Pheugopedius es un género de aves paseriformes perteneciente a la familia Troglodytidae que agrupa a varias especies anteriormente colocadas en el género Thryothorus. Son nativas del Neotrópico, donde se distribuyen desde el norte de México a través de América Central y del Sur hasta el centro de Bolivia y centro y sudeste de Brasil. A sus miembros se les conoce por el nombre popular de cucaracheros y también ratonas o chochines.

Características
Las especies de este género son cucaracheros medianos, midiendo entre 13,5 y 16,5 cm. Son predominantemente rufos con varios tonos de pardo; colas barradas caracterizan la mayoría de las especies; virtualmente todos ostentan mejillas estriadas y lista superciliar blanca; muchos son de un patrón bien característico por abajo. Generalmente andan en pares y tienden a ser evasivos en la densa vegetación del sotobosque; la mayoría no se junta a bandadas mixtas para forrajear. Casi todos emiten cantos musicales ricos y maravillosos, generalmente ejecutados en dúo por la pareja. Son mucho más oídos que vistos.

Lista de especies
Según la clasificación del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) (Versión 5.3, 2015) y Clements Checklist 6.9, agrupa a las siguientes 12 especies, con su respectivo nombre vulgar de acuerdo a la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (SEO):

 Pheugopedius atrogularis  - cucarachero gorginegro;
 Pheugopedius spadix  - cucarachero cabecigrís;
 Pheugopedius fasciatoventris  -  cucarachero ventrinegro;
 Pheugopedius euophrys  -  cucarachero coliliso;
 Pheugopedius eisenmanni  - cucarachero inca;
 Pheugopedius genibarbis  - cucarachero bigotudo brasileño;
 Pheugopedius mystacalis  - cucarachero bigotudo montano;
 Pheugopedius coraya  - cucarachero coraya;
 Pheugopedius felix  - cucarachero feliz, chivirín feliz;
 Pheugopedius maculipectus  - cucarachero pinto, chivirín moteado;
 Pheugopedius rutilus  - cucarachero pechirrufo;
 Pheugopedius sclateri  - cucarachero jaspeado.

Taxonomía
Anteriormente, estas especies estaban colocadas en el amplio género Thryothorus, pero datos genéticos de Barker (2003) e de Mann et al. (2006) indicaron que el mismo era polifilético y que el verdadero Thryothorus no se encuentra en Sudamérica, así recomendando resucitar los géneros sinónimos Pheugopedius y Thryophilus y el reconocimiento de un nuevo: Cantorchilus. Posteriormente, Mann et al. (2009) encontraron comportamientos vocales distintos diferenciando Pheugopedius, Thryophilus, y Cantorchilus. Las propuestas N° 408 a 411 al South American Classification Committee (SACC) fueron aprobadas y la separación en los 4 géneros implementada.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Géneros de aves
Taxones descritos por Jean Cabanis

Pheugopedius


Stéphane Guillaume (* 12. Oktober 1974 in Le Plessis-Bouchard, Val d´Oise) ist ein französischer Jazz-Saxophonist, -klarinettist und -flötist.

Leben und Wirken
Guillaume studierte am Conservatoire de Paris klassisches Saxophon (wobei er einen Ersten Preis gewann) und trat seit dem Alter von siebzehn Jahren als Jazzmusiker auf, unter anderem mit Jean Bonal, Jacques Vidal, Ted Hawke. Ab 1994 war er im Orchestre National de Jazz unter Laurent Cugny, mit dem er auch drei Alben aufnahm. Dort traf er unter anderem mit Maria Schneider, Enrico Rava, Lucky Peterson, Tommy Smith.

1996 nahm er sein Debütalbum unter eigenem Namen Miage auf. Er spielte 1996 bis 2002 bei Y´aka Sax, 1997 bis 2001 in der Big Band Lumière von Laurent Cugny, 1997 bis 2003 im Jazz Ensemble von Patrice Caratini und im Quintett von Stéphane Huchard. 1998 bis 2002 spielte er in der Cricca von Umberto Pagnini, 1998 bis 2005 im Quintett von  Gueorgui Kornazov und 1999 bis 2003 im Quintett von Frédéric Favarel. Er begleitete 2000/2001 Claude Nougaro auf dessen Tournee, spielte im Septett von Christian Escoudé (2003 bis 2006), mit dem New Quartet von Didier Lockwood (2002 bis 2007), der Paris Jazz Big Band von Pierre Bertrand und Nicolas Folmer, im Quartett von Benoît Sourisse und André Charlier (2003 bis 2009), im Quintett von Christophe Wallemme (2003 bis 2009), im Tentett von Hervé Sellin (2005 bis 2009), im Ilium Septett von Pierre de Bethmann (2006 bis 2010), im New Large Ensemble von Carine Bonnefoy und nahm 2008 am Blauklang Projekt von Vince Mendoza teil.

2004 nahm er erneut ein eigenes Album auf (Soul Role, O-Plus) mit eigenem Quartett (Frédéric Favarel (Gitarre), Marc Buronfosse (Bass), Antoine Banville (Schlagzeug)). 2006 folgte ein weiteres Album Intra-Muros (Harmonia Mundi) und 2009 Windmills Chronicles (Gemini Records), in dem sein Quartett in Dialog mit sieben Blechbläsern tritt. Die Idee dazu kam ihm, nachdem er 2008 in der Oper von Lyon spielte. Dieses Album erhielt 2009 den Preis als bestes französisches Album bei der Academie du Jazz. 2011 trat er mit seinem Brass Project auf dem Paris Jazz Festival auf.

2009 erhielt er den Prix Django Reinhardt.

Er unterrichtete am Centre des Musiques Didier Lockwood.

Weblinks
Biographie, französisch
Biographie, englisch
Biographie bei der Academie du Jazz, französisch

Jazz-Saxophonist
Jazz-Flötist
Musiker (Frankreich)
Jazz-Klarinettist
Franzose
Geboren 1974
Mann

Stéphane Guillaume


Mutua Madrid Open 2018 var en tennisturnering, der blev spillet udendørs på grusbaner i Caja Magica i Madrid, Spanien i perioden 5. - 13. maj 2018. Det var den tiende udgave af Madrid Open, og det var sæsonens fjerde turnering i kategorien ATP World Tour Masters 1000 på mændenes ATP World Tour 2018 og sæsonens tredje turnering i kategorien WTA Premier Mandatory på kvindernes WTA Tour 2018.

Herresingletitlen blev vundet af Alexander Zverev, som dermed vandt turneringen for førse gang. I finalen besejrede han Dominic Thiem med 6-4, 6-4. Damesingletitlen gik til Petra Kvitová, som vandt med 7-6(6), 4-6, 6-3 over Kiki Bertens i finalen og dermed vandt Madrid Open for tredje gang.

I herredoublefinalen vandt Nikola Mektić og Alexander Peya over Bob Bryan og Mike Bryan, der måtte opgive ved stillingen 5-3 til førstnævnte i første sæt, mens damedoubletitlen gik til Jekaterina Makarova og Jelena Vesnina, som finalebesejrede Tímea Babos og Kristina Mladenovic med 2-6, 6-4, [10-8]. Begge par vandt dermed turneringen for første gang.

Præmier

Den samlede præmiesum for Madrid Open 2018 androg € 12.246.715, og fordelte sig som følger..

Resultater

Herresingle

Damesingle

Herredouble

Damedouble

Eksterne henvisninger
 Madrid Open

Noter

2018
WTA Tour 2018
ATP World Tour 2018

Madrid Open 2018


An Elymus grandiglumis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Yi Li Keng ngan Shou Liang Chen, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Áskell Löve. An Elymus grandiglumis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elymus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Elymus

Elymus grandiglumis


Emigranten (originaltitel: A Ship Comes In) er en amerikansk Stumfilm, der fortæller historien om emigranter der kommer til USA.
Filmen har Rudolph Schildkraut, Louise Dresser, Milton Holmes, Linda Landi, og Fritz Feld på rollelisten.

Filmen blev skrevet af Julien Josephson, John W. Krafft and Sonya Levien. Den blev instrueret af William K. Howard.
Den var nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle (Louise Dresser).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Stumfilm fra USA
Amerikanske film fra 1928

Emigranten


Víctor Fernández López (El Ejido, Almería, 25 de abril de 1984) es Campeón del Mundo de Windsurf 2010, 2016 y 2018 en la modalidad de olas. Además, fue nominado en los Premios Laureus 2011 como mejor deportista extremo

Trayectoria y palmarés
Reside en Almerimar, en cuyas playas comenzó a practicar windsurf desde niño en la escuela de su  padre. Gracias a sus buenas notas, con 14 años su padre le permitió pasar el verano en Pozo Izquierdo (Gran Canaria), donde comenzó su carrera profesional en el mundo del windsurf.

En 1999 se convirtió en Campeón de Europa y del Mundo Junior IFCA y subcampeón de Europa y del Mundo Senior IFCA. En el Campeonato del Mundo de Olas PWA consiguió sendos subcampeonatos en 2007 y 2008. En 2009 y 2010 conseguía el Campeonato de España.

El 23 de noviembre de  2010 consigue el logro más importante de su carrera: el campeonato del Mundo de Olas de la PWA World Tour en Cabo Verde. Ha sido el primer español en ganar este campeonato. Fernández logró el título gracias a su primer puesto en Pozo Izquierdo (Canarias) y su segundo puesto en Klitmøller (Dinamarca) después de remontar quince mangas. En las dos últimas pruebas celebradas en la isla de Sylt (Alemania) y Cabo Verde no hubo competición, debido a las condiciones meteorológicas para celebrarse las pruebas.

En 2011 no pudo revalidar su título, pero consiguió un meritorio cuarto puesto y reeditó su título de Campeón de España.

En 2012 es nuevamente subcampeón del Mundo, después de las dos primeras en 2007 y 2008.

Su campeonato de 2010 le propició una nominación en la edición 2011 en los Premios Laureus, en la categoría de mejor deportista extremo que se celebraron en Abu Dhabi.

En 2016 volvió a lograr su objetivo de repetir como campeón del Mundo de Olas de la PWA.

Cine
En 2009 participó en la película Four Dimensions, dirigida por Andre Paskowski. En 2011 participó en Minds Wide Open, del mismo director. En ambas películas muestra sus dotes como windsurfista extremo.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Victor Fernandez Windsurf - Pro Rider PWA World Tour.
 PWA World Windsurfing Tour.

Deportistas de la provincia de Almería
Windsurfistas
Nacidos en El Ejido

Víctor Fernández López


Kišnica je voda koja potječe od kiše ili drugih vrsta oborina. Količina kišnice izražava se u milimetrima: 1 mm oborine odgovara sloju vode debljine 1 mm na jednome četvornome metru, odnosno količini od 1 litre (uz uvjet da voda nije isparila ili otekla s te površine).

Oblaci i oborine

Ako u nekom dijelu Zemljine atmosfere koji je zasićen vlagom pada temperatura, kondenzirat će se vodena para i stvarati vodene kapljice. Stvaraju li se te kapljice blizu tla, nastat će magla, a stvaraju li se u većim visinama, nastat će oblaci. Oblaci nastaju i na taj način da se topli zrak kao specifički lakši diže uvis, gdje je niža temperatura. Sadrži li taj zrak veliku količinu vlage, ona će se zbog ohlađivanja kondenzirati, i time će nastati oblaci. Stvaranju magle pogoduju prašina i dim koji se nalaze u zraku. Čestice prašine i dima čine jezgre kondenzacije vodene pare koja je ohlađena ispod rosišta. Zimi odnosno na visokim planinama, kada je temperatura vrlo niska, smrzavaju se vodene kapljice u sitne kristale, koje stvaraju snijeg.

Kiša se sastoji od krupnih kapljica vode. Da bi iz oblaka padala kiša, moraju od sitnih kapljica nastati krupnije, jer sitne kapljice padaju sporo, pa se na putu ispare. Ljeti zbog brzog i velikog zagrijavanja diže se u visinu zrak s velikim sadržajem vlage, gdje se ohladi ispod 0 °C. Kako ljeti sadrži zrak više vlage nego zimi, stvorit će se ohlađivanjem veliki kristali odnosno led, koji pada kao tuča na Zemlju. Zemaljska površina gubi noću ižarivanjem velik dio topline, koju je danju primila putem Sunčeve svjetlosti. Zbog toga nastaje ohlađivanje zraka, a time kondenzacija suvišne vlage u obliku kapljica na površini Zemlje. To je rosa. Zimi zbog istog razloga nastaje ohlađivanje ispod 0 °C, a time smrzavanje rose u obliku iglica, što se zove mraz.

