HMS Barham was one of five s built for the Royal Navy during the early 1910s. Completed in 1915, she was often used as a flagship and participated in the Battle of Jutland during the First World War as part of the Grand Fleet. For the rest of the war, except for the inconclusive action of 19 August 1916, her service generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea.

During the 1920s and 1930s, the ship was assigned to the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Home Fleets. Barham played a minor role in quelling the 1929 Palestine riots and the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. The ship was in the Mediterranean when the Second World War began in September 1939, on her voyage home three months later, she accidentally collided with and sank one of her escorting destroyers, .

She participated in the Battle of Dakar in mid-1940, where she damaged a Vichy French battleship and was slightly damaged in return. Barham was then transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet, where she covered multiple Malta convoys. She helped to sink an Italian heavy cruiser and a destroyer during the Battle of Cape Matapan in March 1941 and was damaged by German aircraft two months later during the evacuation of Crete. Barham was sunk off the Egyptian coast the following November by the  with the loss of 862 crewmen, approximately two thirds of her crew.

Design and description
The Queen Elizabeth-class ships were designed to form a fast squadron for the fleet that was intended to operate against the leading ships of the opposing battleline. This required maximum offensive power and a speed several knots faster than any other battleship to allow them to defeat any type of ship.

Barham had a length overall of , a beam of  and a deep draught of . She had a normal displacement of  and displaced  at deep load. She was powered by two sets of Brown-Curtis steam turbines, each driving two shafts using steam from 24 Yarrow boilers. The turbines were rated at  and intended to reach a maximum speed of . During her abbreviated sea trials on 6 July 1916, Barham only reached a mean top speed of . The ship had a range of  at a cruising speed of . Her crew numbered 1,016 officers and ratings in 1916.

Armament and fire-control
The Queen Elizabeth class was equipped with eight breech-loading (BL)  Mk I guns in four twin-gun turrets, in two superfiring pairs fore and aft of the superstructure, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. Twelve of the fourteen BL  Mk XII guns were mounted in casemates along the broadside of the vessel amidships; the remaining pair were mounted on the forecastle deck near the aft funnel and were protected by gun shields. The anti-aircraft (AA) armament were composed of two quick-firing (QF)  20 cwt Mk I guns. The ships were fitted with four submerged 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes, two on each broadside.

Barham was completed with two fire-control directors fitted with  rangefinders. One was mounted above the conning tower, protected by an armoured hood, and the other was in the spotting top above the tripod mast. Each turret was also fitted with a 15-foot rangefinder. The main armament could be controlled by 'B' turret as well. The secondary armament was primarily controlled by directors mounted on each side of the compass platform on the foremast once they were fitted in July 1917.

Protection and aircraft
The waterline belt of the Queen Elizabeth class consisted of Krupp cemented armour (KC) that was  thick over the ships' vitals. The gun turrets were protected by  of KC armour and were supported by barbettes  thick. The ships had multiple armoured decks that ranged from  in thickness. The main conning tower was protected by  of armour. After the Battle of Jutland,  of high-tensile steel was added to the main deck over the magazines and additional anti-flash equipment was added in the magazines.

The ship was fitted with flying-off platforms mounted on the roofs of 'B' and 'X' turrets in 1918, from which fighters and reconnaissance aircraft could launch. During her early-1930s refit, the platforms were removed from the turrets and a retractable catapult was installed on the roof of 'X' turret, along with a crane to recover a floatplane. This was initially a Fairey IIIF until it was replaced by a Fairey Swordfish in 1938.

Major alterations
Barham received a series of minor refits during the 1920s. In 1921–1922,  rangefinders replaced the smaller ones in 'B' and 'X' turrets. Two years later, her anti-aircraft defences were upgraded when the original three-inch AA guns were replaced with a pair of QF  Mk V AA guns between November 1924 and January 1925 and another pair of four-inch AA guns were added from October to November later that year. To control these guns a temporary High-Angle Control Position was mounted above the torpedo-control tower aft. This was replaced by a torpedo rangefinder in early 1928 when the permanent position was installed in the remodelled spotting top.

The ship was extensively refitted between January 1931 and January 1934 at a cost of £424,000. During this refit, the aft superstructure was rebuilt and the torpedo-control tower and its rangefinder were removed, together with the aft set of torpedo tubes. The fore funnel was trunked into the aft funnel to reduce smoke in the spotting top. A High-Angle Control System (HACS) Mk I director were added to the roof of the spotting top and the mainmast was reconstructed as a tripod to support the weight of a second HACS director. A pair of octuple mounts for 2-pounder () Mk VIII "pom-pom" anti-aircraft guns were added abreast the funnel and two positions for their directors were added on new platforms abreast and below the spotting top. In addition, a pair of quadruple mounts for Vickers  AA machine guns were added abreast the conning tower.

The turret roofs were reinforced to a thickness of  and the armour added over the magazines after Jutland was replaced by 4 inches of Krupp non-cemented armour, the first British battleship to receive such. In addition, the rear of the six-inch gun casemates was enclosed by a  bulkhead. Underwater protection was improved by the addition of torpedo bulges. They were designed to reduce the effect of torpedo detonations and improve stability at the cost of widening the ship's beam by almost  to , and reduced her draught to . This increased her metacentric height to about  at deep load, despite the increase in her deep displacement to . When Barham conducted her sea trials on 20 November 1933, her speed was reduced to  from .

Later alterations included replacing the single mounts of the AA guns with twin mounts for the QF 4-inch Mark XVI gun, removal of the forward submerged torpedo tubes and the high-angle rangefinder in March–May 1938. In addition the torpedo-control tower aft was replaced by an air-defence position during that same refit. While under repair in December 1939March 1940, a 20-barrel Unrotated projectile (UP) rocket launcher was installed on the roof of 'B' turret and her HACS Mk I directors were replaced with Mk III models. The following year the UP mount was replaced by a pair of quadruple Vickers 0.5-inch machine gun mounts and another pair of eight-barreled "pom-pom" mounts were added abreast her conning tower.

Construction and career
The Queen Elizabeth class was ordered as part of the 1912 Naval Programme and the contract for Barham was awarded to John Brown & Company. The ship, named after Admiral Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham, was laid down at their Clydebank shipyard on 24 February 1913 and launched on 31 December 1914. Barham cost a total of £2,470,113. She was completed for trials on 19 August 1915 which took until the end of September to finish under the command of Captain Arthur Craig Waller. The following day, 1 October, Rear-Admiral Hugh Evan-Thomas, commander of the 5th Battle Squadron, hoisted his flag aboard his new flagship.

First World War
Barham joined the Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow the next day and participated in a fleet training operation west of Orkney during 2–5 November. During another training exercise in early December, the ship was accidentally rammed by her sister ship  on 3 December. After temporary repairs at Scapa, Barham was sent to Cromarty Firth for more permanent repairs in the floating dry dock there that lasted until 23 December.

The Grand Fleet departed for a cruise in the North Sea on 26 February 1916; Jellicoe had intended to use the Harwich Force to sweep the Heligoland Bight, but bad weather prevented operations in the southern North Sea. As a result, the operation was confined to the northern end of the sea. Another sweep began on 6 March, but had to be abandoned the following day as the weather grew too severe for the escorting destroyers. On the night of 25 March, Barham and the rest of the fleet sailed from Scapa Flow to support Beatty's battlecruisers and other light forces raiding the German Zeppelin base at Tondern. By the time the Grand Fleet approached the area on 26 March, the British and German forces had already disengaged and a strong gale threatened the light craft, so the fleet was ordered to return to base. On 21 April, the Grand Fleet conducted a demonstration off Horns Reef to distract the Germans while the Russian Navy relaid its defensive minefields in the Baltic Sea. The fleet returned to Scapa Flow on 24 April and refuelled before proceeding south in response to intelligence reports that the Germans were about to launch a raid on Lowestoft. The 5th Battle Squadron preceded the rest of the Grand Fleet to reinforce Vice-Admiral David Beatty's battlecruiser fleet, but the British arrived in the area after the Germans had withdrawn. On 2–4 May, the fleet conducted another demonstration off Horns Reef to keep German attention focused on the North Sea. On 21 May, the 5th Battle Squadron was attached to Beatty while his 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron was detached for gunnery training and arrived at Rosyth the following day.

Battle of Jutland

In an attempt to lure out and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet, the High Seas Fleet, composed of 16 dreadnoughts, 6 pre-dreadnoughts, 6 light cruisers, and 31 torpedo boats, departed the Jade early on the morning of 31 May. The fleet sailed in concert with Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper's five battlecruisers and supporting cruisers and torpedo boats. The Royal Navy's Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation. In response the Admiralty ordered the Grand Fleet, totalling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers, to sortie the night before to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet. Barham slipped her mooring at 22:08 and was followed by the rest of Beatty's ships.

When dawn broke Beatty ordered his forces into cruising formation with the 5th Battle Squadron trailing his battle cruisers by . At 14:15, Beatty ordered a turn north by east to rendezvous with the Grand Fleet. Shortly before the turn, one of his escorting light cruisers,  spotted smoke on the horizon and continued on her course to investigate. Ten minutes later, the ship radioed "Two cruisers, probably hostile, in sight..." They were actually two German destroyers that had stopped to check a Danish merchant ship's papers. At 14:32, Beatty ordered a course change to south-southeast in response to the spot report. Barhams signallers were unable to read the signal and her officer of the watch presumed that it was the expected point zigzag to the left of the base course and signalled that course change to the rest of the squadron. After several minutes it became apparent that the squadron was not conforming to Beatty's other ships, but Evan-Thomas refused to change course until clear instructions had been received despite entreaties from the Barhams captain. While the exact time when Evan-Thomas ordered his ships to turn to follow Beatty is not known, the consensus is that it was about seven minutes later, which increased his distance from Beatty to nothing less than .

Hipper's battlecruisers spotted the Battlecruiser Fleet to their west at 15:20, but Beatty's ships did not see the Germans to their east until 15:30. Two minutes later, Beatty ordered a course change to east-southeast, positioning the British ships to cut off the German's line of retreat, and signalled action stations. Hipper ordered his ships to turn to starboard, away from the British, to assume a south-easterly course, and reduced speed to  to allow three light cruisers of the 2nd Scouting Group to catch up. With this turn, Hipper was falling back on the High Seas Fleet,  behind him. Beatty then altered course to the east, as he was still too far north to cut Hipper off. This was later characterised as the "Run to the South" as Beatty changed course to steer east-southeast at 15:45, now paralleling Hipper's course less than  away. By this time the 5th Battle Squadron was about  northwest of Beatty. The Germans opened fire first at 15:48, followed by the British battlecruisers.

The light cruisers of the 2nd Scouting Group were the first German ships visible to Evan-Thomas's ships and Barham opened fire on them at 15:58 until the cruisers disappeared into their own smoke screen at around 16:05. About three minutes later, the ship opened fire on the battlecruiser  at a range of about . A minute later she scored one hit on the German ship's stern before she was ordered to switch targets to the battlecruiser , together with her sister . The shell struck just below the waterline and burst on impact with the belt armour. The impact was right on the joints between several armour plates and drove them inwards and destroyed part of the hull behind them. The damage allowed over  of water to flood the stern and nearly knocked out the ship's steering gear. Between them, Barham and Valiant hit Moltke four times from 16:16 to 16:26, but only one of those hits can be attributed to Valiant. Two of the others detonated upon striking the waterline armour, but failed to penetrate. The impacts drove in the plates and fragments caused much flooding by damaging the surrounding structure. The last shell passed all the way through the ship without detonating; it struck and dislodged a  armour plate on the waterline on the other side of the ship that caused also some flooding. Barham was herself was struck twice during the "Run to the South": the first was a  shell from von der Tann that failed to do any damage when it hit the waterline armour and the battlecruiser  fired a  shell that detonated in the aft superstructure. This sent splinters in every direction and started a small fire, but otherwise did no significant damage.

At 16:30, the light cruiser , scouting in front of Beatty's ships, spotted the lead elements of the High Seas Fleet coming north at top speed. Three minutes later, she sighted the topmasts of Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer's battleships, but did not report this for another five minutes. Beatty continued south for another two minutes to confirm the sighting before ordering his force to turn north, towards the Grand Fleet in what came to be known as the "Run to the North". His order only applied to his own forces; the 5th Battle Squadron continued south until after it passed Beatty heading northwestwards at 16:51. Beatty then ordered Evan-Thomas to turn his ships in succession to follow the battlecruisers three minutes later. This meant that they were some  closer to the rapidly advancing High Sea Fleet. And now within range of the battleships of the 3rd Squadron which opened fire on the 5th Battle Squadron as they made their turn.

