Nils Raimonds Muižnieks (* 31. Januar 1964 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien) ist ein lettischer Wissenschaftler und Politiker. Er wurde am 24. Januar 2012 zum 3. Menschenrechtskommissar des Europarats in Straßburg gewählt und folgt damit Thomas Hammarberg. Er übte dieses Amt seit dem 1. April 2012 und bis zum 1. April 2018 turnusmäßig aus.

Ausbildung und Karriere
Nils Muižnieks studierte Politikwissenschaften an den Universitäten Princeton und Berkeley. Seine Doktorarbeit 1993 trug den Titel The Baltic popular movements and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Von 1994 bis 2002 war er Direktor des Lettischen Zentrums für Menschenrechte und ethnische Studien.

Muižnieks bekleidete von 2002 bis 2004 das Amt des lettischen Integrationsministers und war somit Mitglied der Regierung. 2004 war er Kandidat für die christlich-demokratische liberal-konservative Latvijas Pirmā Partija auf der Wahlliste des europäischen Parlaments.

Der Politiker ist auch Direktor des Advanced Social and Political Research Institute (ASPRI) an der Fakultät für Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Lettlands in Riga.

Politische Positionen

Überwachung in Europa
In einem am 27. Oktober 2015 in der New York Times veröffentlichten Artikel unter dem Titel "Europe Is Spying on You" (zu deutsch "Europa späht Sie aus") sagte Muižnieks, dass die gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung nach den Enthüllungen durch Edward Snowden nicht etwa zu mehr öffentlicher Kontrolle, sondern zu mehr Überwachung geführt habe. Muižnieks bezeichnet das von zahlreichen Regierungen vorgebrachte Argument, Freiheiten müssten zugunsten von Sicherheit "geopfert" werden, als "fadenscheinig". Regierungen, die von zielgerichteter Überwachung gegen einzelne Verdächtige hin zu Massenüberwachung wechseln, warf er vor, die Untergrabung der Demokratie in Kauf zu nehmen.

Familie
Muižnieks' Eltern Ansis und Ingrid verließen Lettland als Flüchtlinge 1944, verbrachten darauf hin 6 Jahre in der Amerikanischen Besatzungszone in Westdeutschland und siedelten 1950 in die USA über. 1992 heiratete Nils Muižnieks die Klavierlehrerin und Sängerin Andra Fedder. Er hat zwei Töchter.

Schriften
 Latvian-Russian relations. Domestic and international dimensions. Riga 2006, ISBN 9984-802-10-8.
 Uncertain transformations – New domestic and international challenges. Proceedings of the international conference, Riga, November 9–11, 2006 = Neskaidrās transformācijas – Jauni izaicinājumi nacionālā un starptautiskā līmenī. Starptautiskās konferences ziņojumi, Rīga, 2006. g. 9.–11. novembris. Latvijas universitāte, Sociālo un politisko pētījumu institūts, Riga 2007, ISBN 9984-802-58-2 (lettisch und englisch).
 Nacionālo minoritāšu konvencija. Diskriminācijas novēršana un identitātes saglabāšana Latvijā. Latvijas universitāte Akadēmiskais apgāds, Riga 2007, ISBN 9984-802-78-7 (lettisch).
 Manufacturing enemy images? Russian media portrayal of Latvia. Riga 2008, ISBN 978-9984-825-88-5.
 Georgian security. A Latvian perspective. Riga 2008, ISBN 978-9984-825-19-9.
 How integrated is Latvian society? Aan audit of achievements, failures, and challenges. Riga 2010, ISBN 978-9984-45-172-5.
 The geopolitics of history in Latvian-Russian relations. Riga 2011, ISBN 978-9984-45-323-1.

Weblinks
 Muižnieks Website beim Europarat

Einzelnachweise

Minister (Lettland)
Integrationsminister
Person (Europarat)
Lette
Geboren 1964
Mann

Nils Muižnieks


Rozeta de la Pliska este o rozetă de bronz cu 7 colțuri găsită în 1961 la Pliska, capitala medievală a Bulgariei. Este datată de arheologi de la secolul al 7-lea la secolul al 9-lea.

Are forma unei stele cu 7 colțuri și 38 mm în diametru. Aceasta este înscrisă cu semne proto-bulgare, de tip Murfatlar. Fiecare rază este înscrisă cu două semne și un simbol IYI poate fi văzut pe spate.

Utilizarea modernă
Reprezentări ale medalionului sunt adesea folosite (împreună cu simbolul IYI și prima literă din alfabetul glagolitic - ) de mișcările naționaliste și patriotice din Bulgaria. Este, de asemenea, folosit ca logo-ul de serialului documentar de la televiziunea bulgară bTV, Bălgarite (Българите).

Referințe

 "Bronz Rozeta de la Pliska: la Decodarea Inscripții Runice în Bulgaria." în Byzantino-Slavica. LVI (1995): 547-555 de Pavel Georgiev
 Juha Janhunen, Volker Rybatzki, "Scris în Altaice lume", în: lucrările celei de a 41-a Reuniune Anuală a Internaționale Permanente Altaistic Conferință, p.  270.

Link-uri externe

 Ст. Ваклинов. – Формиране на старобългарската култура VI-XI век, София, 1977 г., стр. 154. (în limba bulgară)
 M. Sidorov, E. Kelevedzhiev. O abordare de intalniri la Pliska rozette.

Istoria Bulgariei

Rozeta de la Pliska


An Herminium mackinonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Firminger Duthie. An Herminium mackinonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Herminium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Herminium

Herminium mackinonii


Barry William Brook (né le  à Melbourne, Australie) est un scientifique australien. Il est professeur lauréat australien du Conseil australien de la recherche et titulaire de la chaire de durabilité environnementale à l'Université de Tasmanie à la Faculté des sciences, de l'ingénierie et de la technologie. Il était auparavant ARC Future Fellow à la School of Earth and Environmental Sciences de l'Université d'Adélaïde, en Australie, où il a occupé la  de 2007 à 2014. Il a également été directeur des sciences du climat à l'Environment Institute.

Enfance et éducation
Brook a fréquenté le lycée de Coonabarabran, avant d'étudier à l'université Macquarie de Sydney, où il a obtenu un BSc (First Class Honours) en biologie et informatique, et un doctorat en analyse de viabilité des populations et biologie de la conservation.

Carrière
Brook est un écologiste qui a publié trois livres et plus de 300 articles scientifiques évalués par des pairs, est un chercheur hautement cité de l'Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) et écrit régulièrement des articles d'opinion et des articles populaires pour les médias. Il est connu pour ses travaux sur les modèles de systèmes écologiques, la biologie de la conservation, la paléoécologie, l'énergie durable et les impacts du changement climatique.

Il est un fervent partisan de l'énergie nucléaire en tant que source d'énergie viable sans carbone pour le remplacement en gros des combustibles fossiles, en particulier en utilisant la  qui recycle le combustible nucléaire irradié, comme le  . Son livre le plus récent est Why vs Why: Nuclear Power, co-écrit par Ian Lowe. Les deux auteurs présentent des points de vue opposés.

Brook a créé le blog Brave New Climate qui a fonctionné pendant environ cinq ans à partir de 2008. Au lendemain de la catastrophe de Fukushima, Brook a fait valoir que les conséquences seraient probablement minimes, une affirmation qu'il a ensuite rétractée .

En 2011, Brook a co-écrit une « Série nucléaire » d'articles pour la  avec  et Australia's Nuclear Options, un document de perspective politique pour le CEDA (Comité pour le développement économique de l'Australie). Brook a contribué au premier des cinq chapitres de ce dernier, intitulé Le rôle de l'énergie de fission nucléaire dans l'atténuation des futures émissions de carbone . Les autres chapitres ont été écrits par les autres défenseurs  (UCL),  (),  () et  (un physicien nucléaire).

Dans une lettre ouverte de décembre 2014 qu'il a dirigée, 75 scientifiques de premier plan ont exhorté les écologistes à mettre de côté leurs idées préconçues sur l'énergie nucléaire. Ils expriment leur soutien à un article intitulé Rôle clé de l'énergie nucléaire dans la conservation de la biodiversité mondiale, écrit par Brook, déclarant qu'il a fourni « des preuves solides de la nécessité d'accepter un rôle substantiel pour les systèmes d'énergie nucléaire avancés » dans le cadre d'une gamme de technologies énergétiques durables. « Tout comme les principaux scientifiques du climat ont récemment préconisé le développement de systèmes d'énergie nucléaire sûrs de nouvelle génération pour lutter contre le changement climatique mondial … nous prions la communauté de la conservation et de l'environnement de peser le pour et le contre des différentes sources d'énergie en utilisant des preuves objectives et des compromis pragmatiques, plutôt que de simplement se fier à des perceptions idéalistes de ce qui est « vert ».

Le plaidoyer de Brook en faveur de l'énergie nucléaire a été contesté par les opposants aux industries nucléaires, dont l'environnementaliste  de . Brook a également critiqué les militants antinucléaires et a qualifié en 2015 le parti politique des  et la Coalition Australian Youth Climate de « tristes » et de « de moins en moins pertinents » après avoir exprimé leur opposition au développement de l'industrie nucléaire.

En février 2015, le Premier ministre d'Australie-Méridionale Jay Weatherill a annoncé la création de la  chargée d'étudier le potentiel d'un rôle accru de l'État dans tous les aspects de l'industrie nucléaire (exploitation minière, enrichissement, retraitement, gestion des déchets et production d'électricité nucléaire). Brook a qualifié l'annonce de "réel progrès". En avril 2015, Brook était l'un des cinq membres nommés au comité consultatif d'experts de la Commission royale, avec Ian Lowe, le scientifique en chef de la SA, le  ,  et John Carlsson, pour fournir des conseils de haut niveau. Le commissaire Kevin Scarce a déclaré que « les membres de ce comité ont été choisis pour s'assurer que la Commission reçoive un large éventail de conseils et reflète la diversité des points de vue de la communauté » .

Brook, avec 17 autres spécialistes de l'environnement , a publié An Ecomodernist Manifesto en avril 2015, qui représentait une déclaration de principes pour un nouvel environnementalisme. Le résumé du manifeste dit : « Nous offrons cette déclaration dans la conviction que la prospérité humaine et une planète écologiquement dynamique sont non seulement possibles, mais également inséparables. En nous engageant dans les processus réels, déjà en cours, qui ont commencé à dissocier le bien-être humain de la destruction de l'environnement, nous pensons qu'un tel avenir pourrait être atteint. En tant que tel, nous adoptons une vision optimiste des capacités humaines et de l'avenir ». Il a été décrit par Eduardo Porter du New York Times comme une « ... nouvelle stratégie [qui], bien sûr, présente de grands défis ».

Adhésions
Brook a occupé des postes au sein de plusieurs conseils consultatifs, comités et conseils. Il s'agit notamment du Conseil australien de la recherche, du  d'Australie-Méridionale (2007-2010), du , de la Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission, du Comité international des prix du   et du conseil consultatif du Barbara Hardy Institute de l'Université d'Australie-Méridionale. Il milite également pour le Conseil scientifique à but non lucratif pour les initiatives mondiales.

Résidences
Brook a vécu à Melbourne, Bristol (Royaume-Uni), Coonabarabran, Sydney, Darwin, Adélaïde, Kyoto (Japon) et réside actuellement près de Hobart, en Tasmanie.

Récompenses et prix

 2016-21 : , Conseil australien de la recherche
 2014-15 : Chercheur hautement cité de Thompson Reuters, Environnement/Écologie
 2013 : Scopus Chercheur de l'année, Sciences de la vie et Sciences biologiques .
 2010 : Éducateur en sciences communautaires de l'année, Prix d'excellence en sciences.
 2007 : Cosmos Bright Sparks Award : l'un des 10 meilleurs jeunes scientifiques d'Australie.
 2007 : Médaille HG Andrewartha : Royal Society of SA. Décerné pour une recherche exceptionnelle par un scientifique de moins de 40 ans (toute discipline).
 2006 : Médaille Fenner : Académie australienne des sciences. Décerné pour des recherches distinguées en biologie par un scientifique de moins de 40 ans.
 2006 : Médaille Edgeworth David : Royal Society of NSW. Décerné pour une recherche exceptionnelle par un scientifique de moins de 35 ans (toute discipline).
 1999 : Australian Flora Foundation Prize, Australian Flora Foundation .

