ දාරයේ අංශක හා සමහර ඒවායේ පැයද සඳහන් වුණා. පින්තූරයේ පෙනෙන ලෙස එහි ඔරලෝසුවක මෙන් කටුද තිබුණා. එම කටුව තාරකාව දෙසට ස්ථානගත කරන විට තරු මාලිමාව ආධාරයෙන් තරුවේ පිහිටීම නිශ්චිතවම සොයාගත හැකි වුණා.

විශිෂ්ට ලෙස සාදා තිබූ තරු මාලිමාවක් භාවිත කිරීමෙන් තරු හඳුනාගැනීමටත්, හිරු නඟින හා බසින වෙලාව සොයාගැනීමටත්, මක්කම පිහිටි දිශාව දැනගැනීමටත්, ඉඩම්වල ප්‍රමාණයන් මැනගැනීමටත්, යම් ස්ථානවල උස මැනීමටත් මුහුදු මාර්ග සොයාගැනීමටත් හැකි වුණා. එය ඇත්තෙන්ම එවකට තිබූ සුපිරි පරිගණකයක් කියා පැවසිය හැකියි.

තාරකා විද්‍යාවේ පුරෝගාමීන්

අරාබි විද්වතුන්
හත්වන සහ අටවන සියවස්වලදී ඉස්ලාම් ධර්මය උතුරු අප්‍රිකාව, ස්පාඤ්ඤය සහ නැඟෙනහිරෙන් පිහිටි ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානය දක්වා පැතිර ගියා. මේ නිසා පර්සියාව සහ ග්‍රීසිය විසින් සොයාගත් විද්‍යාත්මක තොරතුරුවලින් ප්‍රයෝජන ගැනීමට අරාබි විද්වතුන්ට හැකි වුණා.

ටොලමි
නවවන සියවසේදී ග්‍රීක තාරකා විද්‍යාඥයෙක් වූ ටොලමි සොයාගත් තොරතුරු සහ තවත් වටිනා විද්‍යාත්මක තොරතුරු රැසක් අරාබි ජාතිකයන් තම මව්බසට පරිවර්තනය කළා. අබ්බාසිඩ්ගේ පාලනය අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ සීමාවේ පිහිටි රටවල සිට ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානය දක්වාම ව්‍යාප්ත වුණා. ඒ නිසා ගණිතය, තාරකා විද්‍යාව හා අනිකුත් විෂයන් පිළිබඳව ඉන්දියානුවන් සොයාගෙන තිබූ දැනුම් සම්භාරයෙන් ප්‍රයෝජන ගැනීමට ඔවුන්ට හැකියාවක් ලැබුණා.

මුස්ලිම් ජාතිකයන්
මුස්ලිම් ජාතිකයන් තාරකා විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳව දැනුම රැස් කිරීමට මහත් උනන්දුවක් දැක්වුවා. ඊට එක් හේතුවක් වුණේ ඔවුන්ගේ ආගමයි. මුස්ලිම්වරුන්ගේ විශ්වාසය වුණේ තමන් යාච්ඤා කළ යුත්තේ මක්කම දෙසට මුහුණ ලා කියායි. ඒ වගේම ඔවුන් සිටින ස්ථානයේ සිට මක්කම පිහිටි දිශාව පෙන්වා දීමට තාරකා විද්‍යාඥයන්ට හැකියි කියාත් ඔවුන් විශ්වාස කළා. දහතුන්වන සියවසේදී ඉස්ලාම් භක්තිකයන්ට යාච්ඤා කළ යුතු වෙලාව නිශ්චිතව තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා මුස්ලිම් පල්ලිවලින් තාරකා විද්‍යාඥයන්ගේ සහාය ලබාගත්තා. ඔවුන් ලබා දුන් මඟ පෙන්වීම්වලට අනුව මුස්ලිම්වරුන්ගේ ආගමික උත්සව හා වත්පිළිවෙත් පැවැත්විය යුතු කාල වකවානු තීරණය කළා. උදාහරණයකට රාමසාන් මාසයේදී නිරාහාරව සිටිය යුතු දින පෙන්වා දුන්නේ ඔවුනුයි. ඊට අමතරව මක්කමට යෑමට ගත වන කාලය සහ හොඳම ගමන් මාර්ගය පෙන්වා දුන්නෙත් ඔවුනුයි.

