Bartholomäus von Münsterberg (auch: Bartholomäus von Podiebrad; tschechisch: Bartoloměj Minsterberský; Bartoloměj z Minstrberka; * um 1478 vermutlich in Teschen; † 3. April 1515 bei Hainburg an der Donau) war Herzog von Münsterberg und Graf von Glatz.

Leben
Bartholomäus entstammte dem Münsterberger Zweig der Herren von Podiebrad. Seine Eltern waren Viktorin von Münsterberg und Troppau und Sophie, Tochter des Teschener Herzogs Boleslaw II., die 1479 starb. Seine Kindheit verbrachte Bartholomäus vermutlich in Teschen. Er wurde von seinem Oheim Kasimir II. erzogen, der ihn auf eine diplomatische Laufbahn und die Wahrung der familiären Interessen vorbereitete. Da sein Vater seine Besitzungen 1485 und 1487 an den ungarischen König Matthias Corvinus verloren hatte, verfügte Bartholomäus über keinen finanziellen Rückhalt. Trotzdem gelang ihm der Aufstieg zu einem einflussreichen Diplomaten des Königs Vladislav II., der 1495 ein dauerndes Abkommen mit den Herzögen von Münsterberg vereinbarte. Zusammen mit den Königsstädten unterstützte Bartholomäus König Vladislav II. in dem Bemühen, die Macht des böhmischen Herrenstands einzuschränken.

Am 14. Oktober 1512 trug Bartholomäus bei Kanth mit den Breslauern eine Fehde aus, bei der er vernichtend verlor. Deshalb soll sich der Spruch "Herzog Barthel ohne Land hat ihm's (sich's) Maul vor Kanth verbrannt" auf ihn beziehen.

Da sich Bartholomäus auch den Habsburgern gegenüber loyal verhielt, war er 1515 maßgeblich am Zustandekommen des Vertrags zwischen Kaiser Maximilian I. und Vladislav II. beteiligt. Mit dem in Wien geschlossenen Vertrag wurde die Wiener Doppelhochzeit von Vladislavs II. Tochter Anna mit dem späteren Erzherzog Ferdinand I. sowie die Hochzeit Ludwigs II. mit Maria, einer Enkelin Maximilians I. vereinbart.

Auch wenn Bartholomäus, der ein Enkel des böhmischen Königs Georg von Podiebrad war, von einzelnen Historikern häufig zu unrecht als rachdürstiger Politiker und streitsüchtiger Intrigant beschrieben wird, gehörte er während der Herrschaft des Königs Vladislav II. zu den bedeutendsten Persönlichkeiten Böhmens. Trotzdem gelang es ihm nicht, eine wirtschaftliche Basis aufzubauen. In seinem Besitz waren lediglich die ostböhmischen Burg Skály, Jibka und ab 1513 die Burg Kumburk.

Die von Bartholomäus vermittelte Doppelhochzeit, die am 22. Juli 1515 in Wien stattfand, erlebte er nicht mehr. Am 15. April 1515 starb er bei einem Schiffsunglück in den Fluten der Donau bei Hainburg. Nachfolger als Berater des Königs Vladislav II. wurde sein Vetter Karl I., dem auch die Erziehung des noch nicht volljährigen Prinzen Ludwig II. übertragen wurde. Ludwig II. folgte schon ein Jahr später seinem verstorbenen Vater auf den böhmisch-ungarischen Königsthron.

Literatur
 Radek Fukala: Slezská Knížecí dynastie Poděbradů. In: 550 let Hrabství Kladského. 1459–2009. = 550 lat hrabstwa Kłodzkiego. 1459–2009. Kladský sborník Supplementum. Bd. 6). Muzeum Podkrkonoší, Trutnov 2009, ISBN 978-80-903741-3-3, S. 135–170.

Weblink
 Genealogie

Einzelnachweise

Familienmitglied des Adelsgeschlechts Podiebrad (Linie Münsterberg)
Böhmischer Adliger
Herzog (Münsterberg)
Herzog (Troppau)
Graf (Glatz)
Geboren im 15. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 1515
Mann

Bartholomäus von Münsterberg


Richard Cumberland (15 July 1631 (or 1632) – 9 October 1718) was an English philosopher, and Bishop of Peterborough from 1691. In 1672, he published his major work, De legibus naturae (On natural laws), propounding utilitarianism and opposing the egoistic ethics of Thomas Hobbes.

Cumberland was a member of the Latitudinarian movement, along with his friend Hezekiah Burton of Magdalene College, Cambridge and closely allied with the Cambridge Platonists, a group of ecclesiastical philosophers centred on Cambridge University in the mid 17th century.

Early life
He was born in the parish of St Ann, near Aldersgate, where his father was a tailor. He was educated in St Paul's School, where Samuel Pepys was a friend, and from 1649 at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. He took the degree of BA in 1653; and, having proceeded to the MA in 1656, was incorporated the following year into the same degree in the University of Oxford.

For some time he studied medicine; and although he did not adhere to this profession, he retained his knowledge of anatomy and medicine. He took the degree of BD in 1663 and that of DD in 1680. Among his contemporaries and intimate friends were Hezekiah Burton, Sir Samuel Morland, who was distinguished as a mathematician, and Orlando Bridgeman, who became Lord Keeper of the Great Seal.

Cumberland's first preferment, bestowed upon him in 1658 by Sir John Norwich of the Rump Parliament, was the rectory of Brampton Ash in Northamptonshire. In 1661 he was appointed one of the twelve preachers of the university. The Lord Keeper, who obtained his office in 1667, invited him to London, and in 1670 secured for him the rectory of All Saints at Stamford. In this year Cumberland married Anne Quinsey. He acquired credit by the fidelity with which he discharged his duties. In addition to his ordinary work he undertook the weekly lecture.

De legibus naturae
In 1672, at the age of forty, he published his earliest work, entitled De legibus naturae. It is dedicated to Sir Orlando Bridgeman, and is prefaced by an "Alloquium ad Lectorem," contributed by Hezekiah Burton. It appeared during the same year as Pufendorf's De jure naturae et gentium, and was highly commended in a subsequent publication by Pufendorf. Stephen Darwall writes that

the Treatise was regarded as one of the three great works of the modern natural law tradition,

the others being Grotius's On the Law of War and Peace, and Pufendorf's De jure naturae. It has been described as a

restatement of the doctrine of the law of nature as furnishing the ground of the obligation of all the moral virtues. The work is heavy in style, and its philosophical analysis lacks thoroughness; but its insistence on the social nature of man, and its doctrine of the common good as the supreme law of morality, anticipate the direction taken by much of the ethical thought of the following century.  (From The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes (1907–21).)

English translations of the treatise were published in 1692, by James Tyrrell, and 1727, by John Maxwell.

Other works
Cumberland next wrote An Essay towards the Recovery of the Jewish Measures and Weights (1686). This work, dedicated to Pepys, obtained a copious notice from Jean Leclerc, and was translated into French.

About this period he was apprehensive about the rise of Catholic influence. Sanchoniatho's Phoenician History, on the author usually now known as Sanchuniathon, was translated from the first book of Eusebius.
According to Parkin, Cumberland's work was in an anti-Catholic vein, accounting for its posthumous appearance. His domestic chaplain and son-in-law, Squier Payne, edited it for publication soon after the bishop's death.

The preface contains an account by Payne of the life, character and writings of the author, published also in a separate form. A German translation by Johan Philip Cassel appeared under the title of Cumberlands phonizische Historie des Sanchoniathons (Magdeburg, 1755). The sequel to the work was likewise published by Payne: Origines gentium antiquissimae (1724).

Later life

One day in 1691 he went, according to his custom on a post-day, to read the newspaper at a coffee-house in Stamford, and there, to his surprise, he read that the king had nominated him to the bishopric of Peterborough. The bishop elect was scarcely known at court, and he had resorted to none of the usual methods of advancing his temporal interest. "Being then sixty years old," says his great-grandson, "he was with difficulty persuaded to accept the offer, when it came to him from authority. The persuasion of his friends, particularly Sir Orlando Bridgeman, at length overcame his repugnance; and to that see, though very moderately endowed, he for ever after devoted himself, and resisted every offer of translation, though repeatedly made and earnestly recommended. To such of his friends as pressed an exchange upon him he was accustomed to reply, that Peterborough was his first espoused, and should be his only one." He discharged his new duties with energy and kept up his episcopal visitations till his eightieth year.

His charges to the clergy are described as plain and unambitious, the earnest breathings of a pious mind. When David Wilkins published the New Testament in Coptic (Novum Testamentum Aegyptium, vulgo Copticum, 1716) he presented a copy to the bishop, who began to study the language at the age of eighty-three. "At this age," says his chaplain, "he mastered the language, and went through great part of this version, and would often give me excellent hints and remarks, as he proceeded in reading of it."

He died on 8 October 1718, in the eighty-seventh year of his age; he was found sitting in his library, in the attitude of one asleep, and with a book in his hand. He was buried in Peterborough Cathedral the following day. The grave lies at the east end in a group of floor stones dedicated to the bishops.

His grandson was Denison Cumberland, who married Johanna (daughter of Richard Bentley), and his great-grandson was Richard Cumberland, the dramatist.

Bishop Cumberland was distinguished by his gentleness and humility. He could not be roused to anger, and spent his days in unbroken serenity. His favourite motto was that a man had better "wear out than rust out."

Philosophical views
The philosophy of Cumberland is expounded in De legibus naturae. Its main design is to combat the principles which Hobbes had promulgated as to the constitution of man, the nature of morality, and the origin of society, and to prove that self-advantage is not the chief end of man, that force is not the source of personal obligation to moral conduct nor the foundation of social rights, and that the state of nature is not a state of war. The views of Hobbes seem to Cumberland utterly subversive of religion, morality and civil society. He endeavours, as a rule, to establish directly antagonistic propositions. He refrains, however, from denunciation, and is a fair opponent up to the measure of his insight.

The basis of his ethical theory is benevolence. According to Parkin (p. 141)

The De legibus naturae is a book about how individuals can discover the precepts of natural law and the divine obligation which lies behind it. [...] Could, or should, natural philosophy claim to be able to reveal substantial information about the nature of God's will, and also divine obligation? For writers who accepted a voluntarist and nominalist understanding of the relationship between God and man (both Cumberland and Hobbes), this was not an easy question to answer.

Darwall (p. 106) writes that Cumberland

follows Hobbes in attempting to provide a fully naturalistic account of the normative force of obligation and of the idea of a rational dictate, although he rejects Hobbes's theory that these derive entirely from instrumental rationality.

Laws of nature/natural laws
Laws of nature are defined by him as

<blockquote> immutably true propositions regulative of voluntary actions as to the choice of good and the avoidance of evil, and which carry with them an obligation to outward acts of obedience, even apart from civil laws and from any considerations of compacts constituting government.</blockquote>

This definition, he says, will be admitted by all parties. Some deny that such laws exist, but they will grant that this is what ought to be understood by them. There is thus common ground for the two opposing schools of moralists to join issue. The question between them is, Do such laws exist or do they not? In reasoning thus Cumberland obviously forgot what the position maintained by his principal antagonist really was.

Hobbes did not deny that there were laws of nature, laws antecedent to government, laws even in a sense eternal and immutable. The virtues as means to happiness seemed to him to be such laws. They precede civil constitution, which merely perfects the obligation to practise them. He expressly denied, however, that "they carry with them an obligation to outward acts of obedience, even apart from civil laws and from any consideration of compacts constituting governments."

Many besides Hobbes must have felt dissatisfied with the definition. It is ambiguous and obscure. In what sense is a law of nature a "proposition"? Is it as the expression of a constant relation among facts, or is it as the expression of a divine commandment? A proposition is never in itself an ultimate fact although it may be the statement of such a fact. And in what sense is a law of nature an "immutably true" proposition? Is it so because men always and everywhere accept and act on it, or merely because they always and everywhere ought to accept and act on it? The definition, in fact, explains nothing.

The existence of such laws may, according to Cumberland, be established in two ways. The inquirer may start either from effects or from causes. The former method had been taken by Hugo Grotius, Robert Sharrock and John Selden. They had sought to prove that there were universal truths, entitled to be called laws of nature, from the concurrence of the testimonies of many men, peoples and ages, and through generalizing the operations of certain active principles. Cumberland admits this method to be valid, but he prefers the other, that from causes to effects, as showing more convincingly that the laws of nature carry with them a divine obligation. It shows not only that these laws are universal, but that they were intended as such; that man has been constituted as he is in order that they might be. In the prosecution of this method he expressly declines to have recourse to what he calls "the short and easy expedient of the Platonists," the assumption of innate ideas of the laws of nature.

