Elite Squad – Im Sumpf der Korruption (Originaltitel: Tropa de Elite 2) ist ein brasilianischer Film, der 2010 veröffentlicht wurde. José Padilha fungierte als Regisseur und Produzent. Der Hauptdarsteller war Wagner Moura in der Rolle des Coronel Nascimento. Die Handlung knüpft an den vorangegangenen Film Tropa de Elite aus dem Jahre 2007 an. Die Rolle des Erzählers kommt dem Protagonisten Coronel Nascimento zu, der eine Form des unzuverlässigen Erzählens darstellt. In Brasilien war kein Film bisher wirtschaftlich erfolgreicher. Der Film wurde im Dezember 2010 zum meistgesehenen nationalen Film Brasiliens und brach damit einen 34-jährigen Rekord – einzig der Film Titanic wurde in Brasilien noch häufiger gesehen.

Handlung
Durch einen Gefängnisaufstand, der unter Verantwortung von Coronel Nascimento blutig niedergeschlagen wird, kommt dieser in öffentliche Kritik. Aus politischen Gründen kann jedoch nur mit seiner Beförderung auf die Verfehlung reagiert werden. Konfrontiert wird Nascimento in den Medien durch den politischen Aktivisten Diego Fraga. Anstelle Nascimentos wird Capitão André Matias zur Verantwortung gezogen. Während Nascimiento in seiner neuen Verwaltungstätigkeit das BOPE immer weiter ausbauen kann, versagt er als Vater seines jungen Sohnes. Seine Frau hat sich mittlerweile von ihm dauerhaft getrennt und ist mit Fraga liiert. Entgegen den ursprünglichen Intentionen Nascimentos gelingt es ihm nicht, das System der korrupten Polizei durch eine Einschränkung des Drogenhandels einzudämmen. Vielmehr weiten die Milizionäre ihre Geschäftsaktivitäten in den Slums von Rio de Janeiro auf andere Gebiete aus. Nascimento legt ein Beziehungsgeflecht von korrupten Polizisten, Drogenhändlern und Politikern frei. Als Matias in einem Hinterhalt getötet wird und auch Nascimentos Sohn Rafael durch eine Schussverletzung in Todesgefahr schwebt, beschließt Nascimento seine Erkenntnisse über die Verwicklung von führenden Politikern in das organisierte Verbrechen in den Medien offenzulegen.

Rezeption
Ekkehard Knörer schrieb in der taz vom 11. Februar 2011: "Seine Spannung bezieht er nicht in erster Linie aus – allerdings durchaus vorhandenen – Actionsequenzen, sondern aus der konsequenten und vor Komplexität nicht zurückschreckenden Entfaltung einer verwickelten Situation. Im besten Sinne parteiische Aufklärung, die zuletzt noch das Zentrum der Macht als Endpunkt der Korruption in den Blick nimmt."

Hintergrund
Bei den Internationalen Filmfestspielen in Berlin 2011 lief der Film in der Reihe Panorama Spezial.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2010
Brasilianischer Film
Filmdrama

Elite Squad – Im Sumpf der Korruption


Pathosray ist eine italienische Progressive-Metal-Band aus Udine, die im Jahr 2000 unter dem Namen N.D.E. gegründet wurde.

Geschichte
Die Band wurde im Jahr 2000 unter dem Namen N.D.E. von Schlagzeuger Ivan Moni Bidin, Gitarrist Luca Luison und Sänger Marco Sandron gegründet. Im Jahr 2001 nahm die Band ihr erstes Demo namens Strange Kind of Energies, das im Jahr 2002 veröffentlicht wurde, wobei die Band dann den Namen Pathosray trug. Im Jahr 2006 kamen Bassist Fabio D'Amore und Keyboarder Gianpaolo Rinaldi zur Band und nahmen ein weiteres Demo namens Deathless Crescendo auf. Im Herbst begannen die Aufnahmen zum Debütalbum Pathosray. Das Album wurde im Angel's Wings Studio von Nico Odorico und Mattia Sartori aufgenommen.

Danach kam Alessio Velliscig als neuer Gitarrist zur Band. Die Gruppe sandte das Album an Intromental Management und erreichte mit diesen einen Managementvertrag. Kurz darauf erreichte die Band einen Vertrag mit dem Label Sensory Records. Das Album wurde in den Jailhouse Studios in Dänemark von Tommy Hansen im Juli 2007 abgemischt. Das Cover wurde von Mattias Norén von ProgArt Media übernommen. Das Album wurde in den USA am 27. Oktober 2007, in Kanada und Europa am 26. Oktober und einen Monat später in Japan über  Marquee/Avalon. Nach der Veröffentlichung folgten einige Auftritte in Italien und im September 2008 ein Auftritt in den USA auf dem ProgPower USA. Zwei Wochen später folgte ein Auftritt auf dem ProgPower Europe in den Niederlanden.

Den Rest des Jahres 2008 verbrachte die Band mit Arbeiten zum neuen Album Sunless Skies. Das Album wurde von Ivan Moni Bidin und Fabio D'Amore in den Artesonika Studios in Italien aufgenommen und in Schweden von Johan Ornborg und Jens Bogren in den Fascination Street Studios abgemischt und gemastert. Die Band erreichte einen Vertrag mit Frontiers Records für die weltweite Veröffentlichung. In Japan erschien das Album über Soundholic Records. Das Album erschien am 24. April in Japan, am 25. Mai in Europa und am 9. Juni in den USA. Am 25. September folgte ein Auftritt auf dem ProgPower Scandinavia in Dänemark. Danach verließ Gitarrist Alessio Velliscig die Band und wurde im Sommer 2010 durch Antonio Petris ersetzt.

Stil
Die Band spielt Progressive Metal der mit der Musik von Bands wie Dream Theater, Symphony X, Ayreon und Redemption beschrieben wird.

Diskografie
 Strange Kind of Energies (Demo, 2002, Eigenveröffentlichung)
 Deathless Crescendo (Demo, 2006, Eigenveröffentlichung)
 Pathosray (Album, 2007, Sensory Records (weltweit), Marquee/Avalon (Japan))
 Sunless Skies (Album, 2009, Frontiers Records (weltweit), Soundholic Records (Japan))

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Italienische Band
Progressive-Metal-Band

Pathosray


Sclipeti
Potentila erecta (Tormentilla).

Plantă ierboasă de 15 - 25 cm, perenă, înflorire V - VIII.
Crește din zona colinară până în subalpin, la margini de păduri, poieni, pajiști, rariști de pădure, luminișuri, în zone umede, turbării, pe soluri superficiale (decarbonate, acide, turboase, oligotrofe, mezohidrofilă).
Preferă solurile calcaroase.

Rosaceae
Plante medicinale
Flora Europei

Sclipeți


Trabzon Harekâtı, I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Trabzon'un Rus kuvvetlerince ele geçirilmesini sağlamış deniz ve kara harekâtıdır.

Karadeniz Baskını olarak da bilinen ve 29 Ekim 1914'te Osmanlı bandıralı savaş gemileri tarafından Çarlık Rusyası liman kenti olan Novorossiysk'e yönelik olarak gerçekleştirilen saldırıdan sonra Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Rusya I. Dünya Savaşı'na dahil olurlar.

1914 sonu ve 1915 başlarındaki başarısız Sarıkamış Harekâtı sonrasında Doğu Anadolu bölgesinde Rusya hakimiyeti belirleyici olur. İlerleyen süreçte Erzurum'un da kaybedilmesiyle, zaten denizden saldırı altında bulunan Trabzon'daki Osmanlı egemenliği yerini Rus egemenliğine bırakmıştır.

Deniz operasyonları

Rus savaş gemilerinin Karadeniz limanlarına bombardıman etmesi ile Trabzon büyük yaralar almaya başlamıştır. Nitekim 17 Kasım 1914'te yirmi üç parçalık bir Rus donanması Trabzon'u bombardıman ederek büyük tahribata ve can kaybına sebep oldu. Bombardımanlar devam etti. Trabzon 8 Şubat ve 11 Şubat 1915'te Rus bombardımanı ile büyük ölçüde tahrip oldu, 1000'den fazla insan öldü.

Bu sırada Osmanlı savaş gemisi Yavuz, Trabzon'a 32 ağır makineli tüfek, bir batarya, dağ topu ve bazı askeri levazımat ile Kafkasya cephesinde kullanılmak üzere iki uçak getirdi.

Kara operasyonları

1916

Ruslar 23 Ocak 1916'dan itibaren kıyı saldırılarını yoğunlaştırdılar. 17 savaş gemisinin desteklediği bu saldırılar sonunda Osmanlı birlikleri geri çekilmek zorunda kaldı.

İstanbul'dan istediği yardımı alamayan Üçüncü Ordu Komutanı Kamil Paşa, birliklerini Ilıca'ya doğru geri çekince 16 Şubat 1916'da Ruslar Erzurum'u işgal etti.

Rus kuvvetleri, donanmanın desteğini de alarak 24 Şubat 1916'da Rize'yi işgal ettiler. Of sınırına dayanan Ruslara karşı Baltacı Deresi'nde yöre halkından oluşan kuvvetlerin de yardımıyla Osmanlı askeri birlikleri savunma yaptılar. Rus ordusunu 20 gün durdurmayı başaran Osmanlı birlikleri, Rusların denizden ve karadan saldırılarının yoğunlaşması ve bu arada hiçbir yerden destek gelmemesi sonucu geri çekilince, 15 Mart 1916'da Of İlçesi Rusların eline geçti. Daha sonra Sürmene işgal edildi ve Ruslar Trabzon kapılarına dayandı.

18 Nisan 1916'da Trabzon Rumlarından bir heyet, Osmanlı birliklerinin 15-16 Nisan'da şehri boşalttığını işgal kuvvetleri komutanı General Lyhkov'a bildirerek kendisini şehre davet etti. Erzurum Caddesi'nden Belediye Meydanı'na giren işgal kuvvetleri şehri teslim aldı. Göç edemeyerek şehirde ve köylerde kalan Müslüman halk mağdur bırakılmış, işkence görmüştür. Özellikle yerli azınlıkların bu eylemlerde yer aldığı ve yağmalama yaptığı öne sürülmüştür.

1917
1917'de Rusya'da Ekim Devrimi gerçekleşti. Geri çekilmek zorunda kalan Rusya ile Osmanlı arasında 18 Aralık 1917'de Erzincan Antlaşması yapıldı.

1918
Bu antlaşmaya Ermeniler uymayıp, Osmanlı aleyhinde katliamlara girişince, Ordu Komutanı Vehip Paşa'ya ileri harekât emri verildi. 11 Şubat 1918'de genel hareket emrini alan Osmanlı ordusu, bir koldan Kafkasya üzerine ilerlerken, diğer koldan Miralay Pirselimoğlu Hamdi Bey komutasındaki 37. Tümen; Giresun'dan 123. alay ile takviye edilerek Trabzon üzerine yola çıktı.

Bölgedeki çeteleri de temizleyerek ilerleyen Osmanlı birlikleri 15 Şubat 1918'de Vakfıkebir'i, 18 Şubat 1918'de Akçaabat'ı geri aldı. Birkaç gün içinde çevreyi kontrol altına alan Osmanlı birlikleri 24 Şubat 1918 tarihinde Trabzon'a girdi.

Osmanlı Devleti, Brest Litovsk Barış Antlaşması ile doğudaki topraklarını istiladan kurtardı.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Van İsyanı (1915)
 Trabzon Bombardımanı

I. Dünya Savaşı Kafkasya Cephesi'nde muharebeler
Osmanlı döneminde Trabzon
1916'da Osmanlı İmparatorluğu

Trabzon Harekâtı


Melania Gaia Mazzucco (nascida em 6 de outubro de 1966)  é uma autora italiana. Ela recebeu o Prêmio Strega e o Prêmio Bagutta .

Educação e carreira
Mazzucco formou-se no Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia em 1990 e na Universidade Sapienza de Roma em História da Literatura Moderna e Contemporânea em 1992. Na década de 1990, ela escreveu vários roteiros antes de publicar seu primeiro romance, Il bacio della Medusa, em 1996.

Seu romance de 2003, Vita, recebeu o Prêmio Strega, o principal da literatura italiana. O romance conta a história de duas crianças de uma aldeia rural italiana, Diamante de doze anos e Vita de nove, que emigram para Nova York. Foi traduzido para o inglês por Virginia Jewish .

Uma adaptação cinematográfica do romance de 2005 de Mazzucco , Un giorno perfetto, foi lançada em 2008. Foi dirigido por Ferzan Özpetek e particiou do 65º Festival Internacional de Cinema de Veneza .

Bibliografia

 O Bacio da Medusa (1996)
 A câmera de Baltus (1998)
 Lei così amata (2000)
 Vida (2003)
 Um dia perfeito (2005)
 La lunga attesa dell'angelo (2008)
 Jacomo Tintoretto ei suoi figli: histórias de uma família veneziana (2009)
 Limbo (2012)
 O baixoto e a Regina (2012)
 Sei vem sei (2013)
 Eu estou com você: Histórias de Brigitte (2016)

Alunos da Universidade La Sapienza
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1966

Melania Gaia Mazzucco


Roland Mitoraj (født 5. februar 1940 i Bourges, Frankrig) er en fransk tidligere fodboldspiller (forsvarer).

Mitoraj spillede i 12 år hos Saint-Étienne, der på daværende tidspunkt var det absolutte storhold i fransk fodbold. Han var med til at vinde hele fem franske mesterskaber og to Coupe de France-titler med klubben.

Mitoraj spillede desuden tre kampe for det franske landshold, en EM-kvalifikationskamp mod Polen 17. september 1967, samt to venskabskampe mod henholdsvis Vesttyskland og Spanien.