නිරික්‍ෂණාත්මක තාරකා විද්‍යාව
තාරකා විද්‍යාව ආශ්‍රිත ප්‍රධාන ගවේෂණයන් විද්‍යුත් චුම්භක වර්ණාවලිය මත පදනම් වී ඇත.

රේඛීය තාරකා විද්‍යාව - මෙහි මිලිමීටර් කිහිපයක් තරම්වන තරංග ආයාම සහිත විකිරණ පිළිබද අධ්‍යයනය කරයි.  රේඩියෝ තරංග ශීතල වස්තු මඟින් විමෝචනය වේ.  ඒවානම් අන්තර්කාරීය වායූන් හා දූවිලි වලාවන්ය.  කොස්මික් පසුබිම් ක්‍ෂුද්‍ර විකිරණ මහා පිපිරුමෙන් පසු ඉවත්වූ විකිරණයන්ය.  පල්සාර (pulsars) පළමුවර අනාවරණය කරගත්තේ ක්‍ෂුද්‍ර සංඛ්‍යාත මඟිනි.  මෙම අනාවරණ සඳහා විශාල රේඩියෝ දුරේක්‍ෂ අවශ්‍ය වේ.
අධෝරක්ත තාරකා අධ්‍යයන පදනම් වන්නේ තරංග ආයාමය දෘශ්‍ය වීමට වඩා විශාල නමුත් රේඩියෝ තරංග වලට වඩා කුඩාය.  අධෝරක්ත අධ්‍යයනයන්ට ප්‍රකාශ දුරේක්‍ෂ වලට සමාන දුරේක්‍ෂ යොදා ගනී.  ග්‍රහලෝක වැනි තරුවලට වඩා සිසිල් වස්තු ගවේෂණයට අධෝරක්ත අධ්‍යයනයන් යොදා ගනී.
ප්‍රකාශ තාරකා විද්‍යාව පැරණිම තාරකා විද්‍යාවයි.  මෙහි බහුලවම යොදා ගන්නා උපාංග ලෙස වර්ණාවලි මානය හා CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) දැක්විය හැකිය.  පෘතුවි වායු ගෝලය මෙම ප්‍රකාශ තාරකා විද්‍යා ගවේෂණයන්ට භාධා ඇති කරයි.  දර්ශන තත්වය උසස් කිරීමට අභ්‍යවකාශයේ රැදවු දුරේක්‍ෂ හා අනුවර්තී දුරේක්‍ෂ යොදා ගනී.  මෙම පරාසයේදී තාරකා හොදින් දෘෂ්‍ය වේ. රසායනික වර්ණාවලි මඟින් තාරකා වල රසායනික සංයුතිය හා මන්දාකිනි, නිහාරිකා ආදියද නිරීක්‍ෂණය කල හැකිය.  පාරජම්බුල, X කිරණ හා ගැමා කිරණ මඟින් තාරකා විද්‍යා අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමෙන් විද්ව පල්සාර, කළු කුහර හා චුම්භක තාරකා ආදිය ගවේෂණය කල හැකිය.  මෙවැනි විකිරණ වර්ග පෘථිවි වායු ගෝලය හොදින් විනිවිද නොයයි.  මෙවැනි කිරණ ගවේෂණයට ක්‍රම දෙකක් පවතී.  අභ්‍යවකාශයේ රැදවූ දුරේක්‍ෂ මඟින් හා පොළවේ පිහිටවූ (IACT) දුරේක්‍ෂ (Imaging air cherenkov telescopes). පළමු ආකාරයේ ගවේෂකයන් RXTE ලෙස හඳුන්වයි.  චන්ද්‍රා  X කිරණ දුරේක්‍ෂය හා කොම්ප්ටන් (Compton) ගැමා කිරණ දුරේක්‍ෂය උදාහරණ වේ. IACT වර්ග වලට උදාහරණ ලෙස Magic දුරේක්‍ෂ හා (H.E.S.S) දුරේක්‍ෂ (High Energy Stereoscopic System) දැක්විය හැකිය.

