Arap Alevileri Şii inancının bir kolu olarak kabul edilirler. veya Nusayriler (Arapça: نصيرية) Aleviler, Oniki İmamcı okulun ilk İmamı olarak kabul edilen Ali'ye (Ali ibn Abi Talib) saygı duyarlar. Grubun 9. yüzyılda İbn Nusayr tarafından kurulduğuna inanılıyor. İbn Nusayr, onuncu Oniki İmam Ali el-Hadi'nin ve on birinci Oniki İmam Hasan el-Askeri'nin bir öğrencisiydi. Bu nedenle Alevilere Nusayri de denilmektedir. Başka bir isim olan Ensari'nin "Nusayri"nin yanlış tercümesi olduğuna inanılıyor. Nusayriler, Sami kökenli topluluklardandır. Günümüzde Arap Alevileri, Hatay, Adana, Mersin, Lazkiye, Tartus gibi kıyı illerde yaşamaktadırlar.

Mehrdad Izady'nin anketlerin sonuçlarına göre, Nusayriler, Suriye nüfusunun yüzde 17,2 temsil ettiğini, 2010 yılında 11,8 yüzde artışla  ve önemli bir azınlık olarak Hatay'ın ait Türkiye ve Kuzey Lübnan civarında bulunduklarını saptamıştır. Bugün Golan tepelerinde yine Nusayri yerleşimlerini görmekteyiz. Arap Alevileri, Suriye kıyılarında ve kıyıya yakın kasabalarda Sünniler, Hıristiyanlar ve İsmaililerin de yaşadığı baskın bir dini grubu oluşturmaktadır. Arap Alevileri, Türkiyede'ki Aleviler ile isim benzerliğinden dolayı karıştırılmaktadır. Arap Alevileri, Nusayri veya El-Alaviyyun olarak hitap edilmektedirler.

Nusayriler kendilerini ayrı bir etnik-dini grup olarak tanımlarlar. Kur'an başlıca kutsal kitap ve metinlerden biri olarak kabul edilir. Bu metinlerin yorumlanması Galiyye ve Bâtinîlik yolu ile sağlanmaktadır. Alevi teolojisi ve ritüelleri, ana inanç Şii İslam'dan birkaç önemli hususlarda ayrılmaktadır. Arap Alevileri ritüellerinde işlenmemiş üzüm suyu içilmektedir; Diğer Müslümanlar alkolden uzak dururken, Aleviler sosyal olarak ılımlı bir yaklaşımla alkol kullanmaktadırlar. Son olarak, reenkarnasyon inanışı da bu kültürün kadimliğini gözler önüne sermektedir.

Arap Alevileri, tarihsel olarak inançlarını yabancılardan ve inisiye olmayan Alevilerden gizli tutmuşlar, bu yüzden onlar hakkında söylentiler ortaya çıkmıştır. İnançlarına ilişkin Arap medyasında basın açıklamaları partizan olma eğilimini ortaya koymuştur (olumlu ya da olumsuz). Bununla birlikte, 2000'lerin başından beri, Alevi dinine ilişkin Batılı araştırmalar önemli ilerlemeler kaydetti. Alevi inancının özünde, tek Tanrı'nın üç yönünü içeren ilahi bir üçleme vardır. Tıpkı ilk zamanlarda (Nasuralılar) Hristiyan inancında olduğu gibi. Bu yönler veya yayılımlar, tarih boyunca insan biçiminde döngüsel olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Suriye'de, Fransız Mandası'nın kurulmasıyla Nusayri tarihinde bir dönüm noktası oldu. Fransızlar, Suriyeli sivilleri süresiz olarak silahlı kuvvetlerine alma yetkisi verdi ve bir Nusayri Devleti de dahil olmak üzere azınlıklar için özel alanlar yarattı. Nusayri Devleti daha sonra dağıtıldı, ancak Arap Alevileri, Suriye Silahlı Kuvvetlerinin önemli bir parçası olmaya devam etti.

Etnik Köken

Arap Alevileri, on birinci İmam Hasan el-Askeri (873) ve öğrencisi İbn Nusayr'ın (868) takipçilerinin soyundan geldiklerini görmekteyiz..  Daha da geriye gidecek olursak 19. ve 20. yüzyıllarda, bazı Batılı bilim adamları Nusayrilerin, Aramiler, Kenanlılar, Hititler ve Mardaitler gibi eski Orta Doğu halklarının soyundan geldiğine inanıyorlardı.  Birçok önde gelen Alevi şehyleri de M.Ö. 13. yüzyılda Sincarlı 'dan geldiklerini iddia etmektedirler. M.Ö 13. yüzyılda Sami kökenli Aramilerin, Hurri ve Hititerin yaşadığı Hatay, Adana, Lazkiye ve Mersin çevresine yerleştiğini görüyoruz. Alevi din adamlarının savlarını doğrular niteliktedir.

Antik dönemde ise; Plinius'un ''Doğa Tarihi'' eserinin V. Kitabında şunları dile getirmektedir:

''Şimdi Suriye'nin iç kısmından söz etmeliyiz. Coele Suriye'de Marsyas nehri tarafından Nazerini Tetrarşisinden ayrılan Apamea kasabası vardır.''

