Frans Burman (auch: Franz Burmann; * 3. Oktober 1708 in Amsterdam; † 10. April 1793 in Utrecht) war ein niederländischer reformierter Theologe.

Leben

Er war ein Sohn des Theologen Frans Burman (1671–1719) und dessen Ehefrau Elizabeth Thierens. Am 18. September 1720 hatte er sich an der Universität Leiden immatrikuliert. Nach einem umfangreichen Studium der theologischen Wissenschaften wurde er 1732 Pfarrer in Katwijk, 1736 Pfarrer in Nijmegen und am 20. Januar 1743 Pfarrer in Utrecht. Am 22. Juli 1743 wurde er von den Kuratoren der Utrechter Hochschule zum Professor der Theologie berufen, welches Amt er am 23. September 1743 mit der Rede de theologi docentis officio antrat. Am 6. Mai 1771 wechselte er auf den Lehrstuhl der Kirchengeschichte. Er beteiligte sich auch an den organisatorischen Aufgaben der Universität Utrecht und war in den Jahren 1746/47, 1766/67 sowie 1782/83 Rektor der Alma Mater.

Burman hatte sich am 15. September 1737 in Nijmegen mit Anna Geertruid van Leeuwen († 1802) verheiratet.

Schriften
 Oratio de recte Deum cognoscendi et colendi modo. 1746.
 mit dem Sohn Frans Burman: De harmonie ofte overeenstemminge der vier evangelisten, (...), II. Utrecht 1757.
 Eenige aenmerkingen de Nederduitsche tael aengaende. Utrecht 1757, 1768,
 Oratio funebris in obitum (…) Guilielmi Irhovii (…) publice habila dieXVIII. Decemb. MDCCLX. Utrecht 1760.
 Eenige nieuwe aenmerkingen de Nederduitsche tael en verscheidene oudheden aengaende. Utrecht-Amsterdam 1761, 1768.
 Deductie ter verdediginge tegen de soogenaamde regtmatige afkeering van Chr. Saxe. 1763.

Literatur
 A. de Groot: Burman, Frans. In: Biografisch Lexicon voor de geschiedenis van het Nederlands Protestantisme. Band 2. Uitgeveru Kok, Kampen 1983, ISBN 90-242-4461-7, S. 186 (niederländisch)
 Barend Glasius: Biographisch Woordenboek van Nederlandsche Godgeleerden. Band 1. Gebrüder Muller, 's-Hertogenbosch 1851, S. 204 (Online, niederländisch)
 Abraham Jacob van der Aa: Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden. Band 2, Teil 2. van Brederode, Haarlem, 1855, S. 1605, (Online, niederländisch)
 Molhuysen: Burman (Frans) (4). In: Philipp Christiaan Molhuysen, Petrus Johannes Blok: Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek. Band 4. A. W. Sijthoff's Uitgevers-Maatschappij, Leiden 1918, Sp. 353 (niederländisch)

Weblink
 Catalogus Professorum Academiae Rheno-Traiectinae

Autor
Reformierter Theologe (18. Jahrhundert)
Rektor (Universität Utrecht)
Niederländer
Geboren 1708
Gestorben 1793
Mann

Frans Burman (Theologe, 1708)


Mandragore était un projet de missile mer-air antimissile de courte portée français destiné à assurer la protection anti-aérienne des navires de surface de la Marine nationale française. Le projet fut abandonné en 1968 pour des raisons budgétaires.

Histoire
La Marine nationale lance en 1965 lance l'étude d'un projet de missile mer-air de courte portée et autonome (Tire et oublie) capable d'intercepter automatiquement des missiles ou des avions contre lesquels l'artillerie de défense anti-aérienne est impuissante. La crainte de la Marine est alors pour ses navires, l'avion volant au ras de l'eau et non détecté ou le missile lancé d'une vedette rapide. Cette crainte s'est concrétisée en octobre 1967 où l'escorteur israélien Eilat (l'ancien ) a été détruit par deux missiles Styx tirés depuis des vedettes égyptiennes Komar, de fabrication soviétique situées à  de leur cible.

Un premier crédit de 30 millions de francs permet de concevoir la maquette de la tête chercheuse du missile et ses radars ainsi que l'essai sur le banc d'un propulseur. Le budget global est alors estimé à 400 millions de francs. Le projet est finalement abandonné pour des raisons budgétaires et n'ayant pas non plus le soutien du ministre de la Défense, Pierre Messmer lui privilégiant le développement d'un missile anti-navire, l'Exocet.

Pour la défense de ses nouveaux navires, la France prévoit alors de faire l'acquisition de missiles sol-air américains Sea Sparrow.

Notes

Références

Missile surface-air
Arme navale
Marine française

Mandragore (missile)


Ceratoteka (lat. Ceratotheca), nekadašnji manji biljni rod mirisnog dvogodišnjeg raslinja iz porodice sezamovki (Pedaliaceae). Danas se vodi kao sinonim za rod Sesamum L. Vrste uključivane u njega raširene su po mnogim afričkim državama, a vrsta Ceratotheca triloba unešena je i u Floridu.

Opisao ga je Endlicher 1832. Postoji pet priznatih vrsta

Sinonimi
 Ceratotheca elliptica Schinz = Sesamum integribracteatum (Engl.) Byng & Christenh.
 Ceratotheca integribracteata Engl. = Sesamum integribracteatum (Engl.) Byng & Christenh.
 Ceratotheca integribracteata subsp. elliptica (Schinz) Ihlenf. = Sesamum integribracteatum (Engl.) Byng & Christenh.
 Ceratotheca lamiifolia (Engl.) Engl. = Sesamum trilobum (Bernh.) Byng & Christenh.
 Ceratotheca melanosperma Hochst. ex Bernh. = Sesamum sesamoides (Endl.) Byng & Christenh.
 Ceratotheca reniformis J. Abels = Sesamum reniforme (Abels) Byng & Christenh.
 Ceratotheca saxicola E. A. Bruce = Sesamum saxicola (E. A. Bruce) Byng & Christenh.
 Ceratotheca sesamoides Endl. = Sesamum sesamoides (Endl.) Byng & Christenh.
 Ceratotheca triloba (Bernh.) Hook. fil. = Sesamum trilobum (Bernh.) Byng & Christenh.
 Ceratotheca vanderystii De Wild. = Sesamum integribracteatum (Engl.) Byng & Christenh.

Izvori

Sistematika

Ceratoteka


Jenő Horváth () a fost un actor și regizor maghiar.

Biografie
A urmat studii la Academia de Teatru din Budapesta în perioada 1902-1904. După absolvire, în 1904, a fost angajat la Teatrul Național din Budapesta. În perioada 1907-1908 a fost actor și cântăreț de operetă la Teatrul Popular — Vígopera, iar în 1908 s-a întors la Teatrul Național, unde a fost numit în 1927 în funcția de regizor șef. Pe 6 aprilie 1929 a sărbătorit 25 de ani de activitate, fiind distins cu un inel de aur. Horváth a fost unul dintre cei mai buni interpreți ai personajelor lui Moliére. În octombrie 1928 a fost numit profesor la Academia de Teatru din Budapesta, unde a predat până în 1930 discurs scenic și tehnici dramatice și comice.

Activitatea teatrală

Actor
 Argan (Molière: Bolnavul închipuit)
 Chrysale (Molière: Tudós nők)
 Böffen Tóbiás (Shakespeare: A douăsprezecea noapte)
 Gyalu (Shakespeare: Visul unei nopți de vară)
 Jourdain úr (Molière: Az úrhatnám polgár)
 Lombai (Kisfaludy K.: Csalódások)
 Mandarin (Klabund: A krétakör)
 Pancracio (A salamancai varázsló)
 Má (Krétakör)
 Babosy Károly (A házasságok az égben köttettnek)
 Ravaszdi (Shakespeare: Îmblânzirea scorpiei)
 Pollacsek János (Három testőr)
 Örkényi báró (Nagymama)
 Leonato (Shakespeare: Mult zgomot pentru nimic)

Regizor
 Dostoievski: Frații Karamazov
 Bibó L.: A juss
 Shakespeare: Richard al II-lea
 Hevesi S.: Elzevir
 Zilahy Lajos: A hazajáró lélek
 Tóth E.: A tolonc
 Herczeg Ferenc: Ocskay brigadéros
 Shakespeare: Iulius Cezar
 Szigeti J.: A vén bakancsos és fia, a huszár

Filmografie
 Tutyu és Totyó (1915) – Tutyu úr, nyugalomba vonult tőkepénzes
 A tiszti kardbojt (1915) – Johann, német puccer
 Mágnás Miska (1916) – Gida
 Harrison és Barrison (1917)
 A riporterkirály (1917) – Pausálé úr [Harpagon], a kiadó
 Az anyaszív (1917) – Herdensky Guido
 A kis lord (1918) – Mr. Hobbs, a fűszeres
 A faun (1918) – Gradock [Groddock] ügyvéd
 Harrison és Barrison II. 1918
 Tutyut felszarvazzák (1918) – Tutyu
 Tutyu kirúg a hámból (1918) – Tutyu
 Tutyu ismeretséget köt (1919) – Tutyu
 Tutyu lakást keres (1919) – Tutyu
 Máté gazda és a törpék (1919)
 Omul de aur (1919) – Brazovics

Note

Bibliografie
 Magyar színházművészeti lexikon
 Magyar Színművészeti Lexikon (1929-1931, szerk. Schöpflin Aladár)
 Hangosfilm

Nașteri în 1881
Decese în 1931
Actori maghiari

Jenő Horváth (actor, 1881–1931)


Bijela grafija (divlji luštrek, kranjska grafija, kranjska selivka, hladnikija, lat. Grafia golaka; sin. Hladnikia golaka), jedina vrsta u rodu grafija iz porodice štitarki, nekada pripisivana rodu hladnikija (Hladnikia). Raste jedino po Sloveniji, Hrvatskoj, Crnoj Gori, BiH i Italiji (Alpe i Apenini).

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Pleurospermeae

Bijela grafija


Lennonov zid u Pragu svoj naziv nosi prema poznatom pjevaču Johnu Lennonu. Nakon smrti pjevača osvanuo je mural s njegovim likom te je zid ubrzo postao lokacija na kojoj su se ispisivali razni grafiti i citati po uzoru na pjesme Beatlesa te proturežimske parole i slogani, ali i globalne i lokalne poruke pozivajući na mir, ljubav i slobodu. Zid se  nalazi u distriktu Prag 1 okružen Malteškim vrtovima, nedaleko Karlovog mosta. Lennonova žena Yoko Ono posjetila je zid 2003. godine. Godine 2014. cijeli zid je prebojan u svrhu otvaranja prostora za novu generaciju umjetnika i njihovo izražavanje. Zid je danas jedna od najposječenijih turističkih lokacija u Pragu.

Izvori

Građevine u Pragu

Lennonov zid


Evaluación de la incidencia, también llamado el monitoreo y evaluación de la incidencia política, evalúa el progreso hacia los resultados o los propios resultados obtenidos, por ejemplo tales como cambios en la política pública. Esto es diferente de análisis de las políticas públicas, que generalmente se ve en los resultados de la política, o la corriente y evaluación del programa, que evalúa si los programas o servicios directos han tenido éxito. Incidencia política se esfuerza por influir en una política o programa, ya sea directamente o indirectamente, por lo tanto, la influencia está siendo evaluada, en lugar de los resultados de dicha influencia. Los evaluadores de la defensa tratan de comprender la medida en que los esfuerzos de la incidencia han contribuido al avance de una meta o la política. Lo hacen con el fin de aprender qué funciona y qué no lo hace, así como lo que funciona mejor con el fin de alcanzar los objetivos de la incidencia y mejorar los futuros esfuerzos de incidencia.

Véase también
 Incidencia política
 Grupo de presión
 Evaluación de proyectos
 Marco lógico
 Línea_de_base_(proyectos_de_desarrollo)
 Indicador social
 Indicadores de desarrollo sostenible
 Metodología de ciencias sociales

Teoría de sistemas
Metodología de ciencias sociales
Administración pública
Evaluación
Métodos de evaluación

Evaluación de la incidencia


රුවල් නැවක් () යනු සුළං බලයෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක වන විශාල යාත්‍රාවකි.

ආශ්‍රිත

 වෙළෙඳ සුළං
 List of large sailing vessels
 Sailboat
 Sailing ship accidents
 Sailing ship effect—describing the transition between an old and new technology
 Sailing ship tactics
 Shipbuilding

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

රුවල් නැව්


Die Croatian International 2005 fanden in Zagreb vom 3. bis zum 6. März 2005 statt. Das Preisgeld betrug 2.500 US-Dollar. Es war die 7. Austragung dieser internationalen Meisterschaften von Kroatien im Badminton.

