Wilkes University is a private university in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. It has over 2,200 undergraduates and over 2,200 graduate students (both full and part-time). Wilkes was founded in 1933 as a satellite campus of Bucknell University, and became an independent institution in 1947, naming itself Wilkes College, after English radical politician John Wilkes after whom Wilkes-Barre is named. The school was granted university status in January 1990. It is classified among "Doctoral/Professional Universities" and accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

The university's mascot is a Colonel and the official colors are blue and yellow. The campus symbol is a letter "W" known as the "flying W" by students and alumni.

History

Mid twentieth century
Wilkes University was first established in 1933 by Bucknell University under the name Bucknell University Junior College (BUJC) in Wilkes-Barre. Frank G. Davis, chair of the Education department at Bucknell, first developed the idea of BUJC and served as an early liaison between BUJC and Bucknell. BUJC attracted many students who were the first members of their families to benefit from higher education as the need for junior colleges arose in urban areas. The college opened in downtown Wilkes-Barre, where the first classes were held on the third floor of the Wilkes-Barre Business College building.  By 1934, the business college moved out of the building and BUJC had taken it over and continued to grow over the years, acquiring old mansions for student housing, classrooms, and administration offices along the streets of South River and South Franklin. By 1945, the Board of Trustees formally moved to develop the junior college into a four-year institution.

In 1947, Wilkes College was instituted as an independent, nondenominational four-year college, with programs in the arts, sciences, and a number of professional fields, as well as numerous extracurricular activities. The student body in the postwar period was primarily composed of Luzerne County residents, especially G.I. bill recipients. In the 1950s, increasing numbers of students elected to live on campus, which led to a rapid expansion in on-campus student housing.  Increased federal funding for science and engineering in the 1950s led the college to develop academic programs in those areas, build the Stark Learning Center, and increase enrollment.

Late twentieth century
Wilkes College became Wilkes University in December 1989, and the school officially received university status a month later, in January 1990.

Wilkes University opened the School of Pharmacy in 1996, and in 1999, through a donation from Mrs. Geraldine Nesbitt Orr, the Nesbitt School of Pharmacy was established.

The Thomas P. (Pettus) Shelburne Jr. Telecommunications Center was built under the guidance of chief engineer Carl Brigido and dedicated by Wilkes University in the lower level of the Stark Learning Center in 1996. Secured after a major gift from Shelburne's widow Catherine and family and fundraising efforts of long time Communication Studies professors, Bradford L. Kinney and Thomas Bigler.  This was the second television studio on campus, previously located in two small rooms on the second floor of the Stark Learning Center.  The Shelburne Center became the first dedicated space built with first use equipment for the direct purpose of media education with multiple editing bays, two studio spaces, educational break out teaching space and director offices and storage.  The Shelburne Center served for twenty years as the pre-curser to the Clayton and Theresa Karambelas Media and Communications Center dedicated in 2017 that consolidated all of the University media holdings for instruction.

Early twenty-first century
The Jay S. Sidhu School of Business & Leadership was created in 2004 and the university purchased a  building in downtown Wilkes-Barre. to house the expanding school. Initially named the Center on Main, the building houses the Sidhu School of Business and Leadership, an indoor track and field, and ropes course. In 2021 the Center on Main was formally named after Ron and Rhea Simms to be known as Simms Center on Main.

The Henry Student Center was expanded in 2005.

By 2014, Wilkes University grew to include eight academic buildings, 20 residence halls, nine administrative buildings, and other facilities such as the Eugene S. Farley Library, the Henry Student Center, and athletic complexes.

On April 17, 2015, Wilkes University dedicated the main university mailroom facility located on the second floor of the Henry Student Center as the Edward Elgonitis Sr. Mailroom or simply "Eddie's Mailroom" in honor of the thirty-three year dedicated Wilkes University staff member.

On August 31, 2017, the University dedicated the Clayton and Theresa Karambelas Media and Communication Center, built within the structure of the original Bartikowsky Jewelers building on 25 West South Street by the Sordoni Contractors to be the first constructed to hold all the university media instruction holdings into one consolidated building. The building also houses the Sordoni Art Gallery that moved from its original location on the first level of the Stark Learning Center.

In March 2020, Wilkes University temporarily suspended in-person instruction and evacuated the campus as a safety measure to address the global COVID-19 pandemic. Under the leadership of interim president Paul S. Adams, the university continued basic operations and was able to safely re-open following strict protocols. Commencement for the Class of 2020 was postponed and eventually held in-person along with the Class of 2021.

Presidents
Eugene S. Farley, 1936–1970, Chief Administrative Officer of Wilkes precursor Bucknell University Junior College and Wilkes University first president. Wilkes' first holder of Chancellor/Honorary President title upon retirement.
Francis J. Michelini, 1970–1975, First president to ascend from the academic ranks, after serving as Wilkes biology faculty and then academic dean.  Resigned to become President of Pennsylvania Commission on Independent Colleges and Universities.
Robert S. Capin, '50* H'83, 1975–1984, First university alumnus to serve in presidential capacity.  Wilkes first holder of President Emeritus title upon retirement as president and returning to the business faculty.
Christopher N. Breiseth, 1984-2001, First president hired as part of a national recruitment search.  Retired to accept position as founding President and CEO of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute.
Joseph "Tim" E. Gilmour, 2001-2012, Currently serves on team of Strategic Initiatives.
Patrick F. Leahy, 2012–2019, Resigned effective July 31, 2019 to accept Presidency of Monmouth University in Monmouth, New Jersey.
Alan Gregory "Greg" Cant, 2020–present, First international president having hailed from Australia.

Interim presidents
Robert S. Capin, '50* H'83, 1974, First university alumnus to serve in presidential capacity. Promoted to president in 1975. Wilkes first holder of President Emeritus title upon retirement as president and return to the business faculty.
Paul S. Adams, '77, '82*, 2019-2020, Second university alumnus to serve in presidential capacity and first to ascend from the student affairs division. Retired 2022 concluding forty-year career at University.

Campus

Academic buildings
Most of the academic buildings are located within the same city block, between South River Street, South Franklin Street, South Street, and Northampton Street. The Stark Learning Center (SLC), located on South River Street, is the largest building on campus with  housing classrooms, laboratories, and office space. The facility consists of nursing, math and engineering offices and classrooms.  Stark Learning Center received extensive renovation in 2018.

Classrooms and offices for humanities and social sciences are located in Breiseth Hall, a three-story building located on South Franklin Street, in the same block as SLC. Kirby Hall, a mansion formerly home to Fred Morgan Kirby, was renovated to house offices and classrooms for English.

The Cohen Science Center, a $35 million project, was established to house the biology and health sciences, chemistry and biochemistry, and environmental engineering and earth sciences departments. The facility has been built to LEED silver standards for environmental sustainability and allows for students to monitor energy use, water use, and general building performance to aid sustainability studies. The building also features a rooftop vegetation area for greenhouse purposes and to assist in reducing rain runoff.

Simms Center on Main [formerly University Center on Main]
In 2005, the university acquired the former Wilkes-Barre Call Center building and parking garage on South Main Street. The parking garage is currently being used for student and faculty parking. The Public Safety department has remodeled and relocated to the basement of the garage. The Call Center building was renovated and renamed University Center on Main. The building now houses recreation facilities including tennis and basketball courts, and a rock climbing wall. In summer 2014, the building was renovated to also house the Sidhu School of Business and Leadership.  On August 11, 2021, the center was formally named after Ron and Rhea Simms to be known as Simms Center on Main.

Residential Halls
The campus offers seventeen different residence halls and apartment buildings for all levels of students, although some apartments are reserved for upperclassmen. Many residence halls are located in 19th century mansions that were donated to the university, or other houses purchased by the university. Over 11 mansion and house style residence halls are used throughout the campus. Apartment style residences are found in University Towers and Rifkin Hall. Non-apartment residence halls include Catlin Hall, Doane Hall, Evans Hall, Fortinsky Halls, Michelini Hall, Passan Hall, Ross Hall, Roth Hall, Schiowitz Hall, Sterling Hall, Sturdevant Hall, Sullivan Hall, University Towers, Waller Halls (North and South), and Weiss Hall. Dr. Francis J. Michelini Hall houses students registered for the university Honors Program.  First year and second year students are required to live in residence halls (commuters are exempt), and can live off-campus starting their third year.

Traditional dormitory housing is provided at Evans Residence Hall. With four floors and about 200 students, Evans Residence Hall is the largest first-year student residential hall on the Wilkes University campus. Renovated in 2008, Chesapeake and Delaware Residence Halls were re-dedicated as Lawrence W. Roth Residence Hall, a residential hall connecting the previously separate Chesapeake and Delaware Residence Halls. It is a first year student, non-traditional residential hall house with about seventy residents and three RAs. Students living on campus have access to laundry facilities, basic cable, and local phone service.

The university purchased the University Towers apartment complex located at 10 East South Street from a private real estate company for $8.1 million. Approximately 400 students are housed in this building's 130 units. Part of the nearby YMCA building has been renovated into apartment style residences and houses upperclassman. The apartments are known as 40 West.

Announced in November 2022, the University plans to renovated 116 South Main Street (a.k.a. South Main Towers) into a 36 unit high-end apartment facility.  The first floor will contain open academic space along with a courtyard walk that will enhance the campus throughfare.

Colonel Corner University Bookstore
The university partnered with neighboring King's College to operate a joint for-profit bookstore in downtown Wilkes-Barre. The new bookstore opened in October 2006, consolidating two independent bookstores into one new facility. The new bookstore, run by Barnes & Noble College Booksellers, was located in the basement and first floor of the Innovation Center on South Main Street. The bookstore included a full selection of general trade books, a full-service Starbucks cafe, lounges and study areas, and a spirit shop featuring products from both Wilkes and King's College.  In 2021 the bookstore returned to the main campus no longer partnered with King's College. Colonel Corner is located inside the Henry Student Center and offers school supplies and spirit wear.

Karambelas Media and Communications Center
In August 2017, the university dedicated the newly renovated Bartikowsky Jewelers building as the Clayton and Theresa Karambelas Media and Communications Center. It houses WCLH 90.7 FM (the university radio station), the Beacon newspaper, Zebra Communications (a student-run public relations agency) and the Sordoni Art Gallery.

Dorothy Dickson Darte Center for the Performing Arts
The Darte Center is the home of performing arts at Wilkes University. Built in 1965 to replace the Chase Theater (a converted carriage house), it includes the Darling Theater, which seats 478, a black box theater which seats 48, and a two-story music building. The land on which the Darte Center sits was donated by the Wyoming Valley Society of Arts and Sciences. The building was financed by an anonymous donation of $1 million by Dorothy Dickson Darte and dedicated in her honor after her death.  In late October 2022 Wilkes University announced the receipt of a 2.5 million grant that will finance major renovations to the center, particularly to bring the performing arts center to ADA compliance.