He thinks it ill-advised to build the doctrines of natural religion and morality on a hypothesis which many philosophers had rejected, and which could not be proved against Epicureans, the principal impugners of the existence of laws of nature. He cannot assume, he says, that such ideas existed from eternity in the divine mind, but must start from the data of sense and experience, and thence by search into the nature of things to discover their laws. It is only through nature that we can rise to nature's God. His attributes are not to be known by direct intuition. He, therefore, held that the ground taken up by the Cambridge Platonists could not be maintained against Hobbes.

His sympathies, however, were all on their side, and he would do nothing to diminish their chances of success. He would not even oppose the doctrine of innate ideas, because it looked with a friendly eye upon piety and morality. He granted that it might, perhaps, be the case that ideas were both born with us and afterwards impressed upon us from without.

Ethical theory
Cumberland's ethical theory is summed up in his principle of universal benevolence, the source of moral good. "No action can be morally good which does not in its own nature contribute somewhat to the happiness of men."

Cumberland's Benevolence is, deliberately, the precise antithesis to the egoism of Hobbes. Cumberland maintained that the whole-hearted pursuit of the good of all contributes to the good of each and brings personal happiness; that the opposite process involves misery to individuals including the self. Cumberland never appealed to the evidence of history, although he believed that the law of universal benevolence had been accepted by all nations and generations; and he abstains from arguments founded on revelation, feeling that it was indispensable to establish the principles of moral right on nature as a basis.

His method was the deduction of the propriety of certain actions from the consideration of the character and position of rational agents in the universe. He argues that all that we see in nature is framed so as to avoid and reject what is dangerous to the integrity of its constitution; that the human race would be an anomaly in the world had it not for end its conservation in its best estate; that benevolence of all to all is what in a rational view of the creation is alone accordant with its general plan; that various peculiarities of man's body indicate that he has been made to co-operate with his fellow men and to maintain society; and that certain faculties of his mind show the common good to be more essentially connected with his perfection than any pursuit of private advantage. The whole course of his reasoning proceeds on, and is pervaded by, the principle of final causes.

Utilitarianism
He may be regarded as the founder of English utilitarianism. His utilitarianism is distinct from the individualism of some later utilitarians; it goes to the contrary extreme, by almost absorbing individual in universal good. To the question, "What is the foundation of rectitude?," he replies, the greatest good of the universe of rational beings. This is a version of utilitarianism.

Nor does it look merely to the lower pleasures, the pleasures of sense, for the constituents of good, but rises above them to include especially what tends to perfect, strengthen and expand our true nature. Existence and the extension of our powers of body and mind are held to be good for their own sakes without respect to enjoyment.

Cumberland's views on this point were long abandoned by utilitarians as destroying the homogeneity and self-consistency of their theory; but John Stuart Mill and some other writers have reproduced them as necessary to its defence against charges not less serious than even inconsistency. The answer which Cumberland gives to the question, "Whence comes our obligation to observe the laws of nature?," is that happiness flows from obedience, and misery from disobedience to them, not as the mere results of a blind necessity, but as the expressions of the divine will.

Reward and punishment
Reward and punishment, supplemented by future retribution, are, in his view, the sanctions of the laws of nature, the sources of our obligation to obey them. To the other great ethical question, How are moral distinctions apprehended?, he replies that it is by means of right reason. But by right reason he means merely the power of rising to general laws of nature from particular facts of experience. It is no peculiar faculty or distinctive function of mind; it involves no original element of cognition; it begins with sense and experience; it is gradually generated and wholly derivative.

This doctrine lies only in germ in Cumberland, but will be found in full flower in Hartley, Mackintosh and later associationists.

Works (full titles)

Authorities
John Maxwell (translator)  A Treatise of the Laws of Nature (London, 1727), and John Towers (Dublin, 1750); French translation by Jean Barbeyrac (Amsterdam, 1744)
James Tyrrell (1642-1718), grandson of Archbishop Ussher, published an abridgment of Cumberland's views in A Brief Disquisition of the Laws of Nature according to the Principles laid down in the Rev. Dr Cumberland's Latin Treatise (London, 1692; ed. 1701)
For biographical details see:
Squier Payne, Account of the Life and Writings of R. Cumberland (London, 1720); Cumberland's Memoirs (1807), i. 3-6
Pepys's DiaryFor his philosophy, see:
F. E. Spaulding, R. Cumberland als Begründer der englischen Ethik (Leipzig, 1894)
Ernest Albee, Philosophical Review, iv: 3 (1895), pp. 264 and 371

Stephen Darwall, The British Moralists and the Internal 'Ought' (1995), Chapter 4
Jon Parkin, Science, Religion and Politics in Restoration England: Richard Cumberland's De Legibus Naturae'' (1999)

References

Bartleby - Columbia - Cumberland
Bartleby - Cambridge History of English and American Literature - Hobbes and Contemporary Philosophy
Bartleby - Cambridge History of English and American Literature - Platonists and Latitudinarians

External links

EpistemeLinks
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Cumberland

1631 births
1718 deaths
17th-century writers in Latin
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Anglican philosophers
Bishops of Peterborough
Doctors of Divinity
17th-century English philosophers
Fellows of Magdalene College, Cambridge
People educated at St Paul's School, London
People from the City of London
18th-century Church of England bishops
17th-century Church of England bishops

Richard Cumberland (philosopher)


Paul Wangs Skæbne er en stumfilm fra 1909 instrueret af Viggo Larsen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1909
Stumfilm fra Danmark

Paul Wangs Skæbne


est un recueil d'essais féministes sur la science-fiction de Joanna Russ, publié en 1995. La plupart avaient déjà été publiés sous forme de lettres, d'anthologies ou de revues telles que Science Fiction Studies, Extrapolation et Chrysalis. Les sujets abordés vont des travaux d'auteurs et autrices spécifiques aux grandes tendances du féminisme et de la science-fiction. À travers tous ces différents thèmes, Russ souligne l'importance de célébrer le travail des autrices  et de porter un regard critique sur les commentaires et le travail produit par les hommes.

La collection est divisée en deux sections. La première partie se concentre sur la critique de l'écriture masculiniste et des auteurs masculins, tandis que la deuxième partie se concentre sur le travail des autrices  et leur relation à l'écriture.

Contenu
Joanna Russ publie To write like a women (Écrire comme une femme) en 1995, et l'essai est considéré comme un ouvrage fondateur de la recherche littéraire féministe. Elle y explore les différentes voies possibles d'inclusions de protagonistes féminins dans un scénario littéraire classique, et conclut que l'écriture des femmes est uniquement possible en dehors des tropes existants. Le rôle des protagonistes féminins est voué à demeurer dans la passivité si elle existe seulement en relation avec un homme, car on ne peut échapper au fait que la culture soit déterminé par le masculin. Que ce soit des héroïnes comme Juliette, Emma Bovary ou Anna Karénine, les femmes héroïnes sont conçues par et pour le regard masculin. La seule exception se trouve dans les personnages exemplifiés par ce que Russ nomme la  «Déesse des salopes», vouée à détruire le monde des hommes. Ainsi soit une femme écrivaine se conforme à la norme de cette division sexuée, comme le font par exemple Jane Austeen et Charlotte Brontë, ou si elle cherche à s'en affranchir son style est stigmatisé comme flou et manquant de structuration comme Virginia Woolf ou Georg Eliott. Pour Russ, la voie de l'indépendance pour écrire en tant que femme et introduire des personnages féminins indépendants et non passifs se situe dans les genres littéraires qui ne sont pas déjà traditionnellement cantonné dans un sexe : la mythologie, la littérature policière, la science fiction ou les histoires surnaturelle. Elle conclut ironiquement en mentionnant Mary Shelley, que «la science-fiction a une mère. Bien».

Joanna Russ avait envoyé l'essai Transformations of Identity in the Work of Willa Cather a été proposé à plusieurs éditeurs en pensant que l'homosexualité de Willa Cather était connue, mais les réactions de rejet et le déni furent très forts, si bien que l'essai ne put être publié initialment que dans le Journal of Homosexuality. Michele Barale avait fait connaitre cette autrice à Joanna Russ, qui montre comment Cather en prenant le point de vue masculin pour décrire des personnages masculins frustrés dans leur désir de femmes pour diverses raisons, semble ne réaliser en fait qu'une  représentation de la façon dont une femme lesbienne accède à la présence des femmes tout en ne pouvant pas consommer leurs désirs.

Première partie
 Towards an Aesthetic of Science Fiction publié initialement dans le , juillet 1975
 Speculations: The Subjunctivity of Science Fiction, publié initialement dans le , Vol. 15. (1973)
 SF and Technology as Mystification publié initialement dans le Science Fiction Studies, novembre 1978
 Amor Vincit Foeminam: The Battle of the Sexes in Science Fiction, publié initialement dans Science Fiction Studies, mars 1980
 On the Fascination of Horror Stories, publié initialement dans Science Fiction Studies, mars 1980
 A Boy and His Dog: The Final Solution" Originally published in Frontiers: A Journal of Women's Studies, automne 1975

Deuxième partie
 What Can a Heroine Do? or Why Women Can't Write, publié initialement dans le livre de  :
 Somebody's Trying to Kill Me and I Think It's My Husband: The Modern Gothic, publié initialement dans le The Journal of Popular Culture, 1973.
 On Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Originally published as the introduction to Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley's posthumous collection, Tales and Stories, 1975.
 Recent Feminist Utopias publié initialement dans le livre de  Marleen S. Barr's Future Females: A Critical Anthology.
 To Write Like a Woman : Transformations of Identity in the Work of Willa Cather, publié initialement dans le , 1986.
 On The Yellow Wallpaper, publié initialement dans une lettre aux éditeurs de la  National Women's Studies Association (NWSA) Journal but published for the first time here in To Write Like a Woman.
 "Is "Smashing" Erotic?" publié initialement comme lettre aux éditeurs de Chrysalis in 1979.
 Letter to Susan Koppelman

Réception
Cette collection d'essais a été saluée pour son accessibilité, même pour les lecteurs peu familiers avec la théorie complexe de la critique féministe ou de science-fiction. La critique s'est principalement centrée sur les contradictions dans le sujet des essais, puisque le matériel source va de Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley à Star Trek. De plus, les critiques ont affirmé que les mises en garde de Russ contre les lectures psychanalytiques du travail d'un auteur sont naïves et trop simplistes.

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Liens externes

Essai américain
Essai paru en 1995
Essai féministe
Œuvre de science-fiction féministe

To Write Like a Woman


Die Route nationale 718, kurz N 718 oder RN 718, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 zwischen Vierzon und einer Kreuzung mit der ehemaligen Nationalstraße 143 nördlich von La Châtre verlief. Ihre Länge betrug 70,5 Kilometer.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française 718 auf WikiSara (französisch)

718
Straße in Centre-Val de Loire

Route nationale 718


Çubukoğulları Beyliği, Selçuklu emirleri Çubuk Bey (1085-1092) ve oğlu Mehmed Bey tarafından 1085-1112 arasında Fırat Nehri'nin batısında Palu, Genç arasını, Çemişgezek, Eğin, Arapgir ve civarını fethederek kurulan Türk beyliğidir. Beyliğin merkezi Harput'tu. Çubuk Bey'in Harput Ulu Camii'nin bahçesinde heykeli bulunmaktadır. Çubukoğulları Beyliği, 1112'de Artuklu Beyliği hakimiyeti altına girdi.

Kaynakça

Tunceli tarihi
Çemişgezek
Elazığ tarihi
Bingöl tarihi
Palu
Genç
1085'te başlangıçlar
1112'de sonlar

Çubukoğulları Beyliği


Başiğdir, Karabük ilinin Eflani ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1907 yılı kayıtlarında İğdir olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karabük il merkezine 56 km, Eflani ilçe merkezine 11 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Eflani belde ve köyleri

Başiğdir


Onthophagus subansiriensis é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Biswas em 1979.

Referências

Ligações externas

subansiriensis
Coleópteros descritos em 1979

Onthophagus subansiriensis


إدارة الألوان  في أنظمة التصوير الرقمي (digital imaging) هي التحويل المراقب والمضبوط لتمثيل وتوليد الألوان في مختلف الأجهزة، مثل الماسحات الضوئية، وآلات التصوير الرقمية، وشاشات الحاسوب والرائي، وطابعات الأفلام، وطابعات الحواسيب، وطباعة الأوفسيت، والوسائط المستخدمة لهذا الغرض.

الهدف الأول من إدارة الألوان هو الوصول إلى مضاهاة جيدة للألوان في مختلف الأجهزة، كعرض مقطع من الفيديو بنفس الألوان على شاشة الكرستال السائل، أو شاشة بلازما أو صورة مطبوعة من الفيلم. تساعد إدارة الألوان على الحصول على المظهر ذاته في جميع هذه الأجهزة، وتزويدنا بالأجهزة القادرة على إعطائنا الشدة اللونية المطلوية.