Austragungsort
 Dom sportova, Trg Krešimira Ćosića 11

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
 badminton.de

2005
Badminton 2005
Badmintonwettbewerb in Zagreb
EBU Circuit 2004/05

Croatian International 2005


Joseph Gabriel Freiherr von Stengel (* 10. Februar 1771 in Mannheim; † 21. September 1848 ebenda) war ein hoher badischer Jurist und Verwaltungsbeamter.

Leben und Wirken
Joseph Gabriel von Stengel entstammte der freiherrlichen Linie der Herren von Stengel. Er war der Sohn des kurpfälzischen Kanzleidirektors und Staatsrats Johann Georg Freiherr von Stengel (1721–1798) sowie dessen Gattin Maria Christine Edle von Hauer (1734–1796) und der jüngere Bruder des bayerischen Staatsrates und Kunstmäzens Stephan von Stengel (1750–1822).

Stengel studierte Jura, wurde kurpfalz-bayerischer Landeskommissariatsrat und trat infolge des Übergangs der rechtsrheinischen Kurpfalz an Baden in dessen Staatsdienst ein. 1806 erfolgte die Ernennung zum badischen Regierungsrat in Mannheim, 1810 zum Kreisrat und schließlich 1814 zum Direktor des Neckarkreises (Sitz Mannheim). In dieser Funktion nahm er am 12. Februar 1819 den feierlichen Treueeid der Mannheimer Beamtenschaft auf den neuen Großherzog Ludwig I. entgegen. Ab März 1819 wirkte Joseph Gabriel von Stengel als Richter am höchsten Gericht des Großherzogtums Baden, dem Oberhofgericht in Mannheim, aus dem später unter Herabstufung seiner Bedeutung das Oberlandesgericht Karlsruhe hervorging. Seit 1836 hatte er dort den Rang eines Oberhofrichters und Geheimen Rates 1. Klasse.

Sein älterer Bruder Ernst Joseph von Stengel amtierte als Kanzler des Badischen Oberhofgerichtes, nach ihm dessen Sohn Franz von Stengel (1803–1870), der Neffe Joseph Gabriels.

Joseph Gabriel von Stengel war verheiratet mit Anna von Wuest († 1845). Aus der Ehe gingen drei Söhne hervor:

 Leopold (1804–1881), Regierungsrat bei der Regierung des Unterrheinkreises in Mannheim ⚭ Caroline von Quadt (1814–1869)
 Gustav, badischer Kammerherr und Bezirksförster in Wiesloch
 Franz, Oberamtmann in Wertheim ⚭ Auguste von Schenk

Joseph Gabriel von Stengel und seine Gattin sind auf dem Hauptfriedhof Mannheim begraben, wo sich ihr qualitätsvolles Grabmal mit Relief erhalten hat. Daneben befindet sich der Grabstein des Sohnes Leopold von Stengel und Familie.

Der Oberhofrichter war seit 1830 Komtur des Ordens vom Zähringer Löwen. 1832 veröffentlichte er eine Schrift gegen das Duellieren an deutschen Universitäten, mit dem Titel: Über die Duelle auf deutschen Universitäten in besonderer Beziehung auf das Großherzogtum Baden.

Literatur
 Vollständige Sammlung der Großherzoglich-Badischen Regierungsblätter. Band 2, Karlsruhe 1834, S. 765.
  Die Friedhöfe in Mannheim. Südwestdeutsche Verlagsanstalt, Mannheim 1992, S. 91–92.
 Friedrich Cast: Historisches und genealogisches Adelsbuch des Grossherzogthums Baden. 1845, S. 310.
 Ernst Heinrich Kneschke: Die Wappen der deutschen freiherrlichen und adeligen Familien. Band 2, 1855, S. 419.

Einzelnachweise

Jurist in der Kommunalverwaltung
Richter (deutsche Geschichte)
Träger des Ordens vom Zähringer Löwen (Kommandeur)
Joseph Gabriel
Badener
Deutscher
Geboren 1771
Gestorben 1848
Mann

Joseph Gabriel von Stengel


Politički komesar je osoba zadužena za moral i "pravilno" političko usmjerenje vojnika u jednoj vojnoj postrojbi. On nije vojni časnik iako je obavezno prisutan na svakom sastanku stožera postrojbe.

Pred početak invazije na Sovjetski Savez, Hitler je izdao "Komesarsku naredbu", po kojemu se od njemačkih snaga zahtijevalo političke komesare ne tretirati kao ratne zarobljenike, već ih na licu mjesta ubijati. Komesarska naredba ukinuta je godinu dana kasnije, 6. svibnja 1942., jer je bila kontraproduktivna za Nijemce. Kad se za ovo saznalo u Crvenoj armiji, učinak je bio takav da je predaja odgađana i borbe nastavljane čak i u bezizlaznim situacijama.

Pandan političkoga komesara u radnim organizacijama bili su personalci.

Povijest

Politički ili vojni komesari javljaju se prvi put u Francuskoj 1792. godine, a zadatak im je bio učvrršćivanje vojne organizacije Republike i osiguravanje od pripadnika svrgnutoga monarhističkoga sustava. Imali su razmjerno velike ovlasti, čak i za smjenu ili uhićenje zapovjednika koji se nisu pridržavali odgovarajućih propisa. Komesari se javljaju i tijekom Pariške komune 1871. godine.

U travnju 1918. godine, na zahtjev Vladimira Iljiča Lenjina, utemeljena je funkcija vojnih komesara u Radničko-seljačkoj crvenoj armiji. Pored "političko-obrazovnog rada" i održavanja veza sa narodom vojni komesari nadzirali su rad vojnih stručnjaka, preuzetih od carske vojske. Ocjenjujući ulogu vojnih komesara u Crvenoj armiji, Lenjin je rekao: "Bez vojnih komesara ne bismo imali Crvenu armiju". Poslije učvršćenja sovjetske vlasti, 1925. godine ukinuta je funkcija vojnih komesara, a njihovu ulogu preuzeli su dozapovjednici za politički rad. Neposredno pred Drugi svjetski rat, 10. svibnja 1939. godine, u postrojbama Crvene armije ponovo su uvedeni vojni komesari počevši od bataljuna pa naviše. Nakon sovjetsko-finskoga rata, 12. kolovozaa 1941. godine, Josif Staljin ukinuo je institut vojnih komesara, ali ih je poslije napada Njemačke na Sovjetski Savez, Vrhovni sovjet SSSR-a, 16. srpnja 1941. godine, ponovno uveo. Kada je Crvena armija sredila i učvrstila svoje redove, funkcija vojnih komesara ponovo je ukinuta 9. listopada 1942. godine.

Komesari su postojali i u mađarskoj Crvenoj armiji tijekom  socijalističke revolucije 1919. godine, tijekom kineske revolucije, kao i u španjolskoj republikanskoj vojsci. Tijekom Drugoga svjetskoga rata funkcije komesara uvedene su u postrojbama NOV-a Jugoslavije i NOV-a Albanije, u bugarskim i talijanskim partizanskim postrojbama, a kasnije među republikancima tijekom Grčkoga građanskog rata, sjevernokorejskom vojskom u Korejskom ratu i Alžiru tijekom rata za nezavisnost.

Politički komesari u NOV-u Jugoslavije

Odluka o uvođenju funkcije političkih komesara u štabovima partizanskih postrojbi donesena je kada i odluka o podizanju ustanka, 4. srpnja 1941. godine.

U Biltenu Glavnoga štaba Narodnooslobodilačkih partizanskih odreda Jugoslavije 10. kolovoza 1941. godine, pod točkom 15. kaže se da je potrebno "da se štabovi i komandiri partizanskih odreda pobrinu za proverene i dobre komandire i političke komesare koji treba da stanu na čelo tih pobunjenih masa, da štabovi i komesari moraju budno pratiti da neprijatelj ne ubaci u partizanske odrede svoje provokatore i špijune".

Na savjetovanju u Stolicama, u rujnu 1941. godine utvrđena je struktura i organizacija Glavnih štabova, Štabova partizanskih odreda i nižih zapovjedništava. Funkcija političkih komesara tada je uvedena kao obavezna od Glavnog štaba do Štaba odreda, bataljuna i čete. Uvođenjem funkcije političkih komesara u organizaciji Štabova, u izvjesnom smislu je prihvaćeno skupno rukovodstvo, tako da su štabovi bili sastavljeni uglavnom od četiri osobe: zapovjednika, političkoga komesara,  dozapovjednika i pomoćnika političkoga komesara.

Politički komesari i njihovi pomoćnici sve do 24. travnja 1944. godine nisu imali časničke činove. Tada je Vrhovni štab NOV i POJ izdao Uredbu o zvanjima političkih komesara i njihovih pomoćnika, koji su dobili odgovarajuće rangove ravne činovima zapovjednika i njihovih zamjenika.

Funkcija političkih komesara zadržana je u organizaciji Jugoslavenske armije i poslije završetaka Drugog svjetskog rata, sve do 1. lipnja 1953. godine, kada je ukinuta naredbom Vrhovnog zapovjednika JNA maršala Josipa Broza Tita.

Izvori

Literatura
 Vojna enciklopedija (svezak sedmi). Beograd, 1974. godina

Poveznice
 Komesarska naredba

Politika
SSSR
Jugoslavija u Drugom svjetskom ratu

Politički komesar


Aristobul al II-lea (în  - Aristobulos Hashení; în ; ) a fost un mare preot evreu și rege al Iudeei din 66 î.Hr. până în 63 î.Hr. A făcut parte din dinastia hasmoneilor.

Familie
Aristobul a fost fiul cel mic al lui Alexandru Ianai, rege și mare preot, și al Salomeei Alexandra. După moartea lui Alexandru în 76 î.Hr., văduva lui i-a succedat la conducerea Iudeei și l-a instalat pe fiul ei mai mare Hircan al II-lea ca mare preot. Atunci când Salomeea a murit în 67 î.Hr., Hircan a devenit, de asemenea, și rege.

Aristobul a împărtășit opiniile tatălui său cu privire la religie și politică. El a conceput modele de administrare a țării, încă din timpul vieții mamei lui. A avut relații apropiate cu nobilimea și cu militarii și a devenit un protector al saducheilor, aducând cauza lor în fața reginei. Multe cetăți pe care regina le-a pus la dispoziția saducheilor, aparent pentru apărarea lor împotriva fariseilor, au constituit, în realitate, centre în care au avut loc mișcări pregătitoare pentru uzurparea domniei de către Aristobul. Regina a căutat să-i dirijeze zelul lui militar în afara Iudeei și l-a trimis (70-69) să lupte împotriva lui Ptolemeu Mennaeus; atunci când expediția a eșuat, Aristobul și-a reluat intrigile politice. El a plecat din Ierusalim în secret și s-a adresat prietenilor lui, care stăpâneau un număr mare de așezări fortificate, cu intenția de a declanșa un război împotriva mamei sale. Dar regina a murit în acel moment critic, iar Aristobul și-a îndreptat acțiunile împotriva fratelui său, Hircan, moștenitorul legitim al tronului.

Rebeliunea
Hircan a încercat să aibă relații bune cu saducheii la fel ca tatăl său, Alexandru Ianai. Aristobul s-a răzvrătit împotriva sa. Din cauza acestui conflict, fariseii s-au trezit într-o poziție vulnerabilă.

Regele Hircan a pornit împotriva lui Aristobul în fruntea unei oștiri format din mercenari și din susținătorii săi. Confruntarea armată a avut loc lângă Ierihon, unde mulți dintre soldații lui Hircan au trecut de partea lui Aristobul și au contribuit în acest fel la victoria acestuia din urmă.

Hircan s-a refugiat în cetatea Ierusalimului, dar capturarea templului de către Aristobul l-a forțat   să se predea. S-a încheiat atunci o înțelegere prin care Hircan a renunțat la tron și la funcția de mare preot, dar a continuat să se bucure de veniturile aduse de această ultimă poziție.

Acest acord nu a durat însă deoarece Antipater Idumeeanul l-a convins pe Hircan că Aristobul plănuia să-l ucidă și l-a făcut să-i ceară ajutor lui Aretas al III-lea, regele nabateenilor. O armată nabateeană formată din 50.000 de soldați a înaintat către Ierusalim și a asediat orașul timp de mai multe luni.

Intervenția romanilor
În această vreme, generalul roman Pompei a învins în luptă oștile Regatului Pont și ale Imperiului Seleucid. El l-a trimis pe adjunctul său Marcus Aemilius Scaurus să ocupe Siria Seleucidă.