Livre sur l'énergie nucléaire

Dans le livre de 2010 Why vs. Why: Nuclear Power  Barry Brook et Ian Lowe débattent et articulent le débat sur l'énergie nucléaire. Brook soutient qu'il y a sept raisons pour lesquelles les gens devraient dire « oui » à l'énergie nucléaire  : "Parce que les énergies renouvelables et l'efficacité énergétique ne résoudront pas les crises énergétique et climatique
 Parce que le combustible nucléaire est pratiquement illimité et a un énorme impact énergétique
 Parce que la nouvelle technologie résout le problème des « déchets nucléaires »
 Parce que le nucléaire est l'option énergétique la plus sûre
 Parce que l'énergie nucléaire avancée renforcera la sécurité mondiale
 Parce que les coûts réels de l'énergie nucléaire sont inférieurs à ceux des combustibles fossiles ou des énergies renouvelables
 Parce que le nucléaire peut conduire la révolution des « énergies propres »Lowe soutient qu'il y a sept raisons pour lesquelles les gens devraient dire « non » à l'énergie nucléaire  : "Parce que ce n'est pas une réponse assez rapide au changement climatique
 car c'est trop cher
 Parce que le besoin en électricité de base est exagéré
 Parce que le problème des déchets n'est toujours pas résolu
 Parce que cela augmentera le risque de guerre nucléaire
 Parce qu'il y a des problèmes de sécurité
 Parce qu'il y a de meilleures alternatives"

Bibliographie (sélection)

 An Ecomodernist Manifesto. Brook, BW et 17 co-auteurs : ecomodernism.org/manifesto
 Why vs Why: Nuclear Power. Brook, BW & Lowe, I. (2010) Pantera Press,
 Does the terrestrial biosphere have planetary tipping points? Brook, BW et al . Trends Ecol Evol (2013) 28 : 396-401
 Synergies among extinction drivers under global change. Brook, BW, Sodhi, NS & Bradshaw, CJA Trends Ecol Evol (2008) 23 : 453-460
 Catastrophic extinctions follow deforestation in Singapore. Brook, BW, Sodhi, NS, & Ng, PKL Nature (2003) 424 : 420-423.
 Predictive accuracy of population viability analysis in conservation biology.. Brook, BW, O'Grady, JJ, Chapman, AP, Burgman, MA, Akçakaya, HR, & Frankham, R. Nature (2000) 404 : 385-387
 Southeast Asian Biodiversity in Crisis. Sodhi, NS, Brook, BW (2006) Cambridge University Press, Londres, Royaume-Uni., 212 p.
 Tropical Conservation Biology Sodhi, Navjot S., Barry W. Brook et Corey JA Bradshaw (2007) Wiley-Blackwell,

Références

Liens externes

 Page à l'Université de Tasmanie de Barry Brook
 BraveNewClimate - Le blog de Barry Brook sur le climat et l'énergie durable.

Voir aussi
 Écomodernisme

Naissance en février 1974
Naissance à Melbourne
Étudiant de l'université Macquarie
Écologiste australien
Scientifique australien
Personnalité liée à l'énergie nucléaire

Barry Brook


Nada Jurković (Tuzla, 27. kolovoza 1928. – Zagreb, 7. travnja 2001.), hrvatska kemijska inženjerka, stručnjakinja za prehranu

Životopis
Rodila se u Tuzli. U rodnom gradu završila gimnaziju 1947. Na zagrebačkome Tehničkom fakultetu diplomirala kemiju. Radila na Tehnološkom fakultetu od 1972. kao predavačica. Na istoj ustanovi doktorirala 1974. tezom Prilog poznavanju i određivanju kiselosti pšenice i njenih mlinskih proizvoda na našem tržištu. Od 1975. je na istoj ustanovi docenticom, od 1978. izvanredna profesorica. Od 1979. njen se fakultet osamostalio kao Prehrambeno-biotehnološki fakultet. Od 1983. do mirovine je ondje redovita profesorica. Predavala je kemiju i analizu namirnica te razne kolegije iz područja hrane i prehrane. Poslije umirovljenja osnovala je 1984. na svom fakultetu smjer nutricionizam, jedini takvi u Hrvatskoj. Napisala Mikroskopsko istraživanje namirnica biljnog podrijetla.

Izvori

Životopisi, Tuzla
Životopisi, Zagreb
Prehrambeni stručnjaci

Nada Jurković


Televisión Nacional de Chile (TVN) is a Chilean public service broadcaster. It was founded by order of President Eduardo Frei Montalva and it was launched nationwide on 18 September 1969. Since then, the company has been reorganized on several occasions and its operations areas have increased over the years, becoming one of the leading television broadcaster in Chile and South America. The law 17 377 of 1970 established that TVN must be a public, autonomous, pluralistic and representative public service. TVN's public mission determines the obligation to promote the national cultural identity, the values of democracy, human rights, care for the environment and respect for diversity. Furthermore, Televisión Nacional governs the programming of its services according to criteria established by the National Television Council (CNTV).

Televisión Nacional has been a pioneer in introducing technological advances in Chile. It was the first television network to have national coverage, satellite broadcast, colour television, stereo sound, and high-definition television. Several of their soap operas have reached the highest ratings in the history of Chilean television, and are recognized both in that country and abroad for their social content, realism and settings, while its news programs have been crucial in catastrophes such as the 2010 earthquake and aftermath, when TVN news teams arrived in the affected areas before the National Army and government authorities. Currently, TVN has higher pluralism in their programmes and the second most credible television news brand in the country.

Its headquarters are located in Providencia, Santiago Metropolitan Region and it employs 638 total staff. Furthermore, TVN has nine additional television centres in the country. The company is directed through a chairperson appointed by the President of the Republic, which has a duration of four years, synchronized with the presidential period. The other six members of the board of directors are appointed three times per period in an agreement between the Senate and the President of the Republic for eight years. To them, a seventh member is added who is chosen democratically by the staff. Currently, the chairperson of Televisión Nacional de Chile is Andrea Fresard, while the executive director and legal representative is Alfredo Ramírez.

Televisión Nacional is the only publicly-owned television company in Chile and competes with other private broadcasting networks, having a self-financing scheme based mainly on its advertising sales that it has preserved since its inception and later regulated by Act 19,132 of 1992. TVN, under Act 20,694 of 2013, can fulfill the tasks of the exploitation of television services and the production of audiovisual or broadcasting content, as well as acting as a concessionaire of telecommunications services. Additionally, it is affiliated with the Asociación Nacional de Televisión or Anatel (National Association of Television) and the Council of Self-Regulation and Advertising Ethics, among others.

History

The origins of television in Chile take ground after the promulgation of the television law 7,039 on 28 October 1958, which was the first legislation of its kind in that country. This regulation was decreed and implemented by the government of then President Jorge Alessandri in view of the need to regulate the only three existing channels in the national territory: Canal 13, Canal 9 and UCV Television, which at that time were university property and therefore were private broadcasters.

The essential needs of owning a channel belonging to the Chilean State took relevance from the 1960s, as the great challenge that the government of Eduardo Frei Montalva wanted to face, believing ideally, the existence of a public television station with national coverage, capable of transmitting in a territory of large geographical features. To this end, a limited liability company was created whose original partners were the entrepreneurship agency CORFO, the production company Chilefilms and Entel, all of which were public companies at the time, establishing Televisión Nacional de Chile on 31 January 1969 through the telecommunications trunk network of that country and a series of test transmissions that remained until several years later.

1968–69: Development of Televisión Nacional

Establishment

The first regional station established by Televisión Nacional de Chile was Arica's channel 7, with the support of the Board of Advancement of Arica (Junta de Adelanto de Arica), initiating its broadcast on 12 December 1968 with provisional studios located in the Edificio Plaza and its transmitter located then in the Morro de Arica. It was officially inaugurated on the same day by President Eduardo Frei Montalva, counting only on programming relayed from Santiago. Subsequently, on 1 February 1969, the broadcast of channel 6 of Punta Arenas began with an inauguration attended by President Eduardo Frei Montalva, as well as the Intendant of Magallanes, Mateo Martinic. The day before, 31 January, was the day TVN was officially incorporated as a public enterprise, it is still marked as the birthday of the network.

Initial expansion
On 21 May 1969, Talca began to receive TVN broadcasts on channel 10 directly from Santiago, although the Santiago channel would not be officially inaugurated until some months later. On 15 July 1969, the broadcast of channel 6 of Antofagasta was officially inaugurated, making some local programs and receiving programming from Santiago with some days of delay. Finally, on 18 September of that year, on Independence Day, TVN in Santiago on channel 7 signed on to cover Independence Day celebrations, and is still the flagship station, providing network-produced live coverage of national events, which are occasionally simulcast by other stations nationwide. This channel had previously and experimentally broadcast Chile's matches in the Davis Cup that year, the presidential message to Congress of 21 May (Navy Day) and the arrival of man on the Moon that July.

1969–73: Establishment of the national network

Establishment and initial studios
Regular broadcasts of Televisión Nacional began officially in Santiago on Independence Day, on 18 September 1969, covering 6 of the 25 provinces of the national territory at the time, and having stable programming with more than twelve hours of daily broadcast, although unlike what was expected, operating under the model of subsidiaries or associated channels in the provinces. Initially, the first studios of the new network were concentrated in a house leased to the family of the poet Vicente Huidobro, located at the intersections of Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Avenue (Alameda) and San Martín Street, near the Torre Entel. They later moved to one side of the Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral and finally, the then-new permanent studios were inaugurated on 20 August 1970 in Providencia.

Expansion across Chile
The expansion of the main signal was carried out in Iquique on 23 May 1970 on channel 10, while on 2 July, TVN was launched in Calama and Chuquicamata, also on channel 10. In August of the same year, the expansion of the network included Valdivia on channel 3, Osorno on channel 5, Puerto Montt on channel 4, and Ancud on channel 7. Subsequently, its expansion would reach new locations, such as Coyhaique on 21 May 1971, La Serena and Coquimbo on channel 4 in June 1972, and Castro on channel 10 in early 1973. TVN, already positioned as a means of information at the beginning of that decade, had to be ordered by Law 17,377 of 1970, which provided legal recognition to the station and making it "public", since Law 7039 of 1958 did not contemplate this.

Usage as a propaganda tool
Originally, the network's mission was to be a pluralistic and independent media of the current government, which was intended to "integrate, inform, entertain and give culture to the Chilean family", as proposed the Ministry of Education and the group of professionals who directed TVN. In later years, the governments of President Salvador Allende initially and later dictator, Augusto Pinochet, used the channel as means of spreadding propaganda and political ideology to support to their governments and ideologies.

1973–90: Military dictatorship

Temporary closure, occupation by Canal 13, and reopening
On 11 September 1973, after the coup d'état in the morning, Televisión Nacional did not start broadcasting during the day and the studios were closed for three days. There was also an assault on the headquarters, where abundant amounts of audiovisual material were burned by the military, including a large part of the records of the first years of broadcast. During the three days it was closed, Canal 13 decided to occupy TVN's national network, because it was the only one authorized to broadcast after the coup d'état. After resuming the broadcast, it became the official television network of the new military dictatorship with informative management and strong control in the programming, granting advantage in audiences to Canal 13 news programme Teletrece, which was considered "more liberal".

Colour television

The first experimental colour-broadcast in Chile was developed by Televisión Nacional in the final night of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival on 6 February 1978. However, Decree 480, which was in force since 10 September 1976, restricted the import of colour television sets. This regulation, promulgated by Augusto Pinochet, was abolished on 10 April of that year, with the promulgation of a new resolution, ending the restrictions  and therefore officially beginning broadcasts in color, adopting the NTSC format from the United States as the official system. At the time of the authorization and start-up, a large part of the network's programming was already in place and programmes such as La cafetera voladora were fully developed with this technology. This allowed the use of innumerable special effects. It astonished the children of the time and could extend until 1982, setting a precedent in the production of programmes of this type in Chile.

Advances and reform
Throughout the 1980s, Televisión Nacional grows with diverse programmes and technological advances. It became the first Chilean television network to broadcast its programming via satellite, released its second channel in 1987, and inaugurated its international service in 1989. However, despite all the technical achievements, the company is criticized for its newscast, 60 Minutos, by misrepresenting the news and information that every day reverberated society during this period.