Sve navedene meteorološke pojave, to jest kiša, snijeg, tuča, rosa i mraz, koje nastaju zbog kondenzacije vodene pare u zraku, zovu se oborine. Količina oborina mjeri se visinom sloja vode u milimetrima po četvornom metru (mm/m2) koga bi stvorila voda oborina kad bi ostala na tlu, a da se ne ispari, a niti otiče u zemlju. Na primjer ako se kaže da je u toku 24 sata na nekom mjestu količina oborina 2 mm, to znači da je palo toliko kiše da na svaki m2 dolazi 2 litre vode. Naime sloju vode visine 1 mm na površini od 1 m2 odgovara količina vode od 1 litre, to jest 1 dm3. Suhi krajevi imaju ispod 500 mm oborina godišnje. Za mjerenje količine oborina služi mjerni instrument kišomjer, pluviometar ili ombrometar.

Kišomjer

Kišomjer, pluviometar ili ombrometar je sprava ili mjerni instrument za mjerenje količine oborina. Sastoji se od vanjske cilindrične posude, lijevka i unutrašnje posude (skupljača). Vanjska posuda ima s gornje strane točno određen otvor (obično 200 cm2). Kišnica skupljena u unutrašnjoj posudi prelijeva se i mjeri u menzuri (s podjelom na milimetre visine oborine). Snijeg treba prije mjerenja rastopiti. Mjerenje se obavlja svakodnevno u 7 sati ujutro, na meteorološkim postajama i svakih 6 sati. Na nepristupačnim planinama i nenastanjenim područjima postavljaju se totalizatori, veliki kišomjeri u kojima se skuplja oborina tijekom dužeg razdoblja (obično 6 mjeseci ili godinu dana), a koji sadrže kemikalije za sprječavanje hlapljenja. Zapisni uređaji za kišu, pluviografi ili ombrografi, neprekidno bilježe količinu oborina na valjku što ga okreće satni mehanizam pa se može odrediti vrijeme pojave oborine i njezina jakost (intenzitet). Zapisni uređaji za snježne oborine zovu se nifografi.

Izvori

Padaline
Meteorologija
Voda

Kišnica


Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P, sometimes called the Robison ester) is a glucose sugar phosphorylated at the hydroxy group on carbon 6. This dianion is very common in cells as the majority of glucose entering a cell will become phosphorylated in this way.

Because of its prominent position in cellular chemistry, glucose 6-phosphate has many possible fates within the cell. It lies at the start of two major metabolic pathways: glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.

In addition to these two metabolic pathways, glucose 6-phosphate may also be converted to glycogen or starch for storage. This storage is in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen for most multicellular animals, and in intracellular starch or glycogen granules for most other organisms.

Production

From glucose
Within a cell, glucose 6-phosphate is produced by phosphorylation of glucose on the sixth carbon. This is catalyzed by the enzyme hexokinase in most cells, and, in higher animals, glucokinase in certain cells, most notably liver cells. One equivalent of ATP is consumed in this reaction.

The major reason for the immediate phosphorylation of glucose is to prevent diffusion out of the cell. The phosphorylation adds a charged phosphate group so the glucose 6-phosphate cannot easily cross the cell membrane.

From glycogen
Glucose 6-phosphate is also produced during glycogenolysis from glucose 1-phosphate, the first product of the breakdown of glycogen polymers.

Pentose phosphate pathway

When the ratio of NADP+ to NADPH increases, the body needs to produce more NADPH (a reducing agent for several reactions like fatty acid synthesis and glutathione reduction in erythrocytes). This will cause the G6P to be dehydrogenated to 6-phosphogluconate by glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This irreversible reaction is the initial step of the pentose phosphate pathway, which generates the useful cofactor NADPH as well as ribulose-5-phosphate, a carbon source for the synthesis of other molecules. Also, if the body needs nucleotide precursors of DNA for growth and synthesis, G6P will also be dehydrogenated and enter the pentose phosphate pathway.

Glycolysis
If the cell needs energy or carbon skeletons for synthesis, then glucose 6-phosphate is targeted for glycolysis. Glucose 6-phosphate is first isomerized to fructose 6-phosphate by phosphoglucose isomerase, which uses magnesium as a cofactor.

This reaction converts glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate in preparation for phosphorylation to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The addition of the second phosphoryl group to produce fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is an irreversible step, and so is used to irreversibly target the glucose 6-phosphate breakdown to provide energy for ATP production via glycolysis.

Storage as glycogen

If blood glucose levels are high, the body needs a way to store the excess glucose.  After being converted to G6P, the molecule can be turned into glucose 1-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase.  Glucose 1-phosphate can then be combined with uridine triphosphate (UTP) to form UDP-glucose, driven by the hydrolysis  of UTP, releasing phosphate.  Now, the activated UDP-glucose can add to a growing glycogen molecule with the help of glycogen synthase.  This is a very efficient storage mechanism for glucose since it costs the body only 1 ATP to store the 1 glucose molecule and virtually no energy to remove it from storage.  It is important to note that glucose 6-phosphate is an allosteric activator of glycogen synthase, which makes sense because when the level of glucose is high the body should store the excess glucose as glycogen.  On the other hand, glycogen synthase is inhibited when it is phosphorylated by protein kinase during times of high stress or low levels of blood glucose, via hormone induction by glucagon or adrenaline.

When the body needs glucose for energy, glycogen phosphorylase, with the help of an orthophosphate, can cleave away a molecule from the glycogen chain.  The cleaved molecule is in the form of glucose 1-phosphate, which can be converted into G6P by phosphoglucomutase.  Next, the phosphoryl group on G6P can be cleaved by glucose 6-phosphatase so that a free glucose can be formed.  This free glucose can pass through membranes and can enter the bloodstream to travel to other places in the body.

Dephosphorylation and release into bloodstream

Liver cells express the transmembrane enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase in the endoplasmic reticulum. The catalytic site is found on the lumenal face of the membrane, and removes the phosphate group from glucose 6-phosphate produced during glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis. Free glucose is transported out of the endoplasmic reticulum via GLUT7 and released into the bloodstream via GLUT2 for uptake by other cells. Muscle cells lack this enzyme, so myofibers use glucose 6-phosphate in their own metabolic pathways such as glycolysis. Importantly, this prevents myocytes from releasing glycogen stores they have obtained into the blood.

See also
 Glucose
 Glucose 1-phosphate
 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
 Glycogen
 Pentose phosphate pathway

References

Bibliography

Organophosphates
Monosaccharide derivatives
Phosphate esters
Glycolysis

Glucose 6-phosphate


La densidad de portadores de carga indica el número de portadores de carga por volumen. Se mide en m−3. Como toda densidad, ésta puede depender de la posición. No se debe confundir con la densidad de carga eléctrica ya que esta nos indica el número de carga por volumen con un campo eléctrico dado.

La densidad de portadores se obtiene integrando la densidad de carga en función de la energía máxima que las cargas pueden tener. La carga de los portadores es una densidad parcial, así que integrándola en función del volumen  obtenemos el número de portadores de carga  en ese volumen:

.

Dónde
 depende de la posición de la densidad de los portadores de carga.

En el caso de que ésta no dependiese de la posición, la ecuación se simplificaría a:

.

Dónde
 es una constante.

Las ecuaciones de la densidad de portadores de carga están relacionadas con la conductividad eléctrica o la conductividad térmica.

Medida

La densidad de portadores de carga en muchos casos se puede determinar utilizando el efecto Hall, en el que el voltaje o diferencia de potencial depende inversamente de la intensidad.  (inglés).

Por ejemplo, gracias a esto podemos comprobar que la densidad de portadores de carga de la plata es aproximadamente de 1 x 10^28 m^-3, lo que sería aproximadamente de 1,8 por átomo.

Física experimental

Densidad de portadores de carga


Lo Spiritismo nella vecchia casa (6 Variazioni e 3 suggestioni) pour clarinette seule est une  musique de scène composée par Nino Rota en 1950 sur le texte du même nom de Ugo Betti (1944).

Analyse
La pièce comprend 6 courtes variations sans thème et 3 suggestions, toutes de l'ordre d'une durée d'une minute.

L'écriture musicale évoque un effet spectral sonore très scénique en lien avec le titre de la pièce de théâtre « Le spiritisme dans la vieille maison » , reexposé différemment et avec imagination à chaque variation.

Ces variations de difficulté moyenne sont intéressantes pour les cours de musique, les concours et les concerts. La tonalité du morceau a été remontée d'une tierce, car dans la notation originale, l'écriture descendait souvent jusqu'au ré dièse grave (do dièse réel), ce qui ne peut être joué sur une clarinette en si bémol normale.

Enregistrements
La pièce a été enregistrée pour la première fois dans l'album suivant :
 Sergio Bosi, 20th-century italian clarinet solos (Naxos, 2012).

On trouve désormais d'autres enregistrements de cette pièce :
 Nino Rota: Chamber Music avec Rocco Parisi, clarinette ; Andrea Favalessa, violoncelle ; Gabriele Rota, piano (Brilliant Classics, 2016).

Liens externes
 .

Œuvre de Nino Rota
Rota Nino, Lo Spiritismo nella vecchia casa
Œuvre pour instrument seul

Lo Spiritismo nella vecchia casa


Valget i Berlin 2016 var det 18. valg til Berlins parlament, og fandt sted 18. september 2016.

SPD blev det største parti. Begge de to regeringspartier SPD og CDU, mistede tilslutning og deres flertal tilsammen i parlamentet. En ny delstatsregering må basere sig på en koalition af mindst tre partier.

Valget gav fremgang for Die Linke, indvalg første gang partiet stillede op til AfD og genvalg til FDP. AfD kom ind i parlamentet for første gang, mens FDP kom ind efter at være røget ud ved valget i 2011. Piratpartiet røg ud af parlamentet efter én periode.

Samtidig med valget til delstaten Berlins parlament, blev der afholdt valg af repræsentanter til folkeforsamlingerne i delstaten Berlins tolv administrative bydele (Bezirke). De administrative bydele er på kommunalt plan og uden lovgivningsmyndighed.

Valgsystem
Vælgerne går til valg hvert femte år. Vælgeren får to stemmesedler, én i valgkredsen og en partiliste for delstaten, modsvarende som ved valget til Forbundsdagen.

Vindere af et kredsmandat i valgkredsene beholder altid sin plads i parlamentet. Det er imidlertid resultatet af listevalgene, som afgør magtforholdet i parlamentet. Direkte valgte medlemmer af et parti, som i antal overskrider partiets andel af parlamentet, i henhold til listevalget, kaldes overskudsmandater (Überhangmandat). De øvrige partier modtager kompensation for overskudsmandater i form af tillægsmandater. Parlamentet skal have mindst 130 mandater. Parlamentet, som blev valgt i 2011, fik 149 medlemmer.

Der gælder en spærregrænse på 5 % af stemmerne, medregnet ugyldige stemmer. Ligestillet med at opnå spærregrænsen for et parti er at vinde et kredsmandat i en valgkreds.

Stemmeret har alle tyskere, som er fyldt 18 år og som har boet mindst tre måneder i Berlin. Samme vilkår gælder for valgbarhed.

Meningsmålinger

Udgangsposition
Ved valget i 2011 opnåede SPD 28,3 % af stemmerne, hvilket var en tilbagegang på 2,5 %, CDU gik frem 2 % til 18 %, mens De grønne gik frem 4,5 % til 17,6 %. Partiet Die Linke mistede 4,6 % og fik en tilslutning på 11,7 % mens Piratpartiet fik 8,9 % af stemmerne.

Parlamentet bestod af 149 medlemmer, som var fordelt således: SPD 47, CDU 39, De grønne 29, Die Linke 19 og Piratpartiet 15 medlemmer. Et medlem af CDUs gruppe meldte sig ud af partiet i løbet af valgperioden.