Evan-Thomas continued his turn until his ships were steering due north, which interposed the 5th Battle Squadron between Hipper's battlecruisers, which had reversed course around 16:48 to follow Beatty north, and Beatty's ships. While making the turn, Barham was struck by two 30.5-centimetre shells beginning at 16:58, probably from the battlecruiser . The first of these struck the ship's upper deck before detonating upon striking the main deck above the medical store compartment, which was completely burnt out. The detonation blew a  hole in the main deck, sent fragments through the middle and lower decks and burned out the casemate for starboard No. 2 six-inch gun. Three minutes later another shell hit the aft superstructure, severing the antenna cables of the main wireless station. One fragment ricocheted off the upper deck and through the side plating on the opposite side of the ship. Either the first or the fourth of these shells destroyed the ship's sickbay, killing the staff and all of its patients, including eight ship's boys. Barham returned fire at the battlecruisers at 17:02, together with Valiant, the two northernmost of Evan-Thomas's ships, and the two of them made three hits on the battlecruiser  and Lützow between 17:06 and 17:13 while Barham was hit twice more by Derfflinger;  although neither of the hits did any significant damage. In contrast, the hit on Lützow flooded a  magazine and the hits on Seydlitz blew a  hole in the side of her bow. Fragments from this hit caused flooding that spread throughout the bow, while the ship's speed caused water to enter directly through the hole in the side. Other fragments from the second hit caused damage that allowed the water to spread even further. These two hits were ultimately responsible for the massive flooding that nearly sank the ship after the battle. The third shell detonated on the face of the starboard wing turret, although some fragments entered the turret and caused minor damage.

Beatty in the meantime had turned further west to open up the range between his battered battlecruisers and the Germans. At 17:45 he turned eastwards to take his position in front of the Grand Fleet and re-engage Hipper's ships. This meant that the 5th Battle Squadron and the light cruisers were the sole targets available for the German ships until after his turn, although the worsening visibility hampered both sides' shooting. Barham was not hit during this time and she and Valiant, later joined by their sister Warspite, continued to fire at Hipper's 1st Scouting Group until 18:02 when Valiant lost sight of the Germans. They hit Lützow, Derfflinger and Seydlitz three times each between 17:19 and about 18:05. Lützow was only slightly damaged by these hits, which essentially only knocked out the primary and back-up wireless rooms while the shells that hit Derfflinger hit the side of the ship's bow, knocking off several armour plates, while fragments opened holes that ultimately allowed roughly  of water to enter the bow. One of these hits also started several major fires inside the hull. The hits on Seydlitz mostly opened up more holes that facilitated the flooding.

Hipper turned his ships southward around 18:05 to fall back upon Scheer's advancing battleships and then reversed course five minutes later. Evan-Thomas turned northeast at around 18:06 and then made a slow turn to the southeast once he spotted the Grand Fleet. He first spotted the battleship , flagship of the 6th Division of the 1st Battle Squadron and thought she was leading the Grand Fleet as it deployed from cruising formation into line ahead. At 18:17 he realised that Marlborough was actually at the rear of the formation and he ordered a turn to the north to bring his squadron into line behind the Grand Fleet. This took some time and his ships had to slow down to  to avoid overrunning the 6th Division and blocking its fire. The 5th Battle Squadron concentrated their fire on the German battleships after losing sight of the battlecruisers, with Barham opening fire at 18:14. No hits were observed and the ships stopped firing after making their turn north, but Barham opened fire for a short time when they fell in line with the Grand Fleet a few minutes later, probably without making any hits.

Barham fired 337 fifteen-inch shells and 25 six-inch shells during the battle. The number of hits cannot be confirmed, but it is believed that she and Valiant made 23 or 24 hits between them, making them two of the most accurate warships in the British fleet. She was hit six times during the battle, five times by 30.5 cm shells and once by a 28.3 cm shell, suffering casualties of 26 killed and 46 wounded.

Subsequent activity

Following Jutland, Barham was under repair until 5 July 1916. On the evening of 18 August, the Grand Fleet put to sea in response to a message deciphered by Room 40 that indicated that the High Seas Fleet, minus II Squadron, would be leaving harbour that night. The German objective was to bombard Sunderland on 19 August, based on extensive reconnaissance conducted by Zeppelins and submarines. The Grand Fleet sailed with 29 dreadnoughts and 6 battlecruisers while the Germans mustered 18 dreadnoughts and 2 battlecruisers. Throughout the next day, Jellicoe and Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, commander of the High Seas Fleet, received conflicting intelligence; after reaching the location in the North Sea where they expected to encounter the High Seas Fleet, the British turned north in the erroneous belief that they had entered a minefield. Scheer turned south again, then steered south-eastward to pursue a lone British battle squadron sighted by an airship, which was in fact the Harwich Force of cruisers and destroyers under Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt. Realising their mistake, the Germans changed course for home. The only contact came in the evening when Tyrwhitt sighted the High Seas Fleet but was unable to achieve an advantageous attack position before dark, and broke off contact. The British and the German fleets returned home; the British lost two cruisers to submarine attacks, and one German dreadnought had been torpedoed. After returning to port, Jellicoe issued an order that prohibited risking the fleet in the southern half of the North Sea due to the overwhelming risk from mines and U-boats unless the odds of defeating the High Seas Fleet in a decisive engagement were favourable.

She was refitted at Cromarty between February and March 1917 and King George V inspected the ship on 22 June at Invergordon. Barham was refitted at Rosyth from 7–23 February 1918 and Waller was relieved by Captain Henry Buller on 18 April. The latter was succeeded by Captain Richard Horne on 1 October. She was present when the High Seas Fleet surrendered for internment on 21 November.

Between the wars

Barham became flagship of the 1st Battle Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet in April 1919, and made a port visit to Cherbourg, France that month together with the rest of the squadron. Captain Robin Dalglish relieved Horne on 1 October 1920. She retained her position when the 1st and 2nd Battle Squadrons were merged in May 1921. Dalglish was relieved in his turn by Captain Percy Noble on 18 October 1922. Barham participated in the Fleet review on 26 July 1924 at Spithead. A few months later, now under the command of Captain Richard Hill, the ship again retained her position as the 1st Battle Squadron was split in two and the Queen Elizabeths of the new 1st Battle Squadron were transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet on 1 November 1924. On 14 October 1925, Captain Francis Marten relieved Hill, but he retained command only until 9 March 1926 when Captain Joseph Henley assumed command. Together with her sister , Barham was sent to Alexandria, Egypt, in May 1927 during a time of unrest. Now under the command of Captain Hubert Monroe and accompanied by the battleship , she cruised along the coast of West Africa from December 1927 to February 1928. She became a private ship in January of that year and was refitted at Portsmouth Royal Dockyard in February–July. Shortly after her return to the Mediterranean, Barham again became flagship of the 1st Battle Squadron in September after her sister Warspite had to return home for repairs after running aground. Captain James Somerville relieved Monroe on 1 December and he was relieved in his turn on 16 March 1929 by Captain John C. Hamilton. The ship was relieved as flagship by  in June and she was ordered to Palestine in August where her crew helped to suppress rioting in Haifa and also operated the Haifa-Jerusalem railroad. The ship was transferred to the 2nd Battle Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet in November 1929, and, together with Malaya, made a port visit to Trondheim, Norway in mid-1930 where they fired a salute to celebrate the birth of Princess Ragnhild on 9 June.

Between January 1931 and January 1934, Barham underwent a major refit. While the other four ships of the Queen Elizabeth class were given a second, more extensive refit in the mid-to-late 1930s (which for Warspite, Valiant and  amounted to a complete reconstruction with new machinery and superstructures), changes to Barham were relatively minor. Now under the command of Captain Richard Scott, Barham was assigned to the Home Fleet as the flagship of the 2nd Battle Squadron, and deployed to the West Indies in January–February 1935 for training. The ship participated in the Silver Jubilee Fleet Review for George V on 16 July at Spithead and was then transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet at the end of August. At that time, Captain Norman Wodehouse relieved Scott. She was briefly deployed to Haifa in May 1936 at the beginning of the Arab revolt in Palestine. Shortly afterwards, she was deployed to Gibraltar for several months after the beginning of the Spanish Civil War in July.

Barham served as the flagship of the 1st Battle Squadron from November 1936 to May 1937 and participated in the Coronation Fleet Review for King George VI on 19 May at Spithead. She became the flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet on 9 June until relieved by Warspite on 8 February 1938. Captain Henry Horan assumed command on 28 July 1937, although he only remained in command until 22 April 1938 when he was relieved by Captain Algernon Willis. The ship resumed her former role as flagship of the 1st Battle Squadron in February 1938 while undergoing a refit at Portsmouth that lasted until May. Willis was relieved by Captain Thomas Walker on 31 January 1939. During a port visit to Corfu in July, the ship was visited by King George II of Greece.

Second World War
Barham remained part of the Mediterranean Fleet at the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939. She became a private ship on 1 December and departed Alexandria to join the Home Fleet that same day. On 12 December, she accidentally rammed one of her escorts, the destroyer , in thick fog  west of the Mull of Kintyre. Duchess capsized and sank, with the loss of 124 of her crew.

Barham, the battlecruiser  and the destroyers , , ,  and  were on patrol off the Butt of Lewis to protect against a possible break-out into the Atlantic by German warships when they were spotted by the , commanded by Fritz-Julius Lemp, on 28 December. Lemp fired four torpedoes at the two capital ships, and one struck Barham on her port side, adjacent to the shell rooms for 'A' and 'B' turrets. The anti-torpedo bulge was essentially destroyed adjacent to the strike, with four men killed and two wounded. Most of the adjacent compartments flooded and the ship took on a 7 degree list that was countered by transferring fuel oil to starboard. Barhams speed was initially reduced to , but it was increased to  about an hour and a half later and she was able to proceed under her own power to Birkenhead for repairs by Cammell Laird that lasted until April 1940.

Captain Geoffrey Cooke assumed command on 25 March and the Navy took the opportunity to augment her light anti-aircraft armament and upgrade its directors. Barham played no role in the Norwegian Campaign although some of her crew and marines participated. In preparation for Operation Menace, a British naval attack on Dakar, Senegal, prior to a planned landing by the Free French, the ship was detached from the Home Fleet on 28 August and was assigned to Force M, the Royal Navy component of the operation. She departed Scapa Flow that day, escorted by four destroyers, and rendezvoused with the troop convoy en route to Gibraltar where she arrived on 2 September. She later became the flagship of Force M's commander, Vice-Admiral John Cunningham. Reinforced by the battleship  and the aircraft carrier  from Force H, Barham departed Gibraltar for Freetown, Sierra Leone, four days later.

Operation Menace

Force M departed Freetown for Dakar on 21 September and had arrived Dakar before dawn two days later. After Free French emissaries were either captured or driven off by the Vichy French, Cunningham ordered his ships to open fire. Barhams six-inch guns were the first to do so and fired at the  on the surface. They claimed at least one hit and the submarine was finished off by two of the escorting destroyers and the light cruiser . Her main guns targeted the port and the battleship . Hindered by poor visibility, no significant damage was inflicted and Richelieu was not hit before the bombardment was called off after 20 minutes.

After the expiration of an ultimatum to surrender the following morning, the battleships engaged the port's  coast-defence guns and Richelieu at 09:30. The latter was only struck by a single shell splinter before the Allies broke off the bombardment at 10:07, although she had hit Barham once with a  shell that blew a hole  in diameter in the bulge. The  sortied from the harbour at 12:00 to rescue a British pilot in the water, but was engaged at 12:53 by the battleships at a range of . The ship was not hit, but was forced to return to port under the cover of a heavy smoke screen. The British battleships then switched targets to bombard the harbour and Richelieu. They set several merchant ships on fire, but again failed to hit the latter at a range of  before breaking off fire at 13:20. During this time Barham was struck by a 24 cm shell that penetrated through the superstructure before exploding with little effect and without causing any casualties. Another shell, probably also 24 cm in size (though possibly a 38cm shell from Richelieu) detonated in the water on the starboard side abreast of the funnels. The resulting shockwave pushed the bulge inwards for a length of  and it started to slowly flood.

After a conference aboard Barham later that day, the Allied commanders resolved to continue the attack. On the morning of 25 September, Richelieu was the first ship to open fire at 09:04 at a range of . As the British battleships were manoeuvring to take up their positions, the submarine  fired a spread of four torpedoes at a range of . Barham was able to dodge them, but Resolution was struck by one torpedo amidships that caused a heavy list, and she fell out of line. Barham opened fire at a range of  and hit Richelieu with one 15-inch shell at 09:15. The shell devastated a messdeck and dented the armoured deck by a depth of , but caused no casualties. The severe damage to Resolution caused Operation Menace to be abandoned and Barham had to tow her to Freetown for temporary repairs, before escorting a convoy to Gibraltar where she arrived on 15 October where her own damage was repaired. She was briefly assigned to Force H, before she was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in November 1940.