Titler
Ligue 1
 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 og 1970 med Saint-Étienne

Coupe de France
 1968 og 1970 med Saint-Étienne

Trophée des Champions
 1967, 1968 og 1969 med Saint-Étienne

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Frankrig
Fodboldspillere fra AS Saint-Étienne
Fodboldspillere fra Paris Saint-Germain
Fodboldspillere fra Girondins Bordeaux

Roland Mitoraj


Dermatan-sulfat je vrsta organskog sulfata. Ovaj glikozaminoglikan u vezivnom tkivu tvore ovi nanizani disaharidi: od heksuronskih kiselina to su L-iduronska kiselina ili D-glukuronska kiselina, a od heksozamina to je D-galaktozamin. Dermatan-sulfat nalazimo u koži, tetivama i aorti (adventiciji). S kolagenom elektrostatski djeluje u slabom međudjelovanju, većinom s kolagenom tipa I.

Staro ime za dermatan-sulfat je "hondroitin-sulfat B". Nekad ga se svrstavalo u oblike hondroitin-sulfata.

Izvori

Glikozaminoglikani
Sulfati

Dermatan-sulfat


Andrew Jennings (3 de septiembre de 1943 - 8 de enero de 2022) fue un periodista de investigación escocés.

Biografía
Nació en Escocia y de niño se trasladó a Londres, Inglaterra. Es nieto de un exjugador del Leyton Orient Football Club. Jennings trabajó para el The Sunday Times a finales de la década de 1960, tras lo cual trabajó para otros periódicos británicos antes de convertirse en un periodista de investigación en la BBC Radio 4. En 1986, la BBC se negó a emitir su documental sobre la corrupción en Scotland Yard, Jennings reaccionó dimitiendo y transformando el material en su primer libro, Scotland Yard's Cocaine Connection, y el documental fue emitido por el programa World in Action de Granada Television.

Trabajó posteriormente para Granada Productions, filmando varias investigaciones internacionales y pequeños documentales. Su investigación sobre la participación británica en el escándalo Irán-Contra ganó la medalla de oro en el New York TV Festival de 1989. En 1993, Jennings y su equipo entraron en Chechenia para investigar la actividad de la mafia del Cáucaso. En 1997 realizó para World in Action una investigación sobre el entrenador olímpico de natación británico Hamilton Bland, y en 1998 presentó un documental sobre la privatización del ferrocarril.

Su primera aparición en Panorama, un programa de actualidad documental, se produjo en 2006 (episodio titulado "The Beautiful Bung: Corruption and the World Cup") cuando Jennings investigó varias denuncias de corrupción en la FIFA, incluyendo sobornos millonarios para garantizar los derechos de comercialización a la empresa ISL junto con la compra de votos para asegurar el puesto del presidente de la FIFA, Joseph Blatter, y los sobornos y actos de corrupción atribuidos al Presidente de la CONCACAF, Jack Warner. Le siguió con un episodio titulado "FIFA and Coe" que explora la relación entre el ex olímpico británico Sebastian Coe y el Comité de Ética de la FIFA. El programa más destacado fue "FIFA's Dirty Secrets" (se estrenó el 29 de noviembre de 2010) que era una emisión de 30 minutos que investigaba las denuncias de corrupción contra algunos de los miembros del comité ejecutivo de la FIFA que votaron la sede para la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2018. Jennings afirma que Ricardo Teixeira, presidente de la Confederación Brasileña de Fútbol (CBF) y del Comité Organizador de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2014, Nicolás Leoz de Paraguay, presidente de la Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL), y Issa Hayatou de Camerún, presidente de la Confederación Africana de Fútbol (CAF), aceptaron sobornos de una empresa comercializadora de la televisación.

Libros publicados
 Scotland Yard's Cocaine Connection, 1989 ISBN 978-0224025218
 The Lords of the Rings , Power, Money & Drugs in the Modern Olympics, 1992 ISBN 0-671-71122-9
 The New Lords of the Rings, 1996 ISBN 0-671-85571-9
 The Great Olympic Swindle, 2000 ISBN 978-0684866772
 Tarjeta roja. El libro secreto de la FIFA, 2006
 Omertà: La FIFA de Sepp Blatter, familia del crimen organizado, 2014.

Premios

 Royal Television Society. Por su trabajo para el canal 4 sobre la corrupción en las olimpiadas, 2000.

 El primer premio a la "Integridad en el periodismo" otorgado por OATH, 1999.

 "Gerlev Prize" por "contribuir a la libertad de expresión y a la democracia en el deporte", 1998.
 Miembro Honorario Vitalicio de la Asociación Americana de Entrenadores de Natación, teniendo en cuenta su trabajo de investigación sobre escándalos de dopaje y encubrimientos en la natación olímpica.
 "Mejor documental internacional", New York TV Festival, 1992

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Transparency in Sport (sitio oficial). (En inglés).

Periodistas deportivos
Periodistas de Escocia

Andrew Jennings


«Car Song» es una canción del grupo britpop Elastica. Fue lanzado originalmente en 1995 en el álbum debut. Un año más tarde, fue lanzado como sencillo.
La canción, es sobre una persona que está a punto de tener relaciones sexuales en un coche, recibió críticas positivas. Alcanzó el puesto n.º 33 en las listas de los EE. UU. y en la posición n.º 14 en Canadá.

Letras

Esta canción fue escrita por la cantante de Elastica, Justine Frischmann. La canción es acerca de practicar sexo en un coche.

Lanzamiento

Fue lanzado por primera vez en el álbum de Elastica el 14 de marzo de 1995 como el quinto tema del disco. El sencillo en CD fue lanzado en 1996 por Geffen Records. Otra versión de la canción, titulada "Four Wheeling", se incluyó en el álbum de compilación de Elastica, Elastica Radio One Sessions.

Crítica

Recibió críticas generalmente positivas de los críticos de música. De acuerdo con Stephen Thomas Erlewine, la canción "hace que el sexo en un coche realmente el sonido sexy". Chuck Entertainment Weekly Eddy escribió que "atrevimiento torpe Justine Frischmann de sexo-en-uno-Ford-Fiesta ("Car Song").

Posicionamiento
En los EE. UU., solo pasó tres semanas en la lista Alternative Songs y alcanzó el puesto nº33 el 23 de diciembre de 1995. También pasó nueve semanas en la lista alternativa de Canadá, alcanzando el puesto nº14 allí.

Videoclip

Dirigido por Spike Jonze, se ha descrito como un "thriller futurista que combina elementos de Blade Runner y las películas de monstruos japonesas". También es uno de los vídeos más caros de la banda ya que este fue grabado en Japón. En este vídeo no aparece la bajista Annie Holland ya que esta dejó la banda en 1995.

Listado de canciones

Lanzado en Australia en enero de 1996

CD sencillo

 "Car Song" [LP Versión]
 "Car Song" (Grabado en vivo en Tokio, 11 de julio de 1995)
 "Bar Bar Bar"
 "Jam" [II] (Grabado en vivo en Tokio, 11 de julio de 1995)
 "Gloria" (Grabado en vivo en Tokio, 11 de julio de 1995)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 All Music

Sencillos de Elastica
Canciones sobre automóviles
Canciones en inglés
Canciones de rock

Car Song


Željko Ivanek (Ljubljana, 15. kolovoza 1957.) je slovensko-američki filmski, kazališni i televizijski glumac. Dobitnik je Nagrade Emmy za program u udarnom terminu za ulogu Raya Fiskea u televizijskoj seriji Opasne igre. Ostvario je zapažene uloge u televizijskim serijama 24 i Oz. Bio je nominiran i za tri nagrade Tony.

Životopis
Željko Ivanek rođen je u Ljubljani 1957. godine kao Željko Šimić-Ivanek. Hrvatskoga je podrijetla. Otac Ferdo Ivanek rođen je u Ljubljani, odrastao je u Zajezdi, u Hrvatskome Zagorju gdje ima rodbinu i u okolnim mjestima, a u Varaždinu pohađao je i završio osam razreda tadašnje gimnazije. Nakon mature Ferdo Ivanek školovanje je nastavio u Austriji, u Beču, gdje je upisao studij elektrotehnike. Od 1949. do 1955. godine Ferdo Ivanek radio je u Centralnom radio institutu u Beogradu, a nakon toga radio je u Institutu za elektro zveze u Ljubljani, gdje je obitelj živjela sljedećih 10 godina. Zajedno s majkom Vojislavom i starijim bratom Ivanom Željko Ivanek se iselio u Palo Alto u Kaliforniji, gdje je njegov otac pisao doktorski rad iz elektrotehnike na Stanfordskom sveučiištu. Tri godine kasnije, s obitelji se vratio u Sloveniju gdje su proveli 4 i pol godine, nakon čega se obitelj vraća u SAD, u Palo Alto.

Željko Ivanek ostvario je više desetaka kazališnih uloga u kazalištima diljem Zaljevskog područja San Francisca. Maturirao je u srednjoj školi "Ellwood P. Cubberley" u Palo Altu, 1975. godine. Diplomirao je teatrologiju na Sveučilištu Yale 1978. godine, gdje je pohađao i jedan semestar iz geologije. Pohađao je i Londonsku akademiju glazbe i dramskih umjetnosti. Više puta je odbio zahtjev svojih agenata da promijeni ime, iz poštovanja prema roditeljima.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Životopisi, Ljubljana
Američki filmski glumci
Američki televizijski glumci
Američki kazališni glumci
Slovenski filmski glumci
Hrvati u SAD-u
Slovenski kazališni glumci
Slovenski glumci
Televizijski glumci

Željko Ivanek


Jamie-Lee Kriewitz (* 18. marts 1998 i Springe) er en tysk pop sanger. Den 17. december 2015 vandt hun den femte sæson af sangtalent showet The Voice of Germany (Tysklands Stemme). Med titlen Ghost (Spøgelse) vandt hun Tysk Melodi Grand Prix og repræsenterede Tyskland den 14. maj 2016 i finalen i Stockholm, hvor hun fik en 26. og sidste plads. Siden udgivelsen af hendes første album optræder hun som Jamie-Lee.

Eksterne henvisninger

Popsangere
Sangere fra Tyskland
Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2016
Tysklands Eurovision Song Contest-deltagere

Jamie-Lee Kriewitz


Em matemática, a média Heroniana H de dois números reais não negativos A e B é dada pela fórmula:

O nome da média vem de Heron de Alexandria.

Aplicação em geometria sólida

A média Heroniana pode ser usada para encontrar o volume de um tronco de uma pirâmide ou cone. O volume é igual ao produto da altura do tronco pela média Heroniana das áreas das faces paralelas opostas.

Relação com outros meios
A média Heroniana dos números A e B é uma média aritmética ponderada de suas médias aritméticas e geométricas:

Referências

Médias

Média Heroniana


UTC+8 er betegnelsen for den tidszone hvor klokken er 8 timer foran UTC.

UTC+8 bruges som sommertid på den nordlige halvkugle
 Den vestlige del af Mongoliet inkl. Khovd

UTC+8 bruges som standardtid (vinter på den nordlige halvkugle)
 Den østlige del af Mongoliet (hovedparten af landet inkl. Ulan Bator)

UTC+8 bruges året rundt

Asien

 Dele af Rusland (Irkutsk oblast, Republikken Burjatia) hvor tiden kaldes Irkutsk tid eller MSK+5 da tidszonen er 5 timer foran Moskva tid
 Kina
 Hongkong (hører under Kina)
 Macao (hører under Kina)
 Taiwan
 Filippinerne
 Brunei
 Malaysia
 Singapore
 De centrale dele af Indonesien (provinserne Østkalimantan og Sydkalimantan på Borneo, De små Sundaøer (på nær Østtimor), Sulawesi)

Oceanien
 Den vestlige del af Australien (delstaten Western Australia)

Antarktis
 Nogle baser på Antarktis

Tidszoner

UTC+8


تحلل الغلايكوجين هو سلاسل معقدة من الجلوكوز تختزن في الكبد والعضلات بالنسبة للإنسان وفي الاوراق بالنسبة للنبات على شكل نشا. يتم تحليل هذه المادة عندما يصبح الجسم بحاجة إلى الجلوكوز اللازم للاحتراق وإنتاج الطاقة اللازمة للقيام بأنشطة حيوية. تتم عملية تحليل الغلايكوجين من قبل الغلوكاغون الذي يفرزه البنكرياس ليقوم بتحطيم سلاسل الغلايكوجين. تتفكك جزيئات الغلايكوجين إلى جلوكوز يكتسب بواسطها الجسم الطاقة. بصفة أساسية يعتمد الدماغ والكليتان على الجلوكوز لمدهم بالطاقة، وكذلك تحتاجه كرات الدم الحمراء، أما بقية خلايا الجسم فيمكنها في حالة عدم توفر الجلوكوز استغلال أجسام كيتونية (تأتيها من تحلل الدهون) لإمدادها بالطاقة.

اقرأ أيضا
 تكون الغليكوجين

 تحلل الجلوكوز

الوظيفة

مراجع

سكري
طب الكبد
مسارات أيضية

تحلل الغليكوجين


Hunter College High School is an academic magnet secondary school located in the Carnegie Hill section of the Upper East Side of Manhattan. It is administered and funded by Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY) and no tuition is charged. According to Hunter, its 1,200 "students represent the top one-quarter of 1% of students in New York City, based on test scores."

Hunter has been ranked as the top public high school in the United States by both The Wall Street Journal and Worth. The New York Times called Hunter "the prestigious Upper East Side school known for its Ivy League-bound students" and "the fast track to law, medicine and academia."

History
Hunter was established in 1869 as "The Female Normal and High School", a private school to prepare young women to become teachers. The original school was composed of an elementary and a high school. A kindergarten was added in 1887, and in 1888, the school was incorporated into a college. The high school was separated from what would become Hunter College in 1903. In 1914, both schools were named after the Female Normal School's first president, Thomas Hunter. The school was almost closed by Hunter College President Jacqueline Wexler in the early 1970s.