Resultat
Et foreløbigt slutresultat viste, at SPD blev største parti, men at koalitionen bestående af regeringspartierne SPD og CDU mistede sit flertal. Parlamentet består efter valget af 160 repræsentanter, hvilket er en stigning på 11 i forhold til valget i 2011. Stigningen skyldes, at enkeltvalgkredse, som går til kandidater fra mindre partier, bliver kompenseret de større partier ved tillægsmandater.

Valgdeltagelsen var på 66,9 % mod 60,2 % ved valget i 2011.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Wahlen zum Abgeordnetenhaus 2016, Die Landeswahlleiterin für Berlin

Politiske valg i Tyskland
Berlin
Berlin 2016

Valget i Berlin 2016


Le Galbiin goviin ulaan ou Galbiin gobiin ulaan est une race de chameau de Bactriane originaire du désert de Gobi, dans le sud de la Mongolie.

Présentation
Le Galbiin goviin ulaan est plus grand et lourd que les autres races de chameau de Mongolie. On le trouve dans le sum de Bayan-Ovoo, au sud-est de la province d'Ömnögovi. Le mâle atteint  au garrot et la femelle . Le poids varie en fonction de la saison ; le mâle atteindra les  à l'arrivée de l'hiver et tombera vers  au printemps. La femelle passera de 523 à . La couleur de la robe varie du brun au rouge.

C'est un animal robuste, parfait comme animal de bât et d'attelage. Il est également utilisé pour une production mixte (viande, lait et laine). Les animaux sont mâtures sexuellement à 2,5 ans et la chamelle a un seul petit. Un animal peut fournir 5 à  de laine.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Articles connexes

 Liste de races de chameaux et de dromadaires

Liens externes

Race animale originaire de Mongolie
Race cameline originaire d'Asie

Galbiin goviin ulaan


The battlecruiser was the brainchild of Admiral Sir John ("Jacky") Fisher, the man who had sponsored the construction of the world's first "all big gun" warship, . He visualised a new breed of warship with the armament of a battleship, but faster, lighter, and less heavily armoured.  The first three battlecruisers, the , were laid down while Dreadnought was being built in 1906.

This design philosophy was most successful in action when the battlecruisers could use their speed to run down smaller and weaker ships. The best example is the Battle of the Falkland Islands where  and  sank the German armoured cruisers  and  almost without damage to themselves, despite numerous hits by the German ships. They were less successful against heavily armoured ships, as was demonstrated by the loss of Invincible, , and  during the Battle of Jutland in 1916. All three ships were destroyed by more heavily armoured German battlecruisers, with the British failure to prevent fires or explosions in the gun turrets from reaching the magazines also playing a role in the losses.

Of the battlecruisers built before the First World War, the Invincible class and Indefatigable class all had  of armour on their waterline, a top speed of , and eight  guns. The more advanced battlecruisers—the two Lion-class ships, Queen Mary, and —all had an armour belt of , speeds over , and eight  guns. The Renown and Courageous classes, built during the war, were begun when Admiral Fisher was appointed First Sea Lord for the second time in late 1914. Each of these classes in turn served as the fastest capital ships in the world and were heavily armed with four or six  guns, but they paid for their speed and armament by having less armour than battleships.  was laid down during the war, but was extensively reworked with more armour based on the experience gained at the Battle of Jutland, and was not completed until after the war.

Following the war, the British planned to build the G3 class, which had the same armament and armour as battleships of the time and were rated as battlecruisers only by comparison to the more heavily armoured and slower battleships also planned. They were cancelled as they exceeded the tonnage limits of the Washington Naval Treaty. Of the first nine battlecruisers, only HMS Tiger survived the Washington Treaty and into the 1930s. The three Courageous-class ships were converted to aircraft carriers during the 1920s and only Repulse, Renown and Hood served in the Second World War as battlecruisers. All three went through substantial refits between the wars. Hood was lost in the battle of the Denmark Strait, Repulse was sunk by Japanese aircraft at the start of the war in the Pacific, and Renown survived the war to be scrapped in 1948.

Key

Invincible class

The Invincible-class ships were the first battlecruisers in the world. The design resembled that of HMS Dreadnought, but sacrificed armour protection and one gun turret from the main battery for a  speed advantage. During the First World War Inflexible and Indomitable participated in the unsuccessful pursuit of the German ships Goeben and Breslau in the Mediterranean. Inflexible was recalled home shortly afterwards, but Indomitable remained off the Dardanelles to bottle up the German ships for the rest of 1914 before returning to the UK. Invincible and Inflexible were sent to the South Atlantic in late 1914 to hunt down the German East Asia Squadron and destroyed it at the Battle of the Falkland Islands. Indomitable participated in the Battle of Dogger Bank in the North Sea in early 1915 while Inflexible was badly damaged during the opening stages of the Dardanelles Campaign. The ships formed the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron at Jutland where Invincible was destroyed by the explosion of an artillery magazine. The two surviving ships spent the rest of the war conducting patrols of the North Sea, as the High Seas Fleet was forbidden by the Kaiser to risk any more losses. They were put into reserve in early 1919 and sold for scrap on 1 December 1921.

Indefatigable class

The design of the Indefatigable class represented a modest reworking of the preceding s, featuring increased endurance and an improved cross-deck arc of fire for their midships wing turrets achieved by lengthening the hull. Like its predecessor, the design resembled the contemporary dreadnought, but sacrificed armour protection and one turret from the main battery for a 4-knot speed advantage. Originally  was the only ship of the class, but  and  were later built as part of a scheme to improve the defense of the Dominions by having each Dominion purchase a "fleet unit" of one battlecruiser, three light cruisers, and six destroyers. New Zealand agreed to fund one battlecruiser and chose a modified Indefatigable design rather than the  then being built for the Royal Navy.

They spent most of the war patrolling the North Sea and participated in most of the battles there.
Of the two, only New Zealand was in the United Kingdom when the war began. Indefatigable was in the Mediterranean, where she unsuccessfully pursued the German warships  and  as they sailed towards Turkey. New Zealand participated in some of the early actions in the North Sea, including the Battle of Heligoland Bight and the inconclusive Scarborough Raid. Indefatigable and New Zealand participated in the Battle of Jutland, where the former was destroyed by a magazine explosion after numerous hits from the battlecruiser . New Zealand patrolled uneventfully after Jutland, watching for the next appearance of the High Seas Fleet. She conducted Admiral Jellicoe on his tour of India and the Dominions after the war. New Zealand was sold for scrap in 1922 to comply with the Washington Naval Treaty.

Lion class

The Lion class, nicknamed the "Splendid Cats", were a significant improvement over their predecessors of the  in speed, armament, and armour. The Lion-class ships were  faster, exchanged the  guns of the older ships for  guns, and had a waterline belt  thick versus the  of the Indefatigables. These improvements were in response to the German , Germany's second class of battlecruisers, which were larger and more powerful than the first British battlecruisers of the Invincible class.

HMS Lion served as the flagship of the Grand Fleet's battlecruisers throughout the First World War, except when she was being refitted or under repair. She sank the German light cruiser  during the Battle of Heligoland Bight and served as Vice Admiral Beatty's flagship at the battles of Dogger Bank and Jutland. She was so badly damaged at the first of these battles that she had to be towed back to port by  and was under repair for more than two months. During the Battle of Jutland she suffered a serious propellant fire that destroyed one gun turret, which had to be removed and rebuilt while the ship was under repair for several months.

Princess Royal served in the Battle of Heligoland Bight a month after the war began and then was sent to the Caribbean to prevent the East Asia Squadron from using the Panama Canal. After the East Asia Squadron was sunk at the Battle of the Falkland Islands by the two Invincible-class battlecruisers, Princess Royal rejoined the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron. During the Battle of Dogger Bank she scored only a few hits, although one directly crippled the German armoured cruiser , which allowed the enemy vessel to be caught and sunk by the concentrated fire of the British battlecruisers. Shortly afterwards Princess Royal became the flagship of the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, under the command of Rear Admiral Osmond Brock. She was moderately damaged during the Battle of Jutland and required a month and a half of repairs. Both ships spent the rest of the war on uneventful patrols in the North Sea, although they did provide distant cover during the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in 1917. In 1920 they were both put into reserve and were sold for scrap a few years later under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty.

HMS Queen Mary

HMS Queen Mary was similar to the Lion-class battlecruisers, though she was slightly larger and given more powerful engines to achieve the same speed as the earlier ships. Her secondary guns were better protected and some of her belt armour was redistributed. She was the last battlecruiser completed before the beginning of the war, and she participated in the Battle of Heligoland Bight shortly after the war began. As part of the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, she unsuccessfully attempted to intercept a German force that bombarded the North Sea coast of England in December 1914. She was refitting during the Battle of Dogger Bank in early 1915, but participated in the next major fleet action of the war, the Battle of Jutland in mid-1916. Queen Mary hit the German battlecruiser  early in the battle and burnt out one of that ship's rear turrets. Seydlitz later knocked out one of Queen Marys main guns. The German battlecruiser , in the meantime, had lost sight of her previous target in the haze and switched to Queen Mary. Within 10 minutes, Queen Mary was hit twice, exploding  shortly afterwards.

HMS Tiger

HMS Tiger was the most heavily armoured battlecruiser of the Royal Navy at the start of the First World War, although she was still being finished when the war began. The ship was assigned to the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron for the duration of the war and participated in the Battle of Dogger Bank in early 1915 even though she was still shaking down and did not perform well. She next participated in the Battle of Jutland in 1916 where she was one of the British battlecruisers most often hit by German shells; she was only lightly damaged. She spent the rest of the war on uneventful patrols in the North Sea, although she did provide distant cover during the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight.

Tiger was the oldest battlecruiser retained by the Royal Navy after the tonnage limits of the Washington Naval Treaty came into effect in 1922. She became a gunnery training ship in 1924 and joined the Battlecruiser Squadron in 1929 while its flagship, , underwent a lengthy refit. Upon Hoods return to service in 1931, Tiger was decommissioned and sold for scrap in 1932 in accordance with the terms of the London Naval Treaty of 1930.

Renown class

The Renown-class ships were originally laid down as improved versions of the s. Construction was suspended at the outbreak of the war on the grounds they would not be ready in time. Admiral Lord Fisher, upon becoming First Sea Lord, gained approval to restart their construction as battlecruisers that could be built and enter service quickly. The Director of Naval Construction (DNC), Eustace Tennyson-D'Eyncourt, quickly produced an entirely new design to meet Admiral Lord Fisher's requirements and the builders agreed to deliver the ships in 15 months. They did not quite meet that ambitious goal, but they were delivered a few months after the Battle of Jutland in 1916. They were the world's fastest capital ships upon completion.

 was the only ship of the class to see combat in the First World War when she participated in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in 1917. Both ships were reconstructed twice between the wars; their armour protection was increased along with other lesser improvements in the 1920s, while a much more thorough reconstruction was done in the 1930s, especially for . Both ships served during the Second World War; they searched for the  in 1939, participated in the Norwegian Campaign of April–June 1940, and searched for the  in 1941. Repulse was sunk on 10 December 1941 in the South China Sea off Kuantan, Pahang, by Japanese aircraft.

Renown spent much of 1940 and 1941 assigned to Force H at Gibraltar escorting convoys, and she fought in the inconclusive Battle of Cape Spartivento. She was briefly assigned to the Home Fleet and provided cover to several Arctic convoys in early 1942. The ship was transferred back to Force H for Operation Torch and spent much of 1943 refitting and transporting Winston Churchill and his staff to and from various conferences with Allied leaders. In early 1944 Renown was transferred to the Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean, where she supported numerous attacks on Japanese-occupied facilities in Indonesia and various island groups in the Indian Ocean. The ship returned to the Home Fleet in early 1945 and was placed in reserve after the end of the war. Renown was sold for scrap in 1948.

Courageous class

The Courageous class comprised three battlecruisers, known as "large light cruisers", that were nominally designed to support Admiral of the Fleet Lord John Fisher's Baltic Project, which was intended to land troops on the German Baltic Coast. The ships of this class were fast but very lightly armoured with only a few heavy guns. They were given a shallow draught, in part to allow them to operate in the shallow waters of the Baltic but also reflecting experience gained earlier in the war. To maximize their speed, the Courageous class were the first capital ships of the Royal Navy to use geared steam turbines and small-tube boilers. This made them the fastest capital ships in existence, slightly faster than even the Renown-class ships.