—  Yaşlı Plinius ,

"Nazerini" adı verilen küçük bir dağ silsilesinin günümüzde de An-Nusayrileri Dağları olarak kabul edilmektedir. Günümüzde de olduğu gibi bu dağlar civarında yaşayanlar Nazerani (Nasrani) yani Ansari - An Nusayriler yaşamaktadır.  Bununla birlikte, bazı bilim adamları Nazerini ve Nasuralılar arasında bağlantı kurmaktan kaçınsalarda  "Nazerini"'nin Sami dil ailesine mesnub olduğu unutulmamalıdır.  ''Nasrani veya Nusayr'' Sami kökenli kelime olup üç harfli kök olan , n-S-R  'dan gelir. Anlam olarak Nasır veya Nazzara (Ansar) ilginçtir ki Doğu Aramice ve Arapça'da "Koruyucu, Bekçi, Gözcü " anlamını taşımaktadır. Tartışmalı olsa da Massignon'un Nusayrilerin, Nazaretliler olduğunu iddia etmesi yadsınacak gibi değildir. Nitekim Nasuralıların, Nusayriler ile aynı coğrafyada aynı kökende olması ve nedense günümüzde varlıklarının olmaması şüphe uyandırıcıdır. Nassura-Nusayri ilişkisi önümüzdeki akademik araştırmalarda ön plana çıkacak ve muhtemel aralarındaki sır perdesi çözülecektir.

Nüfus ve dağılımı
Dünya genelinde yaşayan Arap Alevileri; Suriye (1.500.000 - 2.000.000), Lübnan (100.000) ve Türkiye'dedir (1.000.000). Ancak Dünya'nın farklı bölgelerinde, özellikle Almanya, Fransa, Yunanistan, ABD, Kanada, Meksika, Arjantin, Panama, Brezilya, Irak, Kuveyt, Ürdün, Sudan, Mısır, İran, Azerbaycan, Rusya, Yeni Zelanda ve Avustralya'da da Nusayrîler yaşamaktadır.

Türkiye'deki Arap Alevileri
Çukurova bölgesinde yaşayan Nusayriler, Sünni nüfus tarafından Fellah ve Arabuşağı olarak adlandırılmış ve ötekileştirilmişlerdir. Arap kökenlerini gizlemek adına 1930'larda Türk yetkililer Eti Türkleri ("Hitit Türkleri") siyasi lakabını kullanmıştır. Bu terim modası geçmiş olmasına karşın, bazı Türk köktenciler tarafından günümüzde bir örtmece olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Nusayriler, Türkiye'de Hatay'dan, Adana ovasına kadar yerleşimlerinin olduğu bilinmektedir. 1939'da Aleviler, Hatay ilinin nüfusunun yaklaşık yüzde 40'ını oluşturuyordu. Fransız coğrafyacı Fabrice Balanche'a göre Türkiye Arap Alevileri ile Suriye Alevileri arasındaki ilişkilerin bağı sınırlı olmuştur. Türkleştirme politikası ve Suriye-Türkiye sınırının onlarca yıldır kapanmasıyla bu ilişkilerin sınırlandığını görmekteyiz.

Türkiye'deki Arap Aleviler geleneksel olarak Suriye Arap Alevileri ile aynı Levanten Arapça lehçesini konuşurlar. Arapça, kırsal topluluklarda ve Samandağ'da ve Arsuz'da korunmuştur. Adana ve Hatay illerinde gençler kendi ana dillerini konuşamayacak durumdadırlar. Arap Alevilerin konuştuğu Türkçe vurgular ve konuşmalarıyla ayırt edilebilmektedirler. Arap alfabesinin bilinirliği önemli oranda az olduğu gözükmektedir.

Aleviler kayda değer bir sosyal hareketlilik sergilemektedir . 1960'lara kadar Antakya civarındaki Sünni ağalara (toprak sahiplerine) bağlıydılar ve yoksuldular. Aleviler, ulaşım ve ticaret sektörlerinde öne çıkmış ve büyük, profesyonel bir orta sınıf olarak ortaya çıkmıştır.

Arap Alevisi Ünlüler

 Saleh al-Ali
 Zaki al-Arsuzi
 Jamal Suliman (Yönetmen)
 Wafa Sultan
 Badawi al-Jabal (Şair)
 Adunis (Şair)
 Barış Atay (Siyasetçi-Tiyatrocu)
 Haluk Levent (Müzisyen)
 Beşar Esad (Suriye Devlet Başkanı)
 Hafız Esad (Suriye Devlet Başkanı)
 Zulema Yoma
 Uğur Şahin (BioNTech Kurucusu)
 Hasan Şaş (Futbolcu)
 Gökhan Zan (Futbolcu)
 Selçuk İnan (Futbolcu)
 İsmail Köybaşı (Futbolcu)
 Gökhan Güney (Oyuncu)
 Hamdi Alkan (Oyuncu)
 Atiye (Şarkıcı)

Dil
Ana dilleri Arapça'dır. Suriye'deki Gebel ve Ensari'ye bağlı Süryânî/Lübnan lehçelerini konuşurlar. Yaşlı kuşak, günümüzde  Arapça konuşmaktadır.

Türkiye'de ise 1939'da Hatay'ın katılmasından sonra doğmuş olan kuşakça Türkçe konuşulmaktadır. Bugün Arapça ile Türkçe'nin bir karışımı konuşulur. Yaşlı nüfusun bir bölümü yaşadıkları bölgenin bir zamanlar Fransız hakimiyetinde olmasından dolayı Fransızca da bilmektedir.

