Gelsenkirchen-Resser Mark, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde, Gelsenkirchen kentine bağlı idari bölge. Erle ve Resse ie birlikte Gelsenkirchen'in doğu kesimini meydana getiren üç semtten biridir. Gelsenkirchen'in yeşil alanları arasında ön sırada gelir.

Gelsenkirchen'in ilçeleri

Gelsenkirchen-Resser Mark


An Roeperocharis alcicornis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin. An Roeperocharis alcicornis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Roeperocharis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Roeperocharis

Roeperocharis alcicornis


Decarboxilarea este o reacție chimică organică prin care o grupă carboxil se transformă în dioxid de carbon, fiind astfel eliminată din catenă. De obicei, ea se referă la eliminarea unui atom de carbon din catena unui acid carboxilic sau a unui ester carboxilic. Procesul invers, care este prima etapă a fotosintezei, se numește carboxilare. Enzimele care catalizează decarboxilarea se numesc decarboxilaze.

Exemple
De exemplu, decarboxilarea acidului orselinic se produce la o temperatură de 176 ºC:

Procese biochimice

Decarboxilarea aminoacizilor
Aminoacizii suferă reacții de decarboxilare cu obținerea de amine, un exemplu particular fiind transformarea histidinei și histamină. Prin decarboxilare, grupa carboxil din molecula aminoacidului se elimină sub formă de CO2, iar fiecare reacție este catalizată de o anumită enzimă. La bacterii, decarboxilarea este responsabilă pentru procesul de putrefacție, deoarece enzimele acestor organisme transformă lizina (C6H14N2O2) în cadaverină (C5H14N2), ornitina (C5H12N2O2) în putresceină (C4H12N2), etc.

Alte decarboxilări biochimice

Vezi și
 Carboxilare
 Decarboxilază
 Electroliză Kolbe

Referințe

Reacții de substituție

Decarboxilare


Bolton Wanderers Football Club Horwich, İngiltere'de kurulan futbol kulübü. Şu anda EFL League One'da mücadele etmektedir.

2015'ten itibaren Bolton ciddi mali sıkıntılar içindeydi ve Mayıs 2019'da yeni yönetime geçti. EFL'nin olası ihraç edilmesi ve muhtemel yok olma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalan kulüp, 28 Ağustos 2019'da yeni sahipleri tarafından satın alındı.

Başarıları
 FA Cup
Şampiyon (4): 1923, 1926, 1929, 1958
Finalist (3): 1894, 1904, 1953
 EFL Cup
Finalist (2): 1994-95, 2003-04
 FA Charity Shield
Şampiyon (1): 1958
 Kuzey Savaş Kupası
Şampiyon (1): 1945
 Savaş Kupası
Şampiyon (1): 1945
 İngiltere 2. Ligi
Şampiyon (2): 1909, 1978
 İngiltere 3. Ligi
Şampiyon (1): 1973
 Sherpa Van Trophy
Şampiyon (1): 1989
 Freight Rover Trophy
Finalist (1): 1986
 Lancashire Cup
Şampiyon (11): 1886, 1891, 1912, 1922, 1925, 1927, 1932, 1934, 1948, 1988, 1990
 Central League
Şampiyon (): 1955, 1995
 FA Premier League Asia Kupası
Şampiyon (1): 2005

Takım kadrosu

2021-2022 sezonu

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmî site

Football League Trophy şampiyonları
FA Cup şampiyonları

Bolton Wanderers FC


The Mandala of the Two Realms (Traditional Chinese: 両界曼荼羅; Pinyin: Liǎngjiè màntúluó; Rōmaji: Ryōkai mandara), also known as the Mandala of the Two Divisions (Traditional Chinese: 両部曼荼羅; Pinyin: Liǎngbù màntúluó; Rōmaji: Ryōbu mandara), is a set of two mandalas depicting both the Five Wisdom Buddhas of the Diamond Realm as well as the Five Wisdom Kings of the Womb Realm. The number of deities arranged around the cores varies, but may range as high as 414.

The Diamond Realm represents the unchanging cosmic principle of the Buddha, while the Womb Realm depicts the active, physical manifestation of Buddha in the natural world.  The mandalas are thus considered a compact expression of the entirety of the Dharma in Mahayana Buddhism, and form the root of the Vajrayana teachings. Chinese Tangmi and Japanese Shingon and Tendai temples, in particular, often prominently display the Mandalas of the Two Realms mounted at right angles to the image platform on the central altar.

The two mandalas are believed to have evolved separately in India, and were joined for the first time in China, perhaps by Kūkai's teacher Hui-kuo.

See also
Dharmadhatu

External links
The Diamond and Womb World Mandalas Dharmapala Thangka Centre
Mandala of the Womb World Dharmapala Thangka Centre

Buddhist iconography
Mandalas

Mandala of the Two Realms


Løngangstræde er en gade i Indre By i København, der går fra Vandkunsten til Vester Voldgade. Gaden er opkaldt efter en løngang, der lå her fra 1607 til omkring 1670.

Gadens bebyggelses spænder over mere end tohundrede år. På den nordlige side ligger en fløj af komplekset Vartov og Vartov Kirke fra midten af 1700-tallet. Overfor ligger First Hotel Twentyseven i en bygning fra 1908. Derudover er der en række etageejendomme på begge sider med opførelsesår spændende fra 1805 til 1985.

Historie

Gaden er opkaldt en løngang, der blev anlagt i 1607 som en dækket udgang fra Slotsholmen. Den kunne bruges som flugtvej i tilfælde af krig og som en diskret vej ud af byen for kongerne i fredstid. Løngangen forsvandt omkring 1670, da Vestervold blev omlagt og udbygget. På samme tid forsvandt kanalen Møllegraven og en tilhørende vandmølle ved Vandkunsten. I stedet anlagdes gaden på kanalens plads. Gadens nuværende navn kendes fra 1689.

I 1666 flyttede stiftelsen Vartov, der fungerede som fattighospital, ind i bygninger på den parallelle Farvergade. Med tiden blev de dog så medtagne, at det blev nødvendigt at anlægge nye bygninger. Som den førte opførtes en toetages grundmuret bygning langs med Løngangstræde i 1724-1728, og i 1729 fulgte en udvidelse mod Vester Voldgade. De blev opført under ledelse af J.C. Krieger. I 1743 stod Philip de Lange for en tredje fløj mod Farvergade. Endelig opførtes Vartov Kirke ved Løngangstræde i 1754-1755. Hospitalets bygninger blev moderniseret og forhøjet med en etage af N.S. Nebelong i 1856-1860. Endelig opførtes en tilbygning fra forhuset Løngangstræde 24 til sidehuset i Farvergade 25 af Aage Rafn i 1930. Vartov flyttede til Østerbro som Gammel Kloster i 1934, efter at de gamle bygninger i forvejen var blevet overtaget af Københavns Kommune i 1919.

Bygninger

Den trefløjede ejendom Kronborg med adresserne Løngangstræde 16 / Vandkunsten 12 / Gåsegade 2 / Farvergade 15 blev opført over to omgange i 1894-1895 og 1908-1910. Arkitekterne var Rogert Møller og svigersønnen Valdemar Dan. Bygningen ejes i dag af Danmarks Lærerforening, der har sit hovedsæde her med indgang fra Vandkunsten. Løngangstræde 18 blev opført i 1895-1896 for malermester F.T.F. Bredenbeck. Løngangstræde 20 hænger sammen med nr. 17 på den parallelle Farvergade. Den blev opført i 1909-1910 af Rogert Møller og Valdemar Dan. Ud mod Løngangstræde består bygningen af fire etager og en mansardetage med en afrundet top.

Løngangstræde 19-21 blev opført i 1905 efter tegninger af Valdemar Ingemann og hans søn Bernhard Ingemann. Den er udsmykket med balustrader, ranker og et relief øverst. Løngangstræde 23 blev opført i 1985. Det er en rødstensejendom i fem etager og mansardetage. Med undtagelse af stueetagen har de midterste fag på hver etage franske altaner. Løngangstræde 25 er opført som en moderne femetages ejendom i 1943. Det ses tydeligt på facaden, at den har opgang i højre side.

Løngangstræde 27 blev opført i 1908. Bygningen rummede oprindeligt et missionshotel, der senere blev til Hotel Mermaid. Nu holder det 200 værelser store First Hotel Twentyseven til her. Løngangstræde 37 blev opført som en treetages bygning i 1804-1805 for tømrermester Friderich Koops enke. Den blev forhøjet med en ekstra etage i 1856-1859. Hjørneejendommen Løngangstræde 39 / Vester Voldgade 83-85 blev opført i 1888 for orgelbygger Olsen.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Løngangstræde på indenforvoldene.dk

Noter

Gader i Indre By (København)

Løngangstræde


سوكراتيس باباستاثوبولوس  (مواليد 9 يونيو 1988 في كالاماتا - اليونان) (باليونانية:Σωκράτης Παπασταθόπουλος) لاعب كرة قدم يوناني يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي بروسيا دورتموند الألماني منذ 2013 في مركز قلب الدفاع.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من كالاماتا
رياضيون من كالاماتا
رياضيون يونانيون مغتربون في ألمانيا
رياضيون يونانيون مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون يونانيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو أولمبياكوس
لاعبو أيك أثينا
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو إيه سي ميلان
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2012
لاعبو بوروسيا دورتموند
لاعبو جنوى
لاعبو فيردر بريمن
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كأس العالم 2014
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في ألمانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون يونانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم يونانيون
لاعبو منتخب اليونان تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب اليونان لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب اليونان لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي آرسنال
لاعبو نهائي كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي
مواليد 1988
مواليد في كالاماتا
لاعبو كرة قدم من كالاماتا

سوكراتيس باباستاثوبولوس


Racoviță (uneori în grafia "Racovitză") este o mare familie de boieri originară din Moldova, ai cărei membri dintr-o ramură au fost domni în Moldova și în Țara Românească, iar din alta au deținut importante dregătorii, mai ales în Moldova. Înainte de secolul al XVI-lea, familia se numea "Cehan".

Membri cunoscuți ai familiei Racoviță
 Ion Racoviță (caimacam) (d. 1688)
 Mihai Racoviță (1660-1744), domn al Moldovei (1749–1753, 1756–1757) și, ulterior, al Țării Românești (1753–1756, 1763–1764)
 Constantin Racoviță (1699-1764), fiul lui Mihai Racoviță, domn al Moldovei și, ulterior, al Țării Românești
 Ștefan Racoviță (1713-1782), domn al Țării Românești (1764-1765)
 Ana Racoviță (1834-1874), soția medicului Carol Davila și mama scriitorului Alexandru Davila
 Nicolae Gr. Racoviță (1835-1894), om politic român și ministru
 Emil Racoviță (1868-1947), biolog, considerat părintele biospeologiei
 Mihail Racoviță-Cehanu (1868-1954)
 Nicolae A. Racoviță (1878-1948), medic și om politic, primar al Iașiului (1918)
 Ioan Mihail Racoviță (1889-1954), general român
 Osvald Racoviță (1887-1974), jurist și om politic, primar al Iașiului (1927–1929, 1934–1938).
 Aurel Racovitză (1890-1957), diplomat și general român

Vezi și
 Racoviță

Familia Racoviță


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Die Bahnstrecke Dolní Lipka–Štíty ist eine regionale Eisenbahnverbindung in Tschechien, die ursprünglich durch den österreichischen Staat als Lokalbahn Mährisch Schildberg–Grulich erbaut und betrieben wurde. Sie zweigt in Dolní Lipka (Nieder Lipka) von der Bahnstrecke Šternberk–Lichkov ab und führt im Tal der Březná über Králíky (Grulich) nach Štíty (Mährisch Schildberg).

Nach einem Erlass der tschechischen Regierung ist die Strecke seit dem 20. Dezember 1995 als regionale Bahn ("regionální dráha") klassifiziert.

Geschichte

Eröffnet wurde die Strecke am 30. Dezember 1899. Den Betrieb führten die k.k. Staatsbahnen (kkStB).

