Sophie (* 9. Oktober 1944 in Dax als Arlette Hecquet; † 28. Oktober 2012 in Paris) war eine französische Chansonsängerin und Hörfunkmoderatorin.

Erste Erfahrungen als Sängerin machte sie als Backgroundsängerin bei Johnny Hallyday. Sie erhielt einen Plattenvertrag bei Decca Records, die einige Singles in den 1960er Jahren herausbrachten. Sie war ab dieser Zeit auch Hörfunkmoderatorin bei Radio Monte Carlo. Sie wurde beauftragt, Monaco beim Eurovision Song Contest 1975 in Stockholm zu vertreten. Mit Une chanson c'est une lettre wurde sie auf Platz 13 gewählt. In den 1980er Jahren wechselte sie zu RTL Télé Luxembourg als Programmansagerin.

Sie starb am 28. Oktober 2012 nach einer Operation eines Aortenaneurysmas.

Weblinks

 Diskografie bei encyclopedisque.fr

Einzelnachweise

Musiker (Frankreich)
Chansonsänger
Interpret eines monegassischen Beitrags beim Eurovision Song Contest
Franzose
Geboren 1944
Gestorben 2012
Frau

Sophie (Musikerin, 1944)


Daphne Marlatt, CM (* 11. Juli 1942 in Melbourne) ist eine aus Australien stammende kanadische Schriftstellerin und Dichterin, die in ihrer Jugend maßgeblich an der Gestaltung des lyrischen Avantgarde-Magazins TISH beteiligt war und 2009 mit ihrem Gedichtband The Given den zu den BC Book Prizes gehörenden Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize gewinnen konnte und zu den führenden feministischen Autorinnen ihres Heimatlandes zählt.

Leben
Die Schriftstellerin wurde als Daphne Buckle in Australien geboren. Bereits im Alter von drei Jahren zog sie mit ihren Eltern, Arthur und Edrys Lupprian Buckle, die ihrerseits die englische Nationalität hatten, nach Penang, Malaysia. Als sie neun Jahre alt war, siedelte die Familie nach British Columbia, Kanada, über. Dort besuchte sie die University of British Columbia und gehörte Anfang der 1960er Jahre zum Kreis jener jungen Literaturstudenten um Fred Wah, die sich an der Gestaltung des lyrischen Newsletter-Magzins TISH beteiligten. In dieser Zeit entwickelte sie außerdem den ihr eigenen lyrischen Stil und ihre standfeste feministische Sichtweise. 1964 erhielt sie ihren Bachelor of Arts an der University of British Columbia und vier Jahre später machte sie ihren Magister Artium in vergleichender Literaturwissenschaft an der Indiana University.

Kurz zuvor hatte sie ihren Mann, Gordon Alan Marlatt, einen klinischen Psychologen, geheiratet. Nach einer ausgedehnten Reise über den amerikanischen Kontinent ließen sie sich in Bloomington (Indiana) nieder, wo sie auch ihr erstes veröffentlichtes Langwerk, Frames of a Story (1968), verfasste.

1969 veröffentlichte sie leaf leaf/s, eine Sammlung von Kurzgedichten. Zwei Jahre später publizierte sie Rings, eine Zusammenstellung von Gedichten über Schwangerschaft, Geburt und frühe Elternschaft. Sie begann als Lehrerin Kreatives Schreiben und Literatur am Capilano College zu unterrichten und gab darüber hinaus den The Capilano Review heraus. 1972 kam Vancouver Poems heraus. Eines ihrer bekanntesten Werke, Steveston, illustriert mit Fotografien von Robert Minden, veröffentlichte sie 1974. In Steveston geht es um ein kleines Fischerdorf, dessen Beziehungen dadurch beeinflusst wurden, dass es während des Zweiten Weltkrieges als Internierungslager für Kanadier japanischer Abstammung zweckentfremdet wurde.

1975 veröffentlichte die Schriftstellerin Our Lives, ein lyrisches Werk über die organischen Implosionen einer Beziehung. Daphne Marlatt ließ sich in den späten Siebzigerjahren von ihrem zweiten Ehemann, dem Dichter und Maler Roy Kiyooka, scheiden und zog mit ihrem Sohn Christopher daraufhin zurück nach Vancouver. 1977 veröffentlichte sie The Story, She Said und das Buch Zocalo, eine Sammlung von Langgedichten über Reisen durch Yucatán. Drei Jahre später publizierte sie What Matters: Writing 1968–1970, das in der Zusammenfassung früher Schriften auf Rings und Vancouver Poems beruhte. Außerdem veröffentlichte sie in diesem Jahr Net Work: Selected Writing, dem ihr einstiger Studienkollege Fred Wah, nun selbst Dozent an der University of Calgary, "neues Selbstvertrauen und Autorität" bescheinigte.

Bereits 1977 war Daphne Marlatt als Mitbegründerin von periodies: a magazine of prose (1977–81) hervorgetreten und 1981 veröffentlichte sie here & there. Seit diesem Zeitpunkt engagierte sich die Schriftstellerin stärker für die feministischen Belange, nahm an diversen feministischen Kongressen teil und organisierte darüber hinaus einige dieser Veranstaltungen. 1985 gründete sie Tessera, ein feministisches Magazin, und formulierte in mehrfacher Weise ihr Coming-out: "a time of transition for me as i tried to integrate my feminist reading with a largely male-mentored postmodernist poetic, at the same time coming out as a lesbian in my life as well as in my writing."

1983 folgte die Veröffentlichung von How Hug a Stone, die sich auf eine Englandreise mit ihrem Sohn 1981 bezog. 1984 brachte sie Touch to My Tongue heraus. Beide Werke brachten ihre intensive Annäherung an die fortgesetzte Veränderung ihrer Umgebung zum Ausdruck. Zwei Bücher brachte sie 1985/86 zusammen mit der aus Québec stammenden feministischen Schriftstellerin Nicole Brossard heraus: Mauve und character/jeu de letters. Double negative (1988) hingegen war ein Gemeinschaftsprojekt mit Betsy Warland.

Im selben Jahr stellte sie auch ihr bis dahin ausgefeiltestes Werk vor, den Roman Ana Historic, der versuchte die Erfahrungen von Frauen sowohl im historischen Aufriss als auch im direkten Vergleich zu präsentieren. In einem Interview von 2003 mit Sue Kossew, einer Professorin der University of New South Wales, beschrieb sie ihren Roman folgendermaßen: "I like rubbing the edges of document and memory/fiction against one another. I like the friction that is produced between the stark reporting of document, the pseudo-factual language of journalism, and the more emotional, even poetic, language of memory. That's why I used such a hodgepodge of sources in Ana Historic: a little nineteenth-century and very local journalism that sounds like a gossip column, a 1906 school textbook, various historical accounts, some contemporary feminist theory, and a school teacher's diary from 1873 that was completely fictitious."

Caroline Rosenthal, Autorin von Narrative Deconstructions of Gender in Works by Audrey Thomas, Daphne Marlatt, and Louise Erdich, drückte es dergestalt aus: "Marlatt, in Ana Historic, challenges the regulatory fiction of heterosexuality. She offers her protagonist a way out into a new order that breaks with the law of the father, creating a "monstrous" text that explores the possibilities of a lesbian identity."
1991 erschien Salvage mit biografischen Elementen Marlatts aus der feministischen Perspektive, 1993 wurde Ghost Works, eine Mischung aus Prosa, Gedichten, Tagebucheinträgen und Reiseberichten veröffentlicht. Das Folgejahr sah Two Women in Birth, das sie erneut mit ihrer "besseren Hälfte" Betsy Warland herausbrachte und das die gemeinsame schriftstellerische Arbeit der beiden Feministinnen während der vergangenen zehn Jahre dokumentieren sollte.

Ihr zweiter Roman, Taken, wurde 1996 vorgestellt. Dieses schriftstellerische Werk war als Tribut allen Frauen gegenüber gedacht, deren Leben durch den Krieg "genommen" (Taken) wurde. This Tremor Love (2001) war eine Sammlung von Liebesgedichten einer Periode von 25 Jahren, mit der sie auf der Shortlist des zu den BC Book Prizes gehörenden Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize stand. Die Gedichtsammlung Seven Glass Bowls erschien 2003 und The Given 2008, für die sie endlich den Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize gewinnen konnte. Eine besondere Stellung in ihrem Werk nimmt das Drama The Gull ein, das in der alten, ritualisierten Tradition des japanischen Nō-Theaters geschrieben wurde und 2008 mit dem Uchimura Naoya Prize ausgezeichnet wurde.

Die Fernsehproduktion Heart of a Poet würdigte sie 2006 mit einer Episode, bei der die kanadische Filmregisseurin Maureen Judge verantwortlich zeichnete. 2008 las Daphne Marlatt selbst Passagen ihrer Gedichte für die Audio-CD-Produktion Like Light Off Water (Otter Bay 2008) ein.

Während ihrer Karriere unterrichtete Marlatt – unter anderem auch als Writer in Residence – an verschiedenen Colleges und Universitäten: University of Alberta, University of British Columbia, Capilano College, University of Calgary, University of Manitoba, McMaster University, Mount Royal College, University of Saskatchewan, Simon Fraser University, University of Victoria und der University of Western Ontario.

Neben den oben bereits erwähnten Auszeichnungen erhielt die Autorin den MacMillan and Brissenden award for creative writing; den Canada Council award; den Vancouver Mayor's Arts Award for Literary Arts und wurde in den Order of Canada für ihre Verdienste für die Kanadische Literatur aufgenommen. Des Weiteren gründete sie die West Coast Women and Words Society.

Die Schriftstellerin beschäftigt sich mit dem tibetanischen Buddhismus und lebt in Vancouver.

Werk
 weitere Werke
 Frames of a Story. Ryerson Press, Toronto 1968
 leaf leaf/s.  Black Sparrow Press, Los Angeles 1969
 Rings. Vancouver Community Press, Vancouver 1971
 Vancouver Poems. Coach House Press, Toronto 1972
 Steveston. Talonbooks, Vancouver 1974
 Our Lives. Truck Press, Carrboro, New York 1975
 Zocalo. Coach House Press, Toronto 1977
 The Story, She Said. Coach House Press, Toronto 1977
 Ana Historic. Coach House Press, Toronto 1977.
 Opening Doors: Vancouver's East End. 1979 (Oral-History-Projekt, herausgegeben zusammen mit Carole Itter).
 Net Work: Selected Writing. (herausgegeben von Fred Wah) Talonbooks, Vancouver 1980
 What Matters. (writings 1968–70) Coach House Press, Toronto 1980
 here & there. Island Writing Series, Lantzville, British Columbia 1981
 How Hug a Stone. Turnstone Press, Winnipeg 1983
 Touch to My Tongue. Longspoon Press, Edmonton 1984.
 Mauve. Nouvelle barre du jour, Montreal 1985 (mit Nicole Brossard).
 Feminist Literature in the Feminine. 1985 (herausgegeben mit Ann Dybikowski, Victoria Freeman, Barbara Pulling und Betsy Warland).
 Double Negative. Gynergy Books, Charlottetown 1988 (mit Betsy Warland).
 Telling It: Women and Language Across Cultures. 1990 (mit Betsy Warland, Lee Maracle und Sky Lee)
 Salvage. Red Deer College Press, Red Deer, Alberta 1991
 Ghost Works. NeWest, Edmonton 1993
 Two Women in a Birth. Guernica, Toronto 1994 (mit Betsy Warland)
 Taken. House of Anansi Press, Ontario 1996
 Readings from the Labyrinth.  NeWest Press, Edmonton 1998
 Winter/Rice/Tea Strain. 2001
 This Tremor Love Is. Talonbooks, Vancouver 2001
 Seven Glass Bowls. Nomados, Vancouver 2003
 The Given. 2008.
 The Gull. (Drama) 2008

Auszeichnungen und Nominierungen
 2002: Shortlist Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize für  This Tremor Love
 2008: Uchimura Naoya Prize für The Gull
 2009: Gewinnerin des Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize für The Given
 MacMillan and Brissenden award for creative writing
 Canada Council award
 Vancouver Mayor's Arts Award for Literary Arts
 Order of Canada

Literatur
 George Bowering: Given This Body: An Interview with Daphne Marlatt. In: Open Letter 4:3 (Frühling 1978).
 Douglas Barbour: Daphne Marlatt and Her Works. ECW Press, Toronto 1992.
 Pauline Butling und Susan Rudy: On Salvaging: A conversation with Daphne Marlatt. Poets Talk: Conversations with Robert Kroetsch, Daphne Marlatt, Erin Mouré, Dionne Brand, Marie Annharte Baker, Jeff Derksen, and Fred Wah. 2005
 Frank Davey: Canadian Literary Power. 1994
 Barbara Godard: Body I: Daphne Marlatt's Feminist Poetics. In: American Review of Canadian Studies 15.4 (Winter 1985) S. 481
 Lynette Hunter: Daphne Marlatt's poetics: what is an honest man? And can there be an honest woman? In: Open Letter 12.8, 2006, S. 143
 Susan Lynne Knutson: Narrative in the Feminine: Daphne Marlatt and Nicole Brossard. Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo 2000
 Glen Albert Lowry: After the End/s: CanLit and the Unravelling of Nation, 'Race,' and Space in the Writing of Michael Ondaatje, Daphne Marlatt, and Roy Kiyooka. Dissertation. Simon Fraser University 2001
 Caroline Rosenthal: Narrative Deconstructions of Gender in Works by Audrey Thomas, Daphne Marlatt and Louise Erdrich. Camden House, Rochester 2003
 Marie Vautier: Canadian Fiction Meets History and Historiography: Jacques Poulin, Daphne Marlatt, and Wayson Choy. In: Colby Quarterly, 35.1, 1999
 Kimberly J. Verwaayen: Through the Looking-glass of Poststructuralist Autobiography, and, Four (Eight? Fifteen?) Canadian Women's Texts. University of Western Ontario, 2004

Weblinks

 Strategies of Difference and Opposition. Daphne Marlatt and Hélène Cixous' Schreibstrategie des écriture féminine.
 Opening Out. Daphne Marlatt legt ihre Gedanken über das geschlechtsspezifische spirituelle Leben dar.
 Darias-Beautell; "'The Inner Geography of Home': The Ecofeminist Poetics of D. Marlatt's Taken."