Din moment ce hasmoneii erau aliați ai romanilor,  frați adversari Aristobul si Hircan, au apelat amândoi la Scaurus, trimițându-i daruri și încercând să-l câștige de partea lor. Scaurus, mișcat de un dar de 400 de talanți, a decis să-l sprijine pe Aristobul și i-a poruncit regelui nabatean Aretas să-și retragă armata. În timpul retragerii lor, nabateenii au suferit o înfrângere zdrobitoare în luptele cu oștile lui Aristobul.

Când Pompei a sosit în Siria în anul 63 î.Hr., cei doi frați și un al treilea grup care dorea înlăturarea dinastiei hasmoneilor i-au trimis delegați, dar generalul roman a amânat decizia în favoarea unuia sau a celuilalt. Până la urma el l-a favorizat pe Hircan al II-lea, care era mai slab cu firea, în fața lui Aristobul al II-lea, considerându-l pe cel dintâi un aliat mai de nădejde al Imperiului Roman.

Pompei a învins oștirile evreiești în mai multe bătălii și a ocupat cetățile din Iudeea. Aristobul și fii săi, Alexandru și Antigon, au fost capturați în anul 63 î.Hr. Aristobul, care nu avea încredere în intențiile lui Pompei, s-a adăpostit în cetatea Alexandrium, dar când romanii i-au învins din nou oștirea, el s-a predat și s-a angajat să-i ajute să ocupe Ierusalimul. Deoarece  mulți oamenii săi au refuzat să deschidă porțile orașului, romanii au asediat și capturat cetatea, producând mari pagube atat orașului cât și Templului. Hircan a fost repus în funcția de mare preot, dar nu a mai avut autoritate politică.

Aristobul a evadat în anul 57 î.Hr., instigând la revoltă împotriva romanilor, dar a fost silit de Aulus Gabinius, consulul provinciei romane Siria, să se retragă la Machaerus. Marc Antoniu, comandantul cavaleriei lui Gabinius, a condus o expediție împotriva cetăților stăpânite de Aristobul și i-a înfrânt oștile.

Luat prizonier, Aristobul a fost pus în libertate de către Iulius Cezar în anul 49 î.Hr. cu scopul de a răscula Iudeea împotriva lui Pompei. Aristobul se afla în drum spre Iudeea împreună cu fiul său, Alexandru, când a fost deodată otrăvit de un om al lui Pompei. Fiul său, Alexandru, a fost decapitat în Antiohia de către comandantul roman Scipio.

Celălalt fiu al său, Antigon, a condus și el o revoltă împotriva Romei, cu ajutorul parților, și în anul 40 î.Hr a devenit rege și mare preot sub numele de Antigon al II-lea Mattathias (Antigonos Matityahu) dar a fost învins și ucis de romani în 37 î.Hr.

Note

Evrei din secolul I î.Hr.
Decese în 49 î.Hr.
Decese prin otrăvire
Regi din Israel
Dinastia Hasmoneilor

Aristobul al II-lea


مكتبة يوروبيانا الرقمية هي مشروع عبارة عن مكتبة رقمية انطلقت في نوفمبر 2008 في أوروبا بهدف جمع كافة الوثائق الأوروبية المتاحة من أفلام وكتب ووثائق وأرشفتها لتكون متاحة للجميع على موقع إلكتروني. وتنضوي المنظمة تحت المنظمة الأوروبية.

المصادر

انظر أيضًا
 المكتبة الرقمية العالمية

وصلات خارجية
 Official website (الموقع الرسمي)
 Development homepage حول المكتبة الأوروبية الرقمية

أرشيف على شبكة الإنترنت
السياسات الثقافية للاتحاد الأوروبي
خدمات البحث العلمية
منظمات تكنولوجيا المعلومات مقرها في أوروبا
مواقع ويب فنية
مواقع ويب أسست في 2008
إنترنت والاتحاد الأوروبي

أوروبيانا


Aceasta este o listă de  lacuri glaciare din România.

A
 Avrig

B

 Bâlea
 Bucura
 Buhăescu I
 Buhăescu II
 Buhăescu III
 Buhăescu IV

C

 Capra
 Călțun

D

E

F

G

 Galbena IV
 Galeșul
 Gâlcescu

H

 Hârtop I

I

 Iezer, Făgăraș
 Iezer, Rodna
 Iezeru Mare
 Izvorul-Mușeteică

J
 Judele

L

 Lala Mare
 Lala Mic
 Lia

M
 LMănăstirii

N

O

P
 Podragu

R
 Roșiile

S
 Scărișoara Galbenă

Ș
 Șureanu

T

U

V
 Valea Rea

Z
 Zănoaga Mare
 Zârna

Vezi și
 Lacuri în România

 Glaciare, Lacuri

Listă de lacuri glaciare din România


Aslanbeyli, Eskişehir ilinin Seyitgazi ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin asıl adı Şücaaddin'dir. Şücaaddin ismini mahallede bulunan, önemli Bektaşi merkezlerinden Şeyh Şücaaddin Külliyesi'nden almaktadır. Mahallede iki türbe bulunmaktadır.
Şücaaddin Veli'ye ait olan türbede iki kitabe bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan kapı kemeri üzerindeki panoya yazılmış kitabede; "Evliyanın öncüsü Hazreti Sultan Şüca-"Allah kabrini nurlandırsın'ı" seven Bali Beyoğlu Kasım Bey, bu binayı H.921/M.1515 tarihinde ve Sultan Bayezid'in oğlu Sultan Selim'in saltanatı zamanında imar eyledi" yazısı okunur.

Coğrafya
Eskişehir iline 46 km, Seyitgazi ilçesine 7 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
Web Sayfası

Seyitgazi'nin mahalleleri

Aslanbeyli, Seyitgazi


The Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (, FLEC) is a guerrilla and political movement fighting for the independence of the Angolan province of Cabinda. Formerly under Portuguese administration, with the independence of Angola from Portugal in 1975, the territory became an exclave province of the newly independent Angola. The FLEC fights the Cabinda War in the region occupied by the former kingdoms of Kakongo, Loango and N'Goyo.

History
On February 1, 1885, the Treaty of Simulambuco was signed, establishing Cabinda as a Portuguese protectorate.

In 1963, three organizations — the Movement for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (MLEC), Action Committee of the Cabinda National Union (CAUNC), and the Mayombe National Alliance (ALLIAMA) —  merged to form the FLEC.

During the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974), the nationalist movements of Cabinda fought against the Portuguese Armed Forces. After the Estado Novo regime which ruled Portugal and its overseas territories fell in the "Carnation Revolution" military coup of  25 April 1974 in Lisbon, independence was offered to all the territories abroad, including to Angola. In 1975 FLEC constituted a provisional government spearheaded by Henriques Tiago that proclaimed Cabindan independence from Portugal on August 1, 1975. Luís Ranque Franque was the president.

FLEC broke into three factions; FLEC-Ranque Franque, FLEC-N'Zita, led by Henrique N'zita Tiago, and FLEC-Lubota, led by Francisco Xavier Lubota.
In November 1977 another faction, the Military Command for the Liberation of Cabinda, was created. In June 1979 the Armed Forces for the Liberation of Cabinda created another movement, the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Cabinda (MPLC, Movimento Popular de Libertação de Cabinda). In the 1980s FLEC received help from the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), which opposed the MPLA-controlled government of Angola, and from South Africa. In 1988, the Communist Committee of Cabinda (CCC, Comité Comunista de Cabinda) left the FLEC, led by Kaya Mohamed Yay. In the 1990s another faction, the National Union for the Liberation of Cabinda (União Nacional de Libertação de Cabinda), led by Lumingu Luís Gimby, was created.

Another group was created by Cabindese expatriates in the Netherlands in 1996, the "Frente de Libertação do Estado de Cabinda" (FLEC (Lopes), Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda).

In December 2002, Angolan Armed Forces announced the capture of FLEC-Renovada.

FLEC-FAC continues its struggle for independence both inside and outside Cabinda. In October 2006 FLEC-FAC asked for intervention by the African Union's Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights.

Togo football team bus attack

On 8 January 2010, while being escorted by Angolan forces through the disputed territory of Cabinda, the team bus of the Togo national football team was attacked by gunmen as it travelled to 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournament. The ensuing gunfight resulted in the deaths of the assistant coach, team spokesman and bus driver, as well as injuring several others.

An offshoot of the FLEC claimed responsibility. Rodrigues Mingas, secretary general of the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Military Position (Flec-PM), said his fighters had meant to attack security guards as the convoy passed through Cabinda. "This attack was not aimed at the Togolese players but at the Angolan forces at the head of the convoy," Mingas told France 24 television. "So it was pure chance that the gunfire hit the players. We don't have anything to do with the Togolese and we present our condolences to the African families and the Togo government. We are fighting for the total liberation of Cabinda."

Kidnappings
Members of the group have taken several foreign citizens hostage in Cabinda. In May 2000, FLEC-FAC kidnapped three foreign and one local employee of a Portuguese contractor who were released in two months.

External support

France has a big interest in Angola. The French oil giant TotalEnergies which made a new offshore oil discovery in October 2009, has been expanding its presence in Angola. The country is the second largest contributor for production of TotalEnergies after Nigeria. According to Angolan media, France and Portugal will allow extradition of leaders of the separatist movement in the wake of the 2010 attacks on Togo's football team for which FLEC claimed the responsibility.

See also
African independence movements
List of active autonomist and secessionist movements

References

External links
Official Government of Republic of Cabinda website
Kabinda Nation
FLEC Noticias
Incidents attributed to FLEC on the START terrorism database, Profile on START

Cabinda independence movement
Rebel groups in Angola
Angolan Civil War
Angolan War of Independence
Secessionist organizations
Separatism in Angola
National liberation movements in Africa
Nationalist terrorism
Regionalist parties
Political parties established in 1963
1963 establishments in Angola


Pelham est une ville située au centre de la région de Niagara dans le sud de l'Ontario, au Canada. Sa population est de 17 110 habitants lors du recensement de 2016.

La limite sud de la ville est formée par la rivière Welland, une voie navigable sinueuse qui se jette dans la rivière Niagara. La ville est limitée à l'ouest par le canton de West Lincoln, à l'est par les villes de Welland et de Thorold, et au nord par les villes de Saint Catharines et de Lincoln. Le secteur de North Pelham contient les pittoresques Short Hills. Deux ruisseaux importants prennent leur source dans Pelham : Coyle Creek, qui coule vers le sud jusqu'à la rivière Welland, et Twelve Mile creek, un ruisseau alimenté par une source qui coule vers le nord jusqu'au lac Ontario.

Histoire
Le canton de Pelham faisait partie du  depuis la fin des années 1780. La ville de Pelham tire son nom du canton, que John Graves Simcoe a nommé dans les années 1790. Au début, les cantons n'étaient que numérotés et non nommés, Simcoe adopte donc des noms provenant des noms de cantons d'Angleterre. Pelham a été nommée en l'honneur du Pelham Manor, le manoir familial du premier propriétaire terrien du comté de Westchester dans l'État de New York, Joshua Pell. Celui-ci a été perdu par les loyalistes Pells pendant la Révolution américaine (Pell s'est d'abord exilé en Nouvelle-Écosse en 1783, avant d'obtenir plus tard des terres dans la région de Niagara après un appel direct à George III.)

En 1922, le village de Fonthill est devenu une municipalité distincte en demandant des terres au canton de Pelham et au canton de Thorold. Quant à elle, la ville de Pelham, dans sa forme actuelle, est fondée en 1970.

Administration
La ville est divisée en trois quartiers, dont les électeurs de chacun élisent deux conseillers municipaux pour une période de quatre ans. Le maire est élu séparément, il siège au Conseil de la région de Niagara et depuis 2006, siège aussi pendant quatre ans. Depuis 2003, un conseiller excédentaire est également élu afin de représenter la ville au Conseil de la région de Niagara. Le tableau suivant présente les différentes personnes ayant occupé la fonction de maire de la ville.

Démographie
Le tableau suivant présente l'évolution de la population de la ville de Pelham en fonction des recensements canadiens.

Climat
La ville a un climat continental humide d'été chaud, soit Dfb selon la classification de Köppen, en raison notamment de l'absence d'îlots de chaleur urbain dans les environs qui occasionneraient un réchauffement éolien et des températures, tel ce qui est observé dans des villes de latitudes égales ou plus au nord comme Hamilton ou Niagara Falls (zone Dfa).

Localités
Pelham compte plusieurs localités et hameaux, lesquels sont listés ci-dessous :
 Effingham
 Fenwick
 Fonthill
 Pelham Nord
 Centre Pelham
 Coins Pelham
 Ridgeville

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des municipalités de l'Ontario

Liens externes

Ville en Ontario

Pelham (Ontario)


Á hverfanda hveli (Gone with the Wind) er bandarísk kvikmynd sem er byggð á samnefndri skáldsögu eftir Margaret Mitchell. Hún var frumsýnd 15. desember 1939 í Atlanta.

