كانت بطولة آسيا للشباب تحت 19 عاما 2008 النسخة الخامسة والثلاثون من هذه المسابقة التي ينظمها الاتحاد الآسيوي لكرة القدم، واستضافتها السعودية بين 31 أكتوبر و14 نوفمبر. لعبت المباريات في الدمام والخبر، الواقعتين في المنطقة الشرقية.

المنافسة التأهيلية

التصنيف

القرعة
أجريت القرعة يوم 6 أبريل 2008 في الدمام، السعودية.

التشكيلات

مرحلة المجموعات
جميع الأوقات حسب التوقيت المحلي (ت ع م+3).

المجموعة أ

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المجموعة ب

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المجموعة ج

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المجموعة د

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مرحلة خروج المغلوب

ربع النهائي

نصف النهائي

النهائي

الفائز

الجوائز

مسجلي الأهداف
4 أهداف

  أحمد خليل
  كينسوكي ناغاي

3 أهداف

  جو لياو
  علي عودة
  كوتا ميزونوما
  صمد شاهزوخوروف

هدفين

  شيرزادبيك كريموف
  ميتش نيكولز
  نواف العابد
  عبد الرحيم جيزاوي
  إحسان حاج صفي
  إيمان موسوي
  آن إيل-بوم
  محمد فوزي
  حمدان الكمالي

هدف

  ميلوش لوييتش
  سباستيان رايال
  سام مانرو
  تاج مينيكون
  تساو يوندينغ
  هوي جياكانغ
  بياو تشنغ
  تان يانغ
  جانغ يوان
  جلال الدين علي محمدي
  كوسوكي ياماموتو
  جون سوزوكي
  هيروكي مييازاوا
  عامر أبو حويطي
  يوسف الرواشدة
  خليل بني عطية
  يو جي-نو
  تشوي جونغ-هان
  تشو يونغ-تشيول
  كيم يونغ-غوون
  كيم دونغ-سوب
  كيم بو-كيونغ
  مون كي-هان
  محمد أبو سبعان
  عمر خضري
  محمد القرني
  قاسم مناع
  أحمد زريق
  جو جونغ-تشول
  ري سانغ-تشول
  ري هيونغ-مو
  ميونغ تشا-هيون
  عمر السومة
  دافرونجون توختاسونوف
  فرهاد طاهروف
  فرهاد واصييف
  يودراك نامويانغراك
  أنوسورن سريتشالونغ
  أتابونغ نوبروم
  ذياب عوانة
  راشد عيسى
  حبيب الفردان
  عبد العزيز هيكل
  دافرون ميرزائيف
  فاضل موسائيف
  كنجا تورائيف
  عبد الله موسى

هدف ذاتي
  فرهاد واصييف (لعب ضد الصين)

روابط خارجية
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أحداث أكتوبر 2008 الرياضية في آسيا
أحداث نوفمبر 2008 الرياضية في آسيا
بطولة آسيا تحت 19 سنة لكرة القدم 2008
2008
شباب
كرة قدم الشباب في 2008
2008

بطولة آسيا للشباب تحت 19 عاما 2008


Musa Kazım Karabekir (23 Temmuz 1882, İstanbul - 26 Ocak 1948, Ankara), Türk asker ve siyasetçi. "Alçıtepe Kahramanı" namıyla tanınır. Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'nı başlatan komutanların arasında yer alarak Doğu Cephesi'nde gösterdiği başarılardan dolayı Kırmızı-Yeşil şeritli İstiklâl Madalyası ile taltif edildi. Afşar Türklerinden olup soyu Karamanoğulları'na dayanmaktadır.

İlk yılları ve eğitimi
Jandarma Alaybeyi Mehmet Paşa'nın oğlu olarak 23 Temmuz 1882 tarihinde İstanbul'da doğdu. Kazım Karabekir, İstanbul Zeyrek'te ilkokula başlamıştır. Babası Mehmet Paşa'nın Mekke'ye tayin olmasıyla eğitimini burada devam ettirmiştir. Mehmet Paşa'nın ölmesiyle, Kazım Karabekir ailesi ile birlikte İstanbul'a gelmiş ve 1894 yılında Fatih Askeri Rüştiyesi'ne gitmiştir. 1897 yılında Kuleli Askeri İdadisine girmiş ve bu okulu 1899 yılında bitirmiştir. 1902 yılında Harbiye Mektebi'nden, 1905 yılında Mekteb-i Erkân-ı Harbiye'den mezun oldu.

Askerî kariyeri

1907 yılında Enver Paşa ile birlikte İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti'nin Manastır şubesini kurdu. 1909'da 31 Mart Olayı'nı bastırmak için kurulan Hareket Ordusu'na katıldı. 1912 yılında I. Balkan Savaşı'nda yer aldı.

I. Dünya Savaşı
Avrupa'nın genel bir savaşa sürüklendiği bu dönemde görevli olarak Paris'te bulunmaktaydı. Fakat bu durumu fark etti. 14 Temmuz 1914 tarihinde İstanbul'a geri döndü. 3 Ağustos 1914 tarihinde Genelkurmay II. (İstihbarat) Şube Müdürü olarak görevlendirildi. Savaş konusundaki düşünceleri, İstanbul ve Çanakkale boğazlarını kuvvetlendirmek, boğazlardaki kuvvetleri desteklemek, savaşa girmekten mümkün olduğunca kaçınmaktı.

Genelkurmay'daki görevini devam ettirirken, Konya'ya bir soruşturma sebebiyle gönderilmişti. 29 Kasım 1914 tarihinde "Üç Yıl Hazerî Kıdem Zammı" adı ve bunun sonucunda 9 Aralık 1914 tarihinde Yarbay rütbesine terfi etti. 6 Ocak 1915 tarihinde Mürettep 1. Kuvve-i Seferiye Komutanı olarak İran Harekâtına gönderildi. Halep'e geldiğinde, 3. Ordu'nun Sarıkamış'ta büyük bir felakete uğramış olduğunu, komutasına verilen kuvvetlerin Doğu Cephesi'ne kendisinin de Süleyman Askeri Bey'in yerine Irak Havalisi Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı'na ve Basra Valiliğine atandığını öğrendi. Böylece Süleyman Askeri Bey'in yerine geçmek üzere İstanbul'a geldi.

Çanakkale Cephesi
6 Mart 1915 tarihinde İstanbul'a gelince 5. Kolordu'ya bağlı İstanbul Kartal'da bulunan 14. Tümen Komutanlığına atandı. Bu görevde bulunduğu esnada, Marmara Denizi ve Karadeniz kıyılarının tahkimatı ile uğraştı. Ancak 14. Tümen'in Gelibolu'ya gönderilmesi ile bu bölgede Seddülbâhir ve Kerevizdere'deki (12-13 Temmuz 1915) savaşlarda bulundu. Kerevizdere'de bulunduğu sıralarda Fransızlar, Haziran'dan itibaren Zığındere ve Kerevizdere bölgelerinde taarruzlar yapmakta idi. Fransızların amacı, Türk ordusunun dikkatini güney bölgesine çekmekti. Böylece ağustos ayında Anafartalar'a yapılacak olan çıkarmanın başarısını garanti altına almak istiyorlardı. Fransızların planı amacına ulaştı ve Türk kuvvetlerinin çoğu güney bölgesine kaydırıldı. Bu amacın gerçekleşmesi için İngilizler I. Tümen ile Türk kanadına, Kereviz Dere bölgesine, 12 Temmuz sabahı saat 07.00'da taarruza başladılar. Türk tümenlerinin batıdan itibaren 1., 4., 7. ve 9. tümenleri cephede, 6. Tümen ise geride bekletilmekte idi. 7. Tümen cephesine taarruz eden İngiliz Tümeninin her iki günündeki taarruzları da başarısızlıkla sonuçlandı. 4. Tümen cephesine taarruz eden Fransızların taarruzları ise beklemedeki 6. Tümen'in de bölgede kullanılması üzerine gelişme gösteremedi. Birkaç metrelik ileri geri hareketler şeklinde gelişen muharebede oldukça fazla kan döküldü ve Türk kaybı 9700 kişiye ulaştı.

Kerevizdere Muharebeleri sırasında 5. Kolordu Komutanlığına bağlı 14. Tümen Komutanı olarak bulunmaktaydı. Bu görevi sırasında 6-13 Ağustos 1915 Muharebeleri'nde de görev aldı. Bu muharebeler sırasında İtilaf kuvvetleri Arıburnu ve Anafartalar bölgesine, çıkarma ile takviye ederek yapacağı taarruza karşılık güney cephesinden Türk kuvveti kaydırılmasını engellemek amacıyla 6-7 Ağustos tarihlerinde bu cephenin merkezine Kirte istikametinde taarruzlar ettiler. Ancak her iki taarruzda zayiat verilerek püskürtüldü. Sonraki küçük çaptaki taarruzlarda sonuçsuz kaldı. Bundan sonra da bu cephede düşmanın tahliyesine kadar mevzii muharebeleri devam etti. Böylece İtilaf kuvvetleri, çıkarmanın ilk günü almayı planladığı Alçıtepe'yi ele geçiremedi. Her yönden sayıca üstün olmasına karşın Türk direnişi karşısında sadece 5 km ilerleyebildi. Bu muharebeler sırasında düşmana karşı 3.5 ay başarıyla savaştı. Askerî kişiliği açısından takdir toplayarak Muharebe Gümüş Liyakat Madalyası ile taltif edilerek Miralay rütbesine terfi etti. Ayrıca Almanya'dan İkinci Rütbeden Kron Dö Braş Kılıçlı Nişanını, Osmanlı'dan da Gelibolu Şeref Nişanı'nı ve Muharebe Madalyası'nı aldı. Eylül 1915 - 9 Ocak 1916 Mevzi Muharebeleri'nde Güney Grubu Komutanlığına bağlı 2. Bölge Komutanlığı'nda 14. Tümen Komutanı olarak görevlendirildi. Muharebeler devam ettiği sırada komutasındaki 14. Tümen, 11 Ocak 1916 tarihinde bölgeden ayrıldı.

Çanakkale Cephesi sonrası
Çanakkale Cephesi'ndeki taarruz savaşlarının, siper muharebelerine dönüşmesi ile birlikte, Gelibolu'dan alınarak 26 Ekim 1915 tarihinde İstanbul'daki 1. Ordu Kurmay Başkanlığı'na atandı. Daha sonra da 6. Ordu Kurmay Başkanı olarak Irak Cephesine gönderildi. Bu arada Gelibolu'daki başarılarından dolayı "Üç Yıl Savaş Zammı" alarak 14 Aralık 1916 tarihinde Mirliva rütbesine terfi etti ve "Paşa" oldu. Almanya'dan ikinci kez "Alman Demir Haç Nişanı" aldı. 24 Nisan 1916 tarihinde Kût'ül-Amâre'yi kuşatmakta olan 18. Kolordu Komutanı olarak görevlendirildi. Bu cephedeki başarılarından dolayı 8 Şubat 1917 tarihinde yeniden "Altın Muharebe Liyakat Madalyası" ile taltif edilerek "İki Yıllık Kıdem Zammı" verildi.

Kafkasya Cephesi
Cafer Tayyar Paşa ile o yıllarda yapılabilen karşılıklı yer değiştirme (becayiş) usulü ile Kafkas Cephesindeki 2. Kolordu Komutanı olarak atandı. Bu Kolordu Van Gölü'nün güney mıntıkası, Bitlis, Muş, Murat Çayı ve Palu Doğusu'na kadar olan geniş bir araziyi savunmakla görevlendirildi. Bu dönemde Osmanlı Devleti, toplam dört kolordusu olan iki ordusunu Van Gölü ile Karadeniz arasında bulundurmaktaydı. Bu orduların en güneyde olanı komutanı olduğu 2. Kolordu idi. Bu kolorduda on aya yakın bir süre görev yaptı. Bölgedeki başarılarından dolayı 23 Eylül 1917 tarihinde padişah iradesiyle "Kılıçlı İkinci Mecidi Nişanı" ile taltif edildi. 2 Mart 1919 tarihinde Erzurum'daki 15. Kolordu Komutanlığı'na atandı.

Kurtuluş Savaşı

Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'nı başlatan komutanların arasında Anadolu'ya ilk geçen komutan oldu. 19 Nisan 1919 tarihinde Trabzon'a geldi. 19 Mayıs 1919 tarihinde Samsun'a çıkarak Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'nı başlatmış olan 9. Ordu Müfettişi Mirliva Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın İstanbul'daki Osmanlı padişahı Mehmed Vahdettin ile haberleşmeleri sonucu görevinden istifa etmesi üzerine, İstanbul'dan bizzat kendisine gönderilen ve Mustafa Kemal Paşa'yı tutuklamasını emreden telgrafa rağmen Ben ve kolordum emrinizdedir Paşam! sözünü söyleyerek Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın emrine girdi. Ardından Erzurum Kongresi'nin düzenlenebilmesi için büyük gayret gösterdi ve askeri güvenliği sağladı.

93 Harbi sırasında Rus Çarlığına kaybedilen Sarıkamış, Kars, Ardahan, Artvin ve Batum'u Eylül 1920 tarihinde kurtarıp, Türkiye'nin doğu sınırlarında Misak-ı Milli'yi gerçekleştirdikten sonra 31 Ekim 1920 tarihinde TBMM tarafından Ferik rütbesine terfi ettirildi.

Doğu Cephesi
Mustafa Kemal Paşa, İtilaf Devletleri'nin doğuda Bolşeviklerle birleşmemize engel olmak amacıyla Azerbaycan, Gürcistan ve Ermenistan'dan ibaret bir Kafkas bloku kurarak, memleketin işgal edilmesinden endişelenmiştir. Mustafa Kemal, 6 Şubat 1920 tarihinde Kazım Karabekir'e taarruz planı hakkındaki düşüncelerini bildirmiştir. Doğu Cephesi'nde seferberlik yapılması. Kafkas hükümetleri ile görüşülüp bize karşı durumlarının anlaşılması. Devlet içinde teşkilatın  kuvvetlendirilmesi,  silah,  cephane ve malzemenin teslim edilmeyerek gerekirse zor kullanılması. En önemli görev olarak da İtilaf Devletlerinin zaman kazanmasına engel olunması, önemle istenmektedir.

