La Vénus Genitrix (également orthographiée Ginitrix) est un type de sculpture antique montrant la déesse romaine Vénus sous son aspect de Genitrix ("fondatrice de la famille"). Ce type de sculpture présente deux formes. Outre celle décrite plus bas, soulevant de la main droite son manteau tandis que la tunique ruisselle depuis l'épaule droite et que l'épaule et le sein gauche sont dénudés, il y en a une autre dans laquelle Vénus porte son enfant Éros sur son épaule.

Vers 420-410 av. J.-C., le sculpteur athénien Callimaque crée une sculpture en bronze aujourd'hui disparue. Elle portait une tunique légère révélant son sein gauche et tenait une pomme dans la main gauche. Il se pourrait donc qu'il soit le créateur de ce type. Mais le nom d'Alcamène est aussi proposé. Quoi qu'il en soit le créateur en question effectue la synthèse de l'enseignement austère de Polyclète et du maniérisme attique de la seconde moitié du  avant notre ère. De Polyclète il retient la pondération, la jambe fléchie en arrière, et le chiasme, où s'opposent l'inclinaison des épaules et celle des hanches. Le maniérisme se manifeste, en particulier, dans le ruissellement de la tunique en une multitude de plis ténus sur cette anatomie, plus ou moins plantureuse selon les versions.

Historique
A la veille de la bataille de Pharsale décisive (48 av. J.-C.), Jules César fit le vœu de dédier un temple de Rome à Vénus, supposée être l'ancêtre de sa gens (famille antique). Pour accomplir son vœu, il érigea donc un Temple de Vénus Genetrix dans le nouveau forum qu'il construisait. En établissant ce nouveau culte de Vénus, César affirmait la prétention de sa famille à descendre de la déesse, par Ascagne, le fils d'Enée. C'est en partie pour appuyer ce rapprochement que Virgile a écrit l'Énéide. Dans l'ancienne religion romaine, c'est le premier cas d'association entre un empereur et une divinité.

En 46 avant J.-C., Jules César commanda une version de la statue au sculpteur Arcésilas pour la placer à Rome dans ce temple de la Vénus Génitrix.

Les statues actuelles
Cette statue a connu un immense succès à l'époque de l'empire romain et il en existe des dizaines de copies et de variantes.

La statue originale, en bronze, que l'on attribue avec une relative incertitude à Alcamène ou Callimaque - actifs à Athènes à la fin du  (sculpture grecque classique) - a été perdue mais de très nombreuses copies se trouvent dans plusieurs musées, notamment au musée du Louvre, au musée de l'Ermitage à Saint-Petersbourg, au Metropolitan Museum of Art à New-York, au J. Paul Getty Museum à Los Angeles, au Detroit Institute of Arts, au Musée royal de l'Ontario . Mais les meilleures copies se trouvent au musée archéologique de Thessalonique et à la Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek de Copenhague.

L'Aphrodite de Fréjus au Louvre
Une statue romaine de 1,64 m de haut, datant de la fin du Ier siècle avant J.-C. au début du Ier siècle après J.-C., en marbre de Paros, a été découverte à Fréjus (Forum Julii) en 1650. Elle est considérée comme la meilleure copie romaine de l'œuvre grecque perdue .

La déesse, vêtue du voile fluide d'un chiton léger, semble sortir du bain. De sa main droite, elle tient son manteau qui descend dans son dos, tandis que le chiton retenu seulement du côté droit, dévoile son épaule et son sein gauche. Sa main gauche tient la pomme du jugement de Pâris.

L'attitude de la statue, un contrapposto, inclination inversée des épaules et des hanches avec une jambe d'appui et une jambe en mouvement .

Elle était présente au palais des Tuileries en 1678, et fut transportée au parc de Versailles vers 1685. Elle fut saisie à la Révolution, et se trouve donc au Louvre depuis 1803, (Inventaire MR 367, n° usuel Ma 525) .

Musée de l'Ermitage
Une autre copie romaine de la statue, qui mesure 2,14 m de haut, se trouvait dans la collection de Giampietro Campana, Villa Campana à Rome. Elle fut acquise pour le musée de l'Ermitage en 1861, à la suite de la disgrâce de Campana .

La tête n'appartient pas à cette statue. À Rome, une figure idéale de divinité pouvait souvent être, légèrement ou fortement, adaptée (ici, par exemple, le chiton recouvre la poitrine) et recevoir un portrait, pour la tête, sculptée séparément. Comme c'était le cas ici on peut le constater dans les mèches de cheveux qui tombent sur les épaules.

Galerie de copies et variantes

Notes et références

Liens externes

Sculpture de la Rome antique
Sculpture du IIe siècle
Sculpture en marbre
Collection d'antiquités étrusques et romaines du Louvre
Œuvre d'un artiste anonyme
Aphrodite ou Vénus dans la sculpture
Mythologie grecque dans la sculpture antique
Histoire de la sculpture
Art hellénistique

Vénus genitrix


Bláaskur (fræðiheiti: Fraxinus quadrangulata) er tegund af aski sem vex í miðhluta Bandaríkjanna. Var áður algengur en hefur á síðari árum fækkað mjög vegna sníkjudýrsins Agrilus planipennis. Innfæddir gerðu bláan lit úr innri berki tegundarinnar sem gaf henni nafnið.

Lýsing
Bláaskur er meðalstórt tré, um 10 til 25 m hátt. Börkurinn er grár , þykkur sprunginn með aldri. Smágreinar eru oft ferkantaðar. Vetrarbrum eru rauðbrún með mjúkri áferð. Blöðin eru gagnstæð og samsett með 5-11, oftast 7 smáblöðum. Blómin koma að vori, rétt á undan blöðunum, í gisinni blómskipan, þau eru lítt áberandi og án krónublaða, enda vindfrjóvguð. Hvert tré er einkynja, annað hvort karl eða kvenkyns. Fræin eru 2,5-5 cm löng með væng.

Tilvísanir

Lauftré
Smjörviðarætt

Bláaskur


عبد الله سليمان منصور الصريخ (1954 - 2021) مغني وملحن سعودي شعبي. من مواليد مدينة عنيزة - القصيم.

السيرة الذاتية
هو عبد الله بن سليمان بن منصور الصريخ ولد عام 1954 في عنيزة. بدأ شغفه بالموسيقى منذ الصغر فتعلم العزف على عدة آلات بطريقة سرية برفقة أصدقائه في جلسات شبابية خاصة.

اتجه إلى الفن الشعبي بشكل رسمي سنة 1974 عبر تمكنه من آداء مقام الصبا عندما كان شابا يافعا، مما مكنه من إحياء العديد من الحفلات والجلسات الشعبية الخاصة في عنيزة وغيرها. في عام 1976 شارك في تقديم أغنية وطنية للتلفزيون السعودي بعنوان «يا ربي الفيحاء» بمناسبة عودة الملك خالد. عام 1977 اتجه إلى الكويت لتسجيل أغانيه هناك حيث سجل شريطا كاملا قبل أن يرحل إلى القاهرة حيث كان له أول تسجيل رسمي بقيادة الموسيقار هاني مهنا وقام بتوزيع هذا العمل استوديو سمراء.

حياته الفنية
قدم الفنان عبد الله الصريخ العديد من الحفلات والجلسات الشعبية الخاصة والعامة، وحفلات في الجمعيات والأندية الرياضية فأحيا حفلات في نادي النجمة، ونادي العربي في عنيزة، ونادي النصر في الرياض حيث أحيا حفلة بمشاركة مجموعة من الفنانين منهم فهد بن سعيد. كما أحيا حفلات في نادي الشعلة في الخرج، وغيرها من الأندية الرياضية.

تعاون عبد الله الصريخ مع العديد من الشعراء منهم عبد الله العليوي، ومحمد العبيد الله، ومحمد الخويطر، وعبد العزيز السناني، وفهد السعدون، وأحمد البريكان، وناصر الأحمد، وطلال السعيد، والأمير سعود بن بندر، وغيرهم من الشعراء. تتميز أغاني عبد الله الصريخ أنها كانت جميعها من ألحانه ولم يشاركه في التلحين سوى الموسيقار محمد شفيق في أغنية «يا ليت للعشاق دربٍ جديد» وهي من كلمات الأمير سعود بن بندر والتي أهداها لعبد الله الصريخ. وكذلك أغنية «أقول يا شقراء السلام» حيث شاركه في التلحين فرقة الإذاعة، وأغنية «جرحتني برضاك» حيث شاركه في التلحين محمد الدويس.

أشهر أغانيه
 ماني مسير
 كلن يقول الوقت
 فز قلبي
 يا هوى بس يكفيني مصايب
 ياللي نسيت الحب
 يا ليت للعشاق
 يا بلابل
 ترفّق
 أحسن الله بالعزا
 بيني وبينك
 قرب يطيب الجرح
 أبكي هوانا
 قبل ترحل
 معذور لو تقسى على القلب معذور
 ابتسم لي واضحك بضحكة حنان
 ألف أولف
 دنيا تدور أيام
 ذكرتني حبك وأن أقول ناسيه
 أنا ما عرفت أن الدهر للعرب خوان
 آه يا صبر روحي
 على ذكراك أعيش العمر يا ظالم وأنا المظلوم
 عجايب زماني

وفاته
توفي الفنان عبدالله الصريخ في يوم الجمعة 16 جمادى الآخرة 1442هـ  الموافق 29 يناير 2021 عن عمرٍ ناهز 67 عامًا.

مراجع

أشخاص من عنيزة
فنانون شعبيون سعوديون
مغنون سعوديون
مواليد 1375 هـ
مواليد 1954
وفيات 1442 هـ
وفيات 2021

عبد الله الصريخ


Grégory Engels (; * 1. November 1976 in Moskau) ist ein deutscher Politiker der Piratenpartei Deutschland. Er war dreimal Ko-Vorsitzender des internationalen Dachverbands der Piratenparteien (Pirate Parties International (PPI)).

Politik

Funktionen im internationalen Dachverband PPI
Engels ist seit 2009 Mitglied der Piratenpartei Deutschland. Seit November 2009 ist er Internationaler Koordinator der Piratenpartei Deutschland. Im internationalen Dachverband (PPI) fungierte er 2010/2011 neben dem Luxemburger Jerry Weyer, 2012/2013 neben der Russin Lola Voronina und zuletzt 2013/2014 neben dem Tschechen Vojtěch Pikal als Co-Vorsitzender. Seit 2014 ist er Beisitzer im PPI-Vorstand.

Am 23. Juni 2020 entschied der Europäische Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte in Straßburg in einem Verfahren in welchem Engels die russische Regierung verklagte, das Russland mit seiner gängigen Praxis von Netzsperren  als nicht vereinbar mit den Artikeln 10 (das Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung) und Artikel 13 (das Recht auf ein faires Gerichtsverfahren) der Europäischen Charta der Menschenrechte anerkennt.

Funktionen in der Piratenpartei Deutschland
Seit September 2011 ist er Richter am Landesschiedsgericht der Piratenpartei Hessen. Den Bundesparteitag der Piratenpartei in Offenbach am Main 2011 organisierte er maßgeblich mit. Innerhalb der Piratenpartei setzt Engels sich für ein Festhalten am basisdemokratischen Prinzip ein. Er gehört zu den treibenden Kräften der internationalen Koordination der Piraten-Bewegung.

Bei der Landtagswahl in Hessen 2013 kandidierte er im Wahlkreis Offenbach-Stadt und erreichte dort 2,7 % der Erststimmen. Am 5. Januar 2014 wurde Engels auf den Listenplatz 6 der Kandidatenliste zur Europawahl 2014 gewählt. Bei der Landtagswahl in Hessen 2018 kandidierte er im Wahlkreis Offenbach Land I, erreichte dort aber nur noch 0,8 % der Erststimmen. Engels ist  der erste Vorsitzende der Stiftung 42 der parteinahen Stiftung der Piratenpartei Deutschland.

Kommunalpolitik
Engels war von März 2011 bis März 2021 Mitglied der Stadtverordnetenversammlung Offenbachs. Er war Fraktionsvorsitzender der Piraten-Fraktion und Mitglied in mehreren Ausschüssen. Über sein Mandat war er Mitglied in den Deutsch-Französischen und Deutsch-Polnischen Ausschüssen der deutschen Sektion des Rates der Gemeinden und Regionen Europas. Da er seit der Kommunalwahl 2016 der einzige Abgeordnete der Piraten im Stadtparlament Offenbachs war, gliederte er sich der Fraktion der CDU als Hospitant an.

Im Frühjahr 2013 war Engels Hauptorganisator und Vertrauenspersons der Bürgerinitiative für ein Bürgerbegehren gegen den Verkauf des Offenbacher Klinikums.

Biographie

Grégory Engels wurde in der Sowjetunion geboren und besuchte in Russland ab 1984 die Schule bis zur Emigration nach Deutschland im Jahr 1989. An der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main studierte er von 1995 bis 2001 Physik. Nach Tätigkeiten für O2 und DaimlerChrysler ist er heute selbstständiger Unternehmer. Er ist Gründer und Inhaber des IT-Unternehmens Kompurity und IT-Chef von Engels Reisen.