وقد أنجزت أجزاء من هذه التقنية في أنظمة التشغيل، والمكتبات المساعدة، والتطبيقات، والأجهزة. وفكرة متعدد المنصات لإدارة الألوان هي استخدام نظام لإدارة الألوان متوافق مع الاتحاد الدولي للألوان (International Color Consortium). فالاتحاد الدولي للألوان هو اتحاد عرّف معيارًا لنظام مقارنة الألوان (Color Matching Module) على مستوى نظام التشغيل، وبروفيلات الألوان (Color profiles) للأجهزة.

كما أن هناك عدة طرق أخرى لإدارة الألوان عدا استخدام بروفيلات الاتحاد الدولي للألوان. ويعود ذلك إلى الناحية التاريخية من جهة، وإلى احتياجات أخرى لا تغطيها البروفيلات من جهة أخرى. ولقد استعانت صناعات الأفلام بمفاهيم مشابهة، ولكنها غالبا ما تعتمد على حلول أخرى. فصناعة الأفلام حاليا تستخدم (3D LUT) لتوصيف الألوان. وعلى مستوى المستهلك، تطبق إدارة الألوان على الصور أكثر منها على الفيديو حيث تبقى إدارة الألوان في مراحلها الأولى.

نظرة عامة
التمييز: يتطلب كل جهاز مُدار بالألوان جدولًا مخصصًا، أو «ملف تعريف لون»، يميز استجابة اللون لذلك الجهاز.

التوحيد: يصف كل ملف تعريف هذه الألوان بالنسبة إلى مجموعة قياسية من الألوان المرجعية «مساحة اتصال ملف التعريف».

الترجمة: تستخدم البرامج المُدارة بالألوان ملفات التعريف القياسية لترجمة اللون من جهاز إلى آخر. يُنفذ ذلك عادةً بواسطة وحدة إدارة الألوان.(CMM)

المعدات

التوصيف
لوصف سلوك أجهزة الإخراج المختلفة، يجب قياسها فيما يتعلق بمساحة الفضاء اللوني. غالبًا ما تُنفذ خطوة تسمى التحويل الخطي أولًا، للتراجع عن تأثير تصحيح «جاما» الذي أُجري للحصول على أقصى استفادة من مسارات الألوان المحدودة ذات 8 بت. تشمل الأدوات المستخدمة لقياس ألوان الجهاز: مقاييس الألوان ومقاييس الضوء الطيفي. كنتيجةً وسيطة، توصف سلسلة اللونية في شكل بيانات قياس مبعثرة. يُطلق على تحويل بيانات القياس المتناثرة إلى نموذج أكثر انتظامًا، يمكن استخدامه بواسطة التطبيق، التنميط. التنميط عملية معقدة تتضمن الرياضيات والحساب المكثف والحكم والاختبار والتكرار. بعد الانتهاء من التنميط، يُنشأ وصف لون مثالي للجهاز. هذا الوصف يسمى ملف التعريف.

المعايرة
المعايرة تشبه التوصيف، لكنها قد تشمل تعديل الجهاز، بدلًا من مجرد قياس الجهاز. يتم أحيانًا تجنب إدارة الألوان بمعايرة الأجهزة لمساحة ألوان قياسية شائعة مثل (sRGB)، عند إجراء هذه المعايرة جيدًا كفاية، فلا حاجة إلى ترجمات لونية لجعل جميع الأجهزة تتعامل مع الألوان باستمرار. كان تجنب تعقيد إدارة الألوان أحد أهداف تطوير (sRGB)

المراجع

رسوميات الحاسوب
طباعة
لون

إدارة الألوان


O Conselho do Atlântico Norte (, NAC) é o principal órgão de decisão política da Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte (OTAN), composto por representantes permanentes de seus países membros. Foi estabelecido pelo Artigo 9 do Tratado do Atlântico Norte, e é o único órgão da OTAN que deriva sua autoridade explicitamente do tratado.

Poderes e deveres
O Tratado do Atlântico Norte deu ao NAC o poder de estabelecer órgãos subsidiários para várias funções políticas, incluindo um comitê de defesa para implementar outras partes do tratado. Desde 1952, o NAC está em sessão permanente. O NAC pode ser realizado no Nível de Representante Permanente (PermReps) ou pode ser composto por Ministros de Estado, Defesa ou Chefes de Governo dos Estados membros. O NAC tem as mesmas competências independentemente da formação sob a qual se reúna. O NAC reúne-se duas vezes por semana: todas as terças-feiras, para um almoço informal de discussão; e todas as quartas-feiras para uma sessão de tomada de decisão. Normalmente, as reuniões ocorrem entre os Representantes Permanentes, que são os membros permanentes mais antigos de cada delegação e geralmente são funcionários públicos seniores ou embaixadores experientes (e com esse posto diplomático). A lista de Representantes Permanentes pode ser encontrada no site da OTAN.

Os 30 membros da OTAN têm missões diplomáticas junto à organização por meio de embaixadas na Bélgica. As reuniões do NAC são presididas pelo Secretário-Geral e, quando decisões devem ser tomadas, as ações são acordadas com base na unanimidade e de comum acordo. Não há votação ou decisão por maioria. Cada nação representada na mesa do NAC ou em qualquer um de seus comitês subordinados mantém total soberania e responsabilidade por suas próprias decisões.

Ver também

 Secretário-geral da Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte

Ligações externas

 Conselho do Atlântico Norte no site da OTAN

OTAN

Conselho do Atlântico Norte


Filip Montoreanu (n. 1839 - d. 1891) a fost un arhitect, publicist și documentarist român de origine franceză. A urmat cursurile Politehnicii de la Viena, după care a făcut Școala de Arhitectură, Matematici și Ornamente de la Paris. După absolvirea acesteia a făcut studii de pictură la École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts din Paris.

Într-un articol apărut în anul 1873 intitulat Starea literaturei și artelor în România, semnat de Grigore H. Grandea, Filip Montoreanu a fost comparat cu Nicolae Grigorescu, amândoi fiind considerați personalități ale artei:
 "... Aceste doă talente, Grigorescu și Montoreanu, sunt singurele care merită să țintească atenția publică, căci întrunind forța talentului și forța studiului, suntem în drept să așteptăm de la ele flori mult mai strălucite. Suntem în drept să așteptăm... este adeverat; dar când vom înțelege că datorim și recunoscință acestor preoți ai Frumosului cari se sacrific, ca nisce martiri, pentru respândirea luminei în România care de cât-va timp a devenit sânul de mamă bună a tot ce este mediocru, stupid și corupt!"

Filip Montoreanu a fost primul arhitect care a fost însărcinat în data de 30 iulie 1870, cu restaurarea Bisericii Episcopale de la Curtea de Argeș care s-a derulat pe o perioadă de 23 de ani, între anii 1863 - 1886. Pentru acest proiect Montoreanu urma să primească 500 de franci pe lună, dar și o diurnă substanțială: 12 franci/zi vara și 18 franci/zi iarna, precum și cheltuielile de transport. Din cauză că a cheltuit un buget foarte mare pe o perioadă lungă de timp fără ca proiectul să fie terminat, Montoreanu a fost concediat și lucrările de restaurare au fost date arhitectului Andre Lecomte du Nouy în anul 1875.

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Adrian-Silvan Ionescu: Penel și sabie. Artiști documentariști și corespondenți de front în Războiul de Independență 1877 - 1878, Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, 2002, pag. 173-176

Nașteri în 1839
Decese în 1891
Arhitecți români
Publiciști români

Filip Montoreanu


Telomer (grč. τέλος: kraj, svršetak + -mer) je kraj odnosno završetak eukariotskog kromosoma, jedne pravocrtne strukture.

Funkcije
Telomeri su osobitih funkcija:
 Sprječavaju sljepljivanje krajeva kromosoma.
 Sprječavaju razgradnju kromosoma (od staničnih enzima egzonukleaza).
 Omogućavaju pravilnu replikaciju krajeva kromosoma.
 Čuvaju integritet kromosoma te tako stabilnosti genoma. Štite ga od mehanizama prepoznavanja oštećenja DNK ili mehanizama rekombinacije.

Pojava
Evolucijski su sačuvani kod određenih skupina organizama.
Do danas su znanstvenici izolirali telomere. Znanstvenici su ih pronašli kod kralježnjaka i jednostaničnih eukariota. Slične su pronašli kod raznih eukariota. Većina sadrži ponavljajuće (repetitivne) sekvence: ponavljanja od 5 do 8 baza. Kod čovjeka i ostalih kralježnjaka ponavljajući slijed telomerne DNA čini šest nukleotida (TTAGGG) a ta se telomerna sekvenca kod čovjeka ponavlja 250 do 1000 puta. Telomerne sekvence su konzervirane. R. Moyzis je otkrio telomere ljudskog kromosoma služeći se specifičnim probama s visoko repetitivnim dijelom ljudske DNK. U području telomera i centromera primarno se nalazi visoko repetitivna DNK (satelitna).

Skraćivanje telomera

U tkivu kad se obnavlja zbiva se stanična dioba i replikacija genoma. Krajevi kromosoma su telomeri. Pri staničnoj diobi telomeri se skraćuju, što je u biti starenje stanice i ujedno i organizma. Kad se stanice prestanu dijeliti, to ne znači njihovu smrt, nego one žive i dalje, ali su im biokemijska svojstva promijenjena i opisuje ih se kao stare stanice. Takve nedijeleće stanice ili one koje se dijele sporo više se nalazi u starim organizmima.

Ovo ne vrijedi kod svih stanica, nego kod stanica kod kojih su blokirani receptori za enzim telomerazu, čija je zadaća obnova telomernih nizova. To su somatske (tjelesne) stanice i one nemaju aktivne telomeraze.
Čim im se telomere skrate ispod određene duljine koja im narušava strukturu, dotadašnja uloga telomera prestaje: stanični mehanizmi popravka DNK prepoznaju ih kao oštećenje DNK te trajno sprječavaju daljnje diobe stanice.

Kod stanica kod kojih enzim telomeraza djeluje one se obnavljaju. To su matične stanice embrija, spolne stanice, krvotvorne stanice (bijele krvne stanice – leukociti) i tumorske stanice. Beskonačan broj dioba imaju i stanice jednostaničnih eukariota. Sve te stanice naziva se besmrtnim ili imortalnim, jer ih telomeraza stalno produljuje.

Kod stanica koje eksprimiraju enzim telomerazu, događa se sljedeći proces. Telomeraza prepoznaje 3' kraj jednolančane telomerne sekvence i produžuje ga, koristeći RNK kalup koji je njen sastavni dio. Na dovoljno produženoj jednolančanoj DNK bit će moguća sinteza odsječka zaostajuće niti pomoću DNK polimeraze. Telomeraza je po mehanizmu djelovanja reverzna transkriptaza, RNK ovisna DNA polimeraza, a njena je ekspresija u stanici strogo regulirana.

Još nije u sasvim poznato kako se struktura telomernih krajeva razlikuje od mjesta oštećenja DNK niti kako telomere štite krajeve kromosoma od aktivnosti popravka DNK. Kod ljudi zaštita kromosomskih krajeva kod ljudi primarno ovisi o telomernoj bjelančevini TRF2, te stvaranje telomerne kape uključuje formaciju telomerne petlje ili T petlje.

Na krajevima kromosoma je struktura koja obuhvaća tzv. subtelomerni, heterokromatinski dio i telomerni dio s uzastopnim ponavljanjem heksanukleotidne sekvence koja oblikuje omčastu strukturu uz pomoć specifičnih bjelančevina.

Šelterin
Telomere kao specifične DNK–bjelančevinske strukture štite krajeve pravocrtnih eukariotskih kromosoma od mehanizama popravka dvolančanih lomova stvarajući D-omču. Tada gvaninom bogati krajnji sljedovi nukleotida nejednako se repliciraju te napadaju dvolančanu DNK. Bjelančevina TRF2 (engl. Telomeric repeat-binding factor 2) pomaže stabiliziranje i nastanak D-omče. TRF2 je dio kromosomskog bjelančevinskog kompleksa nazvanog šelterin. Šelterin se sastoji od 6 podjedinica (TRF2, TRF1, POT1, TIN2, TPP1, Rap1). U kompleksu su još bjelančevine TRF1 (engl. Telomeric repeat-binding factor 1) i POT1 (engl. Protection of telomeres protein 1) koje skupa s TRF2 omogućuju prepoznavanje slijeda TTAGGG. U kompleksu su još TIN2 (engl. TRF1-interacting nuclear protein 2) koji je telomerno specifična komponenta šelterinskog kompleksa, TPP1 (engl. Telomere-binding protein1) i Rap1 (engl. Repressor activator protein 1). Svih tih 6 bjelančevinskih podjedinica zajedno omogućavaju stanici razlikovati telomer od mjesta DNA oštećenja. TRF1 i TRF2 su dimeri. TRF1, TRF2 i POT1 izravno prepoznaju ponavljanja TTAGGG. Međusobno su povezani pomoću triju dodatnih bjelančevina TIN2, TPP1 i Rap1 pri čemu nastaje kompleks.