Eugene Shedden Farley Library
In 1968, Wilkes College dedicated the newly constructed Eugene Shedden Farley Library and named it after the college's first president. The library initially contained four special collection rooms - dedicated to Admiral Harold Stark, Eleanor C. Farley, Gilbert McClintock, and Wyoming Valley residents of Polish heritage. The Polish room was designed by Stefan Mrozewski in the Zakopane Style, and Stefan Hellersperk carved the furniture.  The first Norman Mailer Room was dedicated in 2000, and the second Norman Mailer Room and Collection were dedicated in October 2019. The Harold Cox Archives room, which houses the Wilkes University Archives, was dedicated in 2004 and 2013. As of 2019, the library contained 200,000 books and bound journals, 75,000 electronic journals, and 430 newspaper and journal subscriptions, as well as circulating technology like iPads and laptops.

Academics
Wilkes University is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education with specific programs having disciplinary accreditation from various relevant accrediting bodies. The university offers majors in science, education, engineering, business, and liberal arts for undergraduate and graduate students. The academic programs at Wilkes University are divided among three colleges:
College of Arts and Sciences
College of Business and Engineering
College of Health and Education

The College of Arts and Sciences includes programs in the performing arts, humanities, behavioral and social sciences, environmental sciences and natural sciences. The College of Business and Engineering programs in Electrical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering are accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) of the Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET).  The school's Nesbitt School of Pharmacy is one of seven pharmacy schools in Pennsylvania. The school is fully accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. The Passan School of Nursing undergraduate baccalaureate program in Nursing is approved by the Pennsylvania State Board of Nurse Examiners and is accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education. The Jay S. Sidhu School of Business and Leadership within the College of Business and Engineering has several business degree plans and includes one of the most popular undergraduate majors, management.  Select undergraduate programs of the Sidhu School are accredited by the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs.

For over fifty years, Wilkes University has hosted a federally funded Upward Bound program on campus starting in 1967. It is a program for low-income and first-generation students with college potential and aspiration to prepare for college.

Graduate studies
Wilkes University offers over a dozen programs within its graduate school programs. The Wilkes Graduate Teacher Education Program hosts classes online and at classroom sites across Pennsylvania. Some of the Wilkes Graduate Teacher Education programs are hosted entirely online. Other graduate programs such as nursing, creative writing, and bioengineering are also offered at the university. The MBA program within the Jay S. Sidhu School of Business and Leadership was ranked among the top ten MBA programs in the state of Pennsylvania.

Rankings
According to U.S. News & World Report's 2022 rankings, Wilkes ranks #234 in the National University Overall category, #82 in Top Performers on Social Mobility, #205 in Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs, #413 in Nursing. The Princeton Review, in their 2022 rankings, ranked Wilkes for the "Best Northeastern" rankings.

Student life

Traditions
Wilkes University students take part in a number of traditions on campus most around new student orientation and during the seven days leading to Spring commencement (a.k.a. Senior Week). Including:
 Homecoming Dinner/Dance (typically at Genetti's or The Woodlands).
 Homecoming Week Banner design competition and Residence Hall outdoor decorating.
 ROTC, Nursing and Pharmacy pinning ceremonies upon commencement.
 Senior Salute
 Community Service project during Orientation Week and Senior Week.
 President's parent/ family reception during Senior Week (typically at Weckesser Hall).
 President's Commencement Dinner/Dance (typically at Genetti's or The Woodlands).
 Promenade of graduates through campus led by bagpipers to the commencement site.  This includes touching the foot of the John Wilkes statue in the center of campus and proceeding through the Wilkes arches, through the gateway Fenner quadrangle and along South Franklin Street.
 Graduates may receive diploma from parent(s) [upon permission] if the parent(s) are employed by the university at the time of commencement.
 Senior Class President last in line of the graduating class to walk across stage to receive diploma.
 Sports Alumni Hall of Fame induction annual ceremony at the Marts Center.

Annual Commencement Awards

Mabel Scott Wandell Award and Sterling Leroy Wandell Award
The Mabel Scott Wandell and the Sterling Leroy Wandell awards are presented to the woman and man in Wilkes University's graduating class with the highest grade-point averages.
Teresa Jordan and Frank Mehm Prize
The Mehm Prize is awarded annually to the undergraduate who most nearly represents the ideal respecting moral courage, unselfishness and noteworthy extracurricular participation significantly advancing the university on and off campus.
Alumni Leadership Award
The Alumni Leadership Award is given by the Wilkes University Alumni Association to the member of the graduating class considered to have made the strongest contribution to student life and the student activities program of the university.

Student Life
Wilkes University has numerous student-run clubs and organizations that are recognized and funded by the student government. Many of the clubs are athletically focused, representing sports including crew, lacrosse, running, skiing, volleyball, and ultimate Frisbee. Clubs associated with academics and majors represent psychology, sociology, criminology, and pre-pharmacy. Other clubs are formed around common interests such as animal advocacy, vegetarianism, anime, and robotics.

Wilkes has an active student media, including a television station within the Karambelas Media and Communications Center, FM radio station WCLH (call letters stand for Wilkes College Listens Here) which celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2022, weekly newspaper The Beacon, a literary magazine Manuscript which celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2022, and yearbook Amnicola which will celebrate its 75th anniversary in 2023. The university's newspaper was originally published as the Bison Stampede and annual was published as the "Bucknell Junior College Amnicola" in 1934. The newspaper was later renamed The Beacon, and the annual was shortened to simply "Amnicola".  The university paper and annual will celebrate their 90th anniversaries in 2024.

Wilkes University Programming Board, an entertainment and event planning organization, has hosted events that featured Pennsylvania based bands such as Live and Fuel, and national favorites including Alanis Morissette, Rusted Root, Joan Osborne, Dashboard Confessional, Lifehouse, Busta Rhymes, Hoobastank, Jack's Mannequin, and Billy Joel.

Wilkes University launched the first collegiate marching band in the northeast Pennsylvania region in 2014. The university said that the new marching band will be a welcomed new tradition and it will contribute to a growth in school spirit. The band was disbanded in 2021 due to budget concerns.

Henry Student Center
The Frank M. and Dorothea Henry Student Center (HSC) is the student center on campus. The HSC was originally built in 1999, and has continued to serve the students through the present day. The Henry Student Center seeks to provide on-campus activities for all the students of Wilkes as well as maintain partnerships within the community that accentuate the student and community experience. A game room is also located in the student center, complete with multiple pool tables, TVs with wiis connected, ping pong, and other games.

The building is home to most of the student organizations on campus, as well as the dining facilities that are run by Sodexo Incorporated and a campus bookstore run by Barnes and Noble. All recognized student organizations can reserve space, or at least a meeting area to conduct business. The student-run journalism yearbook Amnicola and newspaper The Beacon, have both business office and production space in the first floor.  The second floor holds the university Edward Elgonitis Sr. Mailroom or simply "Eddie's Mailroom", shipping services and student mailboxes.

Within the building second floor corridor are framed portraits of every study body president to have served as the head Student Government leader since the inception of the school.

Large meeting space that can be reserved by the Wilkes communite are the Savitz Multicultural Room that includes a student painted multicultural mural that was led by long time art faculty member Sharon Cosgrove, Miller Meeting Room and the Paul S. '77 and Jean Ritter '78 '82 Adams Commons (formerly the Student Center Ballroom).

The building was named after Frank M., who served as an executive officer of the local family owned bus transportation company Martz Group, a service that continues to be used by countless generations of Wilkes students to return to and from campus for visits home using the many bus routes along the northeastern corridor and its connection services. His wife, Dorothea, was an active volunteer in the surrounding community.

Renovations for the new Henry Student Center began shortly after its initial opening to expand space in 2005 for student meetings on the 2nd floor, and continued with moderate renovations most recently with the Adams Commons (formerly the Student Center Ballroom) in 2023.

Student Government
The Student Government organization at Wilkes hosts many annual events for undergraduates such as Homecoming and Winter Weekend, an annual themed weekend event in which teams of students participate in various competitive challenges such as team skits and eating contests. The Wilkes Student Government also coordinates all the other university organizations and clubs by formulating student activity budgets and reviewing fund requests. The organization is composed of various executive positions and councils including the president, presidents of Commuter Council, Inter-residence Hall Council, representatives, and a president from each class.

Dining
There is currently one Aramark operated full scale buffet style dining facility on the Wilkes campus located within the Henry Student Center on the second floor. A location designated as the Rifkin Cafe includes a convenience store and sandwich shop (where convenience store-like food and beverages are sold) is located on the first floor of the Henry Student Center. There are also small shops operated by Aramark throughout the campus such as the Colonel Gambini Cafe Starbucks Coffee Shop named in honor of long-time food services staff member Glenn Gambini.

ROTC Program
Detachment 752 of the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps is located at Wilkes University. Established in 1973, AF ROTC Detachment 752 has trained and prepared hundreds of young men and women for future careers as USAF officers. Wilkes also offers Army ROTC, but the classes are held at nearby King's College. When students graduate from Wilkes and complete the ROTC program, they earn a commission as an officer in their respective military branches. The detachment serves 12 other crosstown colleges and universities in Northeast Pennsylvania.

Athletics
The Wilkes University Colonels compete in NCAA Division III athletics. The university is a member of the Landmark Conference. Wilkes offers numerous intercollegiate sports team organizations at the university. Wilkes men's intercollegiate sports teams include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, tennis and wrestling. Wilkes women's intercollegiate sports teams include basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, and volleyball.

Men's conference titles
In 2007, the Wilkes University baseball team was the MAC Freedom Conference champion. Prior to that, the baseball team had been conference champion in 1994 and 1977.

In the 2007-2008 men's basketball season, the Wilkes men's team went 13-12 overall and finished fourth in the conference. Previously, the men's basketball team was Freedom Conference champion for the 2000–2001 season, 1998–99 season, 1997–98 season, and 1995–96 season.

The Wilkes University football team was the MAC champion for the 2006 season, and previously, the football team had been conference champion in 1993 and 1974. In the mid-1960s the Wilkes College football program had 32 straight wins—the fourth longest streak in college football history at the time. It began in the fourth game of the 1965 season and ended in 1969. From a 34–0 victory over Ursinus to a 13–7 loss to Ithaca. Rollie Schmidt coached the Colonels from 1962 to 1981. His teams went 90-73-1 winning five MAC titles, two Lambert Bowls (best small college team in the East) and one Timmie Award (best small college team in the country).

The men's tennis team was MAC Freedom Conference champion in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016.

The Wilkes wrestling team has won a total of 14 Middle Atlantic Conference team championships. In 1974, the team won the NCAA Div. III national championship, afterward, the Colonels moved to the NCAA Div. I ranks for 25 seasons before returning to Div. III ranks in 2000.