Bandarískar kvikmyndir

Á hverfanda hveli


Rukometni klub Kvarner Rijeka je rukometni klub iz Rijeke osnovan je 1963. godine u Rijeci. Poslije je rasformiran, a rad obnovio 2003. kao RK Kvarner Kostrena.

Povijest
Klub je osnovan 27. veljače 1963. godine kao RK Kvarner. Prvi igrači bili su: Simeon Kosanović, Zvonko Ugrin, Slobodan Petković, Vladimir Babić, Josip Božić, Jerolim Ostojić, Marijan Lučić, Davor Amančić, Marijan Glavan, Perica Vukičević i Ivan Munitić skupa s trenerom Eduardom Domazetom. Inicijatori rada bili su: Đuro Blim, Nikola Mikuličić, Eduard Domazet, Mladen Kopajtić, Ivo Kreculj, Branko Komljenović, Petar Grabovac, Petar Ogurlić i Rajko Plivečić.

Prvih deset godina rada klub klub je napredovao od zonskih liga do Prve savezne lige. U prvoj ligi vodio ih je Vlado Stenzel, koji je u to vrijeme također bio izbornik jugoslavenske reprezentacije. Dok je Stenzel vodio Kvarner u klubu su igrali Zdenko Hibšer, Zdravko Rađenović, Vlado Vukoje, Roberto Sošić i Zdravko Rađenović. To su bile zlatne Kvarnerove godine. Bio je prvi rukometni klub iz Rijeke koji je ušao u prvu ligu. Godine 1969. i 1970. Kvarner bio je prvak Hrvatske.

Godine 1973. je ispao u Drugu ligu uz odlazak većine njegovih igrača u druge klubove. U prvu se ligu uspio vratiti sljedeće sezone i to s pomlađenim sastavom. Tad su igrali Ivica Rimanić, Boris Komucki, Jurica Lakić i drugi. Kvarner je bio bolji od gradskog rivala Zameta sve do 1977., kad je Zamet napredovao kroz lige u Jugoslaviji.

Poznati bivši igrači

 Marijan Glavan
 Simeon Kosanović
 Željko Kosanović
 Perica Vukičević
 Ivan Munitić
 Božidar Peter
 Zdenko Hibšer
 Roberto Sošić
 Vlado Vukoje
 Darko Drobina
 Zdravko Rađenović
| valign=top |
 Ratko Gobo
 Boris Komucki
 Jurica Lakić
 Boris Milevoj
 Franko Mileta
 Vjekoslav Mitrović
 Ivica Pezelj
 Marijan Seđak
 Goran Turkalj
 Damir Malnar
 Ivica Rimanić
 Stipe Crnković
| valign=top |
 Drago Žiljak
 Tomislav Kruljac
 Marko Kosanović
 Damir Čavlović
 Tomislav Čavlović
 Dragan Straga
 Dubravko Konjuh
 Darko Srdoč
 Branko Crnković
 Stipe Crnković
 Mićo Bjelovuk

| valign=top |
 Alfred Franković
 Branko Milošević
 Duško Milošević
 Robert Živković
 Milan Uzelac
 Adnan Kamberović
 Dalibor Prokopić
 Nikola Kosanović
 Josip Crnić
 Filip Briški
 Antonio Pribanić

Treneri

 1963. - Eduard Domazet
 1963. – 1965. - Romeo Frnić
 1965. – 1966. - Božidar Peter
 1966. – 1967. - Josip Božić
 1967. – 1970. - Božidar Peter
 1970. – 1973. - Vlado Stenzel
 1973. – 1975. - Ivan Munitić
 1975. - Jurica Lakić
 1975. – 1978. - Božidar Peter
 1978. – 1979. - Ivan Munitić
| valign=top |
 1979. – 1980. - Božidar Peter
 1980. – 1982. - Marijan Seđak
 1982. – 1983. - Ivica Pezelj
 1983. – 1988. - Bojan Skomina
 1988. – 1989. - Branimir Čutić
 1989. – 1992. - Zvonko Ugrin
 1992. – 1993. - Duško Milošević
 1993. – 1994. - Zdenko Hibšer, Duško Milošević i Marko Kosanović
 1994. – 1995. - Marko Kosanović
 1995. – 1999. - Josip Božić
| valign=top |
 2001. – 2002. - Esad Subašić i Damir Čavlović
 2002. - Esad Subašić
 2003. – 2007. - Ivan Munitić
 2008. – 2009. - Mladen Prskalo
 2009. – 2011. - Drago Žiljak
 2011. – 2012. - Ivan Munitić

Bilješke

Literatura
Petar Ogurlić - 50 godina rukometa u Rijeci (2004.)

Vanjske poveznice
 Facebook - Rukometni klub Kvarner Kostrena
 Grad Rijeka - Sport i rekreacija

Kvarner
Kvarner

RK Kvarner


Reliktno jezero je tip tektonskoga jezera koje predstavlja ostatak nekadašnjeg mora ili oceana. Nastalo je izdizanjem zemljišta u predijelu tjesnaca i zaljeva, čime je došlo do odvajanja vodene mase od Svjetskoga oceana i formiranja jezera. Takva su Kasipijsko i Aralsko jezero, ostatci nekadašnjega Tetisa, kao i Vegoritida (Ostrovsko jezero) i Himaditida (Rudničko ili Vrapčinsko jezero) u Egejskoj Makedoniji, ostatci nekadašnjega velikog Egejskoga mora.

Vidi još
 Jezero
 More

Literatura
 Мастило, Наталија (2005): Речник савремене српске географске терминологије, Географски факултет, Београд

Tipovi jezera

Reliktno jezero


Aksiom praznog skupa je aksiom egzistencije iz teorije skupova. Jedan je od aksioma Zermelo–Fraenkelove teorije. Po tom aksiomu postoji barem jedan skup, a to je skup bez elemenata odnosno prazan skup, odnosno skup koji ne sadrži niti jedan element.

Formalnim jezikom glasi

odnosno

Po aksiomu ekstenzionalnosti slijedi da je takav skup jedinstven i oznaka za taj jedinstveni objekt je ∅.

Izvori
Prirodoslovno matematički fakultet u Zagrebu  Mladen Vuković: Teorija skupova; Zagreb: Sveučilište u Zagrebu, siječanj 2015. str.  8

Teorija skupova
Aksiomi

Aksiom praznog skupa


The North Carolina General Assembly of 1778 met in three sessions in three locations in the years 1778 and 1779. The first session was held in New Bern from April 14 to May 2, 1778; the second session in Hillsborough, from August 8 to August 19, 1778; the third and final session in Halifax, from January 19 to February 13, 1779.

Each of the 39 North Carolina counties and Washington District/County were authorized by the North Carolina Constitution of 1776 to elect one Senator to the Senate and two representatives to the House of Commons.  In addition, six districts (also called boroughs) were authorized to elect one House representative each.  Richard Caswell was elected governor by the legislature.

Legislation
This general assembly established Wilkes County in 1778  This general assembly established the following counties in  their last session in 1779:  Franklin, Gates, Jones, Lincoln, Montgomery, Randolph, Richmond, Rutherford, Warren, and Wayne Counties.   For additional laws and minutes of the 1778 General Assembly, see Legislative Documents.

Councilors of State
The General Assembly elected the following Councilors of State on April 18, 1778:
 Joseph Leech, from Craven County
 Thomas Bonner from Beaufort County
 William Cray from Onslow County
 Edward Starkey from Onslow County
 Robert Bignall from Edgecombe County
 Richard Henderson from Granville County
 William Haywood from Edgecombe County
 William Bryan from Craven County
 John Simpson from Pitt County
 Frederick Jones from New Hanover County (elected on February 3, 1779)

House of Commons

House leadership
 Speaker: John Williams (Granville County), until April 28, 1778; Thomas Benbury (Chowan County) elected to replace Williams.
 Clerk: John Hunt (Franklin County)
 Assistant Clerk: Joseph Blithe

House members

The members of the House and the counties and districts they represented are listed below.

Senate

Senate leadership
 President pro tempore: Whitmell Hill, until his election to the Continental Congress; Allen Jones elected to replace Hill
 Clerk: John Sitgreaves

Senate members

The following senators and the counties they represented are listed.

Notes:

References

1778
General Assembly
General Assembly
 1778
 1778

North Carolina General Assembly of 1778


مجدي قد تعني:

 مجدي الإبياري: مؤلف كوميدي مصري.
 مجدي يعقوب: جراح قلب مصري.
 مجدي صبحي: ممثل مصري.
 مجدي مهنا: صحفي مصري.
 مجدي الجلاد: رئيس تحرير صحيفة المصري اليوم.
 مجدي شعبان: لاعب كرة قدم عماني.
 مجدي صديق: لاعب كرة قدم قطري.
 مجدي الهواري: منتج ومخرج مصري.
 مجدي مشموشي: ممثل لبناني.
 مجدي تراوي: لاعب كرة قدم تونسي.
 مجدي الهلالي: طبيب وداعية إسلامي.
 مجدي كامل: ممثل مصري.
 مجدي أحمد حسين: اعلامي وناشط سياسي.
 مجدي الحسيني: عازف أورج مصري.
 مجدي كاتب وروائي سعودي.

أسماء شخصية
ألقاب النسب

مجدي (توضيح)


The history of the Scots language refers to how Anglic varieties spoken in parts of Scotland developed into modern Scots.

Origins

Speakers of Northumbrian Old English settled in south-eastern Scotland in the 7th century, at which time Cumbric was spoken in the south of Scotland up to the Forth-Clyde isthmus, and the possibly related Pictish was spoken further north. At the same time Gaelic speakers began to spread from the Western Coast of Scotland north of the Clyde into the east. Over the next five hundred years with the founding of Scotland and spread of Christianity across the north of Britain by the Columban Church the Gaelic language slowly moved eastwards and southwards across the lowlands. When Northumbrian lands were incorporated into Scotland in the 11th century Gaelic became the prestige language there and had some influence, but the south east remained largely English speaking. In the far north, Viking incursions brought Old Norse speakers into Caithness, Orkney, and Shetland.

Scholars of the language generally use the following chronology:
 Northumbrian Old English to 1100
 Pre-literary Scots to 1375
 Early Scots to 1450
 Middle Scots to 1700
 Modern Scots 1700 onwards

Pre-literary Scots
The nature of early forms of the language are obscure due to Viking plundering and destruction, Edward I of England's removal of the national records and their subsequent loss, the destruction of the monasteries in border warfare, and vandalism during the Reformation. It is difficult to assess whether Scots descends largely from the Northumbrian Old English of Lothian or the Anglo-Danish of Yorkshire introduced some four hundred years later, which would explain the Norse elements in Early Scots which are lacking in Northumbrian Old English. According to linguist Paul Johnston, Scots descends "from a radically restructured, Norse-influence Northumbrian going back to the Danelaw proper as much as from the original dialects of the Bernician settlers." Further Scandinavian influence could have come about through Scotland's trade contacts with Norway. Current insights into pre-literary Scots stem largely from place-names, archaeology, and a few words in Latin documents.

Early Scots

Northumbrian Old English had been established in south-eastern Scotland as far as the River Forth by the 7th century. It remained largely confined to this area until the 13th century, continuing in common use while Scottish Gaelic was the court language until displaced by Norman French in the early 12th century. English then spread further into Scotland via the burgh.

After the 12th century early northern Middle English began to spread north and eastwards. It was from this dialect that Early Scots, known to its speakers as "English" (Inglis), began to develop, which is why in the late 12th century Adam of Dryburgh described his locality as "in the land of the English in the Kingdom of the Scots" and why the early 13th century author of de Situ Albanie thought that the Firth of Forth "divides the kingdoms of the Scots and of the English".

Most of the evidence suggests that English spread further into Scotland via the burghs, proto-urban institutions which were first established by King David I. Incoming burghers were mainly English (especially from Northumbria and the Earldom of Huntingdon), Flemish and French. Although the military aristocracy employed French and Gaelic, these small urban communities appear to have been using English as something more than a lingua franca by the end of the 13th century. The growth in prestige of English in the 14th century, and the complementary decline of French in Scotland's Royal Court, made English the prestige language of most of eastern Scotland.