Mustafa Kemal Paşa, Nutuk'ta "Kâzım Karabekir Paşa ve adamları Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda canları pahasına savaşarak galip geldiler. Bu galibiyet sadece onların değil bütün Türk milletinin galibiyetidir." diyerek onun başarılarını takdir etti.

Savaştan sonra Doğu Cephesi'nde gösterdiği başarılardan dolayı TBMM tarafından Kırmızı-Yeşil şeritli İstiklâl Madalyası ile taltif edildi.

Sovyet Rusya-TBMM İlişkileri açısından Kâzım Karabekir Paşa
Sovyet Rusya ile imzalanacak dostluk antlaşması için Bekir Sami Bey başkanlığında bir delegasyon, 11 Mayıs 1920 tarihinde Ankara'dan hareketle 19 Temmuz 1920'de Moskova'ya ulaştı. Dostluk antlaşmasının esasları 24 Ağustos 1920 tarihinde hazır olmakla beraber, Bekir Sami Bey'in bu antlaşmayı imzalaması mümkün olmadı. Çünkü Sovyet Rusya, Bitlis, Van ve Muş illerinin Ermenistan'a terk edilmesini istedi.

Fakat Kâzım Karabekir Paşa komutasındaki Türk kuvvetleri Eylül 1920 tarihinde taarruza geçip, Brest-Litovsk Antlaşması ile Türkiye'ye verilen ve Misak-ı Milli hudutları dahilinde olan Sarıkamış, Kars, Ardahan, Artvin ve Batum'u aldıktan sonra Gümrü'yü de ele geçirince, Menşevik iktidarı altındaki Ermeni hükûmeti barışa yanaşmak zorunda kaldı ve 3 Aralık 1920 tarihinde Ermenistan ile Gümrü Antlaşması imzalandı. Bu arada, Bolşevikler de Ermenistan'da iktidarı ele geçirmişlerdi. Bu şekilde Ermenistan meselesi kendiliğinden çözümlenmiş oluyordu. Kazanılan bu zaferler üzerine Sovyet Rusya, Millî Mücadele'ye daha fazla önem vermeye başladı.

3 Aralık 1920 tarihinde TBMM Murahhası sıfatıyla Gümrü Antlaşması'nı imzaladıktan sonra; 18 Ekim 1921 tarihinde biten Kars Konferansı'na Türkiye Baş Murahhas olarak katıldı. Ayrıca bu konferansa başkanlık yaparak; 13 Ekim 1921 tarihinde Ermenistan, Azerbaycan ve Gürcistan ile Kars Antlaşması'nı imzaladı. Kütahya-Eskişehir Muharebeleri'nden hemen sonra yapılan Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi sonrasına denk gelen bu antlaşma ile Batum'un Sovyetler Birliği'ne terk edilmesi karşılığında karşı taraftan belli miktarlarda silah, cephane ve altın alınacaktı.

Siyasî kariyeri

15 Ekim 1922 tarihinde Ankara'ya geldi. Edirne Milletvekili sıfatı ile 30 Ekim'den itibaren meclis çalışmalarına devam etti. 17 Şubat 1923 tarihinde Türkiye'de ilk defa toplanan İzmir İktisat Kongresi'ne başkanlık yaptı. 29 Haziran 1923 tarihinde TBMM'nin İkinci Devresi'nde İstanbul Milletvekili seçildiği dönemde; Doğu Cephesi komutanlığı görevini de fiili olarak devam ettirmekte idi. 21 Kasım 1923 tarihinde "Millî Mücadelemizde Siyasi ve Savaş Yararlılığı" görülenlere verilen kırmızı ve yeşil şeritli İstiklal Madalyası ile ödüllendirildi. 21 Ekim 1923 tarihinde son askeri görevi olan 1. Ordu Müfettişliği'ne atandı. 26 Ekim 1924 tarihinde bu görevinden istifa ederek sadece siyasi alanda faaliyet gösterdi.

9 Kasım 1924 tarihinde CHP'den istifa etti. 17 Kasım 1924 tarihinde Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası kurucuları arasında yer aldı ve bir süre sonra da bu partinin genel başkanı oldu. Doğu'da çıkan Şeyh Said İsyanı üzerine İsmet Paşa Hükûmeti Takrir-i Sükûn Kanunu'nu çıkardı ve bu isyanda TCF'nin de rolü olduğu iddia edildi. İsmet İnönü başkanlığındaki hükûmet tarafından bu olay sebep gösterilerek 5 Haziran 1925 tarihinde Bakanlar Kurulu kararı ile tüm muhalif gazeteler ve partilerle birlikte TCF de temelli kapatıldı. Ayrıca Kâzım Karabekir, Haziran 1926 tarihinde Cumhurbaşkanı Gazi Mustafa Kemal'e düzenlenen İzmir Suikastı girişimi ile ilgili olarak tutuklandı ve İstiklal Mahkemesi'nde idam ile yargılandıysa da beraat etti.

1927 yılında TBMM'nin ikinci dönemi sona erince milletvekilliği son buldu. Ordu açığında 5 Aralık 1927 tarihinde "Müşir" rütbesine hazırken resen emekliye sevk edildi. Bu dönemden sonra uzun bir süre siyasetten uzaklaştırılarak inzivaya çekilmek zorunda kaldı ve yönetimle olan anlaşmazlığı yüzünden sıkıyönetim altında tutulması istenen 84 kişilik "muhalifler" listesinin başında yer aldı. 10 sene sürekli takip ve gözaltında tutuldu ve hatıralarını yazdığı "İstiklal Harbimiz" adlı eseri zamanın hükûmetinin kararıyla "Takrir-i Sükun" kanunu uyarınca toplatıldı. Belki de en sıkıntılı yıllarını bu dönemde geçirdi. Atatürk'ün ölümünün ardından 26 Ocak 1939 tarihinde İstanbul Milletvekili seçildi. 1943 yılında tekrar milletvekili seçildi ve 5 Ağustos 1946 tarihinde yapılan TBMM başkanlık seçimlerinde Meclis Başkanı seçildi. 26 Ocak 1948 tarihinde 66 yaşında iken geçirdiği bir kalp krizi sonucu Ankara'da öldü. Törenle Cebeci Askeri Şehitliği'ne defnedilen cenazesi sonraki yıllarda Devlet Mezarlığı'na nakledildi. 2010 yılının başında dönemin Genelkurmay Başkanı İlker Başbuğ Kâzım Karabekir'in ölüm yıl dönümünü ilk kez andı.

Bulgarca, Fransızca, Almanca ve Rusça bilmekteydi.

Ailesi

Evlilik hayatına 1924 yılında 42 yaşındayken Aydınlı Cemal Bey'in kızı İclal Hatun (1900-1954) ile adım attı. Bu evlilikten Hayat (1927-2018), Emel (1927-1984) ve Timsal (26 Ocak 1941-?) adında üç kız çocuk sahibi oldu. Küçük kızı Timsal Karabekir çeşitli TV programlarında ya da konferanslarda yaşadığı anıları anlatmaktadır.

Eserleri
 Ankara'da Savaş Rüzgarları
 Bir Düello ve Bir Suikast [ISBN 975-7369-39-X]
 Birinci Cihan Harbi 1-4 [ISBN 975-7369-21-7]
 Birinci Cihan Harbine Neden Girdik? [ISBN 975-7369-21-7]
 Birinci Cihan Harbine Nasıl Girdik? [ISBN 975-7369-22-5]
 Birinci Cihan Harbini Nasıl İdare Ettik? [ISBN 975-7369-23-3]
 Birinci Cihan Harbini Nasıl İdare Ettik? [ISBN 975-7369-24-1]
 Cumhuriyet Tarihi Set 1
 Cumhuriyet Tarihi Set 2
 İstiklal Harbimiz 1-5
 Paşaların Kavgası
 Paşaların Hesaplaşması
 İzmir Suikastı
 Çocuklara Öğütler
 Hayatım
 İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti 1896-1909
 Ermeni Dosyası
 İngiltere, İtalya ve Habeş Harbi
 Kürt Meselesi
 Çocuk, Davamız 1-2
 İstiklal Harbimizin Esasları
 Yunan Süngüsü
 Sanayi Projelerimiz
 İktisat Esaslarımız
 Tarihte Almanlar ve Alman Ordusu
 Türkiye'de ve Türk Ordusunda Almanlar
 Tarih Boyunca Türk-Alman İlişkileri
 İstiklal Harbimizde İttihad Terakki ve Enver Paşa 1-2
 İstiklal Harbimizin Esasları Neden Yazıldı?
 Millî Mücadele'de Bursa
 İtalya ve Habeş
 Ermeni Mezalimi
 Sırp-Bulgar Seferi
 Osmanlı Ordusunun Taarruz Fikri
 Erkan-i Harbiye Vezaifinden İstihbarat
 Sarıkamış, Kars ve Ötesi
 Erzincan ve Erzurum'un Kurtuluşu
 Bulgaristan Esareti - Hatıralar, Notlar
 Nutuk ve Karabekir'den Cevaplar

Mirası
1968 yılında Erzurum'da inşa edilen Cemal Gürsel Stadyumu'nun adı, 10 Ağustos 2012 tarihinde alınan bir kararla Kâzım Karabekir Stadyumu olarak değiştirildi.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kâzım Karabekir Paşa Müzesi

Kaynakça

1882 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu askerler
1948 yılında ölenler
Kuleli Askerî Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Balkan Savaşları'nda Osmanlı askerleri
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Kesäjoki (en , en , en ) est une municipalité rurale du raïon de Belomorsk en république de Carélie.

Géographie
Kesäjoki est située est située à l'embouchure de la rivière Kesäjoki, qui se jette dans la rivière Uikujoki, à 72 kilomètres au sud de Belomorsk.

La municipalité de Kesäjoki a une superficie de .

Kesäjoki est bordée a l'ouest et au nord par Sosnavitsa du raïon de Belomorsk, à l'est par Suma, au sud par Idel du raïon de Segueja et au sud-ouest par Mustakoski.
La majeure partie du territoire est boisée.

Démographie
Recensements (*) ou estimations de la population

Bibliographie

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Village dans la république de Carélie
Raïon de Belomorsk

Kesäjoki


Photobiology is the scientific study of the beneficial and harmful interactions of light (technically, non-ionizing radiation) in living organisms. The field includes the study of photophysics, photochemistry, photosynthesis, photomorphogenesis, visual processing, circadian rhythms, photomovement, bioluminescence, and ultraviolet radiation effects.

The division between ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation is typically considered to be a photon energy greater than 10 eV, which approximately corresponds to both the first ionization energy of oxygen, and the ionization energy of hydrogen at about 14 eV.

When photons come into contact with molecules, these molecules can absorb the energy in photons and become excited. Then they can react with molecules around them and stimulate "photochemical" and "photophysical" changes of molecular structures.

Photophysics
This area of Photobiology focuses on the physical interactions of light and matter. When molecules absorb photons that matches their energy requirements they promote a valence electron from a ground state to an excited state and they become a lot more reactive. This is an extremely fast process, but very important for different processes.

Photochemistry
This area of Photobiology studies the reactivity of a molecule when it absorbs energy that comes from light. It also studies what happens with this energy, it could be given off as heat or fluorescence so the molecule goes back to ground state.

There are 3 basic laws of photochemistry:

1) First Law of Photochemistry: This law explains that in order for photochemistry to happen, light has to be absorbed.

2) Second Law of Photochemistry: This law explains that only one molecule will be activated by each photon that is absorbed.

3) Bunsen-Roscoe Law of Reciprosity: This law explains that the energy in the final products of a photochemical reaction will be directly proportional to the total energy that was initially absorbed by the system.

Plant Photobiology
Plant growth and development is highly dependent on light. Photosynthesis is one of the most important biochemical processes for life on earth and its possible only due to the ability of plants to use energy from photons and convert it into molecules such as NADPH and ATP, to then fix carbon dioxide and make it into sugars that plants can use for their growth and development. But photosynthesis is not the only plant process driven by light, other processes such as photomorphology and plant photoperiod are extremely important for regulation of vegetative and reproductive growth as well as production of plant secondary metabolites.

Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is defined as a series of biochemical reactions that phototrophic cells perform to transform light energy to chemical energy and store it in carbon-carbon bonds of carbohydrates. As it is widely known, this process happens inside of the chloroplast of photosynthetic plant cells where light absorbing pigments can be found embedded in the membranes of structures called thylakoids. There are 2 main pigments present in the Photosystems of higher plants: chlorophyll (a or b) and carotenes. These pigments are organized to maximize the light reception and transfer, and they absorb specific wavelengths to broaden the amount of light that can be captured and used for photo-redox reactions.

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)

Due to the limited amount of pigments in plant photosynthetic cells, there is a limited range of wavelengths that plants can use to perform photosynthesis. This range is called "Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)". This range is interestingly almost the same as the human visible spectrum and it extends in wavelengths from approximately 400-700 nm. PAR is measured in μmol s−1m−2  and it measures the rate and intensity of radiant light in terms of micro-moles per unit of surface area and time that plants can use for photosynthesis.

Photobiologically Active Radiation (PBAR)
Photobiologically Active Radiation (PBAR) is a range of light energy beyond and including PAR. Photobiological Photon Flux (PBF) is the metric used to measure PBAR.

Photomorphogenesis
This process refers to the development of the morphology of plants which is light-mediated and controlled by 5 distinct photoreceptors: UVR8, Cryptochrome, Phototropin, Phytochrome r and Phytochrome fr. Light can control morphogenic processes such as leaf size and shoot elongation.