The first two ships,  and , were commissioned in 1917 and spent the war patrolling the North Sea. They participated in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight and were present when the High Seas Fleet surrendered a year later. Their half-sister  was designed with a pair of  guns, the largest guns ever fitted on a ship of the Royal Navy, but was modified during construction to take a flying-off deck and hangar in lieu of her forward turret and barbette. After some patrols in the North Sea her rear turret was removed and another flight deck added. Her aircraft attacked the Zeppelin sheds during the Tondern raid in July 1918. All three ships were laid up after the end of the war, but were rebuilt as aircraft carriers during the 1920s. Glorious and Courageous were sunk early in the Second World War and Furious was sold for scrap in 1948.

Admiral class

The Admiral-class battlecruisers were intended as improved versions of the s, but were recast as battlecruisers after Admiral John Jellicoe, commander of the Grand Fleet, saw no real need for more battleships. A number of German battlecruisers had been laid down that were superior to the bulk of the Grand Fleet's battlecruisers so the design was revised to counter these. The class was going to consist of Hood, Anson, Howe, and Rodney—all names of famous Admirals—but the latter three ships were suspended as the material and labour required to complete them was needed for higher-priority merchantmen and escort vessels. Their designs were updated to incorporate the lessons from the Battle of Jutland, but the Admiralty eventually decided that it was better to begin again with a clean-slate design so they were cancelled in 1919.

Hood, however, was sufficiently advanced in construction that she was completed in 1920 and immediately became flagship of the Battlecruiser Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet. In 1923–24 Hood, accompanied by Repulse and a number of s, sailed around the world from west to east via the Panama Canal. On 23 April 1937, after the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, she escorted three British merchantmen into Bilbao harbour despite the presence of the Nationalist cruiser  that attempted to blockade the port. Hood spent most of the early part of the Second World War patrolling against German commerce raiders and escorting convoys. As flagship of Force H based at Gibraltar, she bombarded French ships during the attack on Mers-el-Kébir. In May 1941 Hood and the battleship  were ordered to intercept the German battleship Bismarck} and the heavy cruiser  as they attempted to break out into the North Atlantic. In the subsequent Battle of the Denmark Strait Hoods aft magazines exploded, sinking her within five minutes of the start of the battle.

G3 battlecruiser

The G3 battlecruisers were planned as a response to naval expansion programmes by the United States and Japan. The four ships of this class would have been larger, faster, and more heavily armed than any existing battleship (although several projected foreign ships would be larger). The "battlecruiser" designation came from their higher speed and lesser firepower and armour relative to the planned N3-class battleship design. The G3s would have carried nine  guns and were expected to achieve , while the N3s would carry nine  guns on the same displacement at the expense of a slower speed. While officially referred to as "battlecruisers", the G3s have also been considered "fast battleships".

The G3 design was approved by the Board of Admiralty on 12 August 1921. Orders were placed in October and November, but were suspended later in November with the beginning of the Washington Naval Conference, which limited battleship numbers. The orders were cancelled in February 1922 with the ratification of the Washington Naval Treaty, which limited construction to ships of no more than  displacement.

Notes

Footnotes

References

Battlecruisers
Royal Navy
Royal Navy

List of battlecruisers of the Royal Navy


ෙම යුගයට අයත් තාක්ෂණය පිළිබද දැන ගත හැකි එකම සාධකය වන්ෙන් ගල් ෙමවලම්ය.

ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහසික යුගයේ තාක්ෂණය


Scuturile umane ar putea fi civili folosiți împotriva voinței lor pentru a descuraja atacurile asupra țintelor militare în timpul unui conflict armat internațional sau pot fi civili care protejează în mod voluntar țintele militare sau civile de atac. Utilizarea scuturilor umane este interzisă de Protocolul I al Convențiilor de la Geneva. Este, de asemenea, o crimă de război specifică, așa cum a fost codificată în Statutul de la Roma, adoptat în 1998. Limba statutului de la Roma interzice "utilizarea prezenței unei persoane civile sau a unei alte persoane protejate pentru a face anumite puncte, zone sau forțe militare să fie imune la operațiunile militare".
Limba statutului de la Roma interzice "utilizarea prezenței unei persoane civile sau a unei alte persoane protejate pentru a face anumite puncte, zone sau forțe militare să fie imune la operațiunile militare".

Din punct de vedere istoric, legea conflictului armat se aplica numai statelor suverane. Conflictele non-internaționale au fost reglementate de legea națională a statului în cauză. Conform termenilor actuali ai Statutului de la Roma, utilizarea scuturilor umane este definită ca o crimă de război numai în contextul unui conflict armat internațional.

După sfârșitul celui de-al doilea război mondial, conflictele armate non-internaționale au devenit mai obișnuite. Ghidul internațional de drept internațional umanitar sugerează că regulile care interzic utilizarea civililor ca scuturi umane sunt "fără îndoială" obișnuite în conflictele armate non-internaționale. Dezvoltarea și aplicarea dreptului umanitar la războiul modern asimetric este în prezent dezbătută de cercetători legali.

Referințe

Drept penal
Drept internațional
Dreptul umanitar internațional
Drepturile omului
Convențiile de la Geneva
Crime de război
Crime de război după tip

Scuturi umane (drept)


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 2018 en Inde :

Évènement
 8- :
  : Accident ferroviaire d'Amritsar

Cinéma

Sorties de films

 2.0
 Attaque à Mumbai
 K.G.F: Chapter 1
 Manmarziyaan
 Monsieur
 Mulk
 Pad Man
 Padmaavat
 Padmimi
 Race 3
 Rangasthalam
 Sanju
 Thadam
 Thugs of Hindostan
 Veere Di Wedding
 Zero (film, 2018)

Littérature
 All the Lives We Never Lived d'Anuradha Roy
  de
  de
  de
  de
  de

Sport
 Championnat d'Inde de football 2017-2018
 Championnat d'Inde de football 2018-2019
 Championnats du monde de boxe amateur femmes à New Delhi.
 Coupe du monde masculine de hockey sur gazon
 Indian Super League 2017-2018
 Indian Super League 2018-2019
 Participation de l'Inde aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver à Pyeongchang en Corée du Sud.
 Tournoi de tennis de Bombay (WTA 2018)
 Tournoi de tennis de Pune (ATP 2018)

Décès
 , musicien.
 , entrepreneur.
 , danseur.

Articles connexes
 Chronologie de l'Inde
 Chronologie de l'Inde, de l'indépendance à nos jours

Chronologie de l'Inde au XXIe siècle
Histoire contemporaine de l'Inde

2018 en Inde


8th Corps, Eighth Corps, or VIII Corps may refer to:
 VIII Corps (Grande Armée), a unit of the Imperial French army during the Napoleonic Wars
VIII Army Corps (German Confederation)
 VIII Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army prior to and during World War I
 VIII Reserve Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army during World War I
8th Air Corps (Germany)
VIII Army Corps (Wehrmacht), Germany
 VIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)
8th Army Corps (Russian Empire)
8th Air Defence Corps, Soviet Union and Russia
 8th Cavalry Corps (Soviet Union)
8th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)
 8th Estonian Rifle Corps a unit of the Soviet Army
 8th Army Corps (Ukraine)
 VIII Corps (United Kingdom)
 VIII Corps (United States)
 VIII Corps (Union Army), a unit in the American Civil War
 Eighth Army Corps (Spanish–American War)
8th Corps (Yugoslav Partisans)
 VIII Corps, part of Ground Operations Command, South Korea

See also
List of military corps by number
 8th Army (disambiguation)
 8th Brigade (disambiguation)
 8th Division (disambiguation)
 8th Regiment (disambiguation)
 8 Squadron (disambiguation)

VIII Corps


Les ministres de la République italienne, conformément à l'article 92 de la Constitution italienne, forment le gouvernement et, avec le Président du Conseil des ministres d'Italie (Premier ministre), sont membres du Conseil des ministres.

Les ministres, ainsi que le président du Conseil des ministres, sont des fonctionnaires honoraires de l'État car, bien qu'ils soient rémunérés, ils n'exercent pas leur activité à titre professionnel.

Nominations
Selon l'article 92 de la Constitution, les ministres sont nommés par décret du Président de la République, sur proposition du Président du Conseil des ministres et, selon l'article 93 de la Constitution, avant d'entrer en fonction, ils prêtent serment devant le Président de la République.

L'article 1, paragraphe 376 de la loi 244 du 24 décembre 2007 (loi budgétaire 2008) prévoit qu'à partir de la 16 législature, le nombre de ministères sera le même que celui établi par les dispositions du décret législatif 300 de 1999, c'est-à-dire 12, et que le nombre total de membres du gouvernement, y compris les ministres sans portefeuille, les vice-ministres et les sous-secrétaires d'État, ne dépassera pas 60. Il faut également tenir compte du fait que, s'agissant d'une loi ordinaire et non d'une loi constitutionnelle, elle peut toujours être modifiée par une autre loi ou un acte ayant force de loi.

Les ministres peuvent être choisis soit parmi les membres du Parlement, comme c'est généralement le cas, soit en dehors du Parlement (comme c'est le cas, par exemple, lors des gouvernements techniques).

Après leur nomination, s'ils sont parlementaires, ils peuvent continuer à appartenir à une chambre (ou être élus), il n'y a pas d'incompatibilité à cet égard.

Fonctions
Les ministres peuvent être en charge d'un ministère, auquel cas ils sont appelés secrétaires d'État ou ministres avec portefeuille ou simplement ministres ; s'ils ne le sont pas, ils sont appelés ministres sans portefeuille et sont toujours membres du Conseil des ministres et peuvent être en charge de structures organisationnelles particulières (par exemple, les départements de la présidence du Conseil). Il convient de noter que l'expression "ministre secrétaire d'État", qui remonte à la période monarchique (où les ministres secrétaires d'État étaient opposés aux ministres d'État, qui occupaient une fonction purement honorifique) n'a pas été reprise par la Constitution républicaine et n'est donc utilisée que dans la pratique.

Le nombre, les pouvoirs et l'organisation des ministères sont fixés par la loi (article 95 de la Constitution).

Les ministres qui sont secrétaires d'État sont assistés par des sous-secrétaires d'État et des ministres adjoints.

Dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, les ministres adoptent des mesures administratives, généralement sous la forme d'un décret (un décret ministériel est un décret pris par un seul ministre, un décret interministériel est un décret pris conjointement par plusieurs ministres). Il convient toutefois de rappeler qu'en vertu du principe de séparation entre les fonctions politico-administratives et les fonctions de gestion, les mesures ministérielles, comme celles des autres organes politiques, ne peuvent empiéter sur la sphère des fonctions de gestion, qui sont réservées aux gestionnaires, sauf exceptions expressément prévues par la loi.

Aux termes de l'article 14 du décret législatif n° 165 du 30 mars 2001, le ministre, périodiquement, et en tout cas chaque année dans les dix jours de la publication de la loi budgétaire, également sur la base des propositions des responsables des bureaux de gestion générale:
 définit les objectifs, les priorités, les plans et les programmes à mettre en œuvre et émet les directives générales qui en découlent pour l'activité et la gestion administratives ;
 alloue les ressources financières qui en découlent aux gestionnaires responsables des centres de responsabilité du ministère.

Selon le même article, le ministre ne peut révoquer, réformer, se réserver ou s'attribuer ou adopter de toute autre manière des mesures ou des actes relevant de la compétence des gestionnaires. En cas d'inaction ou de retard, le ministre peut fixer un délai péremptoire dans lequel le gestionnaire doit adopter les actes ou les mesures. Si l'inaction persiste, ou en cas de non-respect grave des directives générales par le gestionnaire compétent, entraînant un préjudice pour l'intérêt public, le ministre peut nommer, après plainte (sauf en cas d'urgence), un commissaire ad acta. Le ministre peut également annuler les actes des gestionnaires pour des raisons de légalité (annulation dite ministérielle).

Responsabilité
Selon l'article 95 de la Constitution, les ministres sont responsables collectivement des actes du Conseil des ministres et individuellement des actes de leurs départements. La responsabilité peut être politique, administrative et pénale.

Sur le plan politique, les ministres sont responsables devant le Parlement, qui peut voter une motion de censure à l'encontre du gouvernement ou même de certains ministres, ainsi que devant le Premier ministre.