Jedinstvena sposobnost šelterina jest prepoznati telomere pored svih ostalih krajeva DNK što mu omogućuje međusobna povezanost međudjelovanjima bjelančevina-bjelančevina između svih bjelančevina kompleksa u šelterinu. Kad ne bi bilo zaštitne uloge šelterina, telomere ne bi bile skrivene od nadzora oštećenja DNK te bi se krajevi kromosoma nepravilno procesirali putevima popravka DNK. Istraživanjima je ukazano da šelterin nije statična strukturalna komponenta telomere, nego bjelančevinski kompleks koji ima remodelirajuću ulogu DNA i reagira s bjelančevinama popravka.

Kemija
Telomerom u kemiji naziva se polimer sastavljen od molekula. Karakteristično je da mu se krajnje skupine ne mogu povezivati s dodatnim monomerima ni stvarati veće polimerne molekule iste kemijske vrste.

Starenje
Više je teorija starenja: teorija pogreške, teorija somatske mutacije, teorija programiranog starenja (sve genetske), teorija slobodnih radikala, teorija unakrižne povezanosti, teorija nakupljanja otpadnih tvari, imunološka teorija,
neuroendokrinološka teorija starenja (fiziološke teorije). U novijim znanstvenim teorijama o dugovječnosti smatra se da ulogu imaju telomeri i enzim telomeraza. Slijedom spoznaja ponašanja određenih skupina stanica, došlo se do teze da kad bi se odblokirali receptora na stanicama tkiva gdje su receptori prirodno blokiran da bi se pojavila besmrtnost. Zasad to nije moguće, ali poduzeto je dosta pokušaja produljenja života kod osoba kod kojih je došlo do oštećenja organa bez kojih život nije moguć. Temeljem toga došlo se do zaključka da je najveća moguća duljina života unaprijed određena brojem replikacija molekule DNK, a za ljudsku vrstu se danas smatra da je to oko 120 godina.

Vidi
 Telomeraza
 Okazakijevi fragmenti
 DNK polimeraza
 Hayflickova granica

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
JSTOR Robert K. Moyzis: The Human Telomere, Scientific American Vol. 265, br. 2 (kolovoz 1991.), str. 48-57

Genetika

Telomer


Gustavo primo re di Svezia (título original en italiano; en español, Gustavo I rey de Suecia) es un dramma per musica en tres actos con música de Baldassare Galuppi y libreto de italiano de Carlo Goldoni. Se estrenó el 25 de mayo de 1740 en el Teatro San Samuele de Venecia y fue compuesto en honor del marqués Giovanni Giacomo Grimaldi, patricio genovés.

Personajes

Referencias
Notas

Licencia

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Baldassare Galuppi
Óperas en italiano
Óperas de 1740
Óperas estrenadas en Venecia
Suecia en el siglo XVI
Libretos de Carlo Goldoni

Gustavo primo re di Svezia


භෛරවී රාගය හින්දුස්ථානි සංගීතයට අයත් රාගයකි. මෙය 2007 වසරේ සිට ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී සමාජවාදී ජනරජයේ අ.පො.ස. (සා.පෙ.) සඳහා වූ නව විෂය නිර්දේශය යටතේ සිසුනට නිර්දේශිත ය. අන් රාග සේ ම මීට ද සර්ගම්, ලක්‍ෂණ හා මධ්‍යලය ගීත ඇතුලත් වේ.

රාග විවරණ

සර්ගම් ගීතය.
භෛරවී රාගය සඳහා වූ එක් සර්ගම් ගීතයක් පහතින් දැක්වේ.(මෙහි රි, ග, ධ ,නි යන ස්වර කෝමල ස්වර වේ, * මෙම සලකුණට පෙර යෙදන ස්වර උච්ච වන අතර , ^ මෙම සලකුණට පෙර යෙදන ස්වර මන්ද්ර වේ. )

තාලය- ත්‍රිතාලය

ස්ථායි

/ම ග රි/ස රි නි^/ස - ධ^/නි^ ස -/

/ස රි ග/ම ප ධ/ප ම ග/රි ස- /

අන්තරා

/ධ ම ධ/නි ස -/ධ නි ස*/රි*ස*-/

/ස*ග*රි*/ස*නි ධ/ප ම ග/රි ස -/

මධ්‍ය ලය ගීතය
භෛරවී රාගය සඳහා වූ එක් ලක්‍ෂණ ගීතයක් පහතින් දැක්වේ.(මෙහි රි, ග, ධ ,නි යන ස්වර කෝමල ස්වර වේ, * මෙම සලකුණට පෙර යෙදන ස්වර උච්ච වන අතර , ^ මෙම සලකුණට පෙර යෙදන ස්වර මන්ද්ර වේ. )

 සරිගම / -ග-රි / ස-ධ^නි^ / ස---
 පධපම / -ග-රි / ස-ධ^නි^ / ස---
  ---- / සපපප / පපපප /පධනිස*
 ධනිධප/ සපපප / පපපප /පධනිස*
 ධනිධප/ සධපධ /මපමග / ම---
 සරිගම / -ග-රි / ස-ධ^නි^ / ස---
ධමධනි/ ස*-ස*ස*/නිනිස*ස*/ධනිධප
ධමධනි/ ස*-ස*ස*/නිනිස*ස*/ධනිධප
සධපධ/  මපමග /ම---
සරිගම/ -ග-රි / ස-ධ^නි^ / ස---

හින්දුස්ථානි සංගීතය

හින්දුස්ථානි සංගීතය
සංගීතය
රාග
|}

භෛරවී රාගය


Plevne (, trl: Pleven), Bulgaristan'ın en kalabalık yedinci şehridir. Ülkenin kuzeyindeki Plevne ilinin idari merkezidir. 93 Harbi sırasında Gazi Osman Paşa tarafından Plevne Savunması'nın yapıldığı kenttir.

Tarih

Bugünkü Nikolaevo bölgesinde Traklara ait olduğu belirtilen çok sayıda hazine bulunmuştur. Daha sonraki dönemlerde Plevne, Roma İmparatorluğu'nun idaresi altında Moesia Eyaleti içinde olmuştur.

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu idaresinde Plevne, Balkanlar'da önemli yerlerden biri olmuştur. Şehir, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Avrupa'daki sınır bölgesi içinde yer almıştır. 19. yüzyılda şehirde kilise, okul, köprü yapımları da artmıştır.

Plevne, birçok kültürel ve tarihî yapıya ev sahipliği yapar. Şehirde 93 Harbi'nin alanında yer alır. Bu sebeple şehirde, bu büyük savaşa ilişkin 200'den fazla anıt bulunmaktadır.

İklim

Kültür ve Yapı
Şehir, Osmanlı-Rus savaşına dair birçok anıt ve tarihî yapının dışında birçok kültür yapısına da sahiptir. Bunların başında Plevne Bölgesel Tarih Müzesi, Ivan Radoev Drama Tiyatrosu gelir. Şehirde ayrıca çok sayıda toplum merkezi vardır.

Kardeş Şehirler
  Nevşehir, Avanos, Türkiye
  Brest, Belarus
  Jinzhou, Çin (2003)
  Kaiserslautern, Almanya (2001)
  Vodina, Yunanistan
  Volos, Yunanistan
  Manastır, Kuzey Makedonya
  Kavadar, Kuzey Makedonya
  Guimarães, Portekiz
  Moskova, Rusya (2001)
  Rostov-na-Donu, Rusya
  Brăila, Romanya
  Gornji Milanovac, Sırbistan
  Bursa, Türkiye
  Bodrum, Türkiye
  Çernivtsi, Ukrayna
  Charlottesville, Virginia, ABD (2003)

Ayrıca bakınız
 Plevne Savunması

Dış bağlantılar

 Plevne
 Plevne Bölgesel Tarih Müzesi

Kaynakça

Plevne


مارتنديل: مرجع الدواء الكامل  هو مرجع طبي صيدلاني موسع، يصدر عن ، يضم المرجع معلومات عن المواد الأولية والأدوية بما يشتمل على خصائصها واستخداماتها وتنافراتها وانحلاليتها بالًمُحلات المختلفة وآثارها الجانبية

يعتبر المارتنديل من أكثر المراجع موثوقية وأكثرها شمولية.

صدرت النسخة الأولى من الكتاب عام 1883 تحت اسم مارتنديل: دستور الأدوية الإضافي  أو دستور الأدوية الإضافي للأدوية غير الرسمية والمستحضرات الكيمياوية والصيدلانية مع مصدر استخدامها مستخلصة من المجلات الطبية  .

نسخ سابقة
(الطبعات من 15-24 كانت تصدر بجزئين وربما كان كل جزء يصدر في سنة مختلفة)
 الطبعة 38: عام 2014
 الطبعة 37: عام 2011
 الطبعة 36: عام 2009
 الطبعة 35: عام 2007
 الطبعة 34: عام 2004
 الطبعة 33: عام 2002
 الطبعة 32: عام 1999
 الطبعة 31: عام 1996
 الطبعة 30: عام 1993
 الطبعة 29: عام 1989
 الطبعة 28: عام 1982
 الطبعة 27: عام 1977
 الطبعة 26: عام 1972
 الطبعة 25: عام 1967
 الطبعة 24: عام 1958
 الطبعة 23: عام 1952
 الطبعة 22: عام 1941
 الطبعة 21: عام 1936
 الطبعة 20: عام 1932
 الطبعة 19: عام 1928
 الطبعة 18: عام 1924
 الطبعة 17: عام 1920
 الطبعة 16: عام 1915
 الطبعة 15: عام 1912
 الطبعة 14: عام 1910
 الطبعة 13: عام 1908
 الطبعة 12: عام 1906
 الطبعة 11: عام 1904
 الطبعة 10: عام 1901
 الطبعة 9: عام 1898
 الطبعة 8: عام 1895
 الطبعة 7: عام 1892
 الطبعة 6: عام 1890
 الطبعة 5: عام 1888
 الطبعة الثانية والثالثة والرابعة صدرت في الفترة 1884-1886
 الطبعة الأولى: عام 1883

انظر أيضا
 الدليل الوطني البريطاني

المصادر

روابط خارجيّة
 مارتنديل: مصدر الدواء الكامل، مُراجعة غلين باير

أدلة طبية
مصادر صيدلانية

مارتنديل: مصدر الدواء الكامل


Diplopterys cachimbensis é uma espécie do gênero Diplopterys .

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 2006 por Charles Cavender Davis e William Russell Anderson.
O seguinte sinônimo já foi catalogado:
 Banisteriopsis cachimbensis  B.Gates

Forma de vida
É uma espécie terrícola e trepadeira.

Descrição

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Mato Grosso, Pará e Roraima.
Em termos ecológicos, é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Floresta Amazônica, em regiões com vegetação de vegetação sobre afloramentos rochosos.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Almeida, R.F. Diplopterys  in Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Ligações externas
 Diplopterys cachimbensis no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Diplopterys
Espécies descritas em 2006
Plantas
Flora do Brasil

Diplopterys cachimbensis


Herrernes Skiathlon i langrend under vinter-OL 2018 blev afviklet på Alpensia Cross-Country Centre den 11. februar 2018. Løbet startes kl. 15:15 lokal tid.

Konkurrencen
Herrernes Skiathlon er et løb, der i alt er på 30 km. Løbet, der har en samlet start, går over tre faser. Først løbes der 15 km klassisk stil, så følger et ''pitstop'', hvor der skiftes ski og derefter afsluttes med 15 km fri stil.

Resultat
Nedenfor er listet resultatet af løbet:

Medaljeoversigt

Referencer

Eksterne Henvisninger
 Langrend  på pyeongchang2018.com
 Det internationale skiforbund på fis-ski.com

Skiathlon - Herrer

Langrend under vinter-OL 2018 – skiathlon – Herrer


Hessel Station er en letbanestation ved Hessel i den sydlige del af byen Grenaa på Djursland i Østjylland. Stationen ligger på Grenaabanen mellem Aarhus og Grenaa, der siden 2019 er en del af Aarhus Letbane.