Different wavelengths of light produce different changes in plants. Red to Far Red light for example, regulates stem growth and straightening of the seedling shoots that are coming out of the ground. Some studies also claim that red and far red light increases the rooting mass of tomatoes  as well as the rooting percentage of grape plants. On the other hand, blue and UV light regulate the germination and elongation of the plant as well as other physiological processes such as stomatal control and responses to environmental stress. Finally, green light was thought not to be available to plants due to the lack of pigments that would absorb this light. However, in 2004 it was found that green light can influence stomatal activity, stem elongation of young plants and leaf expansion.

Secondary Plant Metabolites
These compounds are chemicals that plants produce as part of their biochemical processes and help them perform certain functions as well as protect themselves from different environmental factors. In this case, some metabolites such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, and carotenes, can accumulate in plant tissues to protect them from UV radiation and very high light intensity

Photobiologists
 Thomas Patrick Coohill, former president of the American Society for Photobiology
 Harold F. Blum, who explored sunlight-induced skin cancer
Paul Bert, 1878 photobiology pioneer

See also

References

External links

Branches of biology
Light

Photobiology


كاميلا  (ولدت في 17 يوليو عام 1947، باسم كاميلا روزميري شاند، ولاحقًا أصبح لقبها باركر بولز) الملكة القرينة لتشارلز الثالث ملك بريطانيا و14 دولة من دول الكومونولث (الحائزة على الوسام الملكي الفكتوري، ووسام نجمة ميلانيزيا، وعضوة المجلس الخاص للمملكة المتحدة) هي عضوة في العائلة البريطانية المالكة. في 9 أبريل عام 2005 تزوجت بأمير ويلز تشارلز آنذاك وهو الزواج الثاني لكليهما، فحصلت على لقب دوقة كورنوال ولقب أميرة ويلز، إلا أنها كانت تستخدم لقب دوقة كورنوال، وهو اللقب الثانوي لزوجها آنذاك. وفي اسكتلندا، تحوز اسم دوقة روثسي. أصبحت الملكة القرينة في 8 سبتمبر 2022 لما أُعلن زوجها تشارلز، ملكًا على بريطانيا.

كاميلا هي الابنة الكبرى للرائد بروس شاند وزوجته روزاليند كوبيت، ابنة رولاند كوبيت، بارون اشكومب الثالث. نشأت في شرق ساسكس وساوث كنزنغتون في إنجلترا، وتعلمت في إنجلترا وسويسرا وفرنسا. وفي عام 1973، تزوجت كاميلا بضابط الجيش البريطاني أندرو باركر بولز، وأنجبت منه طفلين. وانتهى زواجهما بالطلاق في عام 1995.

كانت كاميلا مرتبطة عاطفيًا بأمير ويلز قبل وأثناء زيجاتهما الأولى. وانتشرت هذه العلاقة بشكل واسع في وسائل الإعلام واجتذبت أنظار العالم. وفي عام 2005، تزوجا بشكل مدني في بلدية ونزر (وندسور)، وأعقبت الزواج مباركة أنجليكانية متلفزة في كنيسة القديس جورج، قلعة وندسور.

تساعد كاميلا أمير ويلز في مهامه الرسمية، بصفتها دوقة كورنوال. وهي أيضًا الراعية والرئيسة وعضوة في العديد من الجمعيات الخيرية والمنظمات. منذ عام 1994، كانت ناشطة في مجال هشاشة العظام وحصلت على درجات الشرف والجوائز. وقد رفعت الوعي في مجالات تشمل الاغتصاب والاعتداء الجنسي، ومحو الأمية، ورعاية الحيوان، والفقر.

طفولتها وشبابها
ولدت كاميلا روزميري شاند في مستشفى كلية كينجز، لندن، في 17 يوليو عام 1947. نشأت في ذا لاينز - منزل ريفي كبير من القرن الثامن عشر في بلامبتون، شرق ساسكس - ومنزل من ثلاثة طوابق في ساوث كنزنغتون، المنزل الثاني لعائلتها.  كان والدها الرائد بروس شاند (1917-2006) ضابطًا في الجيش البريطاني، ثم تحول إلى رجل أعمال، وزوجته روزاليند (لقبها قبل الزواج كوبيت؛ 1921-1994). لدى كاميلا أخت أصغر اسمها أنابيل إليوت، وأخ أصغر اسمه مارك شاند (1951-2014). كانت جدتها الكبرى لأمها، أليس كيبل، عشيقة للملك إدوارد السابع من عام 1898 حتى عام 1910. عُمدت كاميلا في كنيسة فيرل، شرق ساسكس. وكانت والدتها ربة منزل، بينما كان لوالدها مصالح تجارية مختلفة بعد تقاعده من الجيش. كان أبرز أعماله الشراكة في شركة بلوك، غراي أند بلوك، وهي شركة لتجار النبيذ في شارع ساوث أودلي، مي فير، وانضم لاحقًا إلى شركة إليس، سون وفيدلر من هيستينغز ولندن.

خلال طفولتها، كانت كاميلا قارئة نهمة بسبب تأثير والدها الذي كان يقرأ لها كثيرًا. ونشأت مع الكلاب والقطط، وفي سن مبكرة، تعلمت ركوب الفرس القزم من خلال الانضمام إلى معسكرات نادي الفرس القزم، وفازت بميداليات في صالات الفروسية المجتمعية. ووفقًا لها، كانت طفولتها «مثالية في كل  شيء». ويصف كاتب السيرة الذاتية جيلس براندريث خلفيتها وطفولتها:«غالبًا ما توصف كاميلا بأنها عاشت (طفولة كالموجودة في كتب إنيد بليتون). في الواقع، كانت أعظم من ذلك بكثير. ربما كانت كاميلا، كفتاة صغيرة، قد امتلكت بعض السمات الشخصية لجورج، الفتاة المسترجلة في رواية المشاهير الخمس، لكن أطفال إنيد بليتون كانوا في الأساس أطفالًا من الطبقة المتوسطة، وكان آل شاند ينتمون إلى الطبقة العليا. كان لعائلة شاند مكانة وكان لديهم خدم في المنزل، وفي الحديقة، ومع الأطفال. كانوا من طبقة النبلاء وفتحوا حديقتهم للاحتفال الصيفي لجمعية حزب المحافظين المحلي».

_ جيلس براندريثأرسلت كاميلا إلى مدرسة دمبرلز المختلطة في قرية ديتشلينغ في عمر الخمس سنوات. وغادرت المدرسة وهي في العاشرة من عمرها لتلتحق بمدرسة كوينز غيت في كوينز غيت، ساوث كنزنغتون. عرفها زملاؤها في كوينز غيت باسم «ميلا». وكان من بين زملائها المغنية توينكل التي وصفتها بأنها فتاة ذات «قوة داخلية» مليئة «بالجاذبية والثقة بالنفس». كانت الكاتبة بينيلوب فيتزجيرالد أحد المعلمين في المدرسة، ودرست الفرنسية فيها، تذكرت كاميلا على أنها «مشرقة وحيوية». غادرت كاميلا كوينز غيت بمستوى (واحد-O) في عام 1964؛ لم يجعلها والداها تقضي فترة طويلة بما يكفي للمستويات (إيه-A). وفي سن السادسة عشرة، سافرت لارتياد مدرسة الإنهاء (مون فيرتيل) في تولوشنا، سويسرا. وبعد إنهاء دراستها في سويسرا، اتخذت قرارها الخاص وسافرت إلى فرنسا لدراسة الأدب الفرنسي واللغة الفرنسية في معهد جامعة لندن في باريس لمدة ستة أشهر.

في 25 مارس عام 1965، كانت كاميلا نبيلة يافعة في لندن، وهي واحدة من 311 نبيلة في ذلك العام. وبعد انتقالها من المنزل، شاركت شقة صغيرة في كنزنغتون مع صديقتها جين ويندهام، ابنة أخت مصممة الديكور نانسي لانكستر. ثم انتقلت لاحقًا إلى شقة أكبر في بلغرافيا، وتقاسمتها مع صاحبة الأرض السيدة مويرا كامبل، ابنة دوق أبيركورن، ولاحقًا مع فيرجينيا كارينغتون، ابنة السياسي بيتر كارينغتون، بارون كارينغتون السادس. كانت فيرجينيا متزوجة من خال كاميلا هنري كوبيت من عام 1973 حتى عام 1979 (وفي عام 2005 أصبحت مساعدة خاصة لكاميلا والأمير تشارلز). عملت كاميلا كسكرتيرة لمجموعة متنوعة من الشركات في ويست إند، وعُينت لاحقًا كموظفة استقبال في شركة الديكورسيبيل كوليفاكس وجون فاولر في مي فير. وأصبحت راكبة خيول شغوفة وكثيرًا ما كانت تحضر أنشطة الفروسية. كان لديها أيضًا شغف بالرسم، جعلها تتلقى دروسًا خاصة من أحد الفنانين، على الرغم من أن معظم أعمالها «انتهى بها الأمر في سلة المهملات». وكانت لديها اهتمامات أخرى مثل صيد الأسماك والبستنة وزراعة الحدائق.

زواجها الأول
في أواخر ستينيات القرن العشرين، التقت كاميلا بأندرو باركر بولز (الذي كان آنذاك ضابطًا في الحرس وملازمًا في البلوز والرويالز) عن طريق شقيقه الأصغر، سيمون باركر بولز، الذي كان يعمل في شركة النبيذ التي يملكها والدها في مي فير. بعد علاقة متقطعة لسنوات، أعلن أندرو وكاميلا خطوبتهما في صحيفة التايمز في عام 1973، وتزوجا في 4 يوليو من ذلك العام في حفل روماني كاثوليكي في مصلى الحرس الكنسي، ويلنغتون بيركس في لندن. حينها كانت كاميلا تبلغ من العمر 25 عامًا وباركر بولز 33 عامًا. وصممت دار الأزياء البريطانية بيلفيل ساسون فستان زفافها، وكانت حفيدة باركر بولز الليدي إيما هربرت من بين إشبينات العروس. كان يعتبر «حفل زفاف المجتمع لذلك العام» وحضره 800 ضيف. كان من بين الضيوف الملكيين الذين حضروا الحفل والاستقبال الأميرة آن والملكة إليزابيث الملكة الأم والأميرة مارجريت، كونتيسة سنودون.

بنى الزوجان منزلهما في ويلتشاير، حيث قاما بشراء عزبة بوليهيد في ألينغتون، ولاحقًا منزل ميدلويك في كورشام. أنجبا طفلين: توم (مواليد 1974)، الذي كان الأمير تشارلز عرّابه، ولورا (مواليد 1978). نشأ كلا الطفلين على العقيدة الرومانية الكاثوليكية لأبيهما، خاصة خلال حياة جدتهما لأبيهما آن باركر بولز؛ لكن كاميلا بقيت أنجليكانية ولم تعتنق الرومانية الكاثوليكية. التحقت لورا بمدرسة كاثوليكية للبنات لكنها تزوجت في كنيسة أنجليكانية، ولم يلتحق توم بكلية أمبلفورث كأبيه، بل بكلية إيتون وتزوج خارج الكنيسة الكاثوليكية. وإن توم، مثل والده، يعد من بقايا أرلية ماكليزفيلد.

في ديسمبر عام 1994، بعد 21 عامًا من الزواج، تقدم كل من كاميلا وزوجها بإجراءات الطلاق على أساس أنهما كانا يعيشان منفصلين لسنوات. وفي يوليو من ذلك العام، توفيت والدتها روزاليند بسبب مرض هشاشة العظام، ووصف والدها ذلك لاحقًا بأنه «وقت صعب بالنسبة لها». جرى الاستماع إلى التماسهما وقبوله في يناير عام 1995 في دائرة الأسرة في المحكمة العليا، لندن. وتم الطلاق في مارس عام 1995. وبعد مرور عام، تزوج أندرو باركر بولز بروزميري بيتمان (التي توفيت عام 2010).

العائلة

كاميلا هي حفيدة أليس كيبل التي كانت واحدة من أشهر السيدات في المجتمع البريطاني في الماضي وأحد أهم أسباب شهرتها هو العلاقة الرومانسية التي جمعتها بالملك إدوارد السابع ملك بريطانيا والمملكة المتحدة والابن الأكبر للملكة فيكتوريا .

أليس كيبل كانت قد تلقت خمسة ميداليات شرف خلال حياتها من ضمنهم ميدالية نجمة 1914 (1914 Star) والتي نادرا ما تحصل عليها النساء ولقد تلقت كيبل هذه الميدالية تقديرًا لمساهمتها في إنقاذ حياة الأفراد والجنود خلال فترة الحرب العالمية الأولى خلال فترة عملها كممرضة في المستشفى الميداني في بلدة إتابلس الفرنسية. الجهود البطولية لكيبل خلال فترة الحرب جعلتها تحصل أيضًا على ميداليتي الحرب البريطانية.

بالرغم من الدور الكبير الذي لعبته أليس كيبل خلال فترة الحرب ومساهمتها في إنقاذ عشرات الأرواح إلا أن شهرتها جاءت بسبب علاقتها بالملك إدوارد السابع ولقد بدأت علاقتهما في عام 1898 عندما كانت في التاسعة والعشرين من عمرها وعندما كان إدوارد السابع وقتها في السابعة والخمسين من عمره ويحمل لقب أمير ويلز ولقد استمرت علاقتهما منذ ذلك الحين وحتى وفاته بعدها باثنتي عشر عام.

علاقتها بتشارلز

التقت كاميلا بالأمير تشارلز (25 عاما آنذاك) عندما كانت في السادسة والعشرين من العمر في أوائل السبعينيات حيث نشأت بينهم صداقة قوية تحولت بعدها إلى علاقة حب. وكانت تشاهد كاميلا مرارًا في شقة الأمير تشارلز في قصر باكينغهام. لكن الاعتقاد السائد وقتذاك كان أن العلاقة التي بينهما لن تتطور إلى الزواج.

تزوجت كاميلا من ضابط الجيش اندرو باركر باولز مباشرة بعد أن أرسل تشارلز بمهمة عسكرية خارج البلاد. رزقت كاميلا بطفلين، توم (ولد عام 1975 ) ولورا التي ولدت بعده بأربع سنوات. واستمرت علاقة تشارلز بكاميلا أثناء الزواج وبعد إعلان طلاقه من الأميرة ديانا.