Women's conference titles
The Wilkes University women's field hockey team was MAC champions in 2013 and 1999. In 2008 the women's field hockey team was ranked 18th in the nation by the NCAA.

In 2005, the Wilkes women's soccer team was the MAC Freedom Conference champion. The following year, the Wilkes women's softball team won the MAC region in 2006. Prior to that, the women's softball team was the MAC champion in 1982.

The women's tennis team at Wilkes was the MAC Freedom Conference champion in 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014. The women's volleyball team was the conference champion in 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011.

Women's golf and women's swimming, both NCAA Division III intercollegiate sports, were introduced to Wilkes University's sports roster in the 2014–2015 season in the Middle Atlantic Conference.

Men's sports
Baseball
Basketball
Cross country
Football
Golf
Soccer
Swimming
Tennis
Volleyball
Wrestling

Women's sports
Basketball
Cross country
Field hockey
Golf
Ice hockey
Lacrosse
Soccer
Softball
Swimming
Tennis
Volleyball

Club sports
Baseball
Basketball (men and women)
Bowling
Crew
Cheerleading
Dance Team
Ice hockey
Lacrosse (men and women)
Rugby (men and women)
Soccer (men and women)
Softball
Swimming
Tennis
Ultimate frisbee (men and women)
Unified sports (Special Olympics)
Volleyball (men and women)

Annual and Major Campus Events

Lecture series
The university sponsors and hosts academically focused lectures series for its students and community. The Max Rosenn Lecture Series in Law and Humanities was established in the 1980s, and has brought many speakers to the university including author Norman Mailer, Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens, and journalist Bob Woodward.  The Allan P. Kirby Lecture in Free Enterprise and Entrepreneurship has also hosted speakers including journalist and television host John Stossel, and former New York Governor George Pataki. The center hosts two lectures annually. The United Nations lecture series was launched in the 2011–2012 academic year and the program brings U.N. officials to the campus to speak to students throughout the year through a partnership with the Higher Education Alliance of the United Nations.

Annual High School Mathematics Contest
For over 60 years Wilkes University has been the host of the Annual High School Mathematics Contest as sponsored by the Luzerne County Council of Teachers of Mathematics (LCCTM). Every year juniors and seniors from Luzerne County high schools come to Wilkes University to participate in the competition. The first-place winner in both the junior and senior divisions are awarded a full-tuition scholarship to Wilkes University.

ACM Intercollegiate Programming Contest
The Wilkes University Math and Computer Science Department hosts the Eastern Pennsylvania division of the Mid-Atlantic Region of the annual ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest. Wilkes University has been host to the event for the last 5 years. A total of 8 schools host teams in the Mid-Atlantic Region. The competition is sponsored by IBM and the contest challenges the participants knowledge and creativity in solving computer programming problems.

Annual Tom Bigler High School Journalism Conference
Annually, hundreds of Pennsylvania high school students attend this annual media oriented event. Each year features a notable keynote speaker, hands-on workshops in the areas of telecommunications, journalism and public relations and panel discussions and presentation from media professionals and personalities. A high school journalism contest and awards ceremony is also a main event.

Plays
The Wilkes University Theatre presents a full season of dramas and musicals on the main stage as well as a season of student produced black box productions at the Darte Center. The Division of Performing Arts presents a total of four shows annually at the Darte Center.

Notable alumni
Ann Bartuska, ecologist and biologist
Jackson Berkey, classical music composer, pianist, and singer
Marty Blake, general manager of the Atlanta Hawks franchise
Gabriel J. Campana, former mayor of Williamsport, Pennsylvania
Catherine Chandler, poet
Jesse Choper, constitutional law scholar and former dean of the UC Berkeley School of Law
Catherine D. DeAngelis, first woman and the first pediatrician to become the editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association
William R. Evanina, the NCIX, the National Counterintelligence Executive of the United States, and director of the U.S. National Counterintelligence and Security Center
Kevin Gryboski, Former Major League Baseball player, current Wilkes University head baseball coach
Donora Hillard, author
Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs, actor Welcome Back Kotter
Marlon James, Jamaican novelist and winner of the 2015 Man Booker Prize
Amanda Kaster, current Director of the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation (2021–present)
Evana Manandhar, Miss Nepal 2015
Eddie Day Pashinski, Pennsylvania House of Representatives member
 Steve Poleskie, artist and writer, Professor Emeritus at Cornell University
Bo Ryan, head coach of the University of Wisconsin–Madison men's basketball team
Edward Weber, Regional President at Toll Brothers Inc.
Frank Zane, Professional bodybuilder and three-time Mr. Olympia.

References

External links
 Official website
 Wilkes University Athletics

Buildings and structures in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Universities and colleges established in 1933
Universities and colleges in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
1933 establishments in Pennsylvania
Private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania

Wilkes University


A registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) (), or retirement savings plan (RSP), is a type of financial account in Canada for holding savings and investment assets. RRSPs have various tax advantages compared to investing outside of tax-preferred accounts.  They were introduced in 1957 to promote savings for retirement by employees and self-employed people.

They must comply with a variety of restrictions stipulated in the Canadian Income Tax Act. Approved assets include savings accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs), bonds, mortgage loans, mutual funds, income trusts, corporate shares, exchange-traded funds, foreign currency, and labour-sponsored funds. Rules determine the maximum contributions, the timing of contributions, the assets allowed, and the eventual conversion to a registered retirement income fund (RRIF) at age 71.

Taxation
Contributions to RRSPs are deductible from total income, reducing income tax payable for the year in which the contributions are claimed. No income earned in the account is taxed (including interest, dividends, capital gains, foreign exchange gains, mortality credits, etc.). Most withdrawals are taxed as income when they are withdrawn.  This is the same tax treatment provided to Registered Pension Plans established by employers.

Other countries provide similar treatment of tax-deferred accounts established by individual investors, i.e., contributions are considered to have been made with savings from before-tax income and tax is paid when amounts are withdrawn: individual retirement accounts in the United States, and self-invested personal pensions in the United Kingdom.

Disputed net benefits
Net benefits are measured by the difference in outcomes between saving in a taxable account versus saving in an RRSP account. All official sites provide a list of benefits similar to the following:
 Contributions are tax deductible.
 Savings grow tax-free, but are fully taxed on withdrawal.
 Taxes are deferred until withdrawal.

Also commonly claimed:
 The contributor's marginal tax rate when withdrawing funds may be lower than the tax rate the contributor paid when making the original contribution.
 There are possibilities for income splitting.
 A contributor who would otherwise owe more than $3,000 in taxes at the end of the year ($1,800 in Quebec) can relieve themselves of the obligation to pay their taxes in instalments by reducing the net tax owing below the relevant threshold. By not having to pay instalments, such contributors effectively receive the tax benefit as soon as March 15 (the date the first quarterly instalment is typically due) as opposed to at the end of the tax year.
 The inclusion of RRSP withdrawals in taxable income may reduce benefits otherwise received from other programs.

Others dispute that understanding. A Canadian economist and two American tax papers on the American equivalent account support this view.  They provide a model and the math proofs that the tax deduction on contribution is not a benefit, there is no benefit from tax deferrals and that profits are not taxed on withdrawal.

Instead they see the RRSP's benefits as:
 A benefit from tax-free growth that is not taxed on withdrawal.
 A bonus (or penalty) from a decrease (or increase) in the tax rates between contribution and withdrawal.
 A possible loss of other government benefits when withdrawals increase taxable income, and a possible increase in benefits when contributions reduce taxable income.
 A loss when there is a delay between contribution and claiming the tax deduction.

Types

RRSP accounts can be set up with either one or two associated individuals:

Individual RRSP: an individual RRSP is associated with only a single person, called an account holder. With Individual RRSPs, the account holder is also called a contributor, as only they contribute money to their RRSP.
Spousal RRSP: a spousal RRSP allows a higher earner, called a spousal contributor, to contribute to an RRSP in their spouse's name. In this case, it is the spouse who is the account holder.  The spouse can withdraw the funds, subject to tax, after a holding period. A spousal RRSP is a means of splitting income in retirement: By dividing investment properties between both spouses each spouse will receive half the income, and thus the marginal tax rate will be lower than if one spouse earned all of the income.
Group RRSP: in a group RRSP, an employer arranges for employees to make contributions, as they wish, through a schedule of regular payroll deductions. The employee can decide the size of contribution per year and the employer will deduct an amount accordingly and submit it to the investment manager selected to administer the group account. The contribution is then deposited into the employee's individual account and invested as specified. The primary benefit with a group plan is that the employee-contributor realizes the tax savings immediately, because the income taxes his or her employer must deduct on every paycheque can be reduced. By contrast, if a taxpayer making a private contribution is not expecting to owe more than $3,000 ($1,800 in Quebec) at the end of the year, then he or she will have to wait until the end of the tax year (or even not until after that in the case of taxpayers expecting a refund) before realizing the benefit.
Pooled RRSP: legislation was introduced during the 41st Canadian parliament in 2011 to create pooled retirement pension plans (PRPP). PRPPs would be aimed at employees and employers in small businesses, and at self-employed people.

Contributing
Contributing and deducting are two different things. Contributions are usually deducted from taxable income in the same tax year but may be held for future use. Because Canada has a progressive tax system, taxes are reduced at the individual's highest marginal rate. For individuals who always claim the same deduction amount as their yearly contribution, their maximum contribution is the 'deduction limit' calculated by the CRA.

The 'deduction limit' is a running total calculated for the next year and printed on every notice of assessment or reassessment, provided the taxpayer is aged 71 years or younger. It is reduced by tax deductions claimed and increased by the year's contribution limit, minus any pension adjustment (PA) and past service pension adjustment (PSPA), plus pension adjustment reversals (PAR).

Since 1991, contribution limits are calculated at 18% of the prior year's reported earned income (from employment or self-employment), up to a maximum. The maximum has been rising as shown in the table below. Since 2010 it is indexed to the annual increase in the average wage.

While it is possible to contribute more than the contributor's deduction limit, it is generally not advised as any amount $2,000 over the deduction limit is subject to a significant penalty tax removing all benefits (1% per month on the overage amount).

RRSP contributions within the first 60 days of the tax year (which may or may not be the calendar year) must be reported on the previous year's return, according to the Income Tax Act. Such contributions may also be used as deduction for the previous tax year.

Prior to 1991, contribution limits were calculated at 20% of the prior year's reported earned income, up to a maximum of $7,500 for taxfilers without an employer-sponsored registered pension plan, or $3,500 for taxfilers who had an employer-sponsored registered pension plan. Furthermore, any unused portion of the contribution limit could not be held for future use, and was therefore lost forever if not contributed before the 60 first days of the year.

Withdrawals

An account holder is able to withdraw dollars or assets from an RRSP at any age. Withholding tax is deducted by the institution managing the account.  Amounts withdrawn must be included in the taxable income of that year. The tax withheld reduces the taxes owing at year end. There are two exceptions to this process - the Home Buyer's Plan and the Lifelong Learning Plan.