Im Jahr 1912 wies der Fahrplan der Lokalbahn insgesamt fünf gemischte Zugpaare aus. Sie benötigten für die 19 Kilometer lange Gesamtstrecke zwischen 57 Minuten und einer Stunde 17 Minuten. Weitere Züge verkehrten nur zwischen Grulich und Grulich Stadt.

Nach dem für Österreich-Ungarn verlorenen Ersten Weltkrieg gelangte die Strecke ins Eigentum der neu begründeten Tschechoslowakischen Staatsbahnen (ČSD). Ende der 1920er Jahre kam es zu einer signifikanten Verdichtung des Fahrplanes. Der Einsatz moderner Motorzüge führte zu einer Verkürzung der Fahrzeiten auf etwa 40 Minuten. Der Winterfahrplan von 1937/38 verzeichnete insgesamt sechs Zugpaare über die Gesamtstrecke, vier weitere bedienten Teilstrecken.

Nach der Angliederung des Sudetenlandes an Deutschland im Herbst 1938 kam die Strecke zur Deutschen Reichsbahn, Reichsbahndirektion Breslau. Im Reichskursbuch war die Verbindung als Kursbuchstrecke 154 m Nieder Lipka–Mährisch Schildberg enthalten. Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs kam die Strecke wieder vollständig zu den ČSD.

Am 1. Januar 1993 ging die Strecke im Zuge der Auflösung der Tschechoslowakei an die neu gegründeten České dráhy (ČD) über. Seit 2003 gehört sie zum Netz des staatlichen Infrastrukturbetreibers Správa železniční dopravní cesty (SŽDC).

Anfang des Jahres 2011 plante die Gesellschaft OREDO im Auftrag des zuständigen Aufgabenträgers Pardubický kraj die Abbestellung des Reiseverkehrs zwischen Lichkov und Štíty und den Ersatz durch eine Buslinie. Eventuell sollten werktags auch weiterhin Züge zwischen Lichkov und Moravský Karlov verkehren. Bei einer Realisierung dieses Planes wäre Králíky eine der größten tschechischen Städte ohne Bahnanbindung gewesen. Gegen dieses Vorhaben protestierte die örtliche Bevölkerung mit einer Petition, die über 2000 Bürger unterschrieben.

Nach weiteren Verhandlungen mit den Anliegergemeinden änderte der Pardubický kraj im Mai 2011 seine Pläne. Zwischen Lichkov und Moravský Karlov sollte nun das bisherige tägliche Verkehrsangebot erhalten bleiben, während an der Einstellung des Verkehrs im Abschnitt Moravský Karlov–Štíty festgehalten wurde. Zum Fahrplanwechsel am 11. Dezember 2011 bestellte OREDO schließlich die Verkehrsleistungen im Abschnitt Moravský Karlov–Bezirksgrenze zum Olomoucký kraj ab. Als Reaktion darauf bestellte auch der Olomoucký kraj keine Verkehrsleistungen auf der restlichen Strecke bis Štíty mehr. Am Abend des 11. Dezember 2011 verließ der letzte planmäßige Reisezug den Bahnhof Štíty.

Im Jahresfahrplan 2012 wurde der Streckenabschnitt Dolní Lipka–Moravský Karlov von insgesamt acht täglichen Personenzugpaaren bedient, die sämtlich von und nach Lichkov bzw. Letohrad durchgebunden wurden. Ein weiteres verkehrte werktags von und nach Králíky. Ab dem Fahrplanwechsel im Dezember 2013 verkehrten an den Wochenenden wieder drei Personenzugpaare bis Mlýnický Dvůr. Bis 9. Juni 2018 verkehrten sowohl am Wochenende als auch werktags einige wenige Züge bis zum Endpunkt der Strecke in Štíty, so dass wieder die gesamte Strecke befahren wurde, seit dem 10. Juni 2018 wird nur noch der Streckenabschnitt bis Mlýnický Dvůr bedient.

Weblinks

KBS 024: Ústí nad Orlicí – Lichkov – Štíty/Międzylesie auf www.zelpage.cz

Einzelnachweise

Bahnstrecke in Tschechien

Bahnstrecke Dolní Lipka–Štíty


Neottieae, tribus orhideja iz potporodice Epidendroideae. Postoji nekoliko rodova, od čega dva hibridna, a ime je došlo po rodu čopotac (Neottia).

Rodovi
 Tribus Neottieae Lindl.
 Neottia Guett. (78 spp.)
 Holopogon Kom. & Nevski (7 spp.)
 Diplandrorchis S. C. Chen (1 sp.)
 Aphyllorchis Blume (21 spp.)
 Epipactis Sw. (65 spp.)
 Cephalanthera Rich. (22 spp.)
 × Cephalopactis Asch. & Graebn. (0 sp.)
 Limodorum Boehm. (2 spp.)
 Palmorchis Barb. Rodr. (39 spp.)
 × Cephalorchis F.M.Vázquez

Izvori

Neottieae


The knobcone pine, Pinus attenuata (also called Pinus tuberculata), is a tree that grows in mild climates on poor soils.  It ranges from the mountains of southern Oregon to Baja California with the greatest concentration in northern California and the Oregon-California border.

Description
Individual specimens can live up to a century. The crown is usually conical with a straight trunk. It reaches heights of , but can be a shrub on especially poor sites. The bark is thin and smooth, flaky and gray-brown when young, becoming dark gray-red-brown and shallowly furrowed into flat scaly ridges in age. The twigs are red-brown and often resinous. Its wood is knotty and of little interest for lumber.

The leaves are in fascicles of three, needle-like, yellow-green, twisted, and  long. The cones are resin-sealed and irregularly shaped,  long and clustered in whorls of three to six on the branches. The scales end in a short stout prickle. Cones can sometimes be found attached to the trunk and larger branches.

Distribution
The knobcone pine can be found growing in the dry, rocky soils of southern Oregon and northern California, between  above sea level. It forms nearly pure stands, preferring to grow where there is no competition.

Ecology
On the coast, the knobcone pine may hybridize with bishop pine (Pinus muricata), and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata).

In the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada, knobcone pine is often a co-dominant with  blue oak (Quercus douglasii).

The species is susceptible to fire, but this melts the cone resin, releasing seeds for regrowth. The species seems to be shade intolerant.

See also

 Coulter pine
 Pinus sabiniana

References

Further reading
 Bakker, Elna S. (1971). An island called California. University of California press (1972).

External links

 USDA Plants Profile: Pinus attenuata
 Virginia Tech Dendrology – Knobcone Pine

Pinus
Trees of the Southwestern United States
Trees of the Northwestern United States
Least concern flora of the United States
Trees of Baja California

Knobcone pine


An Isachne villosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Albert Spear Hitchcock, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John Raymond Reeder. An Isachne villosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Isachne, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Isachne

Isachne villosa


An Dyckia hatschbachii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Dyckia hatschbachii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dyckia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dyckia

Dyckia hatschbachii


The A19 is a major road in England running approximately parallel to and east of the A1 road. Although the two roads meet at the northern end of the A19, the two roads originally met at the southern end of the A19 in Doncaster, but the old route of the A1 was changed to the A638. From Sunderland northwards, the route was formerly the A108. In the past the route was known as the East of Snaith-York-Thirsk-Stockton-on-Tees-Sunderland Trunk Road. Most traffic joins the A19, heading for Teesside, from the A168 at Dishforth Interchange.

Route

Doncaster–Selby

The southern end of the A19 starts at the St Mary's Roundabout with the A630 Church Way and A638 just to the north of Doncaster itself near to the parish church; this junction has been improved in recent years. It leaves the A638 at the next roundabout as Bentley Road, and then winds its way over the East Coast Main Line, which it follows through Selby and York, through the suburb of Bentley passing the Shell Bentley Service Station, St Peter's church and the Druid's Arms and out into the countryside to the north of the urban area. It then passes the Pavilion exhibition centre.

Much of the course of the southern section of the A19 runs through the old Yorkshire coalfield, with evidence of old slag-heaps and colliery buildings. It passes through Toll Bar and the primary school. It passes through Askern, a former mining village. It meets the B1220 for Carcroft and goes through Owston, passing the Owston Park Lodge. Here it passes the Askern Hotel, Red Lion Hotel and Askern Service Station and goes over a level crossing. There is also a boating lake, St Peter's church and a greyhound stadium. There is a left turn for Norton. There are some long straights north of here, and the surrounds are mostly flat as the road heads towards the M62. It enters North Yorkshire and the district of Selby where it crosses the River Went near Walden Stubbs. There are some crossroads at Balne Moor, and it passes through Whitley Thorpe and Whitley and the George & Dragon. It meets the M62 at junction 34.

From the M62, the village of Eggborough has been bypassed in recent years, with the new road travelling from this roundabout to near the site of the power station to the right (there were three power stations in a row at this point, running west–east: Ferrybridge, Eggborough, and Drax, with its enormous chimney, to the east, though Ferrybridge and Eggborough have been demolished). Close by is Whitley Bridge and the A19 then meets the A645 at a roundabout and its previous alignment to the north of the village, before travelling through Chapel Haddlesey where it crosses the River Aire and the small village of Burn, west of the former RAF Burn, where it crosses the Selby Canal, then before Brayton, it joins the A63. The £44 million six-mile A63 Selby bypass, to the south of the town opened on 11 June 2004. Before this happened, all the traffic, headed straight towards the centre of Selby, over a level-crossing and on to a busy traffic-light junction with the A63 from Leeds. The A19 took the major of the shared road through the town centre, whilst crossing the old Selby toll bridge and heading on north towards York. The road is still the A19 through Selby, but the bypass is the A63. However, north-bound traffic follows the A63.

Selby–Thirsk

The £5 million  Riccall and Barlby bypass opened in October 1987. This improved junctions with the A63 (Howden) and A163 (Holme-on-Spalding-Moor). The A63 and A19 meet at a roundabout near a large pickle factory. It heads towards Riccall where the road is much straighter after the bypass; it is following what was the East Coast Main Line before the Selby Diversion was built. Where the road leaves the old railway, the Trans Pennine Trail follows along the old track. At Escrick, it enters the Vale of York, and passes the BP York Road Garage, the Parsonage Hotel and St Helen's Church. Next is Deighton, passing the White Swan Inn, then it heads towards Crockey Hill. It meets the A64 near the headquarters of Persimmon plc.

The York Northern By-Pass as the A1237 is a substitute for the A19 through York – this road is poorly engineered and has frequent roundabouts. The A19 still goes through York, beginning with the Fulford Interchange with the A64 close to a shopping centre, then Fulford, meeting the B1222 and passing St Oswald's church. It crosses the East Coast Main Line and passes through Clifton and Rawcliffe. North of York, the road passes the Riverside Farm pub, then goes through Skelton as Shipton Road passing the Blacksmith's Arms and Ramada York Hotel. It re-enters North Yorkshire and the district of Hambleton and goes straight through the middle of Shipton by Beningbrough as Main Street. It passes the Sidings Hotel, Dawnay Arms and the Holy Evangelists church. Leaving the village it passes a garage on the left; on 25 July 2004 Mark Hobson was caught by the police here.

There is a left turn for Tollerton and goes through Tollerton Forest. Heading northward the section between York and Thirsk was not helped much by the opening of the £5 million  Easingwold Bypass in November 1994, as the road remained single carriageway, starting at a roundabout. There is a left turn for Raskelf. Here it passes the Black Bull pub. There is the small dwelling of Birdforth with a roadside cafe and crossroads for Hutton Sessay and Carlton Husthwaite. It crosses the Thirkleby Beck near Great Thirkleby. It meets the A168 from the south, and the old route through Thirsk is now the A170 then the A61. The bypass meets the A61 and A168 (for Northallerton) at a junction near South Kilvington.