 Marlene Wurfel: Daphne Marlatt's Mother Figure. 2007, abgerufen am 7. April 2012
 Ann Rosalind Jones: Writing the Body. Toward an Understanding of l'Écriture féminine. In: Feminist Studies 7.2 (Sommer 1981): S. 247–263. Abgerufen am 7. April 2012

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Lyrik
Roman, Epik
Drama
Hochschullehrer (University of British Columbia)
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Kanadische Literatur
Person (Feminismus)
Member of the Order of Canada
Australier
Kanadier
Geboren 1942
Frau

Daphne Marlatt


Dobretići, općina u središnjoj Bosni, BiH
Dobretići (Foča-Ustikolina, BiH), naseljeno mjesto u općini Foča-Ustikolina, BiH

Dobretići (razdvojba)


Vvedenskya, monotipski biljni rod iz porodice štitarki, smješten u tribus Selineae. Jedina vrsta je V. pinnatifolia, uzbekistanski endem., nekada uključivan u rod Conioselinum

Sinonimi
 Conioselinum pinnatifolium (Korovin) Schischk.

Izvori

Apioideae
Flora Uzbekistana

Vvedenskya


John Costas, né Ioánnis Papakóstas (en , 1868-1932), était un révolutionnaire grec et un vétéran de la Seconde Guerre des Boers.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Ioánnis Papakóstas est né en 1868 à , un village près de la ville de Filiátes à une époque où l'Épire était encore sous domination ottomane. Il était fils d'un prêtre local et il a émigré à un jeune âge d'abord en Australie et plus tard en Égypte. En 1898, il arrive en République sud-africaine et s'installe à Johannesburg.

Action militaire
Pendant la Seconde Guerre des Boers, il devint volontaire du côté des Boers et il combattit dans diverses batailles, dont Spion Kop et Paardeberg. Il a été fait prisonnier après la défaite des Boers. Pendant sa captivité, Costas a été emmené dans des camps de prisonniers de guerre au Ceylan britannique.

En 1903, il fut libéré et retourna en Afrique du Sud, mais huit ans plus tard, il retourna en Grèce. Il s'installe à Athènes où il est initié à l'Epirotan Society, une organisation fondée en 1906 et dirigée par des personnes d'origine épirotienne comme Spýros Spyromílios et Panagiótis Danglís dans le but de libérer l'Épire de la domination ottomane et de s'unir avec la Grèce. Pendant la première guerre des Balkans, Costas a combattu en tant que chef d'une petite guérilla grecque dans la région de Thesprotie où il a affronté principalement des irréguliers albanais tchames qui ont combattu aux côtés des forces ottomanes. De plus, en 1914, il rejoint les forces armées de la République autonome de l'Épire du Nord.

Fin de vie
Les années suivantes, il resta en Grèce mais après la défaite du Parti libéral d'Elefthérios Venizélos aux élections législatives de 1920, Costas, qui était un partisan de Venizélos, quitta la Grèce, retourna en Afrique du Sud et s'installa à Stellenbosch où il mourut en 1932.

Distinctions
Pour ses services à l'État grec, John Costas a été honoré du grade de capitaine et d'une médaille militaire tandis qu'en 1982, le gouvernement sud-africain a construit un buste dans sa ville natale, Liás, en hommage à sa participation à la Seconde Guerre des Boers. De plus, Costas a fait don d'une importante somme d'argent pour divers besoins de la communauté de Liás.

Références

Bibliographie
 Βασίλη κραψψτη, σύγχρονοι ηπειρώτες εεεργέτες (1913-1986), εκδόσεις του σλλόγου "οολλοι του σουλίου", Athènes, 1987.
 EA Mantzaris, Les Grecs en Afrique du Sud, in Richard Clogg (éd. ), La diaspora grecque au XXe siècle, Macmillan Press, 1999.

Militaire grec du XIXe siècle
Militaire grec du XXe siècle
Personnalité militaire de la seconde guerre des Boers
Naissance en 1868
Décès en 1932
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Militaire grec des guerres balkaniques
Prisonnier de guerre grec

John Costas


Unare je rijeka u Venezueli. Ulijeva se u Karipsko more.

Povijest
U 17. stoljeću, Nizozemci su imali utvrdu nedaleko ušća rijeke koja je služila za obranu solana u kojima su prikupljali sol iz mora.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Vanjske poveznice

Rijeke u Venezueli
Karipski slijev (Južna Amerika)

Unare


Butha-Buthe is a district of Lesotho.  Butha-Buthe is the capital or camptown, and only town in the district. In the north, Butha-Buthe borders on the Free State Province of South Africa.  Domestically, it borders on Mokhotlong District in southeast and Leribe District on the south.

As of 2014, the district had a population of 118,242 which was 5.88 per cent of the total population of the country. The total area of the district was 1,767 which was 5.82 per cent of the total area of the country. As of 2008, there were 49 per cent economically active people in the district. There were totally 71,012 employed people out of a total of 154,384 people in the district above 15 years of age. The total area planted in 2009 was 7,164 which formed 1.77 per cent of the total area planted in the country.

Demographics
As of 2014, the district had a population of 118,242, 5.88 per cent of the population of the country. The area of the district was 1,767, 5.82 per cent of the country.  The population density was 62 persons per square kilometre, same as the country as a whole.  There were five constituencies and ten community councils in the district. As of 2006, 323 persons tested HIV positive, 20.20 per cent of the country's HIV positive population.  128 of these were men (12.40 per cent); 195 were women (25.30 per cent).

Geography
In the north, Butha-Buthe borders on the Free State Province of South Africa.  Domestically, it borders on Mokhotlong District in southeast and Leribe District on the south. It is traversed by the northwesterly line of equal latitude and longitude. The Western districts of Lesotho has predominantly low land zone with an elevation of   above the sea level. These lands are the major agricultural zones in the country. The average annual rainfall in the country is , most of which is received during the rainy season of October to April. Though it rains during all the months of the year, groundwater is limited on account of run-offs. The region has a temperate climate on account of the elevation and is humid during most parts of the year. The temperature in low lands vary from  to  in the winter.

Economy
As of 2008, there were 49 per cent economically active people in the district. There were totally 71,012 employed people out of a total of 154,384 people in the district above 15 years of age. The employed population in the age group of 6–14 years was 1,232 out of a total of 43,674 people in the district in the age group. The labour force participation stood at 180.50. The number of people involved in subsistence agriculture is 836 and the number of people in other sectors was 396. The number of unemployed people in the district was 21,800 and the unemployment rate was 071. The total area planted in 2009 was 7,164 which formed 1.77 per cent of the total area planted in the country. The total production was 3,108 tonnes, which was 2.06 per cent of the totals in the country. The major crop was maize, while wheat, sorghum, beans and peas were the other crops planted. The total production of maize was 2,023 tonnes, beans was 088 tonnes, sorghum was 64 tonnes, peas was 453 tonnes and wheat was 480 tonnes as of 2008. As of 2007, there were a total of  of paved roads in the district, with  paved roads and  of unpaved roads.

Constituencies
Constituencies of Butha-Buthe District are  Botha-Bothe, Hololo, Mechachane, Motete and Qalo. The Community councils of Butha-Buthe District are Kao, Likila, Linakeng, Lipelaneng, Liqhobong, Makhunoane, 'Moteng, Ntelle, Sekhobe and Tša-Le-Moleka. As per the 1968 Local Government Repeal Act - Development Committees Order No.9 of 1986, a District Development Committee (DDC) should have a set of Ward Development Committees (WDC) for each ward and Village Development Committees (VDC) under it. Each VDC has a set of seven elected members and the head would be an ex-officio member and chairman of the committee. The WDC is composed of twelve members elected from about VDCs, whose chairman would be and ex-officio
member. The fifteen-membered DDC is elected by the members of WDC. When there are cases of more than one DDC, the chiefs would alternate in meetings. The district secretary co-ordinates the activities of the various committees. As per the Local Government Amendment Act 2004, the District Development Coordination Committee was established as the supreme body of district administration, under which all the district councils were branched. The urban and municipal councils were under each district council, which in turn had community councils under it. The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) is responsible for the administration of the Local Government Elections. The nation's first local government elections were conducted in April 2005, while the most recent elections were held in October 2011. During these elections, 64 community councils, 11 urban
councils and one municipal council were elected.

References

External links

Districts of Lesotho

Butha-Buthe District


اللغة المستعربية  (مُوزاربي) هي إحدى اللغات التي كانت منطوقة في شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية، هي لغة رومنسية خالطتها الكثير من الكلمات العربية، وكان يتكلمها مسيحيو الأندلس بعد الفتح الإسلامي لإيبيريا.

تنحدر المستعربية من اللهجات اللاتينية المتأخرة وأوائل اللهجات الرومانسية التي كانت محكية في هسبانيا حتى القرن الثامن الميلادي، وكانت منتشرة حتى حوالي القرن الثالث عشر عندما استبدلتها أصناف الرومانسية القادمة من شمال شبه الجزيرة، ومعظمها من الإسبانية (القشتالية) والكاتالونية والبرتغالية. كلمة مستعرب هي كلمة مستعارة من العربية الفصحى، بمعنى «من يتبنى طرق العرب».

نص
هذه تراجم ما شعره محمد بن عبادة، القزاز المالقي لإبراهيم، باللغة المستعربة:

انظر أيضًا
 المستعربون
 لغة أراغونية
 لهجة أندلسية
 أربسم
 العجمية

مراجع

المسيحية في الأندلس
ثقافة الأندلس
لغات البرتغال
لغات العصور الوسطى
لغات رومانسية بائدة
مستعربون (الأندلس)

اللغة المستعربية


Wunder einer Stimme – Enrico Caruso (Originaltitel: Enrico Caruso, leggenda di una voce; auch Das Wunder einer Stimme) ist ein italienischer Musikfilm von 1951 unter der Regie von Giacomo Gentilomo. Der Film beruht auf dem Roman Neapolitanische Legende von Frank Thiess. Der Tenor Mario del Monaco war die Gesangsstimme des Film-Carusos. In der DDR lief der Film unter dem Titel Enrico Caruso.

Handlung
Schon der junge Enrico Caruso hat einen Traum, den er nie aus den Augen verliert, er möchte einmal ein berühmter Sänger werden. Unterstützung findet er bei seiner Mutter, die schwerkrank ist. Die Schwester ihres behandelnden Arztes ist Gesangslehrerin und Enricos Mutter erreicht, dass sie ihren Sohn kostenlos unterrichtet. Zu Carusos Enttäuschung aber ist der Unterricht, der nicht nur Gesang beinhaltet, nicht so, wie er es sich vorgestellt hatte.

Enrico Caruso, der im Armenviertel von Neapel aufwächst, begegnet dort dem Straßensänger Luigi Gregorio Proboscide, dem er sich freudig anschließt. Jedoch hat er die Rechnung ohne seinen Vater gemacht, der nichts von der Singerei seines Sohnes hält. Zu allem Unglück ist Carusos Mutter, die stets ein offenes Ohr für ihn hatte und an seine Stimme glaubte, inzwischen gestorben. So muss Caruso erst einmal Abschied von seinem Traum nehmen.

Es sollen acht Jahre vergehen, bis er Proboscide wieder begegnet. Dieser ist von der Stimme des jungen Mannes begeistert und empfiehlt Enrico Caruso dem Gesangspädagogen Vergine, der Proboscides Meinung teilt. Bei Proboscide trifft Caruso dessen Nichte, die junge Stella. Die beiden verlieben sich. Zwar ist Proboscide mit der Wahl seiner Nichte sehr einverstanden, Stellas Vater jedoch will seine Tochter mit einem reichen Aristokraten aus Sizilien verheiraten. Zu Enrico Carusos tiefer Enttäuschung beugt sich Stella dem Willen ihres Vaters.

Caruso konzentriert sich nun mehr auf seine Gesangskarriere und wird bei einem Vorsingen sogar von Ruggero Leoncavallo, dessen Bajazzo-Arie er vorträgt, gelobt. Der junge Sänger schließt sich einem Wanderunternehmen an, wo er als zweiter Tenor engagiert wird. Als das Ensemble in Trapani gastiert, wo Stella inzwischen wohnt, möchte Caruso unbedingt anstelle des ersten Tenors Giorgi auftreten, was Direktor Callaro jedoch ablehnt. Aus Trotz verweigert Caruso daraufhin eine weitere Mitwirkung generell und flüchtet in eine Kneipe.

Bei der Premiere fällt der erste Tenor Giorgi jedoch wegen Heiserkeit aus, so dass man auf Caruso zurückgreifen muss. Der hat sich jedoch inzwischen so viel Wein gegönnt, dass er nicht mehr nüchtern ist. Sein Auftritt ist eine Katastrophe. Das Publikum revoltiert, man setzt eine Pause an. Nach der Pause betritt ein völlig verwandelter Enrico Caruso die Bühne, dem es gelingt, das Publikum in seinen Bann zu ziehen. Ein erster Schritt zu einer großen Karriere ist getan.

Für eine Verbindung mit Stella, die im Publikum mitfieberte, war es aber zu spät.

Hintergrund
In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland startete der Film am 12. April 1952, im Kino der DDR war die Premiere am 29. Mai 1953. In den USA hatte der Film am 2. September 1953 Premiere unter dem Titel The Young Caruso. 1952 startete er außerdem in Belgien, Dänemark und Schweden. 1953 erfolgte der Filmstart in Finnland, Portugal und Frankreich. In der Türkei erfolgte die Erstaufführung im Jahr 1956.