Din

İmamiye-i Gâl'îyye'den olan Nusayr'îyye tarikâtının asıl kurucusu, Irak'ta Kûfe ile Vâsit arasında bir yerde bulunan Canbelâ Köyü doğumlu, Hasan el-Askerî ile yakın ilişkileri bulunan okumuş bir ailenin mensubu, "Şeyh Bayrak" nâmıyla ün salan ve Nusayr'îyye Tarikâtı'nın ulûsu olarak addedilen, yaklaşık olarak 957/968 yılları arasında Halep'te vefât eden "Ebû Abd-Allâh el-Huseyin ibn Hemdân'ûl-Canbûlânî El-Hasîbî" () adındaki zâttır. Bu Tarikâtın bâtıni i'tikadı, Şeyh Bayrak'ın Antakya köylüklerindeki hâlife ve mürîdlerinden olan "Muhammed bin Âliyy'ûl Cillî" ile "Meymûn bin Kâasım'ıt Tabarânî" tarafından çevreye yayılmıştır. (Nusayr'îyye Tarikâtı şeceresi .) Ayrıca,
"Muhammed ibn-i Cündeb" ve "Muhammed'ûl Cennân'îl Cünbûlânî" adındaki kişiler de Nusayr'îyye Tarikâtı bâtıni-i'tikadının neşriyâtına büyük ölçüde katkıda bulunmuşlardır.

Nusayr'îyye Tarikâtı
Adını On birinci İmâm Hasan El Askeri'nin öğrencisi Ebû Şu'ayb Muhammad ibn Nusayr'dan alan, Câferiyye Şiîliği ile Anadolu Alevîliği'nden inanç yönüden ayrılarak, İsmâilîyye, Dürzîlik, Hristiyanlık ve Suriye'deki diğer inançları da içeren ve Kitâb el-Mecmû adındaki duâ kitabını dînî eğilimlerinin ana kaynağı olarak kabul eden Ehl-i Beyt inancı.

Nusayrî i'tikadı
Günümüzde, Nusayr'îyye Tarikâtı'nın müntesiplerinin büyük çoğunluğunu Nusayrîler'in oluşturmasına rağmen, Nusayrîler'in tamamının kesin olarak bu oluşum üyelerinden olduklarını söylemek olanaksızdır. Nusayrî nüfus içerisinde değişmik mezheplerden olan kişilere de sıklıkla bulmak olanaklıdır.

Tarikâtın özellikleri
İnancın kurucusu Ebû Şu'ayb Muhammad ibn Nusayr (Muhammed bin Nusayrul Abdiyy'in Numayrî)'dir. Ancak Nusayrîliği sistemleştirip yayan kişi olarak Hamdam büyük saygı görür. Nusayrîlerin kutsal kitabı Kur'an-ı Kerîm'dir. Nusayrîler kendilerini Alevi olarak kabullenirler. Aleviler de Nusayrîleri kendilerinden tanırlar. Ancak Anadolu Alevîliği ile Nusayrîlik farklıdır. Haydarî ve Klâzî olarak iki gruba ayrılırlar. Klâzîler Türkiye'deki topluluğun % 30'unu oluştururlar ve daha tutucudurlar. Suriye'de ise Klâzîler çoğunluktadır. Suriye yönetimindeki Esad ailesinin de mensubu olduğu Nusayrîler, Suriye'de toplam nüfusun % 14'ünü oluştururlar.

Kitabu'l-Mecmu
Kitabu'l-Mecmu, bilinenin aksine Hamdan El-Hasibi tarafından değil Adanalı Süleyman Efendi tarafından 19. Yüzyılda yazılan kitaptır. Her ne kadar Nusayrîler'in kutsal kitabı olarak gösterilse de bilinenin aksine böyle bir şey yoktur. Adanalı Süleyman Efendi İmam olmak istemiş, o dönemdeki kıdemli Nusayrîler buna karşı çıkmıştır. Çünkü Nusayrîlik'te imam olmak için ''imam Soyundan'' olunması gerekmektedir. Buna karşı çıkan Adanalı Süleyman Efendi, Nusayrîliği terk ederek bu kitabı yazmıştır. Daha sonra Hristiyan olan Adanalı Süleyman Efendi, bir tandır kazası sonucunda yanarak ölmüştür. Kitab-ul Mecmu ise Nusayrîler'in kutsal kitabı olarak gösterilmiştir. Aksine Nusayrîlik'te tek kutsal kitap Kur'an'dır.

Nusayri Devleti

Fransız mandası altında 1920'de Nusayri Devleti (Fransızca: Le territoire autonome des Alaouites) kurulmuş ve 5 Aralık 1936'da Suriye'ye ilhak edilmiştir.

Nusayr'îyye'nin Şiîlik mezhepleri arasındaki konumu

Ayrıca bakınız

 Alevîlik
 Babâîlik
 Bâbîlik
 Bahâîlik
 Bâtınîlik
 Bektâşîlik
 Câferîlik
 Dürzîlik
 Hurûfîlik
 Işıkçılık
 İsmâilîlik
 Karmatîlik
 Mustâlîlik
 Nizarîlik
 Sâbiîlik
 Şiîlik
 Yaresan
 Yarsanizm
 Yezîdîlik
 Fellah

Resimler

Kaynakça

Bibliyografya
 Andrews, Alford Peter, Türkiye'de Etnik Gruplar, (Çev. Mustafa Küpüşoğlu), 1. basım, Ant Yayınları, İstanbul, 1999.
 Sertel, Ergin, Dinî ve Etnik Kimlikleriyle Nusayrîler, 1. baskı, Ütopya Yayınevi, Ankara, 2005.