Thirsk–Billingham

North of Thirsk, the A19 takes over from the A168 as the link from the A1 to Teesside and becomes a fast dual carriageway with mostly grade separated interchanges. The five-mile £4.4 million Thirsk bypass was opened on 5 September 1972 by Robin Turton, Baron Tranmire, the local MP (from 1929), with a flypast by four Royal Air Force Vickers Varsity aircraft – RAF Topcliffe is to the south-west of Thirsk. It passes North Kilvington, and the £0.3 million South of Knayton (at Swan Lane) to north of Thirsk bypass section opened in the early 1970s. It climbs slightly past the junction at Knayton near Borrowby and skirting the western edge of the North York Moors, meeting the A684 (for Northallerton) at Clack Lane End after passing through Leake and by the Haynes Arms. The Borrowby diversion opened in the late 1960s. The £1.1 million south of Clack Lane End to north end of Borrowby diversion opened in the early 1970s, built by A.F. Budge. The Cleveland Tontine to Clack Lane End improvement opened in the early 1970s. It drops towards the Cleveland Tontine at the junction with the A172 (for Stokesley and Guisborough).  later, it passes the BP Exelby Services on both sides of the road. Eventually after passing the Crathorne/Yarm exit the road passes over the Leven viaduct towards Teesside. From the Crathorne bypass, the road leaves the old route to the east, with the old route now being the A67 then the A135 through Stockton. About  from the Parkway Turn (A174) in Middlesbrough the road is raised slightly, overlooking Thornaby industrial estate and the town of Ingleby Barwick, giving clues that Teesside is imminent.

At the Parkway the lighting columns appear then the road widens to three lanes, then at Acklam at the A1130 interchange it becomes four before two peel off for the A66 for Stockton-on-Tees and Middlesbrough. The Tees Bridge opened in 1975. Either side of the River Tees crossing, the Tees Viaduct, is a retail park – Teesside Park with a Morrisons to the south of the river and Portrack with an Asda on the Stockton side, with a mass of industry in the vicinity of the A66/A19 interchange. This interchange is one of the few 4-way free-flow interchanges in Britain not found on the motorway network, and is similar to a four-level stack interchange, but with a single loop ramp covering the A19 south to A66 west movement.  This road was improved in 1998 by widening from 2 to 3 & 4 lanes each way the  section between the Parkway and Norton. Even in rush hour the road still flows quite well. The grade-separated  £19 million Billingham Diversion was officially opened in February 1983, which diverted the traffic through a sub-standard section with roundabouts (Wolviston By-pass) built in the late 1960s.

Billingham–Seaton Burn

Past Teesside the A19 enters rural landscape, meeting the former route through Billingham, where it enters the borough of Hartlepool. There is a right turn for Dalton Piercy at the Windmill Motel, and two link roads into Elwick, to the east. At Sheraton with Hulam, there is an intersection for the B1280 (for Wingate to the west), and the A179 (for Hartlepool, to the east). At this intersection the road enters County Durham. The route over Sedgewick Hill has been improved to the east. There is staggered crossroads, for Hutton Henry, to the left. There used to be a right turn for Castle Eden, now accessible only from the southbound carriageway. North of here, the Castle Eden Diversion opened in the early 1970s. It crosses a former railway (now NCN 1 and 14), and meets the A181 (for Wheatley Hill and Durham), and the B1281 (for Hesleden) at an intersection, and passes west of Shotton, where it joins the former route. There is a large intersection at Burnhope Way Roundabout for Shotton Colliery and a large industrial estate, to the west, and the B1320 for the new town of Peterlee, to the east.
A flyover was constructed in the early 1990s to replace the previous roundabout, known locally as the Turnpike.

The 3.5-mile Easington and Cold Hesledon Diversion opened in the early 1970s, initially designated as the A19(M). There is an access road to the south from Easington and the A1086 (for Peterlee and Hartlepool) has limited access to the northbound and from the southbound routes. There is an intersection for the A182 (for Hetton-le-Hole), and limited access from the B1283 (for Easington Village), with no access from the southbound route. The former route north of Easington is the B1432 (to the east). At Cold Hesledon, there is an intersection for the A182 (to Seaham, to the east) and the B1285 (for Murton, to the west). The three-mile New Seaham and Seaton Diversion opened in the early 1970s, with the former route now the B1285 through Dalton-le-Dale. The eight miles of sections from Easington to Seaham were built by A. R. Carmichael in late 1971, and made the A19 from Thirsk to Sunderland completely dual-carriageway, with the contract awarded in October 1969. At Seaton with Slingley, there is a limited-access (to and from the south) intersection for the A1018, for Sunderland and Ryhope. At the same point there is a limited-access intersection (to and from the north) for the B1404 for Seaton and Houghton-le-Spring. The former route through the south of Sunderland is now the B1522. At the point where a former railway crosses (now NCN Route 1) the road enters the City of Sunderland.

At this point, the A19 makes a large deviation from its former route, by bypassing Sunderland from the west. Its former route went near the coast. The 8.75-mile Sunderland Bypass opened as the A108, and was built by W.C. French, with fourteen bridges and five underpasses, with the contract awarded in February 1970. The A108 was also previously the number of an A road in north London, for a re-routed A10 to Hoddesdon. At Herrington the A19 meets the A690 (for Houghton-le-Spring) and the B1286 at an interchange. It is crossed by the B1286. At Offerton and Hastings Hill there is an interchange with the A183 road (for Penshaw and Pennywell). The road crosses the River Wear on the Hylton Bridge, which was built as the A108 in 1975 by W.C. French (Construction) Ltd. At North Hylton, there is an interchange with the A1231 (for Washington and Castletown). It passes the Sunderland Nissan plant on the left, formerly the site of the Battle of Britain airfield, RAF Usworth. It meets the A1290, for Washington, at an interchange, where the road enters the borough of South Tyneside and is crossed by the Great North Forest Trail.

At Testo's Roundabout with the A184 (for Gateshead and The Boldons), the A19 originally ended as the A1 took over to run through the Tyne Tunnel, before that classification became assigned to the Newcastle Western Bypass from the Angel of the North to Kingston Park. To the east the A19 now approaches the Tyne Tunnel, where a second tunnel opened in 2011 to relieve traffic congestion. There is a limited access junction (from the north) for Hedworth, and the road is crossed by the Green Line of the Tyne and Wear Metro. It meets the A194 (for South Shields) at an interchange. At the Jarrow Interchange, there is a roundabout for the A185 (for Hebburn) and the B1297 at the start of the single-carriageway £13 million Tyne Tunnel, opened in October 1967 as the A108. The former route north of Sunderland is now the A1018.

The A19 continues in a north-westerly direction through North Tyneside past Killingworth and Cramlington, rejoining the current A1, just north of Newcastle at Seaton Burn.

Between Testo's Roundabout and Seaton Burn, the A19 was designated as part of the A1 until the opening of the Newcastle Western Bypass.

Incidents
In November 1986 a tanker loaded with toluene overturned and caught fire near Brookfield. The driver and the occupants of three cars were injured. The fire burned for eight hours and led to residents being warned by Cleveland Police of potentially toxic fumes. The fire service later criticised the police response as a "massive overreaction".

In June 2008 a fuel tanker began leaking oil from its engine covering a mile-long stetch, including bend, before stopping near Hartlepool. A small fire broke out and cars began sliding, although none crashed. The fire service shut down the road to clean it.

In popular culture
The road also inspired the song "A19" by the North East band Maxïmo Park.

References

External links

 Selby bypass opens June 2004.
 Problems with the Selby bypass.
 New Tyne crossing on CBRD.
 Village bypass delay anger
 Villagers in fresh push for bypass
 Multiple murderer Mark Hobson is caught at a petrol station on A19 at Shipton by Beningbrough.
 SABRE article on the A19
 SABRE article on the A108
 Highway Agency DFBO Dishforth to Tyne Tunnel

Transport in Tyne and Wear
Transport in North Yorkshire
Roads in Doncaster
Roads in England
Transport in the City of Sunderland
Transport in York
Teesside
Borough of Hartlepool
Roads in Tyne and Wear
Roads in South Shields

A19 road


أزفون إحدى بلديات دائرة أزفون التابعة لولاية تيزي وزو، تعتبر قبلة سياحية للعديد من الجزائريين المقيمين في الجزائر وفي الخارج، وذلك لما تحويه من لوحات جمالية، إضافة إلى هذا فإنها تعتبر مقر لمختلف الثقافات بسبب موقعها الجغرافي فقد عاشت فيها أجناس مختلفة كالبربر والعرب والأندلسيين والأشراف (المرابطين)... إلخ.

كما ينحدر منها العديد من سكان القصبة في العاصمة خاصّة المطربين الشعبيين والممثلين...إلخ.

معرض الصور

النوادي

يضم إقليم بلدية أزفون العديد من نوادي كرة القدم، منها:

أعلام
 محمد فلاق
 علي حداد

مواضيع ذات صلة
 بلديات ولاية تيزي وزو
 دوائر ولاية تيزي وزو

مصادر

 التقسيم الإداري لولاية ولاية تيزي وزو

أزفون

أزفون


Meteoros é um filme de suspense brasileiro de 2022, dirigido por Luis Carone e escrito por Thiago Dottori e Teodoro Poppovic. O filme conta a história de dois jovens amigos que desejam aproveitar a festa de formatura do ensino médio, mas os planos acabam não dando certo e a dupla resolve embarcar em uma viagem que será cheia de acontecimentos misteriosos. É protagonizado por Matheus Pavoski e Vinícius Beu, e conta com as participações especiais de Cyria Coentro e Gerogette Fadel.

Sinopse
Fralda (Matheus Pavoski) e Tito (Vinícius Beu) são dois amigos que atualmente só pensam em curtir a festa de formatura do ensino médio. Entretanto, por motivos diferentes, os planos de aproveitar a grande noite acabam dando errado. Para amenizar a situação, Tito propõe uma viagem de carro a Fralda para o sítio da família do amigo. Durante a viagem, acontecimentos misteriosos se sucedem trazendo a dupla experiências que eles jamais imaginariam passar.

Elenco

 Matheus Pavoski como Fralda
 Vinícius Beu como Tito
 Cyria Coentro como Isadora
 Georgette Fadel como Carmem
 Bri Fiocca como Magali
 Antonia Baudouin como Carol
 Carol Medeiros como Marina
 Pedro Schorr Salgado como Micha
 Mathias Eichbaum como Legume
 Benjamim Snow como Alex

Produção

Desenvolvimento
{{Quadrocitação|Sobre a produção do filme, o diretor Luis Carone comentou: "- Meteoros' foi minha primeira relação com a ficção, gravado em 2016, antes de fazer projetos como 'Cidade Invisível' e 'Pico da Neblina'. A ideia era fazer um filme barato e relativamente simples de filmar, focado em poucos atores, simplificando a produção".|Luis Carone, em entrevista ao website TelaViva em 16/05/2022}}Meteoros tem produção realizada pela RT Features em coprodução com a Pródigo Filmes. Rodrigo Teixeira é quem assina a produção com coprodução dos produtores Beto Gauss e Francesco Civita. A direção é de Luís Carone, mesmo diretor da série de fantasia Cidade Invisível, sucesso da Netflix. O roteiro do filme foi escrito em parceria entre Thiago Dottori e Teodoro Poppovic, enquanto que Pierre de Kerchove assumiu a direção de fotografia.

 Filmagem e pós-produção
As gravações do longa-metragem foram feitas em 2016. Devido ao orçamento enxuto do filme, as gravações demoraram um tempo para serem finalizadas. Ao fim das filmagens, o filme passou por um período de cerca de um ano em pós-produção, a qual foi realizada pelo próprio diretor, Luís Carone, e Léo da Silva. O filme é repleto de efeitos visuais, os quais simulam uma chuva de meteoros e outros acontecimentos fantásticos na viagem da dupla de protagonistas.

 Lançamento
O filme foi lançado diretamente na plataforma de streaming Globoplay em 6 de maio de 2022.

 Ligações externas

 Meteoros'' no Globoplay.

Filmes do Brasil de 2022
Filmes de suspense do Brasil
Filmes de fantasia do Brasil
Filmes independentes do Brasil
Filmes independentes da década de 2020
Filmes em língua portuguesa

Meteoros (filme)


ඇල්කටෙල්-ලූසන්ට් යනු, ප්‍රංශයේ, බුලංගො-බීයකෝහී මූලස්ථානය පිහිටා ඇති, ප්‍රංශ ගෝලීය දුරවිනැවුම් උපකරණ සමාගමකි.

ඇල්කටෙල්-ලූසන්ට්


Elvançelebi, Çorum ilinin Mecitözü ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1352 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. 30 Aralık 1998 tarihinde belediye statüsü alarak beldeye dönüşen köyün belediye statüsü, nüfusunun 2000 kişinin altına düşmesi üzerine 2013 yılında sona erdi.