Before the end of the year the account holder turns 71, the RRSP must either be cashed out or transferred to a Registered Retirement Income Fund (RRIF) or an annuity. Until 2007, account holders were required to make this decision at age 69 rather than 71.

Investments held in a RRIF can continue to grow tax-free indefinitely, though an obligatory minimum RRIF withdrawal amount is cashed out and sent to the account holder each year. At that time individuals hope to be taxed at lower tax rates, but may actually end up paying higher rates than were recovered from contributions.

On death the assets remaining in the account are withdrawn and distributed directly to the named beneficiary.  They do not flow through the estate.  The account is closed.  Like other withdrawals, the value of the assets is included in the taxable income of the account's owner.  This large lump sum may result in much of its value being taxed at the top tax bracket. The liability to pay the tax lies with the estate, no matter who received the account's assets.

There are exceptions.  When a spouse is the named beneficiary, the account continues, without triggering taxes, in the name of the spouse. There are also provisions for the tax-free transfer of assets to minor children, grandchildren and dependents.

Special withdrawal programs

Home buyers' plan

While the original purpose of RRSPs was to help Canadians save for retirement, it is possible to use RRSP funds to help purchase one's first home under what is known as the Home Buyers' Plan (HBP). An RRSP holder can borrow, tax-free, up to $35,000 from their RRSP (and another $35,000 from a spousal RRSP) towards buying their residence. This loan has to be repaid within 15 years after two years of grace. Contrary to popular belief, this plan can be used more than once per lifetime, as long as the borrower did not own a residence in the previous five years, and has fully repaid any previous loans under this plan. Originally introduced in the 1992 federal budget, the initial amount that could be borrowed was $15,000. Seventeen years later the amount was raised to $25,000 in the 2009 budget. The 2019 budget raised that amount again to $35,000.

Lifelong learning plan

Similarly to the home buyers' plan, the Life-Long Learning Plan (LLP) allows for temporary diversions of tax-free funds from an RRSP. This program allows individuals to borrow from an RRSP to go or return to post-secondary school. The user may withdraw up to $10,000 per year to a maximum of $20,000. The first repayment under the LLP will be due at the earliest of the following two dates.

60 days after the fifth year following the first withdrawal
the second year after the last year the student was enrolled in full-time studies

Account structure

Both individual and spousal RRSPs can be held in one of three account structures. One or more of the account types below may not be an option depending on what type of investment instrument (example stocks, mutual funds, bonds) is being held inside the RRSP.

Client-held accounts

Client-held, or client-name accounts, exist when an account holder uses their RRSP contributions to purchase an investment with a particular investment company. Each time that an individual uses RRSP contribution money to purchase an investment at a different fund company, it results in a separate client-held account being opened. For example, if an individual buys investment #1 with one company and investment #2 with another, the individual would have separate RRSP accounts held with two different companies.

The main benefits of client-name accounts is that they do not generally incur annual fees or "exit fees", the investment is registered with the trustee in the client's name instead of the "dealer's" name and therefore, client-name investments are not subject to bankruptcy issues if the dealer goes bankrupt. Another benefit is that a Dealer Statement generated quarterly by the Mutual Fund Dealer; and Exempt Market Dealer contain all investment activity (buy, sell, switch) through that dealer for ease of tracking investments.  The Dealer Statement contains all types of plans for registered investments (RRSP, RRIF, Tax-Free Savings Account, Locked-in Retirement Account, Life Income Fund) and non-registered investments thereby making it easy to track investments in one place.

Generally, client-held accounts are for mutual funds and exempt products only; therefore, if an investor holds stocks and bonds along with mutual funds or exempt products, a Nominee or Intermediary account is most beneficial for ease of tracking all types of investments in one place.

Nominee accounts

Nominee accounts are so named because individuals with this type of account nominate a nominee, usually one of Canada's five major banks or a major investment dealer, to hold a number of different investments in a single account. For example, if an individual buys investment #1 with one company and investment #2 with another, both investments are held in a single RRSP account with the nominee, a chartered bank.

The main benefit of a nominee account is the ability to keep track of all RRSP investments within a single account. The main detriment is that nominee accounts often incur annual fees.

A "self-directed" RRSP (SDRSP) is a special kind of nominee account. It is essentially a trading account at a brokerage that has tax-sheltered status. The holder of a self-directed RRSP instructs the brokerage to buy and sell securities on their behalf as with any brokerage account. The reason that it is described as "self-directed" is that the holder of this kind of RRSP directs all the investment decisions themselves, and does not normally have the service of an investment advisor.

Intermediary accounts

Intermediary accounts are essentially identical in function to nominee accounts. The reason investors would have an intermediary account instead of a nominee account has to do with the investment advisor they deal with, as advisors not aligned with a major bank or investment dealer may not have the logistical ability to offer nominee accounts to their clients.

As a result, the advisor will approach an intermediary company which is able to offer the investor identical benefits as those offered by a nominee account. The two main Canadian financial institutions that offer intermediary services are B2B Bank and Canadian Western Trust.

The main benefits and detriments of intermediary accounts are identical as those offered by nominee accounts.

RRSP rollover

It is possible to have an RRSP roll over to an adult dependent survivor, child or grandchild, as it would to a spouse. This was made possible in 2003 and there are various Income Tax Act (ITA) requirements to allow this to take place.  The new registered asset could result in provincial benefits being cut off. In many cases a court application to have someone appointed guardian of the child's property and person would be necessary to provide a legally authorized party to manage the asset if the child is deemed incompetent to do so. This possibility affects the overall estate plan and often the distribution of the estate.

Acquiring this asset may also affect the adult dependent child's eligibility for provincial assistance programs. A Henson trust may be useful for enabling the adult dependent child to receive RRSP rollovers and still be eligible for provincial social assistance programs such as Ontario disability support program (ODSP).  A lifetime benefit trust (LBT) is a new option that may be valuable for leaving a personal trust in a will for a special needs, financially dependent child, grandchild or spouse. It has the added benefit that RRSP assets dedicated to the LBT could be protected from creditors.

Foreign content

Originally, RRSPs were limited to mostly domestic content, that is, Canadian based investments such as GICs, bonds and shares of Canadian corporations, and mutual funds holding such assets. Non-Canadian content was limited to 10% of the plan's assets, originally measured by market value, and in 1971 changed to 10% of book value.

In 1994, the foreign content limit was raised to 20%. However, by then, mutual fund managers found a way to get around this limitation and offer unitholders exposure to foreign markets without using up any of the foreign content quota. They typically did this by holding all fund assets in Canadian treasury bills or similar cash equivalent assets, and using foreign equity index futures or forward contracts with a similar notional value to obtain equivalent market exposure. Since derivatives are generally considered off-balance-sheet items for accounting purposes, these synthetic foreign funds qualified as 100% Canadian content.

In 2001, the foreign content limit was raised yet again, this time to 30%, but the prevalence of synthetic foreign funds was such as to make the limit a matter of form only.

In 2005, the law was changed to remove foreign content limit altogether.

Similar accounts in other countries
 Individual retirement account (IRA) and 401(k) (United States)
 Self-invested personal pension (SIPP) and individual savings account (ISA) (United Kingdom)
 Personal Retirement Savings Account (PRSA) (Ireland)
 Superannuation (Australia)
 KiwiSaver (New Zealand)
 Nippon individual savings account (NISA) (Japan)
 Mandatory Provident Fund (Hong Kong)
 Vanuatu National Provident Fund (Vanuatu) – a compulsory savings scheme for Employees who receive a salary of Vt3, 000 or more a month, to help them financially at retirement.
 Central Provident Fund (Singapore)
 Employees Provident Fund (Malaysia)
 Pensions in Chile

See also
 Registered retirement income fund (RRIF)
 Locked-in retirement account (LIRA) for Locked-in Retirement Savings Plan (LRSP), Life Income Funds (LIF), Locked-In Retirement Income Funds (LRIF), Prescribed Retirement Income Fund (PRIF)
 Registered education savings plan (RESP)
 Registered Home Ownership Savings Plan (RHOSP)
 Henson trust
 Saskatchewan Pension Plan
 Retirement compensation arrangements (Canada) (RCA)
 Tax-free savings account (Canada) (TFSA)
 Taxation in Canada
 Pension

References

External links
Canadian Income Tax Act, Tax in Respect of Registered Investments  via CanLII
Canada Revenue Agency

Pensions in Canada
Tax-advantaged savings plans in Canada

Registered retirement savings plan


La Junta Constructora del Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia es una fundación eclesiástica creada en 1895 para promover la construcción del Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia de Barcelona, a través de donativos e iniciativas públicas y privadas. En la actualidad, junto a su función original, promueve la obra y la figura de Antoni Gaudí, artífice del templo, a través del legado y el proyecto reflejados en el templo de la Sagrada Familia y en el resto de su obra, así como la proyección internacional de Gaudí y del modernismo catalán.

Historia

José María Bocabella, fundador de la Asociación de Devotos de San José, impulsora del templo, fue el primer director de las obras del templo, así como de la revista que editaba desde 1867 para difundir el proyecto, llamada El Propagador de la Devoción a San José (desde 1948, Templo). Tras su muerte en 1892 le sucedió su yerno, Manuel de Dalmases i de Riba y, a este, su mujer e hija del fundador, Francesca de Paula Bocabella i Puig. Tras el fallecimiento de esta en 1893, se hizo cargo un hermano de Manuel, Joan Crisòstom de Dalmases, ya que los hijos de Manuel y Francesca eran menores de edad. El obispo de Barcelona, Jaume Català, quiso aprovechar la circunstancia para hacerse cargo del proyecto y ambas partes se enzarzaron en pleitos. Finalmente, en 1895, se llegó a un acuerdo: la revista quedaba en manos de la editorial Herederos de la Viuda Pla, propiedad de la familia Dalmases Bocabella, mientras que el templo quedaba en manos de la Diócesis de Barcelona. Para gestionar las obras, el obispo Català cambió la fundación particular que dirigía el proyecto por una obra diocesana y, con tal fin, creó la Junta de Obras, cuya presidencia hereditaria estaría asumida siempre por el obispo. Reservó un puesto de vocal para un miembro de la familia Dalmases Bocabella.

La primera Junta estaba formada por:

 Jaume Català i Albosa, obispo de Barcelona
 Frederic Millan i Franc, presidente
 Joan Martorell i Monteys
 Àlvar M. Camin i López
 Joan Crisòstom de Dalmases i Riba, tesorero
 Jaume Nogués i Taulet
 Ramon Nogués i Segarra
 Leopold Gil i Llopart, secretario

Desde entonces el presidente ha sido el obispo y después el arzobispo de Barcelona. El presidente actual es el arzobispo Juan José Omella.