Barham, two cruisers, and three destroyers also assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet were designated Force F as part of Operation Coat, one of a complex series of fleet movements in the Mediterranean. The battleship and the other ships of Force F were tasked to ferry troops to Malta, before continuing on to Alexandria. Barham was loaded with 600 troops, including the men of 12 Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, Force F departed Gibraltar on 7 November, escorted by Force H, rendezvoused with the main body of the Mediterranean Fleet three days later and unloaded their cargo at Malta later that day. While sailing eastwards, the aircraft carrier  was detached from the main body to attack Taranto on the night of 11/12 November, damaging three Italian battleships. Barham, now assigned to the 1st BS, and Malaya were detached to refuel at Souda Bay, Crete, before sailing for Alexandria, reaching there on 14 November. As part of Operation Collar in late November, Barham, Malaya and the carrier  covered the forces rendezvousing with a convoy coming from Gibraltar. En route, Eagles aircraft attacked Tripoli on 26 November. Barham became the flagship of the 1st BS in December.

1941

On 3 January 1941, the ship, together with Warspite and Valiant, bombarded Bardia as a prelude to the Battle of Bardia. On 26 March, the Italian fleet sortied in an attempt to intercept British convoys to Greece. The British had recently broken the Italian codes and sailed after dark on the 27th to intercept the Italians. The following morning, they were spotted by an aircraft from the carrier  and the Battle of Cape Matapan began. Multiple air strikes by Formidables Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers damaged the battleship  and crippled the heavy cruiser  later that evening. Admiral Angelo Iachino, commander of the Italian fleet, ordered the two other heavy cruisers of the 1st Division to render assistance to Pola in the darkness. The Italian ships and the British arrived almost simultaneously at Polas location, but the Italians had almost no clue that the British were nearby. On the other hand, the British knew exactly where the Italians were, thanks to their radar-equipped ships. They opened fire at point-blank range, Barham crippling the destroyer  and then joining Warspite and Valiant in crippling .

In mid-April she escorted the fast transport , together with Warspite and Valiant, from Alexandria to Malta before the battleships bombarded Tripoli on the evening of 20 April. On 612 May, she covered the Alexandria-Malta convoy of Operation Tiger. With her newly arrived sister Queen Elizabeth, Barham escorted Formidable as her aircraft attacked the Italian airfield at Scarpanto at dawn on 26 May with some success. While covering the evacuation of Crete the following day, the ship was attacked by Junkers Ju 88 bombers from II./LG (Demonstration Wing) 1 and Heinkel He 111 bombers of II./KG (Bomber Wing) 26. One  bomb struck 'Y' turret and started a fire inside the turret that took 20 minutes to quench. A near miss ruptured her portside bulge over an area  and caused a 1.5 degree list that was easily corrected by pumping oil. Casualties were five dead and six wounded. She reached Alexandria later that day, but she was too large for the floating dock there and had to be sent elsewhere for repairs. She sailed south through the Suez Canal to Mombasa, Kenya, where her damage was inspected. It proved to be worse than expected and Barham had to be repaired at Durban, South Africa, as she was unfit to make the trans-Atlantic crossing for repair in the United States. Repairs were completed six weeks later on 30 July and the ship returned to Alexandria in August where she resumed her role as flagship of the 1st Battle Squadron.

Sinking

On the afternoon of 24 November 1941, the 1st Battle Squadron, Barham, Queen Elizabeth, and Valiant, with an escort of eight destroyers, departed Alexandria to cover the 7th and 15th Cruiser Squadrons as they hunted for Italian convoys in the Central Mediterranean. The following morning, the , commanded by Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Diedrich von Tiesenhausen, detected the faint engine noises of the British ships and moved to intercept. By the afternoon the submarine and the 1st Battle Squadron were on reciprocal courses and Tiesenhausen ordered his boat to battle stations around 16:00. An ASDIC operator aboard one of the leading destroyers, , detected the submarine at 16:18 at an estimated range of , but the contact was disregarded as it subtended an angle between 40 and 60 degrees wide, far larger than a submarine. U-331 thus passed through the screen and was in a position to fire her torpedoes after the leading ship, Queen Elizabeth, had passed her by and the second ship, Barham, was closing rapidly. Tiesenhausen ordered all four bow torpedo tubes fired at a range of  at 16:25. Possibly due to her closeness to Valiants bow wave and discharging the torpedoes, the boat's conning tower broached the surface and was fruitlessly engaged by one of the battleship's "pom-pom"s at a range of about . The boat dived out of control after she broached, reaching an indicated depth of , well below her design depth rating of , before she stabilised without any damage. U-331 was not attacked by the escorting destroyers and reached port on 3 December. Tiesenhausen was not certain of the results of his attack and radioed that he had hit a Queen Elizabeth-class battleship with one torpedo.

There was no time for evasive action, and three of the four torpedoes struck amidships so closely together as to throw up a single massive water column. Barham quickly capsized to port and was lying on her side when a massive magazine explosion occurred about four minutes after she was torpedoed and sank her. The Board of Enquiry into the sinking ascribed the final explosion to a fire in the 4-inch magazines outboard of the main 15-inch magazines, which would have then spread to and detonated the contents of the main magazines. Due to the speed at which she sank, 862 officers and ratings were killed, including two who died of their wounds after being rescued. The destroyer  rescued 337 survivors, including Vice-Admiral Henry Pridham-Wippell and the pair who later died of their wounds, while the Australian destroyer  reportedly rescued 150 men. Captain Geoffrey Cooke went down with his ship. The sinking was captured on film by a cameraman from Pathé News, aboard Valiant.

Aftermath
To conceal the sinking from the Germans and to protect British morale, the Board of Admiralty censored all news of Barhams sinking. After a delay of several weeks the War Office notified the next of kin, but they added a special request for secrecy: the notification letters included a warning not to discuss the loss of the ship with anyone but close relatives, stating it was "most essential that information of the event which led to the loss of your husband's life should not find its way to the enemy until such time as it is announced officially..." Following repeated claims by German radio, the Admiralty officially announced the loss on 27 January 1942 and explained that

It was not until the Admiralty admitted that Barham had been sunk and described the circumstances that Tiesenhausen knew that he had sunk her. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross that day. The Barham's crew are commemorated by a memorial bench, located in Nothe Gardens, Weymouth.

Helen Duncan, considered the last person to be imprisoned under the Witchcraft Act 1735, came to the attention of the authorities after claiming to have contacted the spirit of a sailor of Barham, at the time when the ship's sinking was being hidden from the general public.

Notes

Citations

References

Further reading

External links

 www.hmsbarham.com – Site of HMS Barham Association
 Article in World War II magazine about the sinking of HMS Barham and its connection to the witchcraft trial of Helen Duncan
 Maritimequest HMS Barham Photo Gallery
 Captain Terry Herrick – Daily Telegraph obituary
 HMS Barham Explodes & Sinks: World War II (1941) - archive footage captured by British Pathé News cameraman, John Turner

Queen Elizabeth-class battleships
Ships built on the River Clyde
1914 ships
World War I battleships of the United Kingdom
World War II battleships of the United Kingdom
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Maritime incidents in Egypt
Maritime incidents in December 1939
Maritime incidents in November 1941
Filmed killings
Naval magazine explosions

HMS Barham (04)


Suances, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden, ülkenin kuzey sahilinde Kantabria Denizi olarak da anılan Atlas Okyanusu'nun Fransa ile İspanya arasındaki bölümüne kıyısı bulunan, Kantabria otonom bölgesine bağlı belediye. Suances belediyesinin nüfusu 2002 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre 1.000 kişidir.

Suances


Les Filles de Saint Joseph, protectrices de l'enfance sont une congrégation religieuse féminine enseignante de droit pontifical.

Histoire

L'origine de la congrégation remonte à la province chilienne des Sœurs de la Providence de Montréal, qui devient indépendante de la maison-mère en 1880. En 1890, l'archevêque de Santiago impose de nouvelles constitutions aux sœurs mais un groupe de 19 religieuses, sous la direction de Mère Marie Louise Villalón Aranguiz (1843-1906), et avec le soutien de l'archevêque auxiliaire Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas, demande de continuer à observer les règlements précédents et obtient de devenir une congrégation autonome, érigée le 29 mars 1895.

L'institut est agrégé à l'ordre de Saint Augustin le 8 septembre 1908 ; il reçoit le décret de louange le 18 janvier 1920 et ses constitutions sont définitivement approuvées par le Saint-Siège le 21 juin 1938.

Activités et diffusion

Les sœurs se consacrent à l'enseignement et au soin des enfants abandonnés.

Elles sont présentes au Chili avec la maison-mère à Santiago du Chili.

En 2017, la congrégation comptait 99 sœurs dans 23 maisons.

Notes et références

Liens externes

  Filles de Saint Joseph au Chili
  Ancien site en archive

Congrégation catholique féminine
Congrégation enseignante catholique
Fondation en 1895


VSW steht für:

 Verkehrsgemeinschaft Schweinfurt, ÖPNV-Gesellschaft im Schweinfurter Gebiet
 Verband Sozialer Wettbewerb, Abmahnverein mit Sitz in Berlin
 Vereinigung der Sächsischen Wirtschaft, Interessenverband der sächsischen Wirtschaft
 Vereinigung für die Sicherheit der Wirtschaft, Verein zur Unterstützung von Unternehmen bei der Kriminalprävention
 Versicherungsstelle Wiesbaden, Versicherergemeinschaft zur Absicherung der Haftpflichtrisiken von Steuerberatern und Wirtschaftsprüfern

Abkürzung

VSW


Im Winkel 3, 5; Ölberg 4, 5, 7, 11, 13 ist ein denkmalgeschützter Straßenzug im zur Gemeinde Erxleben gehörenden Dorf Bregenstedt.

Die kleine Straße zieht sich von der Straße Im Winkel nach Norden zur Erxlebener Straße, wobei sie einen erheblichen Höhenunterschied überwinden muss. An ihrem Nordende hat sie die Höhe des Kirchhügels erreicht und verbreitert sich zu einem kleinen Platz.

An der Westseite der Straße grenzt der Kirchhof der Dorfkirche Bregenstedt an. Der Straßenzug ist von geräumigen Höfen mit Toranlagen gesäumt. Die Wohnhäuser werden als qualitätvoll beschrieben. Zu den Höfen gehören diverse Wirtschaftsgebäude. Es dominieren Konstruktionen aus Fachwerk und Klinker. Besonders bemerkenswert ist der Hof an der Adresse Im Winkel 3, 5 dessen Scheune aus dem Jahr 1826 stammt.

Trotz häufigerer Umbauten der Anlagen, blieb der Gesamtcharakter der dörflichen Architektur des 19. Jahrhunderts weitgehend erhalten. Zum Teil wurde bei Neubauten, so dem 1887 entstandenen Torbogen des Hauses Ölberg 7, die Charakteristika der überlieferten Bauweisen angepasst. Für das Erscheinungsbild der Gesamtanlage ist jedoch insbesondere die erhaltene Pflasterung mitsamt seitlichem Rinnstein von Bedeutung.

Literatur
Mathias Köhler, Denkmalverzeichnis Sachsen-Anhalt, Band 10.1, Ohrekreis (I) – Altkreis Haldensleben, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Michael Imhof Verlag Petersberg 2005, ISBN 3-86568-011-9, Seite 57

Einzelnachweise

Kulturdenkmal in Erxleben (Landkreis Börde)
Bauwerk in Erxleben (Landkreis Börde)

Im Winkel 3, 5; Ölberg 4, 5, 7, 11, 13 (Bregenstedt)


The Black Island () is the seventh volume of The Adventures of Tintin, the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. Commissioned by the conservative Belgian newspaper  for its children's supplement , it was serialised weekly from April to November 1937. The story tells of young Belgian reporter Tintin and his dog Snowy, who travel to England in pursuit of a gang of counterfeiters. Framed for theft and hunted by detectives Thomson and Thompson, Tintin follows the criminals to Scotland, discovering their lair on the Black Island.

The Black Island was a commercial success and was published in book form by Casterman shortly after its conclusion. Hergé continued The Adventures of Tintin with King Ottokar's Sceptre, while the series itself became a defining part of the Franco-Belgian comics tradition. In 1943, The Black Island was coloured and re-drawn in Hergé's distinctive  style for republication. In the mid-1960s, Hergé's British publishers requested a major revision of the story, for which he sent his assistant Bob De Moor to Britain on a research trip; on his return, Studios Hergé produced a revised, third edition of the story, serialised in Tintin magazine. The Black Island introduces the recurring villain Dr. Müller, and has been widely cited as one of the most popular instalments in the series. The story was adapted for the 1957 Belvision animation Hergé's Adventures of Tintin, the 1980-1 West End play Tintin and the Black Island, the 1991 Ellipse/Nelvana animated series The Adventures of Tintin, and the 1992-3 BBC Radio 5 dramatisation of the Adventures.