Coğrafya
Köy, Mecitözü ilçe merkezine 14 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Yönetim

Belediye başkanlığı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Mecitözü belde ve köyleri
6360 sayılı yasaya göre kaldırılan belediyeler

Elvançelebi, Mecitözü


Skt. Clemens Stræde i Aarhus er et stræde der ligger mellem Immervad og Skt. Clemens Torv. Strædet kendes fra 1400-tallet, og fik sit nuværende navn i 1896.

Tidligere har det haft flere navne: Smuen (Smøgen), Barberstræde, Barbergyde og Klemensstræde.

Kilder og henvisninger

Gader i Aarhus

Skt. Clemens Stræde


Das Kürzel BGZ steht für:
 BGZ Gesellschaft für Zwischenlagerung
 Basketball Gemeinschaft Zehlendorf (BG Zehlendorf)

Das Kürzel BGŻ steht für:
Bank Gospodarki Żywnościowej, eine polnische Bank

Abkürzung

BGZ


An Dactylorhiza godferyana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Károly Rezsö Soó von Bere, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Eduard Peitz. An Dactylorhiza godferyana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dactylorhiza, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dactylorhiza

Dactylorhiza godferyana


Jean-Marie Lovey CRB (Orsières, 2 de agosto de 1950) é um clérigo suíço, ex-reitor do Great St. Bernard Hospice e bispo de Sion.

Jean-Marie Lovey estudou filosofia e teologia na Universidade de Friburgo (Suíça). Em 27 de outubro de 1971 fez sua profissão na Congregação Grande São Bernardo. Em 15 de junho de 1977 foi ordenado sacerdote. Lovey foi capelão em várias faculdades, depois anterior, depois reitor. Em 4 de fevereiro de 2009 tornou-se Superior Geral da Congregação dos Cônegos do Grande São Bernardo.

Em 8 de julho de 2014, o Papa Francisco o nomeou Bispo de Sion. Seu predecessor Norbert Brunner o consagrou bispo em 28 de setembro do mesmo ano. Os co-consagradores foram o Bispo de Lausanne, Genebra e Friburgo, Charles Morerod OP, e o Bispo Militar da França, Luc Marie Daniel Ravel CRSV.

Ver também

Bispos católicos da Suíça

Jean-Marie Lovey


Tetragonisca est un genre d'abeilles de la famille des Apidae faisant partie de la tribu des Meliponini, les « abeilles sans dard ». Ses espèces se rencontrent au sein des climats tropical et subtropical du sud du Mexique au nord de l'Argentine. Les écosystèmes dans lesquels elles vivent sont diversifiés, allant de l'Amazonie à la Caatinga et la cordillère des Andes. Tetragonisca angustula et son espèce très proche T. fiebrigi sont élevées en méliponiculture pour leur miel.

Ce genre est créé par le prêtre entomologiste brésilien Jesus Moure en 1946. Il est proche des genres Frieseomelitta, Scaura et Tetragona.

Description
Les espèces de Tetragonisca sont de petites abeilles noires mesurant de  de long. Elles sont ornées de taches jaunes sur la tête et le mésosome et présentent un métasome brun clair. Leur corps est entièrement recouvert d'une pubescence blanc jaunâtre, plus duveteuse sur la tête et le mésosome. Ces abeilles sont plus petites quApis mellifera et celles du genre Plebeia.

Liste des espèces
Liste des espèces selon  :
 Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811) : espèce-type du genre.
 Tetragonisca buchwaldi (Friese, 1925)
 Tetragonisca fiebrigi (Schwarz, 1938)
 Tetragonisca weyrauchi (Schwarz, 1943)

Références

Voir aussi

Références biologiques

Apidae
Genre d'insectes (nom scientifique)
Méliponiculture

Tetragonisca


USS Sitkoh Bay (CVE-86) was the thirty-second of fifty s built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was named after Sitkoh Bay, located within Chichagof Island, of the Territory of Alaska. The ship was launched in February 1944, commissioned in March, and served as a replenishment and transport carrier throughout the Philippines campaign, the Invasion of Iwo Jima and the Battle of Okinawa. She was decommissioned in November 1946, when she was mothballed in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. With the outbreak of the Korean War, however, she was called back to service, continuing to serve as a transport and utility carrier with the Military Sealift Command until 1954, when she was once again decommissioned, and mothballed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet. Ultimately, she was broken up in January 1961.

Design and description

Sitkoh Bay was a Casablanca-class escort carrier, the most numerous type of aircraft carriers ever built, and designed specifically to be mass-produced using prefabricated sections, in order to replace heavy early war losses. Standardized with her sister ships, she was  long overall; at the waterline, she was  long. She had a beam of , at her widest point, this was . She also had a draft of . She displaced  standard,  with a full load. She had a  long hangar deck and a  long flight deck. She was powered with two Skinner Unaflow reciprocating steam engines, which drove two shafts, providing , thus enabling her to make . The ship had a cruising range of  at a speed of . Power was provided by four Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boilers. Her compact size necessitated the installation of an aircraft catapult at her bow, and there were two aircraft elevators to facilitate movement of aircraft between the flight and hangar deck: one each fore and aft.

One /38 caliber dual-purpose gun was mounted on the stern. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by eight Bofors  anti-aircraft guns in single mounts, as well as 12 Oerlikon  cannons, which were mounted around the perimeter of the deck. By the end of the war, Casablanca-class carriers had been modified to carry thirty 20 mm cannons, and the amount of 40 mm guns had been doubled to sixteen, by putting them into twin mounts. These modifications were in response to increasing casualties due to kamikaze attacks. Although Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to function with a crew of 860 and an embarked squadron of 50 to 56, the exigencies of wartime often necessitated the inflation of the crew count. Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to carry 27 aircraft, but the hangar deck could accommodate more, which was often necessary during transport or replenishment missions.

Construction
Her construction was awarded to Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington under a Maritime Commission contract, on 18 June 1942. The escort carrier was laid down on 23 November 1943 under the name Sitkoh Bay, as part of a tradition which named escort carriers after bays or sounds in Alaska. She was laid down as MC hull 1123, the thirty-second of a series of fifty Casablanca-class escort carriers. She therefore received the classification symbol CVE-86, indicating that she was the eighty-sixth escort carrier to be commissioned into the United States Navy. She was launched on 19 February 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Kathryn Mullinix, the widow of Rear admiral Henry M. Mullinnix, who had perished when her sister  was sunk by the ; transferred to the Navy and commissioned on 28 March 1944, with Captain Robert Green Lockhart in command.

Service history

World War II

Upon being commissioned, Sitkoh Bay underwent a shakedown cruise down the West Coast to Naval Air Station Alameda, and upon arriving on 28 April, she took on a load of cargo and passengers. She left Alameda on 30 April, bound for Pearl Harbor, and for the next half-year, she carried out routine transport missions between California and various bases scattered throughout the Central and South Pacific, as a part of Task Group 30.8, the Fleet Oiler and Transport Group, under the command of Captain Jasper T. Acuff. For example, during the latter part of 1944, she touched Majuro in the Marshall Islands, Manus in the Admiralty Islands, transiting via Pearl Harbor. The aircraft and passengers delivered on these transport missions went to the United States Third Fleet and the United States Seventh Fleet, respectively, although the ship's action report did note that a significant portion of these replenishment aircraft were recycled from damaged carriers returning to the backline, and that they were often in rather poor condition. The air personnel that were delivered could also be of questionable quality, with some sitting in the reserve pool rarely flying for up to eight months. For example, the flight surgeon of Sitkoh Bay reported visiting a pilot who suffered from epilepsy, and another pilot who displayed a suicidal ideation regarding hurling himself into a spinning propeller.

In January 1945, Sitkoh Bay became a replenishment carrier solely dedicated to resupplying the Third Fleet within the Central Pacific, as it participated in the Philippines campaign, the Invasion of Iwo Jima, and prepared for the Battle of Okinawa. During this period, her ports of call included Guam and Roi-Namur, both in the Marianas Islands, Enewetak Atoll in the Marshalls, and Ulithi Atoll, located in the Caroline Islands. On one of these stops, Captain James Paul Walker raised his flag over the vessel on 1 February.

Sitkoh Bay continued these replenishment duties until 1 April, when she joined up with the Special Escort Carrier Group, along with her sisters , , and the  . The escort carriers were screened by the s  and , as well as the s  and . Together, the four escort carriers had the task of delivering Marine Aircraft Group 31, of which Sitkoh Bay was assigned to transport, and Marine Aircraft Group 33, in total consisting of 192 F4U Corsairs and 30 F6F Hellcats to Okinawa. There, they would be the first land-based aircraft to participate in the battle, operating off of the captured Kadena Air Base.

The Special Escort Carrier Group departed from Ulithi on 2 April, and Sitkoh Bay arrived off of Okinawa on 6 April without much incident, although the screening destroyers dropped depth charges on the way to deter a suspected submarine. Therefore, she began transferring her air contingent to land. On 7 April, however, the escort carriers came under kamikaze attack. At the time, she was  southeast of Okinawa, and at around noon that day, she began launching some F4U-4C variant Corsairs to Yomitan Auxiliary Airfield. By 15:28, she had already launched eight Corsairs, and the flight deck was being respotted when a Yokosuka P1Y kamikaze aircraft made an appearance. The kamikaze was engaged by five fighters of VMF-311 operating off of Breton, and although they did heavily damage the aircraft and set it on fire, the kamikaze was able to get close enough to make a dive for the bridge of Sitkoh Bay. The kamikaze was met by heavy anti-aircraft fire, and it wobbled, ultimately crashing about  off the carrier's port beam, with the kill being accredited to Lieutenant John J. Doherty. The following day, on 8 April, she left the area for Pearl Harbor, stopping at Guam. There, she returned to her previous replenishment routine.

After the announcement of the Surrender of Japan on 15 August, Sitkoh Bay continued her replenishment duties with the Third Fleet, cruising with it along the southeastern coast of Honshū from 25 August to 5 September. On 10 September, she entered Enewetak harbor, before departing on 11 September for Guam. She then made transport missions ferrying between Guam, Samar Island in the Philippines, and Okinawa. She returned to Pearl Harbor on 18 October, and proceeded eastwards, arriving at San Diego on 26 October for availability. After a series of further transport missions to the Central Pacific throughout the rest of 1945 and 1946, she steamed into Bremerton, Washington on 30 November 1946, where she was decommissioned and mothballed with the Pacific Reserve Fleet, as part of its Bremerton group.

Korean War

Sitkoh Bay continued to be mothballed with the Pacific Reserve Fleet until the Korean War broke out during the summer of 1950. With the United States intervening in the war, under the auspices of the United Nations, Sitkoh Bay was recommissioned and reclassified as an aircraft transport with the hull symbol T-CVE-86 on 29 July 1950 at Bremerton, with Captain Charles Williams Lord in command. As an aircraft transport, she was operated by the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) with a civilian crew, but with a military command. For the next four years, she transported aircraft between the West Coast and Japan. Her major ports of call were San Francisco, San Diego, Pearl Harbor, Yokohama, and Yokosuka.

Sitkoh Bay only deviated from these ports of call three times during this time period. In March 1951, she delivered a load of F8F Bearcats to French Indochina, where the French were fighting against the Viet Minh in the First Indochina War. On her way back, she stopped at Manila, the capital of the Philippines. In September 1951, she visited Pusan, Republic of Korea. In May 1952, she sailed directly from Yokosuka back to San Francisco, without stopping at Pearl Harbor on the way back.

With the end of the Korean War, the demand for aircraft in the Pacific theater decreased. Therefore, Sitkoh Bay was decommissioned again on 27 July 1954, when she rejoined the Pacific Reserve Fleet, this time as part of its San Francisco group. On 12 June 1955, she was redesignated as a utility aircraft carrier, receiving the hull symbol CVU-86. In mid-March 1958, she was moved south from San Francisco to San Diego. On 7 May 1959, she was redesignated as an aviation transport, receiving the hull symbol AKV-86. She was struck from the Navy list on 1 April 1960, and subsequently sold for scrapping to Eisenberg & Co. of New York City on 30 August. The ship was ultimately scrapped in Japan throughout January 1961. Sitkoh Bay received three battle stars for her World War II service, and one for her Korean War service.