Historie
Hessel Station blev etableret i forbindelse med Grenaabanens ombygning til letbane for at betjene en række virksomheder og boligområder. Grenaabanen genåbnede som letbane 30. april 2019, men stationen måtte dog afventer en godkendelse, før den også kunne tages i brug. Den forelå et par måneder senere, hvorefter stationen kunne åbne for driften 9. juli 2019.

Noter

Stationer på Aarhus Letbane
Stationer på Grenaabanen
Etableret i 2019

Hessel Station


Agrilus giorgiae é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Curletti, 2004.

Referências

giorgiae

Agrilus giorgiae


Ángel Martínez Casado (Retuerto, Provincia de León, España, 1947), es un fraile dominíco, doctor en Historia y licenciado en Teología.

Carrera Profesional y Eclesiástica
Su tesis doctoral fue dirigida por el profesor Julio Valdeón Baruque (como indica el propio Ángel Martínez, en la pág 12 de su libro) y editada más tarde por la Editorial San Esteban como Lope de Barrientos.Un intelectual en la corte de Juan II. Desde 1976 ha enseñado Historía de la Filosofía griega y medieval en el Instituto Superior de Filosofía de Valladolid (desde 1970, está integrado en la Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca (UPSA) como Centro Superior de Estudios Eclesiásticos). Ha sido también profesor en la Facultad de Teología de San Vicente Ferrer de Valencia y, desde 1996 está siendo profesor de Historia de la Iglesia en la Facultad de San Esteban de Salamanca y en la Facultad de Teología de la Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca. Asimismo imparte cursos monográficos en la Facultad de Filosofía de la Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca de esa misma universidad. En la actualidad, compagina el cargo de profesor en diferentes centros docentes, con sus trabajos como Bibliotecario del Convento de San Esteban, Director Técnico de la Escuela de Teología Santo Tomás de Aquino en Internet y director del Instituto Superior de Filosofía de Valladolid.

En 2008 ha sido nombrado Académico Correspondiente de la Real Academia de Doctores de España, siendo apadrinado en el acto, por el también académico dominico Martín Gelabert Ballester. Ha actuado también como Vicepostulador de Tribunal Eclesiástico encargado del proceso diocesano de canonización de la Madre Teresa María de Jesús Ortega Pardo (Priora del Monasterio de Olmedo, cuyo proceso se clausuró el 18 de julio de 2006. Además ha colaborado en el Temario para las oposiciones de Secundaria de Filosofía de 2012, en España.

Bibliografía

Libros

Sus publicaciones han sido, entre otras por orden de publicación:

 1994, EDITORIAL SAN ESTEBAN, Título: Lope de Barrientos: Un Intelectual de la Corte de Juan II; ISBN 84-87557-85-6
 2006, EDITORIAL SAN ESTEBAN, Título: Domingo de Soto: La causa de los pobres, ISBN 84-8260-182-2

Fe de Errores Editoriales

 2003, EDITORIAL SAN ESTEBAN, Título: Peña de Francia: Historia, arte, entorno , ISBN 84-8260-125-3 Aunque se le atribuye a Ángel Martínez Casado, realmente lo ha escrito otro dominico del mismo convento, Ángel Pérez Casado.

Revistas

 1976, Revista Estudio Filosóficos, Instituto Superior de Filosofía, Valladolid, 182 págs: Título: Índices Generales 1951-1976.En colaboración con Juan Manuel ALMARZA. .
 1983, Revista Archivos Leoneses: revista de estudios y documentación de los Reinos Hispano-Occidentales, Nº 74: pag. 263–312, Título: Cátaros en León: testimonio de Lucas de Tuy;
 1984, Revista Estudio Filosóficos, Instituto Superior de Filosofía, Valladolid, N.º 33, págs. 59-84, Título: Aristotelismo hispánico en la primera mitad del siglo XII, y págs. 353-359, Título: V centenario de Francisco de Vitoria,
 1985, Revista Estudio Filosóficos, Instituto Superior de Filosofía, Valladolid, N.º 34, págs. 545-548, Título: El pensamiento leonés en el siglo XII,
 1985, Revista XX Siglos VI, Nº 24, págs. 41-50, Título: Evocación de Lope de Barrientos, .
 1996, Revista Archivo Dominicano, EDITORIAL SAN ESTEBAN, Nº 17: págs. 25-64, Título: La situación jurídica de los conversos según Lope de Barrientos,
 1997, Revista Estudio Filosóficos, Instituto Superior de Filosofía, Valladolid, N.º 44, págs. 7-38, Título: La filosofía áulica de Lope de Barrientos, .
 1997, Revista Ciencia Tomista, EDITORIAL SAN ESTEBAN, Tomo 124, págs. 159-177, Título: Disidencias manifestadas en León en la primera mitad del siglo XIII. .
 1998, Revista Studium Legionense, Nº 189, págs. 189-244, Título: La teología leonesa en la primera mitad del siglo XIII, .
 2002, Revista Estudio Filosóficos, Instituto Superior de Filosofía, Valladolid, 240 págs: Título: Índices Generales 1977-2001, volúmenes 26-50. .
 Revista Cuadernos salmantinos de filosofía, Nº 30, 2003, págs. 629-646, Título: Los pobres y Domingo de Soto.
 2005, Revista Imágenes de la FE, Sumario nº 397. Noviembre, Sección de Teología, Título: La libertad del pensamiento. Una nueva filosofía para entender a Dios,
 2009, Revista Ciencia Tomista, EDITORIAL SAN ESTEBAN, Tomo 136, Nº. 438, págs. 83-100, Título: El Magisterio de Domingo Báñez y su proyección en México.
 2009, Revista Estudio Filosóficos, Instituto Superior de Filosofía, Valladolid, Vol. 58, N.º 168, págs. 213-241, Título: La cuestión de la existencia de Dios en los iniciadores de la Escuela de Salamanca, ,
 2010, Revista Dominicana de Teología 6, págs. 27-43, Título: Las reivindicaciones de fray Bartolomé de la Casas. .

Colaboraciones en Libros

 1983, EDITORIAL OPE, Caleruega, Nueve personajes históricos. págs. 173-188, Título: San Pío V, papa y defensor de la fe, ISBN 84-7188-149-7.
 1989, Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos (BAIC), Madrid, Santo TOMÁS DE AQUINO, Suma de Teología Parte I-II, cuestiones 1-21. Traducción y referencias técnicas del texto. ISBN 84-220-1351-7.
 1991, Valladolid, En colaboración con J. M. ALMARZA y J. LÓPEZ: Guía de Valladolid. Rutas históricas y monumentales por la provincia de Valladolid. 111 pp. ISBN 84-87559-02-6.
 1994, Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos (BAIC), Madrid, Santo TOMÁS DE AQUINO, Suma de Teología Parte II-II (b), cuestiones 80-140: referencias técnicas del texto, págs. 20-390. ISBN 84-7914-118-2
 1994, Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos (BAIC), Madrid, Santo TOMÁS DE AQUINO, Suma de Teología, vol. V: págs. 819-822: Referencias para completar el texto de la Suma de Teología ISBN 84-7914-149-2.
 1997, Editores: Universidad de Valladolid y Secretariado de Publicaciones e Intercambio Editorial. Título: La filosofía española en Castilla y León: de los orígenes al Siglo de Oro, (Coordinador: Maximiliano Fartos Martínez ); tres colaboraciones en págs. 71-78; Título: Herejes en Castilla y León en el siglo XIII; págs. 79-86: Título: La escuela aristotélica de León en el siglo XIII; págs. 87-96, Título: Lope de Barrientos. ISBN 84-7762-751-7
 2000, Coord: Juan Tomás Pastor García, Lorenzo Velázquez Campo y Maximiliano Fartos Martínez , La filosofía española en Castilla y León: de la Ilustración al siglo XX, dos colaboraciones en las págs. 703-712, Título: Santiago Ramírez, y págs. 713-720, Título: Guillermo Fraile. ISBN 84-8448-069-0
 2001, Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, Madrid, TOMAS DE AQUINO SANTO. Opúsculos y cuestiones selectas, edición bilingüe, vol. I, pp.671-824, Título: "Las criaturas espirituales", acomodación del texto, introducción, traducción y notas. ISBN 84-7914-511-0.
 2001, Edibesa, Madrid, Nuevo año cristiano, Abril, (Coordinador: J. A. MARTÍNEZ PUCHE) págs. 394-407; Título:San Pío V, Papa dominico ISBN 84-8407-203-7.
 2002, Aben Ezra Ediciones, Madrid, Edición crítica del Tractatus contra Madianitas et Ismaelitas adversarios et detractores fidelium qui de populo israelitico originem traxerunt. En (Coordinador: Carlos del Valle), págs. 119-239, Título: El tratado contra madianitas e ismaelitas de Juan de Torquemada. Contra la discriminación conversa:. ISBN 84-88324-13-8.
 2003, Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, Madrid, TOMAS DE AQUINO SANTO. Opúsculos y cuestiones selectas, edición bilingüe, vol. II, pp.293-384, Título: "Cuestión sobre el apetito del bien". Edición, traducción y notas, Y págs. 619-676-384: tÍTULO: "Cuestión sobre el mal". Traducción y citas textuales, ISBN 84-7914-664-4.
 2003, Editorial San Esteban, Salamanca, La ética, aliento de lo eterno", (Coordinador: Luis Méndez Francisco), págs. 173-188. Título: "Derechos de los pobres según Domingo de Soto, ISBN 84-8260-133-4-
 2005, Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos (BAIC), Madrid, Santo TOMÁS DE AQUINO, Suma de Teología, edición en CD-ROM: Revisión y corrección de la edición.
 2006, Coord: José Román Flecha Andrés, Miguel Anxo Pena González y Ángel Galindo García, Gozo y esperanza: memorial Prof. Dr. Julio A. Ramos Guerreira, págs. 485-500, Título: El cielo y los sueños: explicación tradicional, ISBN 84-7299-704-9
 2008, Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, Madrid, ' TOMAS DE AQUINO SANTO. Opúsculos y cuestiones selectas, edición bilingüe, vol. V, págs.19-328., Título: "Compendio de Teología". Edición, traducción y notas, y págs. 729-768, Título: "Tratado sobre las razones de la fe". Edición, traducción y notas, ISBN 84-7914-021-5.
 2008, Fundación Universitaria Española, Madrid, La cultura española en la historia el barroco: ciclo promovido por la Real Academia de Doctores de España, con el patrocinio del Casino de Madrid, págs. 285-310``; Título: Teología en el barroco. Controversias y devociones, ISBN 978-84-7392-708-6
 2008, Fundación Universitaria Española, Madrid, La Cultura Española en la Historia. El Renacimiento: págs. 281-300``; Título: "La Escuela de Salamanca, sus grandes maestros dominicos: Lectura actual de su doctrina, ISBN 978-84-7392-707-9.
 2009, Fundación Universitaria Española, Madrid, La espiritualidad naturalista de fray Luis de Granada:la contemplación de Dios en la naturaleza en la Introducción del símbolo de la fe, de Julián de Cos Pérez de Camino, Tesis Doctoral supervisada por el profesor de la UPSA (Facultad Pontificia de Teología San Esteban) Ángel Martínez Casado. Madrid ISBN 978-84-7392-733-8 Y ISBN 84-7392-733-8
 2011, EDITORIAL SAN ESTEBAN, Salamanca, El grito y su eco.El sermón de Antón Montesino, con índice de Ramón Hernández Martín, Gregorio Celada y Brian J. Pierce, y estudios de Mauricio Beuchot, Francisco Javier Martínez Real y Jesús Espeja, obra basada en la transcripción del Sermón de Montesinos por el dominico leonés Prof. Ángel Martínez Casado, de las hojas manuscritas de fray Bartolomé de las Casas que se conserva la Biblioteca Nacional. ISBN 978-84-8260-262-2

Ha dirigido la revista Estudios Filosóficos desde 1985 a 1990.

Conferencias y Cursos Impartidos

 2003, Dirección del Curso Estival sobre las Órdenes militares, dentro del cual impartió la conferencia titulada Los Monjes Templarios celebrado en El Burgo de Osma, del 4 al 8 de agosto., impartido dentro de los cursos de verano de la Universidad de Santa Catalina

 2011. 2º Conferencia del Seminario de Conmemoración del V Centenario, de la UAL, sobre las reivindicaciones que en su día hiciera Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, organizadas por la Universidad de Almería, el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y el CSIC; colaboran también el Vicerrectorado de Cultura, Extensión Universitaria y Deportes; el Vicerrectorado de Profesorado y Ordenación Académica; el Vicerrectorado de Internacionalización y Cooperación al Desarrollo y la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Almería. Las sesiones cuentan con el patrocinio de Asempal y la Cámara de Comercio, el Instituto de Estudios Almerienses de la Diputación provincial, y el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Escuela de Estudios Hispanoamericanos).