La responsabilité administrative, pour laquelle la Cour des comptes est compétente, résulte d'un dommage direct (c'est-à-dire subi par l'organisme auquel il appartient, l'État) ou indirect (subi par un particulier qui, de ce fait, a été indemnisé par l'État) à l'État, et est régie par les règles applicables à tous les fonctionnaires et agents publics.

En ce qui concerne la responsabilité pénale, dans le passé, pour les infractions commises dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, les ministres étaient jugés par la Cour constitutionnelle dans une composition spéciale ; depuis la réforme de l'article 96 de la Constitution en 1989, ils relèvent plutôt des tribunaux ordinaires, sous réserve de l'autorisation du Sénat de la République (s'il s'agit de sénateurs ou de non-parlementaires) ou de la Chambre des députés (s'il s'agit de députés), qui peuvent la refuser lorsqu'ils estiment que les violations présumées de la loi pénale sont justifiées, dans certaines limites, par l'intérêt suprême de la République : "à ceux qui considèrent comme inconstitutionnelle la non-indépendance de l'évaluation parlementaire s'opposent ceux qui considèrent cette non-indépendance comme la réaffirmation d'une souveraineté politique qui, sous certaines conditions, peut ou doit être en mesure de soustraire le pouvoir de l'empire à l'état de droit, même si elle peut apparaître comme une renaissance de la théorie et de la pratique du gouvernement illimité". La Cour constitutionnelle, appelée à se prononcer sur les conflits d'attribution survenus entre le pouvoir judiciaire et les Chambres, semble encline à reconnaître la non-indépendance pour autant qu'elle soit suffisamment motivée et respecte les droits inaliénables".

Note

Source

Liens externes

Gouvernement de l'Italie
Ministère italien

Ministre italien


() est un film catastrophe sud-coréen réalisé par Eom Tae-hwa, sorti en 2023. Il s'agit de l'adaptation de la deuxième partie du   () de Kim Soong-nyoong, concernant le séisme et ses conséquences.

Synopsis
À Séoul, le tremblement de terre a détruit toute la ville. Les survivants se sont réunis dans un appartement du palais impérial.

Fiche technique
Sauf indication contraire ou complémentaire, les informations mentionnées dans cette section peuvent être confirmées par la base de données de KMDb et Kobiz

 Titre original :
 Titre international :
 Réalisation : Eom Tae-hwa
 Scénario : Eom Tae-hwa et Lee Sin-ji, d'après le   () de Kim Soong-nyoong
 Musique : Kim Hae-won
 Direction artistique : Cho Hwa-sung et Choi Hyun-seok
 Costumes : Choi Se-yeon et Lee Jin-hee
 Photographie : Cho Hyung-rae
 Son : Kim Seok-won
 Montage : Han Mi-yeon
 Production : Um Tae-hwa, Kim Bo-ra et Yoon Ryeong-joo
 Production déléguée : Son Suk-woo
 Sociétés de production :  et
 Sociétés de distribution :  (Corée du Sud) ;  / Les  (France)
 Budget :
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : coréen
 Format : couleur
 Genres : action, aventure, catastrophe, drame, science-fiction, thriller
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie :
 Corée du Sud :
 France :  (L'Étrange Festival)

Distribution
 Lee Byung-hun : Yeong-tak
 Park Bo-young : Myeong-hwa
 Park Seo-joon : Min-seong
 Park Ji-hoo : Hye-won
  : Do-gyoon
  : Geum-ae
  : le chef Park
  : Ji-hyeok
  : Jeong-woo
 Uhm Tae-goo : un sans-abri (apparition exceptionnelle)
  : un sans-abri (apparition exceptionnelle)
  : un sans-abri (apparition exceptionnelle)
  : un sans-abri (apparition exceptionnelle)

Production

Genèse et développement
 et Climax Studio (nom rebaptisé de Lezhin Studio) développent le film adapté du   () de Kim Soong-nyoong .

Le titre  () vient de celui d'un livre sur lequel Eom Tae-hwa était tombé dans les années universitaires : .

Attribution des rôles

Le , Lotte Entertainment annonce un film catastrophe avec Eom Tae-hwa en tant que réalisateur, ainsi que les acteurs Lee Byung-hun et Park Bo-young dans leur rôle principal. Park Seo-joon est également engagé au film, adapté du   de Kim Sung-nik.

Le , on apprend que Park Ji-hoo est engagée pour le rôle d'une étudiante survivante et que, le , Kim Do-yoon rejoint l'équipe. En septembre, Kim Seon-young y apparaît dans le rôle de Geum-ae, le présidente de l'association des femmes.

Tournage
Le tournage commence le . Il s'achève en fin .

Accueil

Sorties et festivals
Le , le distributeur  dévoile une image dessinée en noir et blanc, provenant de la couverture du scénario, et assure que le film sortirait en 2022. Le , Lee Byung-hun présente une affiche du film en anglais. Le , le distributeur révèle que , avec une nouvelle affiche et une bande-annonce du film. Il sort le  en Corée du Sud.

Fin , il est l'un des premiers films sélectionnés dans la section «  » du Festival international du film fantastique de Catalogne ayant lieu en octobre prochainet dans la section «  » du Festival international du film d'Hawaï également en octobre prochain, ainsi que dans la section «  » du Festival international du film de Toronto en septembre prochain. En août, il est sélectionné à la  cérémonie des Oscars, aux États-Unis.

En France, il est présenté en compétition, le , à L'Étrange Festival.

Box-office
Le film est distribué, le , dans , en Corée du Sud. Il se trouve à la première place du box-office, avec  spectateurs, et dépasse le million d'audience en quatre jours, le , soit  spectateurs. Le , il dépasse les  en . Le , il atteint les  en . Le , il est au troisième des films les plus rentables, avec  spectateurs.

Critiques
Sur le site agrégateur de critiques , il obtient un score de  de critiques positives, avec une note moyenne de  sur la base de , lui permettant d'obtenir le label « Frais », le certificat de qualité du site.

Choi Jeong-ah, du journal , a écrit que  et que le film est , avant de conclure, le critique souligne : .

Suite
Une suite intitulée  () est annoncée. Il s'agit d'un film d'action dystopique, traitant d'une histoire bien après la vision du monde du premier volet, dont la production commence le . Ce sera le premier film réalisé par le consultant des arts martiaux Huh Myung-haeng, avec l'acteur Ma Dong-seok.

Distinctions

Récompenses
 Buil Film Awards 2023 :
 Meilleur film
 Meilleur acteur pour Lee Byung-hun
 Meilleure photographie pour Cho Hyung-rae
 Meilleure vedette de l'année pour Park Bo-young

Nominations
 Buil Film Awards 2023 :
 Meilleur réalisateur Eom Tae-hwa
 Meilleur scénario pour Um Tae-hwa
 Meilleure actrice dans un second rôle pour Kim Sun-young
 Meilleurs décors pour Cho Hwa-sung
 Meilleure musique pour Kim Hae-won

Sélections
 L'Étrange Festival 2023 : en compétition
 Festival international du film d'Hawaï 2023 : section «  »
 Festival international du film de Toronto 2023 : section «  »
 Festival international du film fantastique de Catalogne 2023 : section «  »

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film sud-coréen sorti en 2023
Film d'action sud-coréen
Film d'aventure sud-coréen
Film catastrophe sud-coréen
Film dramatique sud-coréen
Thriller (film) sud-coréen
Film de science-fiction sud-coréen
Film de catastrophe sismologique
Film se déroulant à Séoul
Film en coréen

Concrete Utopia


القاضي أبو بكر الباقلاني (338 هـ - 403 هـ / 950م - 1013م) هو: محمد بن الطيب بن محمد بن جعفر بن القاسم القاضي أبو بكر الباقلاني البصري، الملقب بشيخ السنة، ولسان الأمة، المتكلم على مذهب أهل السنة والجماعة، وأهل الحديث وطريقة أبي الحسن الأشعري، أحد كبار علماء عصره انتهت إليه رئاسة المذهب الأشعري، وإليه انتهت رئاسة المالكية في وقته، ويُعد من أكابر أئمة الأشاعرة بعد مؤسسها أبي الحسن الأشعري، كما يعد من مجددي المائة الرابعة.

شيوخه
من شيوخ الباقلاني من تلقى العلم عن الإمام أبي الحسن الأشعري، وبذلك يمكن اعتباره ضمن الطبقة الثانية من طبقات الأشاعرة.
ومن هؤلاء الشيوخ:
 الدارقطني.
 ابن مجاهد الطائي.
 أبو الحسن الباهلي.
 أحمد بن جعفر القطيعي.
 أبو أحمد العسكري.
 أبو سهل الصعلوكي.
 أبو بكر الأبهري.
 أبو عبد الله محمد بن خفيف الشيرازي.
 ابن أبي زيد القيرواني، وغيرهم.

تلاميذه
تكاد تُجمع المصادر التي ترجمت للقاضي الباقلاني على أن من تتلمذوا على يديه وسمعوا عنه عدد كبير جداً. معظمهم بالعراق، ومنهم من انتشر في النواحي الشرقية القريبة منها والبعيدة عنها، ومنهم من انتقل جنوبا نحو بلاد الشام والحجاز، ومنهم من نقل مذهبه إلى بلاد المغرب بإفريقية وبالأندلس وسواهما.
ومن هؤلاء التلاميذ:
 أبو ذر عبد بن أحمد الهروي المالكي الأشعري، أخذ طريقة الباقلاني وأدخلها إلى الحرم، وعنه أخذ أهل المغرب.
 القاضي أبو محمد عبد الوهاب بن نصر البغدادي المالكي.
 أبو عبد الله الأزدي، الذي يرجع إليه الفضل في انتشار مذهب الباقلاني في المغرب.
 أبو الطاهر الواعظ محمد بن علي المعروف بابن الأنباري، والذي يعد كذلك ممن يعود الفضل إليه في نشر مذهب الباقلاني بالمغرب.
 أبو عمران الفاسي.
 أبو القاسم الأزهري الصيرفي.
 أبو الفضل عبيد الله بن أحمد المقري، وغيرهم.

مكانته العلمية
 قال عنه ابن العماد في شذرات الذهب:
 وقال عنه ابن تيمية:
 وقال عنه ابن خلكان:
 وقال عنه صلاح الدين الصفدي في الوافي بالوفيات:
 وقال عنه الذهبي في سير أعلام النبلاء:
 وقال عنه القاضي عياض في ترتيب المدارك وتقريب المسالك:
 وقال عنه اليافعي في مرآة الجنان:

قلت: لقد ضمن هذين البيتين مدحاً عظيماً يليق بجلالة الإمام المذكور، ويناسب حاله المشهور، ولكن لو أبدل لفظين من بيته كان أحسن وأنسب - فيما أرى - أحدهما قوله ما يحوي من السلف لو قال: من الشرف، والثاني قوله درة الإسلام لو قال: درة التوحيد، لتغاير بين اللفظين، فإنه قد قال في هذا البيت: صارم الإسلام والتوحيد. وإن كان الإسلام داخلاً فيه، فالمغايرة بين الألفاظ وإن اتحدت معانيها أحسن وأبعد من كراهة التكرير ومن قصيدة مدحه بها أبو الحسن السكري، قال بعد ذكر الغزل:

 وقد اعتبره جلال الدين السيوطي أحد مجددى القرن الرابع الهجري، فقال في قصيدته (تحفة المهتدين بأخبار المجددين):

مكانته في علم أصول الفقه
يلخص مكانة الباقلاني في الأصول قول الزركشي في مقدمة البحر المحيط في أصول الفقه، أثناء بيانه للمراحل التي مر منها علم أصول الفقه:

وقال القاضي عياض في ترتيب المدارك:  وقد لقبه الإمام المازري في إيضاح المحصول من برهان الأصول أيضا بـ:

عقيدته
لما كان متكلمًا أشعريًا، علمنا أنه كان يدافع عن عقيدة تنزيه الله عن المكان والحد أي الحجم والتشبيه، بدليل ما جاء في كتاب «الإنصاف» تحت عنوان «مسألة في إحالة اتصاف الباري بسمات النقص في حقه جلت صفاته»، فقد قال ما نصه: «ويجب أن يُعلم أن كل ما يدل على الحدوث أو على سمة النقص فالرب تعالى يتقدس عنه، فمن ذلك أنه تعالى متقدس عن الاختصاص بالجهات والتصاف بصفات المحدثات، وكذلك لا يوصف بالتحول والانتقال، ولا القيام ولا القعود، لقوله تعالى: {ليس كمثله شيء} [سورة الشورى/ءاية:11]».