References

Sources

Online sources

Bibliography

External links

Casablanca-class escort carriers
World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
1944 ships
S4-S2-BB3 ships

USS Sitkoh Bay


Lubusz Land (; ) is a historical region and cultural landscape in Poland and Germany on both sides of the Oder river.

Originally the settlement area of the Lechites, the swampy area was located east of Brandenburg and west of Greater Poland, south of Pomerania and north of Silesia and Lower Lusatia. Presently its eastern part lies within the Polish Lubusz Voivodeship, the western part with its historical capital Lebus (Lubusz) in the German state of Brandenburg.

History

Kingdom of Poland

When in 928 King Henry I of Germany crossed the Elbe river to conquer the lands of the Veleti, he did not subdue the Leubuzzi people settling beyond the Spree. Their territory was either already inherited by the first Polish ruler Mieszko I (~960-992) or conquered by him in the early period of his rule. After Mieszkos' death the whole country was inherited by his son Duke, and later King, Bolesław I the Brave. After the German Northern March got lost in a 983 Slavic rebellion, Duke Bolesław and King Otto III of Germany in 991 agreed at Quedlinburg to jointly conquer the remaining Lutician territory, Otto coming from the west and Bolesław starting from Lubusz in the east. However, they did not succeed. Instead Otto's successor King Henry II of Germany in the rising conflict over the adjacent Lusatian march concluded an alliance with the Lutici and repeatedly attacked Bolesław.

Lubusz Land remained under Polish control even after King Mieszko II Lambert in 1031 finally had to withdraw from the adjacent, just conquered March of Lusatia and accept the overlordship of Emperor Conrad II. In 1125 Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland established the Bishopric of Lubusz to secure Lubusz Land. 1124-1125 records note that the new Bishop of Lubusz was nominated by Duke Bolesław under the Archbishopric of Gniezno. However, from the beginning Gniezno's role as metropolia of the Lubusz diocese was challenged by the claims of the mighty Archbishops of Magdeburg, who also tried to make Lebus their suffragan. The Polish position was decisively enfeebled by the process of fragmentation after the death of Duke Bolesław III in 1138, when Lubusz Land became part of the Duchy of Silesia. The Duchy of Silesia was restored to the descendants of Władysław II the Exile in 1163, and Lubusz Land together with Lower Silesia was given to his eldest son Bolesław I the Tall.

In the 13th century Polish dukes in order to help develop Lubusz Land, granted some areas to different Catholic religious orders, such as the Cistercians, Canons Regular and Knights Templar. Among those orders possessions were Łagów, Chwarszczany, Lubiąż (today's Müncheberg) and Dębno.

Lubusz remained under the rule of the Silesian Piasts, though Bolesław's son Duke Henry I the Bearded in 1206 signed an agreement with Duke Władysław III Spindleshanks of Greater Poland to swap it for the Kalisz Region. This agreement however did not last as it provoked the revolt of Władysław's nephew Władysław Odonic, while in addition the Lusatian margrave Conrad II of Landsberg took this occasion to invade Lubusz. Duke Henry I appealed to Emperor Otto IV and already started an armed expedition, until he was once again able to secure his possession of the region after Margrave Conrad had died in 1210. Nevertheless, the resistance against the Imperial expansion waned as the Silesian territories were again fragmented after the death of Duke Henry II the Pious at the Battle of Legnica in 1241. His younger son Mieszko then held the title of a "Duke of Lubusz", but died only one year later, after which his territory fell to his elder brother Bolesław II the Bald. In 1248 Bolesław II, then Duke of Legnica, finally sold Lubusz to Magdeburg's Archbishop Wilbrand von Käfernburg and the Ascanian margraves of Brandenburg in 1249, wielding the secular reign.

March of Brandenburg and Kingdom of Bohemia

As to secular rule Lubusz Land was finally separated from Silesia, according to canon law however, the Lubusz diocese, comprising most of Lubusz Land, remained subordinate to the Gniezno metropolis. Meanwhile, the Brandenburg margraves forwarded the incorporation of Lubusz Land into their New March, created and expanded further to the northeast after the acquisition of the Santok castellany in 1296 on the forest areas between the Duchy of Pomerania and Greater Poland.

The Lebus bishops tried to maintain their affiliation with Poland and in 1276 therefore moved their residence east of the Oder river to Górzyca (Göritz upon Oder), an episcopal fief. When in 1319 the Brandenburg House of Ascania became extinct, the Lubusz Land became the subject of rivalry between the Piasts (duchies of Jawor and Głogów), Griffins (Duchy of Pomerania) and the Ascanians (Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg). In 1319, the region was captured by Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania, in 1320 a large portion passed to Duke Henry I of Jawor, who tried to reclaim the Lubusz Land as region lost by his grandfather Bolesław II the Horned, later that year the western part was conquered by Rudolf I, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg, and the eastern outskirts with Torzym were controlled by Duke Henry IV the Faithful of Głogów by 1322. In 1322–1323, there were heavy fights between Pomerania and Saxe-Wittenberg in the northern part of the region, around Kostrzyn nad Odrą.

After the Battle of Mühldorf, the House of Wittelsbach took an interest in the region in 1323, and King Louis IV the Bavarian decided to grant the Margraviate of Brandenburg with the Lubusz Land to his son Louis V. The emergence of a new powerful rival prompted the previously warring parties to make peace with each other and cooperate. Bavarian forces soon entered the region, but in October 1323 Pope John XXII called Louis IV to annul the grant of Brandenburg to Louis V, declaring it unlawful. The Pope supported the dukes of Pomerania and Głogów and local bishop Stephen II, and urged the region's inhabitants to resist the Wittelsbachs. King Władysław I the Elbow-high of Poland also took the chance, allied with Bishop Stephen II and campaigned the Lubusz Land. In return the head of secular government in Lubusz, governor Erich of Wulkow, loyal to the new Brandenburg margrave Louis V, raided and captured the episcopal possessions in 1325, burning down the Górzyca cathedral. Bishop Stephen fled to Poland.

In 1354 Bishop Henry Bentsch reconciled with Margrave Louis II and the episcopal possessions were returned. The see of the bishopric returned to Lebus, where a new cathedral was built. In 1373 the diocese was again devastated by a Bohemian army, when Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg took the Brandenburg margraviate from the House of Wittelsbach. It became part of the Lands of the Bohemian (Czech) Crown. The see of the bishopric now moved to Fürstenwalde (Przybór) (St Mary's Cathedral, Fürstenwalde). Polish monarchs still made peaceful attempts to regain the region. The northern part of the diocese of Lubusz, the Kostrzyn land, administratively became part of the New March, a peripheral region for Czech rulers who were willing to sell it. In 1402, an agreement was reached in Kraków between them and the Poles, under which Poland was purchase and reincorporate this region, however in the same year the Luxembourgs sold the region to the Teutonic Knights, Poland's arch-enemy. In 1454, after the Thirteen Years' War broke out, the Teutonic Knights sold the region to Brandenburg in order to raise funds for war against Poland. The bulk of the Lubusz Land remained part of the Bohemian (Czech) lands until 1415.

In 1424 the Lebus bishopric became a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Magdeburg, finally leaving the Gniezno ecclesiastical province. In 1518 Bishop Dietrich von Bülow bought the secular lordship of Beeskow-Storkow, in secular respect a Bohemian fief, in religious respect mostly no part of his diocese but of the Diocese of Meissen. The castle in Beeskow became the episcopal residence. The last Catholic bishop was Georg von Blumenthal, who died in 1550 after a heroic non-military counter-reformatory campaign. However, when in 1547 Bishop Georg tried to recruit and arm troops in order to join the Catholic Imperial forces in the Smalkaldic War, his vassal city of Beeskow refused to obey.

From 1555 the bishopric was secularised and became a Lutheran diocese and the area east of the Oder was later called Eastern Brandenburg. In 1575 King Maximilian II of Bohemia granted the Beeskow lordship of the Lebus diocese to Brandenburg as a Bohemian fief, which it remained until the First Silesian War in 1742. When in 1598 the Magdeburg administrator Joachim Frederick of Hohenzollern became Elector of Brandenburg, all official links with Poland had long been cut.

Prussia and Germany
But new links to Poland developed, because since 1618 the prince-electors of Brandenburg ruled the Duchy of Prussia, then a Polish vassal state, in personal union. In 1657 Prussia gained sovereignty, so in 1701 the electors could upgrade their simultaneously held Prussian dukedom to the Kingdom of Prussia, dropping the title of elector of the Holy Roman Empire at its dissolution in 1806. In 1815 the kingdom joined the German Confederation, in 1866 the North German Confederation, which enlarged in 1871 to united Germany.

By the 17th century most of the population, consisting of autochthon Poles and German settlers, had mingled and assimilated to German language.

One of the main escape routes for insurgents of the unsuccessful Polish November Uprising from partitioned Poland to the Great Emigration led through the region.

The Einsatzgruppe VI was formed in Frankfurt (Oder) before it entered several Polish cities, including Poznań, Kalisz and Leszno, to commit various crimes against Poles during the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II. During the war, the Germans operated the Stalag III-C prisoner-of-war camp for Polish, French, Serbian, Soviet, Italian, British, American and Belgian POWs in the region, and numerous forced labour camps, including several subcamps of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Particularly infamous camps were the Oderblick labor education camp in Świecko and the Sonnenburg concentration camp in Słońsk, in which Polish, Belgian, French, Bulgarian, Dutch, Yugoslav, Russian, Italian, Ukrainian, Luxembourgish, Danish, Norwegian, Czech, Slovak and other prisoners were held, and many died. In early 1945, the death marches of prisoners of various nationalities from the dissolved camps in Świecko and Żabikowo to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp passed through the region. On 30–31 January, the SS and Gestapo perpetrated a massacre of over 800 prisoners of the Sonnenburg concentration camp. Lubusz Land was the site of fierce fighting on the Eastern Front of World War II in 1945. In February and March the battle for Kostrzyn nad Odrą (then Küstrin) was fought, which resulted in 95% of the town being destroyed, making it the most destructed town of post-war Poland. In April the Battle of the Seelow Heights took place, ending in a Soviet-Polish victory. It was one of the last battles before the capitulation of Nazi Germany and the end of World War II in Europe.

In Poland and Germany
The portion of Lubusz Land east of the Oder River became again part of Poland by the 1945 Potsdam Conference, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the 1980s, whereas the western portion with the historical capital Lebus remained under Soviet occupation and became a part of communist East Germany in 1949.

Polish and Soviet authorities expelled most of the German population from the Polish annexed part of Lubusz Land in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. Refugees who had fled before the Soviet forces were prevented from returning to their homes. The area was then resettled with Poles expelled from Soviet-annexed eastern Poland and migrants from central Poland. The largest cities and capitals of the Polish Lubusz Voivodeship today are Zielona Góra and Gorzów Wielkopolski, which however were not part of the historical Lubusz Land (cf. map above), but were parts of Lower Silesia and Greater Poland (the Santok castellany) respectively. Today, the largest town of Lubusz Land is Frankfurt (Oder), located in the German part of the region. On the Polish side the largest town is Kostrzyn nad Odrą. The region's historic capital, Lebus, is one of the smallest towns.

In the Polish part of the Lubusz Land, in Słubice, the Wikipedia Monument, world's first monument dedicated to the Wikipedia community, was unveiled in 2014.