Arap grupları

Arap Alevileri


Nefes, Türk Edebiyatı'nda, Âşık Halk Edebiyatı nazım şekillerinden Alevi-Bektaşi aşıklarınca yazılanlarına denir. Konusu genellikle tasavvuftaki vahdet-i vücud, Alevi-Bektaşi ilkeleri, Yol ilkeleri üzerine kuruludur. Dili sade bir Türkçe olan nefesler biçim olarak koşmaya benzer. Dörtlükler halinde hece ölçüsünün 7, 8, 11'li kalıpları ile ya da az da olsa aruz ölçüsü ile de yazılanlara rastlanılmaktadır. Dörtlük sayısı 3-7 arasında değişir. Fazla da olabilir.

Nefes türüne örnekler

Pir Sultan Abdal'dan
DEMEDİM Mİ?
Güzel âşık cevrimizi,
Çekemezsin demedim mi?
Bu bir rıza lokmasıdır,
Yiyemezsin demedim mi?

Yemeyenler kalır naçar,
Gözlerinden kanlar saçar.
Bu bir demdir, gelir geçer,
Duyamazsın demedim mi?

Bak şu aşıkın haline,
Ne gelse söyler diline.
Can ü başı Hakk yoluna,
Koyamazsın demedim mi?

Aşıklar harabat olur,
Hakk yanında hürmet bulur.
Muhabbet baldan tatlı olur,
Doyamazsın demedim mi?

Girelim Ali serine,
Çıkalım meydan yerine.
Küfrümüz iman yerine,
Sayamazsın demedim mi?

Dervişlik ulu dernektir,
Görene büyük örnektir.
Yensiz yakasız gömlektir,
Giyemezsin demedim mi?

Pir Sultan, Ali şahımız,
Hakk'a ulaşır ahımız.
On iki imam katarımız,
Uyamazsın demedim mi?
(Pir Sultan Abdal)

Balım Sultan'dan
URUM ABDALLARIYIZ
Biz Urum Abdallarıyız
Maksadımız yârdır bizim
Geçtik ziynet kabâsından
Gencinemiz erdir bizim

Dâim kılarız biz zârı
Harceyleriz elden var,
Dost yoluna verdik seri
Mürkirimiz hârdır bizim

Aşk bülbülüyüz öteriz
Râh-i Hakka yüz tutarız
Mânâ gevherin satarız
Mürşidimiz vardır bizim

İstivâyı gözler gözüm
Seb'almesanidir yüzüm
Ene'l Hakk'ı söyler sözüm
Mi'râcımız dârdır bizim

Haber aldık mahkemâttan
Geçmeyiz zâttan sıfattan
Balım nihan söyler Haktan
İrşâdımız sırdır bizim
(Balım Sultan)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 https://web.archive.org/web/20180415154228/http://www.hbvdergisi.gazi.edu.tr/index.php/TKHBVD/article/download/1181/1170
 https://web.archive.org/web/20141203015202/http://hbvdergisi.gazi.edu.tr/index.php/TKHBVD/article/viewFile/209/202
 http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/HALKBILIM/necdet_yasar_bayatli_bektasi_ritueller.pdf

Tekke edebiyatı
Halk edebiyatı
Tasavvuf edebiyatı

Nefes (edebiyat)


Carsten Hansen (født 1971) er en dansk skakspiller og forfatter. FIDE, den internationale skak-organisation, har givet ham titlen FIDE-mester. I februar 2009 var hans rating 2307. Hansen er forfatter af bøgerne The Gambit Guide to the English Opening 1...e5 (1999), The Symmetrical English (2001), The Nimzo-Indian: 4. e3 (2003) og Improve Your Positional Chess (2005). Han har også skrevet boganmeldelser for ChessCafe.com.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Spillerprofil på Chessgames.com

Skakspillere fra Danmark

Carsten Hansen (skakspiller)


Leptolepia, rod papratnjača iz porodice Dennstaedtiaceae, koja čini dio reda osladolike. Jedina vrsta je L. novae-zelandiae, endem sa Novog Zelanda. Treba ga vjerojatno uključiti u parafiletski rod Dennstaedtia (Perrie et al. 2015))

Sinonimi
 Acrophorus hispidus T.Moore
 Davallia novae-zelandiae Colenso
 Dennstaedtia novae-zelandiae (Colenso) Keyserl.
 Leptolepia novae-zelandiae (Colenso) Kuhn
 Microlepia novae-zealandiae (Colenso) J.Sm.

Izvori

Denstetijevke

Leptolepia


Kalandrinija (lat. Calandrinia), nekafa velik rod od oko šezdesetak vrsta jednogodišnjih biljaka, trajnica ili polugrmova. Danas im je broj vrstas sveden na 18., ostale su prebačene u rod Rumicastrum.

Ime je dobio po švicarskom znanstveniku Jean-Louis Calandriniju. Vrste ovog roda pripadaju porodici Montiaceae, a domovina im je Čile, zapad Sjeverne Amerike i Australija.