Synopsis
Tintin witnesses a plane land in the Belgian countryside, and is shot by the pilot when he offers his help. While he recovers in hospital, detectives Thomson and Thompson visit him and inform him that the plane subsequently flew to Sussex, England, where it crashed. Tintin and Snowy proceed to Sussex, but along the way, two criminals frame Tintin for robbery, and he is arrested by Thomson and Thompson; he escapes, but is pursued by the detectives. After arriving in England by ferry in Newhaven, both Tintin and the taxi driver are ambushed by the same criminals, who attempt to kill him over the cliffs of Seaford, but he escapes with Snowy's help. Discovering the plane wreckage, he finds a torn-up note in the pilot's jacket, and following the writing on it arrives at the estate of Dr. J. W. Müller, a German who owns a mental institution, affiliated with the criminals. Müller captures Tintin, but, during a fight, Müller's house catches fire. The fire brigade arrives just in time to extinguish the fire and rescue Tintin from the burning house, while Müller escapes with his accomplice Ivan.

The following morning after recovering in hospital, Tintin finds electric cables and red beacons in the garden, surmising that they are there designed to attract a plane drop. At night, he lights the beacons, and a plane drops sacks of counterfeit money, revealing that Müller is part of a gang of forgers. Tintin pursues Müller and Ivan by car and by train across the country. Along the way, Thompson and Thomson try to arrest him again, but Tintin convinces them to join him in the pursuit of the criminals. When Müller takes a plane north, Tintin and Snowy try to follow, but hit a storm and crash land in rural Scotland. The detectives commandeer another plane, but discover - too late - that the man they told to fly it is actually a mechanic who has never flown before, and after a harrowing air-bound odyssey they end up crash-landing into (and winning) an aerobatics competition.

Learning that Müller's plane had crashed off the coast of Kiltoch, a Scottish coastal village, Tintin travels there to continue his investigation. At Kiltoch, an old man tells him the story of Black Island — an island off the coast where a "ferocious beast" kills any visitors. Tintin and Snowy travel to the island, where they find that the "beast" is a trained gorilla named Ranko. They further discover that the forgers are using the island as their base, and radio the police for help. Although the forgers attempt to capture Tintin, the police arrive and arrest the criminals. Ranko, who was injured during Tintin's attempts to hold off the forgers, becomes docile enough to allow Tintin to bring him to a zoo.

History

Background and research

Georges Remi—best known under the pen name Hergé—was employed as editor and illustrator of  ("The Little Twentieth"), a children's supplement to  ("The Twentieth Century"), a staunchly Roman Catholic, conservative Belgian newspaper based in Hergé's native Brussels which was run by the Abbé Norbert Wallez. In 1929, Hergé began The Adventures of Tintin comic strip for , revolving around the exploits of fictional Belgian reporter Tintin. Wallez ordered Hergé to set his first adventure in the Soviet Union as anti-socialist propaganda for children (Tintin in the Land of the Soviets), to set his second adventure in the Belgian Congo to encourage colonial sentiment (Tintin in the Congo), and to set his third adventure in the United States to use the story as a denunciation of American capitalism (Tintin in America). Wallez was subsequently removed from the paper's editorship following a scandal, although Hergé was convinced to stay on the condition of a salary increase.

For his next serial, Hergé planned to put together a story that caricatured the actions of Nazi Germany, developing the plot for King Ottokar's Sceptre. However, he temporarily set aside that project when he began to experience dreams of white and a car stuck in the snow, having ideas of sending Tintin to the north, considering Greenland or the Klondike as potential locations. The result was The Black Island, although Hergé only sent Tintin as far north as Scotland, and he instead used the idea of the car stuck in a snowdrift on a greetings card that he designed. He also had an idea of Tintin combating a group of anarchists bent on destroying Europe's iconic buildings, but again this idea did not make it into the eventual story. Having decided to set most of his story in Britain, Hergé briefly visited London and the southern English coast to learn more about the country. There, he purchased a stainless steel Gillott's Inqueduct G-2 pen, a type that he would continue to use throughout his life. His positive depiction of Britain was in part due to an Anglophilia that he had received from his childhood, with the British government having been a longstanding ally of Belgium, supporting its 1831 creation and liberating it from German occupation during the First World War.

Hergé retained the anti-German sentiment that he had first considered for King Ottokar's Sceptre through the inclusion of a German villain, Dr. Müller, who would go on to become a recurring character in the Tintin series. He based the character largely on , a Scottish forger who had been a vocal supporter of the Nazi regime, and who he had learned about from a February 1934 article of the anti-conformist Belgian magazine La Crapouillot (The Mortar Shell). Müller's counterfeiting operations were inspired by Bell's actions, as he was involved in a plot to destabilise Soviet Russia through counterfeiting Russian roubles. Rather than Germans, Müller's henchmen were given the Russian names Ivan and Wronzoff, although the latter would be renamed Puschov by Michael Turner and Leslie Lonsdale-Cooper for the English translation.
Forging banknotes was a topical crime at the time, while the idea of villains using superstition to hide their lair was a common trope, one that Hergé had used previously in Tintin in the Land of the Soviets.
The idea of Ranko brought together two popular fictional creatures of the 1930s; the giant ape King Kong, who had been introduced in the film King Kong (1933), and the Loch Ness Monster, a cryptid who was to have lived in Loch Ness. Gaston Leroux's character of Balaoo the gorilla, who had appeared in a 1911 book and a 1913 film, might also have been an influence on Ranko. The plot and themes of the story were also influenced by Alfred Hitchcock's 1935 film The 39 Steps, itself an adaptation of John Buchan's 1915 adventure novel.

Original publication
The Black Island was first serialised in Le Petit Vingtième from 15 April to 16 November 1937 under the title Le Mystère De L'Avion Gris (The Mystery of the Grey Plane). From 17 April 1938, the story was also serialised in the French Catholic newspaper, Cœurs Vaillants.
In 1938, Éditions Casterman collected the story together in a single hardcover volume, publishing it under the title L'Île noire (The Black Island). Hergé however was unhappy with this publication due to errors throughout, most egregiously that the front cover omitted his name.

The inclusion of a television in the original version would have surprised many readers. The BBC had only introduced television to Britain in the late 1930s (suspended entirely until 1946) and Belgium would not have television until 1955.

Second and third versions
In the 1940s and 1950s, when Hergé's popularity had increased, he and his team at Studios Hergé redrew and coloured many of the original black-and-white Tintin adventures. They used the  ("clear line") drawing style that Hergé had developed, in this way ensuring that the earlier stories fitted in visually alongside the new Adventures of Tintin being created. Casterman published this second, colourised version of the story in 1943, reduced from 124 pages to 60.
This second version contained no significant changes from the original 1937 one, although the black-and-white television screen that had appeared in the 1930s version was now depicted as a colour screen, despite the fact that such technology was not yet available.

In the early 1960s, Hergé's English language publishers, Methuen, were planning on translating and publishing The Black Island for the British market. Methuen believed that many British readers would find the depiction of Britain in the comic inaccurate and out-of-date, and drew up a list of 131 errors that they asked Hergé to rectify before they would publish it in English. They were also aware that the work would appear particularly dated when compared with some of the most recently published Adventures like Destination Moon and The Calculus Affair, which made use of advanced technologies in their plot. At the time, Hergé was busy producing the twenty-second Tintin story, Flight 714 to Sydney, and so did not have the time to undertake research into contemporary British society and culture. Instead, he sent his assistant Bob De Moor to Britain in October 1961, where he visited such sites as Batemans and the White Cliffs of Dover, making many observations as to new developments in clothing and architecture. While in England, De Moor sought out various contemporary uniforms to use as a basis for more accurate illustrations. A police constabulary lent him a police uniform, although when he asked British Rail if he could borrow one of their uniforms, their staff were suspicious and refused.

The new version was serialised in Tintin magazine from June to December 1965, before Casterman published it in a collected volume in 1966. Studios Hergé made many alterations to the illustrations as a result of De Moor's research. Reflecting the fact that television had become increasingly commonplace in Western Europe, Hergé changed the prose from "It's a television set!" to "It's only a television set!" However, as colour television was not yet available in Britain, the screen on the television encountered in Britain was once again reverted to black-and-white. Additionally, at least one line of dialogue was "softened" from the original version - in one scene where Tintin aims a pistol at two of the counterfeiters, he states, "Get back! And put up your hands!" compared to the original's "One more step and you're dead!". The counterfeit notes that Tintin finds were also increased in value, from one pound to five pounds. The multiple aircraft featured throughout the story were redrawn by Studios member Roger Leloup, who replaced the depiction of planes that were operational in the 1930s to those active at the time, such as a Percival Prentice, a D.H. Chipmunk, a Cessna 150, a Tiger Moth, and a British European Airways Hawker Siddeley Trident.

The clothing worn by characters was brought up-to-date, while the old steam locomotives that were initially featured were replaced by more modern diesel or electrified alternatives. Adverts for the genuine Johnnie Walker whisky were replaced by adverts for the fictional in-universe Loch Lomond whisky, while a Sussex County Council signpost was added to page 11. Various English towns and villages were renamed, with Puddlecombe becoming Littlegate, and Eastbury becoming Eastdown, while Scottish pub Ye Dolphin was renamed The Kiltoch Arms. The police were no longer depicted as carrying guns, as was accurate, while the journalists Christopher Willoughby-Drupe and Marco Rizotto, who had first appeared in The Castafiore Emerald (1963), were retroactively added into the background of one scene.
With the backgrounds and other elements of the new version drawn by staff members of the Studios, the only thing drawn by Hergé in the 1966 version was the characters themselves.

Later publications
Casterman republished the original black-and-white version of the story in 1980, as part of their  collection. In 1986, they then published a facsimile version of that first edition, that they followed in 1996 with the publication of a facsimile of the second, 1943 edition.

Critical analysis
Harry Thompson thought that The Black Island expressed a "convenient, hitherto unsuspected regard for the British" on Hergé's behalf, with Britain itself appearing as "a little quaint". He thought that it "outstrips its predecessors" both artistically and comedically, describing it as "one of the most popular Tintin stories". He felt that some of the logically implausible slapstick scenes illustrated "the last flicker of 1920s Tintin", but that the 1966 version was "a fine piece of work and one of the most beautifully drawn Tintin books". Michael Farr commented on the "distinct quality and special popularity" of The Black Island. He thought that the inclusion of many airplanes and a television in the first version was symptomatic of Hergé's interest in innovation and modernism. Commenting on the differences between the third version of the comic and the earlier two, he thought that the latter was "strongly representative" of the artistic talents of Studios Hergé in the 1960s, but that it was nevertheless inferior, because it had replaced the "spontaneity and poetry" of the original with "over-detailed and fussily accurate" illustrations.

Jean-Marc and Randy Lofficier described The Black Island as "a clever little thriller" that bore similarities with the popular detective serials of the era. The Lofficiers thought that the 1966 version "gained in slickness" but became less atmospheric, awarding it two out of five. Biographer Benoît Peeters thought The Black Island to be "a pure detective story", describing it as "Remarkably well constructed" and highlighting that it contrasted the modern world of counterfeiters, airplanes, and television, with the mysteries of superstition and the historic castle. He described it as "an adventure full of twists and turns", with the characters Thompson and Thomson being "on top form". He nevertheless considered the 1966 version to be "shorter on charm" than the earlier versions. Elsewhere he was more critical, stating that "under the guise of modernization, a real massacre occurred", and adding that "the new Black Island was more than just a failure; it also showed one of the limitations of the Hergéan system", in that it was obsessed with repeated redrawing.

Literary critic Jean-Marie Apostolidès of Stanford University believed that The Black Island expanded on a variety of themes that Hergé had explored in his earlier work, such as the idea of counterfeiting and Snowy's fondness for whisky. He thought that there was a human-animal link in the story, with Tintin's hair matching Snowy's fur in a similar manner to how Wronzoff's beard matched Ranko's fur coat. However, he added that while Tintin's relationship with Snowy was wholly one based in good, Wronzoff's connection with Ranko is one rooted in evil. By living on an island, Apostolidès thought that Wronzoff was like "a new Robinson Crusoe", also highlighting that it was the first use of the island theme in Hergé's work.
Literary critic Tom McCarthy thought that The Black Island linked to Hergé's other Adventures in various ways; he connected the counterfeit money in the story to the counterfeit idol in The Broken Ear and the fake bunker in Tintin in the Land of the Soviets. He also connected Tintin's solving of the puzzle in the airman's jacket to his solving of the pirate puzzles in The Secret of the Unicorn, and that in transmitting from a place of death, Ben Mor, or mort (death), it linked to Tintin's transmitting from the crypt of Marlinspike Hall in The Secret of the Unicorn.