Towns

Towns on the west side of the Oder, in Germany:
Beeskow
Buckow
Eisenhüttenstadt
Frankfurt (Oder)
Fürstenwalde
Lebus
Müllrose
Müncheberg
Seelow

Towns on the east side of the Oder, in Poland:
Cybinka
Dębno
Kostrzyn nad Odrą
Ośno Lubuskie
Rzepin
Słubice
Sulęcin
Torzym
Witnica

See also
Lubusz Voivodeship
Lebus

External links
 Info on the Lubusz Land
 Pictures of Lubusz

Footnotes

Historical regions in Poland
Lubusz Voivodeship
Margraviate of Brandenburg
Regions of Brandenburg
History of Silesia

Lubusz Land


Planet Hemp fue una banda brasileña de hip hop y rock, aunque también incorporaban elementos de funk, hardcore, punk, ragga y samba en sus composiciones. Este sonido, fruto de una fusión de tantos y diversos géneros musicales fue bautizado como "Raprocknrollpsicodeliahardcoreragga" por los miembros de la banda.
Su sonido recuerda a Beastie Boys, Cypress Hill, Public Enemy, Red Hot Chili Peppers o Rage Against the Machine.
En cuanto al contenido lírico, éste gira en torno a la legalización de la marihuana y la crítica social.
Cesaron su actividad en 2001 debido a diferencias entre sus componentes. Actualmente Marcelo D2, BNegão y Black Alien siguen su carrera en solitario.

Curiosidades
 Skunk, miembro de la banda hoy fallecido conoció a Marcelo D2 mientras vendía camisetas de rock, ya que Marcelo vestía una camiseta de un grupo de hardcore, y empezaron a entablar conversación en torno a sus afinidades musicales.
 Los miembros del grupo fueron detenidos por hacer apología del consumo de drogas.
 El grupo se ha vuelto a reunir en 2010 para dar algún que otro concierto, por lo que se especula con la salida de un nuevo trabajo.

Discografía
 1995 - Usuário (Gold)
 1996 - Hemp New Year (Extended play)
 1997 - Os Cães Ladram, Mas a Caravana não Pára
 2000 - A Invasão do Sagaz Homem Fumaça(Gold)
 2001 - MTV ao vivo(Gold)

Véase también
 Hip hop brasileño
 Hip hop latinoamericano
 Rock brasileño
 Rapcore

Referencias

Grupos de rapcore
Cultura del cannabis

Planet Hemp


Lille Claus og Store Claus er en dansk animationsfilm fra 1930 med ukendt instruktør.

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Animationsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1930

Lille Claus og Store Claus


An Masdevallia anisomorpha in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Masdevallia anisomorpha in nahilalakip ha genus nga Masdevallia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Masdevallia

Masdevallia anisomorpha


Le Carrier Air Wing Reserve Thirty  ou CVWR-30, était une escadre aérienne embarquée de l l'United States Navy Reserve. Mise en service le , elle a été dissoute le .

Historique
Le Carrier Air Wing Reserve Thirty a été créé le  à la Naval Air Station Alameda et était composé d'un état-major de l'escadre aérienne, de deux escadrons de chasse, de trois escadrons d'attaque, d'un escadron de reconnaissance légère, d'un escadron de guerre électronique tactique, d'un escadron d'alerte précoce et un escadron de ravitaillement aérien.

Les unités subordonnées
Les escadrons suivants ont été affectés au CVWR-30  et embarqués sur les porte-avions :
 en 1981,
 en 1986,
 en 1988,
 en 1990 et 1992.

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens internes
 Carrier Air Wing
 Carrier Air Wing Reserve Twenty
 Histoire de l'United States Navy

Liens externes
 CVWR-30 - Site Seaforces.org
 US Navy Carriers
 CVWR-30 - Site Alameda Naval Air Museum

Carrier Air Wing de l'United States Navy
Aéronautique navale
Unité ou formation militaire dissoute en 1994

Carrier Air Wing Reserve Thirty


Moara lui Călifar este o nuvelă fantastică scrisă de Gala Galaction. A fost publicată prima dată la 25 martie 1902 în revista Literatură și artă română semnată cu numele său real Grigore Pișculescu.

Nuvela începe cu descrierea morii lui Călifar (cea din titlu). Moara este prezentată ca fiind sub semnul maleficului, ca un loc demonizat. Nicio persoană în viață nu a văzut vreodată moara funcționând, astfel încât oamenii credeau că este folosită pentru nevoile Satanei.

Evenimentele supranaturale din nuvelă primesc la sfârșit o explicație rațională.

Ecranizare
Moara lui Călifar a fost ecranizată în  1984 de Șerban Marinescu. În rolurile principale au jucat actorii Vasile Nițulescu ca Teofil,  Andrei Finți ca Rovin,  Petre Tanasievici ca Burtan și  Dan Condurache  ca Nicodim. Scenariul filmului a fost realizat de  Valeriu Drăgușanu, Radu Aneste Petrescu și Petru Maier Bianu.

Note

Bibliografie
 Gala Galaction, Moara lui Călifar, în volumul La vulturi, Editura 100+1 Gramar, București, 1998
Gheorghe Cunescu, Gala Galaction, Galați, 1989.
Camelia Caracaleanu, Fantastic și folcloric în nuvelistica lui Gala Galaction, București, 1996.
Gheorghe Perian, Despre Gala Galaction, Cluj, 2005.

Legături externe
 Ispita erotică la Gala Galaction, Teodora-Alina Roșca, Observator cultural, nr. 918 din 20 aprilie 2018

Vezi și
 1903 în literatură

Nuvele fantastice
Nuvele de Gala Galaction
Nuvele din 1903
Nuvele românești
Cărți după care s-au făcut filme

Moara lui Călifar (nuvelă)


Flußmann ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Anastasia Flußmann (1892–1973), österreichische Tischtennisspielerin
 Paul Flußmann (1900–1977), österreichischer Tischtennisspieler

Flußmann


CQ Cephei es una binaria eclipsante en la constelación de Cefeo formada por una estrella de Wolf-Rayet y una supergigante azul de tipo espectral O. Se piensa que forma parte de la asociación estelar Cepheus OB1 y que está a una distancia de 3,5 kiloparsecs (11,400 años luz) del Sol.

El sistema es notable por ser la estrella de Wolf-Rayet binaria de más corto período conocido (1,64 días). Sus dos componentes, la estrella Wolf-Rayet y la supergigante azul, tienen luminosidades respectivas de 217.000 veces y 116.000 veces la del Sol, masas respectivas de 20,8 y 21,4 masas solares, y su diámetro es respectivamente 8,2 y 8,23 veces el de nuestra estrella. Están separadas por una distancia equivalente a 20,4 veecs el radio del Sol (14,2 millones de kilómetros), una distancia tan pequeña que las dos estrellas llegan a tocarse a causa de sus respectivas atracciones gravitatorias.

Referencias
UBV photometry of the WR binary CQ Cephei

First Ever Polarimetric Detection of a Wind-Wind Interaction Region and a Misaligned Flattening of the Wind in the Wolf-Rayet Binary CQ Cephei

Enlaces externos
CQ Cephei (SIMBAD)

Constelación de Cefeo
Estrellas de Wolf-Rayet
Estrellas variables

CQ Cephei


Anthony McGill () este un jucător scoțian de snooker.

McGill este câștigătorul Openului Indian din 2016 și al turneului Snooker Shoot-Out din 2017. Cea mai bună clasare a sa din carieră rămâne locul 13 mondial.

Note

Legături externe

Global Snooker Profile
Pro Snooker Blog Profile

Nașteri în 1991
Nașteri pe 5 februarie
Jucători de snooker
Oameni în viață
Sportivi scoțieni
Oameni din Glasgow

Anthony McGill


Ümit Burnu (Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Hollandaca: Kaap de Goede Hoop, Portekizce: Cabo da Boa Esperança), Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti'ndeki Cape Yarımadası'nın güneydeki uç noktasıdır.

Denize doğru uzanan kayalık bir burun olan Ümit Burnu denizden yaklaşık 245 metre yüksektedir. Afrika'nın en güneydeki noktası olduğu yaygın kanı olmakla birlikte, kıtanın gerçek güney ucu Ümit Burnu'nun 160 km güneydoğusundaki Agulhas Burnu'dur. Ümit Burnu 34° 21'26" S, 18°28 25" E koordinatları üzerindedir.

Ümit Burnu'nun Afrika'nın güney ucu olduğu şeklindeki yaygın bir yanılgı, Ümit Burnu'nun Atlantik ve Hint okyanusları arasındaki ayrım noktası olduğu şeklindeki yanlış inanca dayanır. Aslında, Afrika'nın en güney noktası, doğu-güneydoğu'ya yaklaşık  mesafedeki Agulhas Burnu'dur. İki okyanusun akıntıları, ılık sulu Agulhas akıntısı ile soğuk sulu Benguela akıntısı'nın buluştuğu noktadadır ve kendi üzerine döner. Bu okyanus buluşma noktası, Agulhas Burnu ile Cape Point (Ümit Burnu'nun yaklaşık  doğusunda) arasında gidip gelir.

Ümit Burnu'nu 1488'de Portekizli kâşif Bartolomeu Dias keşfetti ve buraya Fırtınalar Burnu (Cabo das Tormentas) adını verdi. Portekizli Dias, Kral II. Joao'nun emriyle doğuya ve oradaki baharatlara ulaşılabilecek bir deniz yolu bulabilmek için yola çıkmıştı. O zamanlarda ticaret yollarının sadece bir bölümü denizden geçiyordu ve bu yüzden doğuya giden tüccarlar Ortadoğu ülkelerini boydan boya geçmek zorundaydı. Tarihçilerin yazdığına göre Dias, burnu keşfettiğini haber verince Kral bu keşfin doğuya ulaşan suyolunun yakında açılmasını sağlayacağını düşünmüş, bu nedenle burnun adını Ümit Burnu olarak değiştirmiş. Ama bazı kaynaklar ise Fırtınalar Burnu isminin, gemicilerin moralini bozabileceği düşüncesi ile daha sonra Ümit Burnu olarak değiştirildiğini belirtir.

1497-1498 yılları arasında başka bir Portekizli kâşif olan Vasco da Gama Afrika'yı dolaşarak Hindistan'a kadar uzanan bir deniz yolculuğu yaptı. Bu deniz yolu Süveyş Kanalı'nın açıldığı 1869'a kadar Avrupa ile doğu ülkeleri arasındaki tek deniz yolu olarak kalmıştır. Ve Akdeniz önemini yeniden kazanmıştır. Vergi paraları artmış ve Osmanlı Devleti vergi almaya başlamıştır.

Doğal özellikleri

Ümit Burnu, çok zengin bir doğal yaşama sahiptir. Burada Akdeniz iklimini andıran bir iklim oluşmuştur. Ümit Burnu, Güney Afrika'nın kalanından farklı olarak çiçekli bitkilerle kaplı ağaçsız bir bölgedir.

Bu bölgeye Afrikanca'da "sık çalı" anlamına gelen "fynbos" denilir. Özellikle protea (Protea cynaroides), funda çeşitleri (Erica cinsi) ve Elytropappus rhinocerotis gibi birçok endemik bitki türü bulunur.

Ümit Burnu hayvan türleri bakımından da zengindir. Babun, kaya tavşanı, Kap susamuru ve antilop çeşitleri bu bölgede bulunan memeli hayvanlar arasındadır. Güneşkuşu ve balcıkuşu bu bölgede çok görülen kuş türleri arasındadır. Karada çeşitli kertenkele, yılan ve kaplumbağalara rastlanılabilir.

Ümit Burnu'nun batısındaki False Koyu ise deniz yaşamı bakımından çok zengindir. Penguen ve kürklü fok sahil şeridinde yaşayan başlıca canlılardır. Bu bölgede kambur balina, katil balina ve çeşitli yunus türleri görülebilir. False Koyu özellikle beyaz köpekbalığı için önemli bir yaşam alanıdır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Ümit Burnu fotografları

Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti'ndeki burunlar
Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti deniz tarihi

Ümit Burnu


فاكوندو سيباستيان رونكاليا  (مواليد 2 أكتوبر 1987 في تشاخاري - الأرجنتين) لاعب كرة قدم أرجنتيني يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي فيورنتينا الإيطالي قادماً من بوكا جونيورز الأرجنتيني في مركز قلب الدفاع .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في قبرص
أرجنتينيون من أصل إيطالي
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون أرجنتينيون مغتربون في إسبانيا
رياضيون أرجنتينيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون أرجنتينيون مغتربون في قبرص
رياضيون من إنتري ريوس
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري القبرصي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو أريس ليماسول
لاعبو أوساسونا
لاعبو إسبانيول
لاعبو إستوديانتيس دي لا بلاتا
لاعبو بوكا جونيورز
لاعبو جنوى
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الأرجنتيني
لاعبو سلتا فيغو
لاعبو فيورنتينا
لاعبو كرة قدم أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أرجنتينيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كرة قدم من إنتري ريوس
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا 2015
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا المئوية
لاعبو منتخب الأرجنتين لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي فالنسيا
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1987

فاكوندو رونكاليا


Las Elecciones estatales de Tabasco de 1982 se llevaron a cabo el domingo 10 de octubre de 1982, y en ellas se renovaron los siguientes cargos de elección popular de Tabasco:

 Gobernador de Tabasco. Titular del Poder Ejecutivo del estado, electo para un periodo de seis años no reelegibles en ningún caso. El candidato electo fue Enrique González Pedrero.
 17 diputados del Congreso del Estado. Electos por mayoría relativa en cada uno de los Distrito Electorales.
 17 ayuntamientos. Compuestos por un presidente municipal y un grupo de regidores, electos para un periodo de tres años no reelegibles para el periodo inmediato.