Caruso stammte tatsächlich aus einer armen neapolitanischen Familie und seine Mutter, die er über alles liebte, ermöglichte ihm eine Schulausbildung. Guglielmo Vergine, den renommierten Lehrer, gab es in Carusos Leben tatsächlich. Er unterrichtete ihn, obwohl er angeblich nicht an eine große Karriere Carusos glaubte, kostenlos, sicherte sich aber in einem Knebelvertrag 25 % aller Einnahmen Carusos in den ersten fünf Jahren. Caruso ging später dagegen vor und es kam zu einem Vergleich. Zu seiner Heimatstadt Neapel hatte Caruso zeit seines Lebens eine eher zwiespältige Liebe.

Synchronisation
Die deutschsprachige Synchronbearbeitung oblag der Mars-Film GmbH. Für die Dialoge und die Regie war Hans F. Wilhelm verantwortlich. Den Ton übernahm Erwin Tews. Die Produktionsleitung hatte Conrad Flockner. Es handelt sich um eine Produktion von Asso-Film Rom, Verleih Deutsche London-Film.

Kritik

Rezeption
 Eine fiktive Fassung von Carusos Leben wurde ebenfalls 1951 mit Mario Lanza in der Hauptrolle unter dem Titel Der große Caruso eher kitschig verfilmt. Der Film war in Italien wegen seines relativ frei erfundenen Inhalts verboten. Auch konnte Lanza mit seiner elektronisch verstärkten Stimme nie ernsthaft als Caruso-Darsteller betrachtet werden. (Lanza hat ganze drei Mal auf der Opernbühne gestanden).
 In dem Film Fitzcarraldo von Werner Herzog mit Klaus Kinski in der Hauptrolle des Fitzcarraldo steht am Anfang ein Auftritt von Caruso in der Oper von Manaus (Brasilien), wo Caruso jedoch in Wirklichkeit niemals gesungen hat.
 Aufnahmen von durch Caruso interpretierte Arien stellen den Großteil der Filmmusik des Films Match Point von Woody Allen dar.

Weblinks

 Wunder einer Stimme – Enrico Caruso IFB Nr. 1524

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1951
Italienischer Film
Filmdrama
Musikfilm
Filmbiografie über Musikschaffende
Literaturverfilmung

Wunder einer Stimme – Enrico Caruso


Sandeidfjorden er en fjord i Vindafjord kommune i Rogaland fylke i Norge. Fjorden er del af Krossfjorden og fortsætter mod nord, hvor Vindafjorden svinger mod øst. Fjorden er omtrent 9 kilometer lang og største dybde er 370 meter. Fylkesvei 46 går langs øst- og nordsiden af fjorden.

Inderst i fjorden ligger landsbyen Sandeid og længere ude på østsiden ligger Vikedal.
Fra Sandeid fører en lavning videre til Ølen, kommunecenteret i Vindafjord kommune, ca. 10 km mod nord.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Rogaland
Vindafjord

Sandeidsfjorden


The Lockheed Martin X-35 is a concept demonstrator aircraft (CDA) developed by Lockheed Martin for the Joint Strike Fighter program. The X-35 was declared the winner over the competing Boeing X-32 and a developed, armed version went on to enter production in the early 21st century as the F-35 Lightning II.

Development

The Joint Strike Fighter evolved out of several requirements for a common fighter to replace existing types. The actual JSF development contract was signed on 16 November 1996. The JSF program was created to replace various aircraft while keeping development, production, and operating costs down. This was pursued by building three variants of one aircraft, with the initial goal of the variants sharing over 70% of their parts.

The first is the F-35A, a conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) variant. It is the smallest and lightest version, and is intended primarily to replace the U.S. Air Force's aging F-16 Fighting Falcons and A-10 Thunderbolt IIs. This is the only version with an internal gun, the GAU-22. The F-35B is the short-takeoff and vertical-landing (STOVL) variant due to replace the U.S. Marine Corps AV-8 Harrier IIs and F/A-18 Hornets, and Royal Air Force/Royal Navy Harrier GR7/GR9s beginning in 2015.

The Royal Navy will use this to replace its Harrier GR7s and the RAF replace its Harrier GR9s. The U.S. Marine Corps will use the F-35B to replace both its AV-8B Harrier IIs and F/A-18 Hornets with a design similar in size to the Air Force F-35A, trading fuel volume for vertical flight systems. Like the Harrier, guns will be carried in a pod. Vertical flight is by far the riskiest, and in the end, a decisive factor in design. Lastly, the F-35C, a carrier-based (CV) variant, will replace the "legacy" F/A-18 Hornets and serve as a stealthy complement to the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.

It will have a larger, folding wing and larger control surfaces for improved low-speed control, and stronger landing gear for the stresses of carrier landings. The larger wing area provides increased range and payload, achieving much the same goal as the much heavier Super Hornet. The U.S. Navy initially planned to purchase 480 JSF; this number was eventually revised to 260 aircraft, with an additional 80 for the U.S. Marine Corps.

The primary customers and financial backers are the United States and the United Kingdom.  Eight other nations are also funding the aircraft's development.  Total program development costs, less procurement, are estimated at over US$40 billion, of which the bulk has been underwritten by the United States. Production costs are estimated at US$102 million per unit for 2,400 units.

There are three levels of international participation. The United Kingdom is the sole 'Level 1' partner, contributing slightly over US$2 billion, about 10% of the development costs. Level 2 partners are Italy, which is contributing US$1 billion, and the Netherlands, US$800 million. At Level 3 are Canada, US$440 million; Turkey, US$175 million; Australia, US$144 million; Norway, US$122 million; and Denmark, US$110 million. The levels generally reflect the financial stake in the program, the amount of technology transfer and subcontracts open for bid by national companies, and the priority order in which countries can obtain production aircraft. Israel and Singapore have also joined as Security Cooperative Participants. Due to delays in development and testing, the introduction date of the F-35 was gradually pushed from 2010 to 2015.

Design

Elements of the X-35 design were pioneered by the F-22 Raptor, and portions of the VTOL exhaust duct design were previously used by the Convair Model 200, a 1972 supersonic VTOL fighter requirement for the Sea Control Ship; in particular, the three-bearing swivel nozzle used in the X-35B was pioneered by the Convair design.

Additionally, Lockheed purchased technical data from the canceled Yakovlev Yak-141 in 1991 for examination and analysis of its swivel nozzle. Although helmet-mounted display systems have already been integrated into some fourth-generation fighters such as the JAS 39 Gripen, the F-35 will be the first modern combat aircraft in which helmet-mounted displays will replace a head-up display altogether.

During concept definition, two demonstrator airframes for each contractor team would be flight-tested. Lockheed Martin's demonstrator aircraft consisted of the X-35A (which was later converted into the X-35B), and the larger-winged X-35C. Both the X-32 and X-35 power plants were derived from Pratt & Whitney's F119, with the STOVL variant of the latter incorporating a Rolls-Royce Lift Fan module. Because these were proof of concept demonstrators for STOVL risk reduction, the demonstrator aircraft did not need to have the internal structure or most subsystems of the final aircraft as a weapon system.

Shaft-driven lift fan
Instead of lift engines or using a direct lift engine like the Rolls-Royce Pegasus in the Harrier jump jet, the X-35B was powered by the F119-PW-611 which used the new shaft-driven lift fan system, patented by Lockheed Martin engineer Paul Bevilaqua, and developed by Rolls-Royce. In normal wing-borne flight, the F119-PW-611 was configured as a normal medium-bypass reheated turbofan. The turbofan acted somewhat like a turboshaft engine embedded into the fuselage (but with a much smaller percentage of total heat energy being extracted by the turbine stage).

A portion of engine power was extracted via a turbine, and used to drive a shaft running forward via a clutch-and-bevel gearbox to a vertically mounted, contra-rotating lift fan. This was located forward of the main engine in the center of the aircraft (this can also be viewed the same as a high-bypass turbofan but with the low-pressure fan stages mounted remotely from the engine core on an extended, clutched shaft, and creating thrust downwards rather than back around the engine core as in a conventional turbofan).

Bypass air from the cruise engine medium-bypass turbofan compressor stages exhausted through a pair of roll-post nozzles in the wings on either side of the fuselage, while the thrust from the lift fan balanced the thrust of the hot core stream exhausting through vectored cruise nozzle at the tail. The X-35B powerplant effectively acted as a flow multiplier, much as a turbofan achieves efficiencies by moving unburned air at a lower velocity, and getting the same effect as the Harrier's huge, but supersonically impractical main fan.

Like lift engines, this added machinery was dead weight during flight, but the increased lift thrust enhanced take-off payload by even more. The cool fan also reduced the harmful effects of hot, high-velocity air which could harm runway pavement or an aircraft carrier deck. Though risky and complicated, it was made to work to the satisfaction of DoD officials, and flight testing of the X-35 demonstrators reduced risk to Technology Readiness Level 6.

Operational history

Flight test evaluation
The X-35A first flew on 24 October 2000 and tested air vehicle performance and handling characteristics. After 28 test flights, the aircraft was converted to the X-35B, which added the shaft-drive lift fan, aft swivel nozzle, and roll posts. On 20 July 2001, to demonstrate the X-35's STOVL capability, the X-35B took off in less than , went supersonic, and landed vertically. The X-35C first flew on 16 December 2000 and tested simulated carrier recovery and power approach.

In the fly-off between the X-32 and the X-35, the latter was judged to be the winner. As a result, a contract for System Development and Demonstration (SDD) of the F-35 was awarded on 26 October 2001 to Lockheed Martin.

F-35 production

There are a number of differences between the X-35 and F-35, which was designed to be an operational weapon system. The forward fuselage was lengthened by  to make room for mission avionics, while the horizontal stabilizers were correspondingly moved  aft to retain balance and control. The diverterless supersonic inlet cowl shape changed from a four-sided to a three-sided shape and was moved  aft. To accommodate weapons bays, the fuselage section was fuller with the top surface raised by  along the centerline. Following the designation of the X-35 prototypes, the three variants were designated F-35A (CTOL), F-35B (STOVL), and F-35C (CV).

Aircraft on display

The X-35A was converted into the X-35B for the STOVL part of the competition. It now resides at the National Air and Space Museum Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, near Washington Dulles International Airport in Virginia.

Following the end of the competition, the X-35C was transferred to the Patuxent River Naval Air Museum in St. Mary's County, Maryland.

Specifications (X-35A)

Differences between variants

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

 .
 .
 .
 .

External links

 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

Edwards Air Force Base
X-035
2000s United States experimental aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Lift fan
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
Articles containing video clips
Aircraft first flown in 2000
Stealth aircraft

Lockheed Martin X-35


Fables of the Reconstruction, også kendt som Reconstruction of the Fables, er det tredje studiealbum fra det amerikanske alternative rockband R.E.M., der blev udgivet i 1984 på I.R.S. Records. Joe Boyd producerede albummet, og blev som det eneste af gruppens albums indspillet uden for USA. Det er et konceptalbum med sydstatsgotik-temaer og karakterer.

Albummet blev godt modtaget af anmelderne.

Spor
Alle sange er skrevet af Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills og Michael Stipe med mindre andet er noteret.

Side one – "A Side"
 "Feeling  Pull" – 4:48
 "Maps and Legends" – 3:10
 "Driver 8" – 3:23
 "Life and How to Live It" – 4:06
 "Old Man Kensey" (Jerry Ayers, Berry, Buck, Mills, and Stipe) – 4:08

Side two – "Another Side"
 "Cant Get There from Here" – 3:39
 "Green Grow the Rushes" – 3:46
 "Kohoutek" – 3:18
 "Auctioneer (Another Engine)" – 2:44
 "Good Advices" – 3:30
 "Wendell Gee" – 3:01

1992 IRS Vintage Years genudgivelse med bonus tracks
  "Crazy" (Randy Bewley, Vanessa Briscoe, Curtis Crowe, Michael Lachowski)
 B-side of "Driver 8" 7" single
 "Burning Hell"
 B-side of "Can't Get There From Here" 12" single
 "Bandwagon" (Berry, Buck, Mills, Lynda Stipe, Stipe)
 B-side of "Can't Get There From Here" 7" and 12" single
 "Driver 8" (Live)
 B-side of "Wendell Gee" 12" single
 "Maps and Legends" (Live)
 B-side of "The One I Love" 7" single

2010 25th Anniversary Edition genudgivelse med bonus tracks (The Athens Demos)
 "Auctioneer (Another Engine)" – 2:52
 "Bandwagon" (Berry, Buck, Mills, Lynda Stipe, and Michael Stipe) – 2:24
 "Cant Get There from Here" – 3:41
 "Driver 8" – 3:31
 "Feeling Gravitys Pull" – 4:36
 "Good Advices" – 3:31
 "Green Grow the Rushes" – 3:47
 "Hyena" – 2:53
 "Kohoutek" – 3:26
 "Life and How to Live It" – 4:10
 "Maps and Legends" – 3:12
 "Old Man Kensey" (Ayers, Berry, Buck, Mills, and Stipe) – 4:07
 "Throw Those Trolls Away" – 3:10
 "Wendell Gee" – 3:07

Hitlister
Album

Singler

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

R.E.M.-album
Album fra 1985

Fables of the Reconstruction


Jednostavan graf je vrsta grafa u teoriji grafova. To je graf koji nema petlji ni dva brida koji spajaju isti par vrhova.

Graf je u gruboj definiciji skup objekata: vrhova (točaka, čvorova) koje povezuju bridovi (grane, lukovi, crte, linije). Brid spaja dva vrha i to je odnos koji definira graf. Graf se prikazuje crtanjem točaka za svaki vrh i povlačenjem crta ili lukova između vrhova, koji predstavljaju bridove.

Da bi graf bio jednostavan, uvjeti su mu neusmjerenost, da nema petlja te da između svaka dva vrha ima najviše jedan brid.

Kod jednostavnog grafa šetnja je potpuno određena samo nizom svojih vrhova , gdje je  početak, a  kraj šetnje.