Desde 1992 la Junta también gestiona la Casa-Museo Gaudí del Parque Güell, lugar de residencia del arquitecto entre 1906 y 1926.

En 2001 la Junta recibió el premio Creu de Sant Jordi que otorga la Generalidad de Cataluña.

Junta actual

 Juan José Omella, arzobispo metropolitano de Barcelona, presidente nato
 Esteve Camps i Sala, presidente delegado
 Mariona Carulla Font, vicepresidenta
 Pere Alegrí i Guitart, tesorero
 Jaume Solé Janer, secretario
 Sergi Gordo Rodríguez, vocal
 Rosa Mª Alsina Pagès, vocal
 Guillem López Casasnovas, vocal
 Joan Trias de Bes Mingot, vocal
 Núria Vendrell Ventayol, vocal

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 Web de la fundación

Fundaciones de Cataluña
Instituciones de Cataluña
Galardonados con la Creu de Sant Jordi
Instituciones y organismos con sede en Barcelona
Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia


Psychiko ( ) is a town and a suburb in the Athens agglomeration, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Filothei-Psychiko, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipality has an area of .

Overview
Psychiko is located 5 km northeast of Athens city centre. It is a strictly residential suburb of Athens, with commercial businesses allowed only within two small designated zones, the "Nea Agora" (New Market) and the "Palaia Agora" (Old Market), with current regulations also restricting buildings to full detachment, and a maximum of 3 floors. Psychiko was historically the home of aristocrats, members of the Greek royal family, and generally old money people. The area remains one of the wealthiest suburbs of Athens, with very high land value, and a number of embassies, particularly of rich Middle Eastern countries, to be found located in Psychiko, and neighbouring Filothei. This was once home to Queen Frederica of the Hellenes, until the military coup d'état of 1967. Andreas Papandreou and his wife Margaret also lived in Psychiko before the dictatorship. Later, when he became Prime Minister he left Psychiko and moved to Ekali. In recent decades however, many prominent families choose to build their houses in the southern, seaside suburbs, like Glyfada or Vouliagmeni. A number of private schools are located in Psychiko: Athens College and Psychiko College, Moraitis School, the Arsakeio, and the Varvakeio.

Name
The name literally means "an act of charity". A popular legend about the battle of Marathon and the Marathon run was recorded by Andreas Karkavitsas in the 19th century, and also by Linos Politis.

Historical population

Notable people
Constantine II of Greece, former King of the Hellenes; also competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, winning a gold medal.
Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark, later Queen Sofía of Spain, sister of Constantine II.
Nikos Dimou, writer.
Bobolas family, editor and co-owners of Ellaktor
Babis Vovos, former billionaire and owner of the construction group Babis Vovos S.A..

Embassies and consulates
Psychiko is home to many embassies.

 State

Consulates

See also
List of municipalities of Attica

References

External links
 Municipal Website
Psychiko Cultural Center

Battle of Marathon
Populated places in North Athens (regional unit)
Filothei-Psychiko

Psychiko


سبارك إنتربرايز (SPARC Enterprise) عائلة معالجات M من إنتاج شركة صن ميكروسيستمز تضم إلى الآن :
	M3000
	M4000
	M5000
	M8000
	M9000

المعالجات

وصلات خارجية
 موقع شركة Sun صاحبة المعالج شركة صن
 موقع SPARC الرئيسي

استحداثات متعلقة بالحواسيب في 2007
عتاد أوراكل
فوجيتسو
معالجات الحاسوب

سبارك إنتربرايز


En plus de la berline et du break, un cabriolet (Type 8H) de la catégorie familiale routière a également été proposé pour la première fois, depuis l'Audi Cabriolet construit de 1991 à 2000, sur la base de l'Audi A4 aussi connu sous le nom de B6 (Type 8E). Elle a remplacé l'A4 B5 en  et a été remplacée par l'A4 B7 en .

L'A4 B6 a été produite à plus d'un million d'exemplaires toutes carrosseries confondues de 2000 à 2004.

Présentation
L'A4 B6 est présentée en  au salon de l'automobile de Berlin. Elle est produite à partir du mois suivant, et est commercialisée en Europe dès .

En , l'A4 B6 est lancée au Japon et en Amérique du Nord. Il faudra attendre  pour qu'elle soit lancée en Chine.

La berline termine sa production en septembre 2004 en Allemagne, et un an plus tard pour la Chine.

Changements par rapport à la prédécesseure
La deuxième génération de l'A4 se distingue de sa devancière, la B5, par une ceinture de caisse relevée sur le côté et une partie arrière plus arrondie. La carrosserie est donc similaire à la plus grande Audi A6. La B6 est  plus longue,  plus large et  plus haute que sa prédécesseur.

L'essieu avant à quatre bras perfectionné est en grande partie en aluminium. Cela le rend  plus léger que celui de la première génération d'A4.

Alors que la prédécesseur était équipée d'une poutre de torsion (traction avant) ou d'un essieu arrière à double triangulation (entraînement Quattro), la B6 dispose d'un nouvel essieu arrière à double triangulation avec suspension indépendante des roues pour les deux variantes d'entraînement, ressorts et amortisseurs séparés et une meilleure stabilité de suivi.

En plus de certains moteurs, connus, de l'ancienne gamme, il y a deux moteurs essence nouvellement développés pour la B6 :
Un quatre cylindres en ligne de deux litres de cylindrée et  () et également
un moteur six cylindres en V d'une cylindrée de trois litres et  ().

Les blocs moteurs des deux moteurs sont en aluminium; ils ont cinq soupapes par cylindre.

Avec la B6, la transmission automatique Multitronic à variation continue a été proposée pour la première fois sur les A4 à traction avant. Les modèles à traction intégrale, en revanche, ne pouvaient être équipés que d'un convertisseur de couple "Tiptronic" à cinq vitesses ou d'une transmission manuelle. Contrairement à son prédécesseur, celui-ci dispose d'une position de changement de vitesse "S" supplémentaire, qui vise à transmettre un comportement de changement de vitesse et une expérience de conduite sportif. Les positions de vitesse précédentes ne sont plus nécessaires, mais peuvent toujours être sélectionnées séparément.

Les améliorations et développements sont également :
les propriétés en cas d'accident,
correcteur électronique de trajectoire et système anti-blocage des roues,
le système de freinage,
l'isolation phonique,
la rigidité de la carrosserie (45 % supérieure à la B5),
l'équipement standard et spécial.

Par exemple, la B6 est équipée de série du système de coussins gonflables de sécurité (« airbags ») pour la tête Sideguard. Dans le modèle précédent, ces airbags n'étaient proposés qu'en supplément.

Variantes de carrosserie
Comme sa prédécesseur, la B6 qui lui succède est disponible en version berline (quatre portes) et break (cinq portes).

Les périodes de construction entre la B5 et la B6 se chevauchent car la variante Avant du prédécesseur a été introduite un an plus tard et a également été produite un an de plus que la berline pour un temps de construction comparable.

Audi A4 B6 Cabriolet (Type 8H)

Avec l'introduction de l'Audi A4 Cabriolet en , un cabriolet quatre places a été ajouté à la gamme des produits Audi, comblant ainsi le vide laissé par l'Audi Cabriolet basé sur l'Audi 80 lorsqu'il a été abandonné en 2000. Les concurrents de l'époque comparables étaient la BMW Série 3 Cabriolet, la Mercedes CLK Cabriolet et la Saab 93 Cabriolet. Contrairement aux modèles des autres concurrents mentionnés, l'A4 Cabriolet a été le premier cabriolet à avoir une transmission intégrale Quattro en option et une transmission automatique Multitronic à variation continue disponibles en option comme arguments de vente uniques.

Extérieur
Comme le véhicule précédent, l'A4 Cabriolet a également été produit par le carrossier de Basse-Saxe Karmann à Rheine (Osnabrück), en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie. Certaines caractéristiques de conception et d'équipement typiques ont été adoptées sur la base de l'Audi Cabriolet. Cela comprend le cadre de pare-brise argenté et le pourtour en aluminium qui se prolonge sous la ligne des fenêtres latérales et se termine sur le compartiment de la capote sous la lunette arrière et qui est toujours typique de tous les cabriolets Audi quatre places (cf. A3, A5). Un toit en tissu a également été de nouveau utilisé, il peut désormais être, de série, ouvert de manière électrohydraulique et entièrement automatique en appuyant sur un bouton pendant 24 secondes sans avoir besoin d'un déverrouillage manuel et il se range complètement automatiquement sous le couvercle du coffre. La capote ne peut être actionnée qu'à l'arrêt ou à une vitesse maximale de .

Dans l'histoire du modèle, l'A4 Cabriolet est le précurseur de la gamme Audi A5, puisqu'il se différencie de l'A4 en termes de prix ainsi que par ses propriétés visuelles et techniques. Bien qu'il porte le même nom, il n'a, hormis la plate-forme technique, que peu de points communs avec la gamme qui lui donne son nom.

L'Audi A4 Cabriolet est en grande partie un modèle indépendant, puisque toutes les pièces de carrosserie, à l'exception des rétroviseurs extérieurs, ont leur propre conception et qu'aucune pièce supplémentaire n'a été reprise de la berline ou du break, ce qui se reflète également dans la modification de la désignation du type interne (8H au lieu de 8E) et la production d'un travail externe (Karmann Osnabrück). La carrosserie, pesant , a été assemblée avec  de soudure et, d'un point de vue technique, il utilisait certains moteurs, transmissions et variantes d'entraînement de la gamme Audi A4; cependant, le réglage du châssis en aluminium a également été modifié en raison du poids plus élevé et les performances de conduite s'en écartent également en conséquence. Contrairement à la berline et à l'Avant, les moteurs essence  turbo, ,  et , ainsi que la finition S4, étaient disponibles dans le cabriolet. Seul le TDI de  était disponible en tant que moteur diesel.

Intérieur
À l'intérieur, de nombreux éléments ont été modifiés, comme un tableau de bord différent avec cinq bouches d'aération rondes bordées d'anneaux chromés. La Seat Exeo avait ce tableau de bord jusqu'en 2013. Il dispose d'un compartiment de rangement supplémentaire entre la radio et les bouches d'aération centrales. En raison des portes plus longues, les panneaux de porte ont changé et ont des couvercles de haut-parleur modifiés et des accoudoirs adaptés. L'affichage du groupe d'instrumentations est encadré plus profondément pour permettre une meilleure lisibilité lorsque le toit est ouvert et que le soleil brille. L'ensemble de la zone des sièges arrière, y compris les panneaux latéraux, les sièges, le dispositif de chargement de skis de série, les supports pour les ceintures de sécurité avant, les appuie-tête fixes sur les sièges arrière et l'arceau de sécurité non visible derrière eux, a été spécialement conçu pour le cabriolet.