Vrste

 Calandrinia acaulis Kunth
 Calandrinia affinis Gillies ex Arn.
 Calandrinia alba (Ruiz & Pav.) DC.
 Calandrinia breweri S. Watson
 Calandrinia caespitosa Gillies ex Arn.
 Calandrinia carolinii Hershk. & D. I. Ford
 Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pav.) DC.
 Calandrinia colchaguensis Barnéoud
 Calandrinia compacta Barnéoud
 Calandrinia filifolia Rydb.
 Calandrinia graminifolia Phil.
 Calandrinia jompomae Hershk.
 Calandrinia linomimeta Diels
 Calandrinia monandra (Ruiz & Pav.) DC.
 Calandrinia nitida (Ruiz & Pav.) DC.
 Calandrinia pachypoda Diels
 Calandrinia pilosiuscula DC.
 Calandrinia ranunculina J. M. Watson, A. R. Flores & Elvebakk

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Bunarkovke

Kalandrinija


Turnul de televiziune Bacău este un turn  de 150  metri înălțime din beton armat utilizat pentru transmisia FM și TV din Bacău, România. Construcția a fost realizată în 1968 în scopul transmiterii televiziunii analogice.

Televiziune

Radio

Note

Bacău
Bacău
Turnuri din România

Turnul de televiziune din Bacău


16908 Groeselenberg este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
16908 Groeselenberg este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Uccle de Eric Walter Elst și Thierry Pauwels. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,38 ua, o excentricitate de 0,24 și o înclinație de 6,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 16001-17000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

16908 Groeselenberg


An Amorphophallus cirrifer in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Otto Stapf. An Amorphophallus cirrifer in nahilalakip ha genus nga Amorphophallus, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Thailand. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Amorphophallus

Amorphophallus cirrifer


El Gran Premio Jockey Club es una competencia hípica Grupo I para Puras sangre de tres años de edad, como el segundo eslabón de la Triple Corona Hípica de Uruguay. La carrera ocurre en el Hipódromo de Maroñas, Montevideo, Uruguay, en noviembre  de cada año, sobre 2000 metros.

Véase también
 Gran Premio José Pedro Ramírez
 Gran Premio Nacional (Uruguay)

Bibliografía
 Results of the G. P. Jockey Club

Grandes Premios (Hípica)
Carreras de caballos en Uruguay

Gran Premio Jockey Club (Uruguay)


Catherine Burns (født 24. september 1945 i New York City, død den 2. februar 2019) var en amerikansk tv- og filmskuespiller. Hun blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige birolle for sin præstation i Sidste sommer (1969). Hun har efter sin skuespillekarriere skrevet bøger og skuespil.

Karriere
Burns gik på Hunter College High School, Hunter College og American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Hun gjorde sin Broadway-debut i 1968 i Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, som hun modtog en Clarence Derwent Award for.

I 1970 vandt hun Theatre World Award for sin præstation i off-Broadway-skuespillet Dear Janet Rosenberg, Dear Mr. Kooning.

Burns gjorde sin filmdebut i 1969 i Sidste sommer som følsomme, konservativ Rhoda. Hun modtog kritisk anerkendelse og en nominering til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige birolle. Rollen indbragt også hende en Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for bedste kvindelige birolle i 1970.

Hendes andre filmkreditter omfatter Me, Natalie (1969) og Den vinter jeg blev voksen (1971).

Television
Burns tv-debut var i rollen som Mary Warren i Arthur Millers The Crucible (1967). Hun fortsatte med at optræde som den oprindelige Cathy Craig på One Life to Live i 1969. Hendes andre tv-kreditter omfatter tilpasningen af Arthur Millers skuespil A Memory of Two Mondays (1974), miniserierne The Word (1978) og gæsteoptrædener på Love, American Style, Adam-12, Emergency!, Mod Squad, Police Woman, Waltons and The Bionic Woman. Hun fortsatte på tv i løbet af 1970'erne og ind i midten af 1980'erne, da hun vendte sig fra skuespil til fordel for skrivning.

Bøger
Hendes børnebog, The Winter Bird, blev udgivet af Windmill Books i 1971. Når der ligger andre fugle syd for vinteren, opdager en lille fugl en ny livsstil i den usædvanlige verden af karruselheste.

Radio
Hun var også en skuespiller på radio, der optrådte i 1973 på Mutual's The Zero Hour, hvor Rod Serling var vært.

I 1990'erne, mens hun var ansat som kontorreceptionist, skrev hun et skuespil om den første produktion af Maksim Gorkijs Nedre Dybder ved Moskvas kunstteater.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra New York
Forfattere fra USA
Personer fra New York City
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet

Catherine Burns


Robert Neil MacGregor, OM, AO, FSA (* 16. Juni 1946 in Glasgow) ist ein britischer Kunsthistoriker. Er war 2002 bis 2015 Direktor des British Museums. Im Mai 2015 wurde er zum Intendanten des Berliner Humboldtforums berufen; diese Position hatte er bis Mai 2018 inne. 2021 wurde MacGregor als Mitglied des wissenschaftlichen Beirats des Louvre-Museums in Paris benannt.

Werdegang
Im Alter von 16 Jahren war MacGregor Austauschschüler in Hamburg. Er studierte zunächst Französisch und Deutsch am New College der Universität Oxford, Philosophie an der École normale supérieure in Paris, sowie Rechtswissenschaft an der University of Edinburgh. Anschließend absolvierte er ein Studium der Kunstgeschichte am Courtauld Institute of Art der Universität London.

Nach einigen Jahren als Dozent für Kunstgeschichte und Architektur an der University of Reading sowie am Courtauld Institute of Art übernahm er 1981 die Herausgeberschaft des Burlington Magazine, einer wissenschaftlichen Fachzeitschrift für Kunst und Dekoration, die er bis 1987 innehatte. Im selben Jahr wurde er Direktor der National Gallery in London. Von August 2002 bis Ende 2015 war er Direktor des British Museum in London. In seiner Zeit als Direktor des British Museums machte MacGregor öfters durch spektakuläre Leihgaben an andere Museen von sich reden, etwa die Leihgabe einer Figur aus den Elgin Marbles an die Petersburger Eremitage und den persischen Kyros-Zylinder an ein Museum in Teheran.