Grégory Engels lebt in Offenbach am Main und ist Vater zweier Kinder, deren Grundschule er mitgegründet hat.

Trivia
Öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit erlangte Engels durch ein Titelblatt des Nachrichtenmagazins Der Spiegel im April 2012. Es zeigt ihn, bekleidet mit einem Piratenhut und mit erhobener Stimmkarte, auf dem 8. Bundesparteitag der Piratenpartei Deutschland in Offenbach am Main.

Weblinks

 Interview mit dem PPI-Co-Präsidenten Gregory Engels
 Fraktion der Piraten in Offenbach
 Nutzerprofil im Piraten-Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Mann
Geboren 1976
Deutscher
Mitglied der Piratenpartei Deutschland
Politiker (Offenbach am Main)
PPI-Funktionär
Person (Moskau)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)

Grégory Engels


Daft ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Leo Daft (1843–1922), aus England stammender Hochschullehrer und Pionier auf dem Gebiet des elektrischen Antriebs von Schienenfahrzeugen
 Harry Daft (1866–1945), Fußballspieler

Siehe auch:
 Daft Punk

Daft


Loivo Portekiz'de Vila Nova de Cerveira belediyesine bağlı olan, 5,26 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 859 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vila Nova de Cerveira

Loivo


Charles Anthony "Tony" Standish Brooks (Dukinfield, Engleska, 25. veljače 1932.) je bivši britanski vozač automobilističkih utrka.

Karijera

Rezultati u Formuli 1

Pobjede

 Bolid je dijelio sa Stirlingom Mossom.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Brooks na racing-reference.info

Britanski vozači Formule 1

Tony Brooks


Vo slavu velikim! (ruski: Во славу великим!, "Za slavu velikana") treći je studijski album ruskog pagan metal sastava Arkona. Diskografska kuća Napalm Records objavila ga je 24. rujna 2005. godine.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Recenzija njemačkog glazbenog časopisa Sonic Seducer bila je vrlo naklonjena albumu i komentirala da dokazuje da je Arkona među "najboljim i najestetičnijim" pagan folk metal sastavima na svijetu. Recenzent je pohvalio glas pjevačice Marije Arkhipove, kao i dinamične i vrlo melodične skladbe.

Osoblje
Arkona
Masha "Scream" – akustična gitara (na skladbi "Vo slavu velikim!"), vokali, zborski vokali, tamburin, drombulja, produkcija
Sergey "Lazar" – gitara, zborski vokali, grubi vokali, produkcija
Ruslan "Kniaz" – bas-gitara
Vlad "Artist" – bubnjevi, udaraljke
Dodatni glazbenici
Alexey "Nightbird" Solovyev – vokali (na skladbi "Vosstanie Roda")
Ilya "Wolfenhirt" Gura – vokali, zborski vokali
Andrey Karasev – violina
Igor "Hurry" – harmonika
Vladimir Čerepovski – drombulje (na skladbama 6 i 11), gajde, sopilka, okarina, zviždaljke
W. Smerdulak – ilustracije, omot albuma

Izvori

Albumi sastava Arkona
Albumi iz 2005.

Vo slavu velikim!


Same sex  may refer to:
 A phrase used in the discussion of sex or gender
 Gonochorism, the state of having just one of at least two distinct sexes in any one individual organism
 Homosexuality, the romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender
 Sex segregation, the physical, legal, and cultural separation of people according to their biological sex
 Same-sex education, the practice of conducting education where male and female students attend separate classes
 Same-sex marriage, the marriage between two people of the same sex
 Same-sex relationship, a relationship between two persons of the same sex, in diverse forms

See also
 Opposite sex (disambiguation)

Sex segregation

Same sex


Iota Arietis (ι Ari / 8 Arietis / HD 11909) es una estrella en la constelación de Aries.
Su magnitud aparente es +5,11 y se encuentra a 520 años luz de distancia del sistema solar.

Aunque Iota Arietis aparece catalogada como enana naranja «peculiar» en la base de datos SIMBAD, sus parámetros indican, sin lugar a dudas, que es una verdadera gigante.
Tiene una temperatura superficial aproximada de 4630 K y una luminosidad 294 veces superior a la luminosidad solar.
Su radio es 27 veces más grande que el del Sol —como corresponde a una gigante— y gira sobre sí misma con una velocidad de rotación proyectada de 3,3 km/s.
Ello implica que su período de rotación puede ser de hasta 400 días.
Su masa se estima entre 3,5 y 4 masas solares.

Iota Arietis es una binaria espectroscópica con un período orbital de 1567,7 días (4,29 años). Se desconoce la naturaleza de la estrella acompañante, pero considerando una masa mínima para ésta, la separación entre las dos estrellas puede ser de 4,8 UA.

Referencias

Gigantes naranjas
Estrellas binarias
Constelación de Aries

Iota Arietis


Samuel Adams (d. 27 Eylül 1722, Boston - ö. 2 Ekim 1803) Amerikalı devlet adamı.

Harvard'da öğrenim gören Samuel Adams, 1758'de avukatlık yapmaya başladı.

İngiltere'nin melasa vergi koyan Şeker Yasası'na karşı protesto hareketini örgütleyip (1765), Massachusetts Yasama Mecisi'nde üyelik yaptı (1765-1774). Amerika'daki İngiliz kolonilerinin direnmesini örgütleyen kolonilerarası komitelerin kurulmasında önemli rol oynadı.

1776 da yayınlanmış olan Amerikan Bağımsızlık Bildirisi'ne imza atanlardan biridir.

1781'e kadar Kongre üyeliği yapıp, Konfederasyon Anayasası'nın hazırlanmasına katkıda bulundu. Massachusetts vali yardımcılığı (1789-1793) ve valiliği (1794-1797) yaptı.

1722 doğumlular
Boston doğumlular
1803 yılında ölenler
Samuel
18. yüzyıl Amerikalı siyasetçileri
19. yüzyıl Amerikalı siyasetçileri
Amerikalı sivil haklar aktivistleri
Harvard Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Massachusetts valileri
Amerikan Bağımsızlık Bildirgesini imzalayan delegeler
Amerikalı siyasetçiler

Samuel Adams


Müsadere; Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda devletin, haksız kazançla zengin olmuş görevlilerin mallarına istediği zaman el koyabilmesi usulüdür. 17. yüzyıldan itibaren ölen veya idam edilen yüksek dereceli memurların da mallarına el konulmaya başlanılmış fakat bu uygulama II. Mahmut tarafından kaldırılmıştır.

Devletin verdiği görevler sırasında edinilen mal varlığının kamuya ait sayılması kuralına dayanılarak birçok İslam devletinde uygulanan müsadere, Fatih Sultan Mehmet döneminden başlayarak Osmanlılarda benimsendi. Müsaderenin temel amacı önemli mevkilere yükselenlerin, öldükten sonra varislerine bir şey bırakamayacaklarını düşünmesi ve dürüst davranmalarını sağlamaktı. Fakat daha sonra kazanç sağlamak, padişaha ve sadrazama hediye sunmak için taşra yöneticileri o bölgedeki zenginlere de müsadere uyguladı. II. Mahmut müsaderenin ancak kamu malı olduğu mahkeme kararıyla saptanan servetlere uygulanması kuralını getirdi.

1839 yılında Tanzimat'ın ilanından sonra müsadere bütünüyle kaldırıldı.

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ekonomisi

Müsadere


Jean-Michel Damase (27. januar 1928, Bordeaux - 21. april 2013, Paris, Frankrig) var en fransk komponist, dirigent og pianist.

Damase studerede komposition og klaver på Musikkonservatoriet i Paris (1940). Vandt førstepris som pianist (1943).

Han har skrevet en symfoni, orkesterværker, kammermusik, operaer, filmmusik, balletmusik, koncertmusik, vokalværker etc.

Udvalgte værker

 Symfoni (1952) - for orkester
 Serenade (1959) - for fløjte og strygeorkester
 Violinkoncert (1955-1956) - for violin og orkester
 2 Klaverkoncerter (1950, 1962-1963) - for klaver og orkester

Kilde
 Om Jean-Michel Damase på musicweb-international.com

Komponister fra Frankrig
Dirigenter fra Frankrig
Pianister fra Frankrig

Jean-Michel Damase


ලඳු කැළෑ ආශ්‍රිතව ජීවත් වන ඉතා වේගයෙන් දිවයන ක්‍ෂීරපායී වර්ගයකි. Leporidae කුලයේ Lepus ඝණයට අයත්ය.සුදු හා දුඹුරු වර්ණ වලින් යුතුවේ.ශාක භක්ෂක වේ.

රට හාවුන්ගෙන් වෙනස්වන ලක්‍ෂණ

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 [[රට හා
වෝ]]

හාවෝ

හාවෝ


Cochlearia anglica, le Cranson d'Angleterre, est une espèce de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des Brassicaceae, originaire d'Europe.

C'est une plante bisannuelle aux tiges dressées pouvant atteindre 30 cm de haut.

Taxinomie

Synonymes
Selon  :
 Cochlearia batava Dumort.
 Cochlearia longifolia Medik.
 Cochlearia officinalis var. anglica (L.) Kurtz
 Cochlearia ovalifolia Stokes
 Cochlearia wahlenbergii Rupr.

Variétés
Selon  :
 Cochlearia anglica var. integrifolia Hartm.

Statut de protection
En France, l'espèce est protégée dans le Nord-Pas-de-Calais et en Pays de la Loire.

Voir aussi
 Liste des plantes à feuilles comestibles

Notes et références

Liens externes

Cochlearieae
Espèce de Brassicaceae (nom scientifique)
Dicotylédone d'Europe
Dicotylédone de France
Plante comestible

Cochlearia anglica


Rode Hall, une maison de campagne géorgienne, est le siège de la famille Wilbraham, membres de la noblesse terrienne de la paroisse d'Odd Rode, Cheshire, Angleterre. Le domaine, avec le manoir à pans de bois d'origine, est acheté par les Wilbraham à l'ancienne famille Rode en 1669. Le manoir médiéval est remplacé entre 1700 et 1708 par un édifice en brique à sept travées ; un second bâtiment, à cinq travées, est construit en 1752 ; les deux bâtiments étant réunis en 1800 pour former l'actuel Rode Hall.

L'extérieur et l'intérieur de Rode Hall sont modifiés à plusieurs reprises, notamment par les travaux de Thomas Farnolls Pritchard et Lewis Wyatt, ce qui entraîne une disposition irrégulière et complexe. La maison possède de grandes collections de peintures, de meubles et de porcelaines d'époque de Chelsea, Bow et Royal Worcester.

La maison est classée Grade II * et est entourée d'un parc et de jardins à la française, qui sont classé comme Grade II sur le Registre National des Parcs et Jardins Historiques. Sur le site se trouvent une grotte, une glacière et un obélisque ornemental, toutes des structures classées Grade II. Rode Hall est toujours détenu et occupé par les Wilbraham, actuellement par le  baronnet, Sir Richard Baker Wilbraham, et sa femme, Lady Anne Baker Wilbraham. La maison et les jardins sont ouverts au public d'avril à septembre.

Histoire
Le domaine de Rode appartient à la famille Rode depuis au moins le , lorsque William de Rode porte les armes d'Édouard II. Le domaine est acheté en 1669 par Roger Wilbraham pour la somme de 2 400 £ (équivalent à 350,000 £ en 2015),  à son cousin Randle Rode. Les Wilbraham sont d'éminents propriétaires fonciers locaux et descendent de Sir Richard de Wilburgham, le shérif du Cheshire au milieu du . Le domaine passe par la lignée masculine jusqu'en 1900, date à laquelle le général Sir Richard Wilbraham est décédé, le laissant à sa fille unique Katherine. Le mari de Katherine, George Baker, prend par licence royale le nom de famille Wilbraham. En 1910, George accède à la baronnie Baker à la mort de son frère aîné.

Rode Hall se compose de deux maisons, autrefois séparées, mais plus tard réunies. L'ancienne maison est construite pour Randle Wilbraham au début du ; il est enregistré comme étant "récemment achevé" en 1708 et remplace un ancien manoir à pans de bois, qui aurait été similaire au Little Moreton Hall voisin. La deuxième maison est construite pour son petit-fils Randle Wilbraham III, un avocat réputé, en 1752. La maison est mise à jour par les générations successives, notamment au début des années 1800, lorsqu'une Travée est construite pour joindre les deux maisons, et en 1927, lorsque le portique avant est ajouté. Rode Hall est ouvert au public en 1980, par Sir Randle John Baker Wilbraham,  baronnet. Depuis lors, une vaste restauration est effectuée avec l'aide d'English Heritage, notamment en s'attaquant à une attaque de pourriture sèche à la fin des années 1980. En 1985, la maison est désignée Grade II * par English Heritage sur le registre des parcs et jardins historiques d'intérêt historique particulier en Angleterre.

Architecture

Extérieur
La partie la plus ancienne de la maison en brique se compose de sept travées, réparties sur deux étages. De part et d'autre de l'édifice, des baies en saillie sont habillées de pierres de taille. Un portail central est flanqué de pilastres simples, également en pierre de taille. Le toit est en croupe, avec un campanile central octogonal, surmonté d'un petit dôme .