Referencias

Véase también
 Real Academia de Doctores de España
 Anexo:Miembros de la Real Academia de Doctores de España
 Dominicos
 Instituto Superior de Filosofía de Valladolid

Enlaces externos

 Bibliografía del autor (novelas y artículos) en la Biblioteca Universitaria de La Rioja
 Breve Biografía y Referencias profesionales en la página Domuni Universitas
 Referencia de entrada en la Real Academia de Doctores de ESpaña
 Perfil Público en la Facultad de Teología de San Esteban

Académicos de la Real Academia de Doctores de España
Dominicos de España del siglo XX
Escritores de Castilla y León
Escritores de España del siglo XX
Escritores de España del siglo XXI
Dominicos de España del siglo XXI
Escritores en español del siglo XX
Escritores en español del siglo XXI
Religiosos de la provincia de León
Teólogos de España
Profesores de la Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca
Profesores de la Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir
Alumnos de Historia de la Universidad de Valladolid
Historiadores de España del siglo XX
Nacidos en Burón
Teólogos de Castilla y León

Ángel Martínez Casado


جياكومو فيليبو مارالدي  عالم فلك ورياضيات فرنسي إيطالي المولد ولد في 21 أغسطس 1665 في ليغوريا بإيطاليا وهوالفرنسي جان دومينيك مارالدي. عمل معظم حياته في مرصد باريس (1687 -- 1718). درس المريخ على نطاق واسع واكتشف أن القمم الجليدية الموجودة على سطح المريخ ليست على القطبين في المريخ بالضبط.اكتشف أيضا بأن الإكليل الذي يظهر خلال كسوف الشمس ينتمي إلى الشمس ليس إلى القمر، في عام 1935 تم تكريمه هو وابن أخيه بإطلاق اسم مارالدي على إحدى فوهات القمر توفي في 1 ديسمبر 1729.

مراجع

أعضاء الأكاديمية الفرنسية للعلوم
فلكيون إيطاليون
فلكيون إيطاليون في القرن 17
فلكيون فرنسيون
فلكيون فرنسيون في القرن 18
مواليد 1665
وفيات 1729
وفيات في باريس

جياكومو فيليبو مارالدي


Caudete es una estación ferroviaria con parada facultativa situada en el municipio español homónimo en la provincia de Albacete, comunidad autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha. Dispone de servicios de media distancia operados por Renfe.

Situación ferroviaria
Se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 383,1 de la línea férrea de ancho ibérico La Encina-Alicante a 573,95 metros de altitud, entre las estaciones de La Encina y de Villena.

Da nombre a una variante abierta en 1993 que evita que los trenes entre Alicante y Valencia tengan que invertir su marcha en La Encina.

Historia

Los antecedentes de la llegada del ferrocarril a Caudete se sitúan en los deseos de conectar Madrid con Alicante tomando como punto de partida la línea Madrid-Aranjuez y su prolongación hasta Albacete vía Alcázar de San Juan por parte de la Compañía del Camino de Hierro de Madrid a Aranjuez que tenía a José de Salamanca como su principal impulsor. El 1 de julio de 1856 José de Salamanca, que se había unido con la familia Rothschild y con la compañía du Chemin de Fer du Grand Central obtuvieron la concesión de la línea Madrid-Zaragoza que unida a la concesión entre Madrid y Alicante daría lugar al nacimiento de la Compañía de los Ferrocarriles de Madrid a Zaragoza y Alicante o MZA. Esta última fue la encargada de inaugurar la estación el 26 de mayo de 1858 con la apertura del tramo Almansa-Alicante. El viaje inaugural fue presidido por Isabel II. A pesar de ello, y según consta en los documentos oficiales de la compañía y en las Memorias de las obras públicas la puesta efectiva en servicio se realizó algo antes, el 15 de marzo de 1858. En 1941 la nacionalización de ferrocarril en España supuso la integración de MZA en la recién creada RENFE.

Desde el 31 de diciembre de 2004 Renfe Operadora explota la línea mientras que Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

La estación
Se sitúa al noreste del núcleo urbano. El edificio para viajeros es una estructura de base rectangular de dos plantas con pequeños anexos de una planta. Tiene disposición lateral a las vías y se compone de dos andenes, uno lateral y otro central. El cambio de uno a otro se realiza a nivel.

Servicios ferroviarios

Media Distancia
Los servicios de Media Distancia de Renfe en la estación se limitan a una conexión diaria entre Ciudad Real y Alicante mediante trenes MD los fines de semana. Se alcanzan destinos intermedios como Albacete, Alcázar de San Juan o Villena, entre otros.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Media Distancia Castilla-La Mancha en la web de Renfe.

Caudete
Caudete
Caudete
Caudete
Estaciones de ferrocarril de España inauguradas en 1858
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Castilla-La Mancha inauguradas en el siglo XIX

Estación de Caudete


Afrosolen, biljni rod iz porodice perunikovki raširen po subsaharskoj Africi. Postoji 15 priznatih vrsta.

Vrste
 Afrosolen abyssinicus (R.Br. ex A.Rich.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 Afrosolen avasmontanus (Dinter) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 Afrosolen bainesii (Baker) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 Afrosolen coeruleus (Schinz) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 Afrosolen erongoensis (Goldblatt & J.C.Manning) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 Afrosolen erythranthus (Klotzsch ex Klatt) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 Afrosolen gracilis (Vaupel) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 Afrosolen masukuensis (Vaupel & Schltr.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 Afrosolen otaviensis (R.C.Foster) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 Afrosolen rivularis (Wanntorp) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 Afrosolen sandersonii (Baker) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 Afrosolen schimperi (Asch. & Klatt) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 Afrosolen setifolius (Harms) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 Afrosolen teretifolius (Geerinck, Lisowski, Malaisse & Symoens) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
 Afrosolen zambesiacus (Goldblatt) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning

Sinonimi
 Psilosiphon Welw. ex Goldblatt & J.C.Manning

Izvori

Crocoideae

Afrosolen


Henry Radclyffe,  comte de Sussex, (vers 1530 - ) est un pair anglais.

Biographie
Il est né en Angleterre de Henry Radclyffe (2e comte de Sussex), et d'Elizabeth Howard. Il est fait chevalier par Henry FitzAlan (12e comte d'Arundel), le 2 octobre 1553, et élu au parlement en tant que député de Maldon en 1555 et de Chichester en 1559.

En 1556, il se rend en Irlande, pour soutenir son frère aîné Thomas Radclyffe (3e comte de Sussex). Là, il est nommé conseiller privé en 1557 et commande une bande de cavaliers. En 1558, il devient lieutenant du fort de Maryborough et y est assiégé par les Irlandais sous Donogh O'Conor. Il siège à la Chambre des communes irlandaise en tant que député de Carlingford en 1559, et deux ans plus tard, il est nommé lieutenant de Leix et Offaly. Il réussit à garder le secteur calme, mais en 1564, lorsque des commissaires sont envoyés d'Angleterre pour faire rapport sur l'état du gouvernement irlandais, des accusations de corruption dans le traitement des fonds affectés au paiement des soldats sont portées contre Radclyffe. Il est condamné à rembourser immédiatement 8 000 £ et, sur son refus, est envoyé en prison (janvier 1565). Sa libération est ordonnée par le gouvernement et il quitte définitivement l'Irlande peu de temps après. En 1577, il obtient quelques propriété là-bas, dans le comté de Kilkenny et le comté de Wexford.

En Angleterre, il est nommé connétable à vie du Château de Portchester, et lieutenant de la forêt de Southbere (14 juin 1560). En 1571, lorsqu'il est élu député du Hampshire, il reçoit le poste de directeur et capitaine de la ville, du château et de l'île de Portsmouth, jusqu'à sa mort. En 1572, il est élu député de Portsmouth. Il succède à son frère en tant que comte de Sussex le 9 juin 1583, trouvant la succession grevée d'une dette envers la couronne . Pendant la décennie suivante, jusqu'à sa mort, il est le patron des "hommes du comte de Sussex", qui jouent plusieurs des premières pièces de Shakespeare à The Rose (théâtre) sous Philip Henslowe, dont Titus Andronicus et Richard III.

En août 1586, il recherche une prétendue conspiration catholique à Portsmouth et surveille des navires suspects au large de la côte. Au cours de 1588, il est actif dans l'approvisionnement des magasins et de la poudre à canon pour les navires commandés pour résister à l'Armada espagnole. Pour ses services, il est fait chevalier de la Jarretière le 22 avril 1589 .

Il meurt le 14 décembre 1593 et est enterré à Boreham, Essex, aux côtés de son frère et de sa femme.

Famille
Le 6 février 1549, il épouse Honora Pound, fille d'Anthony Pound(e), de Drayton, Farlington, Hampshire. Henry et Honora ont deux enfants : un fils Robert Radclyffe (5e comte de Sussex) (12 juin 1573 - 22 septembre 1629), marié pour la première fois à Bridget Morrison, de son second mariage à Frances Shute Meautys, une fille Jane Radcliffe.

Références

Liens externes

Chevalier de la Jarretière
Comte de la pairie d'Angleterre
Décès en décembre 1593
Naissance en 1530
Comte de Sussex

Henry Radclyffe (4e comte de Sussex)


Rapid Fire is a 1992 American action film directed by Dwight H. Little and starring Brandon Lee, Powers Boothe and Nick Mancuso. The film was released in the United States on August 21, 1992.

Plot
The film opens in Thailand, with Antonio Serrano, a mafia drug distributor visiting long-time associate Kinman Tau, a drug kingpin. Serrano is having troubles and wants them to work together, but his request is not reciprocated.

Turned off from politics after witnessing the death of his father at Tiananmen Square in China, Los Angeles art student Jake Lo is lured to a party of Chinese pro-democracy activists. While there, he witnesses Serrano killing party sponsor Carl Chang, who was an associate of Tau. When Serrano and his men attempt to kill Jake, he swiftly disarms them using martial arts techniques. Jake is placed under protective custody by federal agents, who coerce him into coming to Chicago and testifying against Serrano.

When the agents at the safe house are revealed to be corrupt, Jake escapes through the window and encounters a young police detective named Karla Withers. Withers' partner, Lieutenant Mace Ryan, helps Jake evade his pursuers and reveals that he had been pursuing Tau for 10 years.

Jake is persuaded by Ryan to help him exploit Serrano's FBI ties and obtain information about Tau's next shipment. Though the sting operation is successful, Jake is nearly killed in a barrage of gunfire and assaults Ryan after he reveals his involvement was not necessary. Later that night, Karla invites Jake to her apartment and shows him his father's confidential file. After an intimate discussion, they realize their feelings for each other and have sex. Meanwhile Ryan and his team lead a raid at the revealed location of the next shipment: Tau's laundry factory. Both the lovemaking and the events of the raid are shown alternately as they occur in actual time, culminating with Serrano being murdered in his cell by one of Tau's henchman.

Jake, Ryan and Withers subsequently team up to bring down Tau once more. Though Ryan and Withers are captured by Tau's men, Jake rescues them and eventually kills Tau at a train platform. He and Karla then evacuate Ryan from the burning factory and ride to the hospital together in an ambulance.

Cast
 Brandon Lee as Jake Lo
 Powers Boothe as Lieutenant Mace Ryan
 Nick Mancuso as Antonio Serrano
 Raymond J. Barry as Agent Frank Stewart
 Kate Hodge as Detective Karla Withers
 Tzi Ma as Kinman Tau
 Tony Longo as Brunner
 Michael Paul Chan as Carl Chang
 Dustin Nguyen as Paul Yang
 Brigitta Stenberg as Rosalyn
 Basil Wallace as Agent Wesley
 Al Leong as Minh
 François Chau as Farris
 Quentin O'Brien as Agent Daniels
 Roy Abramsohn as Agent Klein
 C'Esca Lawrence as Lisa Stewart
 Michael Chong as John Lo
 Jeff McCarthy as Agent Anderson

Production
Dwight H. Little's work had attracted the attention of Steven Seagal, but his usual studio partner Warner Bros. was reticent to hire the director of Halloween 4, a horror film. Seagal used a clause in his contract that enabled him to make one film for a different company, and set up Marked for Death at Fox, where Little was approved by studio boss Joe Roth. Marked for Death was a hit and established Little as an action director.

Interested in building up an action star of their own, Fox retained Little's services for a new vehicle starring Brandon Lee, whose name held great marketing upside, although Little found him to be a commandable actor as well. Director of photography Ric Waite and stage actor Basil Wallace, who played the main bad guy "Screwface" in Marked for Death, also returned.