ويقول في شأن الاستواء: «ويقول استواؤه لا يشبه استواء الخلق، ولا نقول إن العرش له قرار ولا مكان، لأن الله كان ولا مكان، فلما خلق المكان لم يتغير عما كان».

وقال أيضا في الإنصاف ص64: «ويجب أن يعلم أن كل ما يدل على الحدوث أو على سمة النقص فالرب تعالى يتقدس عنه، فمن ذلك: أنه تعالى متقدس عن الاختصاص بالجهات، والاتصاف بصفات  المحدثات، وكذلك لا يوصف بالتحول والانتقال، ولا القيام ولا القعود، ولأن هذه الصفات تدل على الحدوث، والله تعالى يتقدس عن ذلك» اهـ.

وقال الحافظ المؤرخ ابن عساكر كتاب تبيين كذب المفتري (ص/221) نقلاً عن أبي عبد الله الحسين بن محمد الدامغاني: (وكان أبو الحسن التميمي الحنبلي يقول لأصحابه: تمسكوا بهذا الرجل- أي بالباقلاني- فليس للسنة عنه غنى أبدا. قال: وسمعت أبا الفضل التميمي الحنبلي وهو عبد الواحد بن أبي الحسن بن عبد العزيز بن الحارث يقول: اجتمع رأسي ورأس القاضي أبي بكر محمد بن الطيب- يعني الباقلاني- على مخدة واحدة سبع سنين. قال أبو عبد الله: وحضر أبو الفضل التميمي يوم وفاته العزاء حافيا مع إخوته وأصحابه وأمر أن ينادي بين يدي جنازته: "هذا ناصر السنة والدين، هذا إمام المسلمين، هذا الذي كان يذب عن الشريعة ألسنة المخالفين، هذا الذي صنف سبعين ألف ورقة ردا على الملحدين "، وقعد للعزاء مع أصحابه ثلاثة أيام فلم يبرح، وكان يزور تربته كل يوم جمعة في الدار" اهـ.

ومن كلامه في تنزيه الله عن الجوارح قوله في الصحيفة سبع وثلاثين من «الإنصاف»: «وأن يعلم مع كونه تعالى سميعًا بصيرًا، أنه مدرك لجميع المدركات»
إلى أن يقول: «وأنه مع ذلك ليس بذي جوارح وحواس توجد بها هذه الإدراكات، فتعالى الله عن الجوارح والآلات».

ومن كتاب «تمهيد الأوائل» يقول القاضي: «فإن قال قائل: أين هو قيل له: الأين سؤال عن المكان، وليس هو ممن يجوز أن يحويه مكان ولا تحيط به أقطار».

قال: ولو كان في كل مكان، لكان في بطن الإنسان وفمه، والحشوش، والمواضع التي يرغب عن ذكرها، ولوجب أن يزيد بزيادة الأمكنة إذا خلق منها ما لم يكن، وينقص بنقصها إذا بطل منها ما كان، ولصح أن يرغب إليه إلى نحو الأرض، وإلى خلفنا وإلى يميننا وإلى شمالنا، وقد أجمع المسلمون على خلافه وتخطئة قائله.

وقال القاضي أبو بكر الباقلاني في كتابه «الانصاف فيما يجب اعتقاده ولا يجوز الجهل به» ما نصه:«ويجب أن يعلم: أن كل ما يدل على الحدوث أو على سمة النقص فالرب تعالى يتقدس عنه. فمن ذلك: أنه تعالى متقدس عن الاختصاص بالجهات، والاتصاف بصفات المحدثات، وكذلك لا يوصف بالتحول، والانتقال، ولا القيام، ولا القعود؛ لقوله تعالى: }لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شئٌ {وقوله:}وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُ كُفُواً أَحَدٌ{ولأن هذه الصفات تدل على الحدوث، والله تعالى يتقدس عن ذلك، فإن قيل أليس قد قال: {الرَّحْمَنُ عَلَى الْعَرْشِ اسْتَوَى } قلنا: بلى. قد قال ذلك، ونحن نطلق ذلك وأمثاله على ما جاء في الكتاب والسنة، لكن ننفي عنه أمارة الحدوث، ونقول: استواؤه لا يشبه استواء الخلق، ولا نقول إن العرش له قرار، ولا مكان، لأن الله تعالى كان ولا مكان، فلما خلق المكان لم يتغير عما كان».اهـ

أما كتاب (الإبانة عن إبطال مذهب أهل الكفر والضلالة) فهو من كتب الباقلاني المشهورة، ولا يزل مفقوداً، وقد ذكره القاضي عياض في (ترتيب المدارك) 2/601، ابن تيميه في (درء تعارض العقل والنقل) 3/382، 3/206، وفي (نقض التأسيس) 2/34، وابن القيم في (اجتماع الجيوش الإسلامية) ص303، وابن كثير في (البداية والنهاية) 11/350 باسم شرح الإبانة، والذهبي في العلو ص173، وأشار سزكين إلى هذا الكتاب ضمن مؤلفات الباقلاني 4/51.

مؤلفاته
عُرف القاضي أبي بكر الباقلاني باشتغاله بالدفاع عن العقيدة الإسلامية ضد الطاعنين، والمنحرفين من الحشوية والرافضة والمبتدعة، وأصحاب الملل والنحل المخالفة، وقد وقف حياته على أمرين ملكا عليه كل اهتمامه وعنايته، وهما: التدريس والتأليف. وبالنسبة للتدريس فقد كان له تلاميذ كثيرون. وأما التأليف فقد كان له فيه نصيب موفور إلى جانب اهتمامه بالمناظرات، ومما يُروى أنه كان من عادته أنه إذا صلى العشاء وقضى ورده، وضع أدواته بين يديه، وكتب خمساً وثلاثين ورقة من تصنيفه، فإذا صلى الفجر دفع إلى بعض أصحابه ما صنفه في ليلته، وأمره بقراءته عليه، وأملى عليه من الزيادات ما يلوح له فيه.

له مؤلفات كثيرة في علوم شتى، ولا سيما في رده على الجهمية، والخوارج، والكرامية، وغيرهم من أهل البدع والتحريف. وقد تسنى له أن يؤلف ما يزيد على خمسين كتاباً، وقد ضاع أكثرها، ولم يصل لنا منها إلا عدد يسير، ومن أهم مؤلفاته:
 الإنصاف فيما يجب اعتقاده ولا يجوز الجهل به.
 تمهيد الأوائل وتلخيص الدلائل.
 التقريب والإرشاد.
 إعجاز القرآن.
 كيفية الاستشهاد في الرد على أهل الجحد والعناد.
 شرح اللمع في الرد على أهل الزيغ والبدع.
 الفرق بين معجزات الأنبياء وكرامات الصالحين.
 الإبانة عن إبطال مذهب أهل الكفر والضلالة.
 كيفية الاستشهاد، في الرد على أهل الجحد والعناد.
 الرد على المعتزلة فيما اشتبه عليهم من تأويل القرآن.
 الرد على الرافضة والمعتزلة والخوارج والجهمية.
 المقدمات في أصول الديانات.
 الإنصاف في أسباب الخلاف.
 هداية المسترشدين.
 التعديل والتجوير.
 الإمامة الكبيرة.
 شرح أدب الجدل.
 مسائل الأصول.
 دقائق الكلام.
 مناقب الأئمة.
 الإيجاز.
 الكسب.

وفاته
قال صاحب الوفيات ما نصه: توفي القاضي أبو بكر المذكور ءاخر يوم السبت ودفن يوم الأحد لسبع بقين من ذي القعدة سنة ثلاث وأربعمائة ببغداد، وصلى عليه ابنه الحسن ودفنه في داره بدرب المجوس، ثم نقل بعد ذلك فدفن في مقبرة باب حرب" ورثاه بعض شعراء عصره بقوله:

وقال ابن عساكر ما نصه:.

وفي الكتاب عينه يروي ابن عساكر أن أبا الفضل التميمي حضر يوم وفاته العزاء مع إخوته واصحابه وأمر أن ينادى بين يدي جنازته: هذا ناصر السنة والدين، هذا إمام المسلمين، هذا الذي كان يذب عن الشريعة ألسنة المخالفين، هذا الذي صنف سبعين ورقة ردًا على الملحدين. وقعد للعزاء مع أصحابه ثلاثة أيام فلم يبرح، وكان يزور تربته كل يوم جمعة في الدار.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية

 مركز أبي الحسن الأشعري للدراسات والبحوث العقدية: القاضي أبو بكر الباقلاني
 مركز البحوث والدراسات في الفقه المالكي: أبو بكر ابن الطيب الباقلاني
 جريدة الاتحاد الإماراتية: أبوبكر الباقلاني الفقيه البارع والقاضي العادل

أئمة سنة
أشاعرة
أشخاص من البصرة
أصوليون
حقوقيون في القرن 10
حقوقيون في القرن 11
عرب في القرن 10
عرب في القرن 11
علماء دين مسلمون سنة
مالكية
متكلمون مسلمون
مجددون
مسلمون باحثون في الإسلام في القرن 10
مواليد 338 هـ
مواليد 950
مواليد عقد 940
مواليد في البصرة
وفيات 1013
وفيات 403 هـ
وفيات في بغداد

أبو بكر الباقلاني


Canterbury Düzlükleri Güney Alpler'in uzantısındaki tepeler ve Yeni Zelanda'nın Güney Adası'nın doğu sahilleri arasında kalan bir bölgedir. Merkezleri Canterbury bölgesinin Christchurch şehrinin güneyindedir. Kuzey sınırı Hurunui Bölgesi'ndeki Hundalee Tepeleri'nin eteklerinde bulunur, güneyinde ise Waitaki Nehri'nin ötesindeki Kuzey Otaga düzlükleri ile birleşir.

Canterbury Düzlükleri çeşitli büyük nehirlerin getirdiği alüvyonlardan oluşmuştur, özellikle Waimakariri, Rakaia, Selwyn, ve Rangitata Nehirleri. Toprak bir dereceye kadar yoğun çiftlik hayvanı çitçiliğine uygundur fakat özellikle kuzeyden esen hâkim rüzgârlar olduğu zamanlarda kuraklığa yatkındır. Bu zamanlarda, Nor'west arch olarak bilinen hava olayı düzlüğün birçok kesiminden izlenebilir.

Canterbury Düzlükleri'nin nehirleri farklı örgülü bir görüntüsü vardır, bu görüntü bölgeyi güneydeki Kuzey Otago düzlüklerinden ayırır. Waitaki'nin ilerisinde nehirler genel olarak darlaşır, Canterbury'da olanın aksine düzgün şekillilerdir.

Canterbury'nun nüfusunun önemli bir kısmı düzlüklerin kuzeydoğusu ve güneybatısındaki küçüklü büyüklü kasabalarda yaşamaktadır. Bu kasabalardan büyükleri; Christchurch, Ashburton, ve Timaru, küçükleri ise; Kaiapoi, Dunsandel, Rakaia, Temuka, ve Glenavy'dir. Düzlükteki diğer kasabalar, Rangiora, Leeston, Lincoln, Darfield, Geraldine, Methven, ve Waimate'dir.

Yeni Zelanda'daki ovalar
Güney Adası

Canterbury Düzlükleri


Johann Koppe ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Johann Benjamin Koppe (1750–1791), deutscher lutherischer Theologe
 Johann Christian Koppe (1757–1827), deutscher Jurist und Bibliothekar
 Johann Gottlieb Koppe (1782–1863), deutscher Agrarpolitiker und Unternehmer

Johann Koppe


Thomas Berry Brazelton (May 10, 1918 – March 13, 2018) was an American pediatrician, author, and the developer of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). Brazelton hosted the cable television program What Every Baby Knows, and wrote a syndicated newspaper column. He wrote more than two hundred scholarly papers and twenty-four books.

Biography
Brazelton was born in Waco, Texas. He graduated in 1940 from Princeton and in 1943 from the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City, where he accepted a medical internship at Roosevelt Hospital. From 1945, after war service in the U.S. Navy, he completed his medical residency in Boston Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) before undertaking pediatric training at Children's Hospital of Boston.