أصبحت كاميلا تحت الأضواء عندما اعترف الأمير تشارلز بخيانته لديانا وإقامة علاقة معها في مقابلة تلفزيونية، مثيراً ضجة كبرى لدى الرأي العام البريطاني في العام 1994 وذلك بعد فضيحة كاميلغيت التي فضحت في تسجيل صوتي لمكالمة هاتفية بين الأمير وكاميلا مصرحًا لها فيه عن مشاعره. وأخيرًا، انتهى زواج كاميلا من زوجها اندرو في العام 1995 ليتزوج الضابط بعدها بعام واحد فقط من فيرجينيا بيتمان. وأصبحت كاميلا بعدها تتردد كثيراً إلى منزل تشارلز في هايغروف.

الزواج من الأمير تشارلز

تزوجت من الأمير تشارلز في 9 أبريل 2005 بعد قصة حب طويلة، وبعد الزواج أعطتها الملكة إليزابيث الثانية لقب دوقة كورنوال.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أسرة باركر
أسرة مونتباتن-وندسور
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص مرتبطون بجامعة ساوثهامبتون
أشخاص من بلغرافيا
أشخاص من تشبنهام
أشخاص من ساوث كنزنغتون
أشخاص من شرق ساسكس
أشخاص من لندن
أشخاص من ويلتشاير
أعضاء مجلس الشورى البريطاني
أقران ملكيون بريطانيون
أميرات برابطة الزواج
أميرات ويلز
أنجليكانيون بريطانيون
العائلة البريطانية المالكة
بريطانيات في القرن 20
بريطانيات في القرن 21
بريطانيون في القرن 20
بريطانيون في القرن 21
بريطانيون من أصل أمريكي
بريطانيون من أصل إسكتلندي
بريطانيون من أصل إنجليزي
بريطانيون من أصل فرنسي
بريطانيون من أصل كندي
بريطانيون من أصل كندي فرنسي
بريطانيون من أصل هولندي
بيت وندسور
خريجو جامعة لندن
زملاء كلية كينجز لندن
مبتدئون بريطانيون
مستشارو جامعة أبردين
مواليد 1947
ناشطات بريطانيات
ناشطو صحة بريطانيون
ناشطون ضد الانتهاكات الجنسية
ناشطون في مكافحة الفقر

كاميلا الملكة القرينة


Făurei es una ciudad con estatus de oraș de Rumania en el distrito de Brăila.

Geografía

Se encuentra a una altitud de 42  a 138 km de la capital, Bucarest.

Demografía
Según estimación 2012 contaba con una población de 4 287 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades del distrito de Brăila

Făurei


Julius Koch (* 16. Februar 1865 in Berlin; † 3. Juni 1936 ebenda) war ein deutscher Theologe und Politiker (DNVP).

Leben
Nach dem Abitur am Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster studierte Koch evangelische Theologie an den Universitäten in Berlin und Bonn. Während seines Studiums wurde er Mitglied beim Verein Deutscher Studenten Berlin. Er wurde 1889 Hilfsprediger an der Zionskirche, wechselte ein Jahr später in gleicher Funktion zur Elisabethkirche und war seit Mai 1891 als fünfter Pfarrer an der Markuskirche in Berlin tätig. Im Januar 1896 wurde er erster Pfarrer an der Berliner Samariterkirche. Während des Ersten Weltkrieges wirkte er von 1917 bis 1918 als Divisionspfarrer an der Front. Er wurde mit dem Eisernen Kreuz II. Klasse ausgezeichnet.

Koch trat nach der Novemberrevolution in die Deutschnationale Volkspartei (DNVP) ein und war von 1919 bis 1928 Mitglied der Berliner Stadtverordnetenversammlung. Im Februar 1921 wurde er in den Preußischen Landtag gewählt, dem er ohne Unterbrechung bis zum Ende der dritten Legislaturperiode 1932 angehörte. Im Parlament vertrat er den Wahlkreis 2 (Berlin).

Seine Pfarrtätigkeit, er war der erste Pfarrer an der Samariterkirche, übte Koch bis zu seinem Tode 1936 aus. Er trat nicht in die NSDAP ein, stand aber nach 1933 als Mitglied der Deutschen Christen im Gegensatz zur Bekennenden Kirche und deren Berliner Pfarrer Wilhelm Harnisch.

Literatur
 Ernst Kienast (Bearb.): Handbuch für den Preußischen Landtag. Ausgabe für die 3. Wahlperiode. R. v. Decker's Verlag (G. Schenck), Berlin 1928. S. 547.
 Herrmann A. L. Degener (Hrsg.): Wer ist's? – Unsere Zeitgenossen. IX. Ausgabe. Verlag Herrmann Degener, Leipzig 1928. S. 826.

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied des Preußischen Landtags (Freistaat Preußen)
DNVP-Mitglied
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Divisionspfarrer
Mitglied der Stadtverordnetenversammlung (Berlin)
Korporierter im VVDSt
Deutscher
Geboren 1865
Gestorben 1936
Mann

Julius Koch (Politiker, 1865)


An Deschampsia mexicana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Frank Lamson Scribner. An Deschampsia mexicana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Deschampsia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Deschampsia

Deschampsia mexicana


est un film d'horreur américain écrit et réalisé par Nikyatu Jusu et sorti en 2022.

La première mondiale du film s'est déroulée le 22 janvier 2022 au Festival du film de Sundance où l'œuvre remporte le prix principal de la compétition américaine de longs métrages.

Synopsis

Fiche technique

 Titre original :
 Réalisation et scénario : Nikyatu Jusu
 Photographie : Rina Yang
 Montage : Robert Mead
 Musique : Bartek Gliniak, Tanerélle
 Costumes : Charlese Antoinette Jones
 Pays d'origine : États-Unis
 Langue originale : anglais, wolof
 Format : couleur
 Genre : horreur
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie :
 États-Unis :  (Festival du film de Sundance)

Distribution

 Anna Diop : Aisha
 Michelle Monaghan : Amy
 Sinqua Walls : Malik
 Morgan Spector : Adam
 Rose Decker : Rose
 Leslie Uggams : Kathleen
 Olamide Candide-Johnson : Mariatou
 Jahleel Kamara : Lamine
 Princess Adenike : Nikki

Production
Le 13 avril 2021, il est annoncé que Nikyatu Jusu ferait ses débuts en tant que réalisatrice avec Nanny, un film qu'elle a écrit et qui faisait partie de la liste noire 2020 des scénarios qui ne sortiront pas en salles au cours de cette année civile. En juin 2021, Anna Diop, Michelle Monaghan, Sinqua Walls, Morgan Spector et Phylicia Rashād rejoignent le casting du film.

La photographie principale commence à New York en juin 2021.

Sortie
Le film a eu sa première mondiale au Festival du film de Sundance 2022, le 22 janvier.

Distinction
 Festival du film de Sundance 2022 : Grand prix du jury

Notes et références

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2022
Film en anglais
Film d'horreur américain
Film en wolof
Film de Blumhouse Productions

Nanny (film)


Babadağ (Rumence: Babadag), Romanya'nın Dobruca bölgesinde, Tulça ilinde 8.940 nüfuslu bir kasabadır.

Kasabada Sarı Saltuk Türbesi bulunmaktadır.

Nüfus
2002 sayımlarına göre 10.037 kişilik nüfusunun 1.289'u yani %12,8'ini Türk nüfus teşkil eder.

Dış bağlantılar
 Balkanlar'da Sarı Saltuk Türbeleri, Yrd. Doç.Dr. Mehmet Z. İbrahimgil

Romanya'daki şehirler
Dobruca

Babadağ, Tulça


is a town located in Kitashitara District, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 3,033 in 1438 households, and a population density of 24.6 persons per km2. The total area  of the town was .

Geography
Tōei is located in the extreme northeast corner of Aichi Prefecture. Over 90 percent of the town's area is covered by 700 to 1000 meter mountains and forest, and much of the town is within the borders of the Tenryū-Okumikawa Quasi-National Park.

Neighboring municipalities
Aichi Prefecture
Shinshiro
 Kitashitara District
Shitara
Toyone
Shizuoka Prefecture
 Tenryū-ku, Hamamatsu

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Tōei has decreased drastically, and is now a third of what it was in 1960.

Climate
The town has a climate characterized by characterized by hot and humid summers, and relatively mild winters (Köppen climate classification Cfa).  The average annual temperature in Tōeiis 14.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2101 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.1 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.4 °C.

History
During the Edo period all of present Tōei was tenryō territory under direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate.  After the Meiji Restoration, the area was organized into several villages within Kitashitara District, Aichi including Hongō, Miwa, Midono, Furikusa and Sono with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. In 1900, a portion of Hongō Village split off to become Shimokawa Village. Hongō was elevated to town status on October 1, 1921.

On April 1, 1955 Hongō Town merged with the neighboring villages of Midono, Shimokawa and Sono to form the town of Tōei. The village of Miwa joined the new town the following year, on July 1, 1956.

Economy
The primary industry of Tōei is small-scale forestry, and agriculture. The town derives some revenue from hydroelectric power generation.

Education
Tōei has one public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Transportation

Railway
 Central Japan Railway Company - Iida Line

Highway

Local attractions
 Hana Matsuri is an annual festival held from November through March, in which over 40 performers with wooden masks perform dances and rituals. It has been recognized as an Intangible Important Cultural Property since May 4, 1976.

External links

Notes

Towns in Aichi Prefecture

Tōei, Aichi


සාමය යනු සහජීවනය පවතින එනම් එදිරිවාදකම් රහිතවූ අවස්ථාවකි. ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ජාත්‍යන්තර කලහයක විරාමය සනිටුහන් කිරීමටද මෙම පද වචනය භාවිත වේ; මෙම ජාත්‍යන්තර සන්දර්භය තුල අර්ථ විග‍්‍රහය කළහොත් පදයේ අර්ථය වනුයේ යුද්ධය යන්නේ විරුද්ධාර්ථයයි. කිසියම් ඕනෑම පාර්ශවයන් කිහිපයක් අතර ගෞරවාන්විත සැළකිල්ල, යුක්ති සාධාරණත්වය, හා හොඳහිත යන ගුණාංග විදහාපාන සම්බන්ධතාවයක් පවතී නම් එයද සාමය ලෙස හැඳින්විය හැක.

සාමාන්‍ය වශයෙන් සැලකූ කල යම් අයෙකු වෙනත් පරිසර වලට සාපේක්‍ෂව සාමකාමී ලෙස හඳුන්වන නිසල, ශාන්ත, හා සන්සුන් පරිසරයක් ඇසුරෙහි පවතින්නේ නම් ඔහුට හෝ ඇයට සාමය ලඟා විය හැකිය. ඉහත ආකාරයේ සාමයක් යම් අයෙකුට ලඟා කර ගත හැක්කේ ස්වෝත්සාහයෙන් තම ඇතුලාන්ත චරිතය "සාමලැදි" බවට පත්කොට ගෙන ස්වකීය අභ්‍යන්තරයෙහි සන්සුන් බව, ශාන්ත බව හා සමතුලිතතාවය පවත්වාගෙන යෑමෙනි.

සාමයේ විවිධ පැතිකඩ තේරුම් ගැනීම

හිංසාව විරහිත වීම (අවිහිංසාව) සාමය ලෙස

සාමය යන සංකල්පය වර්තමානයේ ඉතාමත් මතභේදයට තුඩුදුන් මාතෘකාවකි. නිසැකයෙන්ම සාමය යනු ධනාත්මක සංකල්පයකි; ඇත්තවශයෙන්ම මෙලොව කිසිවෙකු සාමයට කෙලින්ම විරුද්ධ නොවේ; ලෝක සාමය යනු මනුෂ්‍යයින් වශයෙන් අත්කරගත යුතු උතුම් තත්වයකි. කෙසේනමුත් සාමය යනු කුමක්ද? සාමය අත්කර ගත හැක්කේ කෙසේද? සාමය ඇත්තවශයෙන්ම ළගා කරගත හැකිද? යන ඒවා පිළිබදව විවධාකාර පුද්ගල කොට්ඨාෂ අතාරහි තියුණු වෙනස්කම් ඇත.

සාමය යනු කුමක්ද?
සාමය යන්නට විවිධ අර්ථ ඇත: වචනය යොදන ආකාරය හා තැන අනුවද අර්ථය වෙනස්වේ.සමය යුද්ධය නැති බවම නොවේ.

යුද්ධයෙන් තොර වීම
ඉතාම සරල හා දළ අදහස නම් යුද්ධයෙන් තොර වීමයි. (පුරාණ රෝම වරුන්ගේ අදහසට අනුව, Pax, යන්න Absentia Belli ලෙස, එනම් යුද්ධයෙන් තොර වීම.)

International relations
සාමය
Personal life

සාමය


The Song of Hiawatha is an 1855 epic poem in trochaic tetrameter by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow which features Native American characters. The epic relates the fictional adventures of an Ojibwe warrior named Hiawatha and the tragedy of his love for Minnehaha, a Dakota woman. Events in the story are set in the Pictured Rocks area of Michigan on the south shore of Lake Superior. Longfellow's poem is based on oral traditions surrounding the figure of Manabozho, but it also contains his own innovations.

Longfellow drew some of his material from his friendship with Ojibwe Chief Kahge-ga-gah-bowh, who would visit at Longfellow's home. He also had frequent encounters with Black Hawk and other Sauk people on Boston Common, and he drew from Algic Researches (1839) and other writings by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, an ethnographer and United States Indian agent, and from Heckewelder's Narratives.  In sentiment, scope, overall conception, and many particulars, Longfellow insisted, "I can give chapter and verse for these legends. Their chief value is that they are Indian legends."