Resultados electorales

Gobernador

Municipios

Municipio de Villahermosa
 Gustavo Rosario Torres

Comunidades

Delegado de Ciudad Pemex
 Carlos Sánchez Rivera Pérez

Véase también
 Elecciones federales de México
 Elecciones estatales de México
 Tabasco

Referencias

1982
Tabasco

Elecciones estatales de Tabasco de 1982


أبو السعود الإبياري هو كاتب سيناريو ومؤلف أغاني وكاتب صحفي مصري ولد عام 1910 بحي  بالقاهرة. كتب أبو السعود الإبياري الزجل وهو طفل في مجلة (الأولاد) وأعجب بالكاتب الكبير بديع خيري كزجال ومؤلف مسرحي وتتبع خطاه وشجعه بديع وكان أول مونولوج يكتبه أبو السعود الإبياري هو (بوريه من الستات) للمونولوجست سيد سليمان وحقق نجاحاً كبيراً وكتب إسكتشات فكاهية (لفرقة بديعة مصابني) وأول رواية (إوعى تتكلم) عام 1933 وانطلق قوياً متدفقاً غزير الإنتاج يستمد قوة إبداعاته من المفردات اللغوية التي يرددها الناس في الشوارع والحارات والمقاهي حيث كان يجلس في كازينو بديعة يدخن الشيشة.

وكتب للسينما خير أفلامها الكوميدية فألَّف معظم أفلام إسماعيل يس و وفريد الأطرش، وأتقن تصوير الشخصيات المصرية الأصيلة وكتب الحوار السلس الذي اشتهر به منذ فيلم (لو كنت غني) لبشارة واكيم عام 1942، ومن أفلامه الكوميدية الشهيرة:

الزوجة 13 – الزوجة السابعة – أنت حبيبي – تعالى سلم – نشالة هانم – عفريتة هانم – صغيرة على الحب – جناب السفير – هارب من الزواج – شباب مجنون جداً – طاقية الإخفاء – سكر هانم – المليونير – حواء والقرد – البحث عن فضيحة.

الثنائي الفني مع إسماعيل يس

وطبعاً غير سلسلة (إسماعيل يس في..) الذي أبدعها للفنان الذي قام باكتشافه وكون معه ثنائياً فنياً شهيراً حينها إسماعيل يس، فقد ألف الأغلبية العظمى من أفلامه، وأسس معه فرقة إسماعيل يس المسرحية والتي ألف من خلالها أكثر من 65 مسرحية. ومن جمل حواراته الشهيرة: (يا صفايح السمنة السايحة، يا براميل القشطة النايحة، يا حلو يا لوز من فيلم لو كنت غني لعبد الفتاح القصري وبشارة واكيم - هيا بنا هيا بنا لنستحم كلنا من فيلم ليالي الحب لعبد الحليم حافظ – دة أنا جنب منك أبقى مارلين مونرو من فيلم سكر هانم لعبد المنعم إبراهيم – عفركوش ابن برطكوش من الجن الأخضر من فيلم الفانوس السحري لإسماعيل يس).. وبرغم أن أبو السعود الإبياري مؤلف كوميدي إلا أنه ألف للفنانة فاتن حمامة عدة أفلام تعتبر من أروع أفلام السينما المصرية مثل: (اليتيمتين – ست البيت - ظلموني الناس - أخلاق للبيع) وكان هو من اكتشف الفنانة لبلبة وهو من أطلق عليها هذا الاسم الفني حيث كانت شقية وسريعة البديهة وهي صغيرة، وهو أيضاً من أعطى أول بطولة لعادل إمام وميرفت أمين في حياتهم الفنية من خلال فيلم (البحث عن فضيحة).

أغانيه

ولأبو السعود الإبياري عدد كبير من الأغاني الشهيرة والذي تعدى الثلاثمائة أغنية ومنها: (يا نجف بنور يا سيد العرسان لعبد العزيز محمود – يا وله يا وله لعبد الغني السيد – البوسطجية اشتكوا لرجاء عبده – تاكسي الغرام لعبد العزيز محمود – واحد إتنين لشادية – استعراض العقلاء لإسماعيل يس – عاوز أروَّح لسعاد مكاوي – سلم علَّي لليلى مراد - لقيته وهويته لشادية – يا عوازل فلفلوا لفريد الأطرش – قلبي دليلي لليلى مراد – الحب له أيام ل وشادية – العدس الليلة ليلة عيده لنعيمة عاكف - يا رايحين للنبي الغالي لليلى مراد - معانا ريال  - قالوا البياض أحلى ولا السمار أحلى لسعاد مكاوي - يا حسن يا خولي الجنينة لشادية - فستان الزفاف والطرحة لشادية - إحنا التلاتة سكر نباتة للثلاثي شادية وإسماعيل يس وشكوكو).

عمله بالصحافة

عمل أبو السعود الإبياري بالصحافة في الخمسينيات فكان يكتب بمجلة «الكواكب» أسبوعياً ومجلة «أهل الفن» تحت عنوان «يوميات أبو السعود الإبياري».

الألقاب

لُقِّب بعدة ألقاب منها «موليير الشرق» و«أستاذ الكوميديا» و«النهر المتدفق» و«جوكر الأفلام» و«منجم الذهب» و«الجبل الضاحك»، وأصبح أبو السعود الإبياري أكبر مؤلف له عدد من أفلام السينما المصرية، حيث ألف أبو السعود الإبياري أكثر من 500 فيلم أي يعادل 17% من تاريخ السينما المصرية.

توفي الكاتب الكبير أبو السعود الإبياري في 17 مارس 1969.

أعماله

أفلام

مسرحيات

أبو السعود الإبياري في الدراما التليفزيونية

تناولت شخصيته في بطولة المسلسل التليفزيوني المصري (إسماعيل يس.. أبو ضحكة جنان) والذي يسرد قصة حياة الفنان الكوميدي المصري إسماعيل يس، وقد قام بأداء شخصية الفنان المؤلف أبو السعود الإبياري الفنان صلاح عبد الله.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 صفحة المؤلف في قاعدة بيانات الأفلام العربية
 مطبوعات مهرجان القاهرة السينمائي الدولي - الكوميديا في السينما المصرية 2 - أبو السعود الإبياري - لـ: محمود قاسم

شعراء غنائيون مصريون
شعراء مصريون
شعراء مصريون في القرن 20
صانعو أفلام مصريون
صحفيون في القرن 20
صحفيون مصريون
كتاب سيناريو في القرن 20
كتاب سيناريو مصريون
كتاب في القرن 20
كتاب مسرحيون في القرن 20
كتاب مسرحيون مصريون
كوميديون في القرن 20
كوميديون مصريون
ممثلو أفلام مصريون
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 20
مواليد 1328 هـ
مواليد 1910
مواليد في القاهرة
وفيات 1388 هـ
وفيات 1969
وفيات في القاهرة

أبو السعود الإبياري


An Polypogon hissaricus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Roman Julievich Roshevitz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Norman Loftus Bor. An Polypogon hissaricus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Polypogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Polypogon (Poaceae)

Polypogon hissaricus


55735 Magdeburg este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
55735 Magdeburg este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Freimut Börngen. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,62 ua, o excentricitate de 0,28 și o înclinație de 11,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 55001-56000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1987
Centura de asteroizi

55735 Magdeburg


Railway preservation in New Zealand is the preservation of historically significant facets of New Zealand's rail transport history. The earliest recorded preservation attempt took place in 1925, although the movement itself did not start properly until 1960. New Zealand appears to have a higher proportion of organized railway enthusiasts per 1,000 of population than any other part of the world.

History

Early initiatives
Early preservation efforts in New Zealand were restricted to static public display of locomotives, and it is believed the first was Double Fairlie E class locomotive E 175 Josephine outside the Dunedin Railway Station in 1925. After this, the preservation movement entered a hiatus until the founding of the New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society in 1944, which established branches throughout the country. The first act of active railway preservation was started by the NZR&LS Otago Branch when they purchased a small 9-tonne Fowler 0-4-0T tank locomotive built in 1921 and formerly used by the Public Works Department as their NO 540, from the Otago Harbour Board for use on the fledgeling Ocean Beach Railway, established in 1963.

Similar works were soon started in Christchurch by the NZR&LS Canterbury Branch at their new Ferrymead Railway in Christchurch, the NZR&LS Auckland Branch at their Glenbrook Vintage Railway and the NZR&LS Wellington Branch at their Silver Stream Railway. A railway museum was established at Te Awamutu by the NZR&LS Waikato Branch. However, this period also saw the breakaway of the NZR&LS Auckland and Canterbury Branches to become the Railway Enthusiasts Society and the Canterbury Railway Society respectively, although they retained an affiliation with the NZR&LS.

1960 to 1985
During the period from 1960 to 1979, the rail preservation scene began to increase as more railway museums and groups were established, helped in part by the closure of rural branch lines by New Zealand Railways. In this category, railway museum groups were set up by the Pleasant Point Museum and Railway at Pleasant Point and the Ashburton Railway and Preservation Society at Tinwald Domain near Ashburton in Canterbury. These groups at the time were attempting to save part of the fabric of rural branch lines that had been operated by New Zealand Railways but were being closed down.

As the replacement of steam was accelerated during this period and was completed in 1971, other groups were initiated to preserve the mainline locomotives and rolling stock of NZR. The first group to do so was Steam Incorporated, based out of the former Paekakariki locomotive depot site just north of Wellington. The Museum of Transport and Technology in Auckland also began to accept railway vehicles for preservation, in conjunction with the Bush Tramway Club which was preserving former industrial locomotives used on the bush tramways of New Zealand.

Following the end of steam in 1971, NZR placed a total steam ban on the national network, with the exception of its own heritage operation, the famous Kingston Flyer which began operation between Lumsden and Kingston on the Kingston Branch in that year. This ban required that if steam locomotives were to operate in New Zealand, they would be confined to either heritage railways, museums, or private sites. During this time, the majority of groups established began to expand their operations as NZR progressively modernised, and in some cases were able to extend their running lines or establish museum-type displays to showcase their rolling stock.

In 1977 the National Federation of Railway Societies was formed to provide a cohesive network between the different groups. This group would work as a coordinator and organiser in later years between different groups.

This period also saw the birth of the Otago Excursion Train Trust, founded in 1978 to run excursion trains over the scenic Otago Central Railway. Initially, these trains were run with NZR carriages and locomotives but later the OETT purchased its own fleet of carriages from NZR which were refurbished by Government apprentices and volunteers, first at Burnside railway station and later in the north yard at Dunedin railway station. This group was joined by Steam Incorporated and the Railway Enthusiasts Society in running similar excursions using NZR diesel locomotives but the organising group's own carriages.

In 1985, NZR agreed to remove the steam ban in conjunction with the centenary of the start of construction of the North Island Main Trunk. A steam excursion was run from Wellington to Auckland, using Steam Incorporated's KA 945 and the RES' JA 1250 to haul the train of mixed Steam Inc and RES stock. As NZR still used red as the colour for its coaching stock, these groups used their own liveries, predominantly brown or yellow.