La capote de l'Audi A4 Cabriolet était disponible d'usine en trois couleurs (rouge, noir et bleu) et il était équipée d'une lunette arrière en verre et d'une lunette chauffante standard. Lorsque le toit était fermé, un compartiment mobile pouvait être replié dans le coffre, ce qui augmentait le volume du coffre de 246 à 315 litres. Sous le plancher du coffre, il y avait une roue de secours à part entière disponible en supplément, ainsi que des outils et un cric. Le système d'antenne pour la radio, le téléphone, le système de navigation et la télématique était intégré dans le hayon.

Transmission
L'Audi A4 est équipée de série d'une traction avant. Le système de transmission intégrale quattro est disponible en option avec différents moteurs. La transmission intégrale est de série sur les modèles S.

Temps de construction
Berline : de  à
Break : de  à
Cabriolet : d' à

Bien que la berline et le break n'aient été construits que pendant environ quatre ans,  ont quitté l'usine. Parmi ceux-ci, l'Avant représentait , ce qui correspond à une part de 40,2 %.

Lifting
Extérieurement, le modèle B6 n'a guère été modifié au cours de sa période de construction. À partir de mi-2003, les pare-chocs et les jupes latérales étaient peints de série de la couleur du véhicule (auparavant une option). La transmission automatique Multitronic a également reçu la position de changement de vitesse "S", familière, de la Tiptronic, qui transmet une expérience de conduite plus sportive.

Fin 2003, un nouveau système de navigation avec un écran couleur de 6,5 pouces (auparavant 5 pouces), lecteur DVD, logique de fonctionnement MMI, fonction de lecture MP3 et deux emplacements pour cartes mémoire SD introduits et les phares au xénon optionnels (uniquement pour les feux de croisement) ont été remplacés par des phares bi-xénon (pour les feux de croisement et les feux de route).

La plupart des changements étaient de nature technique. Les antennes de fenêtre dans les vitres latérales arrière de l'Avant ont été allongées, la boîte de vitesses à cinq vitesses a été omise pour les modèles avec le moteur diesel de 1,9 litre et  et les boîtes de vitesses à six vitesses ont reçu une synchronisation améliorée dans les rapports 1, 2 et 3.

Divers finitions d'équipements "S line" ont été proposées pour la première fois pour l'A4 B6, ce qui donnait aux véhicules standard une apparence particulièrement sportive. Selon la finition d'équipement, en plus du châssis, des sièges et du volant sport, des roues de 17 ou 18 pouces étaient proposées, ainsi qu'une finition extérieur basée sur les modèles sportifs, S ou RS, haut de gamme. À l'extérieur la finition comprend un pare-chocs avant et arrière modifié, un petit aileron arrière sur le couvercle du coffre (ou un aileron sur le bord du toit sur l'Avant) et des bandes de protection de porte plus larges.

Les performances de certains moteurs ont été augmentées et les valeurs d'émission et les catégories d'émission de certains moteurs ont été améliorées.

Le véritable lifting a eu lieu avec l'introduction de la B7 à l'automne 2004.

Variantes du modèle

La S4 de cette gamme de modèles est lancée en septembre 2002 en berline et Avant avec  (). La S4 dispose aussi de boucliers et bas de caisse spécifiques, ainsi que de coques de rétroviseurs extérieurs en aluminium.

Début 2004, la S4 Cabriolet est apparue avec les mêmes performances. Contrairement au modèle précédent, qui était équipé d'un moteur V6 biturbo, la B6 utilise un moteur atmosphérique V8 d'une cylindrée de 4,2 l. Une RS4 basée sur la B6 n'a pas été construite.

Anecdotes
Alors que les phares étaient allumés à l'aide d'une manette sur la colonne de direction sur la prédécesseur, la B5, cela se fait à l'aide d'un commutateur rotatif sur la B6.
Tous les moteurs essence - à l'exception des moteurs de 1,6 et 2 litres - ont deux pot d'échappement à l'arrière, un à gauche et un à droite.
Contrairement à sa prédécesseur, le pot d'échappement des modèles diesel est dissimulé derrière le pare-chocs arrière.
Le réservoir de carburant peut contenir jusqu'à 70 litres dans les modèles à traction avant. Sur les modèles à traction intégrale, le réservoir est plus petit en raison de la conception modifiée de l'essieu arrière et peut contenir jusqu'à 66 l.
En 2009, à la demande d'un client, les feux arrière de l'A4 Avant ont été utilisés par le constructeur automobile britannique Bristol pour l'unique Blenheim Mk.4.

Notes et références

A4
Automobile des années 2000
Véhicule à transmission intégrale

Audi A4 II


Paula (ili Lagrimas del primer amor = "suze prve ljubavi") je meksički film iz 1969. godine. Redatelj je slavni Meksikanac Abel Salazar García, koji je i glumio u filmu, a scenaristi su glumice Janet Alcoriza i Susana Gamboa.

Film se smatra dramom s elementima romanse; to je priča o ljubavi mlade žene zvane Paula Hermida (Julissa) i starijeg muškarca. Snimljen je u prelijepom meksičkom gradu Acapulcu i traje 110 minuta.

Glumci
Julissa — Paula Hermida
Abel Salazar — Fernando del Valle
José Alonso — Carlos Robledo
Lucy Gallardo
Rita Macedo
María Teresa Rivas — Berta
Susana Alexander — Elena
Macaria
Susana Salvat
Bárbara Ransom
Alfonso Munguía
Carolina Cortázar

Izvori

Meksički filmovi

Paula (film)


Svijet

Zgrade i druge građevine

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Zgrade i druge građevine
 Početak gradnje saborne crkve sv. Nikole u Vukovaru (dovršena )

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Arhitektura u 1733.


Das KZ-Außenlager Humboldtstraße war im Zweiten Weltkrieg eine Außenstelle des Konzentrationslagers Buchenwald im Essener Stadtteil Fulerum.

Die offizielle Bezeichnung war SS-Arbeitskommando Fried. Krupp, Essen. Hier waren auch 520 junge jüdische Frauen als Zwangsarbeiterinnen für die Friedrich Krupp AG untergebracht.

Geschichte

Entstehung
Aufgrund der sich spürbar verschlechterten kriegswirtschaftlichen und militärischen Lage im Deutschen Reich im letzten Kriegsjahr entwickelte sich ein immer stärker werdender Arbeitskräftemangel in der Rüstungsindustrie. Diese befand sich in Essen westlich der Innenstadt in der Krupp-Gussstahlfabrik, die  auch Waffenschmiede des Deutschen Reiches genannt wurde.

Im Frühsommer 1944 forderte die Friedrich Krupp AG, nachdem keine Kriegsgefangenen und ausländischen Zivilarbeiter mehr zur Verfügung standen, sowie eigene Belegschaftsmitglieder für den Krieg eingezogen wurden, die Zuteilung von 2000 männlichen KZ-Häftlingen als Arbeitskräfte an. Der stellvertretende Personalchef der Firma Krupp, Heinrich Lehmann, sprach persönlich bei der zuständigen Amtsgruppe D, der Inspektion der Konzentrationslager des SS-Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungshauptamtes (WVHA) in Oranienburg vor. Darauf folgte an das KZ Buchenwald eine schriftliche Anforderung, der im Juni 1944 entsprochen wurde. Statt der geforderten 2000 Mann wurden der Firma Krupp jedoch weibliche Häftlinge zugesagt, meist ungarische Jüdinnen, die zuvor in das KZ Auschwitz-Birkenau deportiert, aber dort noch nicht in den Gaskammern ermordet worden waren. Die Abkommandierung zur Zwangsarbeit rettete diese Frauen zunächst vor dem Gastod im KZ. Die 2000 Jüdinnen, von denen viele aus Nordsiebenbürgen stammten und Rumänisch sprachen, befanden sich zur Trümmerbeseitigung im Hydrierwerk der Gelsenberg Benzin AG in einem Zeltlager in Gelsenkirchen (Gelsenberg-Lager), das dem KZ Buchenwald unterstand. Krupp sandte den Beauftragten Walter Trockel ins Gelsenberg-Lager. Von einer Delegation aus Personalverwaltung und Betriebsführung wurden 500 Frauen im Alter von durchschnittlich 20 Jahren ausgewählt. Obwohl Krupp nur 300 Arbeitsplätze für Frauen hatte, konnten grundsätzlich nur Gruppen zu 500 Personen zugeteilt werden. Zusätzlich wählte man noch 20 sogenannte Funktionshäftlinge aus. Alle 520 Frauen wurden am 24. August 1944 in das KZ-Außenlager in der Humboldtstraße in Essen-Fulerum gebracht.

Das Lager
Die Leitung der Arbeitslager des Krupp-Konzerns, in denen KZ-Häftlinge und Kriegsgefangene Zwangsarbeit leisten mussten, hatte Friedrich von Bülow. Damit war er mitverantwortlich für Misshandlungen und die systematische Unterernährung in den Lagern. Albert Rieck, ein dreißigjähriger SS-Oberscharführer, war Lagerführer an der Humboldtstraße. Seine Stellvertreter waren die SS-Unterscharführer Otto Maier und Willi Kerkhoff.

1943 wurde das Lagergelände in Fulerum angelegt. Zunächst befanden sich im Lager französische Zivilarbeiter, später sowjetische Zwangsarbeiterinnen und italienische Militärinternierte. Im August 1944 kamen die in Gelsenkirchen ausgewählten jüdischen Frauen für die Rüstungsindustrie der Firma Krupp hinzu. Sie brachte man in dem mit Stacheldraht abgegrenzten, westlichen Lagerbereich mit vier Schlafbaracken und einer Küchenbaracke mit Speiseraum unter. Zuvor waren hier die internierten Italiener untergekommen. Die Baracken waren auf freiem Feld errichtet worden. Es gab keine befestigten Zugangswege. Eine Schlafbaracke bot 130 Schlafplätze auf Strohsäcken in 65 doppelten Bettgestellen. Gegenüber dem Stacheldraht waren die sowjetischen Häftlinge untergebracht. Da die SS aufgrund der Vielzahl der entstandenen Außenlager zu wenig Wachpersonal hatte, ließ sie zur Ergänzung ihrer Truppen Krupp-Mitarbeiterinnen im KZ Ravensbrück während eines rund zehntägigen Crash-Kurses schulen und führte sie in den SS-Dienst ein (siehe SS-Gefolge).

Die 520 jungen jüdischen Frauen mussten nun im Kruppschen Walzwerk II und in der Elektrodenwerkstatt der Krupp-Gussstahlfabrik an der Helenenstraße Schwerstarbeit leisten, wobei sie von anderen Arbeitskräften abgegrenzt wurden. Der morgendliche Appell fand immer um 4 Uhr vor den Baracken statt. Die rund sechs Kilometer Entfernung zwischen Arbeitsstätte und Lager konnten die Zwangsarbeiterinnen meist hin und zurück mit der Straßenbahn fahren. Arbeitsbeginn war um 6 Uhr für die meisten Frauen im Walzwerk II, um Öfen zu beschicken oder Schweißarbeiten und Hilfstätigkeiten auszuführen.