He entered private practice in 1950, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His interest in child development led to training in child psychiatry at MGH and the James Jackson Putnam Children's Center. He subsequently served as a Fellow with Professor Jerome Bruner at the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard University, then combined his interests in primary care pediatrics and child psychiatry and in 1972 established the Child Development Unit, a pediatric training and research center at Children's Hospital in Boston. From 1988, he was Clinical Professor of Pediatrics Emeritus at Harvard Medical School.

Brazelton was president of the Society for Research in Child Development (1987–1989), and of the National Center for Clinical Infant Programs (1988–1991). He appeared many times before Congressional committees in support of parental and medical leave bills, and continued to work with the Alliance for Better Child Care for a more comprehensive day care bill. He was a co-founder of Parent Action and served on the National Commission on Children.

Brazelton is widely known for developing a "child-oriented" approach suggesting to start toilet training not earlier than 24 months of child's age while looking for "readiness signs" for mature toilet behavior.  In his work, he shared his opinion that "...there is little innate in the child that leads him to want to be clean and dry, it must be understood as a kind of compliance to external pressure", that parents should withstand "external pressure" of grandparents to start toilet education around 9 months of age and postpone it until a child is demonstrating certain "readiness signs". Later Brazelton served as Chairman of Pampers Parenting Institute funded by P&G Corporation, a global disposable diaper market leader. He also participated in Pampers advertising for Toddler diapers N6.

Brazelton appeared several times on The Oprah Winfrey Show and the Ellen DeGeneres Show.

Neonatal behavior
Brazelton's foremost achievement in pediatrics and child development has been to increase pediatricians' awareness of, and attention to, the effect of young children's behavior, activity states, and emotional expressions on the ways their parents react to, and thereby affect them. For example, one of his first publications in the field of psychology was a study with Kenneth Kaye of the interaction between babies' sucking at breast or bottle and the mother's attempts to maintain it, the earliest form of human "dialogue". The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) assesses not only the physical and neurological responses of newborns, but also their emotional well-being and individual differences.

The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) looks at a wide range of behaviors and is suitable for examining newborns and infants up to two months old. By the end of the assessment, the examiner has a behavioral "portrait" of the infant, describing the baby's strengths, adaptive responses and possible vulnerabilities. The examiner shares this portrait with parents to develop appropriate caregiving strategies aimed at enhancing the earliest relationship between babies and parents.
It evaluates a wide range of 38 behaviors to build a behavioral profile of an infant up to 2 months old. The Scale contains 28 behavioral and 18 reflex items. It assesses the baby's capabilities across different developmental areas (autonomic, motor, state and social-interactive systems) and describes how infants integrate these areas as they adapt to their new environment. This approach was innovative for recognizing that a baby is a highly developed organism, even when just newly born. The profile describes the baby's strengths, adaptive responses and possible vulnerabilities.

The NBAS is based on several key assumptions.
First, infants, even ones that seem vulnerable, are highly capable when they are born. "A newborn already has nine months of experience when she is born," Dr. Brazelton notes. "She is capable of controlling her behavior in order to respond to her new environment."
Second, babies "communicate" through their behavior, which, although it may not always seem like it, is a rational language. Not only do infants respond to cues around them, like their parents' faces, but they also take steps to control their environment, such as crying to get a response from their caregivers.
Third, infants are social organisms, individuals with their own unique qualities, ready to shape as well as be shaped by the caregiving environment.

Publications
Developmental Psychology, Child Development And Pediatric Behavior (2018). Co-written with Mahmoud Mansour; Hamideh Jahangiri.
 Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Popular books
 Infants and Mothers: Differences in Development, 1969,
 The Irreducible Needs Of Children: What Every Child Must Have To Grow, Learn, And Flourish, by T. Berry Brazelton and Stanley I. Greenspan
 Touchpoints The Essential Reference: Your Child's Emotional And Behavioral Development
 Touchpoints Birth to Three: Your Child's Emotional and Behavioral Development
 Touchpoints Three to Six: Your Child's Emotional and Behavioral Development
 Calming Your Fussy Baby: The Brazelton Way
 Discipline: The Brazelton Way
 Feeding Your Child: The Brazelton Way
 Sleep: The Brazelton Way
 Toilet Training: The Brazelton Way
 Understanding Sibling Rivalry: The Brazelton Way
 Learning to Listen: A Life Caring for Children
 Toddlers and Parents: A Declaration of Independence
 Going To The Doctor
 To Listen To A Child: Understanding The Normal Problems Of Growing Up
 What Every Baby Knows
 The Earliest Relationship
 Working And Caring

Death
Brazelton died on March 13, 2018, at the age of 99.

References

External links

The Brazelton Institute
The T. Berry Brazelton papers can be found at The Center for the History of Medicine at the Countway Library, Harvard Medical School.

1918 births
2018 deaths
American family and parenting writers
American pediatricians
Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
Episcopal High School (Alexandria, Virginia) alumni
Harvard University staff
Princeton University alumni
People from Waco, Texas
Writers from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Physicians from Massachusetts
Physicians from Texas
Waco High School alumni

T. Berry Brazelton


El Tour de la República Checa (oficialmente: Czech Tour), anteriormente Sazka Tour, es una carrera ciclista profesional por etapas que se disputa en la República Checa.

Se creó en 2010 como carrera amateur. Un año después ascendió al UCI Europe Tour, dentro la categoría 2.2. A partir del año 2015 hace parte de la categoría 2.1.

Siempre ha tenido 4 etapas (3 + prólogo en su primera edición), la mayoría de ellas con inicio y final en Olomouc donde finaliza la prueba.

Palmarés

Palmarés por países

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial
 Tour de la República Checa (sitiodeciclismo.net)
 Tour de la República Checa (cqranking.com)

Republica Checa
Republica Checa
Republica Checa

Tour de la República Checa


was a town located in Hiba District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The site of a feudal castle from the Sengoku period, it was first incorporated as a town in 1898. It then went through several mergers with other towns and villages in the area before being incorporated itself into the city of Shōbara in March 2005. It is now a municipal division within Shōbara.

There are three elementary schools, a junior high school, and a high school located in Saijō. The area is served by the JR West Geibi and Kisuki railway lines. Saijō is located on Japan National Route 183 and 314, and is crossed by three major Hiroshima Prefectural Highways and ten smaller prefectural highways.

Etymology
The name of , which literally means "West Castle Town", is derived from the castle which was built in the area by a feudal lord during the Sengoku period. A comparable castle was built in the nearby Tōjō (which means "East Castle Town"). Neither castle is still standing, though you can view parts of the ruins (mostly foundation and other walls).

History
During the 5th century A.D., a kofun grave chamber was constructed in the area. On February 10, 1898, the village of Saijō was incorporated into the town of Saijō. On October 1 of the same year, the districts of Ezo, Nuka, and Mikami, along with the town of Saijō and the villages of Mikoto and Yahoko, were combined to create Hiba District.

A new town of Saijō was created on February 11, 1942 when the original town of Saijō and the village of Mikoto merged. Due to geographic considerations, the Miino Yukiasa section of Yahoko Village was split off on December 1, 1953 and merged with Hachikawa Village in the Nita District of Shimane Prefecture.

The town of Saijō reincorporated on March 31, 1954 when it merged with the village of Yahoko. Fifty-one years later, the towns of Saijō, Hiwa, Kuchiwa, Takano, and Tōjō from Hiba District, Hiroshima, and the town of Sōryō (from Kōnu District) all merged with the city of Shōbara. After 106 years of independent history, the town of Saijō ceased to exist, and it became a municipal division within Shōbara.

Demographics
As of November 2021, the town had a population of 3,146 and a density of 13.86 persons per km². The total area was 226.91 km².

Education
There are currently four public schools in operation in Saijō.

 is located near the south end of the main part of town, just across the river from Route 183.  is located just off Route 183, southwest of Hibayama Station.

 stands atop a hill overlooking the main business district and the Shōbara Municipal Saijō Shimin Hospital. The high school,  is located on top of a hill to the southwest of the junior high school, and directly above and to the northwest of Saijō Elementary School. It was previously named .

Transportation

Highways
Japan National Route 314 travels south from Shimane Prefecture, then turns east toward Okayama Prefecture after briefly joining Japan National Route 183 for about 1 km at Bingo-Ochiai Station. The Hibayama Onsen is located on Route 314 about halfway between Bingo-Ochiai Station and Yuki Station. Route 314 originates in Fukuyama, Hiroshima and terminates in Unnan, Shimane.

Japan National Route 183 originates in Naka-ku, Hiroshima and terminates in Yonago, Tottori. It travels through Saijō northeast from near Hirako Station, generally following the Geibi Line until the Geibi Line turns southeast at the Yahoko Post Office. Route 183 instead continues northeast past the turnoff for Dōgoyama Takahara Ski Resort before entering Tottori Prefecture.

The following prefectural highways serve Saijō:

Railways
JR West operates multiple stations along two rail lines in Saijō. Along the Geibi, service in Saijō begins with  Hirako Station about  southwest of Bingo-Saijō Station, located in the heart of Saijō. Hibayama Station is next as you go north, located about  north of Mikoto Elementary School.

Bingo-Ochiai Station, located  north of Hibayama, connects with the Kisuki Line and is just a few hundred meters south of the Akagi Internal Medicine Clinic. The next station is Dōgoyama Station, located  by rail (though only about  via Japan National Route 314). Dōgoyama Station gives quick access to Takaohara Ski Resort, Snow Resort Nekoyama, and Dōgoyama Takahara Ski Resort (all within ), as well as Kurokan Park and the Suzuran no Yu onsen (both within ).

The Kisuki Line travels  from Bingo-Ochiai Station to Yuki Station before going to Miinohara Station in Shimane Prefecture.

References

External links
 Shōbara official website

Dissolved municipalities of Hiroshima Prefecture
Shōbara, Hiroshima

Saijō, Hiroshima (Shōbara)


Statistical process control (SPC) or statistical quality control (SQC) is the application of statistical methods to monitor and control the quality of a production process. This helps to ensure that the process operates efficiently, producing more specification-conforming products with less waste scrap. SPC can be applied to any process where the "conforming product" (product meeting specifications) output can be measured. Key tools used in SPC include run charts, control charts, a focus on continuous improvement, and the design of experiments. An example of a process where SPC is applied is manufacturing lines.

SPC must be practiced in two phases: The first phase is the initial establishment of the process, and the second phase is the regular production use of the process. In the second phase, a decision of the period to be examined must be made, depending upon the change in 5M&E conditions (Man, Machine, Material, Method, Movement, Environment) and wear rate of parts used in the manufacturing process (machine parts, jigs, and fixtures).

An advantage of SPC over other methods of quality control, such as "inspection," is that it emphasizes early detection and prevention of problems, rather than the correction of problems after they have occurred.

In addition to reducing waste, SPC can lead to a reduction in the time required to produce the product. SPC makes it less likely the finished product will need to be reworked or scrapped.

History
Statistical process control was pioneered by Walter A. Shewhart at Bell Laboratories in the early 1920s. Shewhart developed the control chart in 1924 and the concept of a state of statistical control. Statistical control is equivalent to the concept of exchangeability developed by logician William Ernest Johnson also in 1924 in his book Logic, Part III: The Logical Foundations of Science. Along with a team at AT&T that included Harold Dodge and Harry Romig he worked to put sampling inspection on a rational statistical basis as well. Shewhart consulted with Colonel Leslie E. Simon in the application of control charts to munitions manufacture at the Army's Picatinny Arsenal in 1934. That successful application helped convince Army Ordnance to engage AT&T's George Edwards to consult on the use of statistical quality control among its divisions and contractors at the outbreak of World War II.

W. Edwards Deming invited Shewhart to speak at the Graduate School of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and served as the editor of Shewhart's book Statistical Method from the Viewpoint of Quality Control (1939), which was the result of that lecture. Deming was an important architect of the quality control short courses that trained American industry in the new techniques during WWII. The graduates of these wartime courses formed a new professional society in 1945, the American Society for Quality Control, which elected Edwards as its first president. Deming travelled to Japan during the Allied Occupation and met with the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) in an effort to introduce SPC methods to Japanese industry.