Adaptations
The Black Island is one of The Adventures of Tintin that was adapted for the second series of the animated Hergé's Adventures of Tintin by the Belgian studio Belvision in 1957. Belvision's adaptation, directed by Ray Goossens and written by Michel Greg, divided The Black Island up into 5-minute colour episodes that diverted from Hergé's original plot in a variety of ways. The French studio Ellipse and Canadian animation company Nelvana subsequently adapted the comic into a 1991 episode of The Adventures of Tintin television series. Directed by Stéphane Bernasconi, Thierry Wermuth voiced the character of Tintin.

In 1992, a radio adaption by the BBC was first broadcast on Radio 5. It was produced by John Yorke, Tintin was voiced by Richard Pearce and Snowy by Andrew Sachs.

On 19 March 2010, the British TV network Channel 4 broadcast a documentary titled Dom Joly and The Black Island in which the comedian Dom Joly dressed up as Tintin and followed in Tintin's footsteps from Ostend to Sussex and then to Scotland. Reviewing the documentary in The Guardian, Tim Dowling commented: "It was amusing in parts, charming in others and a little gift for Tintinophiles everywhere. A Tintinologist, I fear, would not learn much he or she didn't already know".

See also
 Île d'Or

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links
The Black Island at the Official Tintin Website
The Black Island at Tintinologist.org
 The Black Island, TV-series part 1 at IMDb
 The Black Island, TV-series part 2 at IMDb

1938 graphic novels
1943 graphic novels
1966 graphic novels
Aviation comics
Comics set in England
Comics set in Scotland
Literature first published in serial form
Methuen Publishing books
Nautical comics
Tintin books
Works about money forgery
Works originally published in Le Petit Vingtième
Wrongful convictions in fiction
Comics about apes
Gorilla characters in comics

The Black Island


5104 Skripnichenko este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
5104 Skripnichenko este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul astrofizic din Crimeea de Liudmila Cernîh. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,62 ua, o excentricitate de 0,11 și o înclinație de 14,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 5001-6000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1986
Centura de asteroizi

5104 Skripnichenko


Anselm Schulz OSB (* 12. Mai 1931 in Apolda; † 13. Mai 2012 in Schweiklberg; eigentlich Gotthard Schulz) war ein deutscher Benediktinermönch.

Leben
Schulz empfing am 15. Juli 1956 in Schweiklberg die Weihe zum Priester. 1968 wurde er in Nachfolge von Willibald Margraf zum vierten Abt der Benediktinerabtei Schweiklberg gewählt. Er ließ 1971 das Innere der Abteikirche umgestalten, 1982 auch das Äußere. Danach wirkte er von 1982 bis 2006 als Pfarrer im Pfarrverband Münsig. Von 1993 bis 2001 war er zudem Dekan im Dekanat Wolfratshausen.

Weblinks
 Eintrag über Anselm Schulz in Biographia Benedictina

Einzelnachweise

Abt
Abt (Schweiklberg)
Römisch-katholischer Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Theologe (21. Jahrhundert)
Träger des Bayerischen Verdienstordens
Benediktiner
Person (Vilshofen an der Donau)
Deutscher
Geboren 1931
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Anselm Schulz


HC Kunlun Red Star (Forenklet kinesisk: 北京昆仑红星 eller 昆仑红星, Traditionelt kinesisk: 北京崑崙紅星 eller 崑崙紅星, Pinyin: Běijīng Kūnlún Hóngxīng eller Kūnlún Hóngxīng) er en kinesisk ishockeyklub, der blev dannet i 2016, og som blev optaget i den Kontinentale Hockey-Liga (KHL) som ekspansionshold inden sæsonen 2016-17. Klubben har hjemmebane i LeSports Center i Beijing med 14.000 tilskuerpladser.

Historie

Titler og bedrifter

KHL

Gagarin-pokalen

 Ingen

Konferencetitler

 Ingen

Divisionstitler

 Ingen

Sæsoner

Trænere

  Vladimir Jurzinov Jr.: siden juni 2016.

Kilder / eksterne henvisninger
 HC Red Star
 KHL - Kunlun Red Star

Referencer

Ishockeyklubber i Kina
Sport i Beijing
Ishockeyklubber i KHL
Etableret i 2016

HC Kunlun Red Star


ඉස්ලාමීය කලාව,වියෝනුව,සාහිත්‍යය

ඉස්ලාමීය කලාව

	ඉස්ලාමීය කුඹල් කර්මාන්තය

	ඉස්ලාමීය අක්ෂර කලාව

	ඉස්ලාමීය සංගීතය

	ඉස්ලාමීය කාව්‍ය

ඉස්ලාමීය අධ්‍යනයන්ගේ කොටසක් වන ඉස්ලාමීය කලාව, ජ්‍යාමිතික, ලක්ෂණයන්ගෙන් හා අක්ෂර කලාවන්ගෙන් විචිත්‍ර  වී ඇත. ක්‍රිස්තියානි කලාවේ මෙන් නොව, ඉස්ලාමීය කලාවේ මිනිස් රූප චිත්‍රයට නැංවීමේ සම්ප්‍රදායක් නොමැත. මිනිස් රූප චිත්‍රයට නැංවීමෙන් මුර්ති වන්දනාවට තම අනුගාමිකයන් පෙළබේය යන විශ්වාසය නිසා ඉස්ලාමීය කලාවේ මිනිස් රූප දැකගත නොහැක. මෙසේ මිනිස් රූප සහ ප්‍රතිමා තහනම් කිරීම ඇනිකොනිසම්(aniconism)  ලෙස හඳුන්වයි. පසුගිය සියවස් දෙක තුළ බටහිර ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ ආශ්‍රයත් සමඟ මෙම තහනම ලිහිල් විය.

ඉස්ලාමීය වියෝනුව

	ඉස්ලාමීය ප්‍රහසනය

	ඉස්ලාමීය චිත්‍රපට

ඉස්ලාමීය වියෝනුව (විනෝද කටයුතු ) විධිමත් කරන්නේ ෂරියා නිතීයෙනි.

ඉස්ලාමීය සාහිත්‍යය

මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රය නුතන සහ සම්භාව්‍ය අරාබි සාහිත්‍යය සහ භාෂා පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යයනයන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ඉස්ලාමීය සංස්කෘතියෙන් ආභාෂය ලැබු හෝ එහි කොටසක් වු හීබ්‍රව්, තුර්කි, පර්සියානු, ආමේනියානු හා උස්බෙකිස්තානු වැනි නුතන හෝ පැරණි භාෂාවන් ද ඉස්ලාමීය සාහිත්‍යයේ අඩංගු වේ.

ඉස්ලාමීය ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය

ඉස්ලාමීය ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය යනු ඉස්ලාමීය ඉතිහාසය සහ සංස්කෘතිය තුළ පරිණාමයට පත් වු ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයයි. එම නිසා මෙයට ආගමික ගොඩනැගිලි මෙන්ම අගාරික ගොඩනැගිලි ද, ඓතිහාසික මෙන්ම නුතන ඉදිකිරීම්ද, ඉස්ලාමීය ආභාෂය ලැබු නිර්මාණ සියල්ලම පාහේ ද අයත් වේ.

පර්සියානු ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය, ඉස්ලාමීය ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය ලෙස වරදවා වටහා ගැනීම ඉතා සුලභව සිදුවන දෙයකි.

ඉතිහාසය, දර්ශනවාදය, දේවධර්මවාදය

ආදි මුස්ලිම් දර්ශනවාදවල භාවිත වු අරාබි බසින් එන ඉස්ලාමීය වදන් පෙළ සියලුම ඉස්ලාමීය නිකායන් බිහිවීමට හේතු වු සත්භාව විචාරයක් සපයයි. ඒවා තේරුම් ගැනීම මෙම ලිපි පෙළ තේරුම් ගැනීමටද  උපකාරි වේ.

ඉස්ලාමීය ඉතිහාසය

මෙම කේෂ්ත්‍රයට මුල් කාලයේ ඉස්ලාමයේ ඇති වූ සංවර්ධනය, විවිධ පාලකයන් අතට පත් වීම, දර්ශනවාදයේ සහ ඉතිහාසය එක්වු අවස්ථා සහ ඒවා එකිනෙකෙහි ආභාශය ලද ආකාරය ඇතුලත් වෙයි.

ආදි මුස්ලිම් දර්ශනවාදය

මෙහිදී, ඉස්ලාමීය සංකල්පයක් නොමැති බැවින් " මුස්ලිම් " යන වචනය යොදා ගෙන ඇත.

ඉස්ලාමීය දර්ශනවාදය

ඉස්ලාමීය දර්ශනවාදය ඉස්ලාමීය අධ්‍යනයන්ගේ කොටසකි. එය දිගු කාලයක් තිස්සේ භක්තිය හා තර්කය, ඉස්ලාමයේ නීති සමඟ එකඟත්වයක් ඇති කිරීමට දැරූ උත්සාහයකි. මෙම කේෂ්ත්‍රයේ නියුතු වූ මුස්ලිම්වරු හඳුන්වන්නේ මුස්ලිම් දාර්ශනිකයන් නමිනි.

ක්ෂේත්‍ර බෙදීම :

	ඉස්ලාමීය දේවධර්මවාදය

	ඉස්ලාමීය පරම්මරණය

	ආදි දර්ශන වාදය

	නූතන දර්ශනවාදය

ඉස්ලාමීය දේවධර්මවාදය

කලම් යනු ඉස්ලාමයේ එන ආගමික විද්‍යාවකි. එහි ආරාබි තේරුම "සාකච්ඡාව" යන්නයි. ඉන් අදහස් වන්නේ ඉස්ලාමීය ප්‍රතිපත්ති තර්ක කිරීම් හා සාකච්ඡා කිරීම් මඟින් අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමයි. කලම් විද්වතුන් හඳුන්වන්නේ මුටකල්ලම් යනුවෙනි.

සමාජ විද්‍යාව සහ මනෝවිද්‍යාව

ඉස්ලාමීය සමාජ විද්‍යාව

·	පුර්ව මුස්ලිම් සමාජ විද්‍යාව

·	ඉස්ලාමීය සහ බටහිර සමාජ විද්‍යාත්මක චින්තනය

ඉස්ලාමීය සංසන්දනාත්මක ධර්මය

ඉස්ලාමීය සංසන්දනාත්මක ධර්මය යනු ඉස්ලාම් ධර්මයේ ඇසින් අන්‍ය ආගම් අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමයි. මෙසේ කෙරෙන අධ්‍යනවලදී යුදෙව් දහම සහ ක්‍රිස්තියානි දහම මුලදී ඉස්ලාම් දහමට සමානව තිබී පසුව එහි එන ඒක දේව වාදයෙන් මිදී සංවර්ධනය වුවා යැයි සැලකේ මධ්‍යස්ථ දෘෂ්ටිකෝණයක්ද සිදු කළ හැකිය. නමුත් ඉස්ලාම් ධර්මය තුළ පවතින නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාර සමහරක් තර්ක කරන්නේ එම මධ්‍යස්ථ දැක්ම ඓතිහාසික කරුණක් නොවන අතර ඉස්ලාමී ධර්මය ඒකදේව වාදි සංකල්පයේ මුලාරම්භය නොව එහි ප්‍රතිඵලය බවයි.

ඉස්ලාමීය ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව

ඉස්ලාමීය ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව යනු ඉස්ලාමීය නීතියට අනුකූලව පවතින ආර්ථික විද්‍යාවයි. අල් - කුරානය අයුතු ලෙස කෙරෙන පොළී අයකිරීම් වලට විරුද්ධත්වයක් දක්වන බැවින්, ඉස්ලාමීය අර්ථික විද්‍යාව අනුව පොළිය නැති කිරීම හෝ වෙනස් ලෙස අර්ථකතනය කිරීම සිදු කළ යුතුය. මෙසේ කිරීමෙන් වඩාත් යහපත් ඉස්ලාමීය සමාජයක් බිහි කිරීමට ඉස්ලාමීය ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයන් අපේක්ෂා කරයි. නමුත් ඉස්ලාමයේ නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාර, ඉස්ලාම්වරු නුතන අගාරික නීතිරිති වලට අනුරූප යැයි සිතන නිසා මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රය ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කිරීමට ඉඩ ඇත.

ඉස්ලාමිය මලල ක්‍රීඩා

ඉස්ලාමීය මලල ක්‍රීඩා යනු ඉස්ලාමීය ඉතිහාසය පුරාවටම පරිණාමය වු ෂරීයා නීතිය මඟින් පාලනය වන මලල ක්‍රීඩා විශේෂයකි.