In der Nacht vom 23. auf den 24. Oktober 1944 wurde der südliche Teil des Arbeitslagers an der Humboldtstraße durch Luftangriffe der Alliierten nahezu völlig zerstört, was eine weitere Verschlechterung der Situation der Häftlinge zur Folge hatte. Die Frauen reparierten notdürftig die Küchenbaracke, die am wenigsten beschädigt worden war. Es gab jetzt kaum noch Platz und zu wenig Decken oder Stroh. Statt mit der Straßenbahn, die auch zerstört worden war, zu fahren, mussten nun die sechs Kilometer Arbeitsweg zu Fuß marschiert werden, die Füße mit Lappen umwickelt oder in Holzpantoffeln, da es keine Schuhe gab. Auf dem teils bereits zerstörten Werksgelände mussten nun auch Aufräumarbeiten mit Schleppen von Baumaterialien erledigt werden. Nach 18 Uhr wurden die Frauen wieder zurück ins Lager getrieben. Lebensmittel wurden weiter gekürzt, meist Weißkohlsuppe und Brot. Da auch die Küchenbaracke bei einem weiteren Luftangriff der Alliierten am 12. Dezember 1944 zerstört wurde, gab es nun nur noch im Kellerraum einer zerstörten Baracke Schlafmöglichkeiten mit etwas Stroh auf meist feuchtem Zementboden. Die Kruppsche Firmenleitung hatte zwar Kenntnis dieser Zustände, unternahm jedoch nichts.

Lagerleiter Rieck schlug die Frauen mit einem Gummiknüppel auf den Mund. Täglich liefen einige Mädchen mit blutigen Gesichtern herum. Zudem ist bekannt, dass eine Frau an schweren Erfrierungen starb und eine weitere an Tuberkulose. Eine entdeckte schwangere Frau wurde ins KZ Auschwitz gebracht. In einem Ermittlungsverfahren an der Zentralen Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen zur Aufklärung nationalsozialistischer Verbrechen in Ludwigsburg 1971 stellte man fest, dass vier Frauen Misshandlungen erlagen, zwei bei einem Luftangriff starben und auch ein Neugeborenes getötet wurde.

Flucht von sechs Frauen

Sechs Frauen (namentlich: Gizella Israel, Rosa Katz, Agnes und Renée Königsberg sowie Elizabeth und Erna Roth) konnten, Ende Februar oder Anfang März 1945, in den Wirren eines Luftangriffs auf dem Weg vom Lager zur Arbeit vor dem Abtransport nach Bergen-Belsen flüchten. Als die SS-Wachen dabei in Luftschutzbunker flüchteten und die Mädchen zurückblieben, sahen diese ihre Chance zur Flucht.

Einige Tage verbrachten sie im Keller der zerstörten Leichenhalle des jüdischen Friedhofes am Reckhammerweg. Dann kamen sie ins nahe gelegene Haus zu Gerhard Marquardt, dem Krupp-Mitarbeiter, den Rosa Katz zuvor bei der Pflege seiner kranken Frau kennengelernt hatte. Er bot ihr damals Hilfe an und versorgte nun die Mädchen in der Trauerhalle mit Wasser und Brot. Die sechs Mädchen wurden jedoch dort gesehen und konnten in Marquardts Notunterkunft, einer Gartenlaube an der Stadtwiese unterkommen, wo Erna Marquardt für sie kochte. Dann versteckte Gerhard Marquardt die Mädchen in einer Hausruine am Reckhammerweg und später in einer verlassenen Gartenlaube. Größeren Brotvorrat konnte Marquardt mithilfe eines Bekannten beschaffen, Heinz S., der Mitglied in der Waffen-SS war.

Nachdem wenig später auch die Gartenlaube kein sicheres Versteck mehr bot, wandten sich die flüchtigen Mädchen an den Ofenbauer und Krupp-Meister Karl Schneider, der den Mädchen wegen guter Behandlung in Erinnerung war. Karl Schneider brachte die Mädchen an verschiedenen Orten in Essen-Altendorf unter: Rosa Katz kam zu einem noch heute unbekannten SA-Mann in die Nähe der Brücke der Berliner Straße über die Eisenbahn,
vier Mädchen, die Geschwister Roth und Königsberg, brachte Karl Schneider zu dem Lebensmittelhändler Fritz Niermann in seine Wohnung in der Markscheide 50. Niermann wurde bei der Rettung der Mädchen von Heinrich Edelmeier und Adolf Gatzweiler aus dem Sicherheitshilfsdienst unterstützt. Niermann, dessen Frau und Töchter aufgrund der Luftangriffe evakuiert worden waren, konnte die vier Mädchen mit der Hilfe von Gertrud Hahnen bei sich versorgen. Er hatte die Mädchen bereits früher auf dem Weg vom Lager zur Arbeit gesehen und sich zwecks Hilfe an die ihm bekannten Meister bei Krupp gewandt, darunter auch Karl Schneider, so dass sie außerhalb der Firma solch notwendige Dinge wie Brot oder Seife zugesteckt bekommen konnten. Gisella Israel blieb bei Karl Schneider und wurde dort von seiner Nachbarin Erna Lippold betreut, da seine Frau und sein Kind evakuiert worden waren.

Mit anderen russischen Zwangsarbeitern konnten alle sechs Mädchen vier Wochen lang, bis zum Einmarsch der Amerikaner in Essen am 11. April 1945, in ihren Verstecken gehalten werden und überlebten damit ihre Flucht. Gisella Israel kehrte nach Ungarn zurück, Rosa Katz ging nach Venezuela, Elisabeth und Erna Roth sowie Agnes und Renée Königsberg wanderten in die Vereinigten Staaten aus.

Am 19. März 1985 verlieh der Staat Israel Fritz Niermann und Gerhard Marquardt für ihre mutige und selbstlose Hilfe, die sie selbst in Lebensgefahr gebracht hatte, postum den Ehrentitel Gerechter unter den Völkern.

Auflösung und Befreiung
Am 17. März 1945 musste das Lager aufgelöst werden, da es aufgrund des weiteren Vorrückens der Alliierten Truppen nicht weiterbetrieben werden konnte. Bereits im Februar 1945 behauptete Lagerleiter Rieck, dass er den Befehl habe, keinen Lagerhäftling lebend in die Hände der Alliierten fallen zu lassen. Krupp verfügte daraufhin, dass seine Zwangsarbeiterinnen Essen sofort zu verlassen haben. Sie mussten an jenem 17. März zu einem Sonderzug nach Bochum marschieren, wobei sie von SS-Wachleuten und einem Verwaltungsangestellten der Firma Krupp geführt wurden. Von dort wurden die hungernden Häftlingsfrauen mit jüdischen männlichen Häftlingen aus Ungarn zusammen per Eisenbahn zum Konzentrationslager Buchenwald abtransportiert. Die Fahrt in 3.-Klasse-Wagen und Güterwaggons dauerte drei Tage. Die Frauen wurden auf einem weiteren Transport ins KZ Bergen-Belsen umgeleitet, wo sie am 22. März eintrafen. Dort waren sie unter anderem dem Typhus und Drohungen von Erschießungskommandos ausgesetzt. Viele Frauen aus dem Essener Arbeitslager überlebten Bergen-Belsen nicht. Eine größere, nicht genau bekannte Zahl erlebte jedoch noch die Befreiung des Konzentrationslagers durch die Engländer am 15. April 1945. Sie wurden zunächst durch das Rote Kreuz nach Schweden gebracht, von wo aus manche nach Israel und andere in die USA abwanderten. Nur wenige sind nach Ungarn zurückgekehrt.

Nach der Befreiung bis heute

Im Nürnberger Krupp-Prozess 1947/48 wurde das Lager Humboldtstraße als Ausdruck unmenschlicher Arbeitskräftepolitik und einer industriellen Beteiligung an den nationalsozialistischen Verbrechen gewertet, auch weil Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach in Kenntnis des Ziels KZ Buchenwald veranlasste, dass die Jüdinnen Essen verlassen mussten.

Das ehemalige Areal des Arbeitslagers wurde in der Nachkriegszeit mit Mehrfamilienhäusern mit Werkswohnungen für Krupp-Mitarbeiter überbaut, die noch heute unter anderer Verwaltung dort stehen.

Am 2. Dezember 1959 bewilligte Krupp zehn Millionen D-Mark Entschädigung nur für jüdische Zwangsarbeiter, ohne eine gesetzliche Verpflichtung anzuerkennen. Die Tatsache, dass an die 400 der Frauen, die von Krupp kurz vor Kriegsende aus Essen ins KZ-Buchenwald abgeschoben wurden, nun Ansprüche geltend machten, wurde von Berthold Beitz, dem Generalbevollmächtigten des Nachkriegs-Konzerns, als Beleg für eine ungerechte Bestrafung Krupps im Nürnberger Krupp-Prozess dargestellt. Die Summe von 5000 DM pro Antragsteller wurde zudem schöngerechnet.

1971 gab es ein Ermittlungsverfahren von der Zentralen Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen zur Aufklärung nationalsozialistischer Verbrechen in Ludwigsburg zum Außenlager an der Humboldtstraße. Es kam nicht zum Strafverfahren.

1989 ließ die Stadt Essen an der Humboldtstraße / Ecke Regenbogenweg in Essen-Fulerum eine Gedenktafel aufstellen, die auf die Außenstelle des Konzentrationslagers Buchenwald, das Schicksal seiner hier untergebrachten Zwangsarbeiterinnen und auf die damals herrschenden, untragbaren Zustände hinweist. Diese Tafel ist Bestandteil der 5. Themenroute der Route der Industriekultur – Krupp und die Stadt Essen.

Das Haus in der Markscheide 50, in dem vier der sechs geflüchteten Frauen durch ihren Retter Fritz Niermann versteckt gehalten worden waren, wurde 2011 im Rahmen eines städtebaulichen Projektes, der Anlage des Niederfeldsees mit angrenzenden Wohn-Neubauten, abgerissen. Die am Haus befindliche Gedenktafel wurde gesichert und 2014 auf einer Wiese im Bereich des ehemaligen Hauses zum Gedenken neu aufgestellt. 2013 wurde ein kleiner Platz innerhalb der neuen Wohnsiedlung nach Fritz Niermann benannt.

Literatur

 Fernsehdokumentation des ZDF 2004 von Sebastian Dehnhardt und Manfred Oldenburg: Hitlers Manager: Gustav und Alfried Krupp – Die Waffenschmiede. (Hier kommen Überlebende des Lagers Humboldtstraße zu Wort.)