Izvori

Teorija grafova

Jednostavan graf


Winchell's Donuts House is an international doughnut company and coffeehouse chain founded by Verne Winchell on October 8, 1948, in Temple City, California. Currently, there are over 170 stores in 6 western states, as well as Guam, Saipan, and Saudi Arabia. Several stores also operated in Nagoya, Japan in the past, with most stores located inside Uny supermarkets, as Uny Co., Ltd. was the master franchise holder in Japan. It is headquartered in the City of Industry, California.

History

The chain's slogan is "Home of the Warm 'n Fresh Donut," and it claims to be the West Coast's largest doughnut chain. It also offers its customers a 14-doughnut dozen, as opposed to the standard baker's dozen of 13.

In 2004, Winchell's was purchased by Yum-Yum Donuts, a company which operates 70 donut shops under its own name, but continues to operate Winchell's shops under their name.

In the early 2000s, Winchell's closed its shops in Portland, Oregon and they were replaced by "Heavenly Donuts".

In 2005, it withdrew from the Kansas City area, and most locations became Krispy Kreme.

See also
 List of doughnut shops

References

External links

Doughnut shops
Bakeries of California
Fast-food chains of the United States
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Companies based in the City of Industry, California
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Restaurants established in 1948
1948 establishments in California
Economy of the Western United States
Restaurants in California
Restaurants in Saudi Arabia

Winchell's Donuts


Salvador Canals ist der Name folgender Personen:

*Salvador Canals Frau (1893–1958), spanischer Ethnologe
Salvador Canals Navarrete (1920–1975), spanischer Jurist
Salvador Canals Vilaró (1867–1938), spanischer Politiker und Journalist

Salvador Canals


ديتلف فون ليلينكرون

فريدريش أدولف أكسل فرايهر فون ليلينكرون Detlev von Liliencron (ولد في 3 يونيو 1844 في كيل – ومات في 22 يوليو 1909 في ألت رالشتيت التي صارت جزءا من هامبورغ منذ عام 1937) هو شاعر وكاتب قصصي ومسرحي ألماني.

نبذة مختصرة

ولد ديتلف فون ليلينكرون في عام 1844 في كيل. خدم في الجيش وعمل عدة سنوات في وظائف حكومية ثم تحول إلى شغفه وتفرغ للكتابة. صدر ديوانه الأول في عام 1883 بعنوان «نزهات على الخيل لمعاون. وقصائد أخرى». وتلاه «معركة صيفية» 1887 و«تحت الرايات الخفاقة» 1888 و«المتنزه في المرج» 1893. ويعتبر شعره علامات هامة على طريق الحركة الطبيعية الوليدة في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر. ومات ليلينكرون في عام 1909 في ألت رالشتيت ويوجد قبره في مقبرة رالشتيت.

حياته

أبوه لويس فرايهر فون ليلينكرون وأمه أديلينه (مولودة بلقب فون هارتن). وكان أبوه موظفا في الجمارك وينحدر من عائلة نبيلة أصابها الفقر. التحق ديتلف بالمدرسة العسكرية في برلين، وبدأ سيرته المهنية ضابطا في سلاح الفرسان في الجيش البروسي (واشترك في الحرب البروسية النمساوية في عام 1886 والحرب البروسية الفرنسية 70/1871 حيث كرم عدة مرات ثم فقد حماسه الشبابي للحرب. واضطر بسبب ممارسته القمار وديونه نتيجة ذلك إلى أن يستقيل من الخدمة العسكرية في عام 1875.

ثم هاجر إلى أميركا حيث عمل منذ عام 1875 معلم للبيانو واللغة الألمانية، لكن فترة هجرته تلك لم تدم طويلا، فعاد إلى ألمانيا في عام 1877. وفي عام 1878 وجد وظيفة في الإدراة البروسية. وتزوج هيلينه فون بودنهاوزن، إلا أن الزواج أصابه الفشل وانفصل الزوجان بعد عام واحد. وعين في عام 1882 Hardesvogt في جزيرة بيلفورم في شمال ألمانيا. وهناك كتب قصيدته الشهيرة Trutz blanke Hans ، والتي وصف فيها سقوط مدينة رونجولت الغنية والمغرورة في بحر الشمال والتي كانت تقع قرب بيلفورم. وفي نفس العام رقي كضابط سابق إلى رتبة نقيب في الدفاع البري الاحتياطي.

وفي أكتوبر 1883 عين في منصب Kirchspielvogt في كيلنجهوزن في هولشتاين. وقد ازدادت الديون على ليلينكرون ولهذا السبب لم يعد يستطيع ممارسة الخدمة العامة واضطر إلى الاستقالة. وفي هذا العام انفصل عن هيلين بشكل رسمي.

الكتابة الأدبية

ومنذ ذلك الوقت بدأ يحاول تكسب قوته من الكتابة. وتعرف على ابنة صاحب مطعم وهي أوجوستا براند وتزوجها في عام 1887. وفي تلك السنة نشر عمله Arbeit adelt. وفي السنة التالية توثقت العلاقة بينه وبين شعراء دائرة شعراء فريدريشسهاجن. وبمساعدة مالية من مؤسسة شيلر قضي بعض الوقت 90/1891 في ميونخ، حيث نشر بعض قصائده في مجلة المجمتع. وهناك اقترب من أوتو يوليوس بيرباوم.

وفي عام 1891 انتقل إلى ألتونا أوتنزن ثم إلى Palmaille وهي ضاحية أخرى في مدينة ألتونا. وهناك كتب بجانب عدة أعمال عمله الأهم Pogfred وتعرف على ريشارد ديمل. وظلت ديون تطارده، وحاول في عام 1898 القيام برحلة لإلقاء شعره لجمع بعض المال. وأخيرا تزوج في عام 1899 بابنة فلاح هي أنا ميشيل، وكانت تلك زيجته الثالثة والأخيرة. وقد انجز مسرحية Überbrettl بسبب ظروف مالية قهرية بعد ذلك بعام.

السنوات الأخيرة (1901 – 1909)

في عام 1901 حل الهدوء في حياة ليلينكرون المضطربة. ونجح بمساعدة أصدقائه في إيجاد بيت في ألت رالشتيت وخصص له القيصر فيلهلم الثاني مبلغ ألفي مارك سنويا. وفي عيد ميلاده الستين في عام 1904 كرمه الكثير من الأدباء الالمان والنمساويين بكتابة مقالات تثني عليه، وكان منهم ادباء مهمون في ذلك العصر.

وفي عام 1809 كتب سيته الذاتية بعنوان «الحياة والكذب» Leben und Lügen. وفي عامه الأخير 1909 احتفل بعيد ميلاده الخامس والستين، ومنح بتلك المناسبة الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة كيل. وقام برحلته الاخيرة إلى الحقول التي جرت فيها الحرب الألمانية الفرنسية. وفي 22 يوليو مات ديتلف ليلينكرون جراء التهاب رئوي.

أسلوبه الأدبي

من الصعب تصنيف ادب ليلينكرون تحت عصر ادبي محدد. فقصائده تتأرجح بين الطبيعية والرومانسية الجديدة. وتوحي أعماله بتشابهات مع فريدريش نيتشه. ونقده التشاؤمي للثقافة. وقد أثرت قصائد ليلينكرون ونصوصه على ريلكه في شبابه وكذلك هوجو فون هوفمانستال. وخاصة القصائد التي يتناول فيها الحياة العصرية، قد أثرت على بدايات التعبيرية. وتتناول قصائده التي كتبها في المدن الكبرى مثل قصيدة «برودواي في نيويورك» موضوعات عدة تناولها فيما بعد التعبيريون.

أما ديوانه «رحلات على الخيل لمعاون» المنشور في عام 1883 والذي يتضمن نثرا شعريا، فقد احتفل به الطبيعيون الذين كانوا يعتبرون ليلينكرون واحدا منهم ورؤوا فيه فنا شعريا جديدا. ولكن هذا الديوان يظهر الأسلوب النمطي لليلينكرون الذي يبتعد عن الكلاسيكية وكذلك الطبيعية. وكانت رؤيته تجاه عادات الحياة الحديثة أكثر عمقا من الطبيعيين. فهو يمزج العديد من الإدراكات الحسية ويصوغها أدبيا. وقد طور أسلوبه الأدبي الخاص من الإدراكات الذاتية وانعكاسات وجدانه.

وقد ابتعد عن الطبيعيين بقصيدته «الطبيعيون» Die Naturalisten، فهو يتوقع من الفن الأدبي أن يحتوي على الفكاهة ويد الفنان الراقية. وقد أظهر ليلينركون منذ أوائل ما نشر أنه مسيطر على أدوات الفن الأدبي. وقد استخدم بسهولة الأشكال الصعبة للشعر الراقي، كما جرب أشكالا شعرية أخرى. ويلمح القارئ بين سطور أعماله المعاناة والمتاعب التي كابدها ليلينكرون بسبب الديون التي تراكمت عليه. ولذلك فقد رفض من منطلق اخلاقي أسلوب الحياة البرجوازية.

كما أنه اقترب من مبدأ التشاؤم لنيتشه. ولا نجد في شخصية ليلينكرون أية ألفة تجاه مظاهر وعادات الحياة العصرية في المدن الكبيرة. بل نجده ميالا إلى الطبيعة التي صبغت أدبه بصبغة رومانسية.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من دوقية هولشتاين
أشخاص من كيل
بارونات ألمانيا
روائيون ألمان في القرن 19
شعراء ألمان
شعراء ألمان في القرن 19
شعراء القرن 19
شعراء باللغة الألمانية
شعراء وشاعرات ألمان
كتاب ألمان في القرن 19
كتاب ذكور ألمان في القرن 19
كتاب من شليسفيغ هولشتاين
كتاب من كيل
مواليد 1844
مواليد في كيل
نبلاء ألمان
وفيات 1909

ديتلف فون ليلينكرون


දිනෙන් දින දියුණු වෙන ලෝකයේ දැනුම පිපාසිත මිනිසාට දත්ත (DATA) සකස් කිරීම මගින් තොරතුරු(Information) නිර්මණය කිරීමට, කළමණාකරනය කිරීමට, එම තොරතුරු භාවිතා කිරීමට සහ එකිනෙකා සමග හුවමාරු කර ගනීමට(Communication) අවශ්‍ය විය. මෙමඅවශ්‍යතා ඉටුකරගැනීම සදහා භාවිතා කරන තාක්ශණය තොරතුරු හා සන්නිවේදන තාක්ශණය(Information communication Technology) නම් වේ. එනම් තොරතුරු තාක්‍ෂණයේ ම දිගුවක් ලෙස තොරතුරු තාක්‍ෂණය සහ සන්නිවේදන තාක්‍ෂණය සම්මිශ්‍රණයෙන් තොරතුරු සහ සන්නිවේදන තාක්‍ෂණය බිහි විය.

ගෝලීය වෙළඳ පොලවලට පිවිසීම, දේශපාලන වගකීම ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීම, මූලික සේවාවන් සැපයීම වැඩි දියුණු කිරීම හා දේශීය සංවර්ධන අවස්ථාවන් බහුලව ලබාදීම ආදී කාර්යයන් සඳහා ඉතා වැදගත් මෙවලමක් බවට තොරතුරු හා සන්නිවේදන තාක්‍ෂණය පත්ව තිබේ. එසේ නමුත්, නව්‍යවූ තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණික මූලෝපායක් නොමැති කල්හී ඒ මගින් බොහෝ පුද්ගලයින්ට ප්‍රයෝජනයක් ලබා ගැනීමට නොහැකිවේ. ජාතියේ තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ ප්‍රතිපත්තියෙහි දිසා දක්වන්නා වූ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ එකම මුදුන් ආයතනය බවට ශ්‍රී ලංකා තොරතුරු හා සන්නිවේදන තාක්‍ෂණ ආයතනය පත්ව සිටී. සම්පූර්ණ රාජ්‍ය ආයතනයක් වන ICTA ඉ-ශ්‍රී ලංකා මෙහෙය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ සංවිධානය ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන අතර එහි කටයුතු වලට ලෝක බැංකුව ඇතුළු ප්‍රධාන ආධාරකරුවන් විසින් මුදල් සපයනු ඇත.

තොරතුරු සහ සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණය


In den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika existieren neben den Streitkräften des Bundes (US Army, US Air Force, US Navy, US Marine Corps, United States Space Force und United States Coast Guard sowie deren Reserven) und der Nationalgarde, die sowohl dem jeweiligen Gouverneur des jeweiligen Bundesstaates als auch bei Bedarf dem Präsidenten unterstehen, Staatsgarden unter den Bezeichnungen State Guards, State Military, State Defence Forces (SDF), State Militias oder auch State Military Reserves.

Das gesamte Personal der Nationalgarden – diese existieren in allen Bundesstaaten, in allen Territorien und dem Bundesbezirk D.C. außer Amerikanisch-Samoa und den Nördlichen Marianen – kann gemäß den Änderungen des National Defense Act von 1933 föderalisiert, d. h. unter die Befehlsgewalt des Bundes gestellt werden. Die Staatsgarden unterscheiden sich von diesen darin, dass sie nicht unter den Befehl des Bundes gestellt werden können und die Bundesstaaten nicht verpflichtet sind, Staatsgarden einzurichten. Daher unterhalten derzeit nur 22 Bundesstaaten und das Territorium Puerto Rico solche Militäreinheiten. Diese Staatsgarden werden von den Gouverneuren zur Aufrechterhaltung der öffentlichen Ordnung oder zur Verteidigung eingesetzt, weshalb viele Staatsgarden während des Zweiten Weltkriegs aus Angst vor einer japanischen Invasion aufgestellt wurden. Nahezu jeder Bundesstaat verfügt über Staatsgesetze, die staatliche Verteidigungskräfte genehmigen, jedoch nicht alle haben diese Streitkräfte eingerichtet. Die existierenden Staatsgarden weisen unterschiedliche Aktivitäts-, Unterstützungs- und Stärkegrade auf, im Allgemeinen sind sie bei Katastrophenschutz- und Heimatschutzmissionen aktiv. Die meisten SDFs sind als Heereseinheiten organisiert, aber es gibt auch Luftwaffen- und Marineeinheiten.