In addition to the loss of credibility, prestige and audience, this led to the reorganization and rethinking the mission and identity of Televisión Nacional at times of political instability in Chile, as the last months of the regime were being developed, therefore, in democracy, the company seeks to be reformed and the new government authorities were prepared to make all kinds of changes.

1990–2000: Return to democracy and new organisation model
With the arrival of the 1990s and the return to democracy, under the mandate of President Patricio Aylwin, he decreed the second Law of Television 19,132 of 1992. This was debated widely between the government and opposition, consecrating to the publicly-owned network like an autonomous company with legal personality in its own right and establishing that its assets must be managed by a board of directors, in whose designation are involved are the President of the Republic and the Senate, as well as a representative of the staff.

This legislation sought to transform TVN into a media, autonomous, pluralistic and representative, achieving the original objective proposed at the outset of a programmatic content impartiality trying to have an independence from the government. Another factor was the complementation of a self-financing system, not receiving public funds. Subsequently, the second channel, Canal 9, was acquired by businessman Ricardo Claro and converted into Red Televisiva Megavisión (Mega).

Further advances
With the new organisation model, TVN achieves major accomplishments, such as the creation of new regional television centres, the creation of the online service, TVN.cl, in 1998, the first experimental broadcast in high definition in 1999, and a complete remodeling the Santiago headquarters in 2000, whose first stage was inaugurated in 2002 and the second stage in 2005.

Expansion of audiences (2000–2015)
TVN received the so-called "new millennium" with the special program 2000 Hoy (2000 today) that was broadcast in various segments during the day of 31 December 1999 and featured the participation of various faces of the channel. The space broadcast live the arrival of the year 2000 from different parts of the world and during the night after the message on the national network by President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, a musical show was broadcast from the center of Santiago to await the new year in Chile. Since then, the success of the channel continued at the end of the 1990s and with the arrival of 2000, several programs became popular, such as the telenovela Romané, which obtained 50 audience points in its final episode. Additionally, that year it also broadcast the 2000 Sydney Olympics.

On the afternoon of 19 December 2000, the resignation of René Cortázar from his position as executive director was announced, after a controversy surrounding the episode La CIA en Chile of the Informe Especial program that detailed the intervention of the Central Agency of US intelligence during the government of President Salvador Allende. Before the broadcast, some board members asked the executive director to intervene. Cortázar requested modifications in the program to the press director, Jaime Moreno, but the latter refused and finally the program was broadcast in its entirety in November of that year. This caused the abrupt departure of René Cortázar, despite the fact that during his tenure in his last year, TVN experienced a period of economic prosperity with profits in excess of three billion pesos.

Programming

With diverse programmes, Televisión Nacional de Chile has produced and created its own spaces, as well as in association with various production companies. In addition, it has broadcast information, fiction, foreign content, and sporting events since its inception. Every day the nationwide channel starts its broadcasts with the news programme 24 AM, followed by a space that occupies a large part of the morning programming; During the afternoon two main news programmes are broadcast, 24tarde at 1:00 pm and 24 horas central at 9:00 pm, where the last one is considered as the flagship evening news.

The soap operas and series of own production or of foreign origin have usually occupied since the beginning of the channel, the afternoon schedule, however, also since 2004, TVN has broadcast soap operas at night. Additionally, in the afternoon, apart from the dramas, programmes such as Rojo are broadcast. In the evening, after 24 horas central, the weather forecast is broadcast on TV Tiempo and then programmes or soap operas. Next, the midnight newscast Medianoche is broadcast. During the weekends, cultural, children's, or political discussion programmes such as El informante and Estado nacional are presented.

The news from Chile and the world is presented under the brand 24 horas since 1990, with several daily editions, and all the news programmes are part of the 24-hours news channel Canal 24 horas that breaks into the national channel's usual programming in an emergency, delivering news bulletins, including live broadcast during earthquakes. Previously the news carried the name of Telediario, Martini al instante, Noticiero, the controversial 60 minutos, TVNoticias, and finally Noticias before its current name.

Special programming

Some special programmes that are broadcast by TVN on an annual basis or from time to time, are the presidential debates that are organized by the National Television Association, general elections, special events, the messages of the President of the Republic and also the televised fundraising event Teletón, usually at the end of each year, along with other channels of Chilean television and has done so since the first edition of the event since 1978 for 27 hours like every other. Another activity that is covered annually is the pyrotechnic and musical show of the new year's celebrations in Valparaíso. Previously, celebrations in Santiago were issued in past decades.

Televisión Nacional has been the official network of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival from 1971 to 1993, between 2007 and 2010, and again since 2019; the Festival del Huaso de Olmué from 1989 to 1990, and again since 2014; the Fiesta de la Independencia de Talca since 2016 and also in past decades broadcast the OTI Festival. Some sporting events that are and have been displayed on TVN are the Summer Olympic Games and some Winter editions, the FIFA World Cup, the Copa América, the Santiago Marathon, and in the past until the Formula 1, among other events.

The network broadcasts the Great Military Parade of Chile, a parade that takes place every year in Chile on 19 September in O'Higgins Park in Santiago. The broadcast achieves high audience ratings in conjunction with other television channels, but especially in TVN because it is the channel that makes the television production of the event.

Services

Among its signals is considered a main channel of free reception which transmits by satellite to several repeaters that are located in Chilean territories, having a reach of 98% of the population. It also has nine regional channels with its own production centres, an international service called TV Chile; the news channel Canal 24 Horas and its internet counterpart 24Play; online presence with several sites and the music label TVN Records.

Regional services
 TVN Red Antofagasta (Antofagasta Region).
 TVN Red Atacama (Atacama Region).
 TVN Red Coquimbo (Coquimbo Region).
 TVN Red Valparaíso (Valparaíso Region).
 TVN Red O'Higgins (O'Higgins Region).
 TVN Red Maule (Maule Region).
 TVN Red Biobío (Bío Bío Region and Ñuble Region).
 TVN Red Araucanía (Araucanía Region).
 TVN Red Austral (Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica Region).

Headquarters and regional centres
The official headquarters of Televisión Nacional de Chile is located in Providencia, Santiago Metropolitan Region. The complex is the home of the national channel, the internet and worldwide services, music label, and Fox Sports Chile. Inaugurated in 1970, the renovation of the building began in 1999 and was completed in 2005. On 1 December 2004, the station suffered a fire due to an electrical failure. The incident caused the interruption of the main channel for one hour. There were no injuries or deaths and four fire companies controlled the fire.

The centre is familiar to many Chilean citizens and is currently a site visited by tour guides. Within the enclosure is an esplanade known as "Patio de las Comunicaciones", occasionally used for corporate events and television programmes. The complex also includes 3 studios for the drama area, a center for domestic, global, and online news divisions and the sports area, a video editing room, an auditorium, warehouses of props, files of documentation, a cafeteria, dressing rooms for artists and technical staff, technical areas, office areas for the board of directors, general management, general secretary, administration and finance, press, as well as 2 levels of underground car parks.

Televisión Nacional de Chile has production centres with newsrooms and studios in Antofagasta, Copiapó, La Serena, Valparaíso, Rancagua, Talca, Concepción, Temuco and Punta Arenas. In addition, a commercial office in Arica y Parinacota Region.

Structure and governance

Chairpersons of the Board of Directors

Corporate identity

Mascots
From 1970 to 1973, the network had a mascot named Tevito, accompanied by "Charagua" as characteristic music that was composed by Víctor Jara and performed by Inti-Illimani. After the coup d'état on 11 September 1973, Tevito was suddenly removed from the advertisements, several video tapes where it appeared were destroyed by the Chilean Army, and finally, it was replaced by other characters. However, Tevito was again used symbolically on 11 March 1990, on the day of the presidential inauguration of Patricio Aylwin. Currently, "Charagua" in Chile is usually related to Televisión Nacional as de facto institutional theme.

Tevito
Tevito was a smiling cartoon dog personified in various ways. Sometimes, he was a boxer, sometimes he wore reading glasses, and also disguised himself as a vampire. He played the trutruca, a typical instrument of the Mapuche indigenous people of southern Chile. More often, Tevito, in the manner of a chinchinero, carried on his back a bass drum carrying the first network logo with both long mallets hitting the drum, with a set of suspended cymbals similar to a drum kit on top of the drum. The character was created by Carlos González, a student of the Fine Arts Institute in Santiago, Chile, whose drawing won the competition among six other submissions. Since then Tevito become part of the Chilean popular culture.

Ito e Ita
Ito e Ita was the second mascot of TVN. It debuted in 1974 and remained on screen until 1978 with the arrival of color television, they were usually accompanied by music from the band Los Huasos Quincheros.

Conejito TV
In 1979 a third mascot designed for colour broadcast named Conejito TV, was presented. Conejito TV remained until 1984 and was usually accompanied by Gabriela Velasco.

Clorofilo
In 1987, it was presented a mascot that consisted of a green extraterrestrial without name. The extraterrestrial was finally baptized as Clorofilo, in reference to the green chlorophyll, after a contest. Finally, Clorofilo was removed from the screen in mid-1988 and since then they have not used characters of that type as mascots.

Logos

Televisión Nacional de Chile has a corporate identity based on the promotion and strengthening of the Chilean culture. Since its inception, the colours of the national flag have been used mostly to identify the company in their logos, such as the current one where the red colour predominates.

Logo history
The original logo, which made its debut on 18 September 1969, featured a "screen" with the borders corresponding with the colors of the Chilean flag. Inside the "screen", it has the TV Chile typograph (unrelated to the TV Chile international service), but the texts T and Chile were initially black before switching to blue on 6 February 1978, corresponding with the arrival of colour television. The colors on the "screen" border were modified and the gap between the colors became wider, along with the V going separate from the T and Chile.

On 1 April 1984, the logo was replaced with an "N" with Chilean flag color ribbons, before a modified version of the 1978 logo returned 3 years later. It first appeared on TVN's news programs in 1987. The modified logo featured a different shade of blue along the "screen" border, and Chile had a more condensed font. The 1984 design continued to be the secondary logo until January 1988. When TV Chile launched in 1989, it had the same logo as TVN. The design continued to be used until 1990, but between 11 March and 21 November, the borders of the "screen" were changed to rainbow, and the text Chile was light blue. Prior to this, the modified logo's red and blue stripes were also swapped.

The 1990 design, launched on 23 November 1990, ditched the "screen" with the TV typograph in black text, and Chile was replaced with a stripe of the Chilean colors. A modified version, launched on 2 June 1993, replaced the text color from black to grey, along with a more italicised look and a lighter blue colour stripe, and on 1 September 1996, it added the letter N, and the white stripe was removed, leaving only the blue and red stripes. The aforementioned stripes were also changed to be lighter.

A transitional logo, still keeping the 1996 logo, was introduced in late 2003. This would be the predecessor of the 2004 logo, as it featured the white TVN logo inside a red square.

On 4 January 2004, the 1996 design was replaced with the "red square" logo, featuring the TVN typograph inside a red square. A modified version was introduced on 9 August 2016, with rounded edges. Prior to its debut as its corporate logo, the "cuadrado rojo" (red square) was a symbol that debuted in September 1994, and since then, it began to be used progressively in the advertising and in 2001, it was used for the first time on-screen to show the content rating system. Since then, it began to draw attention, and in January 2004, it ended up becoming the corporate logo.

Since its release, the "red square" has influenced the logos and graphics of all brands of Televisión Nacional. In October 2020, the red square was removed, leaving just the TVN typograph in a red colour. However, it also featured a separate blue-coloured logo.

See also
 List of television stations in Chile
 Television in Chile
 Public broadcasting

References

Citations

Sources
 María, Hurtado; Edwards, Paula; Guilisasti, Rafael – Historia de la televisión en Chile (1959–1973) – Eds. Documentas, Ceneca, 1989.