Divergence from Northumbrian Middle English was influenced by the Norse of Scandinavian-influenced Middle English-speaking immigrants from the North and Midlands of England during the 12th and 13th centuries, Dutch and Middle Low German through trade and immigration from the low countries, and Romance via ecclesiastical and legal Latin, Norman and later Parisian French due to the Auld Alliance. Some loan words entered the language resulting from contact with Scottish Gaelic, often for geographical features such as ben, glen, crag, loch and strath; however, there are several others like bog from bog (moist or damp), twig (catch on) from tuig (understand), galore (lots of) from gu leòr (plenty), boose or buss from bus (mouth), and whisky from  uisge-beatha (water of life).

Eventually the royal court and barons all spoke Inglis. Further spreading of the language eventually led to Scottish Gaelic being confined mostly to the highlands and islands by the end of the Middle Ages, although some lowland areas, notably in Galloway and Carrick, retained the language until the 17th or 18th century. From the late 14th century even Latin was replaced by Inglis as the language of officialdom and literature.

Middle Scots

By the early 16th century what was then called Inglis had become the language of government, and its speakers started to refer to it as Scottis and to Scottish Gaelic, which had previously been titled Scottis, as Erse (Irish). The first known instance of this was by Adam Loutfut c. 1494. In 1559 William Nudrye was granted a monopoly by the court to produce school textbooks, two of which were Ane Schort Introduction: Elementary Digestit into Sevin Breve Tables for the Commodius Expeditioun of Thame That are Desirous to Read and Write the Scottis Toung and Ane Intructioun for Bairnis to be Learnit in Scottis and Latin. In 1560 an English herald spoke to Mary of Guise and her councillors, at first they talked in the "Scottish tongue" but because he could not understand they continued in French.

By this time Scots had diverged significantly from its neighbour south of the border and had become the vehicle for an extensive and diverse national literature. Free variation was a prominent and important feature of the Middle Scots spelling system, however, all writers displayed some greater or lesser degree of consistency in their spelling habits. A literary standard applied but it was less than uniform. From the middle of the 16th century Scots began to become increasingly Anglicized. At the time of King James I, the King James version of the Bible and other editions of the Scripture printed in English became popular. By the late 16th century almost all writing was composed in a mixture of Scots and English spellings, the English forms slowly becoming more common so that by the end of the 17th century Scots spellings had almost disappeared completely. This process took slightly longer in unpublished vernacular literature and official records. After the Union of the Crowns in 1603 the Scots speaking gentry had increasing contact with English speakers and began to remodel their speech on that of their English peers. It was this remodelling that eventually led to the formation of Scottish English.

From 1610 to the 1690s during the Plantation of Ulster some 200,000 Scots settled in the north of Ireland taking what were to become Ulster Scots dialects with them. Most of these Scots came from counties in the west of Scotland, such as Ayrshire, Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, and Galloway, but others came from the Borders. The Ulster-Scots language has been greatly influenced in pronunciation by Hiberno-English. Additionally, it has loan-words from Irish.

Modern Scots

In the 18th century 'polite society' now considered Scots as 'provincial and unrefined' and much of the gentry endeavoured to rid itself of the former national tongue. Elocutionists such as Thomas Sheridan and John Walker were employed to teach Scots, both in London and Scotland, the formalities of proper English. However, this status was not universally accepted by all educated Scots of the period and a new literary Scots came into being.  Unlike Middle Scots, it was usually based on contemporary colloquial speech. Its orthography was generally an adaptation of the imported standard, though some orthographic features from Middle Scots continued to be used. This modern literary Scots was exemplified by Allan Ramsay and his followers, and their successors such as Robert Burns. Many writers and publishers found it advantageous to use English forms and copious apostrophes to secure a larger English readership unfamiliar with Scots. The pronunciation undoubtedly remained Scots as the rhymes reveal. Early in the 19th century the publication of John Jamieson's Etymological Dictionary of the Scots Language was accompanied by a renewed interest in Scots among the middle and upper classes. In this period the absence of an official standard or socially acceptable norm led to further dialect divergence.

Notes

See also
 Phonological history of the Scots language

References

 A History of Scots to 1700 in A Dictionary of Older Scots Vol. 12. Oxford University Press 2002.
 Aitken, A.J. (1977) How to Pronounce Older Scots in Bards and Makars. Glasgow, Glasgow University Press.
 Aitken, A. J. (1987)  The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Language. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press.
 Caldwell, S.J.G. (1974) The Relative Pronoun in Early Scots. Helsinki, Société Néophilique.
 Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (Editors)(2003) The Edinburgh Companion to Scots. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.
 Jones, Charles (1997) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press.
 Jones, Charles (1995) A Language Suppressed: The pronunciation of the Scots language in the 18th century. Edinburgh, John Donald.

External links
 Dictionary of the Scots Language
 Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd
 The Scots Spelling System in Early Modern Texts
 NOSTRA VULGARI LINGUA: SCOTS AS A EUROPEAN LANGUAGE 1500–1700

Cultural history of Scotland
Scots language
Languages of Ireland
Languages of Scotland
Germanic language histories

History of the Scots language


O Arranha-céu Ginzburg ou Casa Ginzburg foi um arranha-céu destruído no século XX em Kiev. Entrou para a história como "o primeiro arranha-céu da Ucrânia". Foi concluído em 1912 e destruído em 1941.

O edifício foi construído entre 1910-1912. Eram 94 apartamentos, sendo que o maior deles tinha 11 quartos. Havia cerca de 500 quartos no total.

Em abril de 1918, a missão militar francesa da República Popular da Ucrânia, composta por 6 oficiais, estava instalada neste edifício.

Foi explodido pelas forças soviéticas em retirada em 1941 (após a invasão alemã da União Soviética).

O prédio foi explodido pelas tropas do NKVD da URSS a 24 de setembro de 1941 e totalmente destruído no início dos anos 1950, quando foi realizado o desmantelamento final da fundação do prédio.

Galeria

Ginsburg
Arquitetura da década de 1910

Arranha-céu Ginsburg


Guy de Maupassant (5 Ağustos 1850 - 6 Temmuz 1893) Fransız romancı ve kısa öykü yazarı.

Hayatı

Guy de Maupassant (okunuşu :güy dö mopasan) 5 Ağustos 1850 yılında Fransa'da doğmuştur. Doğum belgesinde Tourville-sur-Arques'da bulunan Miromesnil şatosunda dünyaya geldiği belirtilse de çeşitli kaynaklara g6 Temmuz 1893 tarihinde Paris'te 42 yaşında ölmüştür. Mezarı Paris Montparnasse mezarlığındadır.

Maupassant ailesi Normandie bölgesine XVIII. yüzyılda yerleşir. Babası, Gustave Maupassant 1846 yılında bir burjuva olan Laure le Poitevin ile evlenir. Laure derin edebi kültüre sahip bir hanımdır. Klasikleri ve özellikle de Shakespeare'i çok sever. Çiftin boşanmasının ardından Guy ve ağabeyi Hervé anneleriyle yaşarlar. Kır kasabaları ve deniz kıyısında, doğa ile iç içe açık hava sporları yaparak büyür. Bu dönemde balıkçılarla ava gider, çiftçilerle sohbet eder. Annesine çok bağlıdır.

Yvetot'da gittiği din okulundan atılır. Hayatı boyunca, bu ilk eğitim sürecinde dine karşı geliştirdiği olumsuz görüşlerin izlerini taşır. Ardından Rouen lisesine başlar. Bu dönemde kendini şiire adar ve birçok okul piyesine katılır. Liseyi tamamlamasının hemen ardından başlayan Fransa Prusya savaşına gönüllü olarak katılır. Savaşın sona ermesinin ardından 1871 yılında Normandie'yi terk eder ve Paris'e yerleşir. On yıl boyunca Denizcilik Bakanlığı'nda çalışır. Bu süre içinde çok sıkılır: tek eğlencesi Pazar günlerinde yapılan Seine nehri gezileri ve tatillerdir.

Gustave Flaubert onun koruyucusu, akıl danışmanı ve edebiyat ve gazetecilik hayatının başlangıcında yön göstericisi olmuştur. Flaubert' in yardımı ile İvan Turgenyev, Emile Zola ve birçok naturalist ve realist yazar ile tanışır. Bu süre içinde çok sayıda kısa oyun ve mısra yazar.

1878 yılında, gazetelere makale hazırlamak üzere başka bir bakanlıkta görevlendirilir ve Figaro gibi önemli gazetelere makaleler yazar. Flaubert, Maupassant'ın şiirlerinin yetersiz olduğunu söyler ve onu öykü ve roman yazmaya teşvik eder. Bu dönemde boş zamanlarını roman ve hikâye yazmaya adar. 1880 yılında ilk başyapıtı Boule de Suif'i yayınlar. ( Henüz Türkçe olarak yayınlanmamıştır). Eser Zola tarafından 1880 yılında düzenlenen ve natüraliste yazarların buluştuğu toplulukta büyük ilgi toplar. Flaubert yapıtı "kalıcı bir başyapıt" olarak nitelendirir.

1880 ile 1891 yılları arasında Maupassant en verimli dönemini yaşar. İlk yapıtıyla meşhur oluşunun ardından düzenli şekilde çalışır ve yılda iki, hatta bazen dört kitap yayınlar. 1881 yılında La Maison Tellier adlı ilk hikâye serisini yayınlar. Bu kitap iki yıl içinde on iki baskı yapar. 1883 yılında ilk romanı olan Une Vie'yi tamamlar. Bu kitap bir yıldan kısa bir sürede yirmibeşbin kopya satar. Romanları hikâyelerinde ayrı ayrı değindiği gözlemlerinin buluşmasıdır. İkinci romanı Bel-Ami 1885 yılında yayınlanır ve dört ayda otuzyedi adet baskı yapar. Aynı dönemde birçoklarının yazarın başyapıtı olarak değerlendirdiği Pierre ve Jean'ı yazar. Yapıtlarında biçem, gözlem, içerik ve derinlik büyük bir uyum ve doğallıkla yer alır. Cezayir, İtalya, İngiltere, Sicilya gibi bölgelere geziler yapar ve neredeyse her gezisinde yeni bir kitap yazar.

Flaubert edebiyat konusunda her zaman Maupassant'ın yol göstericisi olmuştur. Ünlü Goncourt kardeşlerle arkadaşlığı çok kısa sürmüştür. Bu kardeşlerin 18.yüzyıl etkisinde yarattıkları edebiyat salonunun yapısını asla kabul etmemiştir.

İlerleyen yıllarda büyük bir ölüm korkusu ve yalnız kalma isteği geliştirir. Bu değişiminde hızlı yaşadığı gençlik yıllarında yakalandığı sifilis hastalığının etkisi olduğu düşünülür. 1892 yılında hastalığın da etkisiyle aklını kaybeder ve intihar girişiminde bulunur. Bunun ardında Paris'de bulunan Dr Blanche tıp kliniğine kaldırılır ve 43.yaş gününden bir ay önce, 6 Temmuz 1893 tarihinde burada hayata gözlerini yumar. Doğum kayıtlarının tersine ölüm kayıtlarında doğum yeri Yvetot olarak belirtilir ve böylece doğum yeri üzerine bir polemik başlar. Mezarı Paris'te, Montparnasse Mezarlığı'ndadır.

Eserleri

 Boule de Suif (1880)
 La Maison Tellier (1881)
 Une partie de campagne (1881)
 Une vie (1883)
 Mademoiselle Fifi (1882)
 Contes de la Bécasse (1883)
 Au soleil (1884)
 Clair de Lune (1883)
 Les soeurs Rondoli (1884)
 Yvette (1884)
 Miss Harriet (1884)
 Monsieur Parent (1885)
 Bel-Ami (1885)
 Contes du jour et de la nuit (1885)
 La Petite Roque (1886)
 Toine (1886)
 Mont-Oriol (1887)
 Le Horla (1887)
 Sur l'eau (1888)
 Pierre et Jean (1888)
 Le Rosier de madame Husson (1888)
 L'héritage (1888)
 Fort comme la mort (1889)
 La Main gauche (1889)
 Histoire d'une fille de ferme (1889)
 La vie errante (1890)
 Notre Cœur (1890)
 L'Inutile beauté (1890)
 Le père Millon (1899)
 Le colporteur (1900)
 Les dimanches d'un bourgeois de Paris (1900)

Tiyatro

 Histoire du vieux temps (1879)
 Musotte (1890)
 La paix du ménage (1893)
 Une répétition (1910)

Eleştiri

 Émile Zola  (1883)
 Étude sur Flaubert  (1884)

Kaynakça
 https://web.archive.org/web/20161011132450/http://maupassant.org/

1850 doğumlular
1893 yılında ölenler
19. yüzyıl Fransız roman yazarları
Fransız oyun yazarları
Fransız hikâye yazarları
Légion d'honneur'ı reddedenler
Montparnasse Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Paris'te ölenler
Lycée Pierre-Corneille'de öğrenim görenler

Guy de Maupassant


Ravenel may refer to:

Places
Ravenel, Oise, a place in France
Ravenel, South Carolina, United States

Other uses
Ravenel conjectures
Ravenel (surname)

Ravenel


Lake Placid, usa na village sa Adirondack Mountains sa Essex County, New Yo]], Esatdos Unidos. May'ada populasyon na 2,521 an village sa 2000 census.