Longfellow had originally planned on following Schoolcraft in calling his hero Manabozho, the name in use at the time among the Ojibwe of the south shore of Lake Superior for a figure of their folklore who was a trickster and transformer. But he wrote in his journal entry for June 28, 1854: "Work at 'Manabozho;' or, as I think I shall call it, 'Hiawatha'—that being another name for the same personage." Longfellow was following Schoolcraft, but he was mistaken in thinking that the names were synonymous. The name Hiawatha is derived from a historical figure associated with the League of the Iroquois, then located in New York and Pennsylvania. The popularity of Longfellow's poem nevertheless led to the name "Hiawatha" becoming attached to a number of locales and enterprises in the Great Lakes region.

Publication and plot

The poem was published on November 10, 1855, by Ticknor and Fields and was an immediate success. In 1857, Longfellow calculated that it had sold 50,000 copies.

Longfellow chose to set The Song of Hiawatha at the Pictured Rocks, one of the locations along the south shore of Lake Superior favored by narrators of the Manabozho stories. The Song presents a legend of Hiawatha and his lover Minnehaha in 22 chapters (and an Introduction). Hiawatha is not introduced until Chapter III.

In Chapter I, Hiawatha's arrival is prophesied by a "mighty" peace-bringing leader named Gitche Manito.

Chapter II tells a legend of how the warrior Mudjekeewis became Father of the Four Winds by slaying the Great Bear of the mountains, Mishe-Mokwa.  His son Wabun, the East Wind, falls in love with a maiden whom he turns into the Morning Star, Wabun-Annung. Wabun's brother, Kabibonokka, the North Wind, bringer of autumn and winter, attacks Shingebis, "the diver". Shingebis repels him by burning firewood, and then in a wrestling match. A third brother, Shawondasee, the South Wind, falls in love with a dandelion, mistaking it for a golden-haired maiden.

In Chapter III, in "unremembered ages", a woman named Nokomis falls from the Moon. Nokomis gives birth to Wenonah, who grows to be a beautiful young woman. Nokomis warns her not to be seduced by the West Wind (Mudjekeewis) but she does not heed her mother, becomes pregnant and bears Hiawatha.

In the ensuing chapters, Hiawatha has childhood adventures, falls in love with Minnehaha, slays the evil magician Pearl-Feather, invents written language, discovers corn and other episodes. Minnehaha dies in a severe winter.

The poem closes with the approach of a birch canoe to Hiawatha's village, containing "the Priest of Prayer, the Pale-face." Hiawatha welcomes him joyously; and the "Black-Robe chief" brings word of Jesus Christ and the Blessed Virgin. Hiawatha and the chiefs accept the Christian message. Hiawatha bids farewell to Nokomis, the warriors, and the young men, giving them this charge: "But my guests I leave behind me/ Listen to their words of wisdom,/ Listen to the truth they tell you." Having endorsed the conversion of the Ojibwe people to the Roman Catholic Church, Hiawatha, similarly to Väinämöinen at the end of the Kalevala, launches his canoe westward toward the sunset and departs forever.

Folkloric and ethnographic critiques
Longfellow used Henry Rowe Schoolcraft as a source of Native American legend. Schoolcraft seems to have been inconsistent in his pursuit of authenticity, as he rewrote and censored sources. The folklorist Stith Thompson, although crediting Schoolcraft's research with being a "landmark," was quite critical of him: "Unfortunately, the scientific value of his work is marred by the manner in which he has reshaped the stories to fit his own literary taste." In addition to Longfellow's own annotations, Stellanova Osborn (and previously F. Broilo in German) tracked down "chapter and verse" for every detail Longfellow took from Schoolcraft. Others have identified words from native languages included in the poem.

Intentionally epic in scope, The Song of Hiawatha was described by its author as "this Indian Edda". But Thompson judged that despite Longfellow's claimed "chapter and verse" citations, the work "produce[s] a unity the original will not warrant," i.e., it is non-Indian in its totality. Thompson found close parallels in plot between the poem and its sources, with the major exception that Longfellow took legends told about multiple characters and substituted the character Hiawatha as the protagonist of them all. Resemblances between the original stories, as "reshaped by Schoolcraft," and the episodes in the poem are but superficial, and Longfellow omits important details essential to Ojibwe narrative construction, characterization, and theme. This is the case even with "Hiawatha's Fishing," the episode closest to its source. Some important parts of the poem were more or less Longfellow's invention from fragments or his imagination. "The courtship of Hiawatha and Minnehaha, the least 'Indian' of any of the events in Hiawatha, has come for many readers to stand as the typical American Indian tale." Also, "in exercising the function of selecting incidents to make an artistic production, Longfellow ... omitted all that aspect of the Manabozho saga which considers the culture hero as a trickster," this despite the fact that Schoolcraft had already diligently avoided what he himself called "vulgarisms."

In his book on the development of the image of the Indian in American thought and literature, Pearce wrote about The Song of Hiawatha:

Historical Iroquois Hiawatha

Apparently no connection, apart from name, exists between Longfellow's hero and the sixteenth-century Iroquois Chief Hiawatha who co-founded the Iroquois League. Longfellow took the name from works by Schoolcraft, whom he acknowledged as his main source. In his notes to the poem, Longfellow cites Schoolcraft:

a tradition prevalent among the North American Indians, of a personage of miraculous birth, who was sent among them to clear their rivers, forests, and fishing-grounds, and to teach them the arts of peace. He was known among different tribes by the several names of Michabou, Chiabo, Manabozo, Tarenyawagon, and Hiawatha.Longfellow's notes make no reference to the Iroquois or the Iroquois League or to any historical personage.

However, according to ethnographer Horatio Hale (1817–1896), there was a longstanding confusion between the Iroquois leader Hiawatha and the Iroquois deity Aronhiawagon because of "an accidental similarity in the Onondaga dialect between [their names]." The deity, he says, was variously known as Aronhiawagon, Tearonhiaonagon, Taonhiawagi, or Tahiawagi; the historical Iroquois leader, as Hiawatha, Tayonwatha or Thannawege. Schoolcraft "made confusion worse ... by transferring the hero to a distant region and identifying him with Manabozho, a fantastic divinity of the Ojibways. [Schoolcraft's book] has not in it a single fact or fiction relating either to Hiawatha himself or to the Iroquois deity Aronhiawagon."

In 1856, Schoolcraft published The Myth of Hiawatha and Other Oral Legends Mythologic and Allegoric of the North American Indians, reprinting (with a few changes) stories previously published in his Algic Researches and other works. Schoolcraft dedicated the book to Longfellow, whose work he praised highly.

The U.S. Forest Service has said that both the historical and poetic figures are the sources of the name for the Hiawatha National Forest.

Indian words recorded by Longfellow
Longfellow cites the Indian words he used as from the works by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft. The majority of the words were Ojibwa, with a few from the Dakota, Cree and Onondaga languages.

Though the majority of the Native American words included in the text accurately reflect pronunciation and definitions, some words appear incomplete.  For example, the Ojibway words for "blueberry" are miin (plural: miinan) for the berries and miinagaawanzh (plural: miinagaawanzhiig) for the bush upon which the berries grow.  Longfellow uses Meenah'ga, which appears to be a partial form for the bush, but he uses the word to mean the berry. Critics believe such mistakes are likely attributable to Schoolcraft (who was often careless about details) or to what always happens when someone who does not understand the nuances of a language and its grammar tries to use select words out of context.

Inspiration from the Finnish Kalevala
The Song of Hiawatha was written in trochaic tetrameter, the same meter as Kalevala, the Finnish epic compiled by Elias Lönnrot from fragments of folk poetry.  Longfellow had learned some of the Finnish language while spending a summer in Sweden in 1835. It is likely that, 20 years later, Longfellow had forgotten most of what he had learned of that language, and he referred to a German translation of the Kalevala by Franz Anton Schiefner. Trochee is a rhythm natural to the Finnish language—inasmuch as Finnish words are normally accented on the first syllable—to the same extent that iamb is natural to English. Longfellow's use of trochaic tetrameter for his poem has an artificiality that the Kalevala does not have in its own language.

He was not the first American poet to use the trochaic (or tetrameter) in writing Indian romances. Schoolcraft had written a romantic poem, Alhalla, or the Lord of Talladega (1843) in trochaic tetrameter, about which he commented in his preface:
The meter is thought to be not ill adapted to the Indian mode of enunciation. Nothing is more characteristic of their harangues and public speeches, than the vehement yet broken and continued strain of utterance, which would be subject to the charge of monotony, were it not varied by the extraordinary compass in the stress of voice, broken by the repetition of high and low accent, and often terminated with an exclamatory vigor, which is sometimes startling.  It is not the less in accordance with these traits that nearly every initial syllable of the measure chosen is under accent. This at least may be affirmed, that it imparts a movement to the narrative, which, at the same time that it obviates languor, favors that repetitious rhythm, or pseudo-parallelism, which so strongly marks their highly compound lexicography. Longfellow wrote to his friend Ferdinand Freiligrath (who had introduced him to Finnische Runen in 1842) about the latter's article, "The Measure of Hiawatha" in the prominent London magazine, Athenaeum (December 25, 1855): "Your article... needs only one paragraph more to make it complete, and that is the statement that parallelism belongs to Indian poetry as well to Finnish…  And this is my justification for adapting it in Hiawatha." Trochaic is not a correct descriptor for Ojibwe oratory, song, or storytelling, but Schoolcraft was writing long before the study of Native American linguistics had come of age.  Parallelism is an important part of Ojibwe language artistry.

Cultural response

Reception and influence

In August 1855, The New York Times  carried an item on "Longfellow's New Poem", quoting an article from another periodical which said that it "is very original, and has the simplicity and charm of a Saga... it is the very antipodes [sic] of Alfred Lord Tennyson's Maud, which is... morbid, irreligious, and painful." In October of that year, the New York Times noted that "Longfellow's Song of Hiawatha is nearly printed, and will soon appear."

By November its column, "Gossip: What has been most Talked About during the Week", observed that "The madness of the hour takes the metrical shape of trochees, everybody writes trochaics, talks trochaics, and think [sic] in trochees: ...

The New York Times review of The Song of Hiawatha was scathing. The anonymous reviewer judged that the poem "is entitled to commendation" for "embalming pleasantly enough the monstrous traditions of an uninteresting, and, one may almost say, a justly exterminated race. As a poem, it deserves no place" because there "is no romance about the Indian." He complains that Hiawatha's deeds of magical strength pale by comparison to the feats of Hercules and to "Finn Mac Cool, that big stupid Celtic mammoth." The reviewer writes that "Grotesque, absurd, and savage as the groundwork is, Mr. LONGFELLOW has woven over it a profuse wreath of his own poetic elegancies." But, he concludes, Hiawatha "will never add to Mr. LONGFELLOW's reputation as a poet."

In reaction to what he viewed as "spiteful and offensive" attacks on the poem, critic John Neal in the State of Maine on November 27 of that year praised "this strange, beautiful poem" as "a fountain overflowing night and day with natural rhythm." He argued that the poem was evidence that "Longfellow's music is getting to be his own—and there are those about him who will not allow others to misunderstand or misrepresent its character."

Thomas Conrad Porter, a professor at Franklin and Marshall College, believed that Longfellow had been inspired by more than the metrics of the Kalevala. He claimed The Song of Hiawatha was "Plagiarism" in the Washington National Intelligencer of November 27, 1855. Longfellow wrote to his friend Charles Sumner a few days later: "As to having 'taken many of the most striking incidents of the Finnish Epic and transferred them to the American Indians'—it is absurd". Longfellow also insisted in his letter to Sumner: "I know the Kalevala very well, and that some of its legends resemble the Indian stories preserved by Schoolcraft is very true. But the idea of making me responsible for that is too ludicrous." Later scholars continued to debate the extent to which The Song of Hiawatha borrowed its themes, episodes, and outline from the Kalevala.

Despite the critics, the poem was immediately popular with readers and continued so for many decades. The Grolier Club named The Song of Hiawatha the most influential book of 1855. Lydia Sigourney was inspired by the book to write a similar epic poem on Pocahontas, though she never completed it. English writer George Eliot called The Song of Hiawatha, along with Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1850 book The Scarlet Letter, the "two most indigenous and masterly productions in American literature".

In the early twentieth-century, Longfellow's tale was adapted into books for young readers. W. T. Stead's Books for the Bairns series published The Story of Hiawatha, Re-Told in Prose by Queenie Scott-Hopper (1905). Prolific English illustrator Alice B. Woodward contributed to the 1930 publication of a prose version of The Story of Hiawatha by Florence Shaw. Allen Chaffee and Armstrong Sperry adapted the story for a Random House prose edition in 1951.

Music

Longfellow's poem was taken as the first American epic to be composed of North American materials and free of European literary models. Earlier attempts to write a national epic, such as The Columbiad of Richard Snowden (1753–1825), 'a poem on the American war' published in 1795, or Joel Barlow's Vision of Columbus (1787) (rewritten and entitled The Columbiad in 1807), were considered derivative. Longfellow provided something entirely new, a vision of the continent's pre-European civilisation in a metre adapted from a Finnish, non-Indo-European source.

Soon after the poem's publication, composers competed to set it to music. One of the first to tackle the poem was Emile Karst, whose cantata Hiawatha (1858) freely adapted and arranged texts of the poem. It was followed by Robert Stoepel's Hiawatha: An Indian Symphony, a work in 14 movements that combined narration, solo arias, descriptive choruses and programmatic orchestral interludes. The composer consulted with Longfellow, who approved the work before its premiere in 1859, but despite early success it was soon forgotten. An equally ambitious project was the 5-part instrumental symphony by Ellsworth Phelps in 1878.

American composer Bessie Marshall Whitely (1871–1944) composed an opera, Hiawatha's Childhood, based on Longfellow's poem.

The poem also influenced two composers of European origin who spent a few years in the USA but did not choose to settle there. The first of these was Frederick Delius, who completed his tone poem Hiawatha in 1888 and inscribed on the title page the passage beginning "Ye who love the haunts of Nature" from near the start of the poem. The work was not performed at the time, and the mutilated score was not revised and recorded until 2009.