ගූඨවාදය, ඉස්ලාමීය නීති විද්‍යාව, ඉස්ලාමීය නීතිය

ගූඪ වාදය

සුෆි වාදය (අරාබි: තස්ව්වුෆ්) යනු සුෆි වරයෙකු තම සිතට සහ මනසට ආධ්‍යාත්මික සත්‍යය ක්‍රමයෙන් අනාවරණය කර ගැනීම සඳහා සොයා යන ගුප්ත ඉස්ලාමීය සම්ප්‍රදායකි.

එය ඉස්ලාමීය ගූඩවාදයක් ලෙසද හැඳින්විය හැකිය. ඉස්ලාමයේ වෙනත් අංශ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අවධානය යොමු කරන්නේ ධර්මයේ පොදු වශයෙන් සැලකෙන පැතිකඩවල් කෙරෙහිය. එහෙත් සුෆි වාදයේදී ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අවධානය යොමු කරන්නේ දේව ප්‍රේමය පදනම් කර ගත් ගුප්ත චාරිත්‍ර හරහා සත්‍යය හෝ දෙවියන් සෘජුවම තේරුම් ගැනීමටයි. සුෆි වාදය තුළින් විවිධ සංස්කෘතින්, දර්ශනවාද, ඉගැන්වීම් සහ පොදු වු දැනුම් සම්භාරයක් පිළිඹිබු වේ.

ඉස්ලාමීය නීති විද්‍යාව

ඉස්ලාමීය නීති විද්‍යාව මුස්ලිම් ජනතාවගේ එදිනෙදා ජීවිතයට මෙන්ම සමාජයීය ගැටළු සඳහා ද අදාල වේ. එය ක්ෂේත්‍ර කිහිපයකට බෙදා දැක්විය හැක.
·	ෂරීයා නීතිය අධ්‍යයනය
·	ඉස්ලාමීය ආර්ථිකය
·	කුර් - ආනය සහ නදීස් පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යනය

මේවායේ මුලික වෙනස්කම් සඳහා ෆික්, හදිස් සහ ඉජ්තිහාද් ඇතුළත් වේ.

ඉස්ලාමීය විද්‍යාව

	ආදි රසායන විද්‍යාව

	ඉස්ලාමීය තාරකා විද්‍යාව

	ඉස්ලාමීය ජ්‍යෝතිෂ්‍යය

	මුස්ලිම් නව නිර්මාණ

	ඉස්ලාමීය ගණිතය

	මුස්ලිම් වෛද්‍ය ක්‍රම

	මධ්‍යකාලින ඉස්ලාමයේ අක්ෂි විද්‍යාව

ඉස්ලාමීය විද්‍යාව යනු ඉස්ලාම් ධර්මයේ එන සදාචාරමය ප්‍රතිපත්ති අඩංගු වන, සාම්ප්‍රදායික ඉස්ලාමීය ප්‍රකරණය  නමින් හඳුන්වනු ලබන විද්‍යාවයි. මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ නියුතු මුස්ලිම්වරු හඳුන්වන්නේ මුස්ලිම් විද්‍යාඥයෝ නමිනි.

යම් මුස්ලිම් ජාතිකයෙකු විසින් අගාරික ප්‍රකරණයෙන් කරගෙන යන විද්‍යාව සහ ඉස්ලාමීය විද්‍යාව සමාන නොවේ. ඉස්ලාමයේ සමහර නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාර විසින් බටහිර රටවල වර්තමානයේ සිදුවෙන ආකාරයට ආගම සහ විද්‍යාව වෙන් වෙන් වශයෙන් සැලකිය යුතුය යන තර්කය මත හිඳිමින් ඉස්ලාමීය විද්‍යාව භාවිතා කිරීම වැළෑක්විමට උත්සාහ දරනු ලබයි. කතෝලික වාදයට අනුව බැතිමතුන් තර්ක කරන්නේ ආගමෙන් දැක්වෙන මඟපෙන්වීම යටතේ විද්‍යාවේ ඇතැම් ප්‍රතිපත්ති සෑදීමට උපයෝගී වු අවස්ථා නොසලකා හැරීමට නොහැකි බවයි. එමෙන්ම සොයා ගැනීම් වලදී සුදුසු නිරෝධක යෙදිය යුතු බවත් ඔවුන් පවසයි.

සටහන්

ඉස්ලාමීය අධ්‍යයනය


Københavns Amatør Forening er en nu ikke længere eksisterende idrætsforening i København, med Frederiksberg Slotsplads som træningsplads. Sidst i 1890'erne og i de tidlige 1900'erne var det en meget stærk klub, der kun optog medlemmer, der havde vist, at de var gode idrætsfolk, bland klubbens mest kendte navne var; Ferdinand Petersen, Edgar Aabye, Jørgen Peter Müller, Ernst Schultz, Johannes Gandil. Eugen Schmidt var klubbens formand 1897-1899.

Amatør Forening

Københavns Amatør Forening


Der Brand steht für:
 Der Brand (1984), sowjetisches Filmdrama von Dmitri Kessarjan
 Der Brand (2011), deutscher Spielfilm von Brigitte Maria Bertele
 Sachbuch des deutschen Autors Jörg Friedrich (2002)

Siehe auch:
 Brand (Begriffsklärung)

Der Brand


Miguel de Estete (Santo Domingo de la Calzada, España, ¿1495? – Huamanga, Perú, alrededor de 1572) fue un conquistador y cronista español. Autor de una célebre crónica o relación de la conquista del Perú, titulada El descubrimiento y conquista del Perú, que abarca desde el arribo de los españoles a territorio del Imperio inca hasta la captura del Cuzco, relación que permaneció inédita hasta el .

Biografía
Natural de Santo Domingo de la Calzada, localidad situada en pleno Camino de Santiago y miembro de la diócesis de Calahorra-La Calzada, cerca de Logroño, al norte de España. Cuando tenía aproximadamente treinta años de edad pasó a América acompañando a su pariente Martín de Estete (1525). En 1527 se hallaba en Nicaragua. Deseando labrarse fortuna, pasó a Panamá, donde se enroló en las huestes que Diego de Almagro reclutaba para apoyar a su socio Francisco Pizarro en la exploración de las nuevas tierras situadas más al sur, lo que a la postre permitió el descubrimiento del Imperio inca.

Acompañó a Pizarro en su tercer viaje al Perú y estuvo presente en los primeros episodios de la conquista del Perú. Participó en el combate contra los naturales de la isla de la Puná, en el desembarco en Tumbes, en la fundación de San Miguel de Piura y en la marcha hacia Cajamarca. Acompañó a Hernando Pizarro y a Hernando de Soto en la famosa entrevista con el inca Atahualpa en los baños de Pultumarca, cerca de Cajamarca. Estuvo luego en la masacre de Cajamarca y la captura del Inca, momento en el cual, según cuenta el Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, arrancó la mascapaicha o insignia imperial de la cabeza de Atahualpa. Otra versión afirma que intentó dar una estocada al Inca, lo que impidió el mismo Pizarro, sufriendo éste una herida en la mano.

Luego integró la expedición que Hernando Pizarro organizó hacia el santuario de Pachacámac, en la costa central del Perú, a fin de activar el recojo del rescate del Inca Atahualpa. Esta expedición partió el 5 de enero de 1533 y tras recorrer durante cuatro meses llegaron finalmente a su destino. Hernando y Estete penetraron hasta la cueva donde se hallaba el ídolo de Pachacámac, al cual sacaron y destruyeron ante la vista de los indios. Luego de recolectar todo el oro que pudieron, retornaron a Cajamarca (14 de abril de 1533). En el reparto de rescate del Inca, a Estete le tocó 367 marcos de plata y 8.980 pesos de oro, suma muy crecida.

El cronista Fernández de Oviedo asegura que Estete se contó entre los españoles que quisieron salvar al Inca de ser ejecutado y que junto con otros cuatro conquistadores salió de Cajamarca para cerciorarse si eran ciertos los rumores que venía un ejército de indios a liberar al Inca. Cuando retornó ya Atahualpa había sido ajusticiado.

Participó luego en la marcha hacia el Cuzco, donde quedó impresionado por la majestuosidad de sus construcciones. En 1534 o 1535 escribió Una relación del viaje que hizo el señor capitán Hernando Pizarro por mandado del señor Gobernador, su hermano, desde el pueblo de Caxamalca a Pachacama y de allí a Jauja, que fue íntegramente transcrita en las obras de Francisco de Jerez y Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo. Por entonces debió empezar otra relación de la conquista que recién sería publicada en el , titulada El descubrimiento y la conquista del Perú, escrita en forma muy detallada y animada.

Al parecer, suele confundírsele con uno o dos homónimos suyos que también estuvieron en el Perú, uno de ellos vecino de Lima y otro que regresó a España. Lo que podemos aseverar con seguridad es que en 1539 se avecindó en Huamanga en donde recibió un repartimiento de indios y al año siguiente fundó una de las seis capellanías de la iglesia parroquial, con renta de cincuenta pesos.

Se sabe también que en 1553 firmó un acta apoyando la resistencia de los vecinos de Huamanga a ciertos mandatos de la Real Audiencia de Lima que no se ajustaban con las leyes establecidas, por lo cual apelaron al Rey. Luego arrojaron al corregidor Juan Ruiz y apoyaron al caudillo rebelde Francisco Hernández Girón.

Cuando en 1557 el príncipe inca Sayri Túpac salió de su refugio de Vilcabamba y pasó por Huamanga en camino hacia Lima (donde le esperaba el virrey Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza), los vecinos salieron a recibirle y le dieron posada. Al día siguiente Estete fue a visitarle para entregarle la mascapaicha que años antes había arrebatado a Atahualpa. Sayri Túpac la recibió con muestras de fingido contento, ya que en el fondo detestaba tal insignia por haber pertenecido a un inca usurpador que había suplantado y matado al legítimo inca, Huáscar, y causado tantos males a su familia. Al menos así lo relata el Inca Garcilaso en su Segunda parte de los Comentarios Reales o Historia General del Perú.

A partir de entonces no se encuentran más noticias de Miguel de Estete en las crónicas. Se sabe que estuvo casado con doña Beatriz de Guevara con la que tuvo numerosos hijos. Debió morir en Huamanga, hacia 1572, ya octogenario. En 1574 su hija Isabel de Estete, monja del monasterio de la Encarnación de Lima, fundó una capellanía en el monasterio de Santo Domingo de Huamanga, en honor a la memoria de su padre.

Obras

Hasta inicios del , no se conocía de Estete más que su relato sobre la expedición a Pachacámac, que insertó el cronista Jerez en su obra, como Una relación del viaje que hizo el señor capitán Hernando Pizarro por mandado del señor Gobernador, su hermano, desde el pueblo de Caxamalca a Pachacamac y de allí a Jauja, donde se narra dicho acontecimiento con riqueza de detalles sobre el paisaje, los habitantes, sus costumbres, etc.

Siglos después fue descubierta su obra El descubrimiento y conquista del Perú en el Archivo General de Indias, que consiste en un manuscrito de doce folios hallados entre los papeles del Arca de Santa Cruz. La editó Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño en el Boletín de la Academia Nacional de la Historia bajo el título de Noticia del Perú (Quito, 1916); luego la editó Carlos Manuel Larrea como El descubrimiento y la conquista del Perú. Relación inédita de Miguel de Estete, en 51 páginas y 12 láminas en el Boletín de la Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Estudios Históricos Americanos (Quito, 1918). Fue republicada en 1924 en 73 páginas dentro de la Colección de libros y documentos referentes a la historia del Perú editada en Lima por Carlos A. Romero y Horacio H. Urteaga.

Estete habría dirigido y presentado esta última Relación al Supremo Consejo de Indias en un viaje que hizo a España. Posiblemente la terminó de escribir en 1542, pero lamentablemente se ha extraviado su última parte.

Referencias y notas de pie

Bibliografía
Del Busto Duthurburu, José Antonio:
- Pizarro. Tomo II. Petroperú - Ediciones COPÉ, Lima, 2001. ISBN 9972-606-22-8
- La conquista del Perú. Lima, Librería STUDIUM S.A., 1984.
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega: Historia general del Perú o Segunda parte de los Comentarios Reales. Córdoba, 1617. Versión digital adaptada al castellano moderno: Historia General del Perú .
Pérez Pimentel, Rodolfo:  Diccionario Biográfico del Ecuador.
Tauro del Pino, Alberto: Enciclopedia Ilustrada del Perú. Tercera Edición. Tomo 6, D'AC/FER. Lima, PEISA, 2001. ISBN 9972-40-155-3

Enlaces externos

. Edición de 1918. Reproducida en Biblioteca Cervantes.