Hunter was an all-girls school for its first 105 years, with the official name "Hunter College High School for Intellectually Gifted Young Ladies". The prototypical Hunter girl was the subject of the song Sarah Maria Jones, who, the lyrics told, had "Hunter in her bones." In 1878, Harper's Magazine published an approving article about the then-new school:
The first thing to excite our wonder and admiration was the number – there were 1,542 pupils; the second thing was the earnestness of the discipline; and the third was the suggestiveness of so many girls at work in assembly, with their own education as the primary aim, and the education of countless thousands of others as the final aim, of their toil.
Girls all the way from fourteen to twenty years of age, from the farther edge of childhood to the farther limit of maidenhood; girls with every shade of complexion and degree of beauty; girls in such variety that it was amazing to contemplate the reduction of their individuality to the simple uniformity of their well-drilled movements.
The catholicity and toleration crystallized in the country's Constitution prevail in the college: about two hundred of the students are Jewesses, and a black face, framed in curly African hair, may occasionally be seen.
The aim of the entire course through which the Normal students pass is not so much to burden the mind with facts as it is to develop intellectual power, cultivate judgment, and enable the graduates to take trained ability into the world with them.

The school began admitting boys in 1974 as a result of a lawsuit by Hunter College Elementary School parents, a development which was described in the New York Daily News with the headline "Girlie High Gets 1st Freshboys." In January 1982, the school was featured in a New York Magazine article entitled "The Joyful Elite." Hunter was the subject of the 1992 book Hunter College Campus Schools for the Gifted: The Challenge of Equity and Excellence published by Teachers' College Press.

The high school has occupied a number of buildings throughout its history, including one at the East 68th Street campus of the college (1940–1970). For several years in the 1970s, it was housed on the 13th and 14th floors of an office building at 466 Lexington Avenue (at East 46th Street), the current location of what is now known as the Park Avenue Atrium. Since 1977, it has existed at the former site of the Madison Avenue Armory at East 94th Street between Park and Madison Avenues on the Upper East Side. Although most of the armory building was demolished, the armory's facade, including two empty towers, was left partly standing on Madison Avenue. The school building itself, which faces Park Avenue, was constructed to resemble the armory. Because of its unusual design, including many classrooms without windows and the rest with only narrow windows, Hunter is called "The Brick Prison." The building contains both the high school (grades 7–12) and the elementary school (K-6), which are collectively known as the Hunter College Campus Schools.

Tony Fisher is the principal of the high school. Dawn Roy is the principal of the elementary school, and Lisa Siegmann is the Director of the Campus Schools. Jacqueline Zenon is the assistant principal for grades 7–9, while Maysa Perez Antonio is the assistant principal for grades 10–12.

Admissions
Admission to Hunter College High School is exceptionally selective, only being open to seventh-grade students, with the admission process consisting of two steps. Students from the five boroughs of New York City with high scores on standardized tests are eligible to take the entrance exam during their sixth-grade school year. To qualify, public school students must score in the 90th percentile or above on both the New York State reading and math tests, while private and parochial school students must score in the 90th percentile or above (in both reading and math) compared to all private school students nationwide. This results in approximately 2,500– or less than 4%— of New York City's 65,000 fifth graders being eligible to take the test. From those, around 182 to 185 students are offered admission, representing "the top one-quarter of 1% of students in New York City, based on test scores."
The only other pathway to the High School is through the elementary school, to which 50 students are admitted to kindergarten after taking an IQ test and being interviewed. The kindergarten admission process is the sole entrance route to the elementary school.  Approximately 45 students from Hunter College Elementary School enter the seventh-grade class each year. Starting from the 2010–2011 school year, elementary school students must demonstrate "satisfactory progress" by fifth grade in order to gain admission to the high school, whereas previously, they were guaranteed admission.

In total, an entering 7th grade class contains approximately 225 students, known as "Hunterites," about 200 of whom will graduate from the school. Those who leave go to other magnet schools, private schools, local public schools or leave the city. Some of those who leave are expelled, usually for low grades. The total enrollment from grades 7 through 12 is approximately 1,200 students.

Concerns about admission policies

Author and alumnus Chris Hayes stated in Twilight of the Elites: America After Meritocracy that the school's sole reliance on the one test for admissions reproduces societal inequalities; that students whose families cannot afford intensive test prep courses are less likely to earn competitive scores on the entrance exam. In recent years underrepresentation of African-Americans among students admitted to the school, compared to their numbers in the public school system, has increased. Hayes quotes Hunter College High School's 2010 graduate Justin Hudson's commencement speech:
If you truly believe that the demographics of Hunter represent the distribution of intelligence in this city then you must believe that the Upper West Side, Bayside and Flushing are intrinsically more intelligent than the South Bronx, Bedford-Stuyvesant and Washington Heights, and I refuse to accept that.

Because of its relatively small size, and because the school is run by Hunter College rather than by the city's education department, Hunter has largely avoided being caught up in the debate over diversity at the specialized high schools in New York City. However, some alumni, students, and alumni expressed concern about the lack of diversity at the school where only 6.3 percent of the student body is Hispanic and 2.2 percent African-American (67% of NYC public school children are black or Hispanic). On the other hand, while Asians make up 16.2% of NYC public-school children, they make up 49.4% of the student body at the school, based on NYC department of education data.

Academics

In light of Hunter's academic excellence, The Wall Street Journal ranked it as the top public school in the United States and noted that it is a feeder to Ivy League and other elite colleges. Worth likewise ranked Hunter as the top public school in the country. The New York Times called Hunter "the prestigious Upper East Side school known for its Ivy League-bound students" and "the fast track to law, medicine and academia." Publicly available data indicate that Hunter has both the highest average SAT score and the highest average ACT score of any school in the United States, public or private, though complete data is needed to be conclusive.

Hunter offers "a wealth of opportunities for brilliant kids" according to the New York Post. All Hunter students pursue a six-year program of study. Hunter is a college preparatory high school that provides a liberal arts education. The majority of subjects are accelerated such that high school study begins in the 8th grade and state educational requirements are completed in the 11th. During the 12th grade, students take electives, have the option to attend courses at Hunter College (for transferable credit), undertake independent academic studies, and participate in internships around the city.

Students in grades 7 and 8 are required to take courses in communications and theater (a curriculum that includes drama, storytelling, and theater). Students in grades 7–9 must take both art and music, each for half a year, and then choose one to take in tenth grade. One of the four available foreign language courses (French, Latin, Mandarin, or Spanish) must be taken each year in grades 7–10, and Advanced Placement (AP) language electives are offered through the 12th grade. A year each of biology, chemistry, and physics must be completed in addition to the introductory science classes of life science and physical science in the 7th and 8th grades, respectively. During 7th and 8th grades, students must also participate in the school's science fair; the fair is optional for older students. After the introductory 7th grade social studies course, 4 semesters of global studies (8th-9th grades) and 2 semesters (10th grade) are followed by 2 semesters of 20th century history (11th grade). A series of English and mathematics courses are taught from 7th through 11th grades. (The math curriculum is split into a track of "honors" and a track of "extended honors" classes for students of different strengths after 7th grade). If students pass a placement test, they are able to skip a grade and attend classes of a higher grade (for example, a student who passes the test in 7th grade and is currently in 8th grade can take 9th grade "extended honors" mathematics.) Two semesters of physical education are taught each year, including swimming in the 8th grade (held at Hunter College). In 9th grade, students are required to take a CPR course for one semester and a computer science course the other semester. Starting in their junior year, students are allowed to take a limited number of electives and AP courses. The senior year, however, is free of mandated courses except for a year of physical education electives and courses to fulfill leftover educational requirements.

Hunter's English Department incorporates reading novels and writing analytical papers beginning in the 7th grade. Students have historically graduated with strong writing and reading comprehension skills, reflected by the school's high average SAT scores in critical reading and writing, and by the number of students who have earned recognition by the scholastic writing awards.

Upper-level electives and AP courses are offered by all six academic departments. AP courses include: AP Computer Science, AP Calculus AB and BC, AP Microeconomics and AP Macroeconomics, AP Psychology, AP European History, AP Chemistry, AP Physics C, AP Biology, AP Statistics, AP Spanish, AP French, AP Mandarin, and AP Latin (Virgil). The English Department previously offered AP English and Literature but has since replaced it with the elective Advanced Essay Writing. Other electives include: Introduction to African-American Studies, "Race, Class, and Gender", International Relations, US Constitutional Law, Classical Mythology, Photography, Astrophysics, Advanced Art History I & II, Organic Chemistry, Creative Writing, Joyce's Ulysses, Shakespeare's Comedies and Romance/Shakespeare's Tragedies and Histories, and Physiology. Hunter's AP offerings are currently being evaluated by the Faculty and Curriculum Committee. The class of 2013 took 366 AP tests (≈1.8 per student) with an average score of 4.5.

There were 87 faculty members in 2013. 89% had advanced degrees. Many teachers are scientists, writers, artists, and musicians. Many come to Hunter with university-level teaching experience. The student/faculty ratio is 13:1, much lower than the city's other selective public schools (e.g. Stuyvesant = 22:1; Bronx Science = 21:1; Brooklyn Tech = 21:1).

Nearly 99% of Hunter's classes of 2002 through 2005 went directly to college, and about 25% of these students accepted admission into an Ivy League school. Worth reported that 9.4% of Hunter's classes of 1998 through 2001 attended Harvard, Yale or Princeton (the highest rate of any public school in the United States).

In the graduating class of 2015, out of about 190 students, Hunter received 89 total acceptances from the Ivy League, and ultimately, 56 students (≈30%) matriculated into one of the eight Ivy League schools. There are six guidance counselors serving the student population. Each junior and senior is assigned a college guidance counselor.

Hunter students win many honors and awards during their high school careers, including numerous scholastic writing awards. Hunter wins approximately 23% of all New York State Scholastic Art and Writing Awards. 74 members of the Class of 2013 (38%) were National Merit or National Achievement Scholarship Semifinalists. Of particular fame are the winners of the Regeneron Science Talent Search (formerly Intel and Westinghouse STS), of which Hunter has had four: Amy Reichel in 1981, Adam Cohen ('97, now a professor in the Chemistry and Physics Departments at Harvard) in 1997, David L.V. Bauer ('05) in 2005, and Benjy Firester ('18) in 2018.

Publicly available data indicate that Hunter has both the highest average SAT score and the highest average ACT score of any school in the United States, public or private, though complete data is needed to be conclusive. For the graduating class of 2012, the average SAT score was a 2207. The class of 2013 averaged 2200 on the test and the class of 2016 averaged 2208. The class of 2013 scored an average of 32.6 on the ACT.

Extracurricular activities
Clubs are diverse in their topics, and include politics, film, music, and knitting. Clubs and organizations at Hunter are all student-run, with faculty members as advisers. During club open house, members of the student body have the opportunity to spend their lunch time meeting representatives of clubs. The school publishes a list of clubs available in this footnote's link.

Co-curricular activities
Students can choose to further pursue their academic interests through school activities such as the National Economics Challenge, Hunter United Nations Society, Fed Challenge (economics), Mock Trial, Debate Team, Math Team, the Hunter Chess and Go Teams, Quiz Bowl, Science Bowl, History Bowl, FIRST Robotics, and the Washington Seminar. The Hunter Economics and Finance team was formed in 2013 by two juniors and one sophomore, who subsequently led the Hunter team to become National Champions of the David Ricardo division of the National Economics Challenge (run by the Council for Economic Education) in their inaugural year. Since then the team has become one of the top economics team in the country (placing students top 3 individually at the Harvard Precollege Economics Competition and repeatedly sweeping NEC states in all divisions). The Hunter Chess Team has won numerous tournaments and championships. The Washington Seminar on Government in Action was introduced in the 1950s; students selected for this program research public policy issues throughout the year; arrange meetings with various public figures in Washington, D.C.; and then meet with them for questioning and discussion regarding their researched issue during a three-day trip in May. The Mock Trial team was the top team from New York City in 2015 and the top team in the state in 2022. The debate team is completely student run and is nationally recognized and attends various tournaments throughout the year including tournaments at universities such as Harvard, Yale and Princeton. The Middle School debate team is a top-ranked team, that took the top three spots at the Middle School Public Debate Program's National Invitational Tournament at Claremont McKenna College in 2013.

Sports
Hunter's sports teams are extremely competitive given the school's size; a large number, including both Girls' and Boys'  varsity Lacrosse, Volleyball, Swimming, Golf, Wrestling, Cross-country, Fencing and Tennis, each usually place in the top 10 of the 543 high schools  in New York City's
Public School Athletic League (PSAL), the country's largest and oldest high school sports league.

The sports are cross-country (boys' and girls' varsity and junior varsity), soccer (boys' varsity, junior varsity and middle school and girls' varsity and middle school), swimming (boys' and girls' varsity and co-ed middle school), volleyball (boys' varsity and girls' varsity, junior varsity and middle school), golf (coed and girls' varsity), basketball (boys have two middle school teams, one junior varsity team, and one varsity team, while the girls' have one middle school and one varsity team), indoor track (boys' and girls' varsity, middle school, and recently it was extended to the elementary school as well), outdoor track (boys' and girls' varsity, middle school and elementary), baseball (boys' middle school and varsity), softball (girls' middle school and varsity), lacrosse (boys' and girls' varsity and junior varsity), tennis (boys' and girls' varsity), ultimate (boys' and girls' varsity), bowling (Co-Ed varsity), fencing (boys' and girls' varsity), badminton (boys' and girls' varsity), handball (coed varsity) and wrestling (boys' and girls' varsity and co-ed middle school).