External links

 Official site

Television networks in Chile
Television channels and stations established in 1969
Publicly funded broadcasters
Spanish-language television stations
Companies based in Santiago
State media
1969 establishments in Chile

Televisión Nacional de Chile


Das WZIOM, auch VTsIOM und VCIOM, (, die Abkürzung von ; übersetzt Allrussisches Zentrum der Erforschung der öffentlichen Meinung oder kurz Allrussisches Meinungsforschungszentrum) ist ein russisches Markt- und Meinungsforschungsunternehmen. Es ist das älteste Unternehmen dieser Art im postsowjetischen Raum. Das zu 100 % staatliche Institut hat seinen Hauptsitz in Moskau und unterhält örtliche Repräsentanzen in sieben föderalen Distrikten.

Geschichte
WZIOM wurde im Dezember 1987 als erstes Meinungsforschungsinstitut der Sowjetunion unter dem Namen Wsesojusny zentr isutschenija obschtschestwennowo mnenija (Allunions-Meinungsforschungszentrum) gegründet. Es war dem Ministerium für Arbeit der UdSSR und dem Allrussischen Zentralrat der Gewerkschaften ВЦСПС (VCSPS/AUCCTU) zugeordnet. Als Gründer werden Tatjana Saslawskaja und Boris Gruschin genannt. Saslawskaja zufolge diente das Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach von Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann bei der Gründung des WZIOM als Modell. Ein Jahr später, 1988, wurde Juri Lewada zur Mitarbeit eingeladen und leitete dort bis 1992 die Abteilung für theoretische Untersuchungen. Im selben Jahr wurde er als Nachfolger von Tatjana Saslawskaja zum Leiter des WZIOM ernannt.
Im August 1989 verließ Boris Gruschin das WZIOM, um sein eigenes Meinungsforschung "Vox Populi" zu gründen

Im Jahr 1998 erfolgte eine Neuregistrierung des WZIOM als GUP, worunter ein staatliches Unternehmen verstanden wird, das zwar das Recht zur Durchführung kommerzieller Aktivitäten besitzt, allerdings eine Rechenschaftspflicht gegenüber dem Arbeitsministerium hat. Im Jahr 1999 erhielt das Institut den Status einer akademischen Einrichtung.

Im Jahr 2003 wurde das Institut, das dem Kreml ein Dorn im Auge war, unter einem Vorwand in eine offene Aktiengesellschaft (OAO) in hundertprozentigem Staatsbesitz umgewandelt. Der damalige Institutsleiter Juri Lewada, der bis dahin der Tatsache, dass das Institut ein staatliches Unternehmen war, wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt hatte, fürchtete nun aber um die Unabhängigkeit seines Instituts und gründete mit Teilen des Institutspersonals den Ableger WZIOM-A. Im Jahr 2004 entschied der Föderale Antimonopoldienst, dass WZIOM der alleinige Inhaber der Markenrechte des Instituts sei, worauf Lewada seinen Ableger in Lewada-Zentrum umbenannte.

Tätigkeitsbereich
Das marktführende Institut publiziert eine Vielzahl von Studien, die alle wichtigen Bereiche aus Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft abdecken. Das Institut arbeitet für in- und ausländische Kunden, worunter auch das UNO-Programm UNDP, das US-Außenministerium oder die NATO sind. Seit 2004 beteiligt sich das Institut an der Entwicklung und Gestaltung des Eurasian Monitor, eines Systems für kontinuierliche soziologische Untersuchungen im postsowjetischen Raum.

Das WZIOM führt unter anderem wöchentlich eine landesweite Mehrthemenumfrage (Omnibus study) durch, die die Bezeichnung "Express" trägt.

Institutsleitung
Das WZIOM wurde von 1987 bis 1992 durch Tatjana Saslawskaja geleitet. Stellvertreter bis August 1989 war Boris Gruschin. Seit 1992 hatte Juri Lewada die Institutsleitung inne, der 2003 von Waleri Fjodorow abgelöst wurde.

Verschiedenes
Seit 1992 gibt das WZIOM die von Tatjana Saslawskaja gegründete Zeitschrift "Мониторинг общественного мнения: экономические и социальные перемены" / "The Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes Journal" heraus. Die Artikel des Journals erscheinen in Russisch und Englisch.

Das Meinungsforschungsinstitut WZIOM ist Mitglied der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Meinungs- und Marketingforschung (ESOMAR).

Literatur
 Juri Lewada: Die Sowjetmenschen 1989–1991: Soziogramm eines Zerfalls. DTV, München 1992.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website, wciom.ru (russisch)
 Offizielle Website, wciom.com (englisch)
 Presseveröffentlichungen, wciom.com (englisch)
 Veröffentlichungen, wciom.com (mehrsprachig)
 Unternehmensleitung, wciom.com
 Unternehmensgeschichte, wciom.com

Einzelnachweise

Meinungsforschungsunternehmen
Sowjetische Organisation
Unternehmen (Moskau)
Gegründet 1987
Abkürzung

WZIOM


En informatique, une matrice Judy est une structure de données mettant en œuvre un type de tableau associatif offrant de hautes performances et une faible utilisation de la mémoire. Contrairement à la plupart des autres bases de données clé-valeur, les matrices Judy n'utilisent pas de hachage, exploitent la compression sur leurs clés (qui peuvent être des entiers ou des chaînes de caractères) et peuvent représenter efficacement des données éparses, c'est-à-dire qu'ils peuvent avoir de grandes plages d'indices non attribués sans augmenter considérablement l'utilisation de la mémoire ou le temps de traitement. Ils sont conçus pour rester efficaces même sur des structures dont la taille est de l'ordre du péta-élément, avec des performances de l'ordre de O(log n). Grossièrement, les matrices Judy sont des arbres radix 256-ary hautement optimisés.

Les arbres Judy sont généralement plus rapides que les arbres AVL, les arbres B, les tables de hachage et les skip list car ils sont hautement optimisés pour maximiser l'utilisation du cache CPU. De plus, ils ne nécessitent aucun équilibrage d'arbre et aucun algorithme de hachage n'est utilisé.

Histoire
La matrice Judy a été inventée par Douglas Baskins et nommée d'après sa sœur.

Avantages

Allocation de mémoire
Les matrices Judy sont dynamiques et peuvent croître ou décroître à mesure que des éléments sont ajoutés ou retirés du tableau. La mémoire utilisée par les matrices Judy est presque proportionnelle au nombre d'éléments de la matrice.

Vitesse
Les matrices Judy sont conçues pour minimiser le nombre de remplissages coûteux de lignes de cache à partir de la RAM, et l'algorithme contient donc une logique très complexe pour éviter les manques de cache aussi souvent que possible. Grâce à ces optimisations du cache, les matrices Judy sont rapides, en particulier pour les très grands ensembles de données. Sur les ensembles de données séquentielles ou presque séquentielles, les matrices Judy peuvent même surpasser les tables de hachage car, contrairement à ces dernières, la structure arborescente interne des matrices Judy maintient l'ordre des clés.

Désavantages
Les matrices Judy sont extrêmement compliquées. Les plus petites implémentations représentent des milliers de lignes de code. En outre, les matrices Judy sont optimisées pour les machines dotées de lignes de cache de 64 octets, ce qui les rend essentiellement intransportables sans une réécriture importante. Dans la plupart des applications, l'avantage possible en termes de performances est trop faible pour justifier la grande complexité de l'implémentation de la structure de données.

Références

Articles connexes

Articles connexes
 Arbre radix
 Matrice de hachage d'essai cartographié

Liens externes

 Site principal des matrices Judy (en)
 Comment les matrices Judy fonctionnent et pourquoi elles sont si rapides (en)
 Une comparaison indépendante des performances de Judy par rapport aux tables de hachage (en)
 Une implémentation compacte des tableaux Judy en 1250 lignes de code C (en)

Structure de données

Matrice Judy


Mehmet Esat Işık veya bilinen adıyla Mehmet Esat Paşa (16 Nisan 1865, İstanbul - 1 Kasım 1936, İstanbul), Türk göz hekimi, siyasetçi.

Türk göz hekimliği tarihinde önemli bir yeri olan ve Milli Mücadele sırasında siyasal faaliyetleri ile öne çıkan bir isimdir.

Dr. Esat Paşa, Paris'teki eğitimi sırasında tıp literatürüne "Dr. Esat oftalmoskopu" olarak geçen çift aynalı oftalmoskopu geliştirmiş; 1899'da İstanbul'daki Askeri Tıbbiye Mektebi bünyesinde Türkiye'nin ilk modern göz kliniğini kurmuştur.

Milli Mücadele döneminde İstanbul'da partiler-üstü bir cemiyet olan "Milli Kongre"nin oluşmasına önderlik eden Mehmet Esat Bey, 1919'daki Meclis-i Mebûsan seçimlerinde etkin rol almıştır ve I. Dünya Savaşı'ından sonra işgalci İngiliz güçleri tarafından tutuklanan Malta sürgünlerinden birisi olmuştur.

Osmanlı sadrazamlarından Gürcü Ağa Yusuf Paşa'nın torunu, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde Milli Savunma ve Dışişleri bakanlıklarında bulunmuş Hasan Esat Işık'ın babasıdır.

Yaşamı
1864'te İstanbul'da dünyaya geldi. Babası devlet şurası azası Neşet Bey, annesi Gürcü Ağa Yusuf Paşa'nın kızı Fatma Hanım idi. İki yaşında iken anne ve babası ayrıldı. Annesi Fatma Hanım onu dedesi Yusuf Paşa ve bir Jön Türk olan dayısı Menâpirzâde Nuri Bey'in yanında yetiştirildi. İlk ve ortaöğrenimini İstanbul'da tamamladı. İdadi okulunu Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane'de tamamladı.

Tıp eğitimi
1889'da tabip yüzbaşı olarak Askeri Tıbbiye'yi bitirdi ve  göz hastalıkları alanında uzmanlaşmak üzere devlet tarafından Paris'e gönderildi. Temel tıp bilgilerinde yetersizliğini fark ederek önce Paris Tıp Fakültesi'ne normal bir öğrenci olarak kaydoldu; Paris Tıp Fakültesi'nden 1893'te mezun olduktan sonra göz alanındaki eğitimini tamamladı. Tezini, Paris Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi'nin ilk oftalmotoloji profesörü olan Dr. Fotinos Panas'ın yanında yazdı.

Paris Tıp Fakültesi'nde öğrenci iken; Alman fizik bilginlerinden Helmholtz tarafından 1851'de geliştirilmiş olan basit oftalmoskop üzerinde çalıştı, 1893'te çift aynalı yeni bir oftalmoskop geliştirdi ve üretti. Bu araç, Esat Modeli oftalmoskop olarak anılır.

İhtisas diplomasını aldıktan sonra bir göz kliniğinde 6 ay kadar şef olarak çalıştı; çeşitli yayınlar yaptı ve Fransız Oftalmoloji Cemiyeti'ne üye seçildi. 1894'te Paris'ten ayrılarak 6 ay boyunca Berlin ve Viyana'a çeşitli göz kliniklerinde incelemelerde bulundu. 1894 sonunda Türkiye'ye döndü.

Hekimliği
Avrupa'da tıp eğitimini tamamlayan Esat Bey, Türkiye'ye döndükten sonra bir süre İstanbul dışında bir hastanede uzmanlığı ile ilgisiz bir görev yapmak zorunda kaldı. Askeri Mektepler Nazırı Zeki Paşa'ya başvurusunun üzerine Askeri Tıbbiye Mektebi göz hastalıkları (emraz-ı ayniye) asistanı (müderris muavini) olarak atandı. Bu okulun bünyesinde ülkenin ilk modern göz kliniğini kurdu. Paris'ten getirdiği kendi aletlerini bu klinikte kullandı. Bir yandan da Hamidiye Etfal Hastanesi ve Darülaceze'de gönüllü olarak çalıştı; kör çocukların eğitimi ile ilgilendi. Ayrıca 1897'de yaklaşık bir ay süren 1897 Osmanlı-Yunan Savaşı nedeniyle yaralıların nakledildiği Yıldız Hastanesi'nde de bir süre görev yaptı.

1899'da müderris (profesör) kadrosuna getirilen Esat Paşa, 1903 yılında miralay rütbesine yükseldi, 1907'de mirliva (tuğgeneral) oldu. 1910 yılında  Askeri Tıbbiye'den emekli oldu ve askerlik yaşamı böylece sona erdi.

Askeri Tıbbiye ve Mülkiye Tıbbiyesi'nin birleştirilmesi ile Darülfünun'a bağlı bir fakülte olarak kurulan Haydarpaşa Tıp Fakültesi'ne göz hastalıkları alanında hoca olarak atandı.