Geschichtliche Entwicklung der Staatsgarden

Anfänge als organisierte und unorganisierte Milizen
Von der Gründung der Vereinigten Staaten bis zum Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden Bundesstreitkräfte nur in einem Mindestmaß unterhalten, der Großteil der US-Streitmacht wurde im Bedarfsfall durch bundesstaatliche Milizen gedeckt, wobei die Ausbildung und Bereitschaft solche aufzustellen stark schwankte. Nach dem Spanisch-Amerikanischen Krieg wurde der US-Kongress aufgefordert, die Ausbildung und Qualifikation der staatlichen Milizen zu reformieren und zu regulieren. 1903 wurde mit der Verabschiedung des Milizgesetzes der Vorgänger der heutigen Nationalgarde gebildet. Die Staaten mussten ihre Milizen in zwei Sektionen aufteilen. Im Gesetz wurde die Bezeichnung "Nationalgarde" für sogenannte organisierte Milizen festgelegt und "Reservemiliz" für die übrigen, was sich bis heute zum Teil in den offiziellen Bezeichnungen wiederfindet.

Im Laufe des Ersten Weltkrieges ermächtigte der Kongress die Bundesstaaten zur Aufstellung von Heimatgarden (Home Guards) zur Aufrechterhaltung der inneren Sicherheit. Der Kriegsminister wurde ermächtigt, diese Einheiten der Heimwache mit Gewehren, Munition und Vorräten auszustatten.

Im Jahr 1933 wurde durch einen Beschluss des Kongresses die Spaltung zwischen der Nationalgarde und den traditionellen bundesstaatlichen Milizen vollendet, womit alle von der Bundesregierung finanzierten Soldaten eine doppelte Funktion erhalten und sowohl den Bundesstaaten, als auch als Bundestruppen der Vereinigten Staaten als Reserve dienen. Mit Beginn des Zweiten Weltkriegs änderte der Kongress 1940 den "National Defense Act" von 1916 und ermächtigte die Staaten, "andere Streitkräfte als die Nationalgarde" zu unterhalten.

Die Staatsgarden zur Zeit des Kalten Krieges
Mit dem Ausbruch des Koreakrieges im Jahr 1950 erhielten  die Staatsgarden auf Kosten des Bundes die finanziellen Mittel zur militärischen Ausbildung sowie "Waffen, Munition, Kleidung und Ausrüstung", die als notwendig erachtet wurden.

Im Jahr 1956 überarbeitete der Kongress die Gesetze und genehmigte "State Defense Forces" dauerhaft, zwei Jahre später änderte der Kongress das Gesetz und änderte den Namen von "State Defence Forces" in "Defence Forces". Dennoch entwickelten viele Bundesstaaten ihre Staats-Verteidigungskräfte erst zur Zeit der Regierung von US-Präsident Ronald Reagan zu aktiven Streitkräften.

In den späten 1980er Jahren lösten mehrere Bundesstaaten ihre Streitkräfte auf oder reduzierten die Personalstärke und Aufgabenbereiche. So entließ im Jahr 1987 der Gouverneur von Utah bis auf einunddreißig Offiziere alle weiteren, da eine Untersuchung ergab, dass die Utah State Guard "mit Neonazis, Straftätern und Geisteskranken übersät" war. Mit dem Ende des Kalten Krieges ging das Interesse an den Bundesstaatlichen Verteidigungskräften allgemein zurück.

Die Staatsgarden nach dem 11. September 2001

Die Anschläge vom 11. September 2001 brachten die Aufmerksamkeit wieder auf die Staatsgarden zurück, da diese schnell abrufbar und vor Ort sind. Bei Politikern und US-Militärangehörigen wurde jedoch die Qualifikation und die Ausbildung der Staatssoldaten in Frage gestellt. Es wurde angeführt, dass sich für die Staatsgarden "Möchtegern-Soldaten" melden, die für die regulären Streitkräfte nicht qualifiziert sind. So entwaffnete zum Beispiel der Bundesstaat Alaska im Jahr 2008 seine bundesstaatlichen Verteidigungskräfte, nachdem eine Untersuchung ergab, dass mangelnde Ausbildung eine potenzielle rechtliche Haftung für den Staat darstellen. Bis 2010 wurde der Status der Truppe noch weiter herabgestuft, und der Generaladjutant der Alaska National Guard informierte die Freiwilligen darüber, dass sie nur als allerletzte Reserve ("Reserve of Last Resort") eingesetzt werden würden. Dieser Zustand änderte sich erst 2016 als Gouverneur Bill Walker 2016 die Alaska State Defense Force reformieren ließ, indem er die Ausbildungsstandards verbessern ließ.

Aktuelle Situation und Pläne für die zukünftige Ausrichtung
In den letzten Jahren konzentrierten sich die bundesstaatlichen Streitkräfte auf die Neuausrichtung ihrer Fähigkeiten, um besser auf künftige Einsätze vorbereitet zu sein, indem sie ihre Professionalität und Interoperabilität mit anderen Behörden und dem US-Militär verbesserten. Es geht die Entwicklung in Richtung der Einrichtung professioneller Führungsebenen zur Unterstützung der Nationalgarden, insbesondere im medizinischen Bereich und zur Unterstützung der Zivilbehörden, während einer Krisensituation. Aufgrund der vielen Auslandseinsätze der Nationalgarden sollen die Staatsgarden in diesem Fall auch Aufgaben übernehmen können.

Mehrere Bundesstaaten haben begonnen ihre Verteidigungskräfte auf größere Notfälle vorzubereiten, bei denen möglicherweise mehrere Staaten die Hilfsmaßnahmen koordinieren müssen. Im Juli 2015 leitete die Virginia Defense Force eine Kommunikationsübung für mehrere Bundesstaaten, die erste ihrer Art, bei welcher die Fernfunkkommunikation mit der Tennessee State Guard, der Indiana Guard Reserve, der Texas State Guard und dem California State Guard. Die Vereinheitlichung der Ausbildung der Staatsgarden wurde von der State Guard Association übernommen.

Im März 2017 aktivierte Kalifornien die maritimen Streitkräfte, die California State Guard Naval Militia

Seit Mai 2017 wird die Maryland Defense Force (MDDF) neu organisiert. Die Anzahl der verfügbaren Offiziersposten wurde verringert und die Stellenbeschreibungen neu geordnet, um eine überlastete Organisationsstruktur zu vermeiden. Neue Einheiten, einschließlich der Support-Einheit der Maryland Emergency Management Agency (MEMA), wurden genehmigt, und andere, wie die MDDF Cyber Unit, haben Erweiterungen geplant. Die Trainingsstandards wurden ebenfalls erhöht, darüber hinaus müssen alle neuen Soldaten derzeit ihr militärisches Notfallmanagement-Spezialistenkennzeichen erwerben. Diese Änderungen wurden mit dem Ziel vorgenommen, dass die zukünftige MDDF .

Uniformen

In der Regel tragen die Soldaten der Staatsgarden die Militäruniformtypen einer Teilstreitkraft des US-Militärs und grundsätzlich rote Namensschilder auf den Dienstuniformen. Anstatt der Bezeichnung "US Army", "US Air Force" oder "US Navy" ist der Name des Bundesstaates oder die offizielle Bezeichnung der Staatsgarde angeführt. Daneben werden Standard-Abzeichen des US-Militärs verwendet oder auch eigene  Abzeichen, wie der SDF (Self Defense Force) Beret Flash, der dem der US-Armee ähnelt, jedoch in leuchtendem Rot anstelle des blauen Farbtons der Armee. Andere Bundesstaaten haben Mützenabzeichen, die auf den Farben der jeweiligen Staatsflagge basieren. Die Staatssoldaten der New York Guards trugen früher graue Barettabzeichen, jedoch wurde die Kopfbedeckung auf eine schwarze Patrouillenmütze umgestellt.

Dennoch sind die Uniformen von Staat zu Staat unterschiedlich und weisen geringfügige Unterschiede auf. Zum Beispiel trägt die Texas State Guard die Standard-Tarnuniform der US-Armee mit einem Aufnäher der jeweiligen State Guard-Einheit, wobei die Bezeichnung "US Army" durch den Schriftzug "Texas State Guard" ersetzt wurde. In ähnlicher Weise trägt die California State Military Reserve die Uniform der Nationalgarde identisch, jedoch mit eigenen Einheitenabzeichen und dem Namensband "California".

Die wenigen Staaten mit bundesstaatseigenen Luft- und Marineeinheiten tragen modifizierte US-Air Force und US-Navy bzw. auch US-Marine Corps Uniformen. Derzeit gibt es nur in Texas, Ohio, Alaska und New York solche Marinemilizen. Staats-Luftstreitkräfte existieren nur in Texas, Kalifornien, Vermont und Puerto Rico.

Auflistung der Staatsgarden
Überblick über ehemalige und aktive Staatsgarden und die Gliederung in Teilstreitkräfte, wie Land-, See- und Luftstreitkräfte:

Weblinks
 Offizielle Seite des Verbandes der US Staatsgarden
 Offizielle Seite der New York Guard
 Offizielle Seite der South Carolina State Guard
 Webseite der Tennessee State Guard
 Offizielle Seite der Texas State Guard
 Webseite der Washington State Guard

Militärische Reserve (Vereinigte Staaten)
Milizwesen

Staatsgarde


El Campeonato de Fútbol de 1947, fue la edición número 27 de Liga de Fútbol de Costa Rica en disputarse, organizada por la FEDEFUTBOL.

El Herediano vuelve a ser campeón luego de 10 años y sería la última vez en que se disputara el campeonato entre los dos equipos más grandes hasta el momento (La Libertad vrs Herediano), siendo el clásico más antiguo del fútbol costarricense. Mientras que el Cartaginés disputa y vence a Rohmoser en la promoción por el no descenso.

Equipos participantes

Formato del Torneo

Los equipos jugaron a dos vueltas todos contra todos. Debido al empate entre libertos y heredianos se forzó disputó una serie de tres partidos para decidir quien sería el campeón. El último lugar del certamen debería jugar una serie de promoción ante el campeón de la segunda división.

Tabla de posiciones

Final

Planilla del Campeón: Jorge Rodríguez, Álvaro Rosabal, León Alvarado, Víctor Bustos, Heliodoro Vargas, Carlos Garita, Manuel Vargas, Edgar Murillo, Eladio Esquivel, Luciano Campos, Benedicto Víquez, Cirilo Zárate, Omar González, Marco Ovares, Manuel Arias, Efraín Muñoz, Max Villalobos, Mario Parreaguirre, Milton Vargas, Guillermo Arce, Moisés Villalobos, Virgilio Muñoz, Amado Calvo, Carlos Soto

Descenso

Cartaginés disputó promoción contra Rohrmoser, con marcadores de 3-2 y 2-3, por lo que se llevó a cabo un tercer partido ganado por Cartaginés 2-1.

Torneos

Referencias

Gerardo Coto para UNAFUT.com. "1947: Un clásico en la final". https://web.archive.org/web/20141025183234/http://www.unafut.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=166%3A1947&catid=3&Itemid=35. Consultado en enero de 2012.

1947
Costa Rica en 1947
Fútbol en 1947

Campeonato de Fútbol de Costa Rica 1947


Harriet (d. tahminen 1830 - ö. 23 Haziran 2006), 180 kg ağırlığında, bir Dev Galapagos kaplumbağası. Tahmini doğum tarihi 1830 olarak kabul edilen Harriet, 23 Haziran 2006 tarihindeki ölümüne kadar esaret altındaki en yaşlı hayvandı.

1835 yılında Charles Darwin tarafından Galapagos Adaları'nda yakalanıp, diğer iki örnekle beraber İngiltere'ye getirildiği tahmin edilir. O zamanlar tabak büyüklüğünde olduğu için o yıllarda 6 yaşında olduğu sanılır. 1841 yılında her üç kaplumbağa da Avustralya'da "Brisbane"deki botanik bahçesine getirilir. Harriet, burada 1952'de botanik bahçesine dahil olan hayvanat bahçesi kapanana kadar yaşar ve sonrasında Avustralya doğal koruma alanı Gold Sahili'ne taşınır. İlk olarak 1960 yılında, yaklaşık 130 yaşındayken, Hawaii Hayvanat Bahçesi Direktörü, kaplumbağanın dişi olduğunu tespit eder (o güne kadar ismi "Harry"dir).

Daha sonra Harriet, Queensland'daki "Australia Zoo"ya ulaşır. 20'li yıllarda kendisine ait dokümanlar bir sel baskınında kaybolduğundan, yaşam hikâyesi hakkında daha fazla yazılı bilgi yoktur. Ancak 1992 yılında yapılan incelemelerde, Harriet'in kökeninin Galapagos Adaları'na dayandığı ve en azından 162 yaşında olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Harriet, 23 Haziran 2006'da 176 yaşında öldü. Bir süredir geçirdiği kalp krizine bağlı olarak rahatsızlıkları bulunmaktaydı.

Yeni bulgular

Spiegel dergisinin "yaşayan en yaşlı hayvan" unvanının haksız bir unvan olduğu, aslında Hindistan'da bir hayvanat bahçesinde 2006 da ölen Aldabra cinsi dev kaplumbağa Adwaitya'nın, öldüğünde 256 yaşında olduğu yönündeydi. Adwaitya 22 Mart 2006'da öldüğünden, Harriet 23 Haziran 2006 tarihine kadar tekrar yaşayan en yaşlı hayvan unvanını kazanmış durumdaydı.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Adwaitya
 Yalnız George

Dış bağlantılar
 Galapagos Island tortoise   (ing.)
 spiegel.de: Der Schildkröten-Opa und die französische Revolution   (Yaşlı kaplumbağalar ile ilgili almanca makale)
 Dünyanın en yaşlı hayvanı Harriet 176'sında öldü

1830 doğumlu hayvanlar
2006 yılında ölen hayvanlar
Ünlü kaplumbağalar

Harriet


أقيمت الانتخابات السابعة لمجلس الأمة الكويتي في عام 1992، وهي الأولى منذ بعد انتهاء حرب الخليج الثانية، والأولى منذ عام 1985، حيث تم حل مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1985 في عام 1986، ولم تقم انتخابات آن ذاك، وقد وزعت المناطق على حسب النظام السابق الذي يضم 25 دائرة انتخابية ويفوز بالمقاعد النيابية أول مرشحين.