Many teams are called "Hunter Hawks" because the school mascot is a hawk.

In the winter of 2006 the boys' fencing team won the PSAL city championship for the second year in a row, beating rival school Stuyvesant in the finals. It has since captured the silver medal in winter 2008, losing to Stuyvesant in the final, and the bronze medal in winter 09, again losing to Stuyvesant, after beating them twice during an undefeated regular season to win the division championship. It proceeded win the city championship again in 2011, followed by bronze in 2012, and silver in 2013. Following another undefeated season, the team took first place in 2014, winning in a single-touch tie-breaker against rival Brooklyn Technical High School.

In the 2009–2014 seasons, the Girls' Varsity Fencing Team won five consecutive PSAL championships.

In 2011, both the Boys' and Girls' varsity lacrosse teams won the PSAL Bowl Division Championships. In 2013 Boys' Lacrosse won the City Championship against Tottenville. That season, prior to winning the City Championship, they were ranked third overall among all city schools, both public and private (after first-ranked Dalton and second-ranked Tottenville).

In the 2012 season, the Boys' Middle School Soccer Team were the Citywide PSAL Champions winning the finals against Salk.

In the 2016 season, the Girls' varsity golf team won the citywide PSAL championship, defeating Bronx Science High School 5–0 in the finals. The team went on to win the city championship in the 2017 and 2018 seasons as well, capturing the title for three years in a row. In the 2021 season, the Girls' Varsity Golf team won the citywide PSAL Championship by defeating Staten Island Technical High School 3-2 in the final.

School events and traditions

Students at Hunter often enjoy various social events that are sponsored by the school administration, faculty and the student-run General Organization (G.O.). These include:
 Seventh Grade Picnic: an orientation and welcoming event held in Central Park at the end of September.
 Spirit Week: a week in October in which each day consists of activities centered around a "theme" (e.g. retro) as designated by the G.O. It was created in the 1990s as a replacement for a spring "Field Day", which was once organized by the Athletic Association.
 Homecoming: a day in which the previous year's graduates return to the school to revisit current students in December. There is usually a basketball game on this day.
 Senior Walkout: carried out on the first day of snowfall. Seniors leave class for the day to engage in snowball fights or pursue other activities outside of the school with parents of seniors providing refreshments. Originally an act of rebellion, in recent years the event has become a school-sanctioned ritual and is done in consultation with the administration.
 Carnival: a major end-of-year event for the student body. It usually has a theme, features both live and recorded music, and stalls run by various school clubs that showcase games, food, or other items of interest.
 Senior Week: traditionally the week after Carnival and before graduation. During this week, there are events designed to say goodbye to the graduating seniors. They include:
 Senior Tea: students of the graduating class are presented with white carnations and served refreshments by their teachers.
 Senior Barbecue: graduating students serve lunch to the faculty.
 In addition to these, the hall of the graduating class becomes off limits to all but members of said graduating class. In 2011, an agreement was reached to let faculty through.
 "Intel Trip": A trip run by the Hunter Science department that takes students to Washington D.C. to view Intel Science Project finalists and sightseeing in surrounding areas.
Several formal dances are arranged throughout the year:
 Prom is a similar event to many proms held all across the United States, consisting of formal dress and a sit-down dinner. The event is usually followed by an after-party at a student's house. In June 2001, Prom was held at the World Trade Center (Windows on the World). Prom is held on a Thursday evening. Attendees return to school on Friday in their finery so students and teachers can admire their glamorous outfits.
 Semi-formal is the "junior prom," held for eleventh graders in the spring.
 Lower-termers have their own annual dances, including dances for Valentine's Day and Halloween for the seventh and eighth graders. In some years, there may also be themed dances; for example, in 2006, dances included the Halloween and Valentines' Dances as well as a "Black, White, and Silver Dance" for seventh and eighth graders.

Alumni
Notable alumni include:

 Shirley Abrahamson (class of 1950) – first female Justice, first female Chief Justice and longest ever serving Justice, Wisconsin Supreme Court; past President,  Conference of [Supreme Court] Chief Justices
 Randy Altschuler (class of 1989) – co-founder, OfficeTiger; U.S. Congressional Candidate, New York's 1st congressional district
 Birdie Amsterdam (class of 1918) – first female New York State Supreme Court Justice
 Charles Ardai (class of 1987) – founder and CEO, Juno; managing director, D.E. Shaw; author, editor, publisher/co-founder of Hard Case Crime, TV producer of Haven
 Martina Arroyo (class of 1953) – opera singer, fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences; member, National Council of the Arts; Kennedy Center Honoree; director, Carnegie Hall and Hunter College
 Eli Attie (class of 1985) – TV writer and producer, Emmy winner and former chief speechwriter for Al Gore
 Michelle Au (class of 1995) – Georgia State Senator
 Rachel Axler (class of 1995) – four-time Emmy-winning TV writer
 Kyle Baker (class of 1983) – comic book artist/writer, cartoonist, animator and satirist
 Maria Bentel (class of 1946) – American architect and founding partner of the architecture firm Bentel & Bentel Architects/Planners A.I.A
 Adam Berinsky (class of 1988) – Mitsui Professor of Political Science at MIT
 Diana Bianchi (class of 1972) – first female Director, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
 Etel Billig (unknown) – actress and founder of Illinois Theatre Center
 Chana Bloch (class of 1957) – poet, translator
 Jeremy Blachman (class of 1996) – author, journalist, lawyer
 Angela Bofill (class of 1972) – jazz singer
 Anise Boyer (unknown) - actress and dancer known for her work during the Harlem Renaissance
 Rachel M. Brownstein – literary critic, author, and academic
 Suse Broyde – Professor of Structural Biology at New York University
 Michael A. Burstein (class of 1987) – science fiction writer
 Hortense Calisher (class of 1928) – novelist, second female President, American Academy of Arts and Letters
 Sewell Chan (class of 1994) – editor, The New York Times
 Peggy Charren (class of 1949) - activist and founder of Action for Children's Television, Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient
 Perry Chen (class of 1994) – co-founder, Kickstarter
 Louise Cochrane (circa class of 1936) – one of the first female TV producers
 Adam Cohen (class of 1997) – chemist and physicist, Harvard University
 Christopher Collet (class of 1986) – actor
 Olivia Cole (class of 1960) – actress, first African-American Emmy winner
 Nicholas Confessore (class of 1994) – Pulitzer Prize-winning political correspondent, The New York Times
 Constance E. Cook (circa class of 1937) – New York State Assembly Member
 Gloria M. Coruzzi (class of 1972) - Plant Molecular Biologist, Professor and Past-Chair of Biology, NYU, Member of the National Academy of Sciences.
 Marie Maynard Daly – first African-American to receive a Ph.D. from Columbia University; first black woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry.
 Jon Daniels (class of 1995) – Texas Rangers General Manager; youngest-ever MLB GM
 Amy Davidson Sorkin (class of 1988) – executive editor of The New Yorker
 Lucy Dawidowicz (class of 1932) – Holocaust historian
 Manohla Dargis (class of 1979) – chief film critic, The New York Times
 Ruby Dee (class of 1939) – National Medal of Arts, Grammy, Emmy, Obie, Drama Desk, SAG and SAG Lifetime Achievement Award-winning actress; nominee for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress; African American rights activist, poet, playwright, screenwriter and journalist
 Desmond Devlin (class of 1982) – writer, MAD Magazine
 Ophelia Devore (class of 1936) – first mixed-race model, founder-Grace Del Marco agency.
 Diane di Prima (class of 1951) – poet
 Mildred S. Dresselhaus (class of 1947) – Presidential Medal of Freedom winner; first female Institute Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; first and only female winner of the National Medal of Science in engineering; past President, American Association for the Advancement of Science
 Jane Dubin (class of 1974) – Tony winning Broadway producer
 Sandi Simcha DuBowski (class of 1988) – filmmaker
 Dujeous (class of 1995) – (original members), hip-hop group
 Helen Epstein (class of 1965) – first female tenured journalism professor, New York University, author
 Jewlia Eisenberg (class of 1988) – composer and musician
 Yvette Fay Francis-McBarnette (class of circa 1941) – pioneering hematologist
 Sandra Fong (class of 2008) – Olympic athlete (shooting)
 Richard (DiMasi) Fontana (class of 1986) – free software and open source lawyer
 Michael C. Frank (class of 1999) – developmental psychologist, Stanford University
 Linda P. Fried (class of 1966) – first female Dean, Columbia University School of Public Health
 Esther Friesner (class of 1951) – science fiction and fantasy author
 Susan Fuhrman (class of 1961) – first female President, Teachers College, Columbia University; President, National Academy of Education; former Dean, University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education
 Hortense Gabel (circa class of 1930) – New York State Supreme Court Justice
 Leila Gerstein (class of 1990) – Emmy-winning TV producer and writer
 Eleanor Glueck (class of 1916) – criminologist, Harvard University
 Jamal Greene (class of 1995) – professor of law, Columbia Law School
 Martha Greenhouse (class of 1939) – actress and union leader
 Judd Greenstein (class of 1997) – Composer, co-founder of New Amsterdam Records
 Irene Greif (class of 1965) – computer scientist
 Brett Haber (class of 1987) – Emmy-winning former ESPN SportsCenter anchor, current Tennis Channel & NBC Olympics host
 E. Adelaide Hahn (circa class of 1911) – first female president, Linguistic Society of America
 Avril Haines (class of 1987) – first female Director of National Intelligence, Deputy National Security Advisor and Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
 Evelyn Handler (class of 1950) – first female President of both the University of New Hampshire and Brandeis University
 Christopher Hayes (class of 1997) – Two-time Emmy winning host, "All In with Chris Hayes", MSNBC, editor-at-large, "The Nation"
 Bernadine Healy (class of 1962) – first female NIH director and Red Cross president
 Carrie Kei Heim (class of 1991) – actress, lawyer
 Jonathan Hoefler (class of 1988) – typeface designer
 Steve Hofstetter (class of 1997) – comedian/radio personality
 Adam Horowitz (class of 1990) – TV writer and producer, screenwriter
 Florence Howe (class of 1946) – feminist activist
 Immortal Technique (class of 1996) – rapper/political activist
 Chris Jackson (class of 1989) – publisher
 Keisha Sutton James – Deputy Manhattan Borough President
 Julia Jarcho – experimental playwright
 Elena Kagan (class of 1977) – United States Supreme Court Justice, first female United States Solicitor General and first female Dean of Harvard Law School
 Jeremy Kahn (class of 1987) - Mathematician
 Eric Kaplan (class of 1985) – TV writer and producer
 Elizabeth (Sister Mary Cordia) Karl (class of 1916) - mathematician
 Max Kellerman (class of 1991) – host, HBO Boxing, ESPN SportsNation
 Alice Kober (class of 1924) – classicist, the major contributor to the deciphering of Linear B form of Ancient Greek
 Karen Kornbluh (class of 1981) – U.S. Ambassador to OECD, primary drafter of 2008 Democratic Party platform
 Jean Kwok (class of 1986) – novelist
 Diane Lane (dropped out) – Academy Award nominee for best actress
 Evelyn Lauder (class of 1954) – philanthropist
 Jennifer 8. Lee (class of 1994) – The New York Times journalist and author
 Adam Leon (class of 1999) – film director and writer
 Marilyn Levy (class of 1938) – photographic chemist at Fort Monmouth
 Judy Lewent (class of 1966) – director of Dell, GlaxoSmithKline, Motorola and MIT and former Exec. VP and CFO of Merck
 Robert Lopez (class of 1993) – Avenue Q, Book of Mormon, Frozen, and Coco composer-lyricist, youngest EGOT (Emmy (3), Grammy (3), Oscar (2) and Tony(3)) winner
 Audre Lorde (class of 1951) – poet, professor
 Mynette Louie (class of 1993) – film & TV producer; professor
 Nava Lubelski (class of 1986) – artist and author
 Nnenna Lynch (class of 1989) – track and cross country runner
 Shola Lynch (class of 1987) – film maker
 Mike Maronna (class of 1995) – actor (The Adventures of Pete & Pete)
 Judith Matloff (class of 1976) – author and journalism professor
 Annette Michelson - film critic and writer
 Donna Minkowitz (class of 1981) – writer and journalist
 Lin-Manuel Miranda (class of 1998) – winner of a Pulitzer Prize, three Grammys, two Emmys, a MacArthur "Genius" Award and three Tony awards; creator and lead, Hamilton and In The Heights
 Samantha Massell (class of 2008) – Actress
 Maria Muldaur (circa class of 1961) – folk singer
 Elizabeth Neufeld (circa class of 1944) – geneticist; second female winner of the Wolf Prize in Medicine; winner of the National Medal of Science and the Lasker Award
 Thisbe Nissen (class of 1990) – novelist
 Cynthia Nixon (class of 1984) – Tony, Grammy and (2) Emmy award-winning actress
 Doris Orgel (class of 1946) - children's literature author
 Mollie Orshansky (class of 1931) – statistician
 Cynthia Ozick (class of 1946) – novelist
 Ellen Ash Peters (class of 1947) – first female Justice and first female Chief Justice, Connecticut Supreme Court, first female President, Conference of Supreme Court Chief Justices
 Marina Picciotto (class of 1981) – neuroscientist
 Pearl Primus (class of 1936) – choreographer/dancer
 Jennifer Raab (class of 1973) – former president, Hunter College
 Margaret Raymond (class of 1976) – Dean and law professor, University of Wisconsin Law School
 Mina Rees (class of 1919) – Mathematician, King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom (UK) winner; National Academies of Science Public Welfare Medal winner; first female President and first President Emerita, Graduate School and University Center at CUNY; first female President of American Association for the Advancement of Science
 Eunice Reddick (class of 1969) – US Ambassador to Niger, Gabon and São Tomé and Príncipe
 Vivian Reiss (class of 1970) – artist
 Gloria Rojas (class of 1955) – journalist
 Stefan Savage (class of 1987) - computer scientist, 2017 MacArthur Foundation Fellow
 Bruce Schneier (class of 1981) – security expert
 Sarah Schulman (class of 1975) – artist, writer, journalist, English Professor
 Lois G. Schwoerer (class of 1945) – historian
 Susan Sheehan (class of 1954) – journalist, Pulitzer Prize winning author
 Martin Shkreli (did not graduate) - pharmaceutical CEO, felon
 Larissa Shmailo (class of 1974) – poet, translator, novelist, editor, and critic
 Amy Sohn (class of 1991) – novelist
 Christina Sormani (class of 1987) - mathematician, AMS Fellow
 Olivia P. Stokes - Baptist minister
 Jeannie Suk (class of 1991) – first female Asian-American tenured professor, Harvard Law School
 Deborah Tannen (class of 1962) – professor of linguistics, Georgetown University, author, You Just Don't Understand
 Michael Thaddeus (class of 1984) – mathematics professor, college rankings whistleblower
 Judith Jarvis Thomson (class of 1946) – professor emerita of philosophy, MIT
 Michal Towber (class of 1998) – singer-songwriter, Emmy winning composer
 Tien Tzuo, (class of 1986) - tech entrepreneur
 Rebecca Wasserman-Hone - American wine expert based in France
 Alma S. Woolley (class of 1950) – dean and professor emerita of Georgetown University School of Nursing and Health Studies, author, historian
 Marvin "Young MC" Young (class of 1985) – rapper, music producer and songwriter
 Nancy Yao (class of 1990) – Founding Director, Smithsonian American Womens History Museum