Siyasal hayatı
Meşturiyet'in ilanından sonra, Dahiliye Nezareti'nin Sıhhiye Müdüiriyet-i Umumisi (Sağlık İşleri Genel Müdürü) gibi siyasal görevlere getirildi.

I. Balkan Savaşı yıllarında Hilâl-i Ahmer Cemiyeti'nde görev aldı.

1916'da, sağlık müdürlüğü  görevine devam etmekte iken kurulan Milli Talim ve Terbiye Cemiyeti'nin kurucuları arasında yer aldı ve başkanlığını üstlendi. Bu cemiyet, öğrencilerin eğitimine yönelik faaliyet göstermek üzere kurulduysa da I. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra ülkenin işgali üzerine çalışmalarını; ülkenin kurtarılması için çalışan aydınların bir araya getirilmesi üzerine yoğunlaştırmıştır

Esat Bey, adı kurucu listesinde bulunmasa da 9 Kasım 1918'de kurulan "Teceddüt Fırkası" adlı siyasi partinin kuruluşuna destek vermiştir. İttihat ve Terakki'nin devamı niteliğindeki bu fırka siyasette fazlaca bir varlık gösterememiştir. Bunu gören Dr. Esat Bey partiler-üstü bir uzlaşmayı sağlamak üzere çalışmaya yöneldi.

İstanbul'un 13 Kasım 1918'de Birleşik Krallık işgaline uğramasından sonra 29 Kasım 1918'de 50'den fazla kuruluş ile bazı bağımsız aydınların birleşmesinden oluşan Milli Kongre adlı oluşumun kurucuları arasında yer aldı. Amaç, İstanbul halkının işgale bilinçlendirilmesi ve aydınların işgale karşı bir duruş göstermesinin sağlanması idi. Milli Kongre Cemiyeti ile ilgili tüm gelişmeler onun eylemciliği ve kişiliğine bağlı olarak gerçekleşti. Milli Kongre faaliyetleri Haziran 1919'da İstanbul hükûmeti tarafından Kütahya'ya sürgün edilmesine yol açtı. İki aylık sürgünden sonra İstanbul'a dönmesine izin verildi.

Esat Bey, 1919'da kurulan Osmanlı Çiftçiler Cemiyeti Fırkası'nın başkanlığını üstlendi. Fırka, Son Osmanlı Mebusan Meclisi için yapılan 1919 seçimlerine katıldı.

1919 seçimleri sürecinde Esad Bey'in 2 Kasım 1919'da Heyet-i Temsiliye'ye "seçimlerin tarafsızlığına müdahele edilmemesi"ni isteyen bir telgraf göndermesi Mustafa Kemal ve arkadaşlarında rahatsızlık oluşturdu.

Malta sürgünü
16 Mart 1920'de İstanbul'u işgal eden İngilizler, İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti ile ilişkisi nedeniyle onu Malta'ya sürdü. Esat Paşa, sürgün öncesinde Casus Mustafa Sagir olayında istemeden rol almıştı. Malta'ya sürülmesinde Casus Mustafa Sagir'in rolü olduğu düşünülür.

Malta sürgünlüğü sırasında diğer sürgünlerin göz hastalıkları ile ilgilendi ve bir Göz Hastalıkları kitabı yazdı.

Sürgünden dönüşü
1921 yılının Ekim ayında İngilizlerle Ankara hükümetinin yaptığı bir tür tutsak değişimi sonucu serbest bırakıldı. Diğer Malta sürgünleri ile birlikte bir gemiye bindirilerek İnebolu limanına kadar getirildi; 4 Kasım'da sürgünden kurtulanlarla birlikte Ankara'ya gitti.

Esat Paşa, Ankara'ya varışından kısa süre sonra Hilal-i Ahmer Cemiyeti Ankara şubesine murahhas üye seçildi ve TBMM hükümeti tarafından cemiyetin müdür yardımcılığına getirildi. Kendisine  Ankara'da başka bir görev teklif edilmeyince 1923'te İstanbul'a gitti. 1923-1925 arasında Ankara'ya tekrar dönerek Gureba (Numune) Hastanesi'nin göz polikliniğini kurdu. Bu son görevden sonra siyasetten çekildi, İstanbul'a dönüp bir süre toprakla uğraştı ve İstanbul'un en ünlü göz hekimi olarak asıl mesleğini de sürdürdü. 1931'de Darülfünun''da göz hastalıkları müderrisi olarak göreve başladı.

1933'teki Üniversite Reformu sonucu kadro dışı bırakıdı ve  Darülfünun'dan emekliye oldu. Emekli olduktan sonra Moda'daki evinde hasta baktı. Soyadı Kanunu'ndan sonra "Işık" soyadını aldı.

1 Kasım 1936'da kalp krizi sonucu İstanbul'daki evinde hayatını kaybetti. Mezarı Çamlıca'dadır.

Evlilikleri ve çocukları
Mehmet Esat Bey, ilk evliliğini Fransa'dan döndükten sonra Paris sefiri Sadullah Paşa'nın kızı Nazlı Hanım ile yapmış ve bu evlilikten Fatma Muide, Yusuf Süreyya, Sadullah Arif, Belkıs Belga adlarında dört çocuk sahibi olmuştur. İlk eşinin hastalığı nedeniyle bu ilişkiyi devam ettiremyince ayrıldı. On iki yıl sonra ikinci evliliğini Vezir Hasan Hilmi Paşa'nın kızı Makbule Hanım ile yapan Esat Paşa; bu evlilikten Tomris Arif ve Hasan Fikret (bilinen adıyla Hasan Esat Işık) adlarında iki çocuk sahibi olmuştur.

Ayrıca bakınız
Gürcü Ağa Yusuf Paşa
Menâpirzâde Nuri Bey
Hasan Esat Işık

Kaynakça ve Dipnot

1865 doğumlular
1936 yılında ölenler
İstanbul doğumlu siyasetçiler
Malta sürgünleri
Türk tıp akademisyenleri
Türk hekimler
İstanbul doğumlu hekimler
Osmanlı paşaları
Osmanlı siyasetçileri
İstanbul'da ölenler
Gürcü asıllı Türkler

Mehmet Esat Işık


El género Elasmus es el único miembro de la subfamilia Elasminae (anteriormente una familia independiente, Elasmidae). Contiene cerca de 200 especies en todo el mundo. La mayoría son parasitoides o hiperparasitoides de larvas de lepidópteros, tales como Phyllocnistis citrella (minador de los cítricos), aunque algunas especies son parasitoides de larvas de Polistes.

Referencias

Eulophidae
Géneros de himenópteros

Elasmus


Alan Anthony Silvestri (born March 26, 1950) is an American composer and conductor of film and television scores. He has been associated with director Robert Zemeckis since 1984, composing music for nearly all of his feature films including the Back to the Future film series, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Forrest Gump, Cast Away, and The Polar Express. Silvestri also composed many other popular movies, including Predator, The Abyss, Father of the Bride, The Bodyguard, Eraser, The Parent Trap, Stuart Little, The Mummy Returns, Lilo & Stitch, The Wild, Night at the Museum trilogy, G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, The Croods, Ready Player One, and several Marvel Cinematic Universe films, including the Avengers films.

He is a two-time Academy Award and Golden Globe Award nominee, and a three-time Saturn Award and two-time Primetime Emmy Award recipient.

Early life and education
Silvestri was born March 26, 1950. His grandparents emigrated in 1909 from the Italian town of Castell'Alfero, and settled in Teaneck, New Jersey. He grew up in Teaneck, and graduated in 1968 from  Teaneck High School. He attended Berklee College of Music for two years. He was a drummer for a short time in 1966 with Teaneck-based rock band The Wildcats.

Career
Silvestri moved to Los Angeles in 1970. "I came to Hollywood in 1970 broke...I didn't even have any goals or plans. I didn't even go to movies. And I knew nothing about composers or composing," he said. In 1972, while he was working intermittently as a session guitarist, the producer of the low-budget action film The Doberman Gang asked him to score the picture. Silvestri agreed, despite a lack of experience: "I went out and bought a how-to-compose book by Earl Hagen... At one point I was using beer cans for percussion."

From 1978 to 1983, Silvestri was the main composer for the television series CHiPs, writing music for 95 of the show's 139 episodes.

Silvestri met film director Robert Zemeckis when they worked together on Zemeckis's film Romancing the Stone (1984). Since then, he has composed the music for all of Zemeckis's movies, including the Back to the Future trilogy (1985–1990), Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), Death Becomes Her (1992), Forrest Gump (1994), Contact (1997), Cast Away (2000), The Polar Express (2004), Beowulf (2007), A Christmas Carol (2009), Flight (2012) and The Walk (2015).

In 1989, Silvestri composed the score for the James Cameron-directed film The Abyss.  Since 2001, he has also collaborated regularly with director Stephen Sommers, scoring the films The Mummy Returns (2001), Van Helsing (2004) and G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra (2009).

Silvestri has composed the scores for four Marvel Cinematic Universe films: Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), The Avengers (2012), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019). His themes and motifs from those films have been referenced and reprised by other composers in multiple other MCU films.

Silvestri has also composed music for television series, including T. J. Hooker (one episode), Starsky & Hutch (three episodes), Tales from the Crypt (seven episodes). In 2014, he composed the award-winning music for the science documentary series Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey. He wrote new songs with Glen Ballard for the live-action film adaptation of Disney's Pinocchio.

Personal life
Silvestri and his wife Sandra own a vineyard, Silvestri Vineyards, in Carmel Valley, California. He also has a wine tasting room for his vineyards on the ground floor of the Enchanted Oaks Building.  He has a daughter and two sons. A licensed pilot, he flies his own jet aircraft.

Awards
Silvestri has received two Academy Award nominations: Best Original Score for Forrest Gump (1994); and Best Original Song for "Believe" on The Polar Express soundtrack. He also received two Golden Globe nominations: Best Score for Forrest Gump and Best Song for The Polar Express.

Silvestri received an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music in 1995.

He has also received nine Grammy Award nominations, winning two awards: Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media for "Believe" from The Polar Express in 2004; and Best Instrumental Composition for "Cast Away End Credits" from Cast Away in 2002. His other nominations were for Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special and Best Instrumental Composition, for Back to the Future in 1985, Best Album of Original Instrumental Background Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television, for Who Framed Roger Rabbit in 1988, Best Instrumental Composition, for "Who Framed Roger Rabbit Suite" in 1989, Best Pop Instrumental Performance, for "I'm Forrest...Forrest Gump (The Feather Theme)" in 1994, Best Instrumental Composition, for Avengers: Infinity War in 2018 and Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media, for Avengers: Endgame in 2019. During the 2005 Grammy Awards, Josh Groban performed "Believe".

He has won two Emmys, both for Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey – Outstanding Main Title Theme Music and Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for the episode "Standing Up in the Milky Way".

He has won the Saturn Award for Best Music three times, for his scores for Predator (1987), Back to the Future Part III (1989/90) and Van Helsing (2004).

On September 23, 2011, he received the Max Steiner Film Music Achievement Award from the City of Vienna the yearly film-music gala concert Hollywood in Vienna.

Filmography

Film - 1970s and 1980s

Film - 1990s

Film - 2000s

Film - 2010s

Film - 2020s

Television series

See also
 Music of the Marvel Cinematic Universe

References

External links

Alan Silvestri at Soundtrackguide.net
 Castell'Alfero (Italy) country of Asti of which it is City Honorarium

1950 births
20th-century American composers
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American pianists
20th-century classical composers
20th-century classical pianists
21st-century American composers
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists
21st-century classical composers
21st-century classical pianists
American classical pianists
American conductors (music)
American contemporary classical composers
American film score composers
American male classical composers
American male classical pianists
American male conductors (music)
American male film score composers
American people of Italian descent
American television composers
Animated film score composers
Berklee College of Music alumni
Classical musicians from New Jersey
Decca Records artists
Hollywood Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Male television composers
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Teaneck High School alumni
Varèse Sarabande Records artists

Alan Silvestri


La plaza de toros de Tortosa, también conocida como el coso de Los Remolinos o plaza de las diversiones públicas (debido a que no tan  solo se llevaban a cabo corridas de toros, sino también otros eventos lúdicos), fue una plaza de toros que se encontraba en la ciudad homónima de Tortosa, en la provincia de Tarragona. Se ubicaba en el barrio de Remolins, entre el balneario de Manuel Porcar y el castillo de San Juan.