توزيع الدوائر الانتخابية

الدائرة الأولى
 منطقة الشرق
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 منطقة المطبة
 منطقة دسمان
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الدائرة الثانية
 منطقة المرقاب
 ضاحية عبد الله السالم

الدائرة الثالثة
 منطقة القبلة
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الدائرة الرابعة
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 جزيرة فيلكا وسائر الجزر

الدائرة الخامسة
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الدائرة السادسة
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الدائرة السابعة
 منطقة كيفان

الدائرة الثامنة
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الدائرة التاسعة
 منطقة الروضة

الدائرة العاشرة
 منطقة العديلية
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 منطقة السرة

الدائرة الحادية عشر
 منطقة الخالدية
 منطقة قرطبة
 منطقة اليرموك

الدائرة الثانية عشر
 منطقة السالمية
 منطقة البدع
 منطقة سلوى
 منطقة الراس

الدائرة الثالثة عشر
 منطقة الرميثية

الدائرة الرابعة عشر
 منطقة أبرق خيطان
 منطقة خيطان الجديدة

الدائرة الخامسة عشر
 منطقة الفروانية
 منطقة عين بغزي

الدائرة السادسة عشر
 منطقة العمرية
 منطقة الرابية
 منطقة الرقعي
 منطقة الأندلس

الدائرة السابعة عشر
 منطقة جليب الشيوخ
 منطقة الشدادية
 منطقة صيهد العوازم
 منطقة العضيلية
 منطقة العارضية

الدائرة الثامنة عشر
 منطقة الصليبيخات
 منطقة الدوحة
 منطقة أمغرة
 منطقة غرناطة

الدائرة التاسعة عشر
 منطقة الجهراء الجديدة
 منطقة الصليبية والمساكن الحكومية

الدائرة العشرون
 منطقة الجهراء وحدود الكويت مع العراق شمالا وغربا وحدود الكويت مع السعودية حتى المتياهة.

الدائرة الحادية والعشرون
 مدينة الأحمدي
 منطقة المقوع
 منطقة واره
 منطقة الصبيحية
 منطقة الجعيدان حتى حدود الكويت مع السعودية
 منطقة هدية
 منطقة الفنطاس
 منطقة المهبولة
 منطقة أبو حليفة
 منطقة الفنيطيس
 منطقة المسيلة
 ضاحية صباح السالم

الدائرة الثانية والعشرون
 منطقة الرقة

الدائرة الثالثة والعشرون
 منطقة الصباحية

الدائرة الرابعة والعشرون
 منطقة الفحيحيل
 منطقة المنقف

الدائرة الخامسة والعشرون
 منطقة أم الهيمان
 ميناء عبد الله
 منطقة الزور
 منطقة الوفرة حتى حدود الكويت الجنوبية مع السعودية.

الفائزون حسب الدوائر

الدائرة الأولى
 عدنان عبد الصمد
 يعقوب محمد حياتي

الدائرة الثانية
 حمد عبد الله الجوعان
 عبد الله النيباري

الدائرة الثالثة
 أحمد النصار
 جاسم حمد الصقر

الدائرة الرابعة
 علي أحمد البغلي
 عبد الله يوسف الرومي

الدائرة الخامسة
 أحمد يعقوب باقر
 عبد المحسن يوسف جمال

الدائرة السادسة
 مشاري جاسم العنجري
 مشاري محمد العصيمي

الدائرة السابعة
 جاسم محمد العون
 عبد العزيز يوسف العدساني

الدائرة الثامنة
 أحمد الربعي
 إسماعيل الشطي

الدائرة التاسعة
 ناصر جاسم الصانع
 أحمد محمد الخطيب

الدائرة العاشرة
 صالح يوسف الفضالة
 أحمد خالد الكليب

الدائرة الحادية عشر
 أحمد عبد العزيز السعدون
 محمد سليمان المرشد

الدائرة الثانية عشر
 عبد المحسن مدعج المدعج
 سالم عبد الله الحماد

الدائرة الثالثة عشر
 ناصر عبد العزيز صرخوه
 جمال أحمد الكندري

الدائرة الرابعة عشر
 علي أبو حديدة
 حمود الجبري

الدائرة الخامسة عشر
 عباس حبيب المسيلم
 غنام علي الجمهور المطيري

الدائرة السادسة عشر
 مبارك فهد الدويلة
 مبارك بنيه الخرينج

الدائرة السابعة عشر
 محمد المهمل
 محمد ضيف الله شرار

الدائرة الثامنة عشر
 خلف دميثير
 راشد الهبيدة

الدائرة التاسعة عشر
 مفرج المطيري
 أحمد نصار الشريعان

الدائرة العشرون
 طلال مبارك العيار
 طلال عثمان السعيد

الدائرة الحادية والعشرون
 خالد سالم العدوة
 شارع العجمي
الدائرة الثانية والعشرون
 عايض علوش المطيري
 هادي هايف العجمي

الدائرة الثالثة والعشرون
 جمعان فالح العازمي
 فهد دهيسان الميع

الدائرة الرابعة والعشرون
 عبد الله راشد الهاجري
 تركي محمد العازمي

الدائرة الخامسة والعشرون
 سعد بليق العازمي
 مصلح العازمي

مراجع

الكويت في 1992
الانتخابات في الكويت
كويت
انتخابات غير حزبية
مجلس الأمة الكويتي

انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1992


Patricia Lowin (* 30. März 1972) ist eine  Vortragsrednerin der Mainzer Fastnacht. Ihre Auftritte als "Emanze", "Politesse", "Loreley", "Patros, die griechische Göttin" oder "Türkin Ayse" wurden über das Fernsehen überregional bekannt.

Die Zahnärztin hielt 1993 ihren ersten Vortrag beim Gonsenheimer Carneval-Verein, dem sie bis zum Jahr 2001 als Büttenrednerin verbunden blieb. In diesem erfolgte ihr erster größerer Fernsehauftritt als Rednerin in der Fernseh-Fastnachts-Gemeinschaftssitzung Mainz bleibt Mainz, wie es singt und lacht. Schon 1996 war Lowin mit dem « AZ-Jokus » der Allgemeinen Zeitung (Mainz) als Büttenrednerin ausgezeichnet worden. Nach einer Pause ab 2001 steht Lowin seit 2008, nun beim Flörsheimer Carneval Verein, wieder in der Bütt.

Besondere mediale Aufmerksamkeit erhielt Lowins 2012 bei der ARD im Rahmen der Sendung Frankfurt Helau übertragener knapp zehnminütiger karnevalistischer Auftritt als Türkin Ayşe. Der Landesausländerbeirat sprach von "Rassismus zur besten Sendezeit" und verlangte eine Entschuldigung vom Hessischen Rundfunk. Diese erfolgte nicht.

Auszeichnungen
 AZ-Jokus der Allgemeinen Zeitung (Mainz)

Einzelbelege

Künstler (Karneval)
Person (Mainzer Fastnacht)
Deutscher
Geboren 1972
Frau

Patricia Lowin


Hornsmæra (fræðiheiti: Oxalis corniculata) er jurt af smæruættkvísl sem er ættuð frá Asíu It was first described by Linnaeus in 1753 og hefur breiðst út til Evrópu fyrir 1500 og þaðan um allan heim. Á Íslandi finnst hún sem slæðingur í eða við gróðurhús.

Tegundin er vel æt eins og flestar aðrar smærur, en vegna mikils magns af oxalsýrum er ráðlagt að neyta hannar í hófi.

Tilvísanir

Súrsmæruætt
Plöntur á Íslandi

Hornsmæra


er et japansk animationsstudie. Der blev grundlagt i 2008 af tidligere Satelight medlemmer.

Produktioner
 Shounen Maid

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Animeselskaber
Etableret i 2008

8-Bit (studio)


පුරාණ (/pʊˈrɑːnə/; සංස්කෘත: पुराण, purāṇa; වචනාර්ථයෙන් "පුරාණ, පැරණි") යනු පුළුල් පරාසයක මාතෘකා පිළිබඳව, විශේෂයෙන් ජනප්‍රවාද සහ අනෙකුත් සම්ප්‍රදායික ප්‍රබන්ධ පිළිබඳ භාරතීය සාහිත්‍යයේ විශාල ප්‍රභේදයකි. මූලික වශයෙන් සංස්කෘත සහ දෙමළ පමණක් නොව අනෙකුත් ඉන්දියානු භාෂාවලින් ද රචනා කර ඇත.

පුරාණ සාහිත්‍යය විශ්වකෝෂයක් වන අතර,  එයට විශ්ව වේදය, දේවතාවියන්, රජවරුන්, වීරයන්, ඍෂිවරුන් සහ උප දේවතාවුන්, ජනශ්‍රැති, වන්දනා ස්ථාන, විහාරස්ථාන, වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාව, තාරකා විද්‍යාව, ව්‍යාකරණ, ඛනිජ විද්‍යාව, හාස්‍යය, ප්‍රේම වෘතාන්ත මෙන්ම දේවධර්මය සහ දර්ශනය වැනි විවිධ මාතෘකා ඇතුළත් වේ. හින්දු මහා පුරාණ සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව "වේද ව්‍යාස" ට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති නමුත් බොහෝ විද්වතුන් එය සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා බොහෝ කතුවරුන්ගේ කෘති ලෙස සැලකේ.

මුඛ්‍ය හෙවත් මහා පුරාණ 18ක් පවතින අතර උප පුරාණ 18ක් පවති. ඒ හැරුණු කොට තවත් කුඩා පුරාණයන් රාශියක් පවති. විවිධ පුරාණ වල මුල් පිටපත් ක්‍රි.ව. 3 සහ 10 වැනි සියවස් අතර කාලය තුළ රචනා වන්නට ඇත. පුරාණ හින්දු ආගමේ ශුද්ධ ලියවිල්ලක අධිකාරය භුක්ති නොවිඳින නමුත් ස්මෘති හෙවත් මතක ශක්තියෙන් පැමිණි ඒවා ලෙස සැලකේ.

සම්භවය
මහාභාරතයේ කථකයා වන ව්‍යාස, පුරාණ සම්පාදනය කරන්නා ලෙස පිළිගැනේ. පැරණි සම්ප්‍රදායට අනුව පිළිගන්නේ ප්‍රථමයෙන් පැවතියේ එක් පුරාණයක් පමණක් බවයි. තෝමස් කෝබර්න්ට අනුව, පුරාණ සහ මුල් පුරාණ ග්‍රන්ථ ඒවායේ ආරම්භය සම්බන්ධයෙන් සම්ප්‍රදායන් දෙකක් ප්‍රකාශ කරයි, එකක් ඒවා දෙවියන් වහන්සේගේ හුස්ම ලෙස ප්‍රකාශ කරයි, අනෙක බෞතිකව පුරාණ දහ අටකට සම්පාදනය කෙරූ මනුෂ්‍යයා ලෙස ව්‍යාස දක්වයි. ඉන්දියානු විද්‍යාඥයන් වන J. A. B. van Buitenen සහ Cornelia Dimmitt ට අනුව, නූතන යුගය දක්වා නොනැසී පවතින පුරාණයන් පැරණි නමුත් ඒවා නියෝජනය කරන්නේ "තරමක් වෙනස් නමුත් කිසිදා සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම වෙනස් නොවන වෙනම වාචික සාහිත්‍ය දෙකක එකතුවකි. මුල් පුරාණයන් පැමිණෙන්නේ පූජක මූලයන්ගෙන් වන අතර පසුකාලීන පරම්පරාවල රණශූර සහ වීර කාව්‍ය මූලයන් ඇත. හින්දු පුනරුදයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් වන "ගුප්ත රජුන්ගේ පාලනය යටතේ ක්‍රි.ව. හතරවන සහ හයවන සියවස් අතර දෙවන වරට" මෙම ග්‍රන්ථ එකතු කරන ලදී. කෙසේ වෙතත්, පුරාණ සංස්කරණ හා ව්‍යාප්තිය ගුප්ත යුගයෙන් පසුව නොනැවතුණු අතර, එම ග්‍රන්ථ "තවත් වසර පන්සියයක් හෝ දහසක් වර්ධනය වූ" අතර හින්දු වන්දනා ස්ථාන සහ විහාරස්ථාන පවත්වාගෙන ගිය පූජකවරුන් විසින් මේවා සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන් කිසිදු පුරාණයක් සඳහා නිශ්චිත දිනයක් නියම කළ නොහැකි බව ලුඩෝ රොචර් පවසයි. ඔහු පෙන්වා දෙන්නේ භාගවත සහ විෂ්ණු වැනි වඩා හොඳින් ස්ථාපිත සහ වඩාත් සංගත පුරාණ සඳහා පවා විද්වතුන් විසින් යෝජනා කරන ලද දිනයන් පුළුල් ලෙස සහ නිමක් නැතිව වෙනස් වන බවයි.

පාඨයන්

මහාපුරාණ
ශිව පුරාණයේ - උමා සංහිතාව තුළ පහත මහාපුරාණ ලැයිස්තුව සඳහන් කොට ඇත:

දේවි භාගවතම් තුළ ශිව පුරාණය වෙනුවට වායු පුරාණය සඳහන් වේ. මහාපුරාණ ද විශේෂිත දෙවි කෙනෙකු මත පදනම්ව වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත, පාඨ මිශ්‍ර වී ඇති අතර සියලු දෙවි දේවතාවුන්ට ගරු කරයි:

ආශ්‍රේයන්

උපුටා දැක්වීම්

පුරාණ


Edouard Klemm (né le  à Greußen et mort le  à Langensalza) est un propriétaire de manoir et député du Reichstag.