The other instance was the poem's connection with Antonín Dvořák's Symphony No. 9, From the New World (1893). In an article published in the New York Herald on December 15, 1893, he said that the second movement of his work was a "sketch or study for a later work, either a cantata or opera ... which will be based upon Longfellow's Hiawatha" (with which he was familiar in Czech translation), and that the third movement scherzo was "suggested by the scene at the feast in Hiawatha where the Indians dance". African-American melodies also appeared in the symphony, thanks to his student Harry Burleigh, who used to sing him songs from the plantations which Dvořák noted down. The fact that Burleigh's grandmother was part Indian has been suggested to explain why Dvořák came to equate Indian with African American music in his pronouncements to the press.

Among later orchestral treatments of the Hiawatha theme by American composers there was Louis Coerne's 4-part symphonic suite, each section of which was prefaced by a quotation from the poem. This had a Munich premiere in 1893 and a Boston performance in 1894. Dvořák's student Rubin Goldmark followed with a Hiawatha Overture in 1896 and in 1901 there were performances of Hugo Kaun's symphonic poems "Minnehaha" and "Hiawatha". There were also additional settings of Longfellow's words. Arthur Foote's "The Farewell of Hiawatha" (Op.11, 1886) was dedicated to the Apollo Club of Boston, the male voice group that gave its first performance. In 1897 Frederick Russell Burton (1861–1909) completed his dramatic cantata Hiawatha. At the same time he wrote "Hiawatha's Death Song", subtitled 'Song of the Ojibways', which set native words followed by an English translation by another writer.

Early 20th century British composer Hope Squire wrote several songs based on verses of Hiawatha.

Much later, Mary Montgomery Koppel (b.1982) incorporated Ojibwe flute music for her setting of The death of Minnehaha (2013) for two voices with piano and flute accompaniment.

The most celebrated setting of Longfellow's story was the cantata trilogy, The Song of Hiawatha (1898–1900), by the Sierra Leone-English composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor. The first part, "Hiawatha's Wedding Feast" (Op. 30, No. 1), based on cantos 11–12 of the poem, was particularly famous for well over 50 years, receiving thousands of performances in the UK, the USA, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. Though it slipped from popularity in the late 20th century, revival performances continue. The initial work was followed by two additional oratorios which were equally popular: The Death of Minnehaha (Op. 30, No. 2), based on canto 20, and Hiawatha's Departure (Op. 30, No. 4), based on cantos 21–2.

More popular settings of the poem followed publication of the poem. The first was Charles Crozat Converse's "The Death of Minnehaha", published in Boston around 1856. The hand-colored lithograph on the cover of the printed song, by John Henry Bufford, is now much sought after. The next popular tune, originally titled "Hiawatha (A Summer Idyl)", was not inspired by the poem. It was composed by 'Neil Moret' (Charles Daniels) while on the train to Hiawatha, Kansas, in 1901 and was inspired by the rhythm of the wheels on the rails. It was already popular when James O'Dea added lyrics in 1903, and the music was newly subtitled "His Song to Minnehaha". Later treated as a rag, it later became a jazz standard.

Duke Ellington incorporated treatments of Hiawatha and Minnehaha in his jazz suite The Beautiful Indians (1946–7). Other popular songs have included "Hiawatha's Melody of Love", by George W. Meyer, with words by Alfred Bryan and Artie Mehlinger (1908), and Al Bowlly's "Hiawatha's Lullaby" (1933).

Modern composers have written works with the Hiawatha theme for young performers. They include the English musician Stanley Wilson's "Hiawatha, 12 Scenes" (1928) for first-grade solo piano, based on Longfellow's lines, and Soon Hee Newbold's rhythmic composition for strings in Dorian mode (2003), which is frequently performed by youth orchestras. The story of Hiawatha was dramatized by Tale Spinners for Children (UAC 11054) with Jordan Malek.

British rock band The Sweet reference Hiawatha and Minnehaha in their 1972 hit "Wig-Wam Bam", written by Mike Chapman and Nicky Chinn.

Some performers have incorporated excerpts from the poem into their musical work. Johnny Cash used a modified version of "Hiawatha's Vision" as the opening piece on Johnny Cash Sings the Ballads of the True West (1965). Mike Oldfield used the sections "Hiawatha's Departure" and "The Son of the Evening Star" in the second part of his Incantations album (1978), rearranging some words to conform more to his music. Laurie Anderson used parts of the poem's third section at the beginning and end of the final piece of her Strange Angels album (1989).

Artistic use

Numerous artists also responded to the epic. The earliest pieces of sculpture were by Edmonia Lewis, who had most of her career in Rome. Her father was Haitian and her mother was Native American and African American. The arrow-maker and his daughter, later called The Wooing of Hiawatha, was modelled in 1866 and carved in 1872. By that time she had achieved success with individual heads of Hiawatha and Minnehaha. Carved in Rome, these are now held by the Newark Museum in New Jersey. In 1872 Lewis carved The Marriage of Hiawatha in marble, a work purchased in 2010 by the Kalamazoo Institute of Arts.

Other 19th century sculptors inspired by the epic were Augustus Saint-Gaudens, whose marble statue of the seated Hiawatha (1874) is held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art; and Jacob Fjelde, who created a bronze statue, Hiawatha carrying Minnehaha, for the Columbian Exposition in 1893. It was installed in Minnehaha Park, Minneapolis, in 1912 (illustrated at the head of this article).

In the 20th century Marshall Fredericks created a small bronze Hiawatha (1938), now installed in the Michigan University Centre; a limestone statue (1949), also at the University of Michigan; and a relief installed at the Birmingham Covington School, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.

Early paintings were by artists who concentrated on authentic American Native subjects. Eastman Johnson's pastel of Minnehaha seated by a stream (1857) was drawn directly from an Ojibwe model. The English artist Frances Anne Hopkins travelled in the hunting country of Canada and used her sketches from the trip when she returned to her studio in England in 1870. She painted her Minnehaha Feeding Birds about 1880. Critics have thought these two artists had a sentimental approach, as did Charles-Émile-Hippolyte Lecomte-Vernet (1821–1900) in his 1871 painting of Minnehaha, making her a native child of the wild. The kinship of the latter is with other kitsch images, such as Bufford's cover for "The Death of Minnehaha" (see above) or those of the 1920s calendar painters James Arthur and Rudolph F. Ingerle (1879 – 1950).

American landscape painters referred to the poem to add an epic dimension to their patriotic celebration of the wonders of the national landscape. Albert Bierstadt presented his sunset piece, The Departure of Hiawatha, to Longfellow in 1868 when the poet was in England to receive an honorary degree at the University of Cambridge. Other examples include Thomas Moran's Fiercely the Red Sun Descending, Burned His Way along the Heavens (1875), held by the North Carolina Museum of Art, and the panoramic waterfalls of Hiawatha and Minnehaha on their Honeymoon (1885) by Jerome Thompson (1814 – 1886). Thomas Eakins made his Hiawatha (c.1874) a visionary statement superimposed on the fading light of the sky.

Toward the end of the 19th century, artists deliberately emphasized the epic qualities of the poem, as in William de Leftwich Dodge's Death of Minnehaha (1885). Frederic Remington demonstrated a similar quality in his series of 22 grisailles painted in oil for the 1890 deluxe photogravure edition of The Song of Hiawatha. One of the editions is owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Dora Wheeler's Minnehaha listening to the waterfall (1884) design for a needle-woven tapestry, made by the Associated Artists for the Cornelius Vanderbilt house, was also epic. The monumental quality survives into the 20th century in Frances Foy's Hiawatha returning with Minnehaha (1937), a mural sponsored during the Depression for the Gibson City Post Office, Illinois.

Film
Several films have been made based on The Song of Hiawatha. A 15 minute film, Hiawatha, the Messiah of the Ojibway, directed by Canadian Joe Rosenthal and using a cast of Ojibwe actors, was produced in 1903. William V. Ranous directed a one-reel version with a non-native cast in 1909. Producer Carl Laemmle followed up the film with a sequel in 1910 titled "The Death of Minnehaha."

In 1913, Edgar Lewis directed Hiawatha, the first feature film to cast Native Americans in leading roles.  Seneca actor and artist Jesse Cornplanter starred as Hiawatha, and Soon-goot, a 17 year old Native American portrayed Minnehaha.

The 1952 film Hiawatha, directed by Kurt Neumann, cast non-Native actors in the leading roles. Vince Edwards was cast in the role of Hiawatha, and Yvette Duguay was cast as Minnehaha.

The 1997 film The Song of Hiawatha, directed by Jeffrey Shore, starred Cherokee actor Litefoot as Hiawatha, Iñupiat and Cree (Métis) actress Irene Bedard as Minnehaha, and Oneida actor Graham Greene as O Kagh. Irene Bedard also voiced the protagonist in the 1995 Disney film Pocahontas.

In popular culture
In the 1979 "Family" sketch "Carl's Grave" on Carol Burnett & Company, the character of Eunice, portrayed by Burnett, at the insistence of her Mama, Thelma Harper, portrayed by American actress Vicki Lawrence, begins a recitation of Hiawatha she learned as a child while at her father's grave.

Parodies
Parodies of the "Song of Hiawatha" (and especially its couplet, "By the shores of Gitche Gumee / By the shining Big-Sea-Water") emerged immediately on its publication. The New York Times  even reviewed one such parody four days before reviewing Longfellow's original poem. This was Pocahontas: or the Gentle Savage, a comic extravaganza which included extracts from an imaginary Viking poem, "burlesquing the recent parodies, good, bad, and indifferent, on The Song of Hiawatha." The Times quoted:

In 1856 there appeared a 94-page parody, The Song of Milkanwatha: Translated from the Original Feejee. Probably the work of Rev. George A. Strong, it was ascribed on the title page to "Marc Antony Henderson" and to the publishers "Tickell and Grinne". The work following the original chapter by chapter and one passage later became famous:

Over time, an elaborated version stand-alone version developed, titled "The Modern Hiawatha":

At Wallack's Theatre in New York a parody titled Hiawatha; or, Ardent Spirits and Laughing Water, by Charles Melton Walcot, premiered on 26 December 1856.

In England, Lewis Carroll published Hiawatha's Photographing (1857), which he introduced by noting (in the same rhythm as the Longfellow poem), "In an age of imitation, I can claim no special merit for this slight attempt at doing what is known to be so easy. Any fairly practised writer, with the slightest ear for rhythm, could compose, for hours together, in the easy running metre of The Song of Hiawatha. Having then distinctly stated that I challenge no attention in the following little poem to its merely verbal jingle, I must beg the candid reader to confine his criticism to its treatment of the subject." A poem of some 200 lines, it describes Hiawatha's attempts to photograph the members of a pretentious middle-class family ending in disaster.

1865 saw the Scottish-born immigrant James Linen's San Francisco (in imitation of Hiawatha).

During World War I, Owen Rutter, a British officer of the Army of the Orient, wrote Tiadatha, describing the city of Salonica, where several hundred thousand soldiers were stationed on the Macedonian Front in 1916–1918:

In 1926, cartoonist Milt Gross published Hiawatta witt No Odder Poems, a Yiddish-English parody with comic illustrations. It begins:

Another parody was "Hakawatha" (1989), by British computer scientist Mike Shields, writing under the pen name F. X. Reid, about a frustrated computer programmer:

The poem was also parodied in three cartoon shorts, all of which featured inept protagonists who are beset by comic calamities while hunting. The connection is made plain by the scenes being introduced by a mock-solemn intonation of lines from the poem. The most famous was the 1937 Silly Symphony Little Hiawatha, whose hero is a small boy whose pants keep falling down. The 1941 Warner Bros. cartoon Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt features Bugs Bunny and a pint-sized version of Hiawatha in quest of rabbit stew.  The 1944 MGM cartoon Big Heel-watha, directed by Tex Avery, follows the overweight title character's effort to win the hand of the chief's daughter by catching Screwy Squirrel. In his comic book adventure 'Land of the Pygmy Indians,' American artist Carl Barks introduces a tribe of pint-sized Indigenous people north of Lake Superior who react to Uncle Scrooge McDuck's intrusion: "Flee, Peeweegahs, to the forest! / Flee the mighty, warlike strangers! / They have come to make great trouble / In the land of the Peeweegahs!" This could be considered problematic to some, although that the Peeweegahs trick Scrooge, the capitalistic would-be resource developer, into decamping back to Duckburg. At the same time as Barks' story, Mad Magazine, in its 'Trashery of Unknown Poetry,' published a spoof called 'Hiya, Watha!' which ran in part - "At the Restaurant Nokomis / Way uptown on Forty-Second [42nd Street in NYC], / Goes the shoe clerk Melvin Watha / Guzzles cola laced with bourbon / Doesn't pay the least attention / When the far more cheery drunkards / Call out gaily, 'Hiya, Watha!' / Keeps on boozing, grows more sullen / Falls across the bar unconscious" (1953)

Citations

General and cited references

The New York Times. 1855 December 28. "Longfellow's Poem": The Song of Hiawatha, Anonymous review.

Steil, Mark (2005). Pipestone stages Longfellow's "Hiawatha". Minnesota Public Radio, 2005 July 22.