1985 to 2000
Although the pace of preservation slowed into the early 1980s and beyond, several more groups were established to preserve longer branch lines as well as the more traditional museum-focused operation. The Weka Pass Railway in North Canterbury, the Bay of Islands Vintage Railway in Northland, the Otago-based Dunedin Railways, and the Goldfields Steam Train Society in the Bay of Plenty were all founded during the early 1980s using stock retired by NZR. In the case of Dunedin Railways (formerly known as Taieri Gorge Railway Limited), it was created by the OETT and the Dunedin City Council to preserve the 64-kilometre section of the Otago Central railway between Middlemarch and Wingatui through the Taieri Gorge for passenger operations after the New Zealand Railways Corporation closed the line in 1990.

In 1988, numerous preservation groups contributed to the Ferrymead 125 celebrations in Christchurch to mark 125 years since the first public railway opened in New Zealand.

With the retirement of the first-generation diesel locomotives, the Diesel Traction Group was founded in Christchurch in 1983 with an aim to preserve these locomotives. By 1990 this group had four locomotives at their Ferrymead base, all of which were built by English Electric. Other groups and individuals started to acquire other first-generation diesel locomotives to add to their fleet, such as Steam Incorporated's two DA class diesel locomotives which were purchased in 1988. Other individuals also purchased similar locomotives for preservation and based them at established heritage sites. NZR also selected numerous diesel and electric locomotives, along with two carriages, for inclusion in their own Heritage Fleet.

During this time, Ian Welch's Mainline Steam Trust emerged as a heritage operator with its fleet of preserved ex-NZR steam locomotives. This period also witnessed the creation of other groups such as the Oamaru District Steam & Rail Society, the Grand Tapawera Railroad Company/Nelson Railway Society, the narrow-gauge Blenheim Riverside Railway, and special interest groups such as the Pahiatua Railcar Society. Some groups, such as the Gisborne City Vintage Railway and the Feilding and District Steam Rail Society were formed to preserve a specific locomotive, in this case WA 165 at Gisborne and the NZR&LS' WAB 794 at Ferrymead.

Very few new groups emerged from 1990 to 2000. NZR's successor, Tranz Rail, did give further rolling stock to heritage groups, although a shortage of stock did see some of this recalled temporarily, while heritage diesel locomotives were leased from a private individual to alleviate the reduced number of locomotives. During this time, the NFRS became the Federation of Rail Organisations of New Zealand (FRONZ) to reflect its railway and tramway group members. In 1991 the Rail Heritage Trust of New Zealand was formed with former NZR executive Euan McQueen as its chair, to preserve former NZR buildings and rolling stock, which was leased to other groups. The Rail Heritage trust pioneered the concept of "heritage rolling stock" which was leased to various preservation groups around New Zealand by Tranz Rail. Over 200 such items of rolling stock are now leased.

Current projects
The most ambitious heritage project to date is the Rimutaka Incline Railway, which proposes to construct from scratch a railway line over an existing historic formation abandoned in 1955. This is the route of the former Rimutaka railway and Rimutaka Incline over a distance of some 20 km, including 5 km of the 1 in 15 incline worked by the Fell centre-rail system. Although the Taieri Gorge Railway in Dunedin is a much longer and successful heritage railway at 60 km length, it has the advantage that all its track was still in place when it was set up in 1990. The Rimutaka proposal faces many obstacles from the construction of new track and formation rehabilitation works, to the building of new locomotives of the Fell type. The project is in the planning stages and it will be some years before any construction starts.

Another ambitious project is currently being undertaken by the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Trust, which has recovered the remains of WMR No. 9/NZR N 453 and aims to restore it to full operational condition. Although four ex-WMR coaches and a small number of wagons have survived into preservation, it was believed for many years that no Wellington and Manawatu Railway locomotives were still extant.  However, the remains of WMR NO 9 (N 453) were found at Bealey on the Midland Line, and in 2003 the locomotive's frames were retrieved, followed by the tender tank, underframe, and bogie frames in 2005.

The WMR Trust ultimately seek to restore NO 9 to working order, and operate this locomotive on the main line. This locomotive will be paired with a replica of a WMR goods wagon to act as a support wagon on the main line.

See also
 List of New Zealand railway museums and heritage lines
 Railway enthusiast

References

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

Railway preservation in New Zealand


Arabii sunt cei care vorbesc limba arabă ca limbă maternă și care se identifică ca fiind arabi. Lumea arabă nu trebuie confundată cu Orientul Mijlociu, denumire strategică dezvoltată pe parcursul perioadei de glorie a Imperiului Britanic, care cuprinde țări non-arabe, cum ar fi Israel, Iran, Turcia, Pakistan și Afganistan. Arabii și limba arabă au jucat roluri centrale în răspândirea Islamului. Coranul, cartea sfântă a musulmanilor, este Cuvântul lui Dumnezeu transmis lui Muhammad în arabă. Perfecțiunea limbii sale și faptul că musulmanii consideră Coranul ca fiind însuși Cuvântul lui Dumnezeu fac din limba arabă o limbă sacră pentru musulmani.

Originile arabilor
Arabi nu sunt numai musulmanii, ci și creștinii vorbitori de limba arabă. Împreună, ei constituie o comunitate unică (umma). Acest cuvânt arab umma este asociat de către unii cu umm (mamă) și  este înțeles ca referindu-se la o comunitate "matrice". . La fel ca și alte popoare din întreaga lume, majoritatea vorbitorilor de limbă arabă nu s-au identificat ca aparținând unui anumit grup național decât recent. Naționalismul arab modern este un produs al transformărilor din secolul al XIX-lea și din secolul al XX-lea. Înainte de apariția naționalismului, cei mai mulți vorbitori arabi s-au identificat ca fiind membri ai unei anumite familii sau a unui trib; ca locuitori ai unui sat, oraș sau regiune; ca musulmani, creștini sau evrei. Înainte de secolul al XX-lea, termenul "arab" desemna beduinul, societatea tribală a deșertului arab, locul nașterii limbii arabe.
Primele informații despre arabi datează din secolul al IX-lea. Termenul arab este de origine semitică și desemnează în primul rând beduinii nomazi și după arabii în sensul general al cuvântului. Este folosit, de asemenea, pentru a indica orice zonă aridă, pustie. La început, cuvintele "arab" și "deșert" au fost sinonime.

Limba arabă, limba identității arabe
În Islam, limba arabăa ca modalitate de exprimare a Cuvântului lui Dumnezeu, este perfectă ca și Coranul, Cuvântul lui Dumnezeu însuși.

Simplul fapt că revelația coranică s-a făcut prin intermediul unei limbi care exista dinaintea ei demonstrează că această limbă avea o măreție și o bogăție fără margini.

Limba arabă este considerată proprietatea definitorie a identității arabe și nu există o altă limbă care să definească într-un mod atât de unic identitatea propriilor popoare. Limba arabă, "cea mai pura" a evoluat dintr-o limbă obscură, neprestigioasă într-una dintre cele mai importante limbi ale lumii după cuceririle Islamice. Și, deși limba arabă clasică a fost standardizată încă din secolul al VIII-lea, încă mai există controverse cu privire la momentul, locul și modalitatea în care au evoluat dialectele arabe actuale. Spre deosebire de alte limbi, araba clasică, de-a lungul istoriei sale, s-a adaptat pentru a corespunde nevoilor în continuă schimbare ale vorbitorilor săi. Astfel, a evoluat de la o limbă poetică în perioada pre-Islamică la limba științei, matematicii, chimiei, astronomiei și medicinei, precum și la limba guvernării și a religiei. Însă, au existat perioade când prestigiul și funcționalitatea limbii arabe clasice au decăzut în timpul celor cinci secole în care arabii au intrat sub oblăduirea califilor otomani.

Poziția limbii arabe și statutul arabilor în Imperiul Otoman
Imperiul Otoman a reprezentat unul dintre cele mai mari sisteme politice după destrămarea Imperiului Roman. De-a lungul istoriei sale de aproximativ șase secole, Imperiul Otoman a condus o multitudine de grupuri etnice și religioase care trăiau în condiții și așezări geografice diferite. Începând cu secolul al XV-lea arabii sunt integrați și ei în Imperiul Otoman unde, din punct de vedere numeric, ocupau un loc important. La inceput, locul arabilor este unul aparte în cadrului Imperiului, poziția lor fiind data de rolul pe care îl au în istoria Islamului: Profetul Islamului este de origine arabă, limba Coranului este limba arabă iar comunitatea către care este îndreptată predica la  început este cea arabă.

Puterea centrală în acest vast imperiu era reprezentată de către suveranul otoman care purta numele și de padishah sau sultan. Sultanul era protectorul frontierelor Islamului dar și păstrătorul locurilor sfinte: Mecca și Medina. El ar fi dorit să poarte titlul de calif însă acesta îi este refuzat deoarece arabii considerau că titlul nu putea fi transferat cuiva care nu făcea parte din tribul Profetului.

În timpul stăpânirii otomane, importanța limbii arabe nu s-a diminuat. Din contră, științele religiei și cele juridice se studiau în limba arabă în marile centre de studii religioase de la Istanbul în aceeași măsură în care se studiau la Cairo și Damasc. Însă, absolvenții școlilor din Damasc sau Azhar nu aveau dreptul de a ocupa funcții juridice înalte. De exemplu, funcțiile de qadi-ii ( judecatori) erau deținute de către turci trimiși de la Istanbul. Astfel, cea mai înaltă funcție oficială către care putea ținti un absolvent local era aceea de judecator adjunct (na'ib) sau mufti.

Politica de turcificare în domeniul limbii arabe
Comitetul Unității și Progresului (CUP) a jucat un rol important în organizarea Revoluției din 1908 în Istanbul. Mulți membrii ai mișcării Comitetului Uniunii și al Progresului (Junii Turci) au fost intelectuali, tineri ofițeri și dizidenți care s-au unit cu scopul de a reforma Imperiul Otoman. Junii Turci aveau interesul de a pune capăt despotismului sultanului Abdul-Hamid al II-lea.

Mulți dintre reformiștii arabi care își doreau să transforme Imperiul într-o monarhie constituțională și-au pus speranțele în mișcarea Junilor Turci. Numai că, reformiștii din Imperiul Otoman, Junii Turci, au reușit să impună limba turcă în toate școlile, inclusiv în cele frecventate de arabi iar limba arabă ajunge sa fie predată ca limbă străină de către profesori care nu aveau cunoștințe necesare pentru a o preda. De asemenea, era obligatorie cunoașterea limbii turce pentru a obține o poziție în administrație chiar în zonele locuite de arabi.
Politica de turcificare în domeniul limbii poate constitui o explicație pentru apariția mișcărilor naționaliste în Imperiul Otoman. Rezultatul politicii a fost altul decât cel prevăzut, în sensul că sentimentul propriei identități și sentimentul de apartenență la aceeași comunitate (umma) se consolidează. Iau naștere, astfel, o serie de societăți menite să promoveze atât limba cât și cultura arabă. Membrii acestor societăți își dau întâlnire pentru a găsi modalitățile cele mai potrivite pentru a face cunoscută limba arabă în întregul Imperiu Otoman. Sirianul creștin Nejib Azoury este cunoscut ca fiind primul care a cerut independența tuturor vorbitorilor de limba arabă. Limba araba continuă, astfel, să rămână forța care îi aduce la un loc pe arabi și în cadrul Imperiului Otoman.

Note

Bibliografie
 Anghelescu, Nadia. Identitatea arabă. Ed. Polirom. Iași. 2009.
 Tartler, Grete. Înțelepciunea arabă. Ed. Polirom. Iași. 2014.
 Grigore, George. Coranul. Ed.Herald. Bucuresti. 2015
 Adonis. Islamul și violența. Ed. Humanitas. 2015.
 Hourani, Albert. Istoria popoarelor arabe. Ed. Polirom. 2015.

 Lumea arabă

Arabii în Imperiul Otoman


Anna Svava Knútsdóttir (f. 1977) er íslensk leikkona, uppistandari og grínisti. Hún er þekkt fyrir sjónvarpsþættina Ligeglad, einnig hefur hún leikið í mörgum áramótaskaupum 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017 og 2018.

Árið 2013 opnaði hún ísbúðina Valdísi úti á Granda.

Íslenskir uppistandarar
Íslenskir grínistar
Fólk fætt árið 1977
Íslenskar leikkonur

Anna Svava Knútsdóttir