Historia
De arquitectura sobria, su construcción fue llevada a cabo en el año 1850 con un total de 4000 localidades. Poseía un ruedo de 35 metros y dos pisos de palcos, además del tendido.

Fue remodelada en 1881 y finalmente fue derribada en 1943.

Cabe reseñar que su uso no se limitó al de festejos taurinos sino que también se celebraron mítines políticos, proyecciones de películas cinematográficas, obras teatrales e incluso se ha llevado a cabo algún espectáculo circense.

Accidente
En la tarde del 8 de septiembre de 1930, durante una corrida en la que actuaban Manuel Martínez y Heriberto García, al espada Martínez, el estoque salió disparado como una flecha y acabó con la vida de uno de los espectadores del festejo.

Véase también
 Tauromaquia en Cataluña

Bibliografía
Felices, Raúl: "Cataluña taurina", Ediciones Bellaterra, 2010.

Referencias

Tortosa
Tortosa
Tortosa
Historia de la provincia de Tarragona
Cataluña en el siglo XIX
Cataluña en el siglo XX
Edificios y estructuras de Tortosa
Arquitectura de España de 1850
España en 1943
Arquitectura en Cataluña en el siglo XIX

Plaza de toros de Tortosa


Séverni  es un jútor del raión de Kalíninskaya del krai de Krasnodar en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en la orilla izquierda de uno de los afluentes del limán Ponurski del delta del Kirpili, 8 km al suroeste de Kalíninskaya y 54 km al noroeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai.  Tenía 111 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Grishkovskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es una traducción parcial de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Северный (Калининский район)
 Mapa topográfico en maps vlasenko.net''

Localidades del raión de Kalíninskaya del krai de Krasnodar

Séverni (Kalíninskaya, Krasnodar)


Los metriorrinquinos (Metriorhynchinae) son una subfamilia de crocodiliformes metriorrínquidos que vivieron de finales del Jurásico Medio hasta el Cretácico Inferior (Calloviense - Valanginiense) de Europa, Norteamérica y Suramérica. Nombrada por Fitzinger en 1843, contiene a los metriorrínquidos Metriorhynchus, Gracilineustes, Cricosaurus y Rhacheosaurus. Los dos últimos taxones forman una tribu dentro de Metriorhynchinae, los Rhacheosaurini. Metriorhynchinae es una de las dos subfamilias de Metriorhynchidae; el otro grupo es Geosaurinae.

Filogenia
Metriorhynchinae es un taxón definido en 2009 como el clado más inclusivo que consiste en Metriorhynchus geoffroyii, pero no de Geosaurus giganteus. Rhacheosaurini es un taxón basado en raíces y fue nombrado y definido por Mark T. Young, Mark A. Bell y Stephen L. Brusatte en 2011 como el clado más inclusivo que contiene a Rhacheosaurus gracilis, pero no de Metriorhynchus geoffroyii y Gracilineustes leedsi. El siguiente cladograma sigue la topología de un análisis de 2010 hecho por Mark T. Young, Stephen L. Brusatte, Marcello Ruta y Marco Brandalise de Andrade con nombres de clados según Young et al. 2011.

Referencias

Metriorhynchinae


بلدية إل بايستيرو (بالإسبانية: El Ballestero) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة البسيط التابعة لمنطقة كاستيا لا مانتشا وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية إل بايستيرو 473 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني الإسباني للإحصاء).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية إل بايستيرو

أماكن مأهولة في البسيط
بلديات البسيط

إل بايستيرو


Rossella Vodret est une historienne de l'art italienne, née en 1950.

Biographie
Après des études menées à Rome puis complétées à l'étranger, Rossella Vodret mène une carrière essentiellement en Italie, qui la voit diriger diverses institutions muséales ainsi que des expositions d'art. Elle est l'autrice de nombreux ouvrages et publications, consacrées surtout à la peinture romaine du , avec une spécialisation autour de Caravage et des caravagesques.

Références

Liens externes

Historien de l'art italien
Historienne
Naissance en avril 1950

Rossella Vodret


Copiapoa, rod kaktusa smješten u vlastiti tribus Copiapoeae, dio potporodice Cactoideae. Postoji 32 priznatih vrsta iz središnjeg i sjevernog Čilea

Vrste

 Copiapoa ahremephiana N. P. Taylor & G. J. Charles
 Copiapoa algarrobensis Katt.
 Copiapoa angustiflora Helmut Walter, G. J. Charles & Mächler
 Copiapoa boliviana (Pfeiff.) F. Ritter
 Copiapoa calderana F. Ritter
 Copiapoa cinerascens (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose
 Copiapoa cinerea (Phil.) Britton & Rose
 Copiapoa coquimbana (Karw.) Britton & Rose
 Copiapoa corralensis I. Schaub & Keim
 Copiapoa dealbata F. Ritter
 Copiapoa decorticans N. P. Taylor & G. J. Charles
 Copiapoa echinata F. Ritter
 Copiapoa echinoides (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose
 Copiapoa eremophila F. Ritter
 Copiapoa fusca I. Schaub & Keim
 Copiapoa grandiflora F. Ritter
 Copiapoa griseoviolacea I. Schaub & Keim
 Copiapoa humilis (Phil.) Hutchison
 Copiapoa hypogaea F. Ritter
 Copiapoa krainziana F. Ritter
 Copiapoa laui Diers
 Copiapoa leonensis I. Schaub & Keim
 Copiapoa longistaminea F. Ritter
 Copiapoa marginata (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose
 Copiapoa megarhiza Britton & Rose
 Copiapoa rarissima F. Ritter
 Copiapoa rupestris F. Ritter
 Copiapoa sarcoana I. Schaub & Keim
 Copiapoa schulziana I. Schaub & Keim
 Copiapoa serpentisulcata F. Ritter
 Copiapoa solaris (F. Ritter) F. Ritter
 Copiapoa superba I. Schaub & Keim

Izvori

Cactoideae

Copiapoa


este un gen de mamifere din care fac parte 2 specii de vulpe, printre care , unica vulpe din America de Sud cu abilități de cățărare în copaci. Este un animal omnivor, hrănindu-se cu semințe, fructe și carne.

Note

Canidae

Urocyon


Osladovke (Polypodiaceae), porodica pravih paprati (papratnice) iz reda Polypodiales. Poznate su još od donje jure, i još češće od paleogena. U Hrvatskoj su pronađene u miocenu, a danas je tu zastupljeno svega nekoliko vrsta iz roda oslad (Polypodium).

Porodica se sastoji od potporodica s preko 1737 vrsta i 39 hibrida, a najvažniji je oslad, koji je ovo hrvatsko ime dobio zbog slatkog okusa podanka. Naziv polypodium dolazi od grčkog polys (mnogo) i podium (nožica), zbog perastih režnjeva listova nalik nožicama. Kod obične osladi (Polypodium vulgare) jestiv je samo podanak, i to u manjoj količini.

Rodovi

 Familia Polypodiaceae J. & C. Presl (1737 spp.)
 Subfamilia Loxogrammoideae H. Schneid.
 Dictymia J. Sm. (2 spp.)
 Loxogramme (Blume) C. Presl (39 spp.)
 Subfamilia Drynarioideae Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel
 Drynaria (Bory) J. Sm. (33 spp.)
 Pichisermollodes Fraser-Jenk. & Challis (14 spp.)
 xSellimeris Fraser-Jenk., Sushil K. Singh & J. Fraser-Jenk. (0 sp.)
 Selliguea Bory (112 spp.)
 Gymnogrammitis Griffith (1 sp.)
 Subfamilia Platycerioideae B. K. Nayar
 Platycerium Desv. (17 spp.)
 Hovenkampia Li Bing Zhang & X. M. Zhou (3 spp.)
 Pyrrosia Mirb. (64 spp.)
 Subfamilia Microsoroideae B. K. Nayar
 Tribus Thylacoptereae C. C. Chen & H. Schneider
 Thylacopteris Kunze ex J. Sm. (3 spp.)
 Tribus Goniophlebieae C. C. Chen & H. Schneider
 Goniophlebium (Blume) C. Presl (34 spp.)
 Tribus Lecanoptereae C. C. Chen & H. Schneider
 Bosmania Testo (3 spp.)
 Lecanopteris Reinw. (24 spp.)
 Tribus Microsoreae V. N. Tu
 Microsorum Link (46 spp.)
 Leptochilus Kaulf. (33 spp.)
 Podosorus Holttum (1 sp.)
 Tribus Lepisoreae Ching ex E. Hennipman, P. Veldhoen & K. U. Kramer
 Lepisorus (J. Sm.) Ching (100 spp.)
 Subfamilia Polypodioideae Sw.
 Synammia C. Presl (3 spp.)
 Pleurosoriopsis Fomin (1 sp.)
 Polypodium L. (54 spp.)
 Pleopeltis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (93 spp.)
 Phlebodium (R. Br.) J. Sm. (3 spp.)
 xPhlebosia Viane & Pompe (0 sp.)
 Pecluma M. G. Price (47 spp.)
 Microgramma C. Presl (31 spp.)
 Niphidium J. Sm. (11 spp.)
 Campyloneurum C. Presl (64 spp.)
 Adetogramma T. E. Almeida (1 sp.)
 Serpocaulon A. R. Sm. (48 spp.)
 Subfamilia Grammitidoideae Parris & Sundue
 Terpsichore A. R. Sm. (16 spp.)
 Parrisia Shalisko & Sundue (2 spp.)
 Adenophorus Gaudich (10 spp.)
 Lomaphlebia J. Sm. (2 spp.)
 Grammitis Sw. (30 spp.)
 Cochlidium Kaulf. (17 spp.)
 Leucotrichum Labiak (6 spp.)
 Alansmia M. Kessler, Moguel, Sundue & Labiak (24 spp.)
 Luisma Murillo & A. R. Sm. (1 sp.)
 Enterosora Baker (29 spp.)
 Ceradenia L. E. Bishop (76 spp.)
 Ascogrammitis Sundue (18 spp.)
 Mycopteris Sundue (18 spp.)
 Galactodenia Sundue & Labiak (5 spp.)
 Melpomene A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (30 spp.)
 Stenogrammitis Labiak (25 spp.)
 Lellingeria A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (52 spp.)
 Moranopteris R. Y. Hirai & J. Prado (32 spp.)
 Ctenopterella Parris (21 spp.)
 Grammitis sensu lato, part 1 (6 spp.)
 Chrysogrammitis Parris (2 spp.)
 Notogrammitis Parris (12 spp.)
 Grammitis sensu lato, part 2 (5 spp.)
 Archigrammitis Parris (7 spp.)
 Micropolypodium Hayata (3 spp.)
 Prosaptia C. Presl (70 spp.)
 Oreogrammitis Copel. (195 spp.)
 Dasygrammitis Parris (8 spp.)
 Scleroglossum Alderw. (10 spp.)
 Tomophyllum (E. Fourn.) Parris (37 spp.)
 Xiphopterella Parris (14 spp.)
 Calymmodon C. Presl (60 spp.)
 Acrosorus Copel. (9 spp.)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Osladolike

Osladovke


Anton Ludvig Christian Thomsen (født 20. juli 1877 i Stubbekøbing, død 18. september 1915 i København) var en dansk filosof. Han var søn af maleren Carl Thomsen.

Thomsen blev student 1895 og filosofisk magister 1901. Han skrev afhandlingen Ding an sich (Kant-Studien VIII), Orthia (Studier for Sprog og Oldtidsforskning 1902), blev dr. phil. 1905 på afhandlingen Hegel, Udviklingen af hans Filosofi til 1806. I 1911 kom første (og eneste) del af David Hume, hans Liv og hans Filosofi. Samme år kom et lille skrift Religion og Religionsvidenskab. Thomsen, der hidtil væsentlig havde ernæret sig ved manuduktion til filosofikum, blev 1915 Høffdings efterfølger som professor i filosofi; men efter tre forelæsninger bukkede han under for en voldsom nervesygdom. Temperamentsfuldt arbejdede Thomsen, der var begyndt som elev af Høffding, for at betragte al religion rent psykologisk og mod alt det, han anså for teologisk pseudovidenskab og mysticisme.