Kasaysayan

Gintindog an Lake Placid sadton 19th century para madevelop an minahan san puthaw. Sa 1840, an popyulasyon sa "North Elba" (upat kamilya gikan san presente na village harani sa sigad na tipakadto sa Adirondak Loj natabok san salog san Ausable) ginbubug'os san unom na pamilya. Sa 1845, dinatung si Gerrit Smith sa North Elba ngan ginpalit an kadak'an na tuna palibot sa village, pinanhatag an mga tutuna sa mga dati na mga oripon, ginreporma an balaud sa tuna ngan nagpaimud sin pagsuporta san Abolitionism.

An abolitionist na si John Brown naaraman an mga reporma ni Gerrit Smith,ginbayaan an kanya mga anti-slavery na aktibidades sa Kansas ngan pinalit  244 acre na tuna, na unina nakilala na  "Freed Slave Utopian Experiment," o Timbucto. Antes patayon si John Brown sadton 1859, ginpangaro niya na didto siya ilubong sa kanya uma, ngan mao an nagin John Brown Farm State Historic Site.

Olympic Games

Sikat an Lake Placid na lugar na ginhimuan san Winter Olympics duha kabeses. Una na nag-host an Lake Placid san 1932 ngan nag-host sira otro pagkaagi sin 48 anyos, an 1980. Espisyal an nahihinumduman sa US an Lake Placid na gin'uyagan san 1980 USA–USSR hockey game, an gin tatawag na "Miracle on Ice", san an usa na grupo sin mga Amerikano na mga estudyante sa colehiyo ngan mga amateurs perdihun an lyamado na Soviet national ice hockey team 4–3 ngan makuha an bulawan na medalya.

Transportasyon
Ginseserbihan an Lake Placid san Adirondack Regional Airport sa Saranac Lake,  tikang sa village. An Lake Placid Airport na duha ka milya an kahirayo timog san village, diri na hatag sin scheduled service kudi may'ada chartered flights.

An iba pa na hagrani na mga airport amo an Albany International Airport, Burlington International Airport ngan an airport sa Plattsburgh. Ginsiserbihan liwat an Lake Placid san Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach na nagdudugtung  sa Westport. gintutuk'an liwat ini san Adirondack Trailways.

Heograpiya

Sigun sa  United States Census Bureau, May'ada an village total na area na , na may  tuna, ngan  (9.87%) katubigan.

Mga Personalidad
 John Brown (1800–1859), abolitionist
 Melvil Dewey (1851–1931), inventor san Dewey Decimal Classification na Systema para sa mga library
 Kate Smith (1907–1986), singer
 Eric Heiden (born 1958), speedskater
 Andrew Weibrecht (born 1986), skier
 James Tolkan (pinanganak 1931), aktor, naistar sa syudad
 Lana Del Rey (pinanganak 1986), singer, nagdako sa Lake Placid

Mga kasarigan

External links

 Web site of the Lake Placid News
 Lake Placid Olympic Authority
 Lake Placid Police Department

1932 Winter Olympics venues
Olympic cross-country skiing venues
Olympic Nordic combined venues
Villages in New York
Villages in Essex County, New York

Lake Placid, New York


Le borate de phénylmercure est un composé chimique de formule . Il s'agit un borate organomercuriel solide, jadis utilisé comme antiseptique topique, soluble dans l'eau, l'éthanol et le glycérol.

Il a été utilisé jusque dans les années 1990 comme substance active de désinfectants et de produits de traitement des plaies de la peau, de la bouche et de la gorge, mais d'autres substances  lui sont préférées en raison de sa contribution possible à l'intoxication au mercure.

Notes et références

Borate
Composé phénylé
Composé organomercuriel
Antiseptique

Borate de phénylmercure


Michiyo Taki var en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Michiyo Taki


Casa de Alvenaria - Volume 1: Osasco

Casa de Alvenaria - Volume 1: Osasco é o primeiro de dois volumes autobiográficos escritos por Carolina Maria de Jesus, no primeiro volume a escritora descreve as dificuldades enfrentadas por ela e por seus filhos após deixarem a favela do Canindé e irem morar em Osasco após o sucesso de seu primeiro romance Quarto de Despejo

Foi publicado originalmente como o volume único Casa de Alvenaria: Diário de uma Ex-Favelada em 1961, pela Editora Paulo de Azevedo, sendo uma das cinco obras que a escritora brasileira publicou ainda em vida.

Contexto
Carolina Maria de Jesus nasceu em Sacramento, Minas Gerais, mas viveu boa parte de sua vida na favela do Canindé, na cidade de São Paulo. Foi no Canindé que escreveu seu primeiro, e mais bem-sucedido, livro: Quarto de Despejo. Após o sucesso do primeiro livro, Carolina e seus três filhos se mudaram da favela onde moravam após o convite de um empresário para que a família morasse no porão de sua casa em Osasco, na Grande São Paulo.

O livro foi originalmente publicado em 1961, pela Editora Paulo de Azevedo, e assim como o primeiro livro da escritora, foi editado e publicado pelo jornalista Audálio Dantas. O primeiro volume inclui relatos desde janeiro de 1960 até dezembro do mesmo ano.

Em 2021 o primeiro volume do livro foi reeditado e publicado pela Companhia das Letras, juntamente com um segundo volume inédito e contando com prefácios escritos por Conceição Evaristo, e pela filha da escritora, Vera Eunice.

Enredo
Neste primeiro volume de Casa de Alvenaria Carolina Maria de Jesus narra as mudanças que impactam sua vida após o sucesso de seu livro Quarto de Despejo. Por consequência desse sucesso a autora realiza aquilo que era um sonho para ela, sair da favela e se mudar para uma casa de alvenaria.

Entretanto, apesar do sucesso de sua publicação e da melhora de suas condições da vida após se mudar para Osasco juntamente com os três filhos, a escritora se tornara infeliz com essa nova realidade. Mesmo reconhecida enquanto uma escritora de sucesso Carolina Maria seguia sofrendo com o racismo e o preconceito, passando pela discriminação nos novos ambientes que passou a frequentar após Quarto de Despejo. Carolina Maria de Jesus sentia que havia abandonado a favela ao se mudar, se incomodava com as pessoas que a procuravam para pedir dinheiro, e sofria com o jornalista que editou e publicou seu primeiro livro, Audálio Dantas, que buscava a controlar, se colocou contra a mudança da escritora e até mesmo tentou escolher as roupas que ela usaria.

O primeiro volume se encerra com Carolina Maria de Jesus e sua família se mudando de Osasco para uma casa no bairro de Santana em São Paulo.

Romances
Livros do Brasil
Livros de 1961
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)
Literatura afro-brasileira

Casa de Alvenaria - Volume 1: Osasco


Hayat, 1956'dan 1970'lerin sonlarına kadar İstanbul'da yayınlanan haftalık haber-aktüalite dergisi.

1960'lı, 1970'li yıllarda Türkiye'nin en yüksek tirajlı dergisi idi. Tifdruk (çukur baskı) tekniği ile basılan dergide magazin haberleri, tarihi yazı dizileri, edebi eser tefrikaları, gezi yazıları yayınlanırdı.  Dergi, içerik açısından getirdiği yeniliklerle, Türkiye basın tarihi açısından bir dönüm noktası oldu.

Yayın hayatına 6 Nisan 1956 günü başladı. Sohbet yazıları ve radyo programları ile tanınan Şevket Rado tarafından çıkarılan derginin sahibi Yapı Kredi Bankası idi.

Dergi, yayın  hayatına başladığı 1956 yılının sonunda kâğıt yokluğu nedeniyle bir süre yayını durdurdu. İkinci döneminde ithal kağıda renkli resimlerle basılan bir dergi oldu. Renkli kapakları ve derginin ortasında yayımlanan tam sayfa resimleri ile büyük ilgi uyandırdı. Yazı işleri müdürlüğünü  sırayla Hikmet Feridun Es, İbrahim Çamlı, Sadun Altuna, Çetin Emeç, Mehmet Kayabal, Seyfettin Turhan üstlendi.

Nezihe Araz, Hikmet Feridun Es, Semiha Es, Şevket Rado, Yılmaz Öztuna, Naşit Hakkı Uluğ, Rakım Çalapala, Nihat Menteşe yazar kadrosunda yer alan isimlerdendir. Refik Halit Karay'ın "Karlı Dağdaki Ateş", Halide Edip Adıvar'ın "Akile Hanım Sokağı" ve "Kızıl Hançerler", Kerime Nadir'in "Sisli Hatıralar" gibi romanları Hayat Mecmuası'nda tefrika edilmiş romanlardandır.

Hayat Yayın Grubu'nun bir parçası olarak Hayat Tarih Mecmuası, Hayat Hayvanlar Ansiklopedisi, Ayna, Ses, Hayat Spor, Resimli Roman gibi dergiler çıkarıldı.

Hayat, 70'lerdeki siyasal ortamda işlevini kaybetti ve başlayan bir grev sonucu 6 Temmuz 1979'da son sayısını yayınlayarak kapandı. Satışa çıkan dergiyi Kemal Uzan satın aldı, 1980'lerin sonuna kadar Star Medya Grubu'nun bir parçası olarak aynı adla çıkarmaya devam etti.

Kaynakça

Türkçe dergiler
Yayımı sona eren Türkiye dergileri
Magazin dergileri
1956'da kurulan dergiler
1979'da sona eren yayınlar

Hayat (dergi)


على العيساوي قد تعني:

 علي العيساوي وزير ليبي.
 علي العيساوي مغني عراقي.

علي العيساوي (توضيح)


Nizami Gandžavi (perzijski: نظامی گنجوی; azerski: Nizami Gəncəvi; engleski: Nizami Ganjavi, Gandža, oko 1141. - Gandža, 1209.) - perzijski sunitski muslimanski pjesnik iz 12. stoljeća, rođen na području današnjeg Azerbajdžana.

Smatra se najvećim romantičnim epskim pjesnikom u perzijskoj književnosti, koji je unio kolokvijalni i realistički stil u perzijski ep. Njegovo nasljeđe nadaleko je cijenjeno i dijele ga: Afganistan, Azerbajdžan, Iran, regija Kurdistan i Tadžikistan, koji ga slave kao svog nacionalnog pjesnika.

Nizami Gandžavi rođen je u Gandži, u današnjem Azerbajdžanu, gdje je živio do svoje smrti. Radio je na mjesnim sudovima posvećujući svoja djela raznim prinčevima-klijentima. Živio je u doba političke nestabilnosti, ali i intenzivne intelektualne aktivnosti, što se i odražava u njegovim pjesmama. Malo se zna o njegovom životu, njegovom odnosu s njegovim pokroviteljima ili točnoj starosti njegovih djela, jer mnoge legende koje su nastale o ovom pjesniku, utjecale su na pisanje njegovih kasnijih biografa.

Samo mali korpus njegove lirske poezije, uglavnom kasida (oda) i gazela (lirskih pjesama) ostao je sačuvan. Najpoznatiji po svojih pet dugih proznih spjevova, koji su sačuvani. On je svoje pjesme posvetio raznim vladarima, što je tada bio običaj kod velikih pjesnika, ali je izbjegavao dvorski život. Bio je majstor stila mesnevije (distiha). Napisao je "Petoknjižje", jedno od najoriginalnijih djela perzijske književnosti; sadrži pet mesnevija s približno 30 000 stihova, a tema im je ljubav i viteštvo. U petoj, "Knjiga o Aleksandru," opisani su ratni uspjesi Aleksandra Velikoga. Njegove fiktivne i epske teme, u sljedećim stoljećima bile su predmet mnogih imitacija na području od Turske preko Irana do Indije, te je opskrbljivao gotovo neiscrpan materijal za umjetnost minijaturista.

Izvori

Iranski književnici
Životopisi, Azerbajdžan

Nizami Gandžavi


The International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA ) is a trade organization of participants in the market for over-the-counter derivatives.

It is headquartered in New York City, and has created a standardized contract (the ISDA Master Agreement) to enter into derivatives transactions. In addition to legal and policy activities, ISDA manages FpML (Financial products Markup Language), an XML message standard for the OTC Derivatives industry. ISDA has more than 925 members in 75 countries; its membership consists of derivatives dealers, service providers and end users.