Bekanntheit jenseits des wissenschaftlichen Fachpublikums erlangte MacGregor durch Kooperationen mit der BBC: 2000 wurde die Serie Seeing Salvation über Jesusbilder in der westlichen Kunstgeschichte ausgestrahlt, 2010 präsentierte er auf Radio 4 und dem World Service die Serie A History of the World in 100 Objects, die auf Deutsch als Buch mit dem Titel Eine Geschichte der Welt in 100 Objekten erschien. Dieses Buch wurde als Wissensbuch des Jahres 2012 ausgezeichnet. Ende des Jahres 2014 organisierte er die Ausstellung Germany – memories of a nation im British Museum in London, die ein großer Erfolg wurde und zu deren Besucherinnen auch die deutsche Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel zählte.

Im Mai 2015 erklärte MacGregor, seinen Posten als Direktor des British Museum bis zum Ende des Jahres aufzugeben, um danach das Amt eines der drei Gründungsintendanten am Humboldtforum in Berlin anzutreten. Da Hartmut Dorgerloh mit Termin zum 1. Juni 2018 vom Stiftungsrat des Humboldt-Forums zum Generalintendanten berufen wurde, endet damit die Gründungsintendanz von Neil MacGregor, Hermann Parzinger und Horst Bredekamp.

Als Mitglied des wissenschaftlichen Beirats des Louvre-Museums in Paris hielt MacGregor im November 2021 fünf öffentliche Vorträge über aktuelle Ansprüche an und Aufgaben von Museen, indem er auch auf postkoloniale Interpretationen nationaler Geschichtsschreibung und Forderungen nach einer Dekolonisierung von Museen und Denkmälern mit kolonialem Hintergrund einging.

Neben seiner Tätigkeit in Berlin arbeitete er als Direktor des Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya in Mumbai sowie als Autor für die BBC.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 A victim of anonymity. The master of the Saint Bartholomew altarpiece. Thames and Hudson, London 1993. ISBN 0-500-55026-3.
 Seeing salvation. Images of Christ in art. BBC, London 2000. ISBN 0-563-55111-9.
 A History of the World in 100 Objects, Allen Lane, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84614-413-4.
 deutsch: Eine Geschichte der Welt in 100 Objekten, Beck, München 2011.  ISBN 978-3-406-62147-5.
 Shakespeare's Restless World. London 2012. ISBN 978-1-846-14675-6
Shakespeares ruhelose Welt. Ins Deutsche übertragen von Klaus Binder, Beck, München 2013, ISBN 978-3-406-65287-5.
 Germany: Memories of a Nation, Allen Lane, 2014, ISBN 978-0-241-00833-1.
 deutsch: Deutschland. Erinnerungen einer Nation. Übersetzung Klaus Binder. C.H. Beck, München 2015, ISBN 978-3-406-67920-9.
 Globale Sammlungen für globalisierte Städte. Aus dem Englischen von Stefanie Rentsch, Matthes & Seitz Berlin, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-95757-138-0.
 Leben mit den Göttern. Aus dem Englischen von Andreas Wirthensohn und Annabel Zettel, C. H. Beck, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-4067-2541-8.

Auszeichnungen
 2003 wählte man ihn als auswärtiges Ehrenmitglied in die American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
 2008 wurde er zum "Briten des Jahres" gewählt.
 2000 Wahl zum Ehrenmitglied (Honorary Fellow) der British Academy.
 2010 erhielt er den erstmals verliehenen Internationalen Folkwang-Preis, der vom Museumsverein des Museum Folkwang in Essen verliehen wird.
 2014 gab die Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung bekannt, im Mai 2015 den Friedrich-Gundolf-Preis für die Vermittlung deutscher Kultur im Ausland an MacGregor zu verleihen.
 Die Deutsche Nationalstiftung verlieh ihm am 16. Juni 2015 in Berlin den Deutschen Nationalpreis für sein Wirken um ein besseres Verständnis Deutschlands in Großbritannien.
 Ebenfalls 2015 wurde MacGregor mit der Goethe-Medaille ausgezeichnet.

Weblinks

 Vortrag von Neil MacGregor "Identity Formation. The Role of Museums in the Creation and Inflection of National Narratives" an der LMU München

 MacGregor bei der National Portrait Gallery

Einzelnachweise

Kunsthistoriker
Museumsleiter
Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter des British Museum
Officer des Order of Australia
Mitglied des Order of Merit
Mitglied der Society of Antiquaries of London
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Mitglied der British Academy
Schotte
Brite
Geboren 1946
Mann

Neil MacGregor


The Pentium II brand refers to Intel's sixth-generation microarchitecture ("P6") and x86-compatible microprocessors introduced on May 7, 1997.

පෙන්ටියම් II


Le château de Walworth est un château originellement du , situé à Walworth, près de Darlington, dans le comté de Durham, en Angleterre. Il s'agit d'un bâtiment classé Grade 1. Il est achevé vers 1600, probablement par Thomas Holt pour Thomas Jenison. Il se dresse à l'emplacement d'un ancien manoir ou château construit au  par la famille Hansard. Le domaine passe entre les mains des Ayscough et des Aylmer en plus des hansards et des Jenison, et devient un camp de prisonniers de guerre pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, puis un pensionnat pour filles après la guerre. C'est un hôtel depuis 1981.