External links

1855 poems
1855 in the United States
19th-century poems
Cultural depictions of Hiawatha
Epic poems in English
Epic poetry
Mythopoeia
Poetry by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Poems adapted into films
Works about Native Americans
Works involved in plagiarism controversies

The Song of Hiawatha


Olaylar
 1453 - Fransızlar, İngilizler karşısında Castillon Muharebesi'ni kazandı.
 1763 - Rus-Çerkes Savaşı başladı.
 1815 - Napolyon, Rochefort'da İngiliz kuvvetlerine teslim oldu.
 1867 - Marx'ın "Das Kapital" adlı eserinin ilk cildi yayımlandı.
 1879 - İstanbul'da tersane işçileri greve girdi.
 1907 - Resim sanatında Kübizm akımı doğdu.
 1918 - Bolşevikler; Rus Çarı II. Nikolay'ı, eşini, çocuklarını ve dört sadık yakınını Yekaterinburg'da idam ettiler.
 1934 - Atatürk, Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'ndan sonra ilk kez Bolu'ya geldi.
 1936 - Cumhuriyetçi Halk Cephesi Koalisyonu'na karşı askerlerin ayaklanması ile İspanya İç Savaşı başladı.
 1939 - 1. Maârif Şûrası Millî Eğitim Bakanı Hasan Âli Yücel tarafından açıldı.
 1944 - Patlayıcı yüklü iki gemi, Kaliforniya Port Chicago'da çarpıştı: 320 ölü, 400 yaralı.
 1945 - Postdam Konferansı: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı Harry Truman, Sovyetler Birliği lideri Josef Stalin ve İngiltere Başbakanı Winston Churchill, Almanya'nın Potsdam kasabasında bir araya gelerek II. Dünya Savaşı sonrası dünyanın bölüşümünü belirlediler.
 1955 - Disney parklarının ilki, kapılarını Kaliforniya'da açtı: Disneyland.
 1963 - Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) kuruldu.
 1975 - Amerikalı uzay aracı Apollo ve Rus uzay aracı Soyuz uzayda birleştiler.
 1976 - Kanada'nın Montreal kentinde, Yaz Olimpiyat Oyunları başladı.
 1986 - İnsan Hakları Derneği kuruldu.
 1998 - Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesini kuran Roma Statüsü kabul edildi.
 2007 - Harry Potter ve Melez Prens vizyona girdi.
 2014 - Amsterdam'dan hareket eden Malezya Havayolları'na ait Boeing 777-200ER, Ukrayna - Rusya sınırının 50 kilometre uzağına düştü. Füze ile vurulduğu düşünülen uçağın düşmesi sonucu uçaktaki 298 kişinin tümü öldü.
 2019 - Düzce'nin Akçakoca ilçesinde akşam saatlerinde başlayıp sonraki gün sabah saatlerine kadar devam eden kuvvetli gök gürültülü sağanak yağış sonrasında meydana gel sel afeti sebebiyle 7 kişi hayatını kaybetti.

Doğumlar
 1487 - Şah İsmail, Safevi Devleti'nin kurucusu ve ilk hükümdarı (ö. 1524)
 1698 - Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Fransız düşünür (ö. 1759)
 1744 - Elbridge Gerry, Amerikalı siyasetçi ve ABD'nin 5. başkan yardımcısı (ö. 1814)
 1884 - Boris Vladimiroviç Asafiev, Rus müzikolog ve besteci (ö. 1949)
 1888 - Shmuel Yosef Agnon, İsrailli yazar ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1970)
 1889 - Erle Stanley Gardner, Amerikalı dedektif öyküleri yazarı (ö. 1970)
 1899 - James Cagney, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 1986)
 1917 - Kenan Evren, Türk asker ve devlet adamı, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin 7. Cumhurbaşkanı ve TSK'nin 17. Genelkurmay Başkanı (ö. 2015)
 1920 - Juan Antonio Samaranch, İspanyol spor adamı (ö. 2010)
 1922 - Halit Deringör, Türk millî futbolcu (ö. 2018)
 1935 - Donald Sutherland, Kanadalı oyuncu
 1939 - Ali Hamaney, İran İslam Cumhuriyeti'nin dini lideri
 1939 - Valeriy Voronin, Sovyet futbolcu (ö. 1984)
 1939 - Milva, İtalyan şarkıcı, oyuncu ve televizyon sunucusu (ö. 2021)
 1942 - Peter Sissons, İngiliz gazeteci ve televizyon sunucusu (ö. 2019)
 1947 - Doğan Canku, Türk müzisyen
 1949 - Geezer Butler, İngiliz müzisyen
 1949 - Bruno Pradal, Fas asıllı Fransız oyuncu (ö. 1992)
 1951 - Mark Bowden, Amerikalı gazeteci ve yazar
 1952 - David Hasselhoff, Amerikalı oyuncu ve şarkıcı
 1954 - Angela Merkel, Alman siyasetçi
 1957 - Joachim Król, Alman oyuncu
 1958 - Metin Yüksel, Türk aktivist ve Akıncılar Derneği'nin lideri (ö. 1979)
 1958 - Wong Kar-wai, Çinli sinemacı, yönetmen ve senaryo yazarı
 1960 - Jan Wouters, Holllandalı futbolcu
 1961 - Guru, Amerikalı rapçi (ö. 2010)
 1961 - Jeremy Hardy, İngiliz komedyen ve oyuncu (ö. 2019)
 1962 - Emin Boztepe, Türk dövüş sporları ustası ve oyuncu
 1963 - Regina Belle, Grammy ödülü sahibi ünlü Amerikalı sanatçı
 1963 - III. Letsie, Lesotho hükümdarlığının kralı
 1963 - Matti Nykänen, Fin kayakla yüksek atlama sporcusu ve şarkıcı (ö. 2019)
 1967 - Makoto Kitano, Japon futbolcu
 1968 - Åsunn Lyngedal, Norveçli politikacı
 1969 - Jason Clarke, Avustralyalı oyuncu
 1971 - Ari Barokas, Türk müzisyen ve Duman grubunun bas gitaristi
 1971 - Cory Doctorow, Kanadalı bilimkurgu yazarı ve blogcu
 1972 - Jaap Stam, Hollandalı futbolcu
 1974 - Claudio López, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1975 - Elena Anaya, İspanyol oyuncu
 1975 - Evgeniya Artamonova, Rus voleybolcu
 1975 - Ville Virtanen, Finlandiyalı dans müzisyeni ve DJ
 1976 - Dagmara Domińczyk, Polonyalı oyuncu
 1976 - Marcos Senna, İspanyol futbolcu
 1976 - Anders Svensson, İsveçli millî futbolcu
 1977 - Marc Savard, Kanadalı hokey oyuncusu
 1977 - Mario Stecher, Avusturyalı milli kayakçı
 1978 - Émilie Simon, Fransız, synthpop müziği şarkı sözü yazarı ve yorumcusu
 1978 - Katharine Towne, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1979 - Douglas Murray, İşkoç yazar ve gazeteci
 1979 - Mike Vogel, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1980 - Emil Angelov, Eski Bulgar millî futbolcu
 1980 - Javier Camuñas, İspanyol futbolcu
 1980 - Ryan Miller, Amerikalı hokey oyuncusu
 1980 - José Sand, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1981 - Mélanie Thierry, Fransız oyuncu
 1981 - Michelle Barrett, Britanyalı porno yıldızı ve çıplak model
 1982 - Natasha Hamilton, İngiliz şarkıcı
 1983 - Sarah Jones, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1983 - Adam Lind, Amerikalı beyzbol oyuncusu
 1983 - Irini Psyhrami, Yunan şarkıcı
 1983 - Ryan Guettler, Avustralyalı profesyonel BMX sürücüsü
 1984 - Özlem Yılmaz, Türk oyuncu
 1984 - Sotiris Leontiou, Yunan futbolcu
 1985 - Neil McGregor, İskoç futbolcu
 1985 - Tom Fletcher, İngiliz şarkıcı (McFly)
 1986 - Dana, Koreli şarkıcı, dansçı ve oyuncu (TSZX)
 1987 - Ivan Strinić, Hırvat millî futbolcu
 1987 - Tigran Hamasyan, Ermeni caz piyanisti
 1987 - Jeremih, Amerikalı şarkıcı, söz yazarı, rapçi ve prodüktör
 1990 - Heinz Lindner, Avusturyalı millî futbolcu
 1990 - Anıl Piyancı, Türk rap müzisyeni
 1993 - Kali Uchis, Kolombiya asıllı Amerikalı şarkıcı ve söz yazarı
 1994
Benjamin Mendy, Fransız futbolcu
Victor Lindelöf, İsveçli futbolcu
Muhsin el-Harsi, Suudi futbolcu
 1996 - Jeon Wonwoo, Koreli şarkıcı, söz yazarı ve dansçı
 2000 - Miray Akay, Türk dizi ve sinema oyuncusu

Ölümler
 855 - IV. Leo, papa (d. 790)
 924 - Edward, Wessex kralı
 1198 - Lambronlu Nerses, Kilikya Ermeni Krallığı'nın Tarsus Başespiskoposu (d. 1153)
 1318 - Reşîdüddîn Fazlullah-ı Hemedânî, İlhanlı Devleti'nin Veziri, hekim, yazar ve tarihçi (d. 1247 ila 1250)
 1399 - Polonyalı Jadwiga, Polonya Krallığı'nın ilk kadın hükümdarı (d. 1374)
 1588 - Mimar Sinan, Türk mimar (d. 1489)
 1762 - III. Petro, Rus Çarı (d. 1728)
 1790 - Adam Smith, İskoç siyasetçi ve ekonomist (d. 1723)
 1845 - Charles Grey, Britanyalı siyasetçi (d. 1764)
 1852 - Salvadore Cammarano, İtalyan librettist ve oyun yazarı (d. 1801)
 1879 - Maurycy Gottlieb, Polonyalı realist ressam (d. 1856)
 1887 - Dorothea Dix, Amerikalı toplumsal reformcu ve hümanist (d. 1802)
 1892 - Carlo Cafiero, İtalyan anarşist (d. 1846)
 1896 - Rainilaiarivony, Madagaskarlı siyasetçi (d. 1828)
 1903 - James Abbott McNeill Whistler, ABD doğumlu, Büyük Britanya kökenli ressam (d. 1834)
 1906 - Carlos Pellegrini, 11. Arjantin Devlet Başkanı (d. 1846)
 1912 - Henri Poincaré, Fransız matematikçi ve fizikçi (d. 1854)
 1918 - II. Nikolay, Rus Çarı (d. 1868)
 1918 - Aleksey Nikolayeviç Romanov, Rus İmparatorluğu'nun Çesareviç'i ve taht varisi (d. 1904)
 1918 - Anastasiya Nikolayevna Romanova, Çar II. Nikolay'ın en küçük kızı (d. 1901)
 1918 - Aleksandra Fyodorovna, II. Nikolay'ın eşi (d. 1872)
 1918 - Mariya Nikolayevna Romanova, Çar II. Nikolay'ın üçüncü kızı (d. 1899)
 1918 - Olga Nikolayevna Romanova, Çar II. Nikolay'ın en büyük kızları (d. 1895)
 1918 - Tatyana Nikolayevna Romanova, Çar II. Nikolay'ın ikinci kızı (d. 1897)
 1925 - Lovis Corinth, Alman ressam ve grafiker (d. 1858)
 1928 - Álvaro Obregón, Meksikalı asker ve devlet adamı (d. 1880)
 1944 - William James Sidis, Amerikalı matematikçi ve düşünür (d. 1898)
 1944 - Bule Naipi, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Arnavut komünist partizan direniş hareketi üyesi (d. 1922)
 1945 - Ernst Busch, Nazi Almanyası'nın Generalfeldmarschall'i (d. 1885)
 1959 - Billie Holiday, Amerikalı şarkıcı, şarkı sözü yazarı ve besteci (d. 1915)
 1961 - Emin Halid Onat, Türk mimar (d. 1910)
 1961 - Vasfi Mahir Kocatürk, Türk şair, oyun yazarı, öğretmen ve politikacı (d. 1907)
 1967 - John Coltrane, Amerikalı caz müzisyeni ve saksafoncu (d. 1926)
 1995 - Juan Manuel Fangio, Arjantinli yarış arabası sürücüsü (d. 1911)
 1998 - Sedat Celasun, Türk asker (d. 1915)
 2002 - Joseph Luns, Hollandalı siyasetçi ve diplomat (d. 1911)
 2005 - Edward Heath, İngiliz siyasetçi ve Başbakan (d. 1916)
 2006 - Hakkı Atamulu, Türk heykeltıraş (d. 1912)
 2006 - Mickey Spillane, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1918)
 2009 - Meir Amit, İsrailli politikacı, üçüncü Mossad direktörü (d. 1921)
 2009 - Walter Cronkite, Amerikalı televizyon gazetecisi (d. 1916)
 2009 - Leszek Kołakowski, Polonyalı düşünür (d. 1927)
 2009 - Orhan Şengürbüz, Türk spor spikeri (d. 1958)
 2011 - Takaji Mori, Japon eski millî futbolcu (d. 1943)
 2012 - Ms. Melodie, Amerikalı seremoni lideri (d. 1969)
 2012 - İlhan Mimaroğlu, Türk besteci ve yazar (d. 1926)
 2012 - Morgan Paull, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1944)
 2013 - Vincenzo Cerami, İtalyan senarist (d. 1940)
 2013 - Briony McRoberts, İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1957)
 2013 - Nurettin Ok, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1927)
 2014 - Jack Lewis, İngiliz kimyacı (d. 1928)
 2014 - Elaine Stritch, Amerikalı oyuncu ve şarkıcı (d. 1925)
 2015 - Jules Bianchi, Fransız Formula 1 pilotu (d. 1989)
 2016 - Wendell Anderson, Amerikalı bürokrat (d. 1933)
 2016 - Nüzhet Kandemir, Türk diplomat ve siyasetçi (d. 1934)
 2017 - Harvey Atkin, Kanadalı oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1942)
 2018 - Rita Bhaduri, Hint kadın sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1955)
 2018 - Yvonne Blake, İngiliz-İspanyol kadın moda tasarımcısı (d. 1940)
 2018 - Saait Maajiet, Güney Afrikalı kriketçi (d. 1952)
 2018 - João Semedo, Portekizli siyasetçi ve fizikçi (d. 1951)
 2019 - Andrea Camilleri, İtalyan yazarı ve yönetmeni (d. 1925)
 2019 - Giuseppe Merlo, Eski İtalyan profesyonel tenis oyuncusu (d. 1927)
 2020 - José Paulo de Andrade, Brezilyalı gazeteci ve TV sunucusu (d. 1942)
 2020 - Ekaterina Alexandrovskaya, Rus-Avustralyalı buz patencisi (d. 2000)
 2020 - Moussa Benhamadi, Cezayirli politikacı ve araştırmacı (d. 1953)
 2020 - Brigid Berlin, Amerikalı model ve oyuncu (d. 1939)
 2020 - Seyfi Dursunoğlu, Türk sahne sanatçısı, şarkıcı ve sunucu (d. 1932)
 2020 - Zizi Jeanmaire, Fransız balerin, aktris ve koreograf (d. 1924)
 2020 - Silvio Marzolini, Arjantin millî futbol takımı futbolcusu (d. 1940)
 2020 - Angela von Nowakonski, Brezilyalı doktor, araştırmacı ve profesör (d. 1953)
 2021 - Pilar Bardem, İspanyol aktris ve aktivis (d. 1939)
 2021 - Dolores Claman, Kanadalı besteci ve piyanist (d. 1927)
 2021 - Angéline Nadié, Fildişi Sahilli aktris (d. 1968)
 2021 - Robby Steinhardt, Amerikalı müzisyen (d. 1950)
 2021 - Graham Vick, İngiliz opera yönetmeni (d. 1953)
 2021 - Milan Živadinović, Sırp eski profesyonel futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1944)
 2022 - Erden Kıral, Türk yönetmen ve sinemacı (d. 1942)
 2023 - Mangala Narlikar, Hintli kadın matematikçi, akademisyen ve yazar (d. 1943)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Dünya Emoji Günü

Kaynakça

0717
17

17 Temmuz


Manfred Scheich (* 26. April 1933 in Troppau; † 6. März 2020 in Wien) war ein österreichischer Botschafter.