History

ISDA was initially created in 1985 as the International Swap Dealers Association and subsequently changed its name switching "Swap Dealers" to "Swaps and Derivatives".  This change was made to focus more attention on their efforts to improve the more broad derivatives markets and away from strictly interest rate swap contracts.

In 2009 a New York Times article mentioned that in 2005 the ISDA allowed rule changes to CDO payouts (Pay as You Go) that would benefit those who bet against (shorted) mortgage-backed securities, like Goldman Sachs, Deutsche Bank, and others.

ISDA has offices in New York, London, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Washington D.C., Brussels and Singapore. It has more than 800 member firms from six continents. The current Chief Executive Officer is Scott O'Malia, who joined ISDA in 2009.

ISDA Master Agreement

The ISDA Master Agreement is typically used between a derivatives dealer and its counterparty when discussions begin surrounding a derivatives trade. There are two basic forms of Master Agreement: single jurisdiction/currency and multiple jurisdiction/currency. One of these documents is generally combined with a Schedule to set out the basic trading terms between the parties; each subsequent trade is then recorded in a Confirmation which references the Master Agreement and Schedule. The terms of the Schedule are often negotiated, and many firms have preferred versions of the Schedule.

According to Financial Times reporter Stacy-Marie Ishmael, the Master Agreement is "fundamental to, and provides a template for, the derivatives market."

ISDA has also drafted a Tahawwut Master Agreement in cooperation with the International Islamic Financial Market, with the aim of standardizing derivatives transactions under Islamic law.

Versions

The ISDA Master Agreement was first published in 1992, and a second edition was published in 2002. The second edition was drafted in response to market difficulties in the late 1990s, and could be adopted either in a unified form or as standard form amendments to the first edition. Key changes in the second edition include:
 Shortening the grace period for payment defaults from three business days to one business day [Refer Section 5 (a)(i) of 2002 version]
 Introduction of a force majeure provision as a termination event
 Introduction of a set-off provision [Included in the 2002 version in Section 6(f)]
 Conformation of jurisdiction clause to the Brussels Regime
 Introduction of Close-out Amount

On April 8, 2009, ISDA introduced further compulsory modifications known as the "Big Bang Protocol." The key changes introduced by this protocol include:
 Introduction of "auction settlement" to eliminate the need for credit event protocols to settle CDS transactions
 Automatic incorporation of Determinations Committee resolutions into the terms of standard CDS contracts
 "Look back" provisions, also known as "backstop dates," which institute a common standard effective date for CDS transactions

The Protocol also introduced more standardized terms in order to limit the scope of negotiation in individual CDS transactions, thus making individual contracts more fungible in trading.

ISDA's report commissioned by the "UK Financial Services Authority on behalf of the international group of OTC derivative supervisors asked ISDA in October 2009 to conduct a broad market review of bilateral collateralization practices for OTC derivatives to facilitate better understanding of current market practice, especially as it relates to the different types of counterparties active in the market."

Netting

Possibly the most important aspect of the ISDA Master Agreement is that the Master Agreement and all the Confirmations entered into under it form a single agreement. This is very important (especially for regulated financial companies) as it allows the parties to an ISDA Master Agreement to aggregate the amounts owing by each of them under all of the Transactions outstanding under that ISDA Master Agreement and replace them with a single net amount payable by one party to the other. Netting, dealt with under section 2(c) of the ISDA Master Agreement, allows the parties to net out amounts payable on the same day and in the same currency.

The more important use of netting is close-out netting under Section 6(e) of the ISDA Master Agreement. Pursuant to this section, when an ISDA Master Agreement (or, more accurately the outstanding Transactions under it) is terminated (normally following a credit event of some kind), the value of each of the Terminated Transactions is assessed (there are several ways this can be done, but the most usual measure is to determine how much it would cost for a party to enter into a Transaction having commercial terms identical to the Terminated Transaction with an independent third party - this is called the Settlement Amount) and converted into the Termination Currency (which should have been specified in the schedule to the ISDA Master Agreement) and any outstanding Unpaid Amounts are taken into account. The Settlement Amounts (which may be positive or negative depending which party is 'in-the-money' with respect to a particular Terminated Transaction) and unpaid amounts (again positive or negative, depending on who owes them) are added up and a single figure in the Termination Currency is determined payable by one party or the other. The enforceability of the close-out netting provisions is absolutely vital to financial institutions active in the derivatives market since the ability to net allows them to allocate capital only against the net figure they would have to pay on close-out of an ISDA Master Agreement rather than the gross amount. ISDA has obtained legal opinions from all important jurisdictions confirming the effectiveness of the close-out netting provisions in those jurisdictions. Members of ISDA are entitled to rely on these opinions.

ISDA also produces a model "Netting Act" which can be adopted by jurisdictions where close-out netting does not work effectively at present.

Credit support annex (CSA)

ISDA also produces a credit support annex which further permits parties to an ISDA Master Agreement to mitigate their credit risk by requiring the party which is 'out-of-the-money' to post collateral (usually cash, government securities or highly rated bonds) corresponding to the amount which would be payable by that party were all the outstanding Transactions under the relevant ISDA Master Agreement terminated.  Collateral other than cash is usually discounted for risk, that is, the pledgor would have to post collateral in excess of the potential settlement amount.

ISDAFIX

From 1998 until August 2014, ISDA was responsible for releasing a series of interest rate swap reference rates for four currencies (Euros, British pounds, Swiss francs, U.S. dollars) under the name ISDAfix. Following rate manipulation scandals, these rates are now administered by the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE). Further, the Swiss francs rate is no longer reported.

Credit events and determinations committees

ISDA has five Determinations Committees, each having jurisdiction over a specific region of the world (the Americas, Asia excluding Japan, Australia/New Zealand, EMEA and Japan). Each committee consists of ten voting dealers and five voting non-dealer asset managers. The committees make official, binding determinations regarding the existence of "credit events" and "succession events" (such as mergers), which may trigger obligations under a credit default swap contract.

Since July 2009, the primary means of resolving a credit event is auction settlement, where holders of applicable instruments (as decided by the relevant determinations committee) auction their instruments to potential buyers at a set price.

In March 2012, ISDA issued a statement declaring that Greece, through passing legislation that forces losses on all its private creditors, has triggered the payment on default insurance contracts, thus instigating a credit event. The ISDA said the use of "collective action clauses (CACs) to amend the terms of Greek law-governed bonds issued by The Hellenic Republic such [as] the right of all holders of the Affected Bonds to receive payments has been reduced."

Definitions

ISDA also creates industry standards for derivatives and provides legal definitions of terms used in contracts. An example is the 1999 ISDA Credit Derivatives Definitions, which provide basic definitions for credit default swaps, total return swaps, credit linked notes and other credit derivative transactions.

A controversy resulted over the definition of a "restructuring event" in connection with the August 2000 restructuring of USD 2.8 billion of debt by an insurance company. This prompted complaints from protection sellers in credit default swaps, who had to compensate for an event that was seen as normal in the credit business.  There was also a fear of a conflict of interest, since protection buyers had nothing to lose by agreeing to restructuring. (Protection buyers included some of the insurance company's lenders.)

See also
 Swap (finance)
 National Futures Association
 Credit default swap
 Currency swap
 Foreign exchange swap
 Interest rate swap
 Swap Execution Facility
 Central counterparty clearing
 Clearing house (finance)
 List of acronyms: European sovereign-debt crisis

References

External links
 ISDA - International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc.
 Sample ISDA Master Agreements
 Sample ISDA Credit Derivatives Template

Derivatives (finance)
Self-regulatory organizations
Swaps (finance)


Ikaros er en gammel græsk by på øen Failaka, i den Persiske Golf.

Rester af bebyggelsen omfatter et stort hellenistisk fort og to græske templer. Der kan have været en handelsstation (Emporion) for kongeriget Characene.

I 2000 f.Kr. bosatte mesopotamere sig på Failaka mindst et århundrede før Dilmun-kulturen. Handelsmænd fra den sumeriske by Ur bosatte sig på Failaka og drev en handelsmæssig virksomhed. Failaka Havde mange bygninger i mesopotamisk stil typisk for dem, der findes i Irak stammende fra omkring 2000 f.Kr.

Begyndende i det 3. årtusinde f.Kr. tilhørte Failaka Dilmun-kulturen. Under Dilmun-æraen (fra omkring 3000 f.Kr.), blev Failaka kendt som "Agarum," Enzaks land, en stor gud i Dilmun-kulturen ifølge sumeriske kileskrift-tekster fundet på øen. Som en del af Dilmun blev Failaka et knudepunkt for civilisationen fra slutningen af 3. til midten af det 1. årtusinde f.Kr. Failaka was settled following 2000 BC after a drop in sea level. Failaka blev afviklet fra 2000 f.Kr. efter et fald i havniveauet.

Efter Dilmun civilisation blev Failaka beboet af kassiter fra Mesopotamien, og var formelt under kontrol af det kassitiske dynasti fra Babylon. [5] Undersøgelser tyder på, at de spor af menneskelig bosættelse, der findes på Failaka, går tilbage til så tidligt som slutningen af 3. årtusinde f.Kr., og vedvarer indtil det 20. århundrede e.Kr. Mange af de genstande, der findes i Falaika er knyttet til mesopotamiske kulturer og synes at vise, at Failaka gradvist blev trukket mod civilisationen baseret i Antiokia.

På et tidspunkt efter Alexander den Stores første fremstød gennem regionen i 331 f.Kr., eller i perioden 324/3 f.Kr. da han vendte tilbage til Mesopotamien, koloniserede de gamle grækere øen, som de kaldte Ikaros efter den græske ø i Det Ægæiske Hav og den mytiske helt Ikaros, tilsyneladende i den tro, at øen havde en lignende form som sin ægæiske modpart. Visse elementer af den græske mytologi blev blandet med de lokale kulter. "Ikaros" var tillige navnet på en fremtrædende by beliggende på Failaka. Rester af bebyggelsen omfatter et stort hellenistisk fort og to græske templer.

Noter

Litteratur

 Geoffrey Bibby: I Dilmun tier ravnen, Wormanium 1971,

Kuwait
Højkulturer

Ikaros (Failaka)


Nahija Tell Rifaat () je nahija u okrugu Azaz, u sirijskoj pokrajini Alep. Površina nahije je 204,52 km2. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), nahija je imala 43.781 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Tell Rifaat.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Alep

Tell Rifaat (nahija)


Lobservatoire astronomique de l'université de Kiev (en ), ou encore observatoire Fedorov, est un observatoire astronomique situé à Kiev, en Ukraine.

Le projet initial était de l'inclure dans les bâtiments de l'Université, mais le choix fut fait par l'architecte  d'en faire un bâtiment séparé, commencé en 1841 et inauguré en 1845. C'est une tour octogonale.
Le bâtiment fait l'objet d'une inscription au monument national ukrainien et patrimoine d'intérêt national n°890.

Il comporte aussi un musée qui détient plusieurs instruments notables :
un télescope d'Ertel de 1838,
un de Repsold de 1895,
un cercle méridien de Repsold de 1870.

Notes et références

Observatoire astronomique en Ukraine
Kiev
Patrimoine classé d'Ukraine
Liste indicative du patrimoine mondial
Université nationale Taras-Chevtchenko de Kiev
Histoire de Kiev

Observatoire astronomique de l'université de Kiev


Daniel Breck (* 12. Februar 1788 in Topsfield, Essex County, Massachusetts; † 4. Februar 1871 in Richmond, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1849 und 1851 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Daniel Breck war der jüngere Bruder von Samuel Breck (1771–1862), der zwischen 1823 und 1825 für den Staat Pennsylvania im Kongress saß. Er besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat und unterrichtete danach für einige Zeit selbst als Lehrer. Danach studierte er bis 1812 am Dartmouth College in Hanover (New Hampshire). Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium und seiner 1814 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Richmond in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Später wurde er Richter am dortigen Bezirksgericht. Gleichzeitig begann Breck eine politische Laufbahn. Zwischen 1824 und 1827 sowie nochmals im Jahr 1834 war er Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky. Von 1835 bis 1843 leitete Breck die Filiale der Staatsbank von Kentucky in Richmond. Zwischen 1843 und 1849 fungierte er als beisitzender Richter am Kentucky Supreme Court.