'Common' and 'special' sources of variation

Shewhart read the new statistical theories coming out of Britain, especially the work of William Sealy Gosset, Karl Pearson, and Ronald Fisher. However, he understood that data from physical processes seldom produced a normal distribution curve (that is, a Gaussian distribution or 'bell curve'). He discovered that data from measurements of variation in manufacturing did not always behave the same way as data from measurements of natural phenomena (for example, Brownian motion of particles). Shewhart concluded that while every process displays variation, some processes display variation that is natural to the process ("common" sources of variation); these processes he described as being in (statistical) control. Other processes additionally display variation that is not present in the causal system of the process at all times ("special" sources of variation), which Shewhart described as not in control.

Application to non-manufacturing processes

Statistical process control is appropriate to support any repetitive process, and has been implemented in many settings where for example ISO 9000 quality management systems are used, including financial auditing and accounting, IT operations, health care processes, and clerical processes such as loan arrangement and administration, customer billing etc. Despite criticism of its use in design and development, it is well-placed to manage semi-automated data governance of high-volume data processing operations, for example in an enterprise data warehouse, or an enterprise data quality management system.

In the 1988 Capability Maturity Model (CMM) the Software Engineering Institute suggested that SPC could be applied to software engineering processes. The Level 4 and Level 5 practices of the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) use this concept.

The application of SPC to non-repetitive, knowledge-intensive processes, such as research and development or systems engineering, has encountered skepticism and remains controversial.

In No Silver Bullet, Fred Brooks points out that the complexity, conformance requirements, changeability, and invisibility of software results in inherent and essential variation that cannot be removed. This implies that SPC is less effective in the software development than in, e.g., manufacturing.

Variation in manufacturing
In manufacturing, quality is defined as conformance to specification. However, no two products or characteristics are ever exactly the same, because any process contains many sources of variability. In mass-manufacturing, traditionally, the quality of a finished article is ensured by post-manufacturing inspection of the product. Each article (or a sample of articles from a production lot) may be accepted or rejected according to how well it meets its design specifications, SPC uses statistical tools to observe the performance of the production process in order to detect significant variations before they result in the production of a sub-standard article.
Any source of variation at any point of time in a process will fall into one of two classes.
(1) Common causes 'Common' causes are sometimes referred to as 'non-assignable', or 'normal' sources of variation. It refers to any source of variation that consistently acts on process, of which there are typically many. This type of causes collectively produce a statistically stable and repeatable distribution over time.
(2) Special causes 'Special' causes are sometimes referred to as 'assignable' sources of variation. The term refers to any factor causing variation that affects only some of the process output. They are often intermittent and unpredictable.

Most processes have many sources of variation; most of them are minor and may be ignored. If the dominant assignable sources of variation are detected, potentially they can be identified and removed. When they are removed, the process is said to be 'stable'. When a process is stable, its variation should remain within a known set of limits. That is, at least, until another assignable source of variation occurs.

For example, a breakfast cereal packaging line may be designed to fill each cereal box with 500 grams of cereal. Some boxes will have slightly more than 500 grams, and some will have slightly less. When the package weights are measured, the data will demonstrate a distribution of net weights.

If the production process, its inputs, or its environment (for example, the machine on the line) change, the distribution of the data will change. For example, as the cams and pulleys of the machinery wear, the cereal filling machine may put more than the specified amount of cereal into each box. Although this might benefit the customer, from the manufacturer's point of view it is wasteful, and increases the cost of production. If the manufacturer finds the change and its source in a timely manner, the change can be corrected (for example, the cams and pulleys replaced).

From an SPC perspective, if the weight of each cereal box varies randomly, some higher and some lower, always within an acceptable range, then the process is considered stable. If the cams and pulleys of the machinery start to wear out, the weights of the cereal box might not be random. The degraded functionality of the cams and pulleys may lead to a non-random linear pattern of increasing cereal box weights. We call this common cause variation. If, however, all the cereal boxes suddenly weighed much more than average because of an unexpected malfunction of the cams and pulleys, this would be considered a special cause variation.

Application
The application of SPC involves three main phases of activity:

Understanding the process and the specification limits.
Eliminating assignable (special) sources of variation, so that the process is stable.
Monitoring the ongoing production process, assisted by the use of control charts, to detect significant changes of mean or variation.

Control charts
The data from measurements of variations at points on the process map is monitored using control charts. Control charts attempt to differentiate "assignable" ("special") sources of variation from "common" sources. "Common" sources, because they are an expected part of the process, are of much less concern to the manufacturer than "assignable" sources. Using control charts is a continuous activity, ongoing over time.

Stable process
When the process does not trigger any of the control chart "detection rules" for the control chart, it is said to be "stable". A process capability analysis may be performed on a stable process to predict the ability of the process to produce "conforming product" in the future.

A stable process can be demonstrated by a process signature that is free of variances outside of the capability index. A process signature is the plotted points compared with the capability index.

Excessive variations

When the process triggers any of the control chart "detection rules", (or alternatively, the process capability is low), other activities may be performed to identify the source of the excessive variation.
The tools used in these extra activities include: Ishikawa diagram, designed experiments, and Pareto charts. Designed experiments are a means of objectively quantifying the relative importance (strength) of sources of variation. Once the sources of (special cause) variation are identified, they can be minimized or eliminated.  Steps to eliminating a source of variation might include: development of standards, staff training, error-proofing, and changes to the process itself or its inputs.

Process stability metrics

When monitoring many processes with control charts, it is sometimes useful to calculate quantitative measures of the stability of the processes. These metrics can then be used to identify/prioritize the processes that are most in need of corrective actions. These metrics can also be viewed as supplementing the traditional process capability metrics. Several metrics have been proposed, as described in Ramirez and Runger.
They are (1) a Stability Ratio which compares the long-term variability to the short-term variability, (2) an ANOVA Test which compares the within-subgroup variation to the between-subgroup variation, and (3) an Instability Ratio which compares the number of subgroups that have one or more violations of the Western Electric rules to the total number of subgroups.

Mathematics of control charts
Digital control charts use logic-based rules that determine "derived values" which signal the need for correction. For example,
derived value = last value + average absolute difference between the last N numbers.

See also
ANOVA Gauge R&R
Distribution-free control chart
Electronic design automation
Industrial engineering
Process Window Index
Process capability index
Quality assurance
Reliability engineering
Six sigma
Stochastic control
Total quality management

References

Bibliography
Barlow, R. E. & Irony, T. Z. (1992) "Foundations of statistical quality control" in Ghosh, M. & Pathak, P.K. (eds.) Current Issues in Statistical Inference: Essays in Honor of D. Basu, Hayward, CA: Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 99–112.
Bergman, B. (2009) "Conceptualistic Pragmatism: A framework for Bayesian analysis?", IIE Transactions, 41, 86–93
Deming, W E (1975) "On probability as a basis for action", The American Statistician, 29(4), 146–152
— (1982) Out of the Crisis: Quality, Productivity and Competitive Position
Grant, E. L. (1946) Statistical quality control
Oakland, J (2002) Statistical Process Control
Salacinski, T (2015) SPC - Statistical Process Control. The Warsaw University of Technology Publishing House.
Shewhart, W A (1931) Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product
— (1939) Statistical Method from the Viewpoint of Quality Control

Wheeler, D J (2000) Normality and the Process-Behaviour Chart
Wheeler, D J & Chambers, D S (1992) Understanding Statistical Process Control
Wheeler, Donald J. (1999). Understanding Variation: The Key to Managing Chaos - 2nd Edition. SPC Press, Inc. .
Wise, Stephen A. & Fair, Douglas C (1998). Innovative Control Charting: Practical SPC Solutions for Today's Manufacturing Environment. ASQ Quality Press.

External links

MIT Course - Control of Manufacturing Processes
NIST Engineering Statistics Handbook

Statistical process control


Pierre Nicolas René Gry, né le  à Bar-le-Duc et mort le , est un parolier et auteur dramatique français.

Biographie
Membre de la Société des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs de musique depuis le 17 juin 1868, on lui doit les paroles d'une centaine de chansons sur des musiques, entre autres, de Georges Picquet, Désiré Dihau, Léon Bonheur ou Charles Pourny.

Œuvres

Chansons
 1874 : Le Drapeau du régiment, musique de Ludovic Benza, interprété par Amiati, Eldorado
 1879 : Diego et Juanita, musique de Alfred d'Hack, duo dramatique interprété par Amiati et  Pazzotti, Eldorado
Théâtre
 1876 : La Réponse du berger, saynète-bouffe en 1 acte, avec René de Saint-Prest
 1887 : Les Maris toqués, comédie-bouffe en 3 actes, avec Lucien Gothi, théâtre Beaumarchais, janvier

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Franz Stieger, Dizionario operistico, 1975,

Liens externes

Parolier français
Dramaturge français du XIXe siècle
Naissance en mai 1828
Naissance à Bar-le-Duc
Décès en février 1907
Lieu de décès inconnu
Décès à 78 ans

René Gry


Latin abecesindeki "K"'ye eşdeğer Kiril Abecesi harfi. (К : Büyük Harf. к : Küçük Harf)
Kiril abecesinin 12. harfidir

Örneğin:
 Кaникa : Kanika (Türkçe: Rusların en ünlü folklorik dansı.)
 Конъ : Kon' (Türkçe:At)

К

К


Le Monument à saint Vladimir (en ) est un monument consacré au grand-prince de la Rus' de Kiev Vladimir  à Kiev.

Construit en 1853 sur la  sur les rives du Dniepr, c'est l'un des symboles de la ville.

Il est inscrit sur le Registre national des monuments d'Ukraine sous le numéro : 80-391-0196.

Culture à Kiev
Patrimoine classé d'Ukraine
Monument en Ukraine

Monument à saint Vladimir


بطولة آسيا لكرة القدم للسيدات 1986 أقيمت في هونغ كونغ في ديسمبر من 1986 وقد حقق لقبها منتخب الصين للمرة الأولى في تاريخه.

مرحلة المجموعات

المجموعة أ

المجموعة ب

المرحلة النهائية

نصف النهائي

تحديد المركز الثالث

النهائي

البطل

روابط إضافية
 RSSSF.com

أحداث ديسمبر 1986 الرياضية في آسيا
بطولات كأس الأمم الآسيوية لكرة القدم للسيدات
كأس آسيا لكرة القدم للسيدات
كرة القدم الآسيوية في 1986
كرة القدم الهونغ كونغية في 1986-87
كرة القدم للسيدات في 1986
منافسات كرة قدم دولية تستضيفها هونغ كونغ

كأس آسيا لكرة القدم للسيدات 1986


Oscar Hammerstein II, () a fost un libretist american, care s-a născut și a murit în New York.

Biografie
A fost nepotul lui Oscar Hammerstein I și proprietar al Manhattan Opera House.  Ascensul lui la faima a survenit grație unei serii de comedii muzicale și de operetă , printre care se numără:

 Sunny (1924),
 Rose Marie (1924),
 The Desert Song (1926),
 Show Boat (1927).

Din 1943, el a lucrat alături de Richard Charles Rodgers în adaptarea comediilor și romanelor, printre care amintim:

 Oklahoma (1943, premiul special Pulitzer )
 Carousel  (1945)
 Allegro (1947)
 South Pacific (1949), premiul Pulitzer)
 The King and I (1951).
 The sound of music (1958; în 1965 a fost ecranizat, protagonista fiind Julie Andrews)

Note

Legături externe

 Despre Oscar Hammerstein II, în site-ul IMBD în engleză.

Nașteri în 1895
Decese în 1960
Absolvenți ai Universității Columbia
Scriitori americani
Decese cauzate de cancer la stomac
Laureați ai premiului Pulitzer
Autori de librete
Muzicieni americani

Oscar Hammerstein II


Onthophagus salvadorensis é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Zunino & Halffter em 1988.

Referências

Ligações externas

salvadorensis
Coleópteros descritos em 1988

Onthophagus salvadorensis


Sanae Abdi (nascida a 7 de julho de 1986) é uma política germano-marroquina que foi eleita membro do Bundestag pelo círculo eleitoral de Colónia I nas eleições federais de 2021.

Membros do Bundestag 2021-2025
Nascidos em 1986
Pessoas vivas
Políticos da Alemanha

Sanae Abdi