Biographie
Klemm étudie au lycée de Sondershausen et aux universités de Bonn et de Berlin. En 1860, il rejoint le . Il devient agriculteur et dirige le manoir de Freienbessingen dans l'. Il est également chef de bureau, membre du conseil d'arrondissement, du comité d'arrondissement et député d'arrondissement. De 1893 à 1898, il est député du Reichstag pour la  du district d'Erfurt (, , ) pour le Parti du Reich allemand. Entre 1899 et 1913, il est  également député de la Chambre des représentants de Prusse.

Liens externes

Références

Député du Reichstag (Empire allemand)
Député de la Chambre des représentants de Prusse
Personnalité du Parti conservateur libre
Naissance en septembre 1838
Naissance à Greußen
Naissance dans la principauté de Schwarzbourg-Sondershausen
Décès en septembre 1926
Décès à Bad Langensalza
Décès à 88 ans

Eduard Klemm


Nikolay Mikhailovich Karamzin (; ) was a Russian historian, romantic writer, poet and critic. He is best remembered for his fundamental History of the Russian State, a 12-volume national history.

Early life
Karamzin was born in the small village of Mikhailovka (modern-day Karamzinka village of the Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia) near Simbirsk in the Znamenskoye family estate. Another version exists that he was born in 1765 in the Mikhailovka village of the Orenburg Governorate (modern-day Preobrazhenka village of the Orenburg Oblast, Russia) where his father served, and in recent years Orenburg historians have been actively disputing the official version. His father Mikhail Yegorovich Karamzin (1724—1783) was a retired Kapitan of the Imperial Russian Army who belonged to the Russian noble family of modest means founded by Semyon Karamzin in 1606. For many years its members had served in Nizhny Novgorod as high-ranking officers and officials before Nikolay's grandfather Yegor Karamzin moved to Simbirsk with his wife Ekaterina Aksakova of the ancient Aksakov dynasty related to Sergey Aksakov. According to Nikolay Karamzin, his surname derived from Kara-mirza, a baptized Tatar and his earliest-known ancestor who arrived to Moscow to serve under Russian rule. No records of him were left. The first documented Karamzin lived as early as 1534.

His mother Ekaterina Petrovna Karamzina (née Pazukhina) also came from a Russian noble family of moderate income founded in 1620 when Ivan Demidovich Pazukhin, a long-time officer, was granted lands and a title for his service during the Polish–Russian War. His two sons founded two family branches: one in Kostroma and one in Simbirsk which Ekaterina Karamzina belonged to. Her father Peter Pazukhin also made a brilliant military career and went from Praporshchik to Colonel; he had been serving in the Simbirsk infantry regiment since 1733. As far as the family legend goes, the dynasty was founded by Fyodor Pazukh from Lithuanian szlachta who left Mstislavl in 1496 to serve under Ivan III of Russia. Ekaterina Petrovna was born between 1730 and 1735 and died in 1769 when Nikolay was only over 2 years old. In 1770 Mikhail Karamzin married for the second time to Evdokia Gavrilovna Dmitrieva (1724—1783) who became Nikolay's stepmother. He had three siblings — Vasily, Fyodor and Ekaterina — and two agnate siblings.

Nikolay Karamzin was sent to Moscow to study under Swiss-German teacher Johann Matthias Schaden; he later moved to St Petersburg, where he made the acquaintance of Ivan Dmitriev, a Russian poet of some merit, and occupied himself with translating essays by foreign writers into his native language. After residing for some time in Saint Petersburg he went to Simbirsk, where he lived in retirement until induced to revisit Moscow. There, finding himself in the midst of the society of learned men, he again took to literary work.

In 1789, he resolved to travel, visiting Germany, France, Switzerland and England. On his return he published his Letters of a Russian Traveller, which met with great success. These letters, modelled after Irish-born novelist Laurence Sterne's A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy, were first printed in the Moscow Journal, which he edited, but were later collected and issued in six volumes (1797–1801).

In the same periodical, Karamzin also published translations from French and some original stories, including Poor Liza and Natalia the Boyar's Daughter (both 1792). These stories introduced Russian readers to sentimentalism, and Karamzin was hailed as "a Russian Sterne".

As a writer

In 1794, Karamzin abandoned his literary journal and published a miscellany in two volumes entitled Aglaia, in which appeared, among other stories, The Island of Bornholm and Ilya Muromets, the former being one of the first Russian Gothic novels and the latter, a story based on the adventures of the well-known hero of many a Russian legend. From 1797 to 1799, he issued another miscellany or poetical almanac, The Aonides, in conjunction with Derzhavin and Dmitriev. In 1798 he compiled The Pantheon, a collection of pieces from the works of the most celebrated authors ancient and modern, translated into Russian. Many of his lighter productions were subsequently printed by him in a volume entitled My Trifles. Admired by Alexander Pushkin and Vladimir Nabokov, the style of his writings is elegant and flowing, modelled on the easy sentences of the French prose writers rather than the long periodical paragraphs of the old Slavonic school. Karamzin also promoted a more "feminine" style of writing. His example proved beneficial for the creation of a Russian literary language, a major contribution for the history of Russian literature.

In 1802 and 1803, Karamzin edited the journal the Envoy of Europe (Vestnik Evropy). It was not until after the publication of this work that he realized where his strength lay, and commenced his 12 volume History of the Russian State. In order to accomplish the task, he secluded himself for two years at Simbirsk.

When Emperor Alexander learned the cause of his retirement, Karamzin was invited to Tver, where he read to the emperor the first eight volumes of his history. He was a strong supporter of the anti-Polish policies of the Russian Empire, and expressed hope that "there would be no Poland under any shape or name". In 1816, he removed to St Petersburg, where he spent the happiest days of his life, enjoying the favour of Alexander I and submitting to him the sheets of his great work, which the emperor read over with him in the gardens of the palace of Tsarskoye Selo.

He did not, however, live to carry his work further than the eleventh volume, terminating it at the accession of Michael Romanov in 1613. He died on 22 May (old style) 1826, in the Tauride Palace. A monument was erected to his memory at Simbirsk in 1845.

As a linguist and philologist

Karamzin is credited for having introduced the letter Ë/ë into the Russian alphabet some time after 1795. Prior to that simple E/e had been used, though there was also a rare form patterned after the extant letter Ю/ю. Note that Ë/ë is not an obligatory letter, and simple E/e is still often used in books other than dictionaries and schoolchildren's primers.

As a historian

Karamzin is well-regarded as a historian. Until the appearance of his work, little had been done in this direction in Russia. The preceding attempt of Vasily Tatishchev was merely a rough sketch, inelegant in style, and without the true spirit of criticism. Karamzin was most industrious in accumulating materials, and the notes to his volumes are mines of interesting information. Perhaps Karamzin may justly be criticized for the false gloss and romantic air thrown over the early Russian annals; in this respect his work is reminiscent of that of Sir Walter Scott, whose writings were at that time creating a great sensation throughout Europe and probably influenced Karamzin.

Karamzin wrote openly as the panegyrist of the autocracy; indeed, his work has been styled the Epic of Despotism and considered Ivan III as the architect of Russian greatness, a glory that he had earlier (perhaps while more under the influence of Western ideas) assigned to Peter the Great. (The deeds of Ivan the Terrible are described with disgust, though.)

In the battle pieces, he demonstrates considerable powers of description, and the characters of many of the chief personages in the Russian annals are drawn in firm and bold lines. As a critic Karamzin was of great service to his country; in fact he may be regarded as the founder of the review and essay (in the Western style) among the Russians.

Also, Karamzin is sometimes considered a founding father of Russian conservatism. Upon appointing him a state historian, Alexander I greatly valued Karamzin's advice on political matters. His conservative views were clearly expounded in The Memoir on Old and New Russia, written for Alexander I in 1812. This scathing attack on reforms proposed by Mikhail Speransky was to become a cornerstone of official ideology of imperial Russia for years to come.

Commemoration
Several places in Russia were named after the writer:
 Karamzina village (it is part of Ulyanovsk nowadays);
 Proyezd Karamzina (a road in Moscow);
 Nikolay Karamzin street (a street in Kaliningrad, Krasnoyarsk, Mayna, Ulyanovsk Oblast);
 A monument was built in honor of Nikolay Karamzin in Ulyanovsk;
 Another monument was built in honor of Nikolay Karamzin at Ostafyevo Museum-Estate near Moscow Ring Road.
 In Veliky Novgorod the monument Millennium of Russia, showing 129 statues of the most outstanding people in Russian history (by 1862), includes a statue of Nikolay Karamzin;
 The Karamzin Public Library in Simbirsk, created in honor of the famous countryman, was opened to readers on April 18, 1848;
 In 2016 the Dvorets knigi (Russian Дворец книги, a close translation - Book Palace) - the Ulyanovsk State Regional Scientific Library with the support of the Ministry of Art and Cultural Policy of the Ulyanovsk Region, the Ulyanovsk branch of the Union of Russian Writers and the literary magazine "Simbirsk" (Russian Симбирскъ) organized an open literary competition «Tebe, nash dobriy, chistiy geniy…» (Russian «Тебе, наш добрый, чистый гений…», a close translation - To you, our kind, pure genius..), dedicated to the 250 years anniversary of the birth of Nikolay Mikhailovich Karamzin. For this competition only poems about Karamzin and poems based on his works were accepted.

In 2016 on the occasion of the 250th birthday of the writer, the Central Bank of Russia issued a silver 2-ruble coin in the series "Outstanding People of Russia": N.M. Karamzin, writer.

Two commemorative stamps were issued depicting N.M. Karamzin: in 1991 in the USSR as part of the Russian Historians stamp series, face value of 10 Russian kopeks, and in 2016 as part of the Outstanding Russian historians stamp series, face value of 25 Russian rubles.

Selected works

Prose

Fiction
 Evgenyi i Yuliya (), English translation: Evgeniy and Julia (1789)
 Bednaya Liza (), English translation: Poor Liza (1792)
 Natalya, boyarskaya doch (), English translation: Natalya the Boyar's Daughter (1792)
 Prekrasnaia tsarevna i schastlivyi karla (), English translation: The Beautiful Princess and the Happy Dwarf (1792)
 Ostrov Borngolm (), English translation: Island of Bornholm (1793)
 Afinskaya zhizn (), English translation: Athenian Life (1794)
 Melodor k Filaletu (), English translation: Melodor to Filalet (1794; paired with a sequel, Filalet to Melodor)
 Yuliya (), English translation: Julia (1796)
 Marfa-posadnitsa (), English translation: Martha the Mayoress (1802)
 Moya ispoved (), English translation: My Confession (1802)
 Chuvstvitelnyi i kholodnyi (), English translation: The Sensitive and the Cold (1803)
 Rytsar nashego vremeni (), English translation: A Knight of Our Times (1803)

Non-fiction
 Pisma russkogo puteshestvennika (), English translation: Letters of a Russian Traveler (1791–92)
 Zapiska o drevney i novoy Rossii (), English translation: Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia (1811)
 Istoriya gosudarstva Rossiyskogo (), English translation: History of the Russian State (1816–26)

Poetry
 Poetry (), 1787
 Darovaniya (), English translation: Gifts (1796)
 Solovey (), English translation: Nightingale (1796)
 Protey, ili Nesoglasiya stikhotvortsa (), English translation: Proteus, or Inconsistencies of a Poet (1798)
 Ego imperatorskomu velichestvu Alexandru I, samoderzhtsu vserossiyskomu, na vosshestvie ego na prestol (, English translation: To His Imperial Highness Alexander I, All-Russian Autocrat, on the Occasion of His Rise to the Throne (1801)
 Gimn gluptsam (), English translation: Hymn to the Fools (1802)
 K Emilii (), English translation: To Emilie (1802)
 K dobrodeteli (), English translation: To Virtue (1802)
 Osvobozhdenie Evropy i slava Alexandra I (), English translation: The Freeing of Europe and the Glory of Alexander I (1814)

See also
List of Russian historians

Notes

References

Further reading
 Anderson, Roger B. N.M. Karamzin's Prose: The Teller and the Tale. Houston: Cordovan Press, 1974.
 Black, J.L. Nicholas Karamzin and Russian Society in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in Russian Political and Historical Thought. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975 (hardcover, ).
 Cross, A.G. N.M. Karamzin: A Study of His Literary Career, 1783–1803. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1971 ().
 Essays on Karamzin: Russian Man-of-Letters, Political Thinker, Historian, 1766–1826 (Slavistic Printings and Reprintings; 309). Edited by J.L. Black. The Hague; Paris: Mouton, 1975.
 Grudzinska Gross, Irena. "The Tangled Tradition: Custine, Herberstein, Karamzin, and the Critique of Russia", Slavic Review, Vol. 50, No. 4. (Winter, 1991), pp. 989–998.
 [Karamzin, N.M.] Selected Prose of N.M. Karamzin. Trans. and Intr. by Henry M. Nebel, Jr. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1969.
 Nebel, Henry M., Jr. N.M. Karamzin: A Russian Sentimentalist. The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1967.
 Pipes, Richard. Karamzin's Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia: A Translation and Analysis (Russian Research Center Studies; 33). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959.
Fraanje, Maarten. Nikolai Karamzin and Christian Heinrich Spiess: "Poor Liza" in the Context of the Eighteenth-Century German Suicide Story. Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia Newsletter Volume 27 (1999).