Leben
Manfred Scheich studierte Handelswissenschaften in Wien und von 1957 bis 1958 an der Johns Hopkins University in Bologna. Seit 1954 ist er Mitglied der katholischen Studentenverbindung KÖHV Franco-Bavaria Wien im ÖCV.

1960 trat er in den auswärtigen Dienst und wurde bei der OECD in Paris beschäftigt.
Von 1960 bis 1964 war er Stellvertretender Leiter der Österreichischen Delegation bei der Europäischen Freihandelsassoziation in Genf.
Von 1964 bis 1967 war er wiederum im Bundesministerium für europäische und internationale Angelegenheiten in Wien beschäftigt.
Von 1967 bis 1969 wurde er im Sekretariat der UNIDO in Wien beschäftigt.
von 1967 bis 1970 war er Vorsitzender des Außenpolitischen Ausschusses des Österreichischen Arbeitnehmerinnen- und Arbeitnehmerbundes (ÖAAB).
Von 1970 bis 1974 war er Botschaftsrat bei der EG in Brüssel.
Von 1970 bis 1974 war er Botschaftsrat in Bern.
Von 1974 bis 1978 war er Botschafter nach Algier.
Von 1983 bis 1986 leitete er die Österreichische Vertretung bei der EG in Brüssel.
Von 1986 bis 1993 wurde er in der Wirtschaftssektion des Bundesministeriums für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten beschäftigt.
Von 1993 bis 1999 leitete er die Ständige Vertretung Österreichs bei der Europäischen Union.
Er wurde am Neustifter Friedhof bestattet.

Weblinks
 Botschafter Dr. Manfred Scheich auf aies.at

Einzelnachweise

Österreichischer Botschafter in Algerien
Ständiger Vertreter Österreichs bei der Europäischen Union
Botschafter (Republik Österreich)
ÖVP-Mitglied
Korporierter im CV
Österreicher
Geboren 1933
Gestorben 2020
Mann

Manfred Scheich


An Poa pseudobulbosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Norman Loftus Bor. An Poa pseudobulbosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Poa

Poa pseudobulbosa


John Hanson is an American movie director and cinematographer.

Early life
Born in St. Paul, Minnesota in 1942 and raised in McClusky, North Dakota, Hanson graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy, received his B.A. from Carleton College, and did postgraduate studies in architecture at the Harvard Graduate School of Design.

Career
He began his career in film, going on to direct the motion pictures Northern Lights, Wildrose, and Shimmer, and numerous film, video and television documentaries. His films have been shown at film festivals around the world, including Venice, Berlin, London, Toronto, New York, Chicago, Sundance and Cannes, where Northern Lights won the Caméra d'Or award at the Cannes Film Festival for Best First Feature of 1979. In addition to many other film awards, he received the Distinguished Achievement Award from Carleton College and an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Northland College. He is past chair and current board member of the Wisconsin Humanities Council. He was a founding member of Cine Manifest, a seminal independent film collective in San Francisco and the Independent Feature Project. He lives in Bayfield, Wisconsin.

Works

Books
Below the Sky: Photographs of the High Plains
The High Plains—the Dakotas, Montana, southern Saskatchewan—lie under a vast sky. Weather and wind throw cloud shadows across the landscape, a moving panorama of light, color and form. Earth meets sky at an incredibly distant horizon. Transcendent images materialize, drift away, reappear as the light shifts through the heavens. These remarkable photographs, taken over a span of 30 years, capture the magical moods and textures of a sublime, singular landscape—a rare retrospective of images taken by Hanson as he rambled the back roads of the plains below the sky. With an introduction by Minnesota writer Patricia Hampl and a foreword by Hanson.

Film

Appearances

 Michael Feldman's Whad'Ya Know?, July 9, 2011

References

External links

American film directors
American cinematographers
American documentary filmmakers
Carleton College alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Directors of Caméra d'Or winners

John Hanson (director)


Emissaries je četvrti studijski album izraelskog black metal-sastava Melechesh. Album je 30. listopada 2006. godine objavila diskografska kuća Osmose Productions.

O albumu
Ovo je prvi album sastava na kojem je bubnjeve svirao novi bubnjar Xul, koji se grupi pridružio 2005. godine. Neke inačice albuma sadrže i instrumentalnu bonus pjesmu "Extemporized Ophtalmic Release" koja nije navedena na popisu pjesama u knjižici albuma, ali se na CD-u pojavljuje pod brojem 11; naziv same pjesme govori kako je nastala neplanirano, tijekom improvizirane probe sastava.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Eduardo Rivadavia, glazbeni kritičar sa stranice AllMusic, dodijelio je albumu četiri i pol od pet zvjezdica te je komentirao: "Jedino pitanje na koje se ne može dati odgovor o Melecheshovom četvrtom albumu Emissaries jest je li u pitanju jedan od najboljih black metal albuma ili najboljih svjetskih metal albuma 2006. godine. [...] Ukratko, Emissaries je dosljedno mesmerizirajuće putovanje u rijetko istražena carstva glazbe (za slična iskustva s manje black metala, poslušajte Orphaned Land) te bi se čak i dugogodišnji obožavatelji Melechesha složili kako [album] predstavlja novi visoki uspon za sastav."

Osoblje

Melechesh
 Melechesh Ashmedi – vokali, gitara, klavijature, perkusija, produkcija, inženjer zvuka, miksanje, mastering
 Moloch – gitara
 Al'Hazred – vokali, bas-gitara
 Xul – bubnjevi, perkusija
Dodatni glazbenici
 Matthias Heine – vokali
 Proscriptor McGovern – vokali (na pjesmi 4)
 Mukhtar Sarouz – ney (na pjesmi 7)
 Remco Helbers – surbahar (na pjesmi 7)

Ostalo osoblje
 Dennis Koehne – inženjer zvuka, miksanje, mastering
 Siggi Bemm – inženjer zvuka
 Stéphane Laniray – fotografija
 Paul Guess – dizajn
 John Coulthart – naslovnica, ilustracije

Izvori

Albumi iz 2006.

Emissaries


Træstær () er en stæreart, der lever i sydøstlige Asien.

Kilder
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fugle fra Sydøstasien
Stære

Træstær


NGC 7535 je spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Pegazu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7535
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7535 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7535 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7500 - 7549

7535

NGC 7535


52246 Donaldjohanson este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
52246 Donaldjohanson este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Siding Spring de Schelte J. Bus. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,38 ua, o excentricitate de 0,19 și o înclinație de 4,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 52001-53000
 Centura de asteroizi
 Voir aussi (172850) Coppens și (32605) Lucy

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1981
Centura de asteroizi

52246 Donaldjohanson


Ploča Maoke je mala tektonska ploča u zapadnoj Novoj Gvineji ispod planinskog lanca Sudirman iz kojeg se uzdiže najviša planina na otoku - Puncak Jaya. Na istoku ploče je konvergentna granica s pločom Woodlark. Na jugu leži Transformni rasjed s Australskom pločom, a ploča Ptičje glave leži na zapadu.

Izvori

Maoke

Ploča Maoke


Die Asociación Nacional de Hockey en Hielo y en Línea (Nationaler Eis- und Inlinehockeyverband) ist der nationale Eishockeyverband Chiles.

Geschichte
Der Verband wurde 2000 in die Internationale Eishockey-Föderation aufgenommen. Der Verband gehört zu den angeschlossenen Mitgliedern der IIHF, die bislang ausschließlich Inlinehockey organisieren und hat daher auf deren Vollversammlung kein Stimmrecht. Aktueller Präsident ist Nicolas Gomez Bermeosolo (2012).

Weblinks
 Chile auf der Website der IIHF (englisch)

Chile
Verband
Inlinehockey
Sportverband (Chile)
Nationaler Sportverband


බෝලයක් යනු, විවිධ භාවිත සහිත  (සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ගෝලාකාර නමුත් සමහරවිට අණ්ඩාකාර) රවුම් වස්තුවකි.  එය  බෝල ක්‍රීඩා වලදී භාවිතා කෙරෙන අතර , ක්‍රීඩකයින් විසින් බෝලය වෙත පහරදීම, එය වෙත පයින් පහර එල්ල කිරීම හෝ එය විසී කිරීම අනුව ක්‍රීඩාවෙහි ප්‍රගමනය තීරණය වෙයි.  පන්දු ඇල්ලීම, ටික් බෝල සහ බෝල විජ්ජා පෙන්වීම වැනි වඩාත් සරල ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සඳහාද බෝල භාවිතා කල හැක. බෝල බෙයාරිම ලෙසින් හැඳින්වෙන ඉතා අඩු ඝර්ෂණයක් සපයන බෙයාරිම තැනීම සඳහා  ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාවෙහිදී පහසුවෙන් ගෙවී නොයන ද්‍රව්‍ය වලින් තැනෙන බෝල භාවිතා වෙයි. වෙඩි බෙහෙත් භාවිතා කරන කාලතුවක්කු වැනි උපකරණ සඳහා ගල් හෝ ලෝහ වලින් තැනූ බෝල ප්‍රක්ෂිප්ත ලෙසින් භාවිතා වෙයි.

වර්තමානයෙහි රබර් භාවිතයෙන් බොහෝ බෝල තැනුවද, කොලම්බස් විසින් ඇමරිකාව වෙත ගවේෂණයෙහි යෙදීමට පෙර මෙම රබර් බෝල ගැන පිටස්තර ලෝකය දැන සිටියේ නැත. මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකානු බෝල ක්‍රීඩාවකදී රබර් බෝල (මේවා ඝන බෝල වූ අතර පුම්බනු ලැබූ ඒවා නොවීය) භාවිතා කරනු පළමුවෙන් දැක ඇත්තේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසිනි. කොළම්බස්ට පෙර ලෝකයේ අනෙකුත් කොටස් වල විවිධ ක්‍රීඩා කටයුතු වලට භාවිතා කල බෝල සාදන ලද්දේ විවිධ ද්‍රව්‍ය පුරවා සත්ව මුත්‍රාශ්‍ර හෝ සම් භාවිතා කොට වැස්මක් දැමීමෙනි.

මිනිසුන්ට වඩාත් හුරුපුරුදු ගෝලාකාර වස්තුන් වන්නේ බෝල බැවින්, ගෝලාකාර හෝ ගෝලාකාර බවට සමීප ඕනෑම දෙයක් පිළිබඳ සඳහන් කිරීමට හෝ විස්තර කිරීමට "බෝලය" යන පදය භාවිතා වෙයි.

බෝලය


Robert "Bob" McIntyre (nacido el  en Queens, Nueva York) es un exjugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó dos temporadas en la ABA, además de jugar en la Liga Española  y en la EPBL. Con 1,98 metros de estatura, lo hacía en la posición de alero.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante cuatro temporadas con los Red Storm de la Universidad St. John's, en las que promedió 17,3 puntos y 8,6 rebotes por partido. Figura en el puesto 20 entre los máxomoa anotadores históricos de su universidad, y fue el autor de la canasta decisiva en la prórroga ante Georgetown Hoyas en la primera de las 526 victorias que conseguiría su entrenador Lou Carnesecca a lo largo de su carrera.

Profesional
Fue elegido en la trigésimo cuarta posición del Draft de la NBA de 1966 por St. Louis Hawks, pero al no encontrar hueco en el equipo fichó por el  Real Madrid de la liga española, consiguiendo el título de campeón de la Copa de Europa tras derrotar al Simmenthal Milano en la final por 91-83, en un partido en el que anotó 14 puntos.

En 1967 regresa a su país para incorporarse a las filas de los New Jersey Americans de la recién creada ABA. Allí jugaría 21 partidos en los que promedió 8,3 puntos y 4,8 rebotes. Tras ser despedido, jugó con los Allentown Jets de la EPBL hasta ser repescado por su antiguo equipo, reconvertido en los New York Nets en 1969. Pero solo disputó 7 partidos, en los que promedió 3,6 puntos y 2,9 rebotes.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la ABA

Temporada regular

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Baloncestistas de Nueva York
Baloncestistas de la ABA
Baloncestistas de los St. John's Red Storm
Baloncestistas del Real Madrid
Baloncestistas de los New Jersey Americans
Baloncestistas de los New York Nets
Baloncestistas de los Allentown Jets

Bob McIntyre


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 31 Ocak - Goryeolu Taejo, Kore'de hüküm süren Goryeo Hanedanlığı'nın kurucusu (ö. 943)

Ölümler
 6 Ekim - Dazlak Karl, Kutsal Roma imparatoru, Frank kralı (d. 823)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 I. İgnatius, Konstantinopolis Patriği (d. 797)
 Johannes Scottus Erigena, İrlandalı Orta Çağ düşünürü (d. 815)

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