The film's impetus came from producer Robert Lawrence, who had come across Lee's early Hong Kong feature Legacy of Rage. Its working title was Moving Target. Before Little was hired by Fox, John Woo was in talks to direct. According to Lee, the script was tailored for him, and he had access to screenwriter Alan B. McElroy from the get-go. Cindy Cirile, the wife and frequent collaborator of executive producer John Fasano, also contributed to the story. Paul Attanasio performed some uncredited rewrites. Nonetheless, Little was dissatisfied with the way the second antagonist was reintroduced later into the story, which he felt was anticlimactic and hampered the picture's reception.

Fox's PR campaign for the film used the motto "Brandon Lee, the Action Hero of the 90s", which the actor found overly emphatic, as he considered Rapid Fire to be his first legitimate starring role. While comfortable with his father's legacy, Lee saw the film as a springboard to mainstream success, and hoped to one day transition to a broader acting career akin to those of Johnny Depp or Mel Gibson. During the shoot, he met Raymond J. Barry, a respected stage performer and dramatist, and expressed interest in starring in one of his plays to build up his credibility. Barry was excited by the prospect, and too thought of Lee as a capable performer, beyond the obvious exposure benefits of casting him.

Due to Seagal's aikido techniques relying on using his opponents' own momentum against themselves, rather than raw aggression, Little felt that he had to build a traditional cop film atmosphere around them to maintain tension, whereas Lee's more kinetic style lent itself to a purer action film. Lee choreographed the action scenes in cooperation with stunt coordinator, personal friend and fellow Jeet Kun Do practitioner Jeff Imada Lee broke a toe during the shoot, which caused his foot to swell up and hamper his mobility. Some action scenes had to be switched around to accommodate his impairment while he healed.

Principal photography started on May 28, 1991 and was announced as completed on October 8, 1991. The prologue was shot on location in Thailand. The rest of the film was shot in the Los Angeles and Chicago areas, where it is set. The interior of the Chicago restaurant, where one of the film's larger setpieces takes place, had to be rebuilt on a Valencia, California set in order to film the collapse of its balcony.

Release

Theatrical
The film debuted at number 3 at the domestic box office. It finished its North American run with a US$14,4 million tally.

Home media
The film was released on VHS in the U.S. on February 24, 1993. It performed solidly in rental stores, cracking the top 10 of the Billboard charts, which analysts described as uncommon for a film led by a martial artist. Although there were reports of heightened interest in Lee's movies following his death while shooting The Crow, Rapid Fire spent seven weeks in the top 20, the better part of it unaffected by the media attention surrounding his untimely demise.

20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the DVD in Region 2 in the United Kingdom on July 16, 2001, and Region 1 in the United States on May 21, 2002. Twilight Time released the film in a limited Blu-ray edition on August 21, 2018.

Reception
Stephen Hunter of the Baltimore Sun wrote that the film's fast pace, which he compared to video games, leaves Lee unable to show his charisma. Although he called the film a "disaster", Chicago Tribune critic Gene Siskel called Lee likable and appealing. Writing in the Los Angeles Times, Kevin Thomas described the film as "better than Enter the Dragon" and a star-making role for Lee. Stephen Holden of The New York Times said the film exploits the death of Lee's father, martial arts actor Bruce Lee, to make his character seem more sympathetic.

On Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator that includes both contemporary and modern reviews, it has an approval rating of 45% based on 22 reviews; the average rating is 4.86/10. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

In retrospect Director Dwight Little said they should have combined the two villains into a single one so audiences got a single climactic fight instead of a "weird structure" with multiple climaxes.

Aftermath
According to some outlets, the script Simon Says by Jonathan Hensleigh, which was eventually used for Die Hard with a Vengeance, had been considered for a sequel to Rapid Fire. However, no direct source is mentioned. Angela Bassett was projected to co-star as an African-American community activist. She remained under consideration as the film was being retooled into a Die Hard sequel, before the character was rewritten as a male and given to Samuel L. Jackson.
In 1995, Powers Boothe and Raymond J. Barry were reunited to support another martial arts actor, Jean-Claude Van Damme, in his vehicle Sudden Death. In that film, Boothe plays the villain, while Barry plays a virtuous U.S. vice president.
Dustin Nguyen met Brandon Lee's sister Shannon Lee on the set of this film, and would later work on the TV series she created based on Bruce Lee's writings, Warrior. However, his booking on that show owed more to his connection with its executive producer Justin Lin.

Soundtrack
The film's score was composed by Christopher Young. It was issued on CD and cassette by Varèse Sarabande at the time of its theatrical release. Young contributed an audio commentary of the film to its Blu-ray re-release, which also offers an isolated score track.
The soundtrack features two songs by hard rock band Hardline.

References

External links

1992 films
American martial arts films
American action films
Cantonese-language films
1990s English-language films
1990s Italian-language films
American police detective films
Triad films
American neo-noir films
Kung fu films
Jeet Kune Do films
Gun fu films
Muay Thai films
Thai Muay Thai films
Mafia films
Films set in Chicago
Films set in Thailand
20th Century Fox films
Films scored by Christopher Young
Films directed by Dwight H. Little
1992 martial arts films
1990s American films
1990s Hong Kong films

Rapid Fire (1992 film)


Jógvan Heinason (født 1541, død 1602) var lagmand på Færøerne fra 1572 til 1583. Jógvan Heinason var søn af den norske præst Heini Havreki ("Heini den Skibbrudne") og færøske Herborg fra Húsavík på Sandoy. Jógvan Heinason var besidder af gården Steigargarður i Lambi på Eysturoy, der med sine omkring 100 merkur af hovedsagelig kongsjord, gjorde ham til den største jordbesidder på Færøerne.

Heinasons var halvbror til Færøernes berømte søhelt Magnus Heinason, der var søn af hans norske stedmor, og oldefar til den senere lagmand Sámal Pætursson Lamhauge.

Litteratur
 Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit, bind 2 (2002), s. 366. (afsnit «Føroya løgmenn fram til 1816») (PDF )

Landmænd fra Færøerne
Lagmænd fra Færøerne før 1816
Personer fra Sandø

Jógvan Heinason


Ronald George Wreyford Norrish FRS</small> (født 9. november 1897, død 7. juni 1978) var en britisk kemiker. Sammen med Manfred Eigen og George Porter modtog han nobelprisen i kemi i 1967 for deres arbejde med at måle hurtige kemiske reaktioner.

Referencer

Nobelprismodtagere fra Storbritannien
Nobelprismodtagere i kemi
Kemikere fra Storbritannien

Ronald George Wreyford Norrish


An Eragrostis glischra in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Georg Oskar Edmund Launert. An Eragrostis glischra in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Zimbabwe. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis glischra


S-3 Viking, Lockheed firması tarafından ABD Deniz Kuvvetleri için geliştirilmiş bir denizaltı savunma ve istihbarat uçağıdır. Düşman denizaltılarını tespit, takip ve yok etmek üzere tasarlanmış olan Viking, doksanlı yılların sonundan itibaren genellikle yüzey hedeflerine karşı elektronik istihbarat görevlerinde kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca tanker uçak olarak da hizmet veren Viking, bu görevini kademeli olarak F/A-18E Superhornet uçaklarına bırakmaktadır.

Viking, karakteristik motor sesi sebebiyle Hoover (ünlü bir elektrikli süpürge markası) takma ismiyle de anılmaktadır.

Tasarım ve Geliştirme

ABD Deniz Kuvvetleri tarafından, piston motorlu S-2 Tracker uçaklarının yerine geçecek platformun geliştirilmesi için başlatılan VS-X programı çerçevesinde geliştirilen S-3 Viking, Lockheed, Ling-Temco-Vought (LTV) ve Univac Federal Systems firmalarının ortak çalışmalarının eseridir. Ana yüklenici Lockheed firmasının uçak gemilerinde konuşlandırılacak uçakların tasarım ve üretimi konusunda yeterli deneyime sahip olmaması nedeniyle programa dahil edilen LTV, uçağın iniş takımlarını, katlanabilen kanatlarını ve motor beşiklerini tasarlamıştır. Univac firması ise uçağın gelişmiş elektronik ve iletişim sistemlerinin tasarımını üstlenmiştir.

İlk uçuşunu 21 Ocak 1972 tarihinde gerçekleştiren Viking, 1974 yılında ABD Deniz Kuvvetleri envanterine girmiştir. 1974-1978 yılları arasında ilk etapta toplam 186 uçak üretilmiştir.

Genel Özellikler
S-3 Viking, 15 derece açılı bir kanat yapısına ve bu kanatlar altında özel beşiklere yerleştirilmiş iki adet General Electric TF-34 turbofan motoruna sahiptir. Uçağın görev tanımı itibarıyla ses hızını aşması gerekmediği için seçilen bu motorlar, turbojet motorlara göre önemli miktarda yakıt tasarrufu sağlamaktadır.

Uçağın dört kişilik mürettebatı şu şekildedir:

 Pilot
 COTAC (Co-pilot/Tactical Coordinator, Türkçe: "Yardımcı Pilot/Taktik Koordinatör")
 TACCO (Tactical Coordinator, Türkçe: "Taktik Koordinatör")
 SENSO (Sensor Operator, Türkçe: "Sensör Operatörü")

Yine uçağın kanatlarının altında, yedek yakıt tankı, güdümlü füze, bomba, roket veya mayınların yüklenebildiği iki askı noktası (pilon) bulunmaktadır. Uçağın alt kısmında bulunan kapaklı bölmelerde ise torpido, bomba veya mayınlar ile elektronik istihbarat ekipmanı taşınabilmektedir. Bu bölümün arkasında, uçağın alt arka kısmında bulunan 60 adet fırlatıcı sayesinde ise geniş bir alana çok sayıda sonar veya arama-kurtarma şamandıralarının döşenebimesi sağlanmıştır. Uçağın kuyruk kısmında ayrıca bir de manyetik anomali algılayıcı modülü bulunmaktadır, ancak arkadan salınabilen bu modül uçağın doksanlı yılların sonunda değişen görev tanımı çerçevesinde tüm Viking'lerden sökülmüştür.

Teknik Özellikler
 Genel özellikler:
 Mürettebat: 4 kişi (1 pilot, 3 silah sistemleri uzmanı)
 Uzunluk: 16.26 m
 Kanat açıklığı: 9 m
 Yükseklik: 6.93 m
 Kanat alanı: 55.56 m²
 Boş ağırlık: 12.057 kg
 Azami kalkış ağırlığı: 23.831 kg
 Motorlar: İki adet General Electric TF-34 turbofan
 Performans:
 Azami hız: 429 knot (795 km/h) (deniz seviyesinde)
 Seyir hızı: 350 knot (650 km/h)
 Menzil: 5.121 km
 Azami seyir irtifası: 12.465 m (40.900 ft)
 Silah sistemleri:
 Kanat altlarında toplam iki adet askı noktası, gövdenin alt kısmında iki adet kapaklı yük bölmesi
 500, 1000 ve 2000 pound ağırlığında genel maksatlı bombalar (toplam 4.900 pound)
 2× Mk 48 torpido
 4× Mk 46 torpido
 6× Mayın veya dip bombası
 2× B57 veya B61 nükleer bomba
 2× AGM-65 Maverick güdümlü füze
 2× AGM-84 Harpoon güdümlü füze
 1× AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER cruise füzesi

Kaynakça
S-3B Viking hakkında bilgi (İngilizce)

Lockheed uçakları
1974 tanıtımları
Askerî uçaklar
Çift motorlu jetler

S-3 Viking


Alexander Tved Hansen (født 15. juni 1998 i Arden, Danmark) er en dansk ungdomsfodboldspiller, der spiller for IF Jarl Arden.

Karriere
Han skiftede i 2011 fra barndomsklubben "IF Jarl Arden", hvor han startede sin karriere i 2004. I AaB var han anfører for klubbens U/19 Liga-hold i U/19 Ligaen.

Han skiftede den 25. august 2017 til 2. divisionsklubben Jammerbugt FC.

Landsholdskarriere
Han har spillet flere ungdomslandskampe for Danmark, hvor han debuterede på U/16-landsholdet den 1. maj 2014.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Arden
Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra AaB
Fodboldspillere fra Jammerbugt FC

Alexander Tved Hansen


Fontanive ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Fabrizio Fontanive (* 1977), italienischer Eishockeyspieler
Martina Fontanive (* 1986), Schweizer Bobfahrerin
 Nicola Fontanive (* 1985), italienischer Eishockeyspieler
 Petra Fontanive (* 1988), Schweizer Hürdenläuferin

Fontanive


Trysull and Seisdon es una parroquia civil del distrito de South Staffordshire, en el condado de Staffordshire (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Trysull and Seisdon tiene una superficie de 13,78 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Trysull and Seisdon tenía 1092 habitantes (49,08% varones, 50,92% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 79,25 hab/km². El 15,38% eran menores de 16 años, el 76,47% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 8,15% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 44,07 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 21,1% estaban solteros, el 64,94% casados, y el 13,96% divorciados o viudos.