Han var gift med Olga Eggers.

Kilder

Filosoffer fra Danmark
Professorer fra Københavns Universitet
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Dansksprogede forfattere fra Danmark
Danskere i 1800-tallet
Danskere i 1900-tallet
Personer fra Stubbekøbing
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog (afdøde)

Anton Thomsen


Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen (3. november 1918 – 27. april 2015) var en dansk-født, amerikansk fysiolog. Hun blev i 1975 den første kvindelige præsident i det prestigefyldte selskab American Physiological Society.

Biografi
Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen blev født i København i 1918, som den yngste af fire børn af August og Marie Krogh, begge fremtrædende fysiologer.

Uddannet fra Københavns Universitet med doktorgrad i Odontologi. Hun blev gift i 1939 med Knut Schmidt-Nielsen, en norsk-født fysiolog. Knut og Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen blev et fremtrædende makkerpar på Duke University, North Carolina, men blev skilt i 1966. Bodil Schimidt-Nielsen blev afdelingsleder Case Western Reserve University og senere helligede hun sig helt forskningen ved  MDI Biological Laboratory i Maine.

Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen døde i april 2015 i en alder af 96 år.

American Physiological Society uddeler en pris til minde om Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen, i erkendelse af hendes store bidrag til fysiologien. Den uddeles til et medlem af selskabet, der har leveret enestående bidrag til den fysiologiske videnskab og demonstreret engagement og vedholdenhed i at uddanne unge fysiologer til højeste faglige standard.

Udvalgte værker
 The Solubility of tooth substance in relation to the composition of saliva (Norstedt, 1946)
 The resourcefulness of nature in physiological adaptation to the environment (Physiologist 1(2): 4-20, 1958)
 August og Marie Krogh: Et fælles liv for videnskaben Gyldendal, 1995

Henvisninger

Dansk-amerikanere
Personer fra København
Alumni fra Københavns Universitet

Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen


හෑන්ඩ්, ෆුට් ඇන්ඩ් මවුත් රෝගය එසේත් නැත්නම් Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ළදරුවන්ට සහ ළමයින්ට වැලදෙන බෝවන රෝගයකි.

රෝග කාරකය
coxsackie A virus සහ enterovirus 71 (EV-71). මෙම රෝගයට බහුලවම හේතුවන වෛරස වේ.

බීජෞෂණය
බීජෞෂණ කාලය දින 3 - 7 පමණවේ

රෝග ලක්‍ෂණ

 උණ
 හිසරදය
 මුහුනේ ඇතිවන වේදනාත්මක තුවාල සහ බිබිලි
 අල්ලේ, යටිපතුලේ සහ සමහරවිට තොල් ඇතිවන පැල්ලම්. දරුවන්ගේ මෙම පැල්ලම් සාමාන්‍ය යෙන් කසන්නේ නැත. වැඩිහිටියන්ට වැළදුනොත් කැසීම ඇතිවේ.

ප්‍රතිකාර
විශේෂිත ප්‍රතිකාරයක් නොමැත. රෝග ලක්‍ෂණ මත බෙහෙත් නියමකෙරේ.

සංකූලතා
සංකූලතා ඇතිවීම විරලය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

සමේ රෝග
වෛරස් රෝග

හෑන්ඩ්, ෆුට් ඇන්ඩ් මවුත් රෝගය


Temburongiinae, je podtribus jednosupnica iz porodica trava (Poaceae), dio tribusa Bambuseae. Postoje dva roda sa ukupno 5 vrsta.

Rodovi
 Fimbribambusa Widjaja (4 spp.)
 Temburongia S. Dransf. & Wong (1 sp.)

Izvori

Bambuseae

Temburongiinae


Silkebog gamle rådhus eller Silkeborg Ting- og Arresthus er et fredet rådhus, der ligger i Silkeborg. Det blev opført i 1857 og blev fredet i 1978. I dag huser det Drewsens Livsstil og spisehus.

Historie
Rådhuset blev opført i 1857 med Hans Christian Zeltner som arkitekt. Zeltner havde tidligere tegnet rådhusene i Horsens og Skanderborg. Bygningen var i brug frem til 1970, hvor et nyt rådhus blev indviet på Søvej. Det blev herefter brugt som domhus, men dette stoppede i 2007 med strukturreformen, som reducerede antallet af kommuner. Det stod herefter ubrugt i nogle år. Frem til 2014 blev det brugt som byens turistkontor. I 2017 åbnede Drewsens spisehus og Bang & Olufsen i stueetagen.

Beskrivelse
Rådhuset er i to etager og er blevet opført i historicistisk stil, inspireret af nederlandsk renæssance og Rosenborg. Det har kamtakker og et lavt sekskantet tårn med kobbertag i midten ud mod torvet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fredede bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Danmark
Gamle rådhus
Fredede rådhuse i Danmark
Etableret i 1857

Silkeborg gamle rådhus


Pygmalion, (Mitoloji)
 Pygmalion (mitoloji), Yunan Mitolojisinde Kıbrıslı bir heykeltıraş olan Pygmalion aşka o kadar inanıyordu ki aşk tanrıçası Afrodit 'e benzeyen bir kadın heykeli yapar ve ona aşık olur. Bir gün bunu gören Afrodit kadın heykelini canlandırır ama mitolojide bu kadın heykelinin isminden bahsedilmez.

 Pygmalion, (Edebi eser)Pygmalion (oyun) Bernard Shaw'un 1912 yılında yazmış olduğu bir oyun. Yukarıdaki Yunan mitolojisine dayanmaktadır.

 Pygmalion, (Sinema uyarlamaları). Bernard Shaw'un yukarıdaki eserinden uyarlanan ve aynı adı taşıyan sinema ve TV filmleri şunlardır (Not: Oyunun bir düzine kadar da aynı adı taşımayan sinema uyarlaması vardır):
 Pygmalion (film, 1935), 1935 tarihli Alman filmi
 Pygmalion (film, 1937), 1937 tarihli Hollanda filmi
 Pygmalion (film, 1938), 1938 tarihli İngiliz filmi
 Pygmalion (film, 1948), 1948 tarihli İngiliz televizyon filmi
 Pygmalion (film, 1968), 1968 tarihli İsveç televizyon filmi
 Pygmalion (film, 1981), 1981 tarihli İngiliz televizyon filmi
 Pygmalion (film, 1983), 1983 tarihli ABD yapımı televizyon filmi

 Pigmalião 70 (dizi, 1970), 1970 Brezilya yapımı TV dizisi

 Pygmalion, (Psikoloji, edebiyat)
 Pygmalion etkisi, edebiyat ve psikolojide bir olgudur. Kendini gerçekleştiren kehanet kavramı yerine kullanılır.

Pygmalion


is a rural district located in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of July 2012, the district has an estimated population of 37,550 and a population density of 72.6 persons per km2. The total area was 517.56 km2.

Towns and villages
Haibara District current is composed of two towns. The city of Makinohara and parts of the cities of Shimada and Omaezaki were formerly part of the district.

Yoshida
Kawanehon

History

Haibara District was established in the July 22, 1878 cadastral reforms initiated by the Meiji government with four towns (Sagara, Fukuoka, Kawasaki, Kanaya) and 73 villages. In a round of consolidation on April 1, 1889, the number of villages was reduced to 13. The village of Yoshida was elevated to town status on July 1, 1949 and Kawasaki was renamed Haibara Town on March 28, 1955. The village of Omaezaki was elevated to town status on March 21, 1955, and the town of Kawane was established on April 1, 1955, followed by Honkawne on September 30, 1956. With the elevation of Nakawane to town status on June 1, 1961, the district had eight towns and no villages.

On April 1, 2004 the town of Omaezaki merged with the town of Hamaoka from Ogasa District to create the new city of Omaezaki.
On May 5, 2005 the town of Kanaya merged with the long time twin city of Shimada. On September 20, 2005 the towns of Honkawane and Nakakawane merged to form the new town of Kawanehon. On October 11, 2005 the towns of Haibara and Sagara merged to form the city of Makinohara. On April 1, 2008 the town of Kawane merged into the city of Shimada.

Districts in Shizuoka Prefecture

Haibara District, Shizuoka


Cage Warriors Fighting Championship (CWFC), også kendt som Cage Warriors, er et promoterselskab af kampe inden for MMA-kampsport, siden år 2002. Ejerselskabet holder til i Storbritannien. Mange af de største stjerner inden for MMA, har skabt deres navn i Cage Warriors, blandt andre irske Conor McGregor og danskerne Martin Kampmann og Nicolas Dalby.

Kampsport

Cage Warriors


ලින්කන් පෙරේරා (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Lincoln Perera) යනු  හිටපු  සභාපති ජනතා වතු සංවර්ධන අධිකාරිය, හිටපු ලේකම් වැවිලි කර්මාන්ත දෙපාර්තුමේන්තුව.

ජීවන සටහන්

මොහු  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි. 1946 සිට 1949 දක්වා මෙතුමා කොලඹ නාලන්ද  විද්‍යාලයේ  ජේෂ්ට ක්‍රිකට් පිලේ ක්‍රීඞා  කල අතර 1949 දී ආනන්ද - නාලන්ද මහා ක්‍රිකට් තරගයට නාලන්දාව වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රීඞා කලහ.  1949 දී  මෙතුමා කොලඹ නාලන්ද  විද්‍යාලයේ  ජේෂ්ට ක්‍රිකට් පිලේ නායකත්වය දැරීය. හිටපු සිලෝන් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩක හා එන්ගලන්ත ලැන්කශයර් ක්‍රීඩක  ස්ටැන්ලි ජයසිංහ, හිටපු සමස්ත ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩක කාල් ඔබේසේකර මොහුගේ නාලන්දා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ සමකාලීනයකි.

ගෞරවණීය තිරසාර සංවර්ධන හා වනජීවි අමාත්‍ය කුරුණෑගල දිස්ත්‍රික් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රී  ගාමිණී ජයවික්‍රම පෙරේරා මොහුගේ සොහොයුරා වෙයි.

ලින්කන් පෙරේරා කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
  ලින්කන් පෙරේරායන් ගේ ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියා පිටුව
 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු සිවිල් නිලධරයන්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ

ලින්කන් පෙරේරා


Evolenes exarata es una  especie de coleóptero adéfago perteneciente a la familia Carabidae y el único miembro del género monotípico Evolenes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 exarata&searchType=simple&so=a0&pp=20 Evolenes exarata en ION

Dercylini
Animales descritos en 1831
Taxones descritos por Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean

Evolenes exarata


Luísa Sobral (født 18. september 1987) er en portugisisk sangerinde og sangskriver hun skrev sangen "Amar Pelos Dois" som repræsenterede Portugal og vandt Eurovision Song Contest 2017 som er sunget af hendes bror Salvador Sobral.

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra Portugal
Sangskriver ved Eurovision Song Contest 2017

Luísa Sobral


The greater coucal or crow pheasant (Centropus sinensis), is a large non-parasitic member of the cuckoo order of birds, the Cuculiformes. A widespread resident in the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, it is divided into several subspecies, some being treated as full species. They are large, crow-like with a long tail and coppery brown wings and found in a wide range of habitats from jungle to cultivation and urban gardens. They are weak fliers, and are often seen clambering about in vegetation or walking on the ground as they forage for insects, eggs and nestlings of other birds. They have a familiar deep resonant call which is associated with omens in many parts of its range.

Description

This is a large species of cuckoo at 48 cm. The head is black, upper mantle and underside are black glossed with purple. The back and wings are chestnut brown. There are no pale shaft streaks on the coverts. The eyes are ruby red. Juveniles are duller black with spots on the crown and there are whitish bars on the underside and tail. There are several geographic races and some of these populations are sometimes treated as full species. Earlier treatments included the brown coucal (C. (s.) andamanensis) under this name. Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) suggest that the race parroti may be a full species – the southern coucal which is found in peninsular India (northern boundary unclear). The race intermedius of the Assam and Bangladesh region is smaller than the nominate race found in the sub-Himalayan zone. Songs of the races are said to vary considerably. Race parroti of southern India has a black head and the underparts glossed blue and has the forehead, face and throat more brownish. The sexes are similar in plumage but females are slightly larger.