Le bâtiment le plus récent, construit en 1752 sous la direction des architectes William Hiorne et de son frère David, se compose de cinq baies, avec une grande baie sur le côté, construite vers 1800 pour la relier à l'ancien bâtiment. Il y a un portique central, avec un toit plat soutenu par quatre colonnes ioniques, ajouté en 1927. Les fenêtres tripartites du rez-de-chaussée contrastent avec les portes- fenêtres du premier étage, qui sont précédées de balcons en fonte. Le grenier a de petites fenêtres à 4 x 2 volets. L'arrière de la maison se compose de quatre travées, avec une grande fenêtre centrale au premier étage et une porte centrale, entourée de corniches en pierre de taille. Les deux parties de la maison sont construites en brique rouge flamande qui, jusqu'en 1926, est recouverte d'enduit.

Le design a reçu des critiques mitigées. L'historien de l'architecture  décrit la maison comme «grande, irrégulière et plutôt sans relief» et d'un «design terne». D'autre part, l'historien et archiviste , dans L'architecture du nord de l'Angleterre, note «l'histoire complexe de la construction» de la maison, la décrivant comme une «maison géorgienne substantielle et élégante». Dans son ouvrage du début du  «Vues des sièges, manoirs, châteaux, etc. des nobles et gentilshommes d'Angleterre, d'Écosse et d'Irlande», John Preston Neale note que la maison est «grande et belle».

Intérieur
Les principaux quartiers d'habitation de la famille sont situés dans l'annexe de 1752. Le hall d'escalier est la seule pièce de la maison de 1752 à avoir conservé son intérieur géorgien d'origine. Le plafond en plâtre rococo est attribué à l'architecte né à Shrewsbury, Thomas Farnolls Pritchard, qui a également conçu les intérieurs de Tatton Hall, Château de Powis et Château de Croft. Face aux jardins, du côté nord de la maison, se trouve la bibliothèque. Réaménagée au début des années 1800, cette pièce était auparavant utilisée par la famille comme salle à manger. Elle présente des bibliothèques encastrées en acajou du , décorées de petites frises d'acanthe. La cheminée en marbre blanc est flanquée de part et d'autre des armoiries de la famille. Reliant la bibliothèque au hall d'escalier et au salon, l'antichambre est meublée de pièces commandées par la famille à la fin du . À l'origine, une entrée dans le hall était située dans cette salle octogonale, jusqu'à ce que Randle Wilbraham III la déplace. La salle présente des copies d'œuvres de Raphaël, attribuées à Michelangelo Maestri.

La salle à manger, à l'origine la bibliothèque, est conçue par Lewis Wyatt vers 1808. Wyatt agrandit la pièce et ajoute une abside semi-circulaire peu profonde à une extrémité. Il présente des plâtres décoratifs sur le plafond et les murs, mais est en grande partie sans fioritures. Wyatt met en œuvre un design avec des feuilles d'acanthe dorées et des vignes au plafond avec des moulages à grande échelle d'œufs et de fléchettes autour des sections supérieures du mur, des colonnes Scagliola et une cheminée en marbre noir avec des ornements en bronze. Les travaux de modification de Wyatt à Rode Hall sont influencés par le style de John Soane, et il décrit ses conceptions pour les intérieurs comme une « expérience de simplicité primitive ». ... A Rode, l'intention primitiviste est accentuée par l'absence totale d'entablement. La chambre est meublée de meubles originaux conçus et fabriqués par le fabricant anglais Gillows de Lancaster et de Londres ; à noter la table à manger en acajou et le buffet semi-circulaire encastré dans l'abside. Un service de table Royal Crown Derby, acheté par Mary Wilbraham-Bootle pour son fils Randle Wilbraham III en 1809, est exposé.

Jardins

Le parc, comprenant 10 acres (4 ha) de jardins, est répertorié comme Grade II sur le registre national des parcs et jardins historiques. Bien qu'il y ait une description dans une enquête du , décrivant les `` vergers, jardins et cours dans le Greene avant la maison, il n'y a aucun autre enregistrement connu des jardins jusqu'en 1790, lorsque le jardinier Humphry Repton est chargé d'aménager le terrain. La proposition de Repton n'est mise en œuvre qu'en 1803, lorsque Richard Wilbraham III emploie un John Webb pour construire une nouvelle allée, créer deux lacs artificiels, le plus petit appelé Stew Pond et le Rode Pool d'un mile de long, et aménager un " jardin sauvage ".

Les jardins sont toujours entretenus par le propriétaire actuel et sa femme et sont reconnus comme membre des jardins de distinction du Cheshire  Un jardin italien est construit en 2007 et contient des oliviers et des cyprès. La conception du jardin est inspirée par le jardin de Ninfa, un jardin de style anglais à l'extérieur de Rome qui est planté sous la direction de Lady Constance Adela (Ada) Bootle-Wilbraham, un parent éloigné des propriétaires .

Potager
Le potager clos de 2 acres (1 ha) est construit au début des années 1700 pour fournir des fruits et légumes au domaine. La maison victorienne du jardinier en chef est construite dans le mur sud. Le long du mur ouest se trouve un chemin privé, connu sous le nom de promenade du colonel, utilisé par la famille pour contourner le potager en se rendant à l'église. Il y a des traces de cheminées d'origine construites dans le mur supportant des arbres fruitiers en espalier, situés là afin de maintenir une température optimale pour une croissance toute l'année. L'une de ces cheminées a été restaurée. Le jardin est toujours utilisé aujourd'hui et comprend des variétés traditionnelles et exotiques [de légumes] et des arbustes fruitiers, dont certains sont utilisés pour faire des confitures et des chutneys à vendre dans les salons de thé de la maison.

Ouvrages

Quatre structures dans le parc autour de la maison sont inscrites sur la liste du patrimoine national de l'Angleterre en tant que catégorie II bâtiments classés. La grotte en briques rouges et en moellons est construite au  ou au  siècle autour d'un tunnel voûté en briques, décoré à l'intérieur de plâtres et de coquillages. La glacière se trouve également dans le jardin et est construite en brique et recouverte de terre. Un passage voûté en tunnel mène à une chambre circulaire avec un toit en dôme. L'obélisque est situé au bord du plus grand des deux lacs du domaine et est en grès avec des bords chanfreinés. Il repose sur un socle carré et est construit en deux sections; la section supérieure est ajoutée plus tard. Il est à l'origine situé à Kent Green, un hameau voisin. L'écurie est construite en 1804 selon les plans d'un certain John Hope. Comme pour la maison principale, le bloc est construit en brique rouge à liant flamand, avec des pierres de taille et des bandes et un toit en ardoise. À l'origine, il y a un certain nombre d'arcades ouvertes, dont plusieurs ont depuis été maçonnées. Les deux ouvertures centrales sont surmontées d'un fronton en pierre et la toiture est percée d'un clocher octogonal, avec une coupole en accolade.

Château de Mow Cop

Mow Cop Castle est une folie néo-gothique élaborée, construite à deux miles de Rode Hall, à Mow Cop, terrain appartenant auparavant au domaine. Datant de 1754, le château est construit par Randle Wilbraham III et conçu par les frères Hiorne, les architectes qui ont travaillé sur les améliorations de 1752 à la maison. Il est construit pour améliorer la vue sur la vallée depuis le manoir. La famille l'utilisait souvent comme maison d'été et pour les pique-niques. Le château est tombé en mauvais état à plusieurs reprises au  siècle et plusieurs programmes de restauration sont menés, notamment le remplacement des portes. Le château et les terres environnantes sont vendus par les Wilbraham en 1923. Le château est réputé comme le berceau du méthodisme primitif, à la suite d'un Camp meeting là-bas en 1807.

Aujourd'hui
Rode Hall est toujours détenu et occupé par les Wilbraham, actuellement par le  baronnet, Sir Richard Baker Wilbraham, et sa femme, Lady (Anne) Baker Wilbraham. La maison et les jardins sont ouverts au public d'avril à septembre, moyennant un droit d'entrée. Les salons de thé, situés dans la partie 1752 de la maison, utilisent et vendent les produits du potager.

Références

Liens externes

Monument classé de Grade II* dans le Cheshire

Rode Hall


Kara Harp Okulu (KHO) ya da geleneksel adıyla Harbiye; Ankara'da bulunan ve Türk Kara Kuvvetlerinin muvazzaf subay kaynağı olan, lisans seviyesinde eğitim veren askerî okuldur.

Tarihçe
Mekteb-i Harbiye-i Şahane, Sultan II. Mahmud'un emriyle 1834 tarihinde kurulmuştur. Başlangıçta eğitimin bütün basamaklarında faaliyet gösteren Harbiye, ilk mezunlarını 1841 yılında verebilmiştir. 1845 yılında askeri idadi(lise)lerin kurulması ve aynı yıl yapılan program geliştirme çalışmaları sonucunda Harbiye, eğitim süresi dört yıl olan bir yüksekokul niteliği kazanmıştır. Harbiye, 1908 yılına kadar geçen süre içinde öncelikle piyade ve süvari subaylarını yetiştirmiştir. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 1899 yılında '1283' yaka numarasıyla Kara Harp Okulu'nun piyade sınıfına yazılmıştır, 1902 yılında mezun olmuştur. 1905 yılında beş ordu merkezinde açılmış olan Edirne, Manastır, Erzincan, Şam ve Bağdat Harp Okulları kısa bir süre sonra kapatılmışlardır. Bundan sonra sadece İstanbul'daki "Harbiye Mektebi", eğitim ve öğretime devam etmiştir. Art arda gelen savaşlar döneminde hızlandırılmış bir eğitim programı uygulanarak cephelere subay yetiştiren Harbiye, Mütareke Dönemi'nde 1 Temmuz 1920 tarihinde Ankara'da Abidin Paşa Köşkü'nde eğitim ve öğretime başlamıştır. Harp Okulu, ilk mezunlarını 1 Kasım 1920 tarihinde vermiştir. Lozan Antlaşması'nın imzalanmasından sonra Harp Okulu, tekrar İstanbul'da öğretime başlamıştır.

Kara Harp Okulu ve yerleşkesi 25 Eylül 1936 tarihinde Ankara'ya nakledilerek yeni yapılmış olan binasında eğitime başlamıştır. İki yıl olan eğitim süresi 1948 yılında üç yıl, 1963 yılında iki yıl ve 1971 yılında üç yıl olarak düzenlenmiştir. 1974 yılından itibaren 4 yıllık lisans eğitimi uygulamasına başlanmıştır. 2016 yılında Milli Savunma Üniversitesi çatısı altına giren okuldaki eğitim-öğretim süresi yabancı dil hazırlık sınıfı ile birlikte 5 yıldır. Kar Eğitim-Öğretim Sistemi, Askeri Nazan-i Eğitim, Ortak Genel Konular, Askeri Uygulamalı Eğitim, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor ile Akademik Programlardan teşkil edilen bütüncül bir yapıya kavuşmuştur. Akademik program kapsamında; 1974-1991 yılları arasında makine, inşaat, elektrik-elektronik, yönetim-işletme bölümlerinde lisans düzeyinde eğitim verilmiş, 1991-1992 Eğitim-Öğretim Yılından itibaren sistem mühendisliği programına aşamalı olarak geçilmiştir. 2011-2012 Eğitim-Öğretim Yılı itibarıyla Kara Harp Okulunda çoklu lisans programında eğitim verilmeye başlanmıştır.

Kara Harp Okulunun amacı, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri İç Hizmet Kanunu ve Yönetmeliği ile harp okulları kanun ve yönetmeliklerinde belirtilen ve asker kişilerde bulunması gereken niteliklere sahip, liderlik özellikleri gelişmiş, askeri sevk ve idare edebilme yeteneği kazanmış ve yeterli fiziki yeteneğe sahip olmuş, Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanlığının ihtiyacına göre belirlenen bilim dallarında lisans eğitim ve öğretimini görmüş, sınıf okulu ve eğitim merkezlerinde verilecek subay temel mesleki eğitim ve öğretimini takip edebilecek yeterliliğe ulaşmış muvazzaf subay yetiştirmek ve Kara Kuvvetlerinin ihtiyacı olan konularda lisansüstü eğitim ve öğretim sağlamaktadır. Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı'nın ihtiyaç duyduğu sınıf ve miktarda subay yetiştiren asker yükseköğretim kurumu olan Kara Harp Okulunda, subay diplomasının yanı sıra; endüstri ve sistem, elektronik, makine, inşaat, bilgisayar, strateji ve güvenlik, tarih, işletme ve uluslararası ilişkiler lisans programlarında ulusal ve uluslararası denkliği/geçerliliği olan lisans diploması da verilmektedir. Verilen akademik eğitimle, Harbiyelilerin, muharebe sahasının karmaşık problemlerini çözecek bilimsel bakış açısına ve donanıma sahip olması amaçlanmaktadır.

Kara Harp Okulunda; piyade, tank, topçu, hava savunma, kara havacılık, istihkam, muhabere, ulaştırma, ikmal, bakım, personel, maliye ve harita sınıflarından subay yetiştirilmektedir. Her tür hava ve arazi şartında görev yapma ihtimali olan subaylar, liderlik yaptıkları askerlerine örnek olacak seviyede üstün fiziksel yeteneklere ve dayanıklılığa sahip olmalıdırlar. Kara Harp Okulu beden eğitimi ve spor programı Harbiyelileri bu hedefe en iyi şekilde ulaştırmak üzere düzenlenmiştir. Yine Kara Harp Okulu mezunu subaylar, Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanlığının seviyesindeki birliklerinde komutanlık görevinden başlayarak sıralı üst birliklerin sevk ve idaresinde; karargâhlarda, askeri Kurumlarda görev yapmaktadırlar. Kıta görevinde başarılı subaylar ihtiyaç duyulan alanlarda Yüksek Lisans, Doktora programlarına devam edebilmekte, yurt dışı temsilciliklerimizde, NATO ve Kıbrıs Türk Barış Kuvvetleri birlik ve karargahlarında görev alabilmektedirler.
Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerinin sosyal ve sağlık tesisleri tüm TSK mensuplarıyla beraber ve ailelerinin istifadesine sunulmaktadır. Kara Harp Okulu'na her yıl belirli kontenjanlarda kız öğrenci de alınmaktadır.

Bröve

Şu an kullanılan Kara Harp Okulu brövesi 2017 yılında kabul edilmiştir. Bröve üzerindeki 1834 yılı Kara Harp Okulunun kuruluş tarihini, çapraz kılıç muharip subay olmayı, çelenk subaylığı, güneş ışınlı Atatürk portresi kendisi de Kara Harp Okulu mezunu olan Atatürk'ün harp okulu öğrencilerine ve Türkiye'ye yaydığı çağdaş uygar fikirleri simgeler. Zemin renginin kırmızı olması ise Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin bayrağını ve Kara Harp Okulunun verdiği şehitleri betimler.

Akademik program
Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanlığının en önemli subay kaynağı olan Kara Harp Okulu öğrencileri 2018-2019 eğitim öğretim yılından itibaren zorunlu olarak 2 dönem hazırlık sınıfı okur. Hazırlık eğitimi yabancı dil ve beden eğitimi üzerinedir. Harbiyeliler birinci sınıfta, Sayısal, Sözel ve Uluslararası İlişkiler tabanlı eğitimler ile ikinci sınıfta görecekleri lisans programlarına yönelik dersler almaktadır. 2'nci, 3'üncü ve 4'üncü sınıflarda ise; iktisadi ve idari bilimler ile teknik bölümler dallarında toplamda dokuz ayrı lisans programında modern laboratuvar, dershane ve amfilerde akademik unvana sahip öğretim üyeleri tarafından eğitim ve öğretim verilmektedir. Okulun eğitim süresi 5 yıldır.

Okutulan programlar

 Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği
 Makine Mühendisliği
 İnşaat Mühendisliği
 Bilgisayar Mühendisliği
 Savunma Yönetimi
 Uluslararası İlişkiler
 Tarih

Askerî program
Harbiyelilere sevk ve idare edebilme yeteneği kazandırmak, çeşitli sınıf ve silahların taktik kullanılması ile muharebe sahası sistemleri hakkında bilgi edinmelerini sağlamak maksadıyla, akademik program boyunca haftada bir gün öğleden sonra ve tam gün boyunca askerî eğitim icra edilmektedir.

Yaz döneminde ise İzmir Menteş'te, 6 hafta süreli eğitim verilmekte, Afyon ve Çanakkale başta olmak üzere Harp Tarihi gezileri düzenlenerek donanımlı birer subay olmaları sağlanmaktadır.

Görev yapmış komutanlar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Kara Harp Okulu Resmi Sitesi

Harp okulları
Harp Okulu
Türkiye'deki askerî okullar
Milli Savunma Üniversitesi
1830'larda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda kurulan oluşumlar
1830'larda kurulan askerî birimler
1834'te kurulan oluşumlar
Ankara askeriyesi

Kara Harp Okulu


Mlada Hrvatska bilo je glasilo starčevićanske školske mladeži. Pokrenuto je 1908. godine.

Povijest
Gosine 1908. osnovan je središnji Savez organizacija starčevićanske srednjoškolske mladosti. Na čelu saveza bio je Središnji odborom i predsjednikom. Usporedno s osnivanjem Saveza, osnovani su pododbori za Bansku Hrvatsku, Dalmaciju te Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Podobro is u posredovali između središnjeg odbora Saveza i lokalnih srednjoškolskih organizacija u pojedinoj pokrajini.

Starčevićanska mladost osnovana 1907. bila je krovna organizacija pod kojom su se okupljale
Savez organizacija srednjoškolske starčevićanske mladosti i Starčevićanska akademska mladost. Zajedno su izdavale svoje glasilo, Mladu Hrvatsku. Nakon osnivanja Mlade Hrvatske, pod mladohrvatskim imenom dalje se razvija pravaški mladeški pokret.

Izvori

Zagrebački tisak
Hrvatski pravaški tisak

Mlada Hrvatska (Zagreb)


O Verão Arte Contemporânea, também conhecido como VAC, é um evento artístico multilinguagens criado pelo Grupo Oficcina Multimédia e realizado em Belo Horizonte desde 2007.

Conceito norteador
Realizar em Belo Horizonte, anualmente, nos meses de janeiro e fevereiro o Verão Arte Contemporânea, com programação intensa, a preços populares e entrada franca. Atividades de teatro, dança, artes visuais, cinema, música, literatura, gastronomia e arquitetura, ocupam diversos espaços culturais da cidade. O VAC tem como objetivo promover um recorte da cultura local, que respeite e incentive as diversidades e as experimentações artísticas, projetando a cidade como um polo cultural referencial no país.

Origens
O VAC surgiu a partir de uma experiência que o Grupo Oficina Multimédia realizou no ano de 2006, no Teatro Francisco Nunes quando foi criado o Kafé K. Este café temático foi inspirado no nome do escritor Franz Kafka, cuja obra "O Processo", foi recriada no espetáculo "A Acusação", do Grupo Oficcina Multimédia, em cartaz neste mesmo teatro. Além das apresentações, nesta mesma ocasião foram promovidos uma exposição de objetivos interativos, palestras e exibições, em parceria com o CRAV,, de filmes de arte e política, ocupando, além do teatro, o foyer e a área externa do teatro.

O excelente resultado desta primeira experiência fez com que, no final de 2006, o GOM, ampliasse as parcerias, incluindo no projeto a participação de dois grupos de dança representados por Keyla Monadjemi da produtora Mercado Moderno e pelo bailarino Rui Moreira. Desta união de artistas, surgiu em 2007, a primeira edição do Verão Arte Contemporânea

Como relata a coordenadora do VAC, Ione de Medeiros:Em outubro de 2006 o G.O.M apresentou uma proposta de ocupação para o Teatro Francisco Nunes que gerasse a possibilidade de ampliar o enfoque de uma apresentação de espetáculo que não se encerrasse em si mesmo. Queríamos fazer ressoar o trabalho de criação, expandindo-o para outras propostas criativas e instalar um olhar de reflexão e análise sobre a arte nos dias de hoje, suas causas e consequências. Nesta mesma época, nós nos deparamos com artistas da área da dança (Rui Moreira e Keyla Monadjemi, produtora da Mercado Moderno) que se propunham também a criar um novo formato para a área cultural no período das férias em Belo Horizonte. A partir deste encontro resolvemos juntar forças e formatar e realizar um projeto piloto que, uma vez confirmada a sua importância, pudesse abrir espaço para a criação de um possível Festival de Verão que ocuparia os teatros públicos e espaços alternativos nos meses de janeiro e fevereiro dos próximos anos. O Verão Arte Contemporânea se definiu então pela quebra de fronteiras entre linguagens artísticas e abriga novos formatos de criação, integrou propostas de reflexão política e de investimento na busca de raízes, apostando na liberdade de uma linguagem estética comprometida com a complexidade do mundo atual.

Realizações na área cultural

As duas primeiras edições foram realizadas sem qualquer verba e, contando apenas com o apoio da Secretaria Municipal de Cultura e do à época Gerente dos Teatros Municipais Luiz Carlos Garrocho, ocupou 5 espaços culturais e contou com a participação de 16 grupos e artistas, além de um evento interativo com o público, resultado em uma exposição no saguão do Teatro Francisco Nunes. Esse evento ganhou o nome de Salão Quasiarte. Foi na 3ª edição, em 2009, que o VAC foi contemplado pela primeira vez com o apoio financeiro da Fundação Municipal de Cultura e da Secretaria de Estado da Cultura e fortaleceu o diálogo com manifestações da cultura de rua representada pela Família de Rua. Em 2010, na 4ª edição, foram acrescidas as áreas de literatura e gastronomia, além da fusão da moda, música, dança e artes visuais na abertura do VAC. Em 2011, na 5ª edição, o VAC recebeu artistas e grupos de outros estados brasileiros e do exterior, e o Duelo de MCs da Família de Rua foi realizado no Grande Teatro do Palácio das Artes e o Espaço Mari'Stella Tristão. Nesse ano também o VAC abriu espaço para artistas e grafiteiros, intervirem na galeria da Mari'Stella Tristão livremente, durante todo o evento. Na 6ª edição em 2012 foi introduzida a área da Arquitetura focando um caráter social. Em 2013, na 7ª edição, o VAC iniciou uma divulgação de informações sobre os museus de arte públicos e privados de Belo Horizonte e cidades do interior de Minas Gerais. Teve inicio também a parceria de renomados chefes da gastronomia mineira com os funcionários do Restaurante Popular I. No ano de 2013 o VAC instituiu a visita a ateliês de artistas visuais com entrada gratuita. Na edição de 2014 o VAC inaugurou uma parceria com o CCBB BH onde foi realizada a Abertura do Evento e diversos espaços desta instituição. Na 9ª edição, em 2015, o VAC fez parceria com a Biblioteca Pública Estadual, convidando artistas plásticos pintando áreas externas e internas; foi criado o Mini Salão de Moda, para estilistas iniciantes e renomados.

Em 2016, o VAC comemorou 10 anos de existência mantendo a diversidade de áreas com uma dupla sessão de abertura no Teatro Francisco Nunes e no lago do Parque Municipal, com a proposta de promover apropriações de obras artísticas clássicas. Na 11ª edição em 2017 o VAC ocupou 15 espaços culturais com a presença de 31 grupos e artistas de Belo Horizonte, do Brasil e do exterior. Novas parcerias realizadas com o Sesc Palladium no show de abertura "Berimbrown convida MV Bill" e com a UFMG, com o projeto C.a.b.r.a. - Casas Brasileiras de Refúgio'. Em 2018 o VAC introduziu na programação o M.A.R.P., Movimento de Arte e Reflexão Política, e inaugurou uma parceria com o CRJ que recebeu atividades nas áreas da moda e gastronomia. Destacamos o sucesso do evento de abertura que em parceria com o SESC Palladium, que trouxe para BH a cantora Maria Alcina de São Paulo que junto com a Orquesta Atípica de Lhamas e a Cia Café com Dança, lotaram o grande teatro do SESC Palladium. O VAC 2018 teve o patrocínio da CODEMIG com verba direta no valor de R$ 200.000,00 o que contribuiu para a ampliação e aprimoramento da qualidade de atrações no evento. Em 2019, o VAC teve o patrocínio do UniBH, do CCBB BH e a parceria do Instituto Francês e da Embaixada da França no Brasil, através do Serviço de Cooperação França Brasil, o SCAC BH, que possibilitou a presença do crítico francês Serge Kaganski, convidado exclusivamente para comentar filmes da Mostra Agnès Varda. O Festival foi expandido para Tiradentes/MG, com uma apresentação teatral, em parceria com o Campos Cultural UFMG naquela cidade. Também em 2019 a Feira Textura entrou como parceira do VAC e realizamos um encerramento homenageando o teatrólogo João das Neves. No VAC 2020, o Patrocínio da UniBH e a parceria com o Instituto Francês se repetiram e também foi inserido o formato de residência artística convidando o artista Thiago Granato, residente na Alemanha, numa parceria inédita com o festival de Verão da UFMG, e também com o CN D (Centre National de La Danse), que somou à parceria com o Terça na Dança, realizada no Teatro Marília. Também foi realizada uma parceria com o Centro Cultural Venda Nova, do Teatro Sesiminas e do Conservatório UFMG como espaços culturais de realizações das atividades do VAC. Desde 2019 os espetáculos Teatrais do VAC contam com tradução em libras, tornando assim, algumas das atividades do VAC acessíveis.

Ligações externas
 Site oficial do Verão Arte Contemporânea

Festivais de teatro do Brasil
Eventos culturais do Brasil
Cultura de Belo Horizonte
Cultura de Minas Gerais
Cultura do Brasil
2007 em Minas Gerais

Verão Arte Contemporânea


Tarih
 Anadolu beylikleri

Yerleşim yerleri
 Beylik, Karacabey - Bursa ili Karacabey ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Beylik, Nusaybin - Mardin ili Nusaybin ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Beylik, Ondokuzmayıs - Samsun ili Ondokuzmayıs ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Beylik


Jyllands-Posten ya da kısaca JP; 1871 yılında kurulan Danimarka'da aşırı sağ eğilimleriyle bilinen bir gazete. Bir dönem ırkçı söylemlerde de bulunmuştur. 2005 Danimarka Karikatür Krizi bu gazetenin İslam Peygamberi Muhammed hakkında yayımladığı karikatürler ile başlamıştır. Bu karikatürlerin medeniyetler arası çatışmayı arttırmak amacıyla yayınlandığını iddia edenler olmuştur.

Dış bağlantılar
 Gazetenin resmi web sitesi

Danca gazeteler

Jyllands-Posten


صبيح مركز يقع في غرب منطقة القصيم في السعودية، ويتبع إداريًا لمحافظة رياض الخبراء.

الموقع الجغرافي
تبعد مسافة 120 كم عن مدينة بريدة إلى جهة الغرب وتبعد مسافة 360 كم إلى الشرق من المدينة المنورة، وتبعد مسافة 180 كم إلى الجنوب عن مدينة حائل. وتعتبر من أقدم الحواضر في نجد

السكان
يقدر عدد سكان صبيح بحوالي 10,000 نسمة تقريبًا.

معالم صبيح
من معالم صبيح سلسلة جبال الحمر وجبال الخرش وجبل أم رقيبة وشعيب المهاش الذي شهد المعركة بين أهل صبيح والعفالق أهل الخبراء.

مراكز وهجر تابعة لصبيح
يتبع صبيح عدد من المراكز والهجر وهي: نبيها وقريطة وشعيب الحمر.

التسمية
يقال أن أصل التسمية لرجل يدعى صبيح قام بحفر بئر ماء عام 500 هـ وسمي البئر باسمه.

رئيس المركز
رئيس مركز صبيح هو سعد بن سليمان بن بزيع المبارك.

شعراء صبيح
يعتبر الشاعر محمد بن هذيل الرسلاني العنزي هو شاعر صبيح الأول، وفي صبيح ولد الشاعر والفارس قرناس بن عبد الرحمن المحفوظي العجمي سنة 1191 هـ والذي أصبح أميرًا للرس في مابعد إبان غزو إبراهيم باشا وحصارة للرس.

مراجع

مراكز محافظة رياض الخبراء
نجد

صبيح


أبراهام تيودور بيرغه (بالنرويجية: Abraham Theodor Berge) سياسي نرويجي من مواليد 20 أغسطس من سنة 1851. شغل بيرغه عدة مناصب في حياته السياسية، وكان رئيسا لوزراء النرويج ما بين عامي 1923 و1924. توفي في 10 يوليو 1936.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من فارسوند
رؤساء وزراء النرويج
معلمون نرويجيون
مواليد 1851
وزراء مالية النرويج
وفيات 1936
وفيات في تونسبيرغ
وزراء تعليم في النرويج
أشخاص من لينغدال

أبراهام تيودور بيرغه


Drekabátahátíðin (Duan Wu Jie; 端午節) er kínversk hátíð sem haldin er á fimmta degi fimmta mánaðar í kínverska tungldagatalinu. Hátíðin fellur því oft á mismunandi dag samkvæmt gregoríanska dagatalinu. Árið 2021 er hátíðin haldin 14. júní.
Á kínversku nefnist hátíðin duan wu sem mætti útleggja sem "hestur í upphafsfasa", þ.e. hinn fyrsti "dagur hestsins" sem er skírskotun í kínverska dagatalið. Wu 午 hefur merkinguna "hádegi" en í kínversku tímatali skírskotar það til hestamerkisins í kínverskri stjörnuspeki. Í stað táknsins wu 午 er stundum notast við annað tákn með sama framburði, wu 五, sem merkir "fimm", enda fer hátíðin fram á á fimmta degi fimmta mánaðar.
Dagurinn er haldinn hátíðlegur á meginlandi Kína, Hong Kong, Makaó og Taívan sem og meðal kínverskra minnihlutahópa víða um heim.

Trú
Samkvæmt hefðbundinni kínverskri trú er hinn fimmti tunglmánuður talinn vera óheillavænlegur mánuður. Því hefur verið trúað að náttúruhamfarir og sjúkdómar væru algengir í þeim mánuði. Til að forðast ógæfu tók fólk upp á að setja ýmis konar blóm, m.a. kalmusrót og hvítlauk, fyrir ofan dyrnar á þessum degi. Þar sem lögun kalmusrótarinnar svipaði til sverðs og hvítlaukurinn hafði svo sterka lykt var talið að slíkt gæti forðað burtu illum öndum.
Einnig, á sumum svæðum í Kína, flétta kínverskir foreldrar silkiþræði úr 5 mismunandi litum í armband sem þau setja á úlnlið barna sinna á þessum degi. Því er einnig trúað að það haldi illum öndum og sjúkdómum frá.

Ástundun og umstang
Það vinsælasta sem Kínverjar gera á drekabátahátíðinni er að búa til og borða zongzi (sjá neðar), drekka vín og keppa á drekabátum.

Drekabátakeppnin
Uppruni drekabátakeppninnar er smá óljós, þó að flestir telja hana vera til minningar um ráðherrann og skáldið Qu Yuan sem var uppi fyrir u.þ.b. 2500 árum síðan. Goðsagan segir að Qu Yuan, sem var ráðherra í ríkinu Chu, var gerður útlægur af kónginum í ríkinu fyrir að mótmæla samstarfi við hið valdamikla ríki Qin. Í útlegðinni sinni skrifaði Yuan mikið af ljóðum.
28 árum síðar tók Qin ríkið yfir borgina Ying, höfuðborg Chu og vegna mikilla vonbrigða drekkti Qu Yuan sér í Miluo ánni. Almúginn reyndi að bjarga honum á bátum en án árangurs. Til að minnast Qu Yuan er drekabátahátíðin haldin árlega á þeim degi sem Yuan á að hafa drukknað, samkvæmt goðsögunni. Þá á drekabátakeppnin að líkja eftir því þegar almúginn reyndi að bjarga Qu Yuan frá drukknun. Þá kastar fólk líka hrísgrjónum út í vatnið til að gefa fiskunum svo þeir borði ekki líkið af Qu Yuan. Táknmynd hrísgrjónadreifingarinnar er nú fengin með Zongzi hrísgrjónabollunum.

Zongzi
Eitt af aðalatriðum hátíðarinnar er að útbúa og borða svokölluð zongzi með fjölskyldu og vinum. Zongzi er í öllum tilvikum sterkjurík hrísgrjón sem vafin eru með bananalaufum í pýramídalögun. Fyllingin í Zongzi er mismunandi eftir svæðum, t.d. eru sæt zongzi vinsæl í Norðurhluta Kína en í suðrinu eru þau matarmeiri og innihalda kjöt og egg.
Aðalástæða þess að Kínverjar borða zongzi er til að minnast Qu Yuan ráðherra en einnig minnir lögunin á gull- eða silfurbúta sem notaðir voru sem gjaldmiðlar fyrr á öldum.

Annað
Ýmislegt fleira er gert á þessum hátíðardegi. Langir göngutúrar, bera ilmandi læknispoka og hengja hina ýmsu verndarhluti upp gegn illum öndum og sjúkdómum. Síðan er einnig keppt að því að láta egg standa upprétt á hádegi, þ.e. kl. 12. En ef einhverjum tekst það, þá mun sá njóta mikillar gæfu á árinu sem fer í hönd.

Heimildir

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival

Hátíðir í Kína

Drekabátahátíðin


Den store ildebrand i Frederiksted () var kulminationen på en arbejderopstand i Frederikssted på De vestindiske øer i oktober 1878. Efter flere år med dårlige høstudbytter, en række naturkatastrofer og kummerlige arbejdsforhold, gjorde de frigivne slaver oprør. Varehuse, pakhuse og butikker blev plyndret og antændt. Generalguvernør Janus August Garde beordrede militære styrker fra Christiansted til Frederiksted for at drive oprørerne ud af byen. Oprøret fortsatte i fem dage, mens kampene gradvis fortrak til landet, hvor der blev sat ild på sukkerraffinaderier og en række godser. Begivenhederne blev i historien husket som "den store ildebrand i Frederiksted" i 1878.

Baggrund
Frederikssted havde været skueplads for vigtige begivenheder i Sankt Croix' historie. I 1848 marcherede 8.000 slaver mod Frederiksted for at gøre krav på øjeblikkelig frigivelse, i stedet for at følge den planlagte gradvise frigivelse over tolv år, som den danske konge havde besluttet. Slaverne truede med at gøre oprør og sætte ild til hele byen. Guvernør Peter von Scholten, der var opmærksom på truslen, læste fra Fort Frederik sin berømte erklæring: "Alle de, der på De Danske Vestindiske Øer ikke er frie, kan fra i dag anse sig for at være frie...".
Slaverne var nu frigivne, men blev tvunget til at underskrive langtidskontrakter, som bandt dem og deres familier til plantagerne under slavelignende vilkår.

Disse kontrakter, der var udfærdiget i henhold til et "midlertidigt arbejdsreglement", var stadig gældende i 1878, tredive år efter slavernes frigivelse og anledning til en række problemer for kolonimagten og plantageejerne på Sankt Croix. Skiftedagen, den eneste dag om året, hvor det var tilladt at skifte arbejdsplads, begyndte fredeligt, men spændingsniveauet steg hurtigt i løbet af dagen, og de frigivne slaver endte med at gøre oprør i Frederiksted efter flere år med dårlige høstudbytter og en række naturkatastrofer. Arbejderne forsøgte at få adgang til byens fort, men da det ikke lykkedes, kastede de sig i stedet over selve byen og dens omgivelser og satte ild til plantager og bygninger med relation til sukkerproduktionen, som sukkerværker og -lagre, men også almindelige beboelsesbygninger blev ramt. I alt gik omkring 50 bygninger op i flammer under opstanden. Militærstyrker fra Christiansted kom til Frederiksted for at drive oprørerne ud af byen. Oprøret fortsatte i fem dage, mens kampene gradvis fortrak til landdistrikterne, hvor der blev sat ild på sukkerraffinaderier og en række godser. Begivenhederne blev i historien husket som "den store ildebrand" i 1878.

Brandene
En gruppe slaver samlede sig i Frederiksted med krav om højere lønninger og bedre arbejdsvilkår. Skønt det startede som en fredelig demonstration, udviklede de sig til voldelige episoder, efter at et rygte om, at en tilskadekommen demonstrant var blevet mishandlet og døde i politiets varetægt. Oprørerne kastede sten efter de udkommanderede danske soldater, som besvarede angrebene med geværild. Oprørerne måtte opgive et forsøg på at erobre fortet, hvor soldaterne havde barrikaderet sig. I stedet vendte oprørerne fokus mod selve byen, hvor de antændte en række bygninger.
Den 4. oktober ankom britiske, franske og amerikanske krigsskibe til St. Croix og fremsatte tilbud om at assistere i nedkæmpelsen af oprøret. Janus August Garde sendte skibene bort, idet han var sikker på, at hans egne tropper ville få situationen under kontrol. Nogle af soldaterne fik dog våben til låns af de britiske soldater. Dagen efter beordrede generalguvenør Janus August Garde alle de strejkende arbejdere tilbage til deres arbejde på plantagerne. De, der nægtede, blev officielt erklæret som rebeller. Desuden blev det for alle arbejdere på øen forbudt at forlade deres plantager uden skriftlig tilladelse fra ejeren. Midt I oktober begyndte oprøret at dø ud.

De tre "dronninger"
Flere af lederne af oprøret var kvinder. Tre af disse blev idømt dødsstraf, men fik dommen forvandlet til tugthus på livstid og blev ført til Danmark for at afsone fængselsstraffen i Kvindefængslet på Christianshavn. Kvinderne er skrevet ind i historiebøgerne som "de tre dronninger" ("Fire Queens"), Mary Thomas "(Queen Mary)", Axeline Elisabeth Salomon "(Queen Agnes)" og Mathilde McBean "(Queen Mathilde)".. "Queen Mary" blev allerede i 1880'erne kendt fra en folkesang, der var skrevet til minde om hendes rolle i oprøret.

De tre kvinder blev anbragt i Kvindefængslet på Christianshavn, indtil de i 1887 blev sendt tilbage til Christiansted på Sankt Croix, hvor de tilbragte resten af deres fængselstid. Man ved, at Mary Thomas døde i fængslet der i 1905.

I 2004 afslørede historikeren Wayne James på baggrund af hidtil upublicerede dokumenter detaljer om kvindernes liv i fængslet, ligesom han påpegede, at der var en fjerde "dronning", Susanna Abramsen, der var kendt under tilnavnet "Bottom Belly".

Efterspil
Oprøret førte til store skader på bygninger og bekostelige skader på plantagerne. Store dele af Frederikssted matte genopbygges. Dette blev gjort i den victorianske stil. Byen har derfor stadig et meget ensartet præg. Udsmykningen skete med træskærerarbejder, fordi der var mange dygtige træskærere blandt de frigivne slaver i byen.
De direkte skader er blevet opgjort til 60 sorte arbejderes to soldaters og en plantageejers død, mens 14 kvinder omkom ved en eksplosion. 12 oprørere blev dømt til døden og hængt den 5. oktober 1878. Der er dog rejst tvivl ved denne opgørelse. Det retslige efterspil ved lokale standretter førte til, at 12 oprørere henrettedes øjeblikkeligt til skræk og advarsel. 40 dødsdømte fik straffen forvandlet til langvarige fængselsstraffe.

Året efter den store brand blev der udfærdiget nye standardkontrakter for plantagearbejderne. Disse skulle angiveligt forbedre løn- og arbejdsvikårene, men viste sig i praksis ikke at resultere i forbedringer for arbejderne.

De nye regler svarede mere til den danske tyendelov fra 1854, men den danske grundlov fra 1849 blev aldrig indført i Dansk Vestindien.

Hovedvejen mellem Christiansted og Frederiksted blev i 1972 officielt omdøbt til Queen Mary Highway efter Mary Thomas, ligesom der er rejst statuer af de tre "dronninger", som i  stadig fejres som heltinder på øerne.

Referencer

Dansk Vestindien
Begivenheder i 1878

Den store ildebrand i Frederiksted


Niels Nørløv Hansen (født 28. februar 1973 i Roskilde) er en dansk filminstruktør, uddannet fra Den Danske Filmskole i 2001.

Filmografi

Film
 Olsen-banden Junior (2001) − Instruktørassistent
 Halalabad Blues (2002) − Indspilningsleder
 Kongekabale (2004) − Indspilningsleder
 Pusher II (2004) − Instruktørassistent
 Bølle Bob og Smukke Sally (2005) − Instruktørassistent, indspilningsleder
 Pusher 3 (2005) − Instruktørassistent
 Veninder (2005) − Indspilningsleder
 Råzone (2006) − Skuespiller
 De fortabte sjæles ø (2007) − Indspilningsleder
 Anja og Viktor - Brændende kærlighed (2007) − Instruktør, historie
 Oldboys (2009) − Teknisk instruktør
 Sandheden om mænd (2010) − Indspilningsleder, skuespiller
 Smukke mennesker (2010) − Instruktørassistent, indspilningsleder
 Min bedste fjende (2010) − Instruktørassistent, indspilningsleder
 Klassefesten (2011) − Instruktør
 Min søsters børn og guldgraverne (2015) − Instruktør

Tv-serier
 2900 Happiness, afsnit 6-11 (2008) − Instruktør
 Sommer, afsnit 17-18 (2008) − Instruktør
 Den som dræber, afsnit 2-3 (2010) − Instruktør

Eksterne henvisninger

Filminstruktører fra Danmark
Personer fra Roskilde

Niels Nørløv Hansen


Lilanje je narodni običaj katoličkih Hrvata i u pravoslavnih Srba i u muslimana. Održava se povodom katoličkog blagdana Svetog Ilije, zaštitnika od vatre i groma, Rođenje Ivana Krstitelja, i sv. Petra. Lilanjem se, prema starom vjerovanju, čuvaju ljudi, životinje i polja. Običaj se zadržao u Hrvata u Podravini (Sopje), na sasvim drugačiji način u sjeveroistočnoj Bosni (Soli) i na drukčiji način u zapadnoj Srbiji i Crnoj Gori.

U Podravini u Sopju se uoči uoči spomendana rođenja Ivana Krstitelja posebnim programom Ivanjskih krijesova obilježava ljetni solsticij ili suncostaj. Ovdašnja duga tradicija počiva na drevnom vjerovanju da se lilanjem može osigurati zdravlje ljudi, dobri usjevi i dugo ljeto. Nekad samo narodni običaj, danas je Sopjansko lilanje organizirana manifestacija. Dok drugi krajevi prepoznaju se po krijesovima o Ivanju, u Sopju je to preskakanje vatre i lilanje. Sopjani za lilanje pripremaju rašljaste štapove lilaljke u kojima je pričvršćen snopić slame. Mještani svih uzrasta sudjeluju u lilanju. Sudionici zapale slamu i vrte štap s gorućom slamom oko sebe u visini glave, što stvara posebni ugođaj u mraku. Što se brže i duže vrti, to se bolje lila. Lilanje se osobito smatralo važnim u vrijeme žetve, vjerujući da se time tjeraju sve nedaće od usjeva, poput opasnosti da se zapali žito. Lilanje je nosilo ulogu u društvu. Mladići su se pred djevojkama nadmetali koji će od njih najljepše i najbolje napraviti lilu i početi se udvarati djevojci. Sljedećeg se dana izgorjela lila stavljala u posađeni kupus u vrtovima kao zaštita od bolesti i štetočina.

U Solima se održava se u Doknju kod Tuzle, gdje je tradicija održavanja Lilanja stara više stotina godina. Mještani na Lilanju pozivaju Svetog Iliju da spasi građane i usjeve, i sve ostalo od vatre i groma. Sudionici lilanje pripremaju nekoliko mjeseci. Najvažnije im je pronaći divlju trešnju. Pronađenom drvu valja oguliti koru i osušiti ga, koru vezati za drveni štap i u večernjim satima počinje lilanje u kojem sudjeluju djeca do 15 godina. Danas povodom blagdana sv. Ilije održavaju se službene manifestacije u Doknju, čiji je zaštitnik sv. Ilija. Lilanje se održava i na Ljubačama, u Ugljari kod doma, u Donjoj Mahali kod "tučka", u Tolisi kod stadiona, u selima oraškog kraja Boćama kod Brčkog i dr.<ref>Brcko.tv Običaji našeg kraja - Boće_lilanje - YouTube (pristupljeno 10. listopada 2017.)</ref> Na Cerovima kod Husina do potkraj 1950-ih obilježavalo se Ilino i poslije lilanje.

U Donjoj Trnovi kod Ugljevika održava se uoči pravoslavnog blagdana Petrovdana. I ovdje su "lile" od kore trešnjina drva, a djeca se uoči Petrovdana skupljaju oko svetih hramova.

U lozničkom kraju pred Petrovdan 11. srpnja. "Lile" se prave od mlade kore divlje trešnje ili breze.

Lilanje je zabilježeno u sjevernom dijelu Crne Gore.

Prema jednim tumačenjima, lilanje datira od rimskih vremena. Kad su kršćani za vrijeme cara Nerona mučenički stradali, spaljivani na lomačama i stubovima. Tada su mučenički ubijeni i sveti apostoli Petar i Pavao, te je to jedan od razloga zbog kojih je poslije nastao običaj uoči Petrovdana da se pale "lile".

Lilanje nematerijalnoj kulturnoj baštini. Običaj je svakako vrlo starinski. Sadrži kultno-paganske elemente iz slavenskog perioda. Motivi su rađanjem prirode, proljeća i novog života. Na te se staroslavenske slojeve poslije slilo kršćanske običajne elemente.

Nekada je lilanje bila najznačajnija svetkovina stočara u jugoistočnoj Europi i šire, dočekivana s lilama u ravnici i velikim vatrama na brdima.

 Izvori

 Vanjske poveznice
Tuzlarije.net Tuzla Lilanje u Doknju 2017 - YouTube''
Župa Breške Lilanje, Dokanj, lutke

Narodni običaji
Hrvatska kultura
Crnogorska kultura

Lilanje


An Elymus tilcarensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Juan Héctor Hunziker, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Áskell Löve. An Elymus tilcarensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elymus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Elymus

Elymus tilcarensis


Claudia Livia (Classical Latin: CLAVDIA•LIVIA; c. 13 BC – AD 31) was the only daughter of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor and sister to Roman Emperor Claudius and general Germanicus, and thus paternal aunt of emperor Caligula and maternal great-aunt of emperor Nero, as well as the niece and daughter-in-law of Tiberius. She was named after her grandmother, Augustus' wife Livia Drusilla, and commonly known by her family nickname Livilla ("little Livia"). She was born after Germanicus and before Claudius.

She was twice married to the potential successor in the Julio-Claudian dynasty, first to Augustus' grandson Gaius Caesar (died 4 AD) and later to Tiberius' son Drusus the Younger (died AD 23). Allegedly, she helped her lover Sejanus in poisoning her second husband and died shortly after Sejanus fell from power in AD 31.

Marriages

Livilla was married twice, first in 1 BC to Gaius Caesar, Augustus' grandson and heir. Thus, Augustus had chosen Livilla as the wife of the future emperor. This splendid royal marriage probably gave Livilla grand aspirations for her future, perhaps at the expense of the ambition of Augustus' granddaughters, Agrippina the Elder and Julia the Younger. However, Gaius died in AD 4, cutting short Augustus' and Livilla's plans.

In the same year, Livilla married her cousin Drusus Julius Caesar (Drusus the Younger), the son of Tiberius. When Tiberius succeeded Augustus as emperor in AD 14, Livilla again was the wife of a potential successor. Drusus and Livilla had three children, a daughter named Julia Livia in around AD 7 and twin sons in AD 19: Germanicus Gemellus, who died in 23, and Tiberius Gemellus, who survived infancy.

Livilla's standing in her family

Tacitus reports that Livilla was a remarkably beautiful woman, despite the fact she was rather ungainly as a child. The Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone patre indicates that she was held in the highest esteem by her uncle and father-in-law, Tiberius, and by her grandmother Livia Drusilla.

According to Tacitus, she felt resentment and jealousy against her sister-in-law Agrippina the Elder, the wife of her brother Germanicus, to whom she was unfavourably compared. Indeed, Agrippina fared much better in producing imperial heirs to the household (being the mother of the Emperor Caligula and Agrippina the Younger) and was much more popular. Suetonius reports that she despised her younger brother Claudius; having heard he would one day become Emperor, she deplored publicly such a fate for the Roman people.

As with most of the female members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, she may also have been very ambitious, in particular for her male offspring.

Affair with Sejanus

Possibly even before the birth of the twins, Livilla had an affair with Lucius Aelius Sejanus, the praetorian prefect of Tiberius – later on, some (including Tiberius) suspected Sejanus to have fathered the twins. Drusus, heir apparent since the death of Germanicus in AD 19, died in AD 23, shortly after striking Sejanus in an argument. According to Tacitus, Suetonius, and Cassius Dio, Sejanus had poisoned Drusus, not only because he feared the wrath of the future Emperor but also because he had designs on the supreme power, and aimed at removing a potential competitor, with Livilla as his accomplice. If Drusus was indeed poisoned, his death aroused no suspicions at the time.

Sejanus now wanted to marry the widowed Livilla. In AD 25 Tiberius rejected such a request but in AD 31 he eventually gave way. In the same year, the Emperor received evidence from Antonia Minor, Livilla's mother and his sister-in-law, that Sejanus planned to overthrow him. Tiberius had Sejanus denounced in the Senate, then had him arrested and dragged off to prison to be put to death. A bloody purge then erupted in Rome with most of Sejanus' family (including his children) and followers sharing his fate.

Accusations and death

Hearing of the death of her children, Sejanus' former wife Apicata committed suicide. According to Cassius Dio, before her death, she addressed a letter to Tiberius, accusing Sejanus and Livilla of having poisoned Drusus. [The story should be read with caution. Barbara Levick says that Sejanus must have murdered Drusus in self-defense because only Tiberius stood between the Praetorian Prefect and the end of his career at the hands of Drusus. Furthermore, he says it is even less likely that Livilla would have been complicit in the destruction of her family, the key to her children's future. Levick dismisses the accusation of Apicata as the revenge of a woman whose husband left her for another.] Drusus' cupbearer Lygdus and Livilla's physician Eudemus were questioned and under torture confirmed Apicata's accusation.

Livilla died shortly afterwards, either being killed or by suicide. According to Cassius Dio, Tiberius handed Livilla over to her mother, Antonia Minor, who locked her up in a room and starved her to death.

Early in AD 32, the Senate proposed "terrible decrees...against her very statues and memory".

Posthumously, there were further allegations of adultery with her physician Eudemus and with the senator and poet Mamercus Aemilius Scaurus.

Portraiture

The iconographic identification of Livilla has posed many problems, mainly due to the damnatio memoriae voted against her by the Senate after her death. Several possibilities have been advanced without widespread acceptance. A portrait type that survives in at least three replicas and which can be referred to as the "Alesia type" may represent Livilla. The replicas show the head of a lady, with a hairstyle clearly from the Tiberian period. The physiognomy is close but not identical to portraits of Antonia Minor, Livilla's mother and some replicas seem to bear the marks of voluntary damage (that one would expect from a damnatio memoriae). For all these reasons, it has been proposed that these portraits are a representation of Livilla.

A cameo portrait of a lady with the silhouettes of two infants, has been tentatively identified as Livilla. Although it is possible that the seated woman on the right on the Great Cameo of France represents Livilla, it seems more likely that the female figure seated on the left and holding a roll represents Livilla, depicted there as the widowed wife of Drusus the Younger, seen just above her as one of the three heavenly imperial male figures.

Cultural depictions
Livilla has been depicted in three television series about the period. In the 1968 British television series The Caesars she was portrayed by Suzan Farmer.

In the 1976 BBC TV series adaptation of I, Claudius she was played by Patricia Quinn. In that program she has an affair with Agrippa Postumus, but Livia persuades her to frame him for rape, leading to his exile. She murders Drusus with the help of Sejanus and also plots with him to murder Tiberius, but her mother finds the evidence and sends it to Tiberius via Claudius. She also believes Livilla is trying to murder her daughter for standing in her way. Livilla is then locked in a room by her mother, who says Livilla won't leave until she is dead.

In the 1985 mini-series A.D. she was played by Susan Sarandon.

References

External links

10s BC births
31 deaths
1st-century BC Roman women
1st-century BC Romans
1st-century Roman women
People executed by starvation
Julio-Claudian dynasty
Claudii Nerones
People executed by the Roman Empire
Executed ancient Roman women
1st-century executions
Ancient Roman assassins
Poisoners
Damnatio memoriae
13 BC births
People from Lugdunum

Livilla


Die Abtei Andlau war ein um 880 gegründetes und während der Französischen Revolution aufgelöstes Stift der Benediktinerinnen in einem Tal am Ostrand der Vogesen. Sie ist der Ursprung der Gemeinde Andlau im französischen Département Bas-Rhin. Die Abtei unterstand in weltlichen Fragen unmittelbar dem Kaiser und in geistlichen Fragen unmittelbar dem Papst.

Geschichte
Die Abtei Andlau wurde um 880 von Kaiserin Richardis, der Ehefrau von Karl dem Dicken, auf Familiengut gegründet. Als Gründungslegende gilt die Geschichte von der Bärin, die der Kaiserin die Stelle zeigte, an der die Abtei gegründet werden sollte. Richardis widmete die Abtei dem Erlöser, entwarf die Statuten des Klosters selbst, die wenig später von Papst Johannes VIII. (872–882) genehmigt wurden, und stattete das Kloster mit reichem Grundbesitz aus. Richardis zog sich, nachdem sie von ihrem Ehemann des Ehebruchs beschuldigt worden war und nach dessen Absetzung 887, in die Abtei Andlau zurück, wo sie um 900 starb und in deren Klosterkirche sie bestattet wurde.

In der ersten Hälfte des 11. Jahrhunderts wurde die Abtei vollständig neu gebaut die Abteikirche Andlau von Papst Leo IX. (Bruno von Egisheim) im November 1049 auf dessen Rückweg von einer Synode in Mainz geweiht. Der Leichnam Richardis' wurde in die neue, romanische Kirche umgebettet und der Papst gab ihn zur Anbetung frei, was einer Heiligsprechung gleichkam. In den folgenden Jahrhunderten wurde die Kirche mehrfach erweitert, umgebaut und nach zwei Großbränden jeweils wiederaufgebaut.

Zwischen 1178 und 1212 ging die Vogtei über die Abtei Andlau von den Grafen von Egisheim-Dagsburg auf den Kaiser über, so dass Andlau nunmehr reichsunmittelbar war. Unter König Rudolf I. ging die Burgherrschaft Andlau und das Amt des Schultheißen von Andlau an die Herren von Andlau über, ursprünglich Ministeriale der Abtei. Die Äbtissin erhielt 1288 Sitz und Stimme im Reichstag; in den Reichsmatrikeln des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts findet man sie aber nicht mehr. Auch war der Besitz der Abtei nicht reichsunmittelbar. Ab der Zeit Kaiser Karl V. waren die Äbtissinnen Reichsfürstinnen – auch nach Übergang der Souveränität auf die französische Krone im 17. Jahrhundert.

Am 19. April 1499 wurde die Abtei in ein weltliches Damenstift umgewandelt. Versuche der Herren von Andlau, während der Reformation das Stift zu säkularisieren, konnten abgewehrt werden. Der Friede von Münster schrieb 1648 die Selbstständigkeit der Abtei noch einmal fest.

Als Andlau 1680 im Rahmen der Reunionspolitik Ludwigs XIV. unter französische Herrschaft kam, behielt die Abtei durch einen Vertrag vom Juli 1686 ihr Recht, die Äbtissin selbst zu wählen, anstatt – wie in Frankreich üblich – sie vom König ernennen zu lassen. Während der Revolution wurde die Abtei Andlau aufgelöst, ihr Besitz säkularisiert und enteignet.

Die ehemalige Abteikirche mit dem Patrozinium der heiligen Richardis wird als Pfarrkirche von Andlau nachgenutzt und steht heute unter dem Patrozinium der Apostel Petrus und Paulus. Das ehemalige Palais der Äbtissinnen dient heute als Hôpital Stoltz-Grimm. Das Tor zum Innenhof und die Haupttreppe des Hospitals aus der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts sind seit dem 25. April 1935 als Kulturdenkmal (Monument historique) klassifiziert, die Kirche bereits seit 1862.

Wissenswert
Die zahlreichen päpstlichen Bullen, die die Abtei Andlau betreffen, werden im Departementsarchiv in Straßburg aufbewahrt.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Äbtissinnen des Klosters Andlau
 Hôtel d'Andlau (Sélestat)

Literatur
 Abbé Philippe André Grandidier: Histoire de l'Eglise et des princes-évêques de Strasbourg, jusqu'à nos jours. 2 Bände. Lorenz und Schüler (Bd. 1), Levrault (Bd. 2), Strasbourg 1776.
 H. Büttner: Kaiserin Richgard und die Abtei Andlau. In: Archives de l'église d'Alsace 23 (1956), S. 83ff.

 Alfred Baudrillart: Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques. 2. Band, Alcaini-Aneurin, Paris 1914, Sp. 1575 Digitalisat bei Gallica.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Gegründet 880
Reichsabtei
Ehemaliges Kloster im Elsass
Aufgelöst 1790
Andlau
Abtei
Andlau
Andlau
Andlau
Kloster im Département Bas-Rhin
Kloster (9. Jahrhundert)
Ehemaliges Benediktinerinnenkloster in Frankreich

Abtei Andlau


Losbach ist ein geographischer Name:

Orte:
 Losbach (Schonach im Schwarzwald), Zinken der Gemeinde Schonach im Schwarzwald im Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis, Baden-Württemberg
 Losbach (Triberg im Schwarzwald), Wohnplatz der Stadt Triberg im Schwarzwald im Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis, Baden-Württemberg

Gewässer:
 Losbach (Gutach), linker Zufluss der Gutach vor der Steinbissäge, Stadtteil Gremmelsbach, Triberg im Schwarzwald, Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis, Baden-Württemberg
 Losbach (Rennenberger Bach), rechter Zufluss des Rennenberger Bachs (zum Mittelrhein) vor Peterhof, Stadt Linz am Rhein, Landkreis Neuwied, Rheinland-Pfalz

Siehe auch:
 Loosbach

Losbach


Thomas Etholen Selfridge (February 8, 1882 – September 17, 1908) was a first lieutenant in the U.S. Army and the first person to die in an airplane crash. He was also the first active-duty member of the U.S. military to die in a crash while on duty. He was killed while seated as a passenger in a Wright Flyer, on a demonstration flight piloted by Orville Wright.

Biography
Selfridge was born on February 8, 1882, in San Francisco, California. He was the nephew of Rear Admiral Thomas Oliver Selfridge Jr., who was the son of another Rear Admiral, Thomas Oliver Selfridge Sr. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1903, and received his commission in the Artillery Corps. He was 31st in a class of 96; Douglas MacArthur was first. In 1907, when the Artillery Corps was separated into the Field Artillery and Coast Artillery Corps, Selfridge was assigned to the 5th Field Artillery Regiment and the following year to the 1st Field Artillery Regiment.

Selfridge was stationed at the Presidio during the great San Francisco earthquake of April 18, 1906. His unit participated in search and rescue, as well as cleanup operations. In 1907, he was assigned to the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps at Fort Myer, Virginia, where he was later instructed in flying a dirigible. He was also the United States government representative to the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA), which was chaired by Alexander Graham Bell, and he became its first secretary.

Selfridge took his first flight on December 6, 1907, on Bell's tetrahedral kite, the Cygnet, made of 3,393 winged cells. It took him  in the air above Bras d'Or Lake in Nova Scotia, Canada, and flew for 7 minutes. This was the first recorded passenger flight of any heavier-than-air craft in Canada. He also flew a craft built by a Canadian engineer, Frederick W. Baldwin, which flew  off the ground for a distance of about .

Selfridge designed Red Wing, the AEA's first powered aircraft. On March 12, 1908, the Red Wing, piloted by Frederick W. Baldwin, raced over the frozen surface of Keuka Lake near Hammondsport, New York, on runners, and managed to fly  before crashing. Red Wing was destroyed in a crash on its second flight on March 17, 1908, and only the engine could be salvaged.

On May 19, 1908, Selfridge became the first US military officer to pilot a modern aircraft, when he flew solo in AEA's newest craft, White Wing, traveling  on his first attempt and  on his second. Between May 19 and August 3, he made several flights at Hammondsport, culminating in a flight of 1 minute and 30 seconds at a height of . The next day, his final solo flight of 50 seconds covered a distance of . Although not fully trained as a pilot, Selfridge was nevertheless the first U.S. military officer to fly any airplane unaccompanied.

In August 1908, Selfridge was one of three pilots trained to fly the Army Dirigible Number One, purchased by the US Army from Thomas Scott Baldwin in July 1908; his training partners were Lieutenants Frank P. Lahm and Benjamin Foulois. The dirigible was scheduled to fly from Fort Omaha, Nebraska, to exhibitions at the Missouri State Fair in Sedalia, Missouri, piloted by Foulois and Selfridge.The Army had tentatively agreed, however, to purchase an airplane from the Wright Brothers and had scheduled the acceptance trials in September. Selfridge, with an interest in both heavier-than-air and lighter-than-air ships, obtained an appointment and traveled to Fort Myer, Virginia.

Death

In September 1908, Orville Wright visited Fort Myer to demonstrate the 1908 Wright Military Flyer for the US Army Signal Corps division. On September 17, Selfridge arranged to be his passenger, and Wright piloted the craft. On this occasion, the Flyer was carrying more weight than it had ever done before; the combined weight of the two men was about .

The Flyer circled Fort Myer  times at a height of . Halfway through the fifth circuit, at 5:14 in the afternoon, the right-hand propeller broke, losing thrust. This set up a vibration, causing the split propeller to hit a guy-wire bracing the rear vertical rudder. The wire tore out of its fastening and shattered the propeller; the rudder swiveled to the horizontal and sent the Flyer into a nose dive. Wright shut off the engine and managed to glide to about , but the craft hit the ground nose-first. Both men were thrown forward against the remaining wires, and Selfridge struck one of the wooden uprights of the framework, fracturing the base of his skull. He underwent neurosurgery, but died three hours later without regaining consciousness. Wright suffered severe injuries, including a broken left femur, several broken ribs, and a damaged hip, and was hospitalized for seven weeks.

Orville Wright later described the fatal accident in a letter to his brother, Wilbur Wright:

Two photographs taken of the Flyer just prior to the flight show that Selfridge was not wearing any headgear, while Wright was only wearing a cap. Following the crash, due to speculation that Selfridge would have survived had he worn headgear, first pilots of the US Army were instructed to wear large heavy headgear reminiscent of early football helmets.

Thomas Selfridge was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Section 3 Gravesite 2158, adjacent to Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall.

Legacy

Selfridge Air National Guard Base is named after him. The base is located in Harrison Township, Michigan, near Mt. Clemens, 22 miles from downtown Detroit, Michigan (from the US Port of Entry at the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel).

Though buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Selfridge is memorialized by a large cenotaph in Section XXXIV of West Point Cemetery.

The damaged propeller of the Wright Flyer wrecked at Fort Myer can be viewed at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, in Dayton, Ohio.

In 1965, Selfridge was posthumously inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio.

A gate between Arlington National Cemetery and Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall, located roughly halfway between the two chapels on Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall, is named Selfridge Gate, in his honor.

See also
List of fatalities from aviation accidents
List of firsts in aviation
Otto Lilienthal, glider death
Percy Pilcher, glider crash
Daniel J. Maloney, glider death
George E. M. Kelly, first American military pilot to die in an airplane crash while piloting
Eugene Lefebvre, first pilot to be killed

References

Further reading
Washington Post; May 13, 1908 "Selfridge Aerodrome Sails Steadily for 319 Feet. At 25 to 30 miles an Hour. First Public Trip of Heavier-than-air Car in America. Professor Alexander Graham Bell's New Machine, Built After Plans by Lieutenant Selfridge, Shown to Be Practicable by Flight Over Keuka Lake. Portion of Tail Gives Way, Bringing the Test to an End. Views of an Expert. Hammondsport, New York, March 12, 1908. Professor Alexander Graham Bell's new aeroplane, the Red Wing, was given its test flight over Lake Keuka today by F. W. Baldwin, the engineer in charge of its construction. The machine was built by the Aerial Experiment Association for Lieut. Thomas Selfridge, U.S.A."
Washington Post; May 2, 1909 "Plans Monument to Son. E.A. Selfridge to Erect Shaft to Young Aviator in Arlington. E.A. Selfridge, father of the late Lieut. Thomas Selfridge, of the signal corps, the young officer who lost his life September 19 last when the Wright aeroplane collapsed in midair above the Fort Myer parade ground, has been in the city for several days to arrange the details for the monument to be erected to the memory of his son in Arlington National Cemetery."

External links

Thomas Selfridge sits in Wright Flyer before the fatal flight, Orville cranking engine

1882 births
1908 deaths
Accidental deaths in Virginia
Alexander Graham Bell
American balloonists
American test pilots
Aviation history of the United States
Aviators from California
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
1906 San Francisco earthquake survivors
United States Army officers
United States Military Academy alumni
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1908
Wright brothers

Thomas Selfridge


Rh disease (also known as rhesus isoimmunization, Rh (D) disease, and blue baby disease) is a type of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN).  HDFN due to anti-D antibodies is the proper and currently used name for this disease as the Rh blood group system actually has more than 50 antigens and not only the D-antigen. The term "Rh Disease" is commonly used to refer to HDFN due to anti-D antibodies, and prior to the discovery of anti-Rho(D)  immune globulin, it was the most common type of HDFN. The disease ranges from mild to severe, and occurs in the second or subsequent pregnancies of Rh-D negative women when the biologic father is Rh-D positive.

Due to several advances in modern medicine, HDFN due to anti-D is preventable by treating the mother during pregnancy and soon after delivery with an injection of anti-Rho(D) immune globulin (Rhoclone, Rhogam, AntiD).  With successful mitigation of this disease by prevention through the use of anti-Rho(D)  immune globulin, other antibodies are more commonly the cause of HDFN today.

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of Rh disease include yellowish amniotic fluid and enlarged spleen, liver or heart or buildup of fluid in the abdomen of the fetus.

Pathophysiology

During the first pregnancy, the Rh- mother's initial exposure to fetal Rh+ red blood cells (RBCs) is usually not sufficient to activate her Rh-recognizing B cells. However, during delivery, the placenta separates from the uterine wall, causing umbilical cord blood to enter the maternal circulation, which results in the mother's proliferation of IgM-secreting plasma B cells to eliminate the fetal Rh+ cells from her blood stream. IgM antibodies do not cross the placental barrier, which is why no effects to the fetus are seen in first pregnancies for Rh-D mediated disease. However, in subsequent pregnancies with Rh+ fetuses, the IgG memory B cells mount an immune response when re-exposed, and these IgG anti-Rh(D) antibodies do cross the placenta and enter fetal circulation. These antibodies are directed against the Rhesus (Rh) factor, a protein found on the surface of the fetal RBCs. The antibody-coated RBCs are destroyed by IgG antibodies binding and activating complement pathways.

The resulting anemia has multiple sequelae:

 The immature hematopoietic system of the fetus is taxed as the liver and spleen attempt to put immature RBCs into circulation (erythroblasts, thus the previous name for this disease erythroblastosis fetalis).
 As the liver and spleen enlarge under this unexpected demand for RBCs, a condition called portal hypertension develops, and this taxes the immature heart and circulatory system.
 Liver enlargement and the prolonged need for RBC production results in decreased ability to make other proteins, such as albumin, and this decreases the plasma colloid oncotic pressure leading to leakage of fluid into tissues and body cavities, termed hydrops fetalis.
 The severe anemia taxes the heart to compensate by increasing output in an effort to deliver oxygen to the tissues and results in a condition called high output cardiac failure.
 If left untreated, the result may be fetal death.

The destruction of RBCs leads to elevated bilirubin levels (hyperbilirubinemia) as a byproduct. This is not generally a problem during pregnancy, as the maternal circulation can compensate. However, once the infant is delivered, the immature system is not able to handle this amount of bilirubin alone and jaundice or kernicterus (bilirubin deposition in the brain) can develop which may lead to brain damage or death. Sensitizing events during pregnancy include c-section, miscarriage, therapeutic abortion, amniocentesis, ectopic pregnancy, abdominal trauma and external cephalic version. However, in many cases there was no apparent sensitizing event. Approximately 50% of Rh-D positive infants with circulating anti-D are either unaffected or only mildly affected requiring no treatment at all and only monitoring. An additional 20% are severely affected and require transfusions while still in the uterus. This pattern is similar to other types of HDFN due to other commonly encountered antibodies (anti-c, anti-K, and Fy(a)).

Diagnosis

Maternal blood

In the United States, it is a standard of care to test all expecting mothers for the presence or absence of the RhD protein on their RBCs. However, when medical care is unavailable or prenatal care not given for any other reason, the window to prevent the disease may be missed. In addition, there is more widespread use of molecular techniques to avoid missing women who appear to be Rh-D positive but are actually missing portions of the protein or have hybrid genes creating altered expression of the protein and still at risk of HDFN due to Anti-D.
 At the first prenatal visit, the mother is typed for ABO blood type and the presence or absence of RhD using a method sensitive enough to detect weaker versions of this antigen (known as weak-D) and a screen for antibodies is performed.
 If she is negative for RhD protein expression and has not formed anti-D already, she is a candidate for RhoGam prophylaxis to prevent alloimmunization.
 If she is positive for anti-D antibodies, the pregnancy will be followed with monthly titers (levels) of the antibody to determine if any further intervention is needed.
 A screening test to detect for the presence or absence of fetal cells can help determine if a quantitative test (Kleihauer-Betke or flow cytometry) is needed. This is done when exposure is suspected due to a potential sensitizing event (such as a car accident or miscarriage).
 If the screening test is positive or the appropriate dose of RhoGam needs to be determined, a quantitative test is performed to determine a more precise amount of fetal blood to which the mother has been exposed.
 The Kleihauer–Betke test or Flow Cytometry on a maternal blood sample are the most common ways to determine this, and the appropriate dose of RhoGam is calculated based on this information.
 There are also emerging tests using Cell-free DNA. Blood is taken from the mother, and using PCR, can detect fetal DNA. This blood test is non-invasive to the fetus and can help determine the risk of HDFN. Testing has proven very accurate and is routinely done in the UK at the International Blood Group Reference Laboratory in Bristol.

Paternal blood

Blood is generally drawn from the father to help determine fetal antigen status. If he is homozygous for the antigen, there is a 100% chance of all offspring in the pairing to be positive for the antigen and at risk for HDFN. If he is heterozygous, there is a 50% chance of offspring to be positive for the antigen.

Prevention

In an RhD negative mother, Rho(D) immune globulin can prevent temporary sensitization of the maternal immune system to RhD antigens, which can cause rhesus disease in the current or in subsequent pregnancies. With the widespread use of RhIG, Rh disease of the fetus and newborn has almost disappeared in the developed world. The risk that an RhD negative mother can be alloimmunized by a RhD positive fetus can be reduced from approximately 16% to less than 0.1% by the appropriate administration of RhIG.

Management
As medical management advances in this field, it is important that these patients be followed by high risk obstetricians/maternal-fetal medicine, and skilled neonatologists postpartum to ensure the most up to date and appropriate standard of care

Antenatal
 Routine prenatal labs drawn at the beginning of every pregnancy include a blood type and an antibody screen. Mothers who are Rh negative (A−, B−, AB−, or O− blood types) and have anti-D antibodies (found on the antibody screen) need to determine the fetus's Rh antigen. If the fetus is also Rh negative (A−, B−, AB−, or O− blood types) then the pregnancy can be managed like any other pregnancy. The anti-D antibodies are only dangerous to Rh positive fetuses (A+, B+, AB+, or O+ blood types).
The fetal Rh can be screened using non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). This test can screen for the fetus's Rh antigen (positive or negative) at the 10th week of gestation using a blood sample drawn from the mother. The Unity test uses NGS technology to look for Rh alleles (genes) in the cell free fetal DNA in the maternal bloodstream. In healthy pregnancies, at least 5% (fetal fraction) of the cell free DNA in the maternal bloodstream comes from the fetus (placenta cells shed DNA into the maternal bloodstream). This small fraction of cell free DNA from the fetus is enough to determine the fetus's Rh antigen.
Once a woman has been found to have made anti-D (or any clinically significant antibody against fetal red cells), she is followed as a high risk pregnancy with serial blood draws to determine the next steps
 Once the titer of anti-D reaches a certain threshold (normally 8 to 16), serial Ultrasound and Doppler examinations are performed to detect signs of fetal anemia
 Detection of increased blood flow velocities in the fetus are a surrogate marker for fetal anemia that may require more invasive intervention
 If the flow velocity is found to be elevated a determination of the severity of anemia needs to ensue to determine if an intrauterine transfusion is necessary
 This is normally done with a procedure called percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling (PUBS or cordocentesis)
 Intrauterine blood transfusion
 Intraperitoneal transfusion—blood transfused into fetal abdomen
 Intravascular transfusion—blood transfused into fetal umbilical vein—This is the method of choice since the late 1980s, and more effective than intraperitoneal transfusion. A sample of fetal blood can be taken from the umbilical vein prior to the transfusion.
 Often, this is all done at the same PUBS procedure to avoid the needs for multiple invasive procedures with each transfusion

Postnatal
 Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice in mild disease
 Exchange transfusion if the neonate has moderate or severe disease
 Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) can be used to reduce the need for exchange transfusion and to shorten the length of phototherapy.

History

In 1939 Drs. Philip Levine and Rufus E. Stetson published their findings about a 25-year-old mother who had a stillborn baby that died of hemolytic disease of the newborn.  Both parents were blood group O, so the husband's blood was used to give his wife a blood transfusion due to blood loss during delivery. However, she had a severe transfusion reaction. Since both parents were blood group O, which was believed to be compatible for transfusion, they concluded that there must be a previously undiscovered blood group antigen that was present on the husband's red blood cells (RBCs) but not present on his wife's.  This suggested for the first time that a mother could make blood group antibodies because of immune sensitization to her fetus's RBCs as her only previous exposure would be the earlier pregnancy.  They did not name this blood group antigen at the time, which is why the discovery of the rhesus blood type is credited to Drs. Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener with their first publication of their tables for blood-typing and cross-matching in 1940, which was the culmination of years of work. However, there were multiple participants in this scientific race and almost simultaneous publications on this topic. Levine published his theory that the disease known as erythroblastosis fetalis was due to Rh alloimmunization in 1941 while Landsteiner and Wiener published their method to type patients for an antibody causing transfusion reactions, known as "Rh".

The first treatment for Rh disease was an exchange transfusion invented by Wiener and later refined by Dr. Harry Wallerstein. Approximately 50,000 infants received this treatment. However, this could only treat the disease after it took root and did not do anything to prevent the disease. In 1960, Ronald Finn, in Liverpool, England proposed that the disease might be prevented by injecting the at-risk mother with an antibody against fetal red blood cells (anti-RhD). Nearly simultaneously, Dr. William Pollack, an immunologist and protein chemist at Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation, and Dr. John Gorman (blood bank director at Columbia-Presbyterian)  with Dr. Vincent Freda (an obstetrician at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center), came to the same realization in New York City. The three of them set out to prove it by injecting a group of male prisoners at Sing Sing Correctional Facility with antibody provided by Ortho, obtained by a fractionation technique developed by Pollack.

Animal studies had previously been conducted by Dr. Pollack using a rabbit model of Rh. This model, named the rabbit HgA-F system, was an animal model of human Rh, and enabled Pollack's team to gain experience in preventing hemolytic disease in rabbits by giving specific HgA antibody, as was later done with Rh-negative mothers. One of the needs was a dosing experiment that could be used to determine the level of circulating Rh-positive cells in an Rh-negative pregnant female derived from her Rh-positive fetus. This was first done in the rabbit system, but subsequent human tests at the University of Manitoba conducted under Dr. Pollack's direction confirmed that anti-Rho(D)  immune globulin could prevent alloimmunization during pregnancy.

Ms. Marianne Cummins was the first at risk woman to receive a prophylactic injection of anti-Rho(D)  immune globulin (RHIG) after its regulatory approval. Clinical trials were set up in 42 centers in the US, Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, Italy, and Australia. RHIG was finally approved in England and the United States in 1968. The FDA approved the drug under the brand name RhoGAM, with a fixed dose of 300 µG, to be given within three days (72 hours) postpartum. Subsequently, a broader peripartum period was approved for dosing which included prophylaxis during pregnancy. Within a year, the antibody had been injected with great success into more than 500,000 women. Time magazine picked it as one of the top ten medical achievements of the 1960s. By 1973, it was estimated that in the US alone, over 50,000 babies' lives had been saved. The use of Rh immune globulin to prevent the disease in babies of Rh negative mothers has become standard practice, and the disease, which used to claim the lives of 10,000 babies each year in the US alone, has been virtually eradicated in the developed world. In 1980, Cyril Clarke, Ronald Finn, John G.Gorman, Vincent Freda, and William Pollack each received an Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research for their work on rhesus blood types and the prevention of Rh disease.

See also
 James Harrison (blood donor) – Australian who donated blood over 1150 times to save babies with Rh disease

References

Further reading

External links
 National institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guidelines for anti-D prophylaxis
 Summary of transfusion reactions in the US

Haemorrhagic and haematological disorders of fetus and newborn
Disorders originating in the perinatal period
Transfusion medicine
Health issues in pregnancy
Blood disorders
Acquired hemolytic anemia
Neonatology
Obstetrics
Polyclonal antibodies

Rh disease