Según su grupo étnico, el 98,99% de los habitantes eran blancos, el 0,27% mestizos, y el 0,73% asiáticos. La mayor parte (97,71%) eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,19% de la población, mientras que el 1,1% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. El cristianismo era profesado por el 87,44%, el budismo por el 0,27%, el hinduismo por el 0,37%, el sijismo por el 0,37%, y cualquier otra religión, salvo el judaísmo y el islam, por el 0,27%. El 6,51% no eran religiosos y el 4,77% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Había 433 hogares con residentes y 18 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha de Trysull and Seisdon en el sitio web oficial del Ayuntamiento de South Staffordshire (en inglés).

Parroquias civiles de Staffordshire

Trysull and Seisdon


Al Anbar Governorate (; muḥāfaẓat al-'Anbār), or Anbar Province, is the largest governorate in Iraq by area. Encompassing much of the country's western territory, it shares borders with Syria, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The population is mostly Sunni Muslims. The provincial capital is Ramadi; other important cities include Fallujah, Al-Qa'im and Haditha.

The governorate was known as Ramadi up to 1976 when it was renamed Al Anbar Province, and it was known as Dulaim before 1962. A large majority of the inhabitants of the province are Arab Sunni Muslims and most belong to the Dulaim tribe.

In early 2014, the Islamic State, with the assistance of some local Sunni militias, launched a successful campaign to seize control of the province from the Iraqi government. Numerous offensive actions were undertaken by the Iraqi government, with the assistance of local Sunni tribes to remove ISIL's occupation of the province, especially in the Anbar campaign (2015–16), the Western Anbar offensive (September 2017) and the 2017 Western Iraq campaign. The area was effectively recaptured by the end of 2017 and has been at peace since then.

Etymology

The name of the governorate in Persian language means "warehouse" or "silo". This was the last stop/warehouses on the old Silk Road toward Syria. The name is pre-Islamic. The name of the governorate is taken over from a historic city that was originally located on its territory and whose ruins can still be seen 5 km northwest of Fallujah near the city of Saqlawiyah today. This city of Anbār or Peroz-Shapur was founded in the 3rd century by the Muntherids, and was before the Arab conquest in 634, the second-largest city of Iraq. It was abandoned after the Mongol invasion in the 14th century. A pseudo-authentication is offered by proposing that the name is Arabic and stands for "granaries" in Arabic, further proposing the word Anbar (أنبار) to be the plural of Nbr (نبر) which meaning "grains". The name was already in use in Pre-Islamic times during the Sasanian rule over Iraq, long before Arabic replaced Aramaic as the main language of Iraq.

Dulaim is the old name of the governorate due to the Dulaim tribe inhabiting the region. It was also called Liwa Al-Dulaim () in the Ottoman period and Sanjak Al-Dulaim in the seventeenth century.

History

Al Dulaim Tribe
Al Anbar was known as the Dulaim Province to the concentration of Dulaim Tribe in this region and before them, it was informally named as Sanjak Al Dulaim. During the Ottoman period, the province of Dulaim was created, today known as Al Anbar Governorate. In 1706, Sheikh Itha bin Hamad was appointed as its ruler. But it came into its current form in the 1930s when Iraq was a monarchy.

King Faisal I of Iraq visited the province on July 31, 1921. He was received by Sheikh Ali Al Sulaimani, the ruler of the province, and 6,000 members of the tribe.

Caliphate period

During the reign of Rashidun Caliph Abu bakr the conquest of Anbar was launched his successors conquered whole Middle East.

During the Abbasid era in the reign of Caliph Abu al-Abbas Abdallah al-Saffah in 134 AH, the second capital of the Abbasid Caliphate after Kufa to Baghdad where he built his palace in 145 AH. He built the road through the Euphrates River and the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf, so the armies entering and leaving Iraq are passing through this region.

Geography
Anbar is one of the driest governorates in Iraq's western desert climate. Some of Al Anbar is part of the Syrian Desert, characterized by steppe and desert terrain. Most of Al Anbar is considered as a topographical continuation of the Arabian Peninsula plateau region. It has some small hills and a number of wadis, including Wadi Hauran. Given a decline in land preservation and a lack of natural vegetation, the land is often exposed to the elements and prone to severe erosion.

Among the most important agricultural crops are Potatoes, which are harvested in spring and fall. Wheat, barley and maize (corn) are also commonly grown in the governorate. Al Anbar is also known for the production of phosphates and fertilizer. It is also rich in mineral such as sulphur, gold and oil. However, Anbar has not been extensively explored for oil.

Climate
The average rainfall in Al Anbar is 115 millimeters (4.53 in) per year. Summer temperatures may reach as high as 52°C (125°F) and may fall as low as 0°C (32°F) in the winter. The Euphrates River is the main water source for residents of the governorate. The river flows southeasterly through seven of Al Anbar's districts:
 Al-Qa'im District
 Anah District
 Haditha District
 Hit District
 Rawah District
 Ramadi District
 Fallujah District
 Ar-Rutba District

Government
 Governor: Ali Farhan Al-Dulaimi
 Deputy Governor: Ibrahim Al Asal
 Technical  Governor's councilor : Engineer Adil Bardan
 Provincial Council Chairman (PCC):  Ahmed Hamid al-Alwani

Demographics

In the 1920s, the governorate had a population of 250,000, as did Baghdad, out of a total population of 2 million in Iraq. Today there are 9 million people living in Baghdad, among them a million Anbari people in the city and suburbs; their origins are the people of the Al-Anbar tribes that have moved to Baghdad during the past 500 years and their recent migrations there during the 1920s and 1930s.

Half of the residents in Anbar are living on the banks of the Euphrates River outside cities and the towns, there were between 1.9 million and 2 million inhabitants in the districts of Al Anbar. The largest cities are Ramadi (pop. 900,000) and Fallujah (700,000).

According to UN estimate in 2003 the population of Al Anbar is 1,230,169. There are no precise estimates of the population which include all of the cities and towns and villages in Anbar. According to a 2003 estimate by the NGO Coordination Committee in Iraq, the population was 1,230,140.

It is estimated that around 90 percent of Anbar's inhabitants are adherents of the Sunni branch of Islam. The remaining ten percent are either Christians or other minorities.

Important mosques in Al Anbar Governorate

The governorate contains a lot of mosques, monuments, and shrines.

Notable people from Al Anbar Governorate
 Douglas Aziz (footballer)
 Jamal al-Dhari (tribal leader)
 Gewargis III (religious leader)
 Erfan al-Hiyali (politician)
 Jamal Al-Karboli (politician)
 Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi (politician)

Governors Al Anbar Governorate (since 2003)

List of governors in post-Ba'athist Iraq:
 Abdul Karim Bujras al-Rawi
 Faisal Al Gaood (acting)
 Raja Nawaf Farhan al-Mahalawi
 Mamoon Sami Rashid al-Alawani
 Qasim Al-Fahadawi
 Ahmad Khalaf Muhammed al-Dulaimi
 Suhaib al-Rawi
 Mohammed Rikan Al Halbousi
 Ali Farhan Hameed

Anbar during U.S. occupation

The geographic challenge of the Anbar Governorate is demonstrated by two contrasting facts: while it is Iraq's largest governorate, it also is the most sparsely populated. For a governorate that is approximately the size of Bangladesh, it is home to fewer than 1.8 million Iraqis. Most of the population lives in the major cities, like Ramadi and Fallujah, and almost everyone else lives within a short distance of the Euphrates River that snakes from Baghdad to the Syrian border near Al-Qa'im. Its strategic challenge was demonstrated, in part, by casualty statistics. During the first four years of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), the Anbar Province was the deadliest province for American service members, claiming approximately one-third of American fatalities.

The Anbar Province was the Sunni stronghold that had long provided Saddam Hussein with the support he needed to remain in power. During the early years of Operation Iraqi Freedom, it provided an important base for Al Qaeda and insurgent operations. Part of its significance came from the fact that the Western Euphrates River Valley served as an important infiltration route for foreign fighters headed to Iraq's heartland. The New York Times compared this region to the Vietnam War's Ho Chi Minh Trail, as foreign fighters and insurgents used the river valley to move in relative safety from the Syrian border to cities like Baghdad, Ramadi and Fallujah.

The contrast between the fertile Euphrates River Valley and the rest of the province is striking. Along the Euphrates, groves of fruits and vegetables and acre after acre of date palms are surrounded by a lushness that paints the area a vivid green. Just a few miles from the Euphrates, however, the barren landscape turns brown. With the exception of an occasional Bedouin, the desert is essentially empty. Whether traveling by aircraft, vehicle, or on foot, the Anbar Governorate is vast. During a time when mining roads became a strategy of choice for insurgents, the need to patrol and travel throughout the province became one of the Marine Corps' greatest challenges. The threat of insurgent activity, when combined with the challenges that long-distance travel, choking dust, and stifling heat created, made the Anbar Province a difficult area of operation.

Cities and towns

Ramadi
Fallujah
Al-Qaim
Hīt
Haditha
Anah
Rawah
Kabisa
Al Baghdadi

An Nukhayb
Akashat
Tarbil
Husaibah Al Sharqiah
Amiriyah Fallujah
Saqlawiyah
An Nahidayn
Al Sharqiah
Al Waleed (Al Walid)
Sa'dah
Al Saqrh

Al Mamorha
Al Enaimih
Rumana
Al Asarjirah
Al Sujr
Al Jabhah
Al Rihaniah
Al Furaat
Al Mhamady
Al Kasrah

Al-Karābilah
Al Ubaidi
Barwanah
Al Khaldiya
Al Habbaniyah
Al-Karmah
Al Haqlaniyah
Ar Rahaliyah
Ar Rutbah

See also
Anbar campaign (2013–14)
2005 Al-Anbar governorate council election
Abdul Sattar Abu Risha
Anbar Awakening
First Battle of Fallujah
Operation Phantom Fury
Battle of Ramadi
Battle of Haditha

References

External links

Governorates of Iraq

Al Anbar Governorate


Jennifer Love Hewitt is the self-titled third studio album by actress and recording artist Jennifer Love Hewitt. It was released on September 3, 1996 by Atlantic Records.

Track listing

Personnel
Jennifer Love Hewitt – vocals, background vocals
Paul Adamy – bass
Alex Al – bass
John Avarese – synthesizer
Eric Bazilian – guitar
Wayne Cohen – acoustic guitar, bass, electric guitar, keyboard, background vocals, loops
Melvin Davis – bass
Valerie Davis – background vocals
Charles Julian Fearing – rhythm guitar
David Flemming – drums, keyboard
Jimmy Greco – drums
Doug Grigsby – drums
Joel Kipnis – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Fran Lucci – background vocals
Billy Mann – water effects
Howard McCrary – keyboard
Robert Palmer – drums, wah wah guitar
Danny Powers – guitar
Michael Sembello – guitar, background vocals
Ira Siegel – guitar, electric guitar, steel guitar

Production
Producers: Wayne Cohen, Skip Drinkwater, David Flemming, Jimmy Greco, Joel Kipnis, Howard McCrary, Robert Palmer, Dick Rudolph, Michael Sembello
Executive producer: Rich Christina
Engineers: Joe Alexander, Brad Davis, David Flemming, Robert Mitchell, Greg Mull, Chris Papastephanou, Chris Roberts
Assistant engineers: Brad Catlett, Tony Meador, Stephanie Sylden
Mixing: Joe Alexander, Brad Davis, Skip Drinkwater, David Flemming, Chris Roberts
Mixing assistant: Stephanie Gylden
Mastering: Rick Essig
Drum programming: David Flemming, Jimmy Greco, Robert Palmer
Keyboard programming: Dave Cintron, David Clinton
Vocal programming: Wayne Cohen, Peter Zizzo
Programming: Michael Sembello
Project coordinators: Brad Davis, Richard J. Davis
Rhythm arrangements: David Flemming
Vocal arrangement: Valerie Davis, Joel Kipnis, Larry Loftin, Billy Mann, Howard McCrary, Robert Palmer, Conner Reeves, Peter Zizzo
Art direction: Elizabeth Barrett
Design: Elizabeth Barrett
Photography: Diego Uchitel

References

1996 albums
Jennifer Love Hewitt albums
Atlantic Records albums

Jennifer Love Hewitt (album)