ඉතා දුරින් නිපදවෙන විද්‍යුත්චුම්භක තරංග වලින් ඉතා කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයක් පොළව මතින් අනාවරණය කරගත හැකිය.  ගුරුත්ව තරංග (Gravitational Waves) අනාවරණයක පිහිටුවත් ඒවා අනාවරණය කර ගැනීම ඉතා අපහසුය.  සූර්යා අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමට නියුට්‍රිනෝ අනාවරක නිපදවා ඇත.  කොස්මික් කිරණ සතුව අධික ශක්තියක් ඇති අංශු අතර පෘථිවි වායුගෝලයේ ගැටීමේදී හඳුනාගත හැකිය.

ගවේෂණයන් එහි කාල පරිමාණය අනඅනුව විචලනය වේ.  දෘශ්‍ය ගවේෂණයන් මිනිත්තු ගණනේ සිට පැය ගණන් ගතවේ.  යම් යම් සන්සිද්ධි වෙනස්වීමට ඉතා වේගවත්ය.  සහශ්‍ර ගණන් පැරණ ගවේශණ වාර්තාද පවතී.  රේඩියෝ ගවේෂණයන් මිලිතත්පර පරිමාණයෙන් (මිලිතත්පර පල්සාර) යේ ඈදුණු වර්ශ (පල්සාර පිළිබඳ විස්තර කිරීම් වලට) දක්වා පැතිර පවතී.

තාරකා විද්‍යාවේ සූර්යා පිළිබද ගවේෂණය විශේෂ තැනක් ගනී.  අනෙක් සියළු තරු ඉතා දුරින් පවතින නිසා ළඟම ඇති තරුව වන සූර්යා ගවේෂණය පහසුය.  අපගේ සූර්යා අනෙක් තාරකා පිළිබද වද අවබෝධය ඇති කරවයි.

තාරකා වෙනස්වීම පිළිබද මාතෘකා කරන්නේ තාරකා පරිමාණය (Steller evolution) ඇසුරිනි.  තාරකා වර්ග අනුව H.R. සටහනේ (Hertzprung - Russel Diagram) පිහිටුවීම මඟින් තාරකාවල තත්වය දැක්විය හැකිය.  එය තාරකාවේ උපතේ සිට අවසානය දක්වා දැක්විය හැකිය.

බාහිර සබැඳි
 NASA
 කොළඹ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලීය ගණිත හා තාරකා විද්‍යා සංගමය
 Astronomy2009 අන්තර්ජාතික තාරකා විද්‍යා වර්ෂය වෙනුවෙන් වූ වෙබ් අඩවිය
 AbsoluteAstronomy.com
 Southern Hemisphere Astronomy
 Astronomy Picture of the Day
 New Scientist Space
 Sky & Telescope
 American Astronomical Society
 Planet Surveyor
 Utah Skies  Astronomy Information by and for Amateur Astronomers
 ebook History of Astronomy, George Forbes (1849-1936
 The Amazing Sky
 Space and Astronautics News

විද්‍යාව

තාරකා විද්‍යාව


Le Red Ochre Award est un prix créé en 1993 par l'. Il est décerné chaque année à un artiste indigène australien remarquable (aborigène d'Australie ou indigène du détroit de Torrès) pour l'ensemble de ses réalisation. Il s'agit de l'une des deux catégories décernées lors des  le 27 mai de chaque année, l'autre prix étant le .

Lauréats

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Distinction fondée en 1993
Liste de personnes récompensées ou distinguées
Prix artistique en Australie

Red Ochre Award


كوسبا هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء الكورة في محافظة الشمال. وأغلب سكانها يتبعون من الروم الأرثوذكس. من أبرز عائلاتها: بدوي.