See also
 Education in New York City
 Hunter College Elementary School

References

External links

 Hunter College High School
 Hunter College High School wiki
 Hunter College High School Alumnae/i Association
 Hunter College High School PTA
 Hunter Athletics
 Hunter College High School - College Profile 2012-2013 (excellent overview of the school)
 Hunter Quiz Bowl Team

Public high schools in Manhattan
Magnet schools in New York (state)
Hunter College
Educational institutions established in 1869
University-affiliated schools in the United States
Gifted education
Upper East Side
1869 establishments in New York (state)

Hunter College High School


Norra Sandsjö kirke (svensk: Norra Sandsjö kyrka) er en kirke i Norra Sandsjö i Nässjö kommun i Småland.

Kirken er fra slutningen af 1100-tallet. I middelalderen blev kirken udvidet.

Johan Printzensköld ligger begravet i Norra Sandsjö kirke.

Litteratur
 Våra kyrkor, 734 sidor, Klarkullens förlag, Västervik, 1990,

Eksterne henvisninger og kilder

 Historiska museet – Medeltidens bildvärld
 Nässjö kommun – Norra Sandsjö kyrka

Kirker i Sverige
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Jönköpings län

Norra Sandsjö kirken


Johann Friedrich Rheinisch (* 20. März 1868 in Burgfarrnbach; † 27. April 1953 in Lauf an der Pegnitz) war ein deutscher Reichsgerichtsrat und nach 1945 noch als 80-Jähriger Richter in Mittelfranken.

Leben
Sein Vater war Arzt. Fritz Rheinisch war evangelisch. Er legte 1886 am Melanchthon-Gymnasium Nürnberg das Abitur ab. Danach studierte er Rechtswissenschaften in Würzburg und Erlangen. Während seines Studiums wurde er Mitglied der Akademisch-Musikalischen Verbindung Würzburg. Rheinisch legte die Schlussprüfung 1890 in Erlangen ab. Im Dezember 1893 bestand er die Staatsprüfung in Ansbach. Dann war er zunächst rechtsanwaltschaftlicher Hilfsarbeiter in Hof und Nürnberg. Von 1895 bis 1896 war er als Rechtsanwalt am Landgericht Nürnberg zugelassen. Danach wurde er bis Ende 1897 am Landgericht als Sekretär beschäftigt. 1898 wurde er zum Amtsrichter in Lauingen a. D. ernannt und im Juli an das Amtsgericht Nürnberg versetzt. 1900 wurde er II. Staatsanwalt beim Landgericht Bayreuth. 1904 erfolgte die Beförderung zum Landgerichtsrat in Zweibrücken. 1915 wurde ihm der Titel und Rang eines Oberlandesgerichtsrats verliehen. 1916 starb der einzige Sohn in der Schlacht um Verdun. Im selben Jahr wurde Rheinisch Staatsanwalt beim Oberlandesgericht Zweibrücken. 1920 wurde er Oberlandesgerichtsrat in Nürnberg. 1925 kam er an das Reichsgericht. Er war als Richter im IV. Strafsenat, im V. Strafsenat und VIII. Zivilsenat tätig.

1934/35 bat er erfolgreich um Versetzung in den vorzeitigen Ruhestand.

1945 traten der Landrat und der amerikanische Militärgouverneur von Lauf auf der Suche nach unbelasteten Richtern an Reichsgerichtsrat a. D. Rheinisch heran. Am 1. Oktober 1945 wurde das Amtsgericht Lauf-Pegnitz wiedereröffnet und Rheinisch wurde dienstaufsichtführender Richter und Vorstand des Gerichts. Kurzzeitig übernahm er 1945 auch die Aufsicht über das Amtsgericht Hersbruck. 1948 trat Rheinisch zu seinem 80. Geburtstag in den Ruhestand. Im November 1948 wurde Rheinisch zum Vorsitzenden der Wiedergutmachungskammer für Ober- und Mittelfranken berufen. Rheinisch wurde im April 1949 von Justizminister Müller endgültig in den Ruhestand versetzt. Am 5. Juli 1952 wurde Rheinisch das Bundesverdienstkreuz (Steckkreuz) verliehen "in Anerkennung besonderer Verdienste".

Schriften
 Abschied des Reichsgerichtsrates Fritz Rheinisch vom Amtsgericht Lauf, Rückersdorf-Ludwigshöhe 1948
 Die Rheinisch und ihre Vorfahren, Ludwigshöhe bei Nürnberg 1947

Literatur
 Adolf Lobe: "Fünfzig Jahre Reichsgericht am 1. Oktober 1929", Berlin 1929, S. 386.
 Dieter Rheinisch: "Reichsgerichtsrat Johann Friedrich Rheinisch - Der Wiederbeginn des Gerichtswesens in den Landkreisen Lauf und Hersbruck nach dem Kriege", in: Aus der Geschichte des Amtsgerichtsbezirks Hersbruck, Hersbruck 2000, S. 75.
 "Mit 80 Jahren noch diensttuender Richter", Nürnberger Nachrichten vom 20. März 1948 und "Eine schlichte Feierstunde" vom 23. März 1948.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Richter (Reichsgericht)
Richter (Oberlandesgericht Nürnberg)
Richter (Landgericht)
Richter (Amtsgericht)
Staatsanwalt (Deutschland)
Rechtsanwalt (Deutschland)
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes 1. Klasse
Korporierter im SV
Deutscher
Geboren 1868
Gestorben 1953
Mann

Fritz Rheinisch


Nils Carl Gustaf Fersen Gyldenstolpe (* 30. September 1886 in Östersund, Schweden; † 10. April 1961 in Solna, Schweden) war ein schwedischer Zoologe und Ornithologe.

Leben und Wirken
Der Graf Nils Gyldenstolpe entstammte einer Adelslinie, die 1650 von Mikael Olai Wexionius Gyldenstolpe (1609–1670) begründet wurde. Er war der Sohn von August Gustaf Fersen Gyldenstolpe (1839–1919) und Hedvig Fredrika Alice Nieroth. Zwischen 1906 und 1906 unternahm er seine erste Expedition ins nordschwedische Lappland. 1910 begleitete er Paul Rosenius (1865–1957) nach Algerien. Von 1911 bis 1912 war er in Siam, dem heutigen Thailand, tätig und von 1914 bis 1915 auf der Malaiischen Halbinsel. Zwischenzeitlich studierte er an der Universität Uppsala. 1914 wurde er Mitarbeiter von Einar Lönnberg an der Abteilung für Wirbeltiere am Naturhistoriska riksmuseet in Stockholm, wo er bis zum Ende seines Lebens arbeitete. 1917 heiratete er in Stockholm Sofia Margareta Emilie Heijkenskjöld. Zwischen 1920 und 1921 begleitete er Prinz Wilhelm von Schweden, einen Bruder von König Gustav VI. Adolf von Schweden, nach Zentralafrika. Über die umfangreiche Vogelsammlung, die er in Kenia und Belgisch-Kongo zusammentrug, verfasste er 1924 seine Doktorarbeit an der Universität Lund. In den 1930er-Jahren reiste er nach Indochina. 1951 unternahm er – nach Neuguinea – seine letzte Expedition. Gyldenstolpe hatte großes Interesse an der neotropischen Avifauna. Daher sandte er professionelle Vogelsammler nach Südamerika, um die Vogelbälge zu erwerben. Über alle Taxa erstellte er eine genaue Liste. Neben seiner zoologischen Tätigkeit war Gyldenstolpe Lord-Kämmerer von König Gustav V. Diese Position erlaubte es ihm, einige Monate im Jahr am schwedischen Königshof zu verbringen und den König auf Großwildjagd zu begleiten.

Gyldenstolpe wurde 1944 Ehrenmitglied der British Ornithologists' Union und 1950 war er im Organisationskomitee des International Ornithological Congress in Uppsala.

Dedikationsnamen
Einar Lönnberg benannte 1916 Gyldenstolpes Schlangenskink (Isopachys gyldenstolpei) zu Ehren von Gyldenstolpe. Weitere nach Gyldenstolpe benannte Taxa sind die Froschart Limnonectes gyldenstolpei (1916 von Lars Gabriel Andersson), die Schmetterlingsart Aethalopteryx gyldenstolpei (1925 von Christopher Aurivillius) und die Fangschreckenart Hestiasula gyldenstolpei (1930 von Franz Werner). 2013 wurde die Vogelart Campylorhamphus gyldenstolpei aus der Familie der Baumsteiger nach ihm benannt. Die argentinischen Säugetierkundler Ulyses F. J. Pardiñas, Guillermo D'Elía und Pablo Teta stellten 2009 die Riesenreisratten-Gattung Gyldenstolpia auf, die die beiden Arten Gyldenstolpia planaltensis und Gyldenstolpia fronto umfasst.

Erstbeschreibungen von Gyldenstolpe

Säugetiere
 Siam-Hufeisennase Rhinolophus siamensis, 1917
 Tachyoryctes ruandae, 1925 (mit Einar Lönnberg) (gilt heute als Synonym oder Unterart der Ostafrikanischen Maulwurfsratte (Tachyoryctes splendens))

Vögel
 Sperlingslerche (Mirafra passerina), 1926
 Orangekehl-Dickichtschlüpfer (Synallaxis cherriei), 1930
 Fanovananewtonie (Newtonia fanovanae), 1933
 Grauscheitel-Würgertimalie (Crocias langbianis), 1939
 Südliche Brillenameisenpitta (Hylopezus auricularis), 1941
 Bambusameisenwürger (Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae), 1941

Literatur
 Kai Curry-Lindahl: Nachruf Nils Gyldenstolpe In: Ibis Volume 103a, Issue 4, 1961:S. 627 Online

Ornithologe
Adliger
Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Naturhistoriska riksmuseet
Schwede
Geboren 1886
Gestorben 1961
Mann

Nils Carl Gustaf Fersen Gyldenstolpe


ඉස්ප්‍රෙස්සෝ (, ) යනු  ඉතාලියානු සම්භවයක් සහිත කෝපි වන අතර, පීඩනයට පත් කෙරුණු සහ  නැටීමට කිට්ටු ජලය කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයක් සිහින් ලෙසින් කුඩු කර ගත් කෝපි ඇට තුලින් තෙරපා යැවීමෙන් හෝ බලෙන් යැවීමෙන් පෙරා ගනු ලැබෙයි. වෙනත් ක්‍රම භාවිතයෙන් පෙරා ගන්නා කෝපි පානයන්ට වඩා ඉස්ප්‍රෙස්සෝ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ඝණ බවක් දක්වමින්,  අවලම්බිත සහ ද්‍රාවිත ඝණ කොටස් අධික සාන්ද්‍රණයක් සහිතව පවතින අතර, එය මත ක්‍රීමා (ක්‍රීම් වැනි සංගතභාවයකින් යුතු පෙණ) දක්නට ලැබේ.

ඉස්ප්‍රෙස්සෝ


Mahmutlu, Samsun ilinin Çarşamba ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 42 km, Çarşamba ilçesine 5 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Çarşamba'nın mahalleleri

Mahmutlu, Çarşamba


Whispering Voices er en film instrueret af Nanna Bjerg Eskildsen og Helene Willadsen.

Handling

83 % af Egyptens kvinder har oplevet sexchikane i de egyptiske gader, men det er et problem, der for mange kvinder stadig er svært at tale om, og et problem der ikke bliver anerkendt i samfundet. I filmen vises korte anonyme historier, der beskriver episoder med sexchikane, som både giver indtryk af, hvad chikane er, hvordan det opleves og hvordan chikanen påvirker hverdagen. Vi møder kvinden Engy Ghozlan, der kæmper en hård kamp for at få kvindernes historier om chikane frem og få problemet anerkendt. Hun har derfor været med til at stifte et projekt og en hjemmeside kaldet Harassmap. HarassMap er et interaktivt kort på internettet, hvor man kan indrapportere sexchikane. Formålet er at give kvinder en platform til at vise, at problemet med chikane eksisterer, samt et sted de kan få råd om, hvordan de kan få hjælp. Engy viser, at der også er kvinder, der tør stå frem og forsøge aktivt at ændre deres samfund.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2011

Oplysningsfilm fra Danmark

Whispering Voices


Blandine Ebinger (nacida como Blandine Loeser) (Berlín, 4 de noviembre de 1899 - Berlín, 25 de diciembre de 1993) fue una actriz y cantante alemana del cine mudo y de la escena de cabaret berlinés, en el famoso Schall und Rauch y el Café des Westens.