Militares de La Rioja (España)
Conquistadores españoles de Perú
Cronistas de Perú
Nacidos en Santo Domingo de la Calzada

Miguel de Estete


Christopher Nyholm Debess (født 30. oktober 1882 på Viðareiði, død 1. april 1952 i Tórshavn) var en færøsk håndværker, digter og politiker (SF).

Han blev født i Viðareiði, men voksede op i Tórshavn. Han drog til Bergen for at gå i rørlæggerlære i 1898, og kom tilbage til Tórshavn i 1904. Fra Bergen havde han med sig minderne om sammenholdet mellem norske unge, og tog initiativ til at stifte Havnar Ungmannafelag sammen med Petur Alberg og Mads Andrias Winther i 1906. Debess var også uddannet blikkenslager, arbejdede som blikkenslagermester, og var bestyrelsesmedlem i Havnar Handverksmeistarafelag i flere år.

Nyholm Debess var også kendt som digter og oversætter. Fra nynorsk oversatte han skuespill af Torvald Tu, udgivet på færøsk som «Vinalig hjún». Debess udgav sin eneste digtsamling, Yrkingar og týðingar, i 1934. Aldan og onnur brot blev udgivet posthumt i 1998.

Han var kommunalbestyrelsesmedlem i Tórshavnar kommuna 1921–1932, og indvalgt i Lagtinget fra Suðurstreymoy 1918–1936.

Referencer
 Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit, bind 2 (2002), s. 270–271. (PDF )

Eksterne henvisninger

 Nyholm Debess  på snar.fo

Håndværkere fra Danmark
Digtere fra Færøerne
Oversættere fra Danmark
Politikere fra Sjálvstýrisflokkurin
Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Personer fra Norderøerne

Nyholm Debess


Don Murphy es un productor, actor y director de cine. Nació en abril de 1967 en Nueva York creció en Hicksville y reside en California. Conocido por producir las cintas Asesinos por naturaleza, Transformers, Transformers: la venganza de los caídos y Transformers: el lado oscuro de la luna.

Filmografía
 Monday Morning (1990)
 Asesinos por naturaleza (1994)
 Double Dragon (1994)
 El aprendiz (1998)
 Permanent Midnight (1998)
 Desde el infierno (2001)
 The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
 Transformers (2007)
 En el punto de mira (2007)
 Perseguida (2008)
 Transformers: la venganza de los caídos (2009)
 Splice (2009)
 Transformers: el lado oscuro de la luna (2011)
 Gigantes de acero (2011)
 Transformers: la era de la extinción (2014)
 Vampire Academy (2014)
 Vampire Academy (2022)

Productores de cine de Estados Unidos
Alumnado de la Universidad de Georgetown
Alumnado de la Universidad del Sur de California

Don Murphy


Heinrich Deiters (* 2. Juli 1887 in Osnabrück; † 31. Januar 1966 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Reformpädagoge und Bildungspolitiker der DDR.

Leben
Der Sohn eines Regierungsrates legte sein Abitur am Realgymnasium Bromberg ab. Er studierte Germanistik und Geschichte sowie Pädagogik in Heidelberg, Münster/W. und Berlin bis zur germanistischen Promotion 1911 bei Erich Schmidt. 1912 legte er das I. Staatsexamen ab. Darauf folgten Referendariat und Schuldienst bis 1924, unterbrochen von der Teilnahme am Ersten Weltkrieg. Von 1924 bis 1927 leitete er das Gymnasium in Höchst am Main, von 1927 bis 1933 war er Oberschulrat für Hessen-Nassau und Kassel. 1933 wurde er wegen seiner SPD-Mitgliedschaft entlassen. Dann arbeitete er als Privatlehrer und für die Presse bis 1945. Dabei hielt er Kontakt zur Gruppe um Adolf Grimme.

Unmittelbar nach der Befreiung Berlins übernahm er im Mai 1945 die Leitung des Paulsen-Gymnasiums in Berlin-Steglitz. Im gleichen Jahr wurde er über Vermittlung Ernst Hadermanns zum Leiter des Referats Lehrerbildung in der neu eingerichteten Schulverwaltung der SBZ in Berlin (Deutsche Zentralverwaltung für Volksbildung). 1946 übernahm er eine Professur für Pädagogik  an der Berliner Universität, die er bis 1959 ausübte. Gemeinsam mit Wilhelm Heise und Erwin Marquardt begründete er 1947 die Pädagogische Bibliothek des Volk und Wissen Verlages, in der er u. a. die Werke Adolph Diesterwegs und eine Leseausgabe Heinrich von Kleists mit herausgab.

1919 war Deiters Gründungsmitglied der DDP, bereits 1920 trat er zur SPD über. Er gehörte zum Bund republikanischer Lehrer und Bund Entschiedener Schulreformer (BESch). Seit 1946 gehörte er der SED an und war von 1948 bis 1950 Mitglied des SED-Parteivorstandes. Von 1949 bis 1958 war er Mitglied der Volkskammer in der DDR. In Berlin leitete er die Landesgruppe des Kulturbunds. 1960 wurde ihm der Vaterländische Verdienstorden in Silber verliehen.

Von 1952 bis 1958 war er Mitherausgeber der gesamtdeutschen Zeitschrift Pädagogik.

Deiters war der Schwiegervater von Fritz Klein und Jan Koplowitz. Er ist auf dem Friedhof der Dorotheenstädtischen und Friedrichswerderschen Gemeinden in Berlin-Mitte bestattet. Der Lyriker Jens Gerlach widmete ihm in "Dorotheenstädtische Monologe" ein Gedicht.

Werke (Auswahl)
 Bildung und Leben: Erinnerungen eines deutschen Pädagogen. Hrsg. u. eingel. von Detlef Oppermann. Mit e. Nachw. von Walter Fabian, Köln/Wien 1989 ISBN 3-412-04088-6
 Pädagogische Aufsätze und Reden. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin, 1957

Literatur
Heinrich Deiters zum 70. Geburtstag. Beiträge zur systematischen Pädagogik. Volk und Wissen, Berlin 1957.

Weblinks

Archivdatenbank der BBF:  Heinrich Deiters
 Lehrerpersonalbogen in Preußen: Heinrich  Deiters
 Aufnahmen von Heinrich Deiters bei europeana.eu

Einzelnachweise

Pädagoge (20. Jahrhundert)
Reformpädagoge
Schulleiter (Berlin)
NS-Opfer
DDP-Mitglied
SPD-Mitglied
Mitglied des Parteivorstandes der SED
Abgeordneter der Volkskammer
Hochschullehrer (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
Träger des Vaterländischen Verdienstordens in Silber
Verdienter Lehrer des Volkes
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Geboren 1887
Gestorben 1966
Mann

Heinrich Deiters (Pädagoge)


Les 4 Heures d'Abou Dabi 2022, disputées du  au  sur le Circuit Yas Marina. Lors de cette épreuve, deux courses de 4 heures ont eu lieu et ont été la troisième et dernières manches de l'Asian Le Mans Series 2022.

Engagés

Qualifications

Course 1

Déroulement de l'épreuve

Classement de la course
Voici le classement final au terme de la course.
 Les vainqueurs de chaque catégorie sont signalés par un fond jauni.

Pole position et record du tour
 Pole position :  Paul Di Resta (#23 United Autosports) en  1 min 39 s 804
 Meilleur tour en course :  Paul Di Resta (#23 United Autosports) en  1 min 40 s 913

Tours en tête
  Oreca 07 - United Autosports :  111 tours (1-111)

À noter
 Longueur du circuit :
 Distance parcourue par les vainqueurs :

Course 2

Déroulement de l'épreuve

Classement de la course
Voici le classement officiel au terme de la course.
 Les vainqueurs de chaque catégorie sont signalés par un fond jauni.

Pole position et record du tour
 Pole position :  Paul Di Resta (#23 United Autosports) en  1 min 39 s 962
 Meilleur tour en course :  Paul Di Resta (#23 United Autosports) en  1 min 41 s 723

Tours en tête
  Oreca 07 - United Autosports :  123 tours (1-123)

À noter
 Longueur du circuit :
 Distance parcourue par les vainqueurs :

Voir aussi
 Circuit Yas Marina
 Asian Le Mans Series 2022

Notes et références

Liens externes

Compétition automobile aux Émirats arabes unis
Asian Le Mans Series 2022
Sport en février 2022
Sport aux Émirats arabes unis en 2022

4 Heures d'Abou Dabi 2022


Kommúnistaflokkur Perú – Skínandi stígur (sp. Partido Comunista del Perú – Sendero Luminoso eða PCP-SL), yfirleitt kallaður Skínandi stígur (Sendero Luminoso) er kommúnískur byltingarhópur og skæruliðahópur í Perú. Samtökin aðhyllast marx-lenínisma, maóisma og svokallaða Gonzalo-hugsun, sem kennd er við fyrsta leiðtoga hópsins, Abimael "Gonzalo" Guzmán.

Skínandi stígur hefur háð vopnaða baráttu gegn ríkisstjórn Perú frá því á níunda áratugnum en áhrif samtakanna hafa dvínað verulega frá því að Guzmán var handtekinn árið 1992. Samtökin eru skilgreind sem hryðjuverkasamtök af Perú, Bandaríkjunum, Japan, Kanada og Evrópusambandinu.

Söguágrip
Skínandi stígur var stofnaður árið 1969 í Huamanga-háskólanum í borginni Ayacucho í Andesfjöllum. Stofnandi hópsins var heimspekiprófessorinn Abimael Guzmán, sem var aðdáandi Maó Zedong. Samtökin urðu til upp úr klofningi meðal perúskra kommúnista milli þeirra sem aðylltust stjórnarstefnu Sovétríkjanna og þeirra sem fylgdu kínverska alþýðulýðveldinu að málum. Þegar Skínandi stígur var stofnaður hafði herinn undir stjórn Juans Velasco Alvarado nýlega tekið völdin í Perú og óskilvirkni stjórnar hans leiddi til þess að boðskapur Guzmáns um jöfnuð, bræðralag og réttlæti féll í góðan jarðveg.

Hópurinn einbeitti sér að skipulagsstarfi á áttunda áratugnum en lýsti yfir svokölluðu "stríði fólksins" gegn perúskum stjórnvöldum árið 1980. Skínandi stígur gerði um 200 árásir það ár og greip jafnframt til táknrænna ofbeldisaðgerða eins og að hengja dauða hunda upp á ljósastaura. Hundadrápin fólu í sér táknræn mótmæli gegn kínverska leiðtoganum Deng Xiaoping, sem hafði þá nýlega hreinsað harðlínumaóista fjórmenningaklíkunnar úr ríkisstjórn Kína. Liðsmenn Skínandi stígs litu á Deng sem "hlaupahund kapítalismans" og áttu hundarnir því að tákna það sem ætti að koma fyrir "hunda Dengs".

Skínandi stíg tókst á næstu árum með skæruhernaði að leggja undir sig rúmlega 2.000 km² svæði í Andesfjöllum frá Cajamarca til Puno. Guzmán var fylgjandi þeirri stefnu Maós að leggja undir sig sveitir landsins og neyða þannig borgirnar til að gefast upp. Árið 1989 taldi hópurinn til sín um 5.000 skæruliða í fullu starfi en naut jafnframt aðstoðar um 30.000 landsmanna Perú. Hópurinn náði sér í lagi að tryggja sér stuðning margra amerískra frumbyggja sem var illa við spænskumælandi valdhafa í stórborgum landsins. Skínandi stígur einkenndist einnig af meiri þátttöku kvenna en vanalegt var hjá skæruliðahreyfingum í Rómönsku Ameríku.

Skínandi stígur varð alræmdur fyrir ofbeldisverk og villimennsku sem oft bitnaði á óbreyttum borgurum. Mannréttindasamtök á borð við Amnesty International og Mannréttindavaktina báru samtökin þungum sökum í skýrslum sínum, meðal annars um að standa fyrir pyntingum og fjöldaaftökum, sérstaklega á landsbyggð Perú. Reiknað var með því árið 1992 að um 30.000 manns hefðu látist í átökum Skínandi stígs við perúsk stjórnvöld.

Efnahagskreppa ríkti í Perú á forsetatíð Alans García á níunda áratugnum og því jókst stuðningur landsmanna við Skínandi stíg. Eftir að Alberto Fujimori varð forseti árið 1990 lét hann leysa upp þing Perú og tók sér alræðisvald, meðal annars með vísan til ógnarinnar sem stafaði af áframhaldandi uppreisn Skínandi stígs.