أعلام
 فريد حبيب
 فايز غصن
 لارا حبيب

المراجع

www.kousba.info

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
تجمعات أرثوذكسية شرقية في لبنان
قضاء الكورة
مدن لبنان

كوسبا


A Primeira Divisão do Campeonato Italiano de Futebol da temporada 2023–24, (oficialmente Serie A TIM 2023–24 por motivos de patrocínio), é a 122.ª edição da principal divisão do futebol italiano (92.ª como Serie A). O Napoli é o atual detentor e defensor do título.

Regulamento
A Serie A é disputada por 20 clubes em dois turnos. Em cada turno, todos os times jogam entre si uma única vez. Os jogos do segundo turno foram realizados na mesma ordem do primeiro, apenas com o mando de campo invertido. Não houve campeões por turnos, sendo declarado campeão da Itália o time que obteve o maior número de pontos após as 38 rodadas.

Critérios de desempate
Caso haja empate de pontos entre dois clubes, os critérios de desempates foram aplicados na seguinte ordem:
 Confronto direto
 Saldo de gols
 Gols marcados

Participantes

Promovidos e Rebaixados

Estádios e Localizações

Números de times por região

Classificação

Desempenho por rodada

Clubes que lideraram o campeonato ao final de cada rodada:

Clubes que ficaram na última posição do campeonato ao final de cada rodada:

Resultados

Estatísticas
.

Artilheiros

Assistências

Clean sheets

Hat-trick

Poker-trick

Ver também
 Série A do Campeonato Italiano de Futebol
 Federação Italiana de Futebol – FIGC
 Futebol na Itália

Ligações externas
 Página oficial da Série A Italiana ,
 Série A da Itália de 2023–24 no UEFA.com
 Série A Italiana no portal do Globo Esporte
 Série A Italiana no portal da UOL
 Série A Italiana no portal da ESPN

Campeonato Italiano de Futebol - Série A
Futebol de 2023 na Itália
Futebol de 2024 na Itália

Campeonato Italiano de Futebol de 2023–24 – Primeira Divisão


Teen Days este un desen animat italian, ideea de Elena Mora, produs de Angelo Poggi în co-producție cu Cartoon One și Rai Fiction. Seria, fiind axat pe muzica, este bogat în cântece, scris de Giovanni Cera și Angelo Poggi.

Primele 13 episoade au fost difuzate de către Rai 2 din 26 ianuarie 2010 în zilele de marți și joi de la 07:25, în timp ce restul de 13 primul sezon au fost transmise de la 2 august 2010, de luni până vineri, la ora 9.40. Fiecare episod durează aproximativ 26 de minute.

Serialul a fost nominalizat pentru un Kidscreen Award din New York pentru cel mai bun serial de televiziune

altele difuzate pe canale (Disney Channel SUA, Franța, Germania, Olanda și Belgia, emisiuni terestre precum KiKA și Telecinco).

În Statele Unite a avut premiera de la 17 octombrie 2017 pe Disney Channel.

În România a fost difuzat pe Megamax și publicat pe DVD de la Delta Pictures.

Dublajul
Dublarea seriei este realizată de DIGIDUB și regizată de Dario De Santis, asistată de Alida Brandi și supravegheată de regizorul Maurizio Nichetti.

Postări adăugate: Oreste Baldini, Alessandro Vanni ecc.

Episoade

Sezonul 1
 Scoala Musix
  Un loc de joacă
  Thomas un geniu pentru un prieten
  Show Talent
  Ziua de naștere a lui Isabel
  Mare bucătar elia
 Halloween muzical
 Julieta și Romeo
 Ascundeți partea de sus
 plagiat
 Un concert pe web
 Aspectul înșeală
 Keychain de prim ajutor Teen Days
 Vreau libertate
 Zâmbetul lui Sara
 Iluzii de vânzare
 Rivalul
 Cine arata sa arate
 O zi strâmbă
 Realitatea
 Sabotajul lui Kay
 Rocky Vs. Cyberdog
 Max și Kay, provocarea finală
 Rața urâtă
 Muzica Unu
 Rock Star

Sezonul 2
 Primul vis
 Înapoi la Școala Musix

Difuzare internațională

Acasă Video Internațional
În Italia, de la Delta Pictures În Franța, de la TF1 Video

Seriale de animație
Desene animate
Seriale italiene
Seriale de televiziune americane
Emisiuni difuzate de Disney Channel
Disney Channel

Teen Days


Movement Magic es el primer álbum grabado por la cantante y actriz Aso Natsuko, fue lanzado al mercado el 4 de agosto de 2010 con la versión CD y CD+DVD, producido por la compañía japonesa Lantis. Para la canción Movement Magic se creó un video, además de los sencillos incluidos en el CD+DVD.