Histoire

Familles Hansard et Ayscough
Le manoir actuel se dresse sur le site d'un ancien manoir ou château construit vers 1150 par la famille Hansard. Il n'y a aucune preuve que le bâtiment ait jamais été utilisé pour la défense. Le titre du château est tombé entre les mains de la Famille Neville après la peste noire de 1349, mais est récupéré par Robert Hansard en 1391. Le château passe ensuite à Sir Richard Hansard en 1395, son fils Richard en 1454, son petit-fils Richard en 1466, Sir William Hansard en 1508, le fils de Sir William, William en 1521, et à la fille de William Jr., Elizabeth Hansard en 1521. En 1539, Elizabeth épouse Sir Francis Ayscough, de sorte que le château passe à la famille Ayscough . En 1563, le château passe à son fils William Ayscough, mais comme il n'y a plus d'héritiers, le château est vendu .

Famille Jenison
Vers 1579, Thomas Jennison, vérificateur général d'Irlande, achète à la famille Ascough le manoir de High Walworth . Le domaine comprend un manoir ou château médiéval sur ce site  qui est démoli en majeure partie à l'exception de la tour médiévale sud−ouest et remplacé par le château actuel  dont le tissu est encore identifiable comme datant du . On pense que l'architecte de Jennison est probablement Thomas Holt . En 1586, Jenison meurt et sa veuve Elizabeth Birch hérite du château . C'est pendant qu'elle est propriétaire que le roi Jacques VI d'Écosse séjourne le 14 mai 1603 lors d'un voyage vers son couronnement en tant que roi d'Angleterre . On raconte que le roi fait chevalier son gendre George Freville en échange de nombreux divertissements au château . En 1605, Elizabeth Jenison meurt et son fils William Jenison hérite du château. Il se délabre parce qu'il n'y habite pas, parce qu'il est endetté et parce qu'en 1610 et 1612 il est emprisonné car il est catholique romain . Les Jennison sont une famille fortement catholique . En 1679, Francis Jennison vend le domaine et émigre en Europe, peut-être parce qu'en 1678, Thomas Jenison est accusé d'être impliqué dans le complot papiste pour assassiner Charles II, dénoncé par Titus Oates et jeté dans la prison de Newgate. En 1681, le château est séparé du reste du domaine et attribué par la chancellerie à Robert Jenison. En 1687, le château est réuni avec son domaine lorsque Ralph Jenison achète l'ensemble du domaine pour 6 205 £. Ralph Jenison hérite du château à l'âge de 10 ans en 1704. Il le rénove  à grands frais et meurt endetté, de sorte que le château est de nouveau vendu .

Familles Stephenson, Harrison, Aylmer et Eade
Le château est vendu pour 16 000 £ en 1759 au marchand de vin Matthew Stephenson, puis au marchand de Newcastle John Harrison en 1775. Sa fille Ann épouse Arthur Aylmer, un officier de l'armée britannique du  régiment d'infanterie, plus tard promu lieutenant-général et passe donc à la famille Aylmer . Après l'inhumation du général Aylmer à Heighington en 1831, John Harrison Aylmer hérite du château. Il répare le toit et remplace les anciennes statues de soldats sur les tours par des piliers surmontés de boules, pour ressembler aux statues. Cependant, en 1868, lui, sa femme et son fils aîné sont tués dans la catastrophe ferroviaire d'Abergele. Ses fils Vivian et Edmund, âgés respectivement de 12 et 9 ans, héritent du château. Vivian devient High Sheriff of Durham et un chasseur de gros gibier qui explore le Somaliland et traverse la Corne de l'Afrique en 1885. Il meurt en 1931, et lui et son frère sont enterrés à Caerleon. Le château est ensuite vendu aux descendants du général Aylmer, Neville et Charles Eade. Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le château est utilisé comme camp de prisonniers de guerre pour 200 hommes, dont des officiers allemands et italiens, sous le commandement du major Rollin Holmes . En 1950, le conseil du comté de Durham achète le château et il devient un pensionnat pour filles .

En 1981, le Conseil vend le château, qui devient un hôtel. Il fait actuellement partie du groupe d'hôtels Best Western au Royaume-Uni.

Bâtiment du château

Ce château Tudor, datant d'environ 1600, est un manoir construit en moellons calcaires partiellement enduits, et le toit est en ardoise galloise . La tour ouest est plus ancienne, avec des canonnières, des fenêtres étroites trilobées et en plein cintre . Il a un bâtiment principal de cinq travées et de trois étages orienté au sud entre deux tours rondes d'angle de quatre étages  avec des ailes est et ouest du côté nord, formant trois côtés d'un carré ouvert à l'origine sur le Nord. Cependant, une série de bâtiments du début du  sur le côté nord de la place entoure désormais la cour . Jusqu'au début du , le bâtiment contenait du verre du , qui est transféré au Bowes Museum . Quelques dalles de date inconnue sont découvertes in situ dans la cave ou le sous-sol du château en 2002 . Une rénovation interne a lieu en 1740, de sorte que l'intérieur présente désormais d'importants éléments du milieu du , tels que des plâtres Rococo. En 1864, l'escalier principal est reconstruit et l'aile ouest reçoit une nouvelle façade . C'est maintenant un bâtiment classé Grade I .