Hija del pianista Gustav Loeser y la actriz Margarete Wezel. Se casó con el compositor Friedrich Holländer en 1919 de quien grabó sus canciones de cabaret en las décadas del 20 y 30 y las Lieder eines armen Mädchen. Tuvo una hija con él, Philine. Se separaron en 1926.

Debido a la hostilidad hacia judíos abandono Alemania en 1937, radicándose en Estados Unidos hasta su regreso en 1947.

A su regreso se volvió a casar y prosiguió su carrera en teatro y televisión.

Libros y publicaciones

 Blandine Ebinger: "Blandine …": von und mit Blandine Ebinger. Arche, Zürich 1985, ISBN 3-7160-2031-1.
 Blandine Ebinger: Erinnerungen der Schauspielerin und Diseuse Blandine Ebinger. Luchterhand, Hamburg 1992, ISBN 3-630-71100-6.
 Werner Röder, Herbert A. Strauss: Biographisches Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Emigration nach 1933. ) 4 Bände, Saur, München 1983.

Enlaces externos

 Blandine Ebinger at filmportal.de
 Photos of Blandine Ebinger
 Blandines Leben
 Cabaret Berlín

Actrices de Alemania
Cantantes de cabaré
Cantantes femeninas de Alemania
Miembros de la Orden del Mérito de la República Federal de Alemania
Alemanas del siglo XX
Actrices de cine de Alemania
Nacidos en Berlín
Actrices de cine mudo de Alemania

Blandine Ebinger


Charanjit Singh (en ), né le 3 février 1931 et mort le 27 janvier 2022, est un joueur indien de hockey sur gazon.

Biographie
Singh naît dans une famille Rajput dans le village de Mairi, dans la province du Pendjab dans le Raj britannique (dans l'actuel district de Una).
Il est le capitaine de l'équipe d'Inde médaillée d'or aux Jeux olympiques de 1964 à Tokyo. Il est également membre de l'équipe d'Inde médaillée d'argent aux Jeux olympiques de 1960 à Rome et aux Jeux asiatiques de 1962 à Jakarta.

Il reçoit l'Arjuna Award et le Padma Shri pour sa carrière sportive.

Il meurt d'une crise cardiaque à son domicile dans le district de Una le 27 janvier 2022, à l'âge de 90 ans.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur indien de hockey sur gazon
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1960
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1964
Champion olympique de hockey sur gazon
Champion olympique indien
Médaillé d'argent olympique indien
Récipiendaire de la Padma Shri
Naissance en février 1931
Naissance dans la province du Pendjab
Décès à 90 ans
Mort d'une crise cardiaque
Décès en Himachal Pradesh
Décès en janvier 2022

Charanjit Singh


Peeves je kućni duh Hogwartsa.

Često zadirkuje i izvodi psine na učenicima i učiteljima, a mnogo puta u knjizi možemo primjetiti da kućni nadstojnik Argus Filch ne propušta niti jednu priliku da uhvati Peevesa i prijavi ga ravnatelju.

Tijekom 'vladavine' Dolores Umbridge nad Hogwartsom skoro je bio istjeran iz dvorca, kada je ministar magije potpisao njegovo istjerivanje dok je Umbridgeica bila ravnateljica.

Na oproštajnoj gozbi je tjerao profesoricu Umbridge štapom za hodanje koji je pripadao Minervi McGonagall, koji mu je ona, kako kaže, rado ustupila.

U 1. knjizi prije ceremonije razvrstavanja, domski duhovi: Debeli Fratar (Hufflepuff), Siva Dama (Ravenclaw), Skoro Bezglavi Nick (Gryffindor) i Krvavi Barun (Slytherin) vijećaju o tome da li je vrijedno Peevesu dati priliku da bude nazočan pri ceremoniji. Debeli Fratar navija za to, a Krvavi Barun govori da su mu puno puta dali priliku, ali ni jednom se nije pokazao pristojan i miran.

U knjizi možemo mnogo puta pročitati da Peeves često psuje, i piše prostačke geste po pločama u praznim učionicama. U 5. knjizi ga je prof. McGonagall potjerala iz učionice dok je pisao prostačke geste. Jedini put kada je Peeves primio i izvršio zapovijed učenika je taj da zagorča život Umbridgeici. To su mu rekli Fred i George Weasley prije nego što su odletjeli iz Hogwartsa.

Peeves se ne pojavljuje niti u jednoj filmskoj verziji Harry Pottera.

Harry Potter

Peeves


Yoshihiro Masuko (født 12. juli 1987) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yoshihiro Masuko


In chemistry, an electrophile is a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair. Because electrophiles accept electrons, they are Lewis acids. Most electrophiles are positively charged, have an atom that carries a partial positive charge, or have an atom that does not have an octet of electrons.

Electrophiles mainly interact with nucleophiles through addition and substitution reactions. Frequently seen electrophiles in organic syntheses include cations such as H+ and NO+, polarized neutral molecules such as HCl, alkyl halides, acyl halides, and carbonyl compounds, polarizable neutral molecules such as Cl2 and Br2, oxidizing agents such as organic peracids, chemical species that do not satisfy the octet rule such as carbenes and radicals, and some Lewis acids such as BH3  and DIBAL.

Organic chemistry

Addition of halogens
These occur between alkenes and electrophiles, often halogens as in halogen addition reactions. Common reactions include use of bromine water to titrate against a sample to deduce the number of double bonds present. For example, ethene + bromine → 1,2-dibromoethane:

C2H4 + Br2 → BrCH2CH2Br

This takes the form of 3 main steps shown below;

Forming of a π-complex
The electrophilic Br-Br molecule interacts with electron-rich alkene molecule to form a π-complex 1.
Forming of a three-membered bromonium ion
The alkene is working as an electron donor and bromine as an electrophile. The three-membered bromonium ion 2 consisted of two carbon atoms and a bromine atom forms with a release of Br−.
Attacking of bromide ion
The bromonium ion is opened by the attack of Br− from the back side. This yields the vicinal dibromide with an antiperiplanar configuration. When other nucleophiles such as water or alcohol are existing, these may attack 2 to give an alcohol or an ether.

This process is called AdE2 mechanism ("addition, electrophilic, second-order"). Iodine (I2), chlorine (Cl2), sulfenyl ion (RS+), mercury cation (Hg2+), and dichlorocarbene (:CCl2) also react through similar pathways. The direct conversion of 1 to 3 will appear when the Br− is large excess in the reaction medium. A β-bromo carbenium ion intermediate may be predominant instead of 3 if the alkene has a cation-stabilizing substituent like phenyl group. There is an example of the isolation of the bromonium ion 2.

Addition of hydrogen halides
Hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) adds to alkenes to give alkyl halides in hydrohalogenation. For example, the reaction of HCl with ethylene furnishes chloroethane. The reaction proceeds with a cation intermediate, being different from the above halogen addition. An example is shown below:

Proton (H+) adds (by working as an electrophile) to one of the carbon atoms on the alkene to form cation 1.
Chloride ion (Cl−) combines with the cation 1 to form the adducts 2 and 3.

In this manner, the stereoselectivity of the product, that is, from which side Cl− will attack relies on the types of alkenes applied and conditions of the reaction. At least, which of the two carbon atoms will be attacked by H+ is usually decided by Markovnikov's rule. Thus, H+ attacks the carbon atom that carries fewer substituents so as the more stabilized carbocation (with the more stabilizing substituents) will form.

This is another example of an AdE2 mechanism. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen iodide (HI) react with alkenes in a similar manner, and Markovnikov-type products will be given. Hydrogen bromide (HBr) also takes this pathway, but sometimes a radical process competes and a mixture of isomers may form.  Although introductory textbooks seldom mentions this alternative, the AdE2 mechanism is generally competitive with the AdE3 mechanism (described in more detail for alkynes, below), in which transfer of the proton and nucleophilic addition occur in a concerted manner.  The extent to which each pathway contributes depends on the several factors like the nature of the solvent (e.g., polarity), nucleophilicity of the halide ion, stability of the carbocation, and steric effects.  As brief examples, the formation of a sterically unencumbered, stabilized carbocation favors the AdE2 pathway, while a more nucleophilic bromide ion favors the AdE3 pathway to a greater extent compared to reactions involving the chloride ion.

In the case of dialkyl-substituted alkynes (e.g., 3-hexyne), the intermediate vinyl cation that would result from this process is highly unstable.  In such cases, the simultaneous protonation (by HCl) and attack of the alkyne by the nucleophile (Cl−) is believed to take place.  This mechanistic pathway is known by the Ingold label AdE3 ("addition, electrophilic, third-order").  Because the simultaneous collision of three chemical species in a reactive orientation is improbable, the termolecular transition state is believed to be reached when the nucleophile attacks a reversibly-formed weak association of the alkyne and HCl.  Such a mechanism is consistent with the predominantly anti addition (>15:1 anti:syn for the example shown)  of the hydrochlorination product and the termolecular rate law, Rate = k[alkyne][HCl]2.  In support of the proposed alkyne-HCl association, a T-shaped complex of an alkyne and HCl has been characterized crystallographically.
In contrast, phenylpropyne reacts by the AdE2ip ("addition, electrophilic, second-order, ion pair") mechanism to give predominantly the syn product (~10:1 syn:anti).  In this case, the intermediate vinyl cation is formed by addition of HCl because it is resonance-stabilized by the phenyl group.  Nevertheless, the lifetime of this high energy species is short, and the resulting vinyl cation-chloride anion ion pair immediately collapses, before the chloride ion has a chance to leave the solvent shell, to give the vinyl chloride.  The proximity of the anion to the side of the vinyl cation where the proton was added is used to rationalize the observed predominance of syn addition.

Hydration
One of the more complex hydration reactions utilises sulfuric acid as a catalyst. This reaction occurs in a similar way to the addition reaction but has an extra step in which the OSO3H group is replaced by an OH group, forming an alcohol:

C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH

As can be seen, the H2SO4 does take part in the overall reaction, however it remains unchanged so is classified as a catalyst.

This is the reaction in more detail:

The H–OSO3H molecule has a δ+ charge on the initial H atom. This is attracted to and reacts with the double bond in the same way as before.
The remaining (negatively charged) −OSO3H ion then attaches to the carbocation, forming ethyl hydrogensulphate (upper way on the above scheme).
When water (H2O) is added and the mixture heated, ethanol (C2H5OH) is produced. The "spare" hydrogen atom from the water goes into "replacing" the "lost" hydrogen and, thus, reproduces sulfuric acid. Another pathway in which water molecule combines directly to the intermediate carbocation (lower way) is also possible. This pathway become predominant when aqueous sulfuric acid is used.

Overall, this process adds a molecule of water to a molecule of ethene.

This is an important reaction in industry, as it produces ethanol, whose purposes include fuels and starting material for other chemicals.

Chiral derivatives
Many electrophiles are chiral and optically stable.  Typically chiral electrophiles are also optically pure.

One such reagent is the fructose-derived organocatalyst used in the Shi epoxidation. The catalyst can accomplish highly enantioselective epoxidations of trans-disubstituted and trisubstituted alkenes. The Shi catalyst, a ketone, is oxidized by stoichiometric oxone to the active dioxirane form before proceeding in the catalytic cycle.

Oxaziridines such as chiral N-sulfonyloxaziridines effect enantioselective ketone alpha oxidation en route to the AB-ring segments of various natural products, including γ-rhodomycionone and α-citromycinone.

Polymer-bound chiral selenium electrophiles effect asymmetric selenenylation reactions. The reagents are aryl selenenyl bromides, and they were first developed for solution phase chemistry and then modified for solid phase bead attachment via an aryloxy moiety. The solid-phase reagents were applied toward the selenenylation of various alkenes with good enantioselectivities. The products can be cleaved from the solid support using organotin hydride reducing agents. Solid-supported reagents offers advantages over solution phase chemistry due to the ease of workup and purification.

Electrophilicity scale

Several methods exist to rank electrophiles in order of reactivity and one of them is devised by Robert Parr with the electrophilicity index ω given as:

with  the electronegativity and  chemical hardness. This equation is related to the classical equation for electrical power:

where  is the resistance (Ohm or Ω) and  is voltage. In this sense the electrophilicity index is a kind of electrophilic power. Correlations have been found between electrophilicity of various chemical compounds and reaction rates in biochemical systems and such phenomena as allergic contact dermititis.

An electrophilicity index also exists for free radicals. Strongly electrophilic radicals such as the halogens react with electron-rich reaction sites, and strongly nucleophilic radicals such as the 2-hydroxypropyl-2-yl and tert-butyl radical react with a preference for electron-poor reaction sites.

Superelectrophiles
Superelectrophiles are defined as cationic electrophilic reagents with greatly enhanced reactivities in the presence of superacids. These compounds were first described by George A. Olah. Superelectrophiles form as a doubly electron deficient superelectrophile by protosolvation of a cationic electrophile. As observed by Olah, a mixture of acetic acid and boron trifluoride is able to remove a hydride ion from isobutane when combined with hydrofluoric acid via the formation of a superacid from BF3 and HF. The responsible reactive intermediate is the [CH3CO2H3]2+ dication. Likewise, methane can be nitrated to nitromethane with nitronium tetrafluoroborate NOBF only in presence of a strong acid like fluorosulfuric acid via the protonated nitronium dication.