Árið 1992 handsamaði stjórnarlögreglan Guzmán í Surquillo-hverfinu í perúsku höfuðborginni Líma. Umsvif Skínandi stígs höfðu þá undanfarið aukist í höfuðborginni og ljóst þótti að Guzmán hygði á yfirtöku hennar. Handtaka Guzmáns var gríðarlegt reiðarslag fyrir Skínandi stíg og áhrif hreyfingarinnar minnkuðu verulega án forystu hans. Guzmán lést í fangelsi í september 2021, þá 86 ára gamall.

Eftirmaður Guzmáns sem leiðtogi hreyfingarinnar, Florindo Eleuterio Flores (öðru nafni "félagi Artemio") var handsamaður árið 2012 en þá hafði liðsmönnum Skínandi stígs farið stöðugt fækkandi síðustu áratugina. Í kjölfarið lýsti Ollanta Humala forseti því yfir að hryðjuverkahópurinn væri sigraður.

Tilvísanir

Hryðjuverkasamtök
Kommúnistaflokkar
Maóismi
Perúsk stjórnmál

Skínandi stígur


Heinz Crawatzo (* 4. Juli 1936; † 24. März 2017 in Unterschleißheim) war ein deutscher Fußballspieler. Von 1964 bis 1966 hat er für die Vereine FC Schalke 04 und Karlsruher SC 44 Spiele in der Fußball-Bundesliga absolviert und dabei zwei Tore erzielt.

Laufbahn

Bei der SG Düren 99, dort begann auch die Karriere des drei Jahre jüngeren Karl-Heinz Schnellinger, hatte 1954 die Karriere des Technikers mit großer Laufbereitschaft in der Jugend begonnen. Unter Trainer Fritz Langner kam er bereits in der Saison 1954/55 zu acht Einsätzen (1 Tor) in der 2. Liga West. Als Crawatzo 1956/57 für Düren in 29 Ligaspielen sieben Tore in der 2. Liga West erzielt hatte, bekam er ein Angebot aus Herne. Zur Runde 1957/58 wurde der 21-Jährige vom SC Westfalia Herne verpflichtet und schaffte damit den Sprung in die Fußball-Oberliga West. Unter Trainer Fritz Langner gehörte er aber nicht der Stammelf des Teams vom Stadion am Schloss Strünkede an. Als Herne in seiner zweiten Saison, 1958/59, überraschend die Meisterschaft im Westen erringen konnte, kam er an der Seite von Hans Tilkowski, Alfred Pyka, Helmut Benthaus, Kurt Sopart und Gerhard Clement lediglich zu vier Einsätzen, wobei er zwei Tore erzielte. Nach insgesamt 16 Oberligaspielen mit drei Toren schloss er sich zur Runde 1959/60 dem Oberligaabsteiger STV Horst-Emscher in Gelsenkirchen an und spielte mit der Mannschaft vom Fürstenbergstadion nunmehr wieder in der 2. Liga West und kam in 25 Ligaspielen zum Einsatz. Bei den Blau-Schwarzen erzielte er in seinem zweiten Jahr in der Zweitklassigkeit, 1960/61, an der Seite von Mitspielern wie Werner Jestremski und Rudolf Schmidt in 26 Spielen sieben Tore, ehe er zur Runde 1961/62 ein Angebot des Freiburger FC annahm und damit nach Südbaden verzog. Unter Trainer Hans Wendlandt und an der Seite des jungen Torhüters Peter Kunter und des Routiniers auf der Stopperposition, Siegfried Geesmann, erreichte er mit der Mannschaft aus dem Möslestadion den sechsten Rang und machte dabei mit seiner Leistung den Westoberligisten Borussia Mönchengladbach auf sich aufmerksam und zog nach zwölf Monaten wieder in den Fußball-Westen, wo er sich der Mannschaft vom Bökelbergstadion zur Runde 1962/63 anschloss.

In Gladbach traf er wieder auf Trainer Langner, jetzt gehörte er aber im letzten Jahr der alten erstklassigen Oberligaära der Stammbesetzung an. Mit der Mannschaft vom Niederrhein belegte er in der Saison nach dem Abgang von Nationalstürmer Albert Brülls zum AS Modena, den 11. Rang und war dabei in 27 Ligaspielen aktiv gewesen, wo er drei Treffer erzielen konnte. Er debütierte bei BMG am Starttag der Runde 1962/63, am 18. August 1962, bei einer 1:3-Auswärtsniederlage gegen Preußen Münster. Er beendete das Kapitel der erstklassigen Oberliga am 30. Spieltag, den 11. Mai 1963, mit einem 4:4-Remis bei Westfalia Herne. Dabei glückten dem auf Halbrechts spielenden Crawatzo zwei Treffer gegen Nationaltorhüter Tilkowski. Im ersten Jahr der neu installierten zweitklassigen Fußball-Regionalliga West, 1963/64, belegte Mönchengladbach mit den Talenten Horst-Dieter Höttges, Herbert Laumen und Günter Netzer den achten Rang. Crawatzo hatte in 30 Ligaspielen drei Tore erzielt. In den letzten zwei Rundenspielen, am 3. und 10. Mai 1964 gegen Arminia Bielefeld und die Sportfreunde Siegen, war er auch unter dem neuen Trainer Hennes Weisweiler aktiv, der den zu Schalke 04 in die Bundesliga gewechselten Fritz Langner ersetzte. Er folgte Langner zur Runde 1964/65 nach Schalke und war damit in der Erstklassigkeit der Bundesliga aktiv.

An der Seite der Mitspieler Manfred Kreuz, Hans Nowak, Willi Schulz, Friedel Rausch, Waldemar Gerhardt, Günter Herrmann, Willi Koslowski und Reinhard Libuda absolvierte er für "Königsblau" zwar 27 Bundesligaspiele in denen er zwei Tore erzielte, aber die Runde verlief äußerst negativ. Mit 22:38 Punkten zierte der Altmeister den letzten Platz in der Tabelle und mehrere prominente Mitspieler kehrten darauf hin Schalke 04 den Rücken. Crawatzo zog es nach Nordbaden, er schloss sich dem Bundesliga-Vorletzten, dem Karlsruher SC, an. Die Elf vom Wildparkstadion konnte knapp mit 24:44 Punkten den Klassenerhalt bewerkstelligen. Unter Trainer Helmut Schneider hatte Crawatzo noch zur Stammelf gezählt, unter seinem ab dem 19. Oktober 1965 agierenden Nachfolger Werner Roth gehörte er nur noch vereinzelt der KSC-Elf an. Nach 17 weiteren Bundesligaeinsätzen und einem Einsatz im DFB-Pokal zog es ihn im Sommer 1966 von Karlsruhe zum SC Opel Rüsselsheim in die Fußball-Regionalliga Süd. In zwei Runden bestritt er bei den Hessen unter den Trainern Erich Bäumler und Otto Barić 23 Ligaspiele mit zwei Toren und beendete 1968 mit 32 Jahren seine höherklassige Spielerlaufbahn.

Literatur
 Hardy Grüne, Lorenz Knieriem: Enzyklopädie des deutschen Ligafußballs. Band 8: Spielerlexikon 1890–1963. Agon-Sportverlag, Kassel 2006, ISBN 3-89784-148-7.
 "Auf, ihr Helden!" Magazin für Fußballzeitgeschichten. Verlag Block eins. KSC-Sonderausgabe Nr. 12. Seite 66

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Westfalia Herne)
Fußballspieler (Freiburger FC)
Fußballspieler (Borussia Mönchengladbach)
Fußballspieler (FC Schalke 04)
Fußballspieler (Karlsruher SC)
Fußballspieler (SC Opel Rüsselsheim)
Fußballspieler (SG Düren 99)
Fußballspieler (STV Horst-Emscher)
Deutscher
Geboren 1936
Gestorben 2017
Mann

Heinz Crawatzo


Camilla Kur Larsen (født 3. april 1989) er en dansk professionel fodboldspiller, der spiller for Fortuna Hjørring i den danske Gjensidige Kvindeliga.

Hæder
Vinder
 Elitedivisionen (3): 2010–11, 2011–12, 2013–14, 2015-16
 DBUs Landspokalturnering for kvinder (3): 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–2013, 2015-16

Toere
 Elitedivisionen: (3) 2008–09, 2009–10, 2012–2013

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Fortuna Hjørring
Fodboldspillere fra Vålerenga Fotball Damer

Camilla Kur Larsen


Become You is the eighth studio album by American folk rock duo the Indigo Girls. It was released on March 12, 2002 by Epic Records.

Track listing

These bonus tracks were only available when the album was purchased at Borders Books. The original version of Everything In Its Own Time was released on the album Shaming of the Sun and credited to Emily Saliers only.

Personnel
Indigo Girls
Amy Ray – vocals, acoustic guitar, mandolin, bouzouki, harmonica
Emily Saliers – vocals, 6 and 12 string acoustic guitars, classical guitar, electric guitar, bouzouki, mandolin

Additional musicians
Carol Isaacs – Hammond B-3, Wurlitzer, piano, accordion, penny whistle, recorder, percussion
Clare Kenny – acoustic and electric bass guitars
Brady Blade – drums and percussion
Michelle Malone – vocals on "Moment of Forgiveness" and "Hope Alone", vocals and harmonica on "Bitterroot"
Dan Higgins – saxophone on "You've Got to Show"
Jerry Hey – string arrangement on "Hope Alone"

References

External links

2002 albums
Albums produced by Peter Collins (record producer)
Epic Records albums
Indigo Girls albums

Become You


Tekmen, Çorum ilinin Osmancık ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1925 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 72 km, Osmancık ilçe merkezine 19 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Osmancık belde ve köyleri

Tekmen, Osmancık


Denis Frimpong Odoi (født d. 27. maj 1988) er en belgisk-ghanesisk professionel fodboldspiller, som spiller for den belgiske 1. division A-klub Club Brugge og Ghanas landshold.

Baggrund
Odoi er født i Belgien til en belgisk mor og en ghanesisk far.

Klubkarriere

Oud-Heverlee Leuven
Odoi begyndte sin karriere hos sin lokalklub Oud-Heverlee Leuven, hvor han gjorde sin professionelle debut i april 2007. Han gennembrud på holdet kom i løbet af 2007-08 sæsonen, hvor han begyndte at spille fast for klubben.

Sint-Truiden
Odoi skiftede i juli 2009 til Sint-Truiden. Han etablerede sig med det samme som en fast mand i truppen, og blev i 2010-11 sæsonen kåret som årets spiller i klubben af fansene.

Anderlecht
Odoi skiftede i april 2011 til Anderlecht. I sin debut for klubben, mod sit gamle hold OH Leuven, fik Odoi et rødt kort efter bare 33 minutters spil.

Lokeren
Som resultat af pengemangel måtte Anderlecht sælge flere spillere i 2013, og herunder blev Odoi også solgt. Han skiftede i juni 2013 til Lokeren. Han etablerede sig med det samme som en vigtig spiller i klubben, og den 26. februar 2016 blev han for første gang i sin karriere gjort til anfører i en kamp imod Gent.

Fulham
Odoi skiftede i juli 2016 til engelske Fulham. I sin første tid i klubben havde Odoi en hård kamp med Ryan Fredericks om startpositionen, som resulterede i de to spiller ofte roterede på pladsen. Efter Fredericks forlod, spillede Odoi som førstevalg.

Han imponerede i sin tid hos klubben for sin evne til at spille på flere forskellige positioner i forsvaret.

Club Brugge
Odoi vendte i februar 2022 hjem til Belgien, da han skiftede til Club Brugge.

Landsholdskarriere

Belgien
Odoi har repræsenteret Belgien på flere ungdomsniveauer.

Han debuterede for Belgiens landshold i en venskabskamp den 25. marts 2012. Dette ville dog blive hans eneste kamp for Belgien. Trods interesse fra Ghana, så forsøgte Odoi at vinde en plads hos sit fødeland over de næste år, dog uden held.

Ghana
Odoi besluttede i 2022 at skifte til at repræsentere Ghana, hvilke han kunne efter kun at have repræsenteret Belgien i en venskabskamp. Han var del af Ghanas trup til VM 2022.

Titler
Anderlecht

 Belgiens 1. division A: 2 (2011-12, 2012-13)
 Belgisk Super Cup: 1 (2012)

Lokeren

 Belgisk Cup: 1 (2013-14)

Fulham

 EFL Championship: 1 (2021-22)

Club Brugge

 Belgiens 1. division A: 1 (2021-22)
 Belgisk Super Cup: 1 (2022)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Leuven
Fodboldspillere fra Belgien
Fodboldspillere fra Ghana
Fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Belgien
Fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Ghana
Fodboldspillere fra Oud-Heverlee Leuven
Fodboldspillere fra Sint-Truidense V.V.
Fodboldspillere fra RSC Anderlecht
Fodboldspillere fra KSC Lokeren
Fodboldspillere fra Fulham F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Club Brugge
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2022

Denis Odoi