Terrains
Au nord du château, un ensemble de murs de jardin en briques rapiécées et pierres équarries du , des piles de portail en pierre de taille à couronnement pyramidal et une serre sont classés. La serre en bois vitrée a une section centrale plus haute avec deux ailes inférieures . Une médaille appartenant apparemment à Thomas Jennison, le constructeur du château au , est retrouvée en 1937-1938 lors de travaux d'élargissement de la route sur Newton Lane. Elle est trouvée sous le mur nord du parc du château et est gravée d'une image d'un pont et du nom de Thomas Jennison . Le pavillon et la porte du château néo-Tudor de 1870 sont un bâtiment classé, car il imite le style médiéval crénelé pour correspondre au château. Les piliers du pavillon et de la porte sont tous deux crénelés et le bâtiment d'un étage en forme de L a des tours d'angle et une maçonnerie à parement rocheux avec un parement en pierre de taille . Des cabanes à l'est du château sont identifiées comme le site possible du camp de prisonniers de guerre de la Seconde Guerre mondiale .

Références

Liens externes

Monument classé de grade I dans le comté de Durham

Château de Walworth


Yukarıyakabaşı, Tunceli ilinin Pertek ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski ismi Yukarı Urik'tir. 16. yüzyıl kayıtlarında "Urik-i Ulya" adıyla sadece Gayrimüslimlerin yaşadığı bir köy olarak görülmektedir. Köyün ismi Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin kuruluşuyla da Urig-i Ulya olarak görülürken, 1950'lerin sonlarına doğru değiştirilmiş ve 1960 yılı nüfus sayımından itibaren günümüzdeki adıyla kayıtlarda yer almaya başlamıştır. 1985, 1990,2007 ve 2008 yılı nüfus sayımlarında yerleşim Yukarıkayabaşı adıyla yer almıştır.

Coğrafya
Tunceli il merkezine 73 km, Pertek ilçesine 27 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Pertek belde ve köyleri

Yukarıyakabaşı, Pertek


James Nolan Mason (nascido em 25 de julho de 1952) é um neonazista americano e um ideólogo da Atomwaffen Division, uma organização terrorista neonazista. Depois de ficar desiludido com a abordagem do movimento de massa dos movimentos neonazistas, ele começou a defender uma revolução supremacista branca por meio do terrorismo. Ele foi referido como o "Padrinho do Terrorismo Fascista". Em 2021, Mason é um dos dois únicos indivíduos sancionados pelo governo canadense em sua lista de entidades relacionadas ao terrorismo.

Ideologia política
Mason acredita que os neonazistas não podem tomar o poder enquanto o atual governo dos EUA permanecer no poder, e defendeu o assassinato e a violência para criar o caos e a anarquia, desestabilizando assim o governo. Em sua publicação Siege, Mason argumentaria que a morte do líder nazista americano, George Lincoln Rockwell foi crucial na adoção de táticas de terror. Ele afirma que sem a liderança de Rockwell, o Nacional-Socialismo não poderia mais funcionar como um partido político legítimo, tornando o que ele descreve como "táticas revolucionárias" a única opção viável.

Acusações e condenações criminais
Em 1973, Mason e seu companheiro neonazista, Greg Hurles, lançaram gás lacrimogêneo contra vários adolescentes negros no estacionamento de uma Dairy Queen. Mason foi condenado por agressão e sentenciado a seis meses em um asilo de Cincinnati.

Em 1988 e 1991, a polícia invadiu a casa de Mason em Ohio e apreendeu fotos pornográficas de uma garota de 15 anos. Em 1992, ele se declarou culpado de duas acusações de "uso ilegal de menor em material voltado para a nudez", pelas quais foi condenado a uma multa de 500 dólares e pena suspensa.

Em maio de 1994, Mason foi preso e acusado de duas acusações de exploração sexual de menor e duas acusações de contribuir para a delinquência de menor. Mason ameaçou a ex-namorada, então com 16 anos, e um latino com quem ela namorava, com uma arma de fogo. Mason fez um acordo judicial e foi condenado por porte de arma, pelo qual foi condenado a três anos de prisão antes de ser libertado em agosto de 1999.
Neonazistas dos Estados Unidos
Neonazismo
Supremacistas brancos dos Estados Unidos

James Mason (neonazista)


Eugen Victor Cristian Rusu (n. 18 decembrie 1957) este un inginer român, membru corespondent al Academiei Române în cadrul Secției de Științe Tehnice (28 iunie 2018).

Note

Bibliografie
 Eugen Victor Cristian RUSU, CV

Legături externe
 Membrii Academiei Române din 1866 până în prezent – R

Nașteri în 1957
Ingineri români în viață
Membri corespondenți ai Academiei Române
Profesori universitari români

Eugen Victor Cristian Rusu


Christian Lafon, est un joueur de pétanque français.

Biographie

Clubs

 ?-? : Pétanque Trépalou Decazeville (Aveyron)
 ?-? : Fraternelle Pétanque le Gua à Aubin (Aveyron)

Palmarès

Séniors

Championnats du Monde
 Finaliste
 Triplette 1973 (avec Jean-Claude Catusse et René Sénezergues) :  Équipe de France

Championnats de France
 Champion de France
 Triplette 1972 (avec Jean-Claude Catusse et René Sénezergues) : Pétanque Trépalou Decazeville

Références

Liens externes

Joueur français de pétanque
Champion de France de pétanque
Lieu de naissance inconnu
Article à illustrer Pétanque

Christian