CD Lista de canciones

Programming for non-ficton
style
Your Tre Story
Brand new world
Music for science•magic
Steady~Steady
Teardrop of Rain
Everyday sunshine line!
Perfect-area complete!
Shinkyoku wa Uchuu Cafe Nite (新曲は宇宙カフェにて)
Dear my fortune
Movement of magic
Brand new world(Real world experience Remix)
Programming for non-fiction(Another Diary Remix)

CD+DVD Lista de canciones
 Movement of magic (MUSIC VIDEO)
 Brand new world (MUSIC VIDEO)
 Programming for non-fiction (MUSIC VIDEO)
 Perfect-area complete (MUSIC VIDEO)
 Everyday sunshine line (MUSIC VIDEO)
 Programming for non-fiction (LIVE CLIP)
 Everyday sunshine line! (LIVE CLIP)
 Perfect-area complete! (LIVE CLIP)
 Teardrop of Rain (acompañamiento de piano) (LIVE CLIP)

Oricon Tabla de Posiciones

Total de ventas reportadas: 1,338
Costo:
¥3,400 (CD+DVD)
¥3,000 (solo CD)

Links Internos

Enlaces externos
 Oricon Profile: CD+DVD | CD Only

Álbumes de Aso Natsuko
Álbumes de Japón de 2010
Álbumes debut de 2010

Movement Magic (Álbum)


The year 1760 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Chemistry
 Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt investigates inks based on cobalt salts and isolates cacodyl from cobalt mineral containing arsenic, pioneering work in organometallic chemistry.

Geology
 John Michell suggests earthquakes are caused by one layer of rocks rubbing against another.

Medicine
 April 30 – Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli presents a paper at the French Academy of Sciences in Paris in which "a mathematical model was used for the first time to study the population dynamics of infectious disease."
 Samuel-Auguste Tissot publishes L'Onanisme in Lausanne, a treatise on the supposed ill-effects of masturbation.

Physics
 Johann Heinrich Lambert publishes Photometria, a pioneering work in photometry, including a formulation of the Beer–Lambert law on light absorption and the introduction of the albedo as a reflection coefficient.

Events
 Mathematician Leonhard Euler begins writing his Letters to a German Princess (Lettres à une princesse d'Allemagne sur divers sujets de physique et de philosophie) to Friederike Charlotte of Brandenburg-Schwedt and her younger sister Louise.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Benjamin Wilson

Births
 April 13 – Thomas Beddoes, reforming English physician (died 1808)
 June 5 – Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist and mineralogist (died 1852)
 October 23 – Hanaoka Seishū, Japanese surgeon (died 1835)
 Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi, Italian botanist (died 1830)

Deaths
 September 11 – Louis Godin, French astronomer (born 1704)

References

18th century in science
1760s in science

1760 in science


Die Superdry Plc ist eine britische Textilhandelskette. Bis 8. Januar 2018 hieß das Unternehmen SuperGroup plc. Das Unternehmen ist an der London Stock Exchange börsennotiert und Teil des FTSE 250 Index. Die vormalige SuperGroup bestand aus drei Marken: Superdry, 77Breed (Skater-Bekleidung) und SurfCo alifornia (Wellenreiten). Das Markenzeichen der Superdry-Produkte ist die Kombination aus dekorativ eingesetzten japanischen Schriftzeichen (dem "Gegenstück" zu Engrish) und dem Americana- bzw. Vintage-Look zu sowohl Streetwear als auch Preppy-Mode.

Geschichte
Superdry geht auf die Marke Cult Clothing zurück, die 1985 von Julian Dunkerton gegründet wurde.

Das erste Geschäft der damaligen SuperGroup wurde 2004 unter dem Namen Superdry 極度乾燥(しなさい) im Londoner Covent Garden eröffnet.