Leucistic specimens have been observed.

Subspecies and distribution
The nominate race is found from the Indus Valley through the sub-Himalayan and Gangetic plains to Nepal, Assam and the Bhutan foothills into southern China (Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian).

 Race parroti Stresemann, 1913 is found in Peninsular India (Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and southwards). The upper back is black and the juvenile has unbarred wings.
 Race intermedius Hume, 1873 is smaller in size and found in Bangladesh, west Cachar and into Myanmar and the Chin Hills into China (Yunnan, Hainan), Thailand, Indochina and the northern part of the Malay Peninsula.
 Race bubutus Horsfield, 1821 is found in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula into the islands of Sumatra, Nias, Mentawai Islands, Java, Bali, Borneo, western Philippines (Balabac, Cagayan Sulu and Palawan). The wing is paler rufous in this race.
 Race anonymus Stresemann, 1913 is found in the southwestern Philippines (Basilan, Sulu Islands) and is shorter and darker winged than bubutus.
 Race kangeangensis Vorderman, 1893 is found in the Kangean Islands. This has pale and dark plumage phases.

The young when hatched have black skin and white hairy feathers (termed as trichoptiles) forming a fringe over the eye and beak. The centre of the belly is pinkish and the upper mandible is black with a pink edge. The iris is brown, gape yellow and feet dark brown-gray.
The juvenile of race parroti is unmarked dull black on the underside (contra barred in the northern races) and much darker, dusky chestnut on the wings. Race bubutus found in Southeast Asia has a distinct call. Individuals from the Western Ghats are very similar in size to the lesser coucal Centropus bengalensis but the latter has a stubbier bill, shorter tail, wing tips extending beyond the tertials and a chestnut wing lining, dark eyes and a tail with green/bronze sheen. Females of the race parroti develop dusky or sooty wing coverts between November and January and the northern boundary of the race is along the Punjab plains where it forms intermediates with the northern forms.

Behaviour and ecology
The greater coucal is a large bird which takes a wide range of insects, caterpillars, snails and small vertebrates such as the saw-scaled vipers. They are also known to eat bird eggs, nestlings, fruits and seeds. In Tamil Nadu they were found to feed predominantly on snails Helix vittata. They are also known to feed on the toxic fruits of Cascabela thevetia (Yellow Oleander). In oil palm cultivation, they have been noted as an avian pest due to their habit of eating the fleshy mesocarps of the ripe fruits.

They sunbathe in the mornings singly or in pairs on the top of vegetation with their wings spread out. The territory of a nesting pair has been found in southern India to be 0.9 to 7.2 ha (mean 3.8 ha). They are most active in the warm hours of the morning and in the late afternoon.

The calls are a booming low coop-coop-coops repeated and with variations and some duets between individuals. When duetting the female has a lower pitched call. Other calls include a rapid rattling "lotok, lotok ..." and a harsh scolding "skeeaaaw" and a hissing threat call.

Breeding
The breeding season is after the monsoon in southern India but varies in other parts of its range but chiefly June to September.
Greater coucals are monogamous, and the courtship display involves chases on the ground and the male brings food gifts for the female. The female lowers her tail and droops her wings to signal acceptance. The nest is built mostly by the male over about three to eight days. The nest is a deep cup with a dome in dense vegetation inside tangles of creepers, bamboo clump or Pandanus crowns. They can be built as high as 6m above the ground and the typical clutch is 3–5 eggs. The eggs (of size 36–28 mm weighing 14.8 g ) are chalky white with a yellow glaze when laid that wears off. Both the male and the female take part in nest building. They lay 2 to 4 eggs that hatch after 15–16 days of incubation. The chicks take 18–22 days to fledge. A study in southern India found that 77% of the eggs hatched and 67% fledged. Nests with eggs were sometimes abandoned or marauded by the Indian jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos culminatus.

Haemosporidia closely related to those that cause malaria have been found in their red blood cells. One species, Haemoproteus centropi, is described from cuckoos such as Clamator jacobinus and Centropus sinensis and is spread by mosquitoes. Immature Haemaphysalis ticks have been found feeding on greater coucals.

In culture
The bird is associated with many superstitions and beliefs. The deep calls are associated with spirits and omens. In Bengal, there was a belief that monocled cobras (known as keutia) had no males and that they mated with male greater coucals.

In British India, it was noted that new-recruits to India often mistook it for a pheasant and shot it to find it "evil flavoured" giving it the nickname of "Griff's pheasant".

The flesh was once eaten as a folk cure for tuberculosis and pulmonary ailments.

Gallery

References

Other sources

 Bhujle, BV; Nadkarni, VB (1977) Steroid synthesizing cellular sites in the testis of Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis (Stephens). Pavo 14(1&2), 61–64.

 Bhujle, BV; Nadkarni, VB (1980) Histological and histochemical observations on the adrenal gland of four species of birds, Dicrurus macrocercus (Viellot), Centropus sinensis (Stephens), Sturnus pagodarum (Gmelin) and Columba livia (Gmelin). Zool. Beitrage 26(2):287–295.
 Khajuria, H (1975) The Crow-pheasant, Centropus sinensis (Stevens) (Aves: Cuculidae) of central and eastern Madhya Pradesh. All-India Congr. Zool. 3:42.
 Khajuria, H (1984) The Crow-Pheasant, Centropus sinensis (Stephens) (Aves: Cuculidae) of central and eastern Madhya Pradesh. Rec. Z.S.I. 81(1–2):89–93.

 Natarajan, V (1990) The ecology of the Southern Crow-Pheasant Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann (Aves: Cuculidae) at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bombay, Bombay.

greater coucal
Birds of South Asia
Birds of East Asia
Birds of South China
greater coucal

Greater coucal


Eğitim tarihi, eğitimin dünyada zaman içinde izlediği yolu inceleyen bir bilim dalıdır. eğitim bilimlerinin bir dalı olarak eğitim fakültelerinde araştırılmaktadır. Ancak tüm bilim dalları da kendi akademik geçmişlerini belgelemektedir. Sonuçta her bilim dalının katkıda bulunduğu bir paradigma olarak varlığını sürdürmektedir.

Mezopotomya Uygarlıkları
Sümerler, şüphesiz, MÖ 3200 yılında tüm insan toplulukları içinde yazıyı ilk geliştiren toplum olarak kurumsal ve sistemli eğitim geleneğini ilk oluşturan ulusturlar. Öyle ki onların oluşturdukları kurumsal yapılar ve süreçler bölgede sonra ortaya çıkan uygarlıklar tarafından miras alınmıştır. İlk kez yazıyı geliştirmenin yanında, takvim, ölçüm, matematik, geometri, edebiyat gibi dallarda ilk olarak tarihte yerlerini alırken bu entelektüel bilgi ve becerileri sistemli eğitim kurumları ile nesilden nesile taşımışlardır.

Bölgede daha sonra varlık göstermeye başlayan Akadlar, Yahudiler, Asurlular ve Fenikeliler Sümerler'in kurdukları sistemleri devam ettirmişler, Fenikeliler'den öğrendikleriyle Yunanlar batı eğitim tarihi'ni başlatırken Antik Mısır ve Persler de dünyanın diğer bölgelerine Mezopotamya geleneğini taşımışlardır. Elbette Mezopotamya'dan bağımsız gelişen gelenekler de olmuştur. Bunlara yazıyı Sümerler'den bağımsız olarak keşfeden Amerika ve Çin toplumları örnek gösterilebilir.

Sümerler'in dışında Yahudiler de eğitim tarihinde anlamlı fark yaratmışlardır. Kutsal kitapları olan Tevrat'ta geçen öğrenmek, öğretmek, eğitmek gibi eğitim bilimlerince incelenen fenomenlerin isimleri eğitimin kültürün bir parçası olmasında kaydettiği gelişmeyi göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte Ezra'nın tarihin ilk halka açık kurumsal okullardan birisini Kudüs'te açtığı bilinmektedir.

Hindistan Uygarlıkları
Hindistan bilinen en eski okul sistemlerinden birisi olan Gurukul sistemiyle eğitim tarihinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Gurukul'lar zengin kastlardan gelen çocukların ücretsiz devam ettiği okullardı. Bu okullarda edebiyat, tarih, tıp, astronomi, felsefe ve kamu yönetimi alanlarında eğitim veriliyordu. Daha sonra ortaya çıkan Budizm ve Janizm dinleri ile birlikte eğitim hızla gelişmiş ve bugün dünyanın en eski üniversiteleri arasında değerlendirilen Nalanda, Takshashila, Ujjain ve Vikramshila üniversiteleri milattan önce 7. yüzyıldan itibaren kurulmuştur. Hindistan eğitim geleneği daha sonra İslam dünyasında da büyük etki bırakmıştır. Selçuklu veziri Nizam ül Mülk, Nizamiye Medreseleri'ni Hint geleneğinden esinlenerek kurmuştur.

Eğitim tarihi


Impact Records est un label de punk-rock allemand.

Structure
En plus de la vente par correspondance, Impact Records exploite également 2 sous-labels pour les styles musicaux Gothic (Dark Empire) et Metal (System Shock). Selon Impact Records, les marques Dux, Shark, Tank et Iron offrent des opportunités d'achat pour les productions des pays de l'UE.

Artistes (sélection)
 Anti-Nowhere League
 Coma Beach
 Daily Terror
 Der Fluch (sous-label Dark Empire)
 Dödelhaie
 English Dogs
 Jesus Skins
 Jewdriver
 Master (sous-label System Shock)
 Müllstation
 Notdurft
 OHL
 Razzia
 Schrottgrenze
 Split Image
 Supernichts
 Tendencia
 Toxoplasma
 Untergangskommando
 Upright Citizens
 Vader (sous-label System Shock)
 Wilde Zeiten

Références

Source de la traduction

Label discographique indépendant ayant son siège en Allemagne
Entreprise ayant son siège en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie
Label de punk
Label de heavy metal

Impact Records


Benekli çöpçü balığı (Corydoras paleatus), doğal yaşam alanı Güney Amerika olan, yaklaşık 7–10 cm boyunda bir balık türüdür.

Karma akvaryumlarda beslenebilen bir balıktır. Akvaryumun tabanındaki artık yemleri temizlediği için "çöpçü" adını almıştır. Akvaryum tabanında ince kum bulunmasını sever. Çöpçüler sürü balıklarıdır, en az 6'lı grup halinde beslenmeleri önerilir. Yumurtayla çoğalırlar, akvaryumda çoğalmaları zordur. Hepçildir.

Akvaryum balıkları

Benekli çöpçü balığı


Ermengol VII. (ili Armengol; šp. Ermengol VII de Urgel; 1120./30. — ubijen u Requeni 11. kolovoza 1184.; pokopan u samostanu Bellpuig de les Avellanes) bio je španjolski plemić; grof Urgella i gospodar Valladolida. Znan je i kao Ermengol od Valencije (španjolski Ermengol de Valencia). Postao je grof god. 1154.

Bio je sin i nasljednik grofa Ermengola VI. od Urgella; majka mu je bila grofica Arsenda od Cabrere, a baka kastiljska plemkinja Marija Pérez, čije je posjede Ermengol preuzeo; on je bio vazal kralja Ferdinanda II. Leonskog.

Ermengol je 1163. izdao povelju stanovnicima Agramunta; povelju stanovnicima Balaguera je izdao 1174.

Brak
Supruga grofa Ermengola bila je grofica Dolça od Foixa. Njihov je sin bio grof Ermengol VIII., a kćeri su im bile Miraglia i Marquesa.

Izvori i bilješke

Grofovi Urgella

Ermengol VII.


Tricongius ybyguara est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Prodidomidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique du Minas Gerais au Brésil. Elle se rencontre à Cordisburgo dans la grotte Gruta de Maquiné.

Description
Le mâle holotype mesure .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite sous le protonyme Lygromma ybyguara par Rheims et Brescovit en 2004. Elle est placée dans le genre Tricongius par Rodrigues et Rheims en 2020.

Publication originale
 Rheims & Brescovit, 2004 : « A new cave spider of the genus Lygromma Simon (Araneae, Prodidomidae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil. » Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Prodidomidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique du Minas Gerais

Tricongius ybyguara