In gitionic (gitonic) superelectrophiles, charged centers are separated by no more than one atom, for example, the protonitronium ion O=N+=O+—H (a protonated nitronium ion).  And, in distonic superelectrophiles, they are separated by 2 or more atoms, for example, in the fluorination reagent F-TEDA-BF4.

See also
Nucleophile
TRPA1, the sensory neural target for electrophilic irritants in mammals.

References

Physical organic chemistry

Electrophile


මැගිනොට් ජෙල් තිරය සංවිධානය

	මැගිනොට් පොල් යන නාමයෙන් හැගෙන්නේ ඉතා පටු ෙර්කිය ආරක්ෂාව සැලසිමේ මාර්ගයක් වුව ද මෙම තිරය සෙ.මි 20-25 අතර දුර ප්‍රමාණයක් අතර ගැඹුර වෙනස්වෙින් පැවතුන සැලකිය යුතු තරම් ගැඹුරැ එකකි. මෙය පුබල ස්ථානයක්, ආර්කෂා කරන ලද ස්ථාන හා ආරක්ෂක මුරපොල, සන්නිවේදන මධ්‍යස්ථාන, සෙබල ආවරණිය ස්ථාන, බාධක, කාලතුවක්කු , මැෂින් තුවක්කු, ප්‍රති යුධ ටැංකි තුවක්කු ස්ථාන ගත කරන ලද තැන්, සැපයුම් ස්ථාන, යටිතල පහසුකම්, නිරික්ෂණ ස්ථාන වැනි හමුදා‍මට ස්ථානයන් ඇතුලත් වු සංකිර්න ව්‍යුහයකි. මෙම විවිධ ඒකක මුලික ප්‍රතිරෝදි තිරයක් බලගැන්වු අතර එය දැඩිව ආයුධ සන්නද්ධ කරන ලද එවුරේජයන්ගෙන් සැදුම් ලද දල වශයෙන් ඒවා බලකොට් හෝ ප්‍රධාන ආරක්ෂක ක්‍රියාමාර්ග ලෙස පරිවර්ථනය කර හැක.

ඉදිරියෙන් පිටුපසට යන ලෙස මෙම තිරැව මෙසේ සමන්විත විය.
මායිම් මුර පොල තිරැව (1)
මෙය නිරික්ෂණ පොලවල් ලෙස සකස් කෙරැණු ෙකාන්ක්‍රිට් නිවාස හා ප්‍රබල නිවාස වලින් සමන්විත වු අතර ඒවා බොහෝ විට ප්‍රමාණාත්මක නොවන සාමාන්‍ය නිවාස ලෙස ආවරණය කර තිබු අතර මායිමේ සිට මිටර කිපයක් ඇතුලත පිහිටා තිබිණ. තවද අනපේක්ෂිත ප්‍රහාරයකදි වහා දැනුම් දිමට හා සුදානම් කරගත් පුපුරණ ද්‍රව්‍ය මගින් සතුරැ යුධ ටැංකි පමා කිරිමට මෙම නිවාස ල සෙබළුන් රදවා තැබින.

මුරපොල හා සහාය මුරපොල තිරැව (2) මායිම 2 ණප (සිට 2.5-3 සැතපුම්) පසුපසින් පිහිටි ප්‍රති යුධ ටැංකි කොන්ක්‍රිට් නිවාස මගින් සන්නාහ සන්නද්ද ප්‍රහාරයන්ට ප්‍රතිරෝධය දක්වා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස පමා කිරිම මගින් සවුරේජ වල භටයින්ට තම ප්‍රහාර ස්ථාන වල සුදානමින් සිටිමට අවශ්‍ය කාලය ලබා දිම අපේක්ෂා කරන ලදි. මෙම මුරපොලවල් ප්‍රධාන තිරැව තුල ඇති වැදගත් මාර්ග ආරකෂා කරන ලදි.

ප්‍රධාන තිරැව (3) මෙම තිරැව මායිමට කි.මි 10 ක් (6 සැතපුම්) පිටුපසින් ආරම්භ විය. මිටර් 2 ක් පමණ (අඩි 6-7) පොලව තුලට කාවැද්දු 0.7-1.4ත (අඩි 2-4) දක්වා උස වෙනස්වන ලෙස පේලි 6 කට සිටවු ලෝහ කරනු මෙම තිරැවට ප්‍රථම තිබු ඇතර එ්වා පුති යුද්ධ ටැංකි සාධක ලෙස කටයුතු කරන ලදි. මෙම ප්‍රති යුධ ටැංකි සාධක ප්‍රධාන සංකිරණ වල ඉදිරියෙන් කිලෝමිටර සිය ගණනක් හරහා පැතිරණ අතර ඒවා නොතිබුණ ඉතා ඝන කැලැ ගංගා හා වෙනත් පසු කිරිමට නොහැකි භුමි වල පමණි.

	මෙම ප්‍රති යුධ ටැංකි සාධක සංකිර්ණයට පසු ඒ සමගම පුධාන වශයෙන් ඉතා ඝන කටු කම්බි වලින් සමන්විත 'ප්‍රති පුද්ගල සාදක්' ක්‍රමවේදයක් විය. 'ප්‍රති යුධටැංකි මාර්ග සාධක' මගින් අවශ්‍ය විට දි යුධ ටැංකි සාධක හරහා වු මාර්ග අවහිර කල හැකි විය.

පාබල හමුදා කේස්මේටයන් (4) මෙම බංකර ද්විත්ම මැෂින් තුවක්කු වලින් සමන්විත වු තුවක්කු වලින් ද සමන්විත විය. මේවා එකල (එක් දිශාවකට යොමු වු එක් පහර දෙන කාමරයකින් සමන්විත වු) හෝ ද්විත්ව (ප්‍රතිවිරැද්ධ දිශා 2කට යොමු වු පහරදෙන කාමර 2 කින් සමන්විත වු) හෝ ද්විත්ව (පුතිවිරැද්ධ දිශා 2 කට යොමු වු පහර දෙන කාමර 2 කින් සමන්විත වු) විය. මේවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් තට්ටු 2 කින් සමන්විත විය. ඒවා නම් ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන තට්ටුව හා සහාය/ යටිතල පහසුකම් තට්ටුව වු අතර එය මගින් භටයින්ට විවේකය හා නින්ද හා සේවා (විදුලි උත්පාදක ඒකක, රැස් කර තබන ලද ජලය, ඉන්ධන, ආහාර, වාතාශ්‍රය ලබා ගැනිමේ උපකරණ) ලබා ගත හැකිවිය. මෙම කේස්මේටයන්හි සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ක්ලෝෂ 1 ක් හෝ ටක් මුදුරන් තිබින. මෙම ක්ලෝස සමහර විට මැෂින් තුවක්කු ස්ථානගත කිරිමට හෝ නිරික්ෂණ පාරිදර්ශක සවිකිරිමට යොදා ගන්නා ලදි. මේවායේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය පුද්ගලයන් 20 -30 ක් පමණ විය.

කුඩා බවුරේජයන් (5) මෙම කුඩා බලකොටයු පාබල හමුදා බංකර පෙල ශක්තිමක් කලේය. සැපයුම් මධ්‍යස්ථාන, ගිලන් හල්, කැම හාලා, විදු්‍යුත් උත්පාදක යන්ත්‍ර, බැරැක්ක වැනි යටිබිම් ගත පහසුකම් මධ්‍යස්ථාන සම්බන්ධ වු භුගත ලිං සංකිර්නයකින් සම්බන්ධ වු පාබල හමුදා බංකර කිහිපයකින් මෙම කුඩා ඔවුරේජ සමන්විත විය. මේවායේ කාර්යමණ්ඩලය මිනිසුන් 100-200 කින් සමන්විත විය.

ඔවුරේ් (6) මැගිනො‍ට් තිරැවේ හමුවු වැදගත්ම බලකොටු මේවා වු අතර එයට හේතුව මේවායේ ශක්තිමත් කාලතුවක්කු රදවා තිබිමයි. ඉදිරි බංකර සංකිර්න හෝ ප්‍රහාරාත්මක ඒකක අඩුම තරමමේ 6 කින් හෝ දොරටු 2 කින් සමන්විත වු අතර බංකර සංකිර්ණ අතරේ ප්‍රවාහනය සදහා පටු විද්‍යුත් රේල් පිලි සහිත  භුගත උමං මාර්ග වලින්  අන්තර් සම්බන්ධ විය. ආහාර, අමතර කොටස් ගබඩා, ජල ගබඩා, මුළුතැන් ගෙවල්, බැරැක්ක හා ආහාර ශාලා, වාතාශය සපයන ඒකක හා උත්පාදක යන්ත්‍ර වලින් සමන්විත විදුලි බලාගාර වනැ අත්‍යවශය යටිතල පහසුකම් වලින් මෙම ප්‍රහාරාත්මක ඒකක සමන්විත විය. මේවායේ කාර්යමන්ඩලය 500-1000 පමණ විය.

නිරික්ෂක කුළුනු මධ්‍යස්ථාන (7) අවට ප‍්‍රදේශයේ මනා දර්ශනයක් ඇතිවන ලෙස කදුගැට මත පිහිටා තිබින. ප්‍රධාන සතුරැ ඒකක වල ස්ථානයක්, ඉදිරිගමනන් ගැන වාර්තා කිරිමත්, කාලතුවක්කු ප්‍රහාර බලකොටු වලින් එල්ල කරන කාලතුවක්කු ප්‍රහාර යොමු කිරිමත් වැරදි ප්‍රහාර ඉල්ක්ක වෙත යොමු කිරිමත් නිවැරදි කිරිමත් සතුරා සොයා ගැනිමත් මෙම මධ්‍යස්ථාන වල කාර්යභාරය විය. රැහැන් රහිත සම්ප්‍රේසක හා ක්ෂේත්‍ර දුරකථන ගින් අනික් බලකොටු සමග සම්බන්ධ වු අවි නිරවද්‍ර දෘෂ්ඨි  උපකරණ වලින් සමන්විත වු සන්නාහ සම්පන්න අටලු වලින් සමන්විත වු විශාල බලගැන්වු භුගත කොන්ක්‍රිට් බංකර  වලින් මේවා නිමවි තිබින (ඔගීගෆ ලෙස ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් හැදින්වු)

දුරකථන ජාලය (8) ගිමන්හල්, නිරික්ෂණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන, කාලතුවක්කු හා පාබල සේනාංක බලකොටු ඇතුළු මැගිනොව තිරැවේ වු සියළු බලකොට මෙම පද්ධතිය මගින් සම්බන්ධ කෙරිනි. බලකොටු පෙලට සමාන්තර දුරකථන රැහැන් 2 ක් තිබු අතර එමගින් එක් රැහැනක් කැපි ගියහොත් අවශ්‍ය කාර්යය දිගටම කර ගෙන යාමේ පහසුව සැලසිනි. අවතැන් වු සොල්දාදුවන්ට ජාලයට සම්බන්ධ විමට ස්ථාන මෙම රැහැන් වල තිබින.

අතිරේක පාබල හමුදා මධ්‍යස්ථාන (9) ප්‍රාථමික ප්‍රතිරෝධි පෙලට මිටර 500-1000 (සැතපුම් 3-6) අතර දුරකදි මේවා පිහිටා තිබින. පාබල සේනානංකයන්ට (පුද්ගලයින් 200- 2500) භාවිතා කල හැකි ලෙස සකස් කල භුගත. කොන්ක්‍රිට් බංකර වු අතර මොවුන්ට ප්‍රහාරයන්ට ඔරොත්තු දිමට හැකි වන පරදි උණුසුම් කිරිමේ ක්‍රම, මුළුතැන් ගෙවල්, ජල සැපයුම්, වාතාශය සැපයිමේ ක්‍රම, හා විද්‍යුත් උත්පාදක යන්ත්‍ර අයත් විය. ප්‍රති පුහාර එල්ල කිරිමේදි අදාල ප්‍රදේශයේ මුලස්ථානය ලෙස මේවා බාවිතා කෙරි.

ජල ගැටුම් ප්‍රදේශ (10) සතුරැ ප්‍රහාරයකට අතිරේක සාධකයක් වන ලෙස අවශ්‍යතාවට අනුව ජලයෙන් පිරවිය හැකි ස්වභාවික දෝනි හා ගංගා විය.

ආරක්ෂක නිවාස (11) සාමාකාමි කාලයකදි වන හදිසි පුහාරයකදි හැකි කෙටිම කාලයකින් ඔවුනරේජ් කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයට තම ප්‍රහාරාත්ක මුලස්ථානයට ලගා විමට හැකි වන ලෙස ප්‍රධාන බලකොටු අසලම මේවා ඉදිකරන ලදි.
සැපයුම් මධ්‍යස්ථාන (12)
අවි ගබඩා (13)
සෙ.මි 60 (අගල් 24) පටු රේල් මාර්ග පද්ධතිය (14) කි.මි 50ක් (සැතපුම් දුර ) පමණක් ඇතින් පිහිටි ගබඩා වල සිට පුධාන පටු රේල් පාර මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ ප්‍රවාහනය කරන ලදි (1914-1918 දි සන්නාහ සන්න්ධ වාශ්ප එන්ජිමක් සහිත පද්ධතියක් නිපදවන ලද)

අධිවෝල්ටිය සම්ප්‍රේෂක රැහැන් (15) මුලින් පොලවට ඉහලින් තිබු අතර පසුව භුගත කරන ලද මෙම රැහැන් සාමාන්‍ය විදුලි සැපයුමට සම්බන්ධ වු අතර ප්‍රධාන බලකොට් සැම එකකටම පාහේ විදුලිය සපයන ලදි.