Die Marke Superdry hat keine Endorsement-Verträge mit Prominenten, allerdings gewann sie durch Prominente wie den Fußballer David Beckham, das Model Helena Christensen oder den Schauspieler Zac Efron an Bekanntheit, da sie häufiger Bekleidung von Superdry tragen.

2006 wurden die Marken 77Breed und SurfCo zum Portfolio der damaligen Supergroup hinzugefügt.

Im Jahr 2008 expandierte Superdry weltweit und eröffnete Geschäfte in fast allen größeren Städten und Metropolen West- und Südeuropas, darunter auch Berlin und München, sowie zahlreiche weitere in über 20 Ländern auf vier Kontinenten.

Im März 2010 ging das Unternehmen an die Londoner Börse, was den Gründer Julian Dunkerton zu einem der 1000 reichsten Briten machte.

Eine Gewinnwarnung der SuperGroup im Februar 2012 ließ den Aktienkurs innerhalb kurzer Zeit um 18 % fallen und zwang das Unternehmen dazu, weitere Expansionspläne zu überdenken.

Der britische Sportwagenhersteller Morgan Motor präsentierte im Sommer 2011 die auf 200 Fahrzeuge limitierte Superdry Edition seines Klassikers, dem Threewheeler.

Am 22. Oktober 2014 wurde bekannt gegeben, dass Dunkerton als CEO von Superdry zurückgetreten sei und von Euan Sutherland, dem ehemaligen CEO der Co-operative Group, ersetzt werde. Dunkerton blieb nach Verkäufen im Februar 2016 größter Anteilseigner (27 %). Am 8. Januar 2018 änderte die SuperGroup plc ihren Namen in Superdry plc. Im April 2019 hat Dunkerton sich in der Hauptversammlung des britischen Unternehmens "nicht nur mit knapper Mehrheit zurück in die operative Verantwortung geputscht".

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webpräsenz der Superdry, Public Limited Company (englisch)
 Website der Marke Superdry (englisch)
 Superdry Plc auf der Website der London Stock Exchange (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Handelsunternehmen (Textilbekleidung)
Unternehmen im FTSE 250 Index
Unternehmen (Gloucestershire)
Organisation (Cheltenham)

Superdry


السكك الحديدية
تسعى الحكومة الكويتية لبناء سكك حديدية مرتبطة بالعاصمة بتكلفة مقدارها 11 مليار دولار أمريكي.

الطرق

تتمتع الكويت بشبكة من الخطوط السريعة على مستوى عالي من الكفاءة والسلامة وعلى مستوى عالي من الصيانة الدورية. ويبلغ طول شبكة الطرق ما يقارب 4,600 كيلومترًا، فيما يبلغ أطوال الطرق السريعة 600 كيلومترًا، ويتواجد بشبكة الطرق نحو 282 جسرًا من الخرسانة و26 جسرًا حديديًا. في عام 2000 كان هناك نحو 552,400 سيارة ركاب، و167,800 تجارية وسيارات الأجرة والشاحنات والحافلات المستخدمة. وبسبب عدم توافر شبكة للسكك الحديدية في الكويت فإن أغلب السكان يتنقلون عن طريق السيارات، وغالباً ما تكون حد السرعة القصوى في الخطوط السريعة 120 كم/ساعة. وتقدم خدمة النقل العام عن طريق 3 شركات هي شركة النقل العام الكويتية وشركة سيتي باص وشركة رابطة الكويت و الخليج للنقل.

الموانئ والمرافئ

ساهمت الموانئ الكويتية بشكل كبير في مسيرة الدولة الاقتصادية والعمرانية، فهي نافذة الدولة على العالم الخارجي عبر البحار، وتقوم مؤسسة الموانئ الكويتية بإدارة الموانئ كافة. ويعتبر كل من ميناء الشعيبة وميناء الشويخ من أهم موانئ الكويت التجارية حيث تستطيع أن تستوعب ما يقارب 753.334 في دراسة عام 2006، بينما ميناء الأحمدي وهو الأكبر في الكويت فإنه يتولى الجزء الأكبر من تصدير النفط الكويتي. وسينضم لهذة الموانئ ميناء بوبيان والذي سيسع 66 مرسى وسيكون الأكبر خليجًا حيث يستوعب 1.3 مليون حاوية عند بدء التشغيل.