External links

  Karamzin's History of the Russian State
  Karamzin's Aglaia I-II, 2nd edition (1796)
  Karamzin. Poem
 English translations of 4 epigrams, "Inscriptions on a Statue of Cupid"

1766 births
1826 deaths
18th-century poets from the Russian Empire
18th-century male writers
19th-century historians from the Russian Empire
19th-century novelists from the Russian Empire
19th-century poets from the Russian Empire
Burials at Tikhvin Cemetery
Conservatism in Russia
French–Russian translators
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Members of the Russian Academy
People from Ulyanovsk
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class
Russian male writers
Russian male poets
Russian untitled nobility
Russian translators
Russian people of Tatar descent
Russian scientists

Nikolay Karamzin


Kaya balığı, oldukça geniş bir balık türü ailesi olan 200'den fazla cinsi ve 2.000'den fazla türü bulunan Gobiidae familyasından bir balıktır. Çoğunluğu tipik olarak 10 cm (4 inç) büyüklüğünde olup, göreceli olarak oldukça küçüktürler.  Bu türden Trimmatom nanus ve Cüce kayabalığı, dünya üzerinde bilinen en küçük omurgalı türlerindendir ve büyüdüklerinde boyları 1 cm'nin (3/8) altında olur. Gobioides ve Periophthalmodon cinsleri gibi bazı kaya balığı türleri ise 30 cm (1 ft) uzunluğa kadar ulaşabilir veya bu boyu da aşabilirler. Az sayıda insan için bir gıda olarak önemi bulunmasına rağmen, özellikle morina, mezgit balığı, barramundi, yassı balıklar kadar ticari açıdan önemi olan balıklardır. Pek çok ülkede önemli bir av türüdürler. Brachygobius (yaban arısı balığı) gibi bazı kaya balığı türlerine ise, akvaryumlarda beslemek için yoğun ilgi gösterilmektedir.

Tanım

Kaya balığı morfolojisinin en belirgin özelliği, balığın emiciliğini oluşturan disk şeklinde leğen yüzgeçleri bulunmasıdır. Bu emiciliğe sahip leğen yüzgeçleri Remoralar veya Lumpsuckerlar gibi ama sırt yüzgecinden anatomik olarak farklıdırlar ve benzerlik yakınsak evrimin ürünüdür. Balık genellikle kayalara ve mercanlara bir uyum içerisinde emicilik yaparken görülebilir ve kaya balıkları akvaryumlarda tankın cam duvarlarına sürekli yapışmış ve emer vaziyette görülürler.

Alt familyalar

Gobiidae altı ana alt familya içerir.

Amblyopinae

Alt familya Amblyopinae türü üyeleri yılan balığı veya solucan balığı olarak da bilinen ince, uzun ve çamurda yaşayan kaya balıklarıdır. Bunların iki sırt yüzgeçleri bir zar yapısı ile bağlıdır ve gözleri son derece küçüktür. Renkleri genellikle pembe, kırmızı veya mordur. Amblyopinae'ler 12 cins ve yaklaşık olarak 23 tür içerir.

Benthophilinae

Benthophilinae üyeleri Ponto-Hazar bölgesi (Marmara Denizi, Karadeniz, Azak Denizi, Hazar Denizi ve Aral Denizi'ndeki türler de dahil olmak üzere) endemiktir.  Alt familya temsilcilerinin leğen yüzgeçleri ve uzun sırt ile anal yüzgeçleri birleşmiştir. Yetişkin ve bu tür ile yakından ilişkili bir Gobiinae ile alt familyası, yüzgeç zarının yüzme kesesi ve göğüs yüzgecinin en üstünde bulunması nedeniyle ayırt edilebilir. Bu türün üyelerine Maymun kaya balığı, Kendini beğenmiş kaya balığı ve İribaş kaya balığı da dâhildir.

Gobiinae

Gobiinae üyeleri gerçek balığı olarak bilinir. 2000 tür ve 150 cins içeren Gobiidae familyasının alt familyası olarak en yaygın balık türüdür.

Gobionellinae

Bazılarının tatlı sularda yaşamamalarına rağmen Gobionellinae üyeleri genellikle nehir ağızlarında yaşamaktadırlar. Bunlar kuzeydoğu Atlantik Okyanusu, Akdeniz ve Ponto-Hazar bölgesinin dışında kalan tüm dünyadaki tropik ve ılıman bölgelerde bulunur. Bu alt familya yaklaşık olarak 350 tür ve 55 cinsi içerir.

Oxudercinae

Oxudercinae üyeleri yaygın olarak çamur zıpzıpı adıyla bilinir. Bunlar ailenin son derece uzmanlaşmış üyeleridir. Bu alt familya davranışsal ve fizyolojik adaptasyon kombinasyonuyla arazide uzun süre hayatta kalabilirler. Göğüs yüzgeçlerini basit bacakları olarak kullanır ve ilerlerler. Kurbağa gibi derilerinden nefes alma yetenekleri gelişmiştir ve derilerinin kurumasını önlemek ve nemli kalmasını sağlamak için yuvalar kazarlar. Çamur zıpzıpları gel-gitlerin sık yaşandığı çamur yatakları ve mangrov ormanları gibi ancak tropik ve subtropik bölgelerde bulunurlar.

Sicydiinae

Sicydiinae tatlı su kaya balığı alt familyasının ancak dokuz cins alt ailesi vardır. Genellikle tropikal adalarda hızlı hareket eden, debisi yüksek dağ akarsularında bulunurlar.

Ekoloji ve biyoloji
Kaya balıkları öncelikle gelgit havuzları, mercan kayalıkları ve deniz çayırları da dâhil olmak üzere sığ deniz yaşam alanları balıklarıdır. Ayrıca sıklıkla nehirlerin aşağı kesimlerinde, Mangrov ormanları ve tuzlu bataklılar da dahil olmak üzere acı suların bulunduğu nehir ağızlarında daha yoğun şekilde bulunurlar. Çok az sayıda kaya balığı (tam olarak bilinmemekle birlikte, düşük düzeylerde olduğu biliniyor.) tamamen tatlı su ortamlarına uyum sağlamışlardır. Bunlar Asya nehir kaya balığı (Rhinogobius dahil), Avustralya çöl kaya balığı (Chlamydogobius eremius), Avrupa tatlı su kaya balığı (Padogobius bonelli)'dır. Büyük türlerin başlıcaları başka balıkları yemelerine rağmen, küçük omurgasızlar ve bazı plankton türleri ile beslenirler.

Üreme
Kaya balığı yumurtalarını bir bitki örtüsü, mercan veya kaya üzerine bırakır. Bunlar beş türe bağlı olarak birkaç yüz yumurta bırakabilirler. Yumurtaların döllenmesinin ardından, onları erkek avcılardan korumak ve uzak tutmak için dişiler üstlerine tortu bırakırlar. Larvalar yumurtadan birkaç gün sonra çıkarlar. Larvalar ilk başta şeffaf olarak doğarlar ve uygun bir yaşam alanı bulduktan sonra zamanla renkleri gelişmeye başlar. Birçok tatlı su türü larvası nehir ağızlarından aşağıdaki tuzlu sulara hatta denizlere doğru taşınırlar. Ancak daha sonraki haftalarda ve aylarda tekrar tatlı sulara dönerler.

Sıcak sularda kaya balığı yaklaşık bir ay kadar bir zaman zarfında yetişkin boyutlara ulaşır, serin sularda bu süre iki yıla kadar uzayabilir. Kaya balığının yaşam süresi ılıman ortamlarda daha uzun sürerken, bu süre bir yıldan on yıla kadar değişiklik gösterir.

Siyah gözlü kaya balığı gibi birkaç tür kaya balığının dişilerinin, seks için erkek cinsiyetine geçebildiği bilinmektedir. Bu türlerin çoğunluğu dişi olarak doğarlar. Yumurtaları korumak için birden fazla erkeğin çaba harcaması gerektiği için cinsiyet değiştirirler. Bu tür, güney Papua Yeni Gine'deki Bootless Körfezi çevresindeki okyanusta, nadir mercanlarda yaşar ve diğer ebeveyn tür tarafından reddedilir. Bu şekilde oğul tür, ebeveyn türle iç içe yaşamasına ve aralarında herhangi bir coğrafi yalıtım bulunmamasına rağmen üreysel olarak ebeveyn türden izole hale gelmiştir.

Türleşmenin erken dönemlerinde evrilen kaya balıklarının, eşleşmek için aynı bölgedeki nadir mercanlıklarda yumurtalarını bırakan diğer balıkları tercih ettiği bir sınıflandırıcı eşleşme ile ilişkilidir.

Ortak yaşam
Kaya balıkları bazen tünel kazan karideslerde (burrowing) olduğu gibi diğer türler ile simbiyotik ilişkiler kurarlar. Karidesin kurduğu kum yuvada hem karides hem de kaya balığı birlikte yaşarlar. Karidesin kaya balığına göre görme duyusu daha zayıftır. Ancak karides kaya balığını kısmen görse de yuvanın içerisine doğru yüzdüğünü hisseder. Kaya balığı ile karides birbirleri ile temas kurmak için karidesin antenlerini kullanırlar. Kaya balığı kuyruğu ile karidesin antenlerine hafifçe vurur ve iletişim kurarlar. Bu türdeki kaya balıkları, bu nedenden dolayı bazen bekçi veya karides balığı olarak bilinirler. İkili arasındaki bu ilişkiden her iki tarafında kazançları vardır. Karides kaya balığı sayesinde yaklaşan tehlikelerden haberdar olur, kaya balığı ise yumurtaları için güvenli bir yuva bulmuş olur.

Simbiyoz yani ortak yaşamın bir başka türü de neon kaya balığı (Elacatinus spp.) için gösterilmiştir. "Temizleyici kaya balığı" olarak bilinen bu kaya balığı türü, büyük balıkların deri ve kuyruklarında bulunan çeşitli solungaç parazitlerini temizlemektedir. Bu ortak yaşamın en dikkat çekici yönü, büyük balığın kaya balığını küçük bir hamle ile gıda olarak tüketebilecek olmasına karşın, onu bir temizlik istasyonu gibi kullanması ve ona zarar vermemesidir (Örneğin Orfoz ve Lutjanidae gibi). Aynı şekilde bu ilişki ve ortak yaşam her iki taraf için de çıkar amaçlıdır. Büyük balık kaya balığını temizlik istasyonu gibi kullandığından dolayı sürekli olarak sağlıklı kalır ve kaya balığı da kolay şekilde gıdasını temin eder.

Bir başka ortak yaşam formu ise, (Fungiidae temsilcilerinden olan) Heliofungia actiniformis mantar mercanı ve kaya balığı arasında bulunmaktadır. Eviota Tentacles muhtemelen avcılardan gizlenmek için sürekli olarak arasında dolaşmaktadır.

Ticari önemi

Kaya balığı Ukrayna'da ciddi bir ticari öneme sahiptir. Burada kaya balığını Azak Denizi ve Karadeniz'de avlarlar. Ticari türlerin arasında en önemli olanlar; Yuvarlak kaya balığı, Maymun kaya balığı, Kurbağa kaya balığı ve Çimen kaya balığıdır. Çimen kaya balığı İtalya'da çokça avlanan ticari bir balıktır.

Akvaryumlarda
Kaya balığının birkaç türü akvaryumlar için idealdir ve çokça tutulur. Tatlı su akvaryumlarında bulundurulsa da, tuzlu su akvaryumlarının vzageçilmezleri arasındadır. Sağlıklı ve temiz resif akvaryumlarda sıkça bulunur. Belki de en çok tutulan türü Neon kaya balığı türüdür. Kaya balığı akvaryumlarda en çok dip ve kayalık kısımları tercih eder. Ancak bazı türleri (özellikle karides kaya balığı) daha çok yuva kazmayı tercih ederler. Kaya balığının akvaryumlarda her an zarar görmeye hassas alt tarafları için, zemini ince taneli yüzey olacak şekilde ayarlamalıdırlar.

Tuzlu su akvaryumlarında çokça tutulan türleri bekçi kaya balığı adıyla da anılan, Randall karides kaya balığıdır. Bazı cins Brachygobius yaban arısı kaya balıkları da hem renkli olmaları hem de bakımlarının kolay olması nedeniyle akvaristler tarafından sevilirler. Kaya balıklarının, doğal yaşam alanları olan tropikal ortamları, akvaryum koşullarında oluşturmak için, suyun biraz sert ve alkalinli acı su gibi olması gerekir.

Kaya balığı kendi tank arkadaşları ile genellikle uyumlu şekilde yaşar ve kendi huzurlu bölgesini oluşturur. Diğer balıklara karşı bazı durumlarda yırtıcı olduğundan dolayı genellikli toplu sistemlerde sayısı az oranda tutulmalıdır. Kaya balıkları Çiklit gibi aktif türler ile rekabette iyi olmadığından dolayı birkaç istisna dışında onlara pul yem yerine canlı veya dondurulmuş, hızla dibe ulaşan gıdalar verilmelidir. Bir başka önemli sorun ise, tanklardan sıklıkla dışarı atladıklarından dolayı buna uygun tedbirlerin tankın çevresinde alınmasıdır. Yarım gaga ve lepistesler gibi huzurlu, su üstünü seven canlılar ile birlikte beslenmesi tavsiye edilebilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Gobiidae cinsleri listesi, türün 231 adet cinsinin listelendiği madde.
 Eleotridae, bu balık türü tipik kaynaşmış leğen yüzgeci ve emicilikten yoksun olan (Eleotridae) ailesi ile ilişkilidir. Ancak boyut, şekil ve ekolojik yaşam tarzı olarak kaya balığı ailesini benzerlik gösterir.
 Blennioidei, sığ sularda yaşayan deniz balıkların bir gruptur ve kaya balığı ile karıştırılmamalıdır.
 Dragonet, kaya balığına çok benzeyen yapısı vardır, ancak kaya balığı ile karıştırılmamalıdır.
 Pholidichthys leucotaenia, genellikle mühendis kaya balığı veya hükümlü kaya balığı olarak adlandırılmasına rağmen, bir kaya balığı değildir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Gobioid Araştırma Enstitüsü
Themudskipper.org: çamur zıpzıpı üzerine internet sitesi
Akvaryumlardaki temizleyici balıklar

Gobiidae

Kaya balığı