විශාල රේල් මාර්ග කාලතුවක්කු (16) උවමනාවෙන්ම කි.මි 10-12 ඉලක්ක දුරටක සිමා කරන ලද මේවා දුම්රිය එන්ජින් මගින් කලින් සැලසුම් කරන ලද ස්ථාන වලට පුවාහනය කරන ලද අතර මෙමගින් බලකොටු වල සවි කර තිබු කාලතුවක්කු වලට සහාය දෙන ලදි.

මැගිනොට් ජෙල් තිරය සංවිධානය


Maja Polić (Rijeka, 2. lipnja 1978.), hrvatska povjesničarka. Znanstvena je suradnica Zavoda za povijesne i društvene znanosti HAZU u Rijeci.

Životopis
Rođena je u Rijeci 2. lipnja 1978. Maturirala je 1997. u Prvoj sušačkoj hrvatskoj gimnaziji u Rijeci (opći smjer). Akademske godine 1998./99. upisala je novopokrenute studije filozofije i povijesti na Filozofskome fakultetu Sveučilišta u Rijeci. Diplomirala je 22. travnja 2004. godine s temom iz razdoblja 19. st. kojim se i danas bavi: Mađaronski izgredi u Rijeci i bakarskome zaleđu uoči Hrvatsko-ugarske nagodbe 1868. godine. Ujedno je i prva diplomantica Odsjeka za povijest. Doktorirala je 19. srpnja 2011. pri Odsjeku za povijest Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu obranom doktorskoga rada Hrvatski čitaonički pokret u Kvarnerskom primorju i Liburnijskoj Istri u 19. i na početku 20. stoljeća (mentor: akademik Petar Strčić). Područje njena znanstvenoga interesa je povijest Zapadne Hrvatske u 19. i prvoj polovici 20. stoljeća (Istra, Kvarnersko primorje, Gorski kotar).

Od akademske god. 2007./08. do 2009/10. držala je seminar na kolegiju Povijesti pri Učiteljskome fakultetu u Rijeci te 2007/08. na njegovu Odsjeku za Učiteljski studij u Gospiću. Godine 2009/10. držala je seminar na izbornome kolegiju Rijeka i Kvarnersko primorje u XIX. i XX. stoljeću pri Odsjeku za povijest Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci, 2010/11. predavanja iz kolegija Hrvatska od Napoleona do 1918. godine, od 2010/11. do danas predavanja izbornoga kolegija Nacionalizmi na istočnojadranskoj obali (XIX. i XX. stoljeće), kojega je sama predložila. Mentorica je studentima na preddiplomskom i dodiplomskom studiju te članica komisije za obranu diplomskih radova. Sudjelovala je u radu dvaju znanstvenoistraživačkih projekata koje je financiralo Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i športa Republike Hrvatske: Akademijin – Povijest Zapadne Hrvatske (Istra, Kvarnersko primorje, Gorski kotar, Lika), voditelja akademika Petra Strčića i u projekt Istra i Rijeka: Prijelazno razdoblje sjedinjenja s Hrvatskom (1943. – 1954.), voditelja prof. dr. sc. Darka Dukovskoga s Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci; te u dva bilateralna hrvatsko-slovenska znanstvena projekta (u okviru znanstveno-tehnološke suradnje između republika Hrvatske i Slovenije): Povijest demografskih i etničnih pitanja u Istri i Kvarneru i Zajednička prošlost za zajedničku budućnost Akademijina Zavoda u Rijeci i Znanstveno-raziskovalnoga središča Univerze na Primorskem iz Kopra (Slovenija), (u hrvatskome dijelu voditelj akademik Petar Strčić, u slovenskome prof. dr. sc. Darko Darovec).

Djelovanje u udrugama
Predsjednica je i jedna od osnivačica Rodoslovnoga društva «Bartol Zmajić» u Rijeci i Izdavačkoga odbora Katedre Čakavskoga sabora «Bakarskoga kraja» Škrljevo (Bakar) te članica njezina Upravnoga odbora. Tajnica je Povijesnoga društva Rijeka i njegova časopisa Rijeke. Članica je uredništava Bakarskoga zbornika i Krčkoga zbornika. Jedna je od osnivačica Udruge Mavrica Srdoči (Rijeka). Članica je uredničkoga kolegija Časopisa za povijest Zapadne Hrvatske.

Izvori

Životopisi, Rijeka
Hrvatski povjesničari

Maja Polić


Carl Wilhelm Hahn ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Carl Wilhelm Hahn (Zoologe) (1786–1835), deutscher Zoologe
 Carl Wilhelm Hahn (Maler) (1829–1887), deutscher Maler
 Carl Wilhelm Hahn (Publizist) (1898–1982), deutscher Publizist, Historiker und Archivar

Carl Wilhelm Hahn


Klitik ya da biçimce, sesbilimsel zayıflığı nedeniyle diğer birimlere biçimbilimsel olarak bağımlılık gösteren yapılardır. Bağımlı olduğu birimden sonra gelen klitiklere enklitik/sonbiçimce, önce gelen klitiklere proklitik/önbiçimce, birimin kökünün içine giren klitiklere endoklitik/içbiçimce adı verilir.

Birçok klitik, dillerin tarihsel süreçleri içerisinde eylemlerden dönüşerek mevcut durumlarını almıştır. Bu dönüşüm süreci içerisinde eylemler anlamsal yüklerini kaybederek önce hafif eylemlere, hafif eylemler klitiklere, klitikler de eklere dönüşür. Eylemcil yapıdan klitiğe dönüşmüş birimlere örnek olarak Türkçedeki -DIr koşacı verilebilir. Eski Türkçe döneminde turur biçiminde görülen birim Standart Türkçede klitik biçimini almış, bağımlı olduğu sözcüğün sesbilimsel süreçlerine tabi olarak benzeşme ve ünlü uyumundan etkilenir duruma gelmiştir.

Kaynakça

Biçimbilim

Klitik


Die alte Kathedrale von Cambrai (Ancienne cathédrale Notre-Dame de Cambrai) war eine mächtige gotische Basilika mit Bauteilen aus der Romanik in Cambrai, Nordfrankreich. Sie war die Bischofskirche des Erzbistums Cambrai bis zu ihrer Zerstörung während der Französischen Revolution. Heute sind von ihr keine Reste vorhanden. Ihre Funktion ging 1804 auf die ehemalige Abteikirche Saint-Sépulcre über.

Geschichte und Architektur

Die erste Marienkirche an derselben Stelle ist für das Jahr 525 bezeugt. 580 wurde der Sitz des Bistums Arras hierher verlegt. Es folgten mehrere größere Neubauten. Der letzte Vorgängerbau wurde 1148 durch einen Brand vernichtet. Danach begann, mehrfach durch Brände und andere Ereignisse unterbrochen, die jahrhundertelange Baugeschichte der gotischen Kathedrale.

Der älteste sichtbare Teil war der romanische Westbau. Über ihm erhob sich als jüngster Teil der durchbrochene spätgotische Turmhelm, der erst ab 1360 errichtet wurde. Ihm vor allem verdankte die Kathedrale ihren Beinamen "Wunder der Niederlande" (Merveille des Pays-Bas).

Das Langhaus war in frühgotischen, der langgestreckte hohe Umgangschor mit Kapellenkranz in hochgotischen Formen mit reichem Strebewerk erbaut. Ungewöhnlich waren die Querhausarme, die ebenfalls als voll ausgebildete Umgangschöre mit Kapellen gestaltet waren.

Seit 1450 beherbergte die Kathedrale die byzantinische Marienikone Notre-Dame de Grâce, die hoch verehrt wurde und seit Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts in der neuen Kathedrale aufbewahrt wird; dort wurde sie in einen Altaraufbau eingefügt, der dem Westbau der alten Kathedrale nachgebildet ist.

In der Renaissance war die Kathedrale von Cambrai eines der wichtigsten europäischen Musikzentren. An ihr wirkten der bedeutende Komponist Guillaume Du Fay († 1474) sowie u. a. Nicholas Grenon († 1456), Hayne van Ghizeghem († 1497), Jacob Obrecht († 1505), Loyset Compère († 1518), Laurent de Vos († 1580) und Philippe de Monte († 1603).

Im Verlauf der Französischen Revolution wurde die Kathedrale 1791 dem staatlichen Gottesdienst zugeführt, erlitt dennoch im folgenden Jahr Beschädigungen und wurde ab 1793 als Kornspeicher verwendet. 1796 wurde sie von einem Kaufmann erworben, der ihre Steine als Baumaterial verkaufte. Nach der Jahrhundertwende begannen Planungen, die noch vorhandenen Reste zu konservieren. 1809 stürzte der berühmte Turmhelm ein. Im darauf folgenden Jahrzehnt verschwand das Bauwerk vollständig.

Siehe auch
 Hochstift Cambrai

Weblinks

recherche-fenelon.com (französisch)
paroissesdecambrai.com (französisch)

Alte Kathedrale
Cambrai
Gotische Kirche
Basilika (Bautyp)
Zerstört in den 1790er Jahren
Liebfrauenkirche
Abgegangenes Bauwerk in Hauts-de-France
Erzbistum Cambrai
Zerstört in der Französischen Revolution
Religion (Cambrai)
Cambrai

Alte Kathedrale von Cambrai


Kompozit malzeme (aynı zamanda bileşim malzemesi olarak da adlandırılır), önemli ölçüde farklı fiziksel veya kimyasal özelliklere sahip iki veya daha fazla bileşen malzemeden yapılan ve birleştirildiğinde öncekinden farklı özelliklere sahip olan bir malzeme üreten bir malzeme.

Yapı
Her kompozitte genellikle iki tip madde bulunur; matris ve takviye malzemesi. Bu malzemeler birbirlerinden farklı fiziksel özelliklere sahiplerdir, ve bir araya getirilmeleri ile oluşan kompozit malzeme her ikisinden farklı özelliklere kavuşur. Genel olarak takviye malzemesi (E: reinforcement / D: Verstärkung) taşıyıcı görev üstlenir ve etrafında bulunan matris faz ise onu bir arada tutmaya ve desteklemeye yarar. Çok eskilere dönüldüğünde kerpiç evlerin ana malzemesi olan toprağa karıştırılan saman malzemesi de ayrı bir Honeycomb Panel matrisi örneğidir. Matris bütünleştiren malzeme anlamlarına gelmekte olup, karıştırıldığı malzemeyi kenetleyip dayanımını artırmaktadır.

Günümüzde en çok kullanılan kompozitlerden biri betondur. çimento ve kumdan meydana gelen malzeme matris çelik çubuklar ile desteklenir. Bir diğer tanınmış kompozit ise kerpiçtir. Çamur ve samanın karıştırılması ile oluşturulan bu malzeme oldukça eskiden beri bilinen belki de insanlık tarihinin en eski yapı malzemesidir ve halen Türkiye'de kırsal kesimde kullanılır. Bazı ülkelerde, (örn. Yemen'de) bu yapı malzemesinden çok katlı yüksek yapılar inşa edilir.

Modern kompozitler
Yakın dönemde yaygınlaşmış ve sıkça kullanılan bir diğer polimer matrisli kompozit ise anorganik ve organik elyafların (elyaf olarak: fiberglas, karbon, aramid, polietilen, polipropilen vs.) kullanıldığı fiberglas bileşik, yani kompozit malzemelerdir.

 Kompozit Panel malzemesi iki ya da daha fazla malzemenin bir araya gelmesi ile oluşturularak üretilen malzeme türüdür.
 Kompozit Panel malzemesinin oluşumunda iki ana malzeme menşeyi kullanıldığı gibi, kimi zaman çok farklı alaşım ve karışımlar ile beslenen kompozit maddeleri kendi aralarında ikiye ayrılır bu ayrışma matris malzeme ve takviye malzemesi diye nitelendirilir. Bu malzemeler teknik ve dayanım ve diğer özellikleri bakımından oldukça yüksek kalitede birbirine uyumlu alaşımlardan oluşmaktadır. İki malzemenin bir araya getirilerek oluşturulduğu malzeme menşeyine kompozit adı verilmektedir.

Bu iki malzeme menşeyi biri taşıyıcı bir diğeri de koruyucu diye nitelendirilen kompozit alaşımı, kimi zaman alüminyum malzeme, kimi zaman kullanım ve görsel ergonomisi için farklı ham malzemeler ile kaplanan ana gövdesinde ağır dayanımlı plastik malzeme içeren alaşımlar kullanılmaktadır. Her yapı sektöründe kullanılan kompozit, her meslek dalına göre farklı söylemlerde kullanılabilir, beton malzemesi bile bir kompozit malzemedir. Ve beton öncelikle çimento karışımı ardından kum ile matrislenerek ve yine ardından yapı içerisinde çelik çubuklar ile beslendiğinden ikili üçlü malzeme karışımları neticesinde bir bütünlüğü sağladığından kompozit diye nitelendirilebilmektedir. Günümüzde teknolojinin çeşitlilik göstermesiyle beraber:
 Aküstik Panellerin üretilmesi ve bu kompozit levha nın içerinde yer alan çok çeşitli kimyasal malzemeler ile dayanımı artırılan
 Polipropilen Honeycomb PP malzeme polimer matrisli yanı sıra içerdiği anorganik ve organik elyaf malzeme menşeylerinin yanı sıra fiberglas, karbon, polietilen, polipropilen malzemeleri ile desteklenen.

Yüksek teknolojinin kullanıldığı, büyük hangarlarda istenilen ebat ve ölçeklerde üretilerek, yüksek binalar ve reklam sektöründe kaplama malzemesi, zemin malzemesi olarak kullanıma sunulan kompozit malzemeler çok çeşitli model ve renk seçeneğine sahiptir.

Kompozit malzemeler

Kompozit malzemeler


Nahija Akhtarin () je nahija u okrugu Azaz, u sirijskoj pokrajini Alep. Površina nahije je 341,78 km2. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), nahija je imala 39.385 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Akhtarin.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Alep

Akhtarin (nahija)