Politisch schloss sich Breck der Whig Party an. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1848 wurde er im sechsten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1849 die Nachfolge von Green Adams antrat.  Bis zum 3. März 1851 absolvierte er eine Legislaturperiode im Kongress, die von den Debatten um die Frage der Sklaverei und dem Kompromiss von 1850 im Vorfeld des Bürgerkrieges geprägt war. Nach seiner Zeit im Repräsentantenhaus kehrte Daniel Breck nach Richmond zurück. Dort wurde er erneut Leiter der dortigen Filiale der Staatsbank. Er starb am 4. Februar 1871.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Mitglied der United States Whig Party
Richter (Kentucky)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1788
Gestorben 1871
Mann

Daniel Breck


Saw VI er en canadisk-amerikansk horrorfilm fra 2009. Filmen er den sjette af syv film i Saw filmserien og er instrueret af Kevin Greutert.

Medvirkende
 Tobin Bell som Jigsaw
 Costas Mandylor som Hoffman
 Mark Rolston som Erickson
 Betsy Russell som Jill
 Shawnee Smith som Amanda
 Peter Outerbridge som William
 Athena Karkanis som Agent Perez
 Samantha Lemole som Pamela Jenkins
 Tanedra Howard som Simone
 Marty Moreau som Eddie
 Melanie Scrofano som Gena

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 2009
VI
Gyserfilm fra USA
Gyserfilm fra Canada
Engelsksprogede film

Saw VI


Resident Evil: Revelations, in Japan Biohazard Revelations (jap. ), ist ein Survival-Horror-Videospiel für Nintendo 3DS. Das Spiel wurde von Capcom entwickelt und am 26. Januar 2012 in Japan, einen Tag später in Europa sowie am 7. Februar 2012 in Nordamerika veröffentlicht. Es unterstützt die Circle-Pad-Pro-Peripherie des 3DS.

Am 22. Januar 2013 kündigte Capcom eine Umsetzung für PlayStation 3, Wii U, Xbox 360 und PC an, die in Europa am 24. Mai desselben Jahres erschienen ist.

Für die Nintendo Switch veröffentlichte Capcom eine Version am 18. November 2017.

Spielprinzip

Das Spielprinzip von Revelations orientiert sich an den durch Survival Horror geprägten früheren Spielen der Reihe mit wiederkehrenden Elementen wie begrenzter Versorgung mit Munition und einem größeren Schwerpunkt auf Entdeckungen und dem Lösen von Rätseln. Die Kamera im Spiel behält eine Ansicht über die Schulter der Spielfigur bei. Der Spieler kann die Figur im Gegensatz zu früheren Resident-Evil-Spielen nun auch bewegen, während er mit einer Waffe zielt, und hat die Möglichkeit, zwischen einer Dritt-Personen- und einer Egoperspektive zu wechseln. Ein neues Spielkonzept, der Genesis-Scanner, kann während des gesamten Spielverlaufs zum Auffinden versteckter Gegenstände in der Umgebung verwendet werden.

Ein Extramodus ist der Raubzug-Modus, bei dem bis zu zwei Spieler im Kampf gegen zahlreiche Gegner kooperieren können. Durch die Streetpass-Funktion des 3DS können Spieler zudem Gegenstände aus dem Spiel an Freunde versenden.

Handlung
Resident Evil Revelations spielt im Jahr 2005, zwischen Resident Evil 4 und Resident Evil 5. Es beschreibt die Ereignisse kurz nach der Gründung der Bioterrorism Security Assessment Alliance (BSAA), einer Gruppe zur Terrorismusbekämpfung, die in Resident Evil 5 eingeführt wurde. Die Handlung dreht sich um die Mitgründer der BSAA, Jill Valentine und Chris Redfield, den Protagonisten aus einigen Teilen der Serie. Sie beinhaltet auch eine Rückblende auf die "schwimmende Stadt" Terragrigia (ital. Graue Erde), die über elf Jahre lang auf einer künstlichen Insel im Mittelmeer gebaut worden war. Sie war eine der Hauptdestinationen der Queen Zenobia Cruise Lines, einer Kreuzfahrtlinie, die hauptsächlich um Italien herum agierte, und war die erste Stadt der Welt, die ihre Bevölkerung mit Solarkraft versorgte und somit den Titel "Ökologischste Stadt aller Zeiten" erhielt. Im Jahr 2004 startete die bioterroristische Organisation Il Veltro (ital. Der Jagdhund) einen Angriff mit bioorganischen Waffen gegen die Solarenergieentwicklung von Terragrigia. Im Gegenzug sandte die Federal Bioterrorism Commission (FBC) Agenten aus, um die Situation unter Kontrolle zu halten; unter ihnen befanden sich auch Parker Luciani und Jessica Sherawat. Außerdem wurde Regia Solis, die Solarenergiematrix der Stadt, gegen diese gerichtet, wodurch die sich auf der Insel befindenden BOWs vernichtet wurden und die Stadt zusammenbrach. Als Folge der Operation wurden alle Mitglieder von Il Veltro ausgelöscht und Terragrigia zu einer biologisch gefährdeten Zone erklärt. Alle Überlebenden wurden evakuiert und die Überreste der Stadt in einem Radius von 160 Kilometern unter Quarantäne gestellt. Das Ereignis wurde als "Terragrigiapanik" bekannt und diente der Welt als düstere Erinnerung an die stetige Bedrohung durch biologische Waffen vom Schwarzmarkt.

2005 sendet der Chef der BSAA, Clive R. O'Brian, Jill Valentine und ihren neuen Partner Parker Luciani aus, um nach Chris Redfield und dessen neuer Partnerin Jessica Sherawat zu suchen. Diese verloren während ihrer Mission, ein mögliches Wiederauftauchen von Il Veltro zu untersuchen, den Kontakt zum Hauptquartier und verschwanden. Jill und Parker werden zu ihrem letzten bekannten Aufenthaltsort, dem Kreuzfahrtschiff SS Queen Zenobia geschickt. Kurz nach ihrer Ankunft sehen sie eine Videobotschaft eines maskierten Mannes, der behauptet, Il Veltro zu sein, und damit droht, als Vergeltung für die Beteiligung der FBC an der Auslöschung der Veltro-Mitglieder in Terragrigia etwa ein Fünftel der Weltmeere mit dem T-Abyss-Virus, einem maritimen Virus, das aus dem tödlichen T-Virus gewonnen wurde, zu infizieren. Während ihrer Suche nach Chris und Jessica treffen sie im Schiff auf zahlreiche bioorganische Waffen, die mit dem T-Abyss-Virus infiziert sind. Dann finden sie eine Puppe von Chris und werden von einem Agenten von Il Veltro mit Gas betäubt. In der Zwischenzeit finden Chris und Jessica die Basis von Il Veltro, ein Flugfeld in den Bergen. Nachdem sie von O'Brian informiert wurden, dass nun Jill und Parker im Mittelmeer vermisst werden, werden sie ihrerseits ausgeschickt, um nach ihnen zu suchen. Nachdem sie in einem verschlossenen Raum auf der Queen Zenobia erwachen, können Jill und Parker entkommen und sich neu formieren. Später treffen sie den FBC-Agenten Raymond Vester, den Parker schon während der Panik von Terragrigia getroffen hatte. Sie finden auch ein Video, das offensichtlich von Il Veltro aufgenommen wurde und die Folgen des T-Abyss-Virus zeigt. Chris verlangt, dass sein Team zum Valkoinen-Mökki-Flughafen geschickt wird, um dort nach Informationen über das Schiff zu suchen, was O'Brian veranlasst, die BSAA-Agenten Quint Cetchum und Keith Lumley mit der Untersuchung zu beauftragen. Jill und Parker erreichen die Antenne des Schiffs und kontaktieren das Hauptquartier, werden aber von O'Brian unterbrochen, der einen Anruf der European Security Force erhält und informiert wird, dass Regia Solis zum Einsatz gebracht wurde und auf das Schiff zielt.

Chris und Jessica treffen auf der Queen Zenobia ein. Chris und Jill schlagen sich zum Labor des Schiffs durch, um das Virus, welches das Meer kontaminiert, aufzuhalten, während Parker und Jessica einen Weg suchen, das Sinken des Schiffes aufzuhalten. Nachdem Jessica als Verräterin enttarnt wird, verwundet sie Parker und leitet die Selbstzerstörung der Queen Zenobia ein. Deren Schwesterschiff, die Queen Semiramis, wurde durch das Selbstzerstörungssystem zerstört. Der Pilot Kirk Mathison kontaktiert Chris und Jill und informiert sie, dass er hier sei, um sie abzuholen. Sie treffen den verletzten Parker wieder. Trotz des Versuchs, ihn zu retten, stürzt Parker in die unter ihnen erfolgende Explosion. O'Brian offenbart Chris und Jill die Wahrheit hinter dem Auftrag und den Ereignissen, die er manipulierte, sowie die Ergebnisse von Quints und Keiths Nachforschungen: die Existenz eines dritten Schwesterschiffs, der Queen Dido, unter den Ruinen von Terragrigia. Als Jill und Chris Jack Norman, den Anführer von Il Veltro, aufspüren, injiziert sich dieser eine Überdosis des T-Abyss-Virus und mutiert zu einer neuen Form des Tyrants, den Ultimate Abyss. Nach einem langen Kampf wird er von den beiden Agenten getötet und äußert dabei seine Erleichterung, endlich Frieden gefunden zu haben. Chris und Jill senden das Video, das Lansdale belastet, über Normans PDA an das BSAA-Hauptquartier. O'Brian wird daraufhin entlassen und Lansdale verhaftet. Die Wahrheit hinter Terragrigia kommt an die Öffentlichkeit und die FBC wird aufgelöst. Parker, der von Raymond vor der Explosion gerettet wurde, wird an der Küste Maltas gefunden und nimmt nach einem Monat der Genesung seine Arbeit als Spezialagent bei der BSAA wieder auf. O'Brian entscheidet sich, die Verantwortung dafür zu übernehmen, die gesamte Mission initiiert zu haben und tritt als Direktor der BSAA zurück. In einer Szene nach dem Abspann sieht man Raymond, wie er Jessica eine Probe des T-Abyss-Virus übergibt.

Entwicklung

Die Entwicklung von Revelations begann vor der von Resident Evil: The Mercenaries 3D, einem Spiel, das vom selben Team entwickelt wurde. The Mercenaries 3D war als Test für die Möglichkeiten des 3DS gedacht und um das Team mit der Technologie der Konsole vertraut zu machen. Revelations nutzt eine neue Version der intern entwickelten MT-Framework-Grafik-Engine, die als MT Framework Mobile bezeichnet wurde. Sie basiert auf einer früheren Version der Engine, die im Ego-Shooter Lost Planet 2 zum Einsatz kam, und wurde speziell für Nintendo 3DS konzipiert. Je nach Modus, in dem Revelations gespielt wird, werden einige grafische Effekte zu- oder abgeschaltet; beispielsweise verfügt die Grafik über Antialiasing, wenn der 3D-Effekt der Konsole ausgeschaltet ist.

Regie führte Kōshi Nakanishi, der Ko-Designer von Resident Evil 5, Produzenten waren Masachika Kawata und Takayuki Hama; Tsukasa Takenaka, der den Handlungshintergrund und darauf basierende Dateien im Spielverlauf von Resident Evil 5 lieferte, ergänzte das Team als Ko-Produzent.

Revelations wurde 2010 auf der Videospielmesse Electronic Entertainment Expo in Los Angeles vorgestellt. Ein spielbare Demo, von Capcom als Pilot Version bezeichnet, wurde zusammen mit The Mercenaries 3D veröffentlicht. Eine weitere spielbare Demoversion wurde am 19. Januar 2012 in Europa und Nordamerika als Download im "Nintendo eShop" veröffentlicht. Revelations war der erste Titel in Europa und Nordamerika, der die Circle-Pad-Pro-Peripherie des 3DS nutzte. Neben der regulären Version des Spieles wurde in Europa auch eine Version veröffentlicht, die das Circle Pad Pro enthielt.

Rezeption

Resident Evil: Revelations erhielt insbesondere in der Version für den Nintendo 3DS überwiegend gute Kritiken. Metacritic listet die 3DS-Fassung mit einer durchschnittlichen Wertung von 82 von 100 bei 78 Bewertungen Richard George von IGN lobte das Spielkonzept, kritisierte aber die Handlung. M! Games lobte Revelations als "packend inszeniert, toll zu spielen und irre motivierend" und vergab 90 %. Famitsu bewertete das Spiel mit 39 von 40 möglichen Punkten.

Weblinks
 Produktseite des Herstellers (japanisch)

Einzelnachweise

Action-Adventure
Computerspiel 2012
Nintendo-3DS-Spiel
Nintendo-Switch-Spiel
PlayStation-3-Spiel
PlayStation-4-Spiel
Revelations
Survival Horror
Wii-U-Spiel
Windows-Spiel
Xbox-360-Spiel
Xbox-One-Spiel
Kooperatives Computerspiel

Resident Evil: Revelations