وتضم الكويت حاليًا 6 موانئ وهي ميناء الشعيبة وميناء عبد الله وميناء الدوحة وميناء الشويخ وميناء الأحمدي وميناء بوبيان. وتقدم شركة النقل العام الكويتية رحلات يوميه إلى جزيرة فيلكا وتوفر الشركة أيضًا خدمة الشحن البحري للبضائع والمعدات. وهناك شركات خاصة لعمليات النقل والشحن البحري.

إحصائيات البحرية التجارية
 الإجمالي:38 سفينة
  أنواع السفن : 2 ناقلات البضائع، 1 الشحن، 6 الحاويات، 5 الغاز المسال، 4 نقل الماشية، 20 ناقلات نفط
  مملوكة لأجانب: 1 (إيران)
 المسجلة لبلدان أخرى:29 ( 3 بحرين، 1 جزر القمر، 1 ليبيريا، 1 ليبيا، 2 بنما، 7 قطر، 6 السعودية، 8 الإمارات العربية المتحدة) (2005)

النقل الجوي
يوجد في الكويت ما يقارب 7 مطارات منها مطارين مدنيين، الأول هو مطار الكويت الدولي والثاني هو مبنى الشيخ سعد للطيران العام وهو مقر الخطوط الوطنية. ويعتبر مطار الكويت الدولي الذي تأسس عام 1962 هو المحور الرئيسي للملاحة في الكويت ويقع على بعد 16 كيلومتر جنوب مدينة الكويت. وقد بدأ مشروع تطوير مطار الكويت الدولي قد بدأ في عام 2001، تلاه التطوير الثاني في عام 2008، وإنجاز ما نسبته 80% من التطوير. تبلغ الطاقة السنوية لمبنى الركاب الرئيسي نحو 7,000,000 راكب سنوياً، ويتعامل مع المطار نحو 59 شركة طيران عالمية، ويستوعب ما يزيد على 90 طائرة في آن واحد. ويتضمن المطار مدرجين رئيسيين متوازيين يبلغ طول الأول 3400 متر والثاني 3500 متر وعرض كل منهما 45 متراً. أيضا هناك بالكويت 5 مطارات لطائرات العامودية.

تعتبر الخطوط الجوية الكويتية والتي تأسست في فبراير 1953 على يد اثنين من رجال الأعمال الكويتيين وبرأس مال بلغ وقتها حوالي 150ألف دينار كويتي، أكبر شركة طيران في الكويت، حيث في عام 2001 سافر 2,1 مليون مسافر على متن أسطولها. غاب القطاع الخاص عن قطاع الطيران طوال السنوات الماضية إلى عام 2004 عندما دخلت أول شركة طيران كويتية خاصة الخدمة ألا وهي طيران الجزيرة وبعدها بسنة في 2005 تم تأسيس الشركة الخاصة الثانية الخطوط الوطنية والتي بدأت أول رحلاتها في مارس من عام 2009، لكنها توقفت عن الخدمة في عام 2011.

إحصائيات

 مطارات ممهدة المدارج
الإجمالي: 4
حوالي 3,047 م: 1
 من 2,438 إلى 3,047 م: 2
 من 1,524 إلى 2,437 م: 1
 مطارات غير ممهدة المدارج
الإجمالي:3
1,524 إلى 2,437 م:1
أقل من 914 م:2
 مطارات الطائرات العامودية: 5 (2006)
 خطوط طيران:
 الخطوط الجوية الكويتية (وطنية)
 طيران الجزيرة (خاصة)
 الخطوط الوطنية (خاصة)

خطوط المهمدة
 خطوط الماء: لا شيء
 خطوط الأنابيب:
 النفط الخام 877 كم
 المنتجات النفطية 57 كم
 الغاز الطبيعي 269 كم

مراجع

النقل في الكويت

النقل في الكويت