Weblinks

 Beschreibung aller Standorte auf dieser Themenroute als Teil der Route der Industriekultur
 KZ-Außenlager Essen-Humboldtstraße auf zwangsarbeit-archiv.de

Einzelnachweise

Humboldtstrasse
Essen im 20. Jahrhundert
Rheinprovinz im Nationalsozialismus
Krupp
Route der Industriekultur (Essen)
Frauen im Nationalsozialismus
Holocaust in Ungarn
Arbeitslager
Abgegangenes Bauwerk in Essen
Judentum in Essen
Fulerum

KZ-Außenlager Humboldtstraße


An Dendrochilum devoogdii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Dendrochilum devoogdii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrochilum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sumatera. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrochilum

Dendrochilum devoogdii


Olaylar
 15-20 Ağustos - Yermük Muharebesi gerçekleşti.
 16-19 Kasım - Kadisiye Muharebesi gerçekleşti.
 Kasım - Kudüs Kuşatması başladı.

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 Abdullah bin Ümmü Mektum, sahabe

636


Lucky Luke war ein 1974 und 1975 monatlich erschienenes französisches Comicmagazin.

Hintergrund
Dargaud, der bereits Pilote veröffentlichte, hoffte mit Hilfe des populären Namens Lucky Luke weitere Serien erfolgreich starten zu können. Der Untertitel der ersten Nummer war Le mensuel international des jeunes und wurde in der zweiten Ausgabe durch Le mensuel international des copains de Lucky Luke ersetzt. Die Serien wurden kapitelweise abgedruckt.

Veröffentlichungen
Von März 1974 bis Februar 1975 erschienen zwölf Ausgaben mit einem Umfang von jeweils 84 Seiten.

Serien
 Mac Coy (1974–1975)
 Lucky Luke (1974–1975)
 Jonathan Cartland (1974–1975)

Weblinks
Lucky Luke auf bdoubliees.com (französisch)

Comicmagazin
Frankobelgischer Comic
Antiquarische Zeitschrift (Frankreich)
Ersterscheinung 1974
Erscheinen eingestellt 1975

Lucky Luke (Magazin)


Simon Best (* 11. Februar 1978 in Craigavon, County Armagh, Nordirland) ist ein ehemaliger nordirischer Rugby-Union-Spieler. Er spielte auf der Position des Prop. Er ist der ältere Bruder von Rory Best.

Best studierte Landwirtschaft an der Newcastle University. Von 1999 bis 2008 spielte er für die Rugby-Union-Mannschaft von Ulster, die in der Celtic League spielt. Er gewann mit Ulster als Mannschaftskapitän die Meisterschaft der Celtic League 2005/06. In 118 Spielen erzielte er 25 Punkte.

Zwischen 2003 und 2008 absolvierte er 23 Spiele für die Irische Rugby-Union-Nationalmannschaft und erzielte 5 Punkte. Er spielte unter anderem während der Rugby-Union-Weltmeisterschaft 2003 für Irland.

Während der Rugby-Union-Weltmeisterschaft 2007 musste er am 26. September wegen Lähmungserscheinungen in ein Krankenhaus in Bordeaux eingeliefert werden. 2008 musste er aufgrund von Herzproblemen vom aktiven Rugby-Sport zurücktreten.

Rugby-Union-Spieler (Irland)
Geboren 1978
Ire
Mann

Simon Best


Paul Rusesabagina (d. 15 Haziran 1954) Ruanda Katliamı sırasında birçok insanın hayatını kurtarması sebebiyle uluslararası ün ve takdir kazanmış Ruandalı. Katliam sırasında Ruanda'nın başkenti Kigali'deki Hôtel des Mille Collines'in müdür yardımcısı olan Rusesabagina, daha önce de yine Kigali'de bulunan Hôtel des Diplomates'in müdürlüğünü yapmıştı. Katliam sırasında, Rusesabagina daha önceden kurduğu ilişkilerini ve etkisini kullanarak 1260'tan fazla Tutsi ve ılımlı Hutu'nun hayatını kurtarmıştır. Hayatının bu bölümü ve Ruanda Katliamı'nı konu alan Hotel Rwanda isimli 2004 yapımı film ile dünya çapında daha da tanınan Rusesabagina'nın etnik kökeni Hutu'dur. Rusesabagina bugün karısı, çocukları ve evlat edindiği yeğenleriyle birlikte 2021'de hapis cezasına çarptırılana kadar Belçika'da yaşadı.

Yeni edindiği uluslararası şöhretin ardından, Rusesabagina kamu konuşmacısı olarak başarılı bir kariyere başladı ve çoğunlukla Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki üniversiteleri gezdi. 2006 yılında kurduğu Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Vakfı için kampanya yürütüyor. Belçika vatandaşlığına ve ABD yeşil kartına sahiptir ve Brüksel, Belçika ve San Antonio, Teksas'ta evleri vardır.

Hayatı
Rusesabagina Ruanda'nın orta bölgesinde bulunan Murama-Gitarama'da çiftçi bir ailenin çocuğu olarak doğmuştur. İlk karısı Esther'den üç çocuğu olmuştur. 1981 yılında boşandıktan sonra Nairobi, Kenya'daki Utalii College'de Otel Yönetiminden mezun olmuştur. Öğrenimi İsviçre'ye bir geziyi de içermekteydi ve İsviçre'den döndüğünde Hôtel des Mille Collines tarafından genel müdür yardımcısı olarak işe alınır. Ekim 1984'ten Kasım 1992'ye kadar bu işi yaptıktan sonra firmanın Kigali'deki oteli Hôtel des Diplomates'e genel müdür olarak tayin edilerek, terfi etmiştir. Şu anda hâlâ evli olduğu karısı Tatiana Rusesabagina ile 1987'de karşılaşmıştır. Tatiana Katolik bir Tutsi'dir ve bir hemşire olarak çalıştığı yerde bu sebeple ayrımcılığa maruz kalmaktadır, gerek onun bu güç durumunu rahatlatmak gerekse de ona daha yakından tanıyabilmek arzusuyla Paul onun daha yakına tayin edilmesini sağlamıştır. Evlendikten sonra olan kız çocuklar birkaç günlükken ölmüştür, daha sonra Tresor isimli bir oğulları olmuştur. 6 Nisan 1994'te Ruanda Katliamı başladı ve binlerce Tutsi Hutu Interahamwe milisleri tarafından öldürülmeye başlandı. Rusesabagina gerek bir Hutu olduğundan gerekse daha önceden kurmuş olduğu etkili ilişkileri sebebiyle güvende olsa da karısı bir Tutsi olduğundan ve çocukları da 'melez' kabul edildiğinden ailesiyle birlikte katliamdan kaçması mümkün gözükmüyordu. Ailesini çalıştığı otele güvende olmaları için yerleştirdikten sonra, diğer yöneticiler ayrılırken Sabena'ya telefon ederek yetki istemiş ve isteği kabul edilmiştir. Bu noktadan sonra yetkisini ve sahip olduğu etkiyi otele sığınan mültecileri ve ailesini korumak için kullanmıştır. Birçok zorlu günün ardından oteldeki mültecilerle birlikte Rusesabagina ve ailesi Tanzanya'ya kaçabilmeyi başarmışlardır. 2 yıl Ruanda'da ikâmet ettikten sonra aldığı ölüm tehditleri sebebiyle Belçika'ya iltica talebinde bulunmuş, olumlu yanıt üzerine 1996 yılında Brüksel'e taşınmıştır. Paul Rusesabagina 9 Kasım 2005 yılında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı George W. Bush tarafından U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom (A.B.D. Başkanlığı Özgürlük Madalyası) ile ödüllendirilmiştir. Ayrıca Tom Zoellner tarafından kaleme alınmış An Ordinary Man ("Sıradan Bir Adam", ISBN 0-670-03752-4) isimli bir otobiyografisi 2006 yılında yayımlanmıştır.

Muhalefeti ve hapis
1996'da Ruanda'dan ayrıldığından beri Paul Kagame ve Ruanda Yurtsever Cephesi (RPF) hükûmetinin önde gelen eleştirmenlerinden biri haline geldi.
2006'da PDR-Ihumure siyasi partisini kurdu ve şu anda Ruanda hükûmetine karşı yabancı kökenli bir muhalefet grubu olan Demokratik Değişim için Ruanda Hareketi'nin Başkanıdır.

31 Ağustos 2020'de Dubai'den Burundi'ye uçtuğuna inanarak Kigali'ye geldi. Burada, 2018'de en az dokuz kişinin ölümüne neden olan terör saldırılarının sorumluluğunu üstlenen PDR-Ihumure'nin silahlı kanadı FLN (Ulusal Kurtuluş Cephesi) ile olan bağlantısıyla ilgili dokuz terör suçlamasıyla tutuklandı.

Rusesabagina, internette geniş çapta yayınladığı bir videoda FLN'nin "kurtuluş mücadelesine" desteğini açıkça ifade etti. Rusesabagina'nın aile üyelerinden bazıları, Rusesabagina uçuşunun gerçek varış noktasını açıklamadığı için charter havayolu GainJet'e dava açacaktır. 20 Eylül 2021'de terör suçlarından hüküm giydi ve 25 yıl hapis cezasına çarptırıldı.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Hotel Ruanda
 Ruanda Katliamı

1954 doğumlular

İnsani yardımlarda bulunanlar
Hutular
Ruanda Soykırımı'nda kişiler

Yaşayan insanlar

Paul Rusesabagina


Bano Diawara est une femme politique malienne, membre de l'Alliance pour la démocratie au Mali-Parti africain pour la solidarité et la justice (Adéma-PASJ).

Carrière
Très active dans la vie associative, elle devient députée à l'Assemblée nationale après avoir été élue lors des élections législatives maliennes de 2020 dans le cercle de Kayes. L'Assemblée nationale est dissoute le 19 août 2020 après un coup d'État.

Références

Député malien
Femme politique malienne
Personnalité de l'Alliance pour la démocratie au Mali-Parti africain pour la solidarité et la justice

Bano Diawara


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Dunajská Lužná enthält die fünf nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Dunajská Lužná im Okres Senec.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

!
Dunajska Luzna


An Geodorum duperreanum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre. An Geodorum duperreanum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Geodorum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Vietnam. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Geodorum

Geodorum duperreanum


Afton est une ville des États-Unis située dans le comté de Washington dans le Minnesota.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Ville au Minnesota
Localité dans le comté de Washington (Minnesota)

Afton (Minnesota)


Lerida may refer to:
Lerida (bug), a genus of shield bugs in the tribe Cappaeini
 an old spelling for the Catalan town Lleida
 the Province of Lleida

Lerida


An Sarcochilus iboensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Sarcochilus iboensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sarcochilus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sarcochilus

Sarcochilus iboensis


An Eragrostis leucosticta in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck ngan Johann es Christoph Christian Döll. An Eragrostis leucosticta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis leucosticta


Cecil Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

* Cecil Township (North Carolina)
 Cecil Township (North Dakota)
 Cecil Township (Pennsylvania)

Cecil Township