Ali Özen (d. 16 Mayıs 1981, Malatya), eski Türk tekvandocu güncel olarak. 2004 (Atina), 2008 (Pekin), 2012 (Londra), 2016 (Rio) (Brezilya Olimpiyat Takımı). 2020 (Tokyo), 2024 (Paris Olimpiyatları)Milli Takım Antrenörü.2012 Yılından beri İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Spor Kulübünü Teknik Direktör Olarak Çalıştırmaktadır. 2004 Yılından beri Türkiye Milli Olimpiyat Takımıyla Çalışmaya Devam Etmektedir.Hem İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesinde hemde Türkiye Milli Takımında birçok Avrupa,Dünya,Olimpiyat Madalyalı Sporcular yetiştirmiş ve çalışmıştır ve halen devam etmektedir.Aynı zamanda Tema İstanbul Avrupa Konutlarında Club House Bünyesinde  Özel ve Grup Taekwondo dersleri vermektedir.

Hakkında
İlk, orta ve lise eğitimini Malatya'da tamamladı. İnönü Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bölümü'nden mezun oldu. 2002 yılı Kasım ayında Kara Kuvvetleri Gücü Tekvando Takımı'nda askerliğini yaptı. Şu an aktif olarak spor yaşantısı sürmektedir. Tekvandoya 1994 yılında Taipen Spor Merkezi'nde Celal Kurhan nezaretinde başladı.

Bağlı bulunduğu kurum ve kulüpler
 1994-2000 Malatya Belediye Spor
 2000-2002 Ankara Ulaştırma Bakanlığı
 2002-2003 Kara Kuvvetleri Gücü
 2003-2005 İzmir B.Belediye Spor
 2005-Ankara Ulaştırma Bakanlığı Kulüplerinde spor yaptı.

Dereceler
 14 kez Türkiye Şampiyonluğu
 Uluslararası İsmet Iraz 2.liği (1998)
 Uluslararası Belçika Turnuvası 3.lüğü (1999)
 Uluslararası Kıbrıs Turnuvası 1.liği (2001)
 Uluslararası Ukrayna turnuvası 2.liği (2002)
 Uluslararası Azerbaycan turnuvası 1.liği (2003)
 Ordular Dünya Şampiyonası 1.liği (2003, Zagreb)
 Uluslararası Almanya turnuvası 1.liği (2004)
 Uluslararası Almanya turnuvası 1.liği (2005)
 Büyükler Avrupa Şampiyonası 2.liği (2002)
 Büyükler Dünya Şampiyonası 4.lüğü (Madrid, 2005)
 Büyükler Avrupa Şampiyonası 4.lüğü (Bonn, 2006)

Yaşayan insanlar
1981 doğumlular
Malatya doğumlu sporcular
Türk erkek tekvandocular
İnönü Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler

Ali Özen


شوقي شامخ (25 يوليو 1949 - 26 مارس 2009 )، ممثل مصري.

حصل على بكالوريوس تجارة جامعة عين شمس عام 1972، عمل مراجع حسابات بالتربية والتعليم ثم اتجه إلى العمل الفني، وعمل بالمسرح في مسرحيات شاهد ما شافش حاجة، الأستاذ. ومن أعماله التلفزيونية الشهيرة مسلسل أرابيسك وليالي الحلمية وحلم الجنوبي وزيزينيا ومن أعماله السينمائية الشهيرة فيلم كتيبة الإعدام ووزير في الجبس، متزوج من المذيعة نيفين صلاح الدين وله نسرين وأحمد.

أعماله

من المسلسلات

من الأفلام
 2009 : لمح البصر بدور: خالد وهدان (جاري إنتاجه).
 2001 : العاشقان.
 1993 : ليه يا بنفسج.
1993: وزير في الجبس.
 1991 : الضياع ، الجبلاوي.
 1990 : ليل وخونة.
 1990 : البحث عن سيد مرزوق.
 1990 : تحت الصفر بدور: مصطفى.
 1989 : أحلام مسروقة.
 1989 : فتوات السلخانة بدور: المعلم زيدان.
 1989 : كتيبة الإعدام بدور: كمال.
 1988 : سرقات صيفية.
 1988 : موعد مع الذئاب.
 1987 : عودة الماضي.
 1987 : البيه البواب.
 1986 : شادر السمك.
 1986 : الأوباش.
 1986 : رجل لهذا الزمان.
 1986 : جذور في الهواء.
 1986 : ملف في الآداب.
 1985 : استغاثة من العالم الآخر.
 1983 : العربجي.

وفاته
توفي يوم الخميس 26 مارس 2009 داخل إحدى المستشفيات الخاصة بالقاهرة إثر تعرضه لأزمة صحية شديدة، والتي اضطر الأطباء على إثرها لوضعه داخل غرفة العناية المركزة، ولم يعاني من أي شكوى مرضية رغم المجهود الذي كان يقوم به أثناء تصوير دوره في الجزء الثاني من مسلسل المصراوية والذي تم توقفه يومين فقط وهي فترة مرضه .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

ممثلون مصريون في القرن 20
مواليد 1368 هـ
مواليد 1949
وفيات 1430 هـ
وفيات 2009
وفيات ناجمة عن الأمراض القلبية الوعائية في مصر
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 21
ممثلو أفلام مصريون
ممثلون من القاهرة
وفيات بعمر 59
ممثلو تلفزيون مصريون
وفيات في القاهرة

شوقي شامخ


Pedro Ramón Cubilla Almeida (25. oktober 1933 - 16. marts 2007) var en uruguayansk fodboldspiller (midtbane).

Cubilla spillede i perioden 1961-62 syv kampe for det uruguayanske landshold. Han var en del af landets trup til VM 1962 i Chile. På klubplan spillede han blandt andet i hjemlandet for Peñarol og Defensor Sporting, samt i Argentina for Huracán.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Uruguay
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1962
Personer fra Paysandú

Pedro Cubilla


Sovan Chatterjee (bengalisch: , ; * 7. Juli 1964) ist ein indischer Politiker. Seit dem 13. Mai 2011 ist er Bürgermeister von Kalkutta. Chatterjee ist Mitglied des All India Trinamool Congress.

Weblinks
 Hindustantimes:Sovan Chatterjee to be new Kolkata mayor

Einzelnachweise

Bürgermeister (Kalkutta)
Bengale
Inder
Geboren 1964
Mann

Sovan Chatterjee


Kebschull ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Anna Kebschull (* 1973), deutsche Politikerin (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) und Landrätin des Landkreises Osnabrück
 Markus Kebschull (* 1969), deutscher Koch

Kebschull


Zagora () is a village and a former municipality on the Pelion peninsula in Magnesia, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Zagora-Mouresi, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 96.101 km2.

Zagora is an important commercial and touristic center of Pilion with a rich history and cultural traditions. Beyond Zagora, to the north, we find the Palaeolithic settlement of Pouri, and, to the east, the famous seaside resort of Chorefto. The village has many fine examples of architecture typical of Pilion, including its churches and several notable archontika (mansions). Zagora is composed of four districts that correspond to its four main churches: Agios Georgios, Agia Kyriaki, Agia Paraskevi (or Perachora) and Metamorphosis (or Sotira).

Location
Zagora is located north of Volos and west of Chorefto and is connected to the former by Greek National Road 34.

History
From findings of the area (Greek ruins, coins of the Pagas, etc.) it seems that it has been inhabited since the Homeric era. First mentions of the settlement under its current name come from the 13th century. In the 14th century Magnesia came under the control of the Republic of Venice and the Catalans

The Venetian and Catalonian connections proved to be fruitful for the Zagorians. A large fleet was constructed in Zagora's port, Chorefto, and extensive trade of silk begun. The Zagorian galleys reached as far as West Africa, Brazil and Scandinavia.

During the Ottoman occupation, the area was given privileges during the reign of Sultan Mehmet IV, the most important of which was that Turks should not live permanently in the area. Agriculture and trade flourished, while local handicrafts of woolen fabrics and silk flourished until the middle of the 19th century. Wealthy Zagorian merchants (like the ancestors of modern merchant Angelo Di Stamo) settled in many cities abroad. Those who remained in the village maintained branches and representatives in important trade centers of the time (in Moldavia, Russia, etc.). The financial strength and the constant communication with the outside created the ground for the intellectual development and prosperity of Zagora.

In the middle of the 1850s (during 1853 or 1855) the Kassavetio Girls' School started operating, which was the first girls' school founded in Ottoman Thessaly. Later, in the revolution of Pelion in January 1878 (part of the wider Greek revolutions in the Ottoman territory), Zagora was the seat of the revolutionary government of the insurgent regions whose president was elected Jerome Kassavetis. Although that revolution was suppressed, on the initiative of England, it resulted in the concession of Thessaly to Greece by the Treaty of Berlin of 1878.

In 1938, the road connecting Zagora to Volos was completed. During the Axis Occupation of Greece, in January 1943, the Italian commander of Volos, Luigi Giala, ordered the bombing of Zagora from Horefto after an Italian sergeant was killed in a clash with guerrillas near Zagora. Italian forces then raided the town, looting it, leading to mass arrests and sporadic killings. Later some of the prisoners were executed, while, in mid-February of the same year, the inhabitants were forced to evacuate Zagora, to which they returned after about a month.

Etymology
There are two different versions of the origin of village's current name. In one version, the name is derived from the Greek term for "animal market" (); there was a large annual market where animals from as far as Mongolia and Madagascar were bought and sold.  In other version, "Zagora" comes from the Slavic word "Zagora" meaning behind the mountain, and, perhaps for this reason, the villages on the eastern side of Pelion were once called the "villages of Zagora".

Places of interest
The Public Historic Library of Zagora was founded in 1762 and is known for its collection of about 3,500 old and rare books. The library's contemporary collection contains over 10,000 books and magazines. Key early contributors to the library were John Prigos (1725 - 1789), the library's founder, and the Patriarch Callinicus IV. The library is located immediately to the north of Zagora's Agios Giorgios Church, near the village's main plateia, or square.

The school of Rigas Feraios or Hellenic Museum as it is known, is the oldest school on Pelion. Rigas Feraios was among its students.

Zagora has four main Greek Orthodox churches, each constructed in a style typical of Pilion:
 Agios Georgios (built 1765)
 Agia Kyriaki (built 1740)
 Agia Paraskevi (or Perachora ) (built 1803)
 Metamorphosis (or Sotira) (built after the original church burned down in 1887)

Other notable churches in Zagora are Agios Triantaphyllos and Panageia.

Education and commercial activity

Zagora has a primary and a secondary school, five churches, six coffee houses, two bakeries, two banks, a post office, and seven squares.

Zagora is home to one of the oldest agricultural cooperatives in Greece. The Agricultural Cooperative of Zagora-Pilio, founded October 27, 1916 as the "Zagora Agricultural Products Sales Cooperative" originally had potatoes and hazelnuts as its main products. In the 1960s local farmers began to cultivate the "Starking Delicious" apple variety, which proved ideal for the area's climate and soil conditions. By the 1980s the Agricultural Cooperative was marketing 98% of local production. In 1985, the Agricultural Cooperative began to sticker its fruit with a trademarked "Zagorin" sticker to develop brand awareness. In 1996, the European Union designated "Zagorin" as a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) for Zagorin apples. The Agricultural Cooperative currently markets the following additional apple varieties: Fuji, Fyriki of Pilion, Golden Delicious, Reinette du Canada and Royal Gala. The Cooperative also makes and sells petimezi (molasses) from apples. In addition to apples, the Agricultural Cooperative sells other fruits and nuts such as pears, cherries, kiwis and chestnuts.

The Women's Agrotourism Cooperative of Zagora is the oldest women's cooperative in Magnesia and was founded in 1993 by 50 women who wished to utilize their traditional skills in Greece's tourism sector. The cooperative operates a cafe and store on the Agios Giorgios Plateia, Zagora's main square and sells and serves coffee, teas, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages with their homemade traditional pastries, jams, liqueurs, and spoon sweets. To assure quality and increase productivity the Women's Cooperative now produces most of its products in a workshop that is across the stone pathway from the cafe and store. Near the workshop, the Women's Coopertive also operates a five-room inn in a traditional refurbished, listed archontikon (mansion) that was built in 1906.

Historical population

Notable people
Eustație Altini, a Moldavian painter born in Zagora who emigrated age 8 and specialized in decorative art and iconostases.
Patriarch Callinicus IV of Constantinople
Yannis Kordatos, scholar
Alexandros Pantos (), lawyer, political scientist and benefactor of Panteion University
Ioannis Prigos (:gr:Ιωάννης Πρίγκος), merchant
Saint Triantaphyllos

Footnotes

References

Populated places in Pelion
Zagora-Mouresi

Zagora, Greece


Baudenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Siegsdorf

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Alzing

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Bad Adelholzen

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Eisenärzt

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Hachau

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Hammer

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Höpfling

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Maria-Eck

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Scharam

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Weitere Ortsteile

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Ehemalige Baudenkmäler

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Siehe auch
 Liste der Bodendenkmäler in Siegsdorf

Anmerkungen

Literatur

Weblinks

!
Siegsdorf
Siegsdorf
Baudenkmaler Siegsdorf

Liste der Baudenkmäler in Siegsdorf


est une galaxie elliptique massive la plus brillante de l'amas de galaxies  (BCG pour l'anglais ), situé dans la constellation du Lion à environ 2,7 milliards d'années-lumière de la Terre.

Caractéristiques

Information basiques sur Abell 1201 BCG
Abell 1201 BCG a un décalage vers le rouge de 0,169, ce système se trouve à environ 2,7 milliards d'années-lumière de la Terre et décale d'environ 11 kiloparsecs le pic de rayons X du gaz inter-cluster.

Avec une ellipticité de 0,32±0,02, la distribution stellaire est loin d'être sphérique. La luminosité stellaire totale est de  la luminosité solaire en bande r SDSS et de  la luminosité solaire en bande K 2MASS.

La moitié des étoiles orbitent dans un rayon effectif de 15 kpc, et leur dispersion de vitesse centrale est d'environ 285 km/s à 5 kpc, atteignant 360 km/s à une distance de 20 kpc.

Matière noire et trou noir de Abell 1201 BCG
Abell 1201 BCG agit également comme une lentille gravitationnelle, déviant la lumière d'une galaxie plus éloignée (à un décalage vers le rouge de 0,451) en un arc tangentiel apparent d'environ 6 kpc de côté.

Des modèles détaillés de la distribution de masse de la lentille, de la lumière des étoiles et de la cinématique stellaire indiquent que le halo sombre de l'amas de galaxies a un  et peut-être un noyau de .

Selon l'équipe travaillant avec l'observatoire à rayons X Chandra, cela est incompatible avec la cuspide de matière noire prédite par les théories de la matière noire froide sans collision, et ajoute à la preuve que la matière noire subit des forces non gravitationnelles supplémentaires.

, une faible contre-image plus petite de l'arc a été découverte à un rayon plus proche.

D'après la modélisation des lentilles, il pourrait s'agir d'un trou noir supermassif d'une masse de 12 à 13 milliards de masses solaires.

Au moment de la mesure, c'est l'un des candidats trous noirs les plus massifs (sans se fier aux hypothèses sur les luminosités et les efficacités des quasars).

Ce trou noir ultramassif (TNUM) pourrait être dix fois plus grand que prévu d'après les relations d'échelle habituelles entre les trous noirs et les galaxies hôtes.

Cependant, des méthodes alternatives de modélisation des cartes de dispersion de vitesse stellaire (compte tenu d'une contrainte globale sur la masse de la lentille) révèlent une ambiguïté entre la masse du TNUM et le profil du halo noir.

Dans les solutions où le TNUM est plus massif, la matière noire est plus  - Dans les solutions où le TNUM est plus petit ou absent, la matière noire est plus centrale.

Ainsi, si les modèles de calcul standard sont robustes, alors Abell 1201 BCG présente un dilemme et un défi pour les idées conventionnelles de croissance des trous noirs ou les théories les plus simples sur la matière noire, ou les deux.

Notes et références

Galaxie elliptique
Trou noir supermassif
Galaxie la plus brillante d'un amas

Abell 1201 BCG


Heqin, also known as marriage alliance, refers to the historical practice of Chinese monarchs marrying princesses—usually members of minor branches of the ruling family—to rulers of neighboring states. It was often adopted as an appeasement strategy with an enemy state that was too powerful to defeat on the battlefield. The policy was not always effective. It implied an equal diplomatic status between the two monarchs. As a result, it was controversial and had many critics.

Lou Jing (, later granted the imperial surname Liu 劉), the architect of the policy, proposed granting the eldest daughter of Emperor Gaozu of Han to the Modu Chanyu of the Xiongnu. His proposal was adopted and implemented with a treaty in 198BC, following the Battle of Baideng two years prior. Wang Zhaojun, of the Han dynasty, and Princess Wencheng, of the Tang dynasty, are among the most famous heqin princesses.

The 20th-century scholar Wang Tonglin praised heqin for facilitating the "melting of races" in China.

Han dynasty
There were a total of fifteen instances of heqin marriage alliances during the Han dynasty.

The Han dynasty sent random unrelated commoner women falsely labeled as "princesses" and members of the Han imperial family multiple times when they were practicing Heqin marriage alliances with the Xiongnu in order to avoid sending the emperor's daughters.

200BC: Emperor Gaozu of Han marries a Han "princess" to Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu.  This is the first recorded incidence of heqin in Chinese history.
192BC: Emperor Hui of Han marries another Han "princess" to Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu.
176BC: Emperor Wen of Han marries a third Han "princess" to Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu.
174BC: Emperor Wen of Han marries a Han "princess" to Xiongnu chieftain Laoshang Chanyu.  She brings a Yan eunuch named Zhonghang Yue with her to be her tutor.
162BC: Emperor Wen of Han marries another Han "princess" to Xiongnu chieftain Laoshang Chanyu.
160BC: Emperor Wen of Han marries a Han "princess" to Xiongnu chieftain Gunchen Chanyu.
156BC: Emperor Jing of Han marries another Han "princess" to Xiongnu chieftain Gunchen Chanyu.
155BC: Emperor Jing of Han marries a third Han "princess" to Xiongnu chieftain Gunchen Chanyu.
152BC: Emperor Jing of Han marries a fourth Han "princess"  to Xiongnu chieftain Gunchen Chanyu.
140BC: Emperor Wu of Han marries a Han "princess" to Xiongnu chieftain Gunchen Chanyu.
108BC: Emperor Wu of Han marries Liu Xijun (刘细君 130–101 BC), daughter of Liu Jian (刘建), Prince of Jiangdu (江都王 d. 121 BC), granddaughter of Prince Yi of Jiangdu, to Liejiaomi, King of Wusun.
103BC: Emperor Wu of Han marries Liu Jieyou (刘解忧 121–49 BC) to King Junxumi of Wusun (Liejiaomi's grandson).  After Junxumi's death in 93BC, Princess Jieyou, in accordance with Wusun tradition, married his successor (and younger brother), King Wengguimi.  After Wengguimi's death in 60BC, Princess Jieyou again remarried his successor King Nimi (son of Junximi and a Xiongnu princess).
33BC: Emperor Yuan of Han marries Wang Zhaojun (王昭君 52 BC – 15), a lady of the imperial harem, to Xiongnu chieftain Huhanye. After Huhanye's death in 31BC, she remarried Huhanye's successor (his son by his first wife and thus her stepson) Fuzhuleiruodi Chanyu.

Xiongnu
The Xiongnu practiced marriage alliances with Han dynasty officers and officials by marrying off daughters of the Chanyu (the Xiongnu ruler) to Han people who joined the Xiongnu and Xiongnu in Han service. The daughter of the Laoshang Chanyu (and older sister of Junchen Chanyu and Yizhixie Chanyu) was married to the Xiongnu General Zhao Xin, the Marquis of Xi who was serving the Han dynasty. The daughter of the Qiedihou Chanyu was married to the Han general Li Ling after he surrendered and defected. The Yenisei Kirghiz Khagans claimed descent from Li Ling. Another Han general who defected to the Xiongnu was Li Guangli who also married a daughter of the Hulugu Chanyu. The Han diplomat Su Wu married a Xiongnu woman given by Li Ling when he was arrested and taken captive. The Han explorer Zhang Qian married a Xiongnu woman and had a child with her when he was taken captive by the Xiongnu. The Emperor Wu of Han dispatched Zhang Qian to explore the Western Regions and to form an alliance with the Yuezhi people in order to combat the Xiongnu. During this time Zhang married a Xiongnu wife, who bore him a son, and gained the trust of the Xiongnu leader.

The Yenisei Kyrgyz khagans of the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate claimed descent from the Han general Li Ling, grandson of the famous general Li Guang. Li Ling was captured by the Xiongnu and defected in the first century BCE. And since the Tang imperial Li family also claimed descent from Li Guang, the Kirghiz Khagan was therefore recognized as a member of the Tang imperial family. This relationship soothed the relationship when Kyrgyz khagan Are (阿熱) invaded Uyghur Khaganate and put Qasar Qaghan to the sword. The news brought to Chang'an by Kyrgyz ambassador Zhuwu Hesu (註吾合素).

Kingdom of Khotan

The Cao family of ethnic Han descent that ruled the Guiyi Circuit established marriage alliances with the Saka Kingdom of Khotan, with both the Cao rulers marrying Khotanese princesses and with Cao princesses marrying Khotan rulers. A Khotan princess who was the daughter of the King of Khotan married Cao Yanlu.

Sixteen Kingdoms
During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, there were a total of six recorded instances of heqin marriage. Heqin marriage alliances during the Sixteen Kingdoms period differed from those practiced during the Han dynasty in two main ways. First, they involved "real" princesses (i.e. daughters of emperors or rulers). Second, unlike during the Han dynasty, when most heqin marriages were aimed at establishing peace with foreign nations, heqin marriages during the Sixteen Kingdoms period were made primarily to settle rivalries and maintain a balance of power between the various states in China at the time.

Fu Jian (337–385), Emperor Xuanzhao of Former Qin, married one of his daughters to Yang Ding, ruler of the state of Chouchi.
Fu Deng, Emperor Gao of Former Qin, married his younger sister, Princess Dongping (东平公主) to Qifu Gangui, Prince of Western Qi.
441: Feng Ba, Emperor Wencheng of Northern Yan, married his daughter, Princess Lelang (乐浪公主), to Yujiulü Hulü, Khan Aidougai of Rouran.
415: Yao Xing, Emperor Wenhuan of Later Qin, married his daughter, Princess Xiping (西平公主), to Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei. Because she was unable to forge a golden statue with her own hands, she was never formally empress, but was nevertheless recognized and respected as Emperor Mingyuan's wife, Consort Yao.
Qifu Chipan, Prince Wenzhao of Western Qin, married his daughter, Princess Xingping (兴平公主), to Juqu Mengxun, Prince of Northern Liang's son Juqu Xingguo.
433: Juqu Mengxun, Prince of Northern Liang, marries his daughter, Princess Xingping (兴平公主), to Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei. She became Emperor Taiwu's concubine.

Northern and Southern dynasties
During the Northern and Southern dynasties period, China was divided into many rival states. A complicated system of rivalries and vassalage existed. Heqin marriage was employed as a method to maintain a balance of power or to solidify alliances between states.

During the Northern and Southern dynasties, there were five instances of heqin marriage.
428: Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei marries his daughter, Princess Shiping (始平公主), to Helian Chang, Emperor of Xia.
437: Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei marries his daughter, Princess Wuwei (武威公主), to Juqu Mujian, Prince Ai of Hexi, last ruler of the state of Northern Liang, whence she is known as Princess Tuoba.
Princess Lanling (兰陵公主), a princess of the imperial family of Northern Wei, married the Khagan of the Rouran Khaganate, Yujiulü Anagui.
Princess Qianjin (千金公主), daughter of Yuwen Zhao, Prince of Zhao (赵王宇文招) and a member of the imperial family of Northern Zhou, married Ishbara, Khagan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate.
582: Emperor Ming of Western Liang marries his daughter, Princess Xiao, to Yang Guang, Prince of Jin, the second son Emperor Ming's overlord, Emperor Wen of Sui. She is known as Empress Xiao of Sui after his accession to the throne as Emperor Yang of Sui.

Northern Wei
The Tuoba imperial family of the Xianbei-led Northern Wei dynasty started to arrange for ethnic Han elites to marry daughters of the imperial family in the 480s. More than fifty percent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Han men from the imperial families and aristocrats from southern China of the Southern dynasties who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei. Some exiled royalty of Han descent fled from southern China and defected to the Northern Wei. Several daughters of the Xianbei Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei were married to ethnic Han elites, the Liu Song royal Liu Hui 刘辉, married Princess Lanling 蘭陵公主 of the Northern Wei, Princess Huayang 華陽公主 to Sima Fei 司馬朏, a descendant of Jin dynasty (266–420) royalty, Princess Jinan 濟南公主 to Lu Daoqian 盧道虔, Princess Nanyang 南阳长公主 to Xiao Baoyin 萧宝夤, a member of Southern Qi royalty. Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei's sisters, the Shouyang Princess was wedded to the Liang dynasty ruler Emperor Wu of Liang's son Xiao Zong 蕭綜. One of Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei's sister was married to Zhang Huan, an ethnic Han, according to the Book of Zhou. His name is given as Zhang Xin in the Book of Northern Qi and History of the Northern Dynasties which mention his marriage to a Xianbei princess of Wei. His personal name was changed due to a naming taboo on the emperor's name. He was the son of Zhang Qiong.

When the Eastern Jin dynasty ended Northern Wei received the Jin prince Sima Chuzhi (司馬楚之) as a refugee. A Northern Wei Princess married Sima Chuzhi, giving birth to Sima Jinlong. Northern Liang Xiongnu King Juqu Mujian's daughter married Sima Jinlong.

Rouran
The Rouran Khaganate arranged for one of their princesses, Khagan Yujiulü Anagui's daughter Princess Ruru 蠕蠕公主 to be married to the ethnic Han regent Gao Huan of the Eastern Wei.

Gaochang
The Kingdom of Gaochang was made out of ethnic Han colonists and ruled by the Han people Qu family, which originated from Gansu. Jincheng commandery (金城 in Lanzhou), district of Yuzhong (榆中) was the home of the Qu Jia. The Qu family was linked by marriage alliances to the Turks, with a Turk being the grandmother of King Qu Boya's.

Sui dynasty
With the establishment of the Sui dynasty in 581, much of China proper was once again unified under one dynasty. Heqin marriage during the Sui dynasty therefore returned to its original purpose of trying to appease barbarian tribes surrounding the Sui. There were a total of seven instances of heqin marriage during the Sui dynasty.
597: Emperor Wen of Sui marries Princess Anyi (安义公主), a Sui "princess", to Yami Qaghan, Khagan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. She was assassinated by Yung Yu- lu in 599
599: Emperor Wen of Sui marries another Sui princess, Princess Yicheng (义成公主), the daughter of a Sui imperial clansman, to Yami, Khagan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. After his death in 609, Princess Yicheng, in accordance with the Göktürk custom of levirate marriage, remarried to Yami Qaghan's successor and son (by another wife), Shibi Qaghan. After Shibi Qaghan's death in 619, Princess Yicheng again remarried to Shibi Qaghan's successor and younger brother, Chuluo. After the khagan's death in 621, Princess Yicheng remarried for the fourth and final time to his successor and younger brother, Illig Qaghan, who revolted against Tang China and was captured and killed in 630
Emperor Yang of Sui married Princess Xinyi (信义公主), a Sui "princess", to Heshana Khan, Khagan of the Western Turkish Khaganate.
Emperor Yang of Sui married his youngest daughter, Princess Huainan (淮南公主), to the new heir, Shibi's eldest son, Tuli.
596: Emperor Wen of Sui marries Princess Guanghua (光化公主), a Sui "princess", to Murong Shifu, khagan of Tuyuhun. After Murong Shifu's assassination in 597, Princess Guanghua remarried Murong Shifu's successor and younger brother, Murong Fuyun.
Emperor Yang of Sui married a Sui "princess" to Qu Boya, ruler of the oasis city of Gaochang in the Taklamakan Desert.

Tang dynasty
During the Tang dynasty, heqin marriage alliances were primarily aimed at the Tuyuhun, the Tibetan Empire, the Khitans and the allied Kumo Xi, the Uyghur Khaganate, and Nanzhao.

There were a total of twenty-one instances of heqin marriage alliances during the Tang dynasty, including:
640: Emperor Taizong of Tang marries Princess Honghua (弘化公主) to Murong Nuohebo, Khan of Tuyuhun.
641: Emperor Taizong of Tang marries Princess Wencheng to Emperor Songtsän Gampo of Tibet.
642: Emperor Taizong proposed the marriage of his fifteenth daughter, Princess Xinxing (新兴公主), to Zhenzhu Khan, Khan of Xueyantuo. The heqin was called off.
664: Emperor Gaozong of Tang marries Lady Jincheng (金城县主), the third daughter of Li Dao'en, Prince of Guiji (会稽郡王李道恩), to Prince Sudumomo of Tuyuhun (吐谷浑王子苏度摸末).
664: Emperor Gaozong marries Lady Jinming (金明县主), the daughter of a Tang imperial clansman, to Prince Talumomo of Tuyuhun (吐谷浑王子闼卢摸末).
698: A daughter of Qapaghan, Khagan of the Second Eastern Turkic Khaganate marries Wu Zetian's great-nephew Wu Chengsi, Prince of Huaiyang (淮阳王武延秀).
703: A daughter of Qapaghan Khagan marries Crown Prince Li Dan's eldest son Li Chengqi, Prince of Song.
709: Empress Wu Zetian marries her great-granddaughter Princess Jincheng (金城公主), the daughter of her grandson Li Shouli, Prince of Bin, to Emperor Me Agtsom of Tibet
712: Emperor Ruizong of Tang marries his granddaughter, Princess Jinshan (金山公主), the daughter of his son Li Chengqi, to Qapaghan Khagan
717: Emperor Xuanzong of Tang marries Princess Yongle (永乐公主), the daughter of Yang Yuansi (杨元嗣) and a daughter of Li Xu, Prince of Dongping (东平王李续, son of Li Shen, Prince of Ji, the seventeenth son of Emperor Taizong), to Li Shihuo (李失活), leader of the Khitans.
717: Princess Jianghe (交河公主), the daughter of Ashina Nahuaidao, 10th Khagan of the Western Turkic Khaganate, marries Sulu Khan, Khagan of Turgesh.
722: Emperor Xuanzong of Tang marries Princess Yanjun (燕郡公主) (surname Murong (慕容)), a Tang "princess", to Khitan prince Li Yuyu (李郁于).
726: Emperor Xuanzong marries his niece, Princess Donghua (东华公主, surname Chen 陈), to Khitan prince Li Shaogu (李邵固).
726: Emperor Xuanzong marries Princess Dongguang (东光公主), the daughter of Emperor Xuanzong's first cousin Li Jijiang, Princess Cheng'an (成安公主李季姜 eighth daughter of Emperor Zhongzong of Tang) and Wei Jie (韦捷), to Li Lusu (李鲁苏), ruler of Kumo Xi.
744: Emperor Xuanzong marries Princess Heyi (和义公主), a daughter of Li Can, Magistrate of Gaocheng (告城县令李参), to Axilan Dagan (阿悉烂达干), King of Ningyuan (宁远国王) in the Fergana Valley.
745: Emperor Xuanzong marries his granddaughter, Princess Jingle (静乐公主, daughter of his fifteenth daughter Princess Xincheng 信成公主 and Dugu Ming 独孤明), to Khitan prince Li Huaixiu (李怀秀).
745: Emperor Xuanzong marries Princess Yifang (宜芳公主), daughter of Princess Changning (长宁公主, daughter of Emperor Zhongzong of Tang) and Yang Shenjiao (杨慎交), to Khitan prince Li Yanchong (李延宠)
756: Emperor Suzong of Tang marries his daughter, Princess Ninguo to Bayanchur, Khagan of the Uyghur Khaganate. In exchange, Princess Pijia (毗伽公主), daughter of Bayanchur, marries Li Chengcai (李承采), Prince of Dunhuang (敦煌王李承采), son of Li Shouli, Prince of Bin.

Liao, Song, Jin dynasties

Song dynasty
The Khitan-led Liao dynasty asked for a Song princess to marry the Liao emperor in the negotiations leading up to the Chanyuan Treaty but the Song dynasty refused to give a princess. The Jurchen-led Jin dynasty later rebelled against the Liao dynasty, sacked and destroyed the Liao supreme capital and burned the ancestral tombs of the Liao emperors. The Emperor Tianzuo of Liao was executed by the Jurchens during a polo match. Liao imperial princesses from the Yelü family and Xiao family were also distributed to Jin princes as concubine. Wanyan Liang married the Khitan women Lady Xiao (蕭氏), Consort Chen (宸妃), Lady Yelü (耶律氏), Consort Li (麗妃), Lady Yelü (耶律氏), Consort Rou (柔妃) and Lady Yelü (耶律氏), Zhaoyuan (昭媛).

The Jin dynasty then attacked the Northern Song dynasty in the Jingkang incident and seized a large number of the Song imperial family. Song princesses were married off to Jin princes such as Emperor Xizong of Jin. The Song male princes who were captured were given ethnic Khitan women to marry from the Liao dynasty palace by the Jin, who had also defeated and conquered the Liao. The original Han wives of the Song princes were confiscated and replaced with Khitan ones. One of the Emperor Huizong of Song's sons was given a Khitan consort from the Liao palace, and another one of his sons was given a Khitan princess by the Jin at the Jin supreme capital. The Jurchens continued to give new wives to the captured Song royals, the grandsons and sons of the Emperor Huizong of Song after they took away their original ethnic Han wives. The Jin told the Song royals that they were fortunate because the Liao royals were being treated much worse by the Jin than the Song royals, Jin soldiers were given the children of the Emperor Tianzuo of Liao as gifts while the Song emperor was allowed to keep his children while he was in captivity.

Liao dynasty
The Liao dynasty arranged for women from the consort Xiao clan to marry members of the Han 韓 clan of ethnic Han descent, which originated in Jizhou 冀州 before being abducted by the Liao and becoming part of the ethnic Han elites of the Liao.

The Geng family of Han descent intermarried with the Khitans and the Han 韓 clan provided two of their women as wives to Geng Yanyi and the second one was the mother of Geng Zhixin. Empress Rende's sister, a member of the Xiao clan, was the mother of Han Chinese General Geng Yanyi.

Han Derang (Yelü Longyun) was the father of Queen dowager of the State of Chen, who was the wife of General Geng Yanyi and buried with him in his tomb in Zhaoyang in Liaoning. His wife was also known as "Madame Han". The Geng's tomb is located in Liaoning at Guyingzi in Chaoying.

Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
The Cao family of ethnic Han descent that ruled the Guiyi Circuit established marriage alliances with the Uighurs of the Ganzhou Kingdom, with both the Cao rulers marrying Uighur princesses and with Cao princesses marrying Uighur rulers. The Ganzhou Uighur Khagan's daughter was married to Cao Yijin in 916.

Yuan dynasty
The Jin emperor Wanyan Yongji's daughter Princess Qiguo was married to Genghis Khan in exchange for relieving the Mongol siege upon Zhongdu (Beijing) in the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty.

The Emperor Gong of Song surrendered to the Yuan dynasty in 1276 and was married off to an ethnic Mongol princess of the imperial Borjigin family of the Yuan dynasty. Zhao Xian had one son with the Borjigin woman, Zhao Wanpu. Zhao Xian's son Zhao Wanpu was kept alive by the Yuan because of his mother's Borjigin ancestry even after Zhao Xian was ordered killed by the Emperor Yingzong of Yuan. Instead Zhao Wanpu was only moved and exiled. The outbreak of the Song loyalist Red Turban Rebellion in Henan led to a recommendation that Zhao Wanpu should be transferred somewhere else by an Imperial Censor in 1352. The Yuan did not want the ethnic Han rebels to get their hands on Zhao Wanpu so no one was permitted to see him and Zhao Wanpu's family and himself were exiled to Shazhou near the border by the Yuan emperor. Paul Pelliot and John Andrew Boyle commented on Rashid-al-Din Hamadani's chapter The Successors of Genghis Khan in his work Jami' al-tawarikh, identified references by Rashid al-Din to Zhao Xian in his book where he mentions a Chinese ruler who was an "emir" and son-in-law to the Qan (Khan) after being removed from his throne by the Mongols and he is also called "Monarch of Song", or "Suju" (宋主; Songzhu) in the book.

The King of Dali Duan Gong was married to the Borjigin princess Agai, daughter of the Yuan dynasty Prince of Liang, Basalawarmi. They had a son and a daughter, Duan Sengnu. their children were also called Duan Qiangna and Duan Bao. Duan Sengnu raised Duan Bao to take revenge against Basalawarmi for the killing of Duan Gong. A play was made based on these events. According to Yuan documents, the Duan family were originally ethnic Han from Wuwei commandery, Gansu. Other Duan families also originated from Wuwei.

Ming dynasty
The Oirat leader Esen Taishi captured the Zhengtong Emperor of the Ming dynasty. Esen Taishi tried to force the Zhengtong Emperor to marry Esen's sister in a heqin marriage and then placing him back in Beijing with his new wife. The emperor rejected the marriage proposal.

A Mongol account in the Altan Tobchi said that Zhengtong Emperor had a son with an ethnic Mongol woman he married while he was prisoner.

A Mongol girl was given in marriage by the Gün-bilig-mergen Mongol Ordos leader Rinong (Jinong) to the ethnic Han officer of the Datong Army Wang Duo's (王鐸) son Wang San (王三) because Rinong wanted to hold on to Wang San and make him stay with the Mongols. The Ming arrested and executed Wang San in 1544 because Mongol soldiers were being guided by Wang San. Builders, carpenters, officers, and important prisoners such as the Ming Zhengtong Emperor often ethnic received Mongol wives.

Qing dynasty
In the total span of the Qing dynasty, the number of ethnic Mongol grooms of Qing princesses was the largest. More than 58 percent of imperial sons-in-law were Mongols. A total of 32 princesses married Mongols but the majority of these were in the early Qing like Emperor Hong Taiji who married off 12 of his daughters to ethnic Mongol elites, when the Qing needed military support. In the early period of Qing, a large amount of intermarriage between the two groups happened, and the Qing rulers used this tie to gain the military support from the Mongol tribes. The marriage also benefited the Qing dynasty in expanding its empire into the Mongolian Plateau and further west into Inner Asia. The marriage between ethnic Manchu princesses and ethnic Mongol princes continued to the end of Qing dynasty, although becoming less prominent after the 18th century due to the decline of the Mongols' political and military influence within the empire and the Qing after 1770 totally ceased marrying princesses off to Northern and Western Mongols, only marrying them off to princes from the southern Mongols who voluntarily surrendered to them before the establishment of the Qing, who numbered 7 tribes and 13 banners since the locations they inhabited were vital to Qing security unlike the steppes of the Northern and Western Mongols since the wars between the Zunghars and Khalkhas was over. During the Qianlong reign in 1751 and Jiaqing reign in 1801, the Qing emperors deliberately issued decrees eliminating Mongols from potential grooms of Qing princesses and started replacing them with majority Manchu grooms. The Qing at this time no longer needed the support of Mongols and started marrying off their daughters to majority Manchu grooms instead of Mongols.

Ethnic Han generals who defected to the Qing early on were sometimes married to Qing princesses due to the desperate need of the Qing for military allies at that time and their use of marrying their women off to get them, although this is less frequent than the case where Aisin Gioro women married to ethnic Mongol aristocrats or other Manchu elites. Unlike the marriage between Manchus and southern Mongols that lasted throughout the Qing dynasty, the marriages between Qing princesses and ethnic Han generals ceased before 1750 as Qing rule was consolidated by then.

The Manchu imperial Aisin Gioro clan practiced marriage alliances with Ming generals of Han descent and Mongol princes. Aisin Gioro women were married to ethnic Han generals who defected to the Qing side during the Transition from Ming to Qing. The Later Jin leader Nurhaci married one of his granddaughters, a daughter of Abatai, to the Ming general Li Yongfang, the ancestor of Li Shiyao (李侍堯). The offspring of Li received the "Third Class Viscount" () title after he surrendered Fushun in Liaoning to the Manchu in 1618. A mass marriage of Han officers and officials to Manchu women numbering 1,000 couples was arranged by Prince Yoto 岳托 (Prince Keqin) and Hong Taiji in 1632 to promote harmony between the two ethnic groups. Aisin Gioro women were married to the sons of the Han generals Sun Sike (孫思克), Geng Jimao, Shang Kexi, and Wu Sangui.

The "Dolo efu" 和碩額駙 rank was given to husbands of Qing princesses. Geng Zhongming, a Han bannerman, was awarded the title of Prince Jingnan, and his son Geng Jingmao managed to have both his sons Geng Jingzhong and Geng Zhaozhong 耿昭忠 become court attendants under the Shunzhi Emperor and marry Aisin Gioro women, with Prince Abatai's granddaughter marrying Geng Zhaozhong 耿昭忠 and Haoge's (a son of Hong Taiji) daughter marrying Geng Jingzhong. A daughter 和硕柔嘉公主 of the Manchu Aisin Gioro Prince Yolo 岳樂 (Prince An) was wedded to Geng Juzhong who was another son of Geng Jingmao.

The 4th daughter of Kangxi (和硕悫靖公主) was wedded to the son (孫承恩) of Sun Sike (孫思克), an ethnic Han.

Imperial Duke Who Assists the State (宗室輔國公) Aisin Gioro Suyan's (蘇燕) daughter was married to Han Banner general Nian Gengyao. She was Manchu Prince Ajige's great-great-granddaughter.

Manchu Prince Aisin Gioro Yuntang's fourth daughter married the Han Bannerman Zhao Shiyang (趙世揚) in 1721. Manchu Prince Aisin Gioro Yunsi's first daughter married the Han Bannerman Sun Wufu (孫五福) in July/August 1724. Manchu Prince Aisin Gioro Yunzhi, Prince Zhi's second daughter married the Han Bannerman Li Shu'ao (李淑鰲) in September/October 1707 and his fourth daughter married the Han Bannerman Sun Cheng'en (孫承恩) in February/March 1710.

Vietnam
The Lý, Trần, Hồ dynasties ruled Dai Viet (Vietnam) in a succession of heqin alliances.

Lý, Trần, Hồ dynasties
The Lý dynasty married its princesses off to regional rivals to establish alliances with them. The Lý family married one of their princesses (Lý Chiêu Hoàng) to a member of the Trần (Chen 陈) clan, Trần Thái Tông. This then enabled the Trần to topple the Lý and establish their own Trần dynasty.

The Tran dynasty engaged in a similar practice, marrying Tran princesses to regional allies. Later, the Hồ family, which was also of Chinese origin, established the Hồ dynasty, taking power after having a Tran princess marry one of their members, Hồ Quý Ly. A Lý princess also married into the Ho family.

Nguyen lords
The Cambodian King Chey Chettha II married the Vietnamese Nguyễn lord Princess Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Vạn, a daughter of Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên, in 1618. In return, the king granted the Vietnamese the right to establish settlements in Mô Xoài (now Bà Rịa), in the region of Prey Nokor—which they colloquially referred to as Sài Gòn, and which later became Ho Chi Minh City.

Joseon
After the Qing conquest of Joseon, Joseon Korea was forced to give several of their royal princesses as concubines to the Qing regent Prince Dorgon, an ethnic Manchu. In 1650, Dorgon married the Korean Princess Uisun (義順). She was a collateral branches of the Korean royal family, and daughter of Yi Gae-yun (李愷胤). Dorgon married two Korean princesses at Lianshan.

See also
 Marriage in China
 Marriage of state, a similar practice in pre-modern Europe
 Marriage of convenience
 Malacca Sultanate
 Women in ancient and imperial China

References

Citations

Bibliography

 .

History of the foreign relations of China
History of Imperial China
Arranged marriage
Marriage, unions and partnerships in China

Heqin


The League of Conservation Voters (LCV) is an American environmental advocacy group. LCV says that it "advocates for sound environmental laws and policies, holds elected officials accountable for their votes and actions, and elects pro-environment candidates." The organization pursues its goals through voter education, voter mobilization, and direct contributions to political candidates. LCV includes 29 state affiliates. LCV was founded in 1970 by environmentalist Marion Edey, with support from David Brower. The group's current president is Gene Karpinski. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and has over two million members.

History
The League of Conservation Voters was founded by Marion Edey, then a young congressional staffer, who proposed a non-partisan, national pressure group for environmentalists "analogous to a political party" but endorsing Democrats and Republicans in a 1969 letter to David Brower, soon after he resigned from the Sierra Club. Brower strongly endorsed Edey's idea and came up with the name League of Conservation Voters, insisting that Edey run the new organization. The plan to form LCV as an arm of Brower's new environmental organization, Friends of the Earth, was announced in September 1969. However, as it would have violated the Federal Corrupt Practices Act for LCV to be a subsidiary of a non-profit corporation like Friends of the Earth, Edey launched the organization as an independent political committee in 1970.

Activities
The organization's main activities include voter education, voter mobilization, tracking voting records, endorsing or opposing candidates for political office, and financially contributing to political campaigns.

The related League of Conservation Voters Action Fund (LCVAF) financially supports political candidates, most of whom are members of the Democratic Party. According to OpenSecrets, LCVAF was the top-spending, non-disclosing liberal group in the 2012 election cycle, investing about $11 million in political advertisements. LCV spent a total of $36 million in 2012.

LCV annually names a "Dirty Dozen", a list of politicians whom the group aims to defeat because of their voting records on conservation issues. The original "Dirty Dozen" list was developed in partnership with Environmental Action in 1970.

LCV strongly opposed many of President George W. Bush's environmental policies.

In 2014, LCV and the Natural Resources Defense Council Action Fund launched LeadingGreen, a joint initiative to address climate change. In 2015, LeadingGreen was added to the Democracy Alliance's funding portfolio.

LCV strongly opposed the administration of President Donald J. Trump and its environmental policies. In September 2018, the pac pledged $60 million to help green candidates. Ultimately, in  the mid-term elections of 2018, the pac spent $80 million to support "green" candidates through its Victory Fund. They "had enormous success electing its endorsed candidates in suburban districts last fall," wrote The Atlantic on January 3, 2019.

National Environmental Scorecard

LCV tracks the voting records of members of Congress on environmental issues in its National Environmental Scorecard, a legislative scorecard.

The average scores for members of the Democratic Party are historically higher than the scores for members of the Republican Party. According to ThinkProgress, a very low score on the Scorecard means a member of Congress has not "used their time in Congress to vote with the environment in mind." In 2002, Kimberley Strassel of The Wall Street Journal editorial board wrote that "Democratic politics...is what really drives the league's scorecard."

In a 2012 report, the non-profit Rachel's Network examined the Scorecard scores for male and female members of Congress in the 107th through the 111th Congresses (2001 to 2010). The group found that "women in Congress vote for legislation supporting clean air, clean water, renewable energy, climate action, and public health much more often than their male counterparts." The report found that some of the difference was attributable to the fact that there were "more women Democrats in both houses of Congress than there are women Republicans," and Democrats favor more pro-environmental policies, but also found that "the difference in voting patterns still persists when gender is isolated within each political party." The report also found that "the gap between Republican men and women narrowed after the 2004 election cycle, which could be attributable to increased partisan pressures."

The Scorecard has been cited by The New York Times, The Washington Post, Bloomberg News, U.S. News & World Report, HuffPost, and Scientific American magazine.

In 1998, scholar Anne Y. Ilinitch and collaborators used the Scorecard "to identify Senators and Representatives with unsupportive environmental voting records" in evaluated corporate political contributions as a measure of corporate environmental performance. In 2004, researchers at the School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences at Auburn University averaged Scorecard scores across a state's congressional delegation as a proxy variable for the "green-ness" of constituents, and found no significant relationship with the number of Endangered Species Act listings in a state. In 2012, Robert Brulle and his collaborators investigated factors affecting U.S. public concern about the threat of climate change and found that "the message sent to the public by the Republican voting record on environmental bills is very influential...This result provides strong confirmation of the role of elite cues and their influence on public concern about climate change. In an extremely partisan environment, Republican votes against environmental bills legitimate public opinion opposed to action on climate change."

Notable donors

Green Tech Action Fund and the Advocacy Fund are among LCV's donors.

See also

Sustainability
Ecology

Further reading

References

External links

LCV National Environmental Scorecard

Environmental organizations based in Washington, D.C.
527 organizations
Organizations established in 1969
Political organizations based in the United States
Environmental organizations established in 1969

League of Conservation Voters


Health benefit or health benefits  may refer to:
 Health benefits (insurance), a payment received through a health insurance
 Health benefit (medicine), the phenomenon that a food, substance or activity is improving health
 Health claim, a usually unproven claim as to medical health benefits of food, etc.

See also

Health benefit


ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළත් ජාත්‍යන්තරවත් ඉමහත් කීර්තියක් ඉසිලූ මහාචාර්ය වී. කේ. සමරනායක තොරතුරු හා සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණ ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ වෘත්තිකයන් හා සංවිධාන අතර අධ්‍යාපනඥයකු සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නූතන තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ ප්‍රතිපත්ති සම්පාදනයේ සහ එය ක්‍රියාවට නැංවීමේ පුරෝගාමියකු හා ඒ පිළිබඳ පැහැදිලි අනාගත දැක්මකින් යුතුව කටයුතු කරන්නෙකු ලෙස ගෞරවයට පාත්‍ර වී සිටියේ ය.

වර්ෂ 1974 දී කොළඹ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ ගණිත අධ්‍යයනාංශයේ අංශ ප්‍රධාන ධුරයට සහ මහාචාර්ය ධුරයට පත් කෙරුණු හෙතෙම වර්ෂ 1961 දී තම ප්‍රථම උපාධිය ලබා ගැනීමත් සමගම ඇරඹි වසර 43ක අඛණ්ඩ විශ්වවිද්‍යාල සේවයෙන් වර්ෂ 2004 සැප්තැම්බර් මස 30 වැනි දා විශ්‍රාම ගිය අතර ඒ වන විටත් ඔහු කොළඹ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ පරිගණක විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ ජ්‍යේෂ්ඨ මහාචාර්ය ධුරය හෙබවී ය. මෑතක දී ඔහු කොළඹ විශ්වවිද්‍යාල‍ය විසින් පරිගණක විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ සේවාර්ජිත මහාචාර්ය ධුරයෙන් ද පිදුම් ලැබී ය. මේ කාලපරිච්ජේදය ඇතුළත අංශ ප්‍රධාන තනතුරේ සිට උපකුලපති තනතුර දක්වා ඇති නොයෙක් මට්ටමේ තනතුරු දරමින් ශ්‍රී ලංකා විශ්වවිද්‍යාල පද්ධතියට ඔහු ඉටුකර ඇති සේවය අප්‍රමාණ ය.
ගණිතඥ‍යකු හා ශාස්ත්‍රඥයකු ලෙස තම වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය ඇරඹූ මහාචාර්ය සමරනායක ශ්‍රී ලංකා විශ්වවිද්‍යාල අධ්‍යාපනය කාර්යක්ෂම කිරීමට ඇප කැප වී කටයුතු කළේ ය. එකිනෙකට වෙනස් වූ විවිධ ක්ෂේත්‍ර පුරා විහිදෙන ඔහුගේ සේවය අතර සංඛ්‍යාන අධ්‍යාපනය, සංවර්ධන අධ්‍යාපනය, සේවක අධ්‍යාපනය, තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ අධ්‍යාපනය සහ විශ්වවිද්‍යාල ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ යන විෂය ක්ෂේත්‍රවල ඔහුගේ පුරෝගාමී දායකත්වය කැපී පෙනෙයි.  මයික්‍රොකොම්පියුටර භාවිතයට පැමිණීමත් සමගම විශ්වවිද්‍යාලවලට, පාසල්වලට සහ අනෙකුත් පුහුණු කිරීමේ/අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනවලට මහ පරිමාණයෙන් පරිගණක අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා දීමට ඔහු තම පරිගණනය පිළිබඳ විශේෂඥ දැනුමත් අද්විතීය කළමණාකරණ හැකියාවත් යෙදවූ බව නොරහසකි.
ශ්‍රී ලංකා විද්‍යභිවර්ධන සංගමයේ ස්වර්ණ ජයන්ති වර්ෂයේ දී එනම් 1994 වර්ෂයේ දී එහි ප්‍රධාන සභාපති ධුරයට පත් කෙරුණු මහාචාර්ය සමරනායක 1990-2000 කාලපරිච්ජේදයේ දී ජාතික විද්‍යා ඇකඩමියේ සභාපතිවරයා ලෙස ද කටයුතු කළේ ය. වර්ෂ 2004 මැයි මස දක්වා ම කොළඹ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයීය පරිගණක අධ්‍යයනායතයේත් (UCSC) සහ ඊට පෙර පැවති පරිගණක තාක්ෂණ ආයතනයේත් (ICT) සමාරම්භක අධ්‍යක්ෂ වූයේ ද මහාචාර්ය සමරනායක යි.
මේ වන විට කොළඹ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයීය පරිගණක අධ්‍යයනායතය ලෙස වර්ධනය වී ඇති පරිගණක තාක්ෂණ ආයතනය ස්ථාපිත කිරීමේ දී හෙතෙම තම අද්විතීය කළමණාකරණ හා ඒකාබද්ධ ව කටයුතු කිරීමේ දක්ෂතාවක් ප්‍රදර්ශනය කළ අතර  බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආධාර යටතේ කොළඹ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙහි මයික්‍රොකොම්පියුටර විද්‍යාගාරයක් ලෙස ඇරඹි පරිගණක තාක්ෂණ ආයතනය ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවර්ධන වැඩසටහනේ (UNDP), ජපාන ජාත්‍යන්තර සහයෝගිතා නියෝජිතායතනයේ (JICA) සහ අනෙකුත් දායකයන්ගේ ආධාර ඒකාබද්ධ කරමින් පරිගණනය සඳහා වූ සුවිශිෂ්ට කේන්ද්‍රස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමට පියවර ගත්තේ ය. අද වන විට ජපාන ජාත්‍යන්තර සහයෝගිතා නියෝජිතායතනය (JICA) විසින් මෙය තම දකුණු ආසියා සංවර්ධන සහයෝගිතාවේ පරමාදර්ශී සංකේතයක් ලෙස සලකනු ලබයි. පරිගණන විෂය ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ ඔහුගේ සම්ප්‍රදානය අනාගතය අරමුණු කර ගත් දර්ශනයකින් යුක්ත වන අතර යථාර්ථවාදී ද විය.

වෘත්තිය
එවකට ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණය පිළිබඳ ඉහළ ම රජයේ ආයතනය වන ශ්‍රී ලංකා තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණවේද සභාවේ (CINTEC) ආරම්භයේ සිට ම කටයුතු කළ මහාච‍ාර්ය සමරනායක එම ආයතනයේ සභාපතිවරයා ලෙස වසර 12ක් සේවය කර ඇත. ඔහු තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ පුරෝගාමීව කටයුතු කළ දෑ අතරින් තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ ප්‍රතිපත්ති සම්පාදනය, නීතිමය යටිතලපහසුකම් සැකසීම, රාජ්‍ය පාලනයේ දී තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණය යොදා ගැනීම, ඊ-වාණිජ්‍යය, පරිගණක ආරක්ෂාව, අන්තර්ජාල තාක්ෂණය, පරිගණක පිළිබඳ දැනුවත් කිරීම් හා තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ අධ්‍යාපනය වැනි අංග සුවිශේෂ වෙයි. ඔහු බහුභාෂා පරිගණනයෙහි සහ වෙබ් අඩවි සංවර්ධනයෙහි අතිශය වැදගත් යුනිකෝඩ් සහ ISO 10646 වැනි ප්‍රමිති සම්පාදනයෙහි ද මූලිකත්වය ගෙන කටයුතු කළ අතර එහිලා ඔහුගේ  දායකත්වයක් සුවිශේෂ ය. රාජ්‍ය පාලනයේ නොයෙක් ක්ෂේත්‍රවලට පරිගණක තාක්ෂණය යොදා ගැනීමට කටයුතු කිරීම ඔහු ගත් පියවර අතර වැදගත් තැනක් උසුලයි. මැතිවරණ ප්‍රතිඵල නිකුත් කිරීමේ දී  පරිගණක තාක්ෂණය යොදා ගැනීම මීට කදිම නිදසුනකි. ඔහු මෑතක දී ග්‍රාමීය ජනතාවට තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණය හඳුන්වා දීමේ අරමුණින් බහුකාර්ය ටෙලි-මධ්‍යස්ථාන ("නැණසල")බිහි කිරීමේ වෑයමක නිරත වූ අතර මේ වන විටත් බහුතරයක් ග්‍රාමීය ජනතාව ඉමහත් ප්‍රතිඵල භුක්ති විඳිනු දැක ගත හැක.
වසර 2000 ආරම්භයේ දී අති වීමට ගිය පරිගණක ව්‍යසනයට සාර්ථකව මුහුණ දී එය ජය ගැනීමට ඔහුගේ සභාපතිත්වයෙන් කටයුතු කළ Y2K විශේෂ කාර්ය බලකායට හැකි විය. www.lk  ජාතික අන්තර්ජ‍ාල බිහිදොරේ නිර්මාතෘවරයා ඔහු ය. කොත්මලේ ඉදි කෙරුණු ප්‍රජා ගුවන් විදුලි මධ්‍යස්ථානය තුළින් ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රජාවට අන්තර්ජාල පහසුකම් ලබා දීමට ද ඔහු ප්‍රමුඛත්වය ගෙන කටයුතු කළේ ය. සර්වෝදය මගින් ස්ථාපිත කෙරුණු විවිධ සේවා ප්‍රජා ටෙලි මධ්‍යස්ථ‍ාන වැඩසටහන ද ඔහුගේ සංකල්පයක් මත ගොඩනැගුණකි.
විශ්වවිද්‍යාල අධ්‍යාපනය පුළුල් කිරීමේ අරමුණින් කොළඹ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය මගින් ඇරඹුණු තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණවේදී බාහිර උපාධි පාඨමාලාව ද ඔහුගේ පුරෝගාමීත්වයෙන් සිදු වු තවත් වැදගත් කටයුත්තකි. මෙය කෙතරම් ජනප්‍රිය වූයේ ද කි‍යතොත් ආරම්භයේ දී මෙයට සිසුහු 5000ක් පමණ ලියාපදිංචි වූහ.
ඉන්ෆොටෙල් ලංකා සංගමයේ සභාපතිත්වය ද (1998 සිට) දැරූ මහාචාර්ය සමරනායක එම සංවිධානයේ මෙන්ම එමගින් වාර්ෂිකව පැවැත්වෙන ජාත්‍යන්තර තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ සමුළුවේ සහ ඉන්ෆොටෙල් ප්‍රදර්ශනයේ ද  ගාමක බලවේගය ලෙස කටයුතු කළේ ය.
වර්ෂ 2002 දී ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ හාවඩ් සරසවියේ ජාත්‍යන්තර තොරතුරු යටිතලපහසුකම් පිළිබඳ ව්‍යාපෘතියේ ආගන්තුක විද්‍යාර්ථියකු ලෙසත් 2003 වසරේ දී ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ හාවඩ් සරසවියේ රාජ්‍ය පාලනය පිළිබඳ කෙනඩි අධ්‍යයනායතයේ ඩිජිටල් රාජ්‍යපාලනය සඳහා වූ ජාතික කේන්ද්‍රයෙහි ආගන්තුක විද්‍යාර්ථි‍යකු ලෙසත් කටයුතු කර ඇත. එසේම 2004/2005 වසරවල දී ස්ටැන්‍ෆර්ඩ් සරසවියේ ඩිජිටල‍් දර්ශන වැඩසටහනේ ආගන්තුක විද්‍යාර්ථි‍යකු ලෙස ද කටයුතු කර ඇත.

තිළිණය
 වර්ෂ 1995 දී ජපාන ජාත්‍යන්තර සහයෝගිතා නියෝජිතායතනයේ සභාපතිගේ ජාත්‍යන්තර සහයෝගිතාව සඳහා වන සම්මානයෙන් ඔහු පිදුම් ලැබී ය.
 1997 වර්ෂයේ දී ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජය විසින් පරිගණක විද්‍යාවේ සංවර්ධනයට කළ සම්ප්‍රදානය සඳහා "විශ්ව ප්‍රසාදිනී" සම්මානයෙන් පුදනු ලැබී ය.
 ඉන් අනතුරුව 1998 වර්ෂයේ දී තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ ක්ෂේත්‍රයට කරනු ලැබූ සම්ප්‍රදානය සඳහා ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික ජනරජයේ අතිගරු ජනාධිපතිතුමන් විසින් "විද්‍යා ජෝති" නමැති රාජ්‍ය සම්මානයෙන් ද පුදනු ලැබී ය.

බාහිර සබැදි
Vidya Jyothi Professor V.K.Samaranayak bio
E-Sri Lanka: Prof. V.K. Samaranayake's lasting legacy

ශ්‍රී ලංකීය විද්‍යාඥයන්
ශ්‍රී ලංකීය ශාස්ත්‍රඥයන්
1939 උපත්
2007 මරණ
විශ්වවිද්‍යාල අධ්‍යාපනය - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

වී.කේ. සමරනායක


L'épreuve féminine du  de patinage de vitesse sur piste courte aux Jeux olympiques de 2022 a lieu les  et  au Palais omnisports de la capitale de Pékin.

Médaillées

Résultats

Séries

Quarts de finale

Demi-finales

Finale B

Finale A

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

 Résultats officiels

Patinage de vitesse aux Jeux olympiques de 2022

1 000 mètres féminin de patinage de vitesse sur piste courte aux Jeux olympiques de 2022


Éamonn Ceannt (21 September 1881 – 8 May 1916), born Edward Thomas Kent, was an Irish republican, mostly known for his role in the Easter Rising of 1916.

Background

Ceannt was born in the little village of Ballymoe, overlooking the River Suck in County Galway. His parents were James Kent (4 July 1839 – 1895) and Joanne Galway. (They were married on 5 July 1870.) He was the sixth of seven children, the others being William, Michael, Richard, Nell, John and James. His father, James Kent was a Royal Irish Constabulary officer. Stationed in Ballymoe, in 1883 he was promoted and transferred to Ardee, County Louth.  When his father retired from the force, the family moved to Dublin. They were a very religious Catholic family and it has been said that Ceannt's religious teaching as a child stayed with him for the rest of his life.

Two events that evoked nationalism at the end of the 19th century were the 1798 commemoration and the Boer War in South Africa. Éamonn became interested in these events. He took part in the commemoration.

Personal life
In 1899, Ceannt joined the central branch of the Gaelic League. It was here where he first met many of the men who would play a major role in the rising, including Patrick Pearse and Eoin MacNeill.
He became increasingly involved in Nationalist movements and had a strong interest in the Irish language. The main purposes of the league were to educate people on the Irish culture, revive the Irish language along with Irish music, dancing, poetry, literature and history. Ceannt was an extremely committed member to the league, he was an elected member of the governing body and by 1905 he was teaching Irish language classes in branch offices of the league.
In February 1900 Ceannt, along with Edward Martyn founded  (The Pipers Club).  Ceannt's musical talents earned him a gold medal at the 1906 Oireachtas and in 1905 he even put on a performance for Pope Pius X.  It is said that the main language in the Pipers Club was Irish and played a role in reviving Irish music.
It was through the Gaelic League where Ceannt first met his wife, Frances Mary O'Brennan who was known as Áine. She came from a strongly nationalist family, both of her sisters Kathleen and Lily O'Brennan were also involved in the nationalist movement. She joined the League as she shared an interest in the Irish culture and heritage. They got married in June 1905. Their son, Ronan was born in June 1906.

In 1907 Ceannt joined the Dublin central branch of Sinn Féin and over the following years he became increasingly determined to see an Independent Ireland.  In 1912 he was sworn to the Irish Republican Brotherhood by Seán Mac Diarmada.  This movement was pledged to achieve Irish independence and to do so by using physical force if necessary.

Education and career
While living in county Louth, Ceannt attended the De La Salle national school. After 5 years of schooling in Louth, the family moved to Drogheda, where he attended the Christian Brothers school, Sunday's Gate (Now Scholars Townhouse Hotel). They moved to Dublin in 1892 and lived in Drumcondra. Here he attended the North Richmond Street Christian Brothers School. Two other leaders from the 1916 rising, Seán Heuston and Con Colbert, were educated at that school.

Ceannt achieved excellent results in his final exams prior to leaving school. After finishing he was presented with the opportunity to work for the civil service but turned this position down as he felt he would be working for the British. He went on to secure a job with the clerical staff of the City Treasurer and Estates and Finances office; he was working as an accountant with the Dublin Corporation from 1901 to 1916.

Ceannt was involved in trade unionism, being a member of the Dublin Metropolitan Officers' Association and later serving as its chairman. He publicly supported the workers in the Wexford lock-out of 1911 (forerunner of the Dublin Lock-out of 1913), saying "the right of free speech, of public meeting and of organising for a lawful purpose ought to be unquestioned and unquestionable".

Easter Rising

In May 1915, the IRB Military Council, consisting of Joseph Plunkett and Seán Mac Diarmada as well as Ceannt, began plans for a rebellion. Ceannt was one of the seven men to sign the Proclamation of Independence for the Irish Republic and had been appointed Director of Communications. He was made commandant of the 4th Battalion of the Volunteers, and during the Rising was stationed at the South Dublin Union, with more than 100 men under his command, notably his second-in-command Cathal Brugha, and W. T. Cosgrave. The South Dublin Union controlled a large area south of Kilmainham around Dolphin's Barn.

As 3rd Royal Irish came to Mount Brown, a section of Ceannt's battalion under section commander John Joyce opened fire, killing a number of soldiers. The British could not break through to Dublin Castle, and so brought up more troops from Kilmainham Barracks. A ceasefire allowed casualty retrieval. The Volunteers drove back repeated assaults from determined regimental attacks. Ceannt used a contingent at the Marrowbone Lane Distillery to enfilade the passing soldiers; grinding attacks broke through to the Women's Infirmary. On Tuesday 25 April, the British could have closed off the battle, but failed to press home the advantage when the 4th Royal Dublin Fusiliers arrived, and Ceannt continued to hold out with 20 times fewer men. On Thursday 27 April, a British battalion made south, as far as the Rialto Bridge, when Ceannt's outposts opened fire.

The British were forced to tunnel into the buildings and, as Ceannt's numbers reduced, it was increasingly involved in close quarter fighting. His unit saw intense fighting at times during the week, but surrendered when ordered to do so by his superior officer Patrick Pearse.

Trial and death
After the unconditional surrender of the 1916 fighters, Eamonn Ceannt along with the other survivors were brought to Richmond Barracks to be detained. On Monday 1 May, plain clothes detectives known as the "G-men" identified the leaders of the Rising, Ceannt being one of them. While Ceannt was being picked for trial, volunteer James Coughlan remembers him being determined in looking after the welfare of "the humblest of those who had served under him."

Ceannt was tried under court martial as demanded by General Maxwell. Maxwell was determined to afflict the death penalty upon Ceannt and the other leaders of the Rising. However, he faced legal issues which prevented him from doing so. These legal issues only allowed the death penalty to be used if one was found aiding the enemy, being Germany at that time. Not until Maxwell obtained a letter from Patrick Pearse addressed to his mother regarding the communication with the Germans was he legally obliged to deploy the death penalty. From this point Ceannt and his comrades began facing the prospect of a firing squad. On Tuesday 2 May, Ceannt was sent for court-martial. He was sentenced to death and transferred to Kilmainham Gaol, cell 88. He was executed on 8 May 1916, aged 34. He is buried at Arbour Hill.

In July 1926, the Irish Independent published an article that included Eamonn Ceannt's last message, written a few hours before his execution ten years previously. In it, he said:
I leave for the guidance of other Irish Revolutionaries who may tread the path which I have trod this advice, never to treat with the enemy, never to surrender at his mercy, but to fight to a finish...Ireland has shown she is a nation. This generation can claim to have raised sons as brave as any that went before. And in the years to come Ireland will honour those who risked all for her honour at Easter 1916.

Legacy
Galway City's Ceannt Station, the main bus and rail station in his native county of Galway, is named in his honour, as well as Éamonn Ceannt Park in Dublin. Eamonn Ceannt Tower in Ballymun, which was demolished in 2005, was also named after him. There is also a commemorative plaque on the wall of Scholars Townhouse Hotel, the former Christian Brother School where Eamonn Ceannt was educated.

Ceannt Barracks located in the Curragh Camp bears his name.

Ceannt Fort in Dublin 8 was renamed in his honour, having been laid out in 1917-1922 by Dublin Corporation and originally named McCaffrey's Estate.

References

Bibliography
 Henry, William, Supreme Sacrifice: The Story of Eamonn Ceannt, Mercier Press, Cork 2005.
 Henry, William, unpublished biography, Supreme Sacrifice: The Story of Eamonn Ceannt 1881-1916 William Henry Collection, Galway.
 Kent, Richard, Account of his brother Eamonn Ceannt's last hours Copy in Kilmainham Gaol Collection.
 Kent, Richard, Biographical Notes on Eamonn Ceannt (16 April 1917), Copy in Kilmainham Gaol Collection.
 McNally, Michael, Easter Rising: Birth of the Irish Republic, Campaign series, Osprey publishing, 2007.
 Townshend, Charles, Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion, Allen Lane, London 2005.

External links
 Éamonn Ceannt, Census of Ireland, 1911

1881 births
1916 deaths
Executed participants in the Easter Rising
Irish republicans
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
People from County Galway
Signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic
Executed people from County Galway

Éamonn Ceannt


Nave Island (gälisch: Noamh) ist eine schottische Insel. Sie liegt nur etwa 500 Meter nördlich von Ardnave Point, einem Kap im Nordwesten der Insel Islay, und gehört zur Inselgruppe Innere Hebriden, beziehungsweise administrativ zur Council Area Argyll and Bute. Historisch gehörte Nave zur traditionellen Grafschaft Argyllshire.

Nave Island ist unbewohnt. Der Name leitet sich von dem gälischen Wort für heilig ab und bezieht sich auf eine Kirche und eine Begräbnisstätte auf der Insel. Von der Kirche ist heute nur noch eine Ruine übrig. Dieses als Nave Island Chapel bezeichnete Gebäude ist in den schottischen Denkmallisten eingetragen.

Geographie
Die maximale Nord-Süd-Ausdehnung beträgt etwa 1,5 km, die maximale Breite 650 m. Die Flächenausdehnung beläuft sich auf 37 Hektar. Der höchste Punkt der Insel erhebt sich 34 m über den Meeresspiegel. Nave Islands markiert die westliche Einfahrt des Meeresarmes Loch Gruinart.

Einzelnachweise

Insel (Argyll and Bute)
Insel (Europa)
Insel (Atlantischer Ozean)
Insel der Inneren Hebriden

Nave Island


Wilmot Vaughan,  vicomte Lisburne (décédé le ), est un propriétaire terrien gallois et pair irlandais. Il hérite de ses titres et du domaine de Trawsgoed dans le Cardiganshire de son frère aîné en 1741, mais le domaine est lourdement grevé financièrement et il doit passer plus d'une décennie à le défendre contre les revendications de l'ex-femme de son frère et de son fils.

Biographie
Wilmot est le deuxième fils de John Vaughan,  vicomte Lisburne, et de sa femme Lady Malet Wilmot. Il semble avoir été le Wilmot Vaughan qui est nommé capitaine dans le Grove's Regiment of Foot le 13 avril 1723 et transféré au commandement d'une compagnie indépendante d'invalides à Hull le 9 août 1737.

En 1727, Wilmot épouse Elizabeth Watson, la sœur de Thomas Watson de Berwick-upon-Tweed. Ils ont quatre enfants :

 Wilmot Vaughan (1er comte de Lisburne) (1728-1800)
 John Vaughan (c.1729-1795)
 Malet Vaughan (bc1730), décédé jeune
 Elizabeth Vaughan (c.1741 - janvier 1817), épouse Thomas Lloyd (d. 1783) d'Abertrinant et a des descendants

Le frère aîné de Wilmot, , mène une vie dissipée garde de nombreuses maîtresses et se sépare de sa femme Dorothy en 1729 lorsqu'elle a une liaison avec son beau-frère, son agent foncier. Ils vivent séparés par la suite et son fils Edward, né en 1733, n'est presque certainement pas celui de John, bien qu'il soit baptisé du nom de Vaughan. Le testament final de John, fait en janvier 1741, lègue presque tous ses biens à Wilmot, qui est également nommé tuteur de Malet, la fille légitime de John.

Trawsgoed
John meurt peu de temps après et Wilmot prend immédiatement possession de Trawsgoed. Le domaine, qui rapporte environ 1 000 £ par an, est hypothéqué et chargé d'une jointure pour Dorothy et d'une provision pour Malet. Wilmot n'a pas réussi à bloquer le paiement de la copropriété de Dorothy, mais après plusieurs années de litige, Dorothy et Edward règlent avec lui en 1754, juste avant que leur revendication sur le titre et les domaines n'ait été jugée. Edward accepte d'abandonner ses prétentions en échange d'une rente, bien qu'il ait continué à utiliser le nom et les armes de Vaughan.

Lord lieutenant
Après un délai de plusieurs années, Wilmot est nommé Lord-lieutenant du Cardiganshire en 1744, succédant à son frère. Il travaille à gérer le domaine de Trawsgoed plus efficacement que son frère, mais ne l'a pas encore libéré de ses dettes lorsqu'il meurt le 19 janvier 1766. Son fils Wilmot, entré en politique, lui succède dans ses titres et domaines dès 1755 et reprend le poste de lord-lieutenant en 1762.

Références

Bibliographie

Vicomte de la pairie d'Irlande
Lord-lieutenant du Cardiganshire
Décès en juin 1766

Wilmot Vaughan (3e vicomte Lisburne)


Basra (Arapça: البصرة), Irak'ın güneyinde bir kent; Irak'ın ikinci büyük şehri ve en önemli limanı. Hamar Gölünün güneydoğu ucunda, Şattül Arap su yolunun batı kıyısında, Basra Körfezi'ne 55, Bağdat'a ise 545 kilometre uzaklıktadır.

Tarihçe
Eski çağlarda edebiyat, bilim ve ticaret merkezi olan Basra, 638'de ikinci halife Ömer tarafından askeri bir karargâh olarak, bugünkü  ez-Zubeyr kentinin 13 km ötesinde kuruldu. Sert iklimine ve karargâh için içme suyu sağlamanın güçlüklerine karşın, Basra Körfezine yakınlığı, ayrıca Fırat ve Dicle nehirlerine kolayca ulaşılan bir yerde bulunması nedeniyle, gerçek bir kent olarak gelişti. Mimari bakımdan önem taşıyan ilk cami 665'te burada inşa edildi.

642'de Nihavend'de Sasanilerle çarpışan Basra birlikleri, 650'de İran'ın batı eyaletlerini ele geçirdi. Kent, 656'da Muhammed'in dul eşi Aişe ile damadı ve dördüncü halife olan Ali arasındaki Cemel (Deve) Vakası olarak bilinen çarpışmaya sahne oldu. Basra'nın çoğunluğunun Sünni olmasına karşın, kentte yalnızca Ali'nin soyundan gelenlerin halife olabileceğini savunan Şiiler ile her ahil Müslümanın halife olabileceğini ileri süren Hariciler de etkindi. Dönemin toplumsal koşulları, siyasi çekişmelerin daha da artmasına yol açtı. Arap ordusu Basra'da bir soylu sınıfı oluşturmuştu. Kente yerleşmiş olan göçmenler (Hintler, İranlılar, Afrikalılar, Malaylar) ise yalnızca mevali (köle ya da Arap kabilelerinin yanaşması) konumundaydı. Basra, 7. yüzyıl sonlarından başlayarak karışıklık ve ayaklanmalara sahne oldu. Kısa bir süre, halifeliğini ilan etmiş olan Abdullah bin Zübeyr'e (ö. 692) bağlı güçlerin yönetimi altına giren kent, 701'de Ibnü'l-Eş'as, 719-720'de de el-Muhalleb ayaklanmalarının merkezi oldu. Ayaklanmalar, 750'de Abbasilerin halifeliği ele geçirmesinden sonra da sürdü. 820-835 arasında Çingeneleri andıran Hint kökenli Zottlar, 869-883 arasında da tarım işçisi olarak Afrika'dan Mezopotamya'ya getirilmiş olan Siyah köleler ayaklandılar. Basra, 923'te, Karmatiler tarafından işgal edilip yıkıldıktan sonra önemini yitirdi ve yerini Abbasilerin başkenti Bağdat aldı. 14. yüzyıla gelindiğinde, bakımsızlık ve Moğol saldırıları nedeniyle Basra'nın büyük bölümü yıkılmış durumdaydı. 16. yüzyılda, nehrin birkaç kilometre ötesinde, eski bir yerleşim yeri olan el-Ubullah'ın bulunduğu yerde yeniden kuruldu.

8. ve 9. yüzyılda önemli bir merkez olan Basra, Arap dilbilgisi kurallarını belirleyen ilk kişi olan Halil bin Ahmed ile Sibeveyhi'nin, Beşşarbin Bürd ve Ebu Nuvas gibi ünlü şairlerin, Arapça düzyazının ilk ustaları İbnü'l-Mukaffa, Sehl ibn Harun ve Cahiz'in Ebu Amr İbnü'l-Ala, Ebu Ubeyde ve Esmai gibi bilim adamlarının ve edebiyatçıların yetiştiği kentti. İlk mutasavvıflardan Hasan Basri, Basra'da yaşadı. Mutezile okulu da bu kentte gelişti.

Basra 1538'de Osmanlıların eline geçti ve kurulan Basra Eyaletinin merkezi oldu. XVII. ve XVIII. yüzyıllarda İngiliz, Felemenk ve Portekizli tüccarlar buraya yerleştiler. Kent 19. yüzyılda Bağdat'a yönelik nehir trafiğinde, yükleme noktası olarak önemli bir yer gelişme gösterdi. Daha önce hiç rıhtımın bulunmadığı Basra'da 1914'te modern bir limanın yapımı başladı. İngilizler I. Dünya Savaşı'nın hemen başında 23 Kasım 1914'te Basra'yı işgal ederek Mezopotamya ile Hindistan arasındaki iletişimin sağlanmasında bir liman olarak kullandılar(Irak Cephesi). Daha sonra kurulan İngiliz manda yönetimi döneminde kentte birçok iyileştirmeler gerçekleştirildi ve limanın önemi arttı. 1930'da liman tesisleri, İngilizlerden Irak mülkiyetine devredildi. II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Müttefikler, iş birliği yaptıkları Sovyetlere Basra üzerinden malzeme gönderdiler.

Savaş sonrası yıllarda Irak'ın petrol sanayisindeki büyüme Basra'yı önemli bir petrol arıtma ve ihraç merkezine dönüştürdü. İran-Irak Savaşı'ndan (1980-88) önce Basra'dan Basra Körfezindeki el-Fao kentine pompalanan petrol, burada ihracat için tankerlere yüklenirdi. Ama İran-Irak Savaşı'nın ilk aylarında kentteki rafineri tesisleri büyük zarar gördü; İranlıların kente yaklaşık 10 km kadar yaklaştığı 1987'de birçok bina top atışı sonucu yok oldu. Bu arada savaş sırasında şehir sakinlerinin önemli bir bölümü kenti terk etti; savaş öncesi 1.5 milyona yaklaşan Basra nüfusu 650 bin'e kadar düştü.

1991'deki, Körfez Savaşı'ndan hemen sonra kentte başlayan ayaklanma sert biçimde bastırıldı. 2003'teki Irak Savaşı sırasında özellikle şehrin dış mahallelerinde, koalisyon güçleriyle Irak kuvvetleri arasında yaşanan sert çatışmalardan sonra, koalisyon güçlerinin eline geçen ilk yerleşim oldu.

İklim

Kent ve Ekonomi

Modern Basra kenti, al-Aşar ve el-Makil adlı iki küçük kasaba ile Nehrü'l-Aşar'ın çevresinde kümelenmiş köylerden oluşur. Bu yerleşimlerin çevresinde yaygın hurma bahçeleri bulunur; bunları, akaçlama kanalları Şattü'l-Arap'tan genişliği yaklaşık 5 km'yi bulan küçük girintiler keser.

Genç bir nüfusa sahip olan Basra şehrinde işsizlik en önemli sorunlardan biridir. İran-Irak Savaşı ardından uzun yıllar yatırım yapılmayan şehir günümüzde yeni yeni yapılanma içine girmiştir.

Basra Spor Şehri 2009-2013 yılları arasında inşa edilmiş önemli bir spor kompleksidir.

Kardeş şehirler
   Bağdat, Irak
   Dubai, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri
   Houston, ABD
   Nişabur, İran
   Bakü, Azerbaycan
   Akabe, Ürdün

Kaynakça

Irak'taki şehirler

Basra


Frano Missia (Split, 23. travnja 1924. – Split, 28. ožujka 2018.), hrvatsko-američki akademski slikar.

Školovanje
Osnovnu školu završio u rodnom gradu Splitu, gdje je započeo gimnazijsko školovanje (Muška realna gimnazija), ali je zbog ratnih okolnosti maturirao u Osijeku. Upisao je studij strojarstva na Tehničkom fakultetu u Zagrebu, gdje je diplomirao 1957. godine te istovremeno studirao kazališnu scenografiju na Kazališnoj akademiji u Zagrebu u klasi prof. Kamila Tompe.

Studij slikarstva započeo je u Parizu i završio u SAD-u, gdje je diplomirao i slikarstvo i scenografiju na Hunter College, New York pa magistrirao 1973. godine na City University of New York. Na tom je Sveučilištu predavao slikarske predmete od 1974. do 1996. godine te doktorirao 1993. godine na Columbia University s temom iz pedagogije slikarstva (Painting the Nude by Male Artists in Western Art).

Slikarstvo

Frano Missia je najveći dio života posvetio slikarstvu i slikanju u Hrvatskoj, Francuskoj i SAD-u. Vječiti putnik između Splita, Pariza i New Yorka nosio je sa sobom tragove svih tih ambijenata i njihovih likovnih sredina. U Parizu je radio i izlagao od 1958. do 1968. godine kad odlazi u New York.

Svoje je radove izlagao na mnogobrojnim skupnim i samostalnim izložbama u muzejima i galerijama spomenutih država. U New Yorku se povremeno bavio i kazališnom scenografijom.

Okušao se u mnogim slikarskim tehnikama (akvarel, tempera, ulje, akrilik, freska, asamblaž, grafika), eksperimentirao s mnogim netipičnim materijama (drvo, tkanina, karton) u različitim dimenzijama, da bi u kiparstvu izrađivao minijaturne ženske aktove u terakoti.

Motivi njegovih slika najčešće su bili pejzaži dalmatinskih lokaliteta, njujorškog Central Parka, u čijoj je blizini živio, te koloristički pejzaži, ženski aktovi, vedute Splita i Pariza. Mnogi ženski aktovi su apstraktni, a poseban opus su korpulentne sportašice kao i mitološka bića. Dolaskom u New York nastavlja s apstrakcijama, apstraktnim ekspresionizmom, ali i započinje svoj opus grafika.

Slikar Missia često prelazi iz figuralnog slikarstva u apstraktno, istražuje mogućnosti slikarstva materije i enformela, radoznalo pronalazi nove izazove i stvara nova djela, neka sasvim slučajno, a neka razvija vraćajući se istom motivu i po nekoliko puta.

Radovi Frane Missije nalaze se u nekoliko galerija i muzeja: Muzej grada Splita, Galerija umjetnina Split, Muzej grada Kaštela, Muzej moderne umjetnosti grada Pariza, a najveći broj u privatnim kolekcijama hrvatskih, francuskih i američkih galerista i kolekcionara.

O njegovom je životu i radu 2019. godine objavljena dvojezična hrvatsko-engleska monografija "Frano Missia – lutajući slikar: kronopis jednoga umjetničkog puta " (Frano Missia – Itinerant Painter: Chronopis of an Artistic Journey) autora Dalibora Prančevića.

Glazba
Odrastao je u bankarskoj obitelji koja je imala i umjetničke sklonosti: majka Marta je pomalo slikala akvarele i pjevala operne arije sa sestrama u tercetu, otac Josip je usavršavao operno pjevanje kod maestra Josipa Hatzea. Frano Missia je svoju prvu glazbenu poduku imao od svoje tete Olge Tresić – Pavičić, profesorice glasovira, pa je tako svirao glasovir, orgulje i saksofon. Osnovao je svoj jazz trio, skladao šlagere i nastupao u prvim jazz orkestrima u Splitu. Od glazbene karijere je odustao nakon što mu je dijagnosticirana plućna infekcija.

Ostalo
Posao strojarskog inženjera obavljao je u Francuskoj i Njemačkoj, ali uvijek je uz strojarstvo imao vremena za slikanje tako da su njegove i ostale su u zemljama u kojima je boravio i izlagao svoje slike.
Svoja inženjerska znanja iskoristio je za konstrukciju i izradu nekoliko brodskih jedrilica koje je napravio u ljetnim mjesecima dok je boravio u Splitu. Rado je plovio u splitskom akvatoriju.

Od malena se bavio sportom – najprije nogometom pa veslanjem, jedrenjem i skijanjem. Njegovi rani slikarski radovi nastali još u dječjoj dobi upravo prikazuju nogometaše u igri. Sport je ujedno bio nadahnuće za slikanje mnogobrojnih korpulentnih sportašica u različitim sportovima (trkačice, biciklistice, tenisačice, veslačice, plivačice, dizačice utega, gimnastičarke, jedriličarke, …).

Volio je putovati, istraživati različite kulture i dobivati nova nadahnuća. Proputovao je stotinjak država skoro na svim kontinentima. Uz materinji hrvatski jezik govorio je engleski, francuski, talijanski, njemački i španjolski jezik.

Grad Split je proglasio Franu Missiju dobitnikom Nagrade Grada Splita za 2013. godinu za postignuća na području likovne umjetnosti.

Galerija

Izvori

Literatura

 Dalibor Prančević: Frano Missia – lutajući slikar: kronopis jednoga umjetničkog puta (Frano Missia – Itinerant Painter: Chronoscript of an Artistic Journey), Filozofski fakultet u Splitu (ISBN 978-953-352-033-9 ) i Muzej grada Splita (ISBN 978-953-6638-85-7) (dizajn: Viktor Popović, fotografije: Zoran Alajbeg), Split, 2018.

Vanjske poveznice
 Facebook stranica Frano Missia (od 2022.g.)
 Izložba "Slikarski mozaik: Pariške impresije i drugo", Zagreb, 2020.
 Izložba "Frano Missia: Dvojstva", Split, 2019.
 Promocija monografije o Frani Missiji, Split, 2019.
 Izložba "AN ARTIST AT MEŠTROVIĆ'S: Frano Missia", Split, 2018.
 Izložba "Slike iz škafetina i ostalo", Split, 2015.
 Frano Missia - HULU Split

Hrvatski likovni umjetnici

Frano Missia


Martin Cruz Smith, born Martin William Smith (November 3, 1942) is an American writer of mystery and suspense fiction, mostly in an international or historical setting. He is best known for his ten-novel series (to date) on Russian investigator Arkady Renko, introduced in 1981 with Gorky Park. The tenth book in the series, Independence Square, was published in May 2023.

Early life and education
Martin William Smith was born in Reading, Pennsylvania to John Calhoun Smith, jazz musician and Louise Lopez, an American Indian of Pueblo descent, jazz singer, teacher, Amerindian rights militant, and Miss New Mexico in 1939. Martin was educated at Germantown Academy, in Ft Washington, Pennsylvania, then at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in creative writing in 1964. He is of partly Pueblo, Spanish, Senecu del Sur and Yaqui ancestry.

Career
Smith worked as a journalist from 1965 to 1969 and began writing fiction in the early 1970s. He wrote two Slocum adult action Western novels under the pen name Jake Logan. He has also written a number of other paperback originals, including a series about a character named "The Inquisitor", a James Bond-type agent employed by the Vatican; and a science fiction novel, The Indians Won. He wrote three novels in the Nick Carter series.

Canto for a Gypsy, Smith's third novel overall and the second to feature Roman Grey, a gypsy art dealer in New York City, was nominated for an Edgar Award.
Nightwing (1977), also an Edgar nominee, was his breakthrough novel, and he adapted it for a feature film of the same name (1979).

Smith is best known for his novels featuring Russian investigator Arkady Renko, whom he introduced in Gorky Park (1981). The novel, which Time called the "first thriller of the '80s", became a bestseller and won a Gold Dagger Award from the British Crime Writers' Association. Renko has since appeared in eight other novels by Smith. Gorky Park debuted at No. 2 on the New York Times bestseller list on April 26, 1981 and occupied the top spot for a week. It stayed in the No. 2 position for over three months, beaten only by James Clavell's Noble House, and stayed in the top 15 through November of that year. Polar Star also claimed the No. 1 spot for two weeks on August 6, 1989, and held the No. 2 spot for over two months.

During the 1990s, Smith twice won the Dashiell Hammett Award from the North American Branch of the International Association of Crime Writers. The first time was for Rose in 1996; the second time was for Havana Bay in 1999. On September 5, 2010, he and Arkady Renko returned to the New York Times bestseller list when Three Stations debuted at No. 7 on the fiction bestsellers list.  His most recent novel featuring Renko is Independence Square (2023).

Pseudonym
He originally wrote under the name "Martin Smith", only to discover there were other writers with the same name. His agent asked Smith to add a third name and Smith chose Cruz, his paternal grandmother's surname.

Personal life
Smith lives in San Rafael, California, with his family.

Bibliography

Romano Grey books
(as Martin Smith)
Gypsy in Amber New York: Putnam, [1971]
Canto for a Gypsy New York: Putnam, [1972]

The Inquisitor Series
(as Simon Quinn)
The Devil in Kansas (1974) (The Inquisitor Series #1)
The Last Time I Saw Hell (1974) (The Inquisitor Series #2)
Nuplex Red (1974) (The Inquisitor Series #3)
His Eminence, Death (1974) (The Inquisitor Series #4)
The Midas Coffin (1975) (The Inquisitor Series #5)
Last Rites for the Vulture (1975) (The Inquisitor Series #6)

Arkady Renko books
Gorky Park New York: Random House, 1981
Polar Star New York: Random House, 1989
Red Square New York: Random House, 1992
Havana Bay New York: Random House, 1999
Wolves Eat Dogs New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004
Stalin's Ghost New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007
Three Stations New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010
Tatiana New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013
The Siberian Dilemma New York: Simon & Schuster, 2019
Independence Square New York: Simon & Schuster, 2023 ISBN 978-1-6431-3325-6

Other books
The Indians Won (1970)
The Analog Bullet (1972)
Inca Death Squad (1972) (as Nick Carter)
The Devil's Dozen (1973) (as Nick Carter)
Code Name: Werewolf (1973) (as Nick Carter)
The Human Factor (1975) (as Simon Quinn)
The Wilderness Family (1975) (as Martin Quinn)
North to Dakota (a Slocum western) (1976) (as Jake Logan)
Ride for Revenge (a Slocum western) (1977) (as Jake Logan)
Nightwing (1977)
Stallion Gate (1986).
Rose (1996)
December 6 (2002) (also published as Tokyo Station)
The Girl from Venice (2016)

References

External links

1942 births
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
American mystery writers
American thriller writers
American alternate history writers
Living people

Native American novelists
Novelists from Pennsylvania
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Writers from San Rafael, California
Writers from Reading, Pennsylvania
Germantown Academy alumni
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from Pennsylvania
American people of Yaqui descent
Pueblo people
Yaqui people
Native American people from Pennsylvania

Martin Cruz Smith


Ercüment Şahin, (d. 1 Ekim 1968, İsviçre), forvet mevkiinde oynamış Türk eski millî futbolcudur. 2007 yılından itibaren Antrenörlük yapmaktadır.

Futbol Kariyeri

Kulüp Takımlarındaki Kariyeri

Futbol hayatına İsviçre'de başlayan Şahin, sırası ile FC Bülach, FC Zürich ve FC Chiasso formaları giymiştir. 1 Kez FC Zürich'de 31 golle, 1 kez FC Chiasso'da 27 golle gol kralı oldu. Türkiye'ye dönemin Bursaspor Teknik Direktörü Nejat Biyediç aracılığı ile 27 yaşında gelen Şahin, Bursaspor'da oynamaya başlamıştır.

Bursaspor ile UEFA Intertoto Kupası'nda büyük başarılar imza atan Ercüment Şahin(6 gol), daha sonra Altay, Vanspor, Konyaspor ve Sarıyer takımlarında forma giymiştir. Futbol hayatını yetiştiği takımı olan FC Bülach'da noktalamıştır.

Ercüment Şahin, hâlen Bursaspor taraftarı tarafından, UEFA Intertoto Kupası'nda takıma yaşattığı başarılar, özellikle de Karlsruhe maçında attığı, fileleri yırtan gol nedeniyle bir kahraman olarak görülmektedir.

Millî takım kariyeri

1 kez A Milli takımda forma giymiştir.

Teknik Direktörlük Kariyeri

Kulüp Takımlarındaki Kariyeri

2005 yılında Anadolu Üniversitesi Amatör Futbol takımını çalıştırdıktan sonra, sırasıyla Dardanelspor, İzmirspor, İnegölspor ve Eskişehirspor'da Antrenörlük yapmıştır.
Ocak 2010-Mart 2011 Kayseri Erciyesspor'da Antrenör olarak görev aldı

Futbolcu Başarıları

Bireysel
 Attığı 7 golle Bursaspor'un Auvrupa Kupalarında en golcü futbolcusu unvanına sahiptir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1968 doğumlular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Resim aranan futbolcular
Türk gurbetçi futbolcular
Altay SK futbolcuları
Bursaspor futbolcuları
Türkiye millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Forvet futbolcular

Ercüment Şahin


Meriden Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Meriden Township (Illinois)
 Meriden Township (Minnesota)

Meriden Township


Čamski jezici, skupina malajsko-čamskih jezika, dio malajsko-polinezijske porodice. Postoji dvanaest priznatih jezika od kojih se devet govori po Vijetnamu, i po jedan u Kiniji, Indoneziji i Kambodži.

Čamska skupina jezika pretghodno je svrstavana u malajičke jezike

Izvori

Austronezijski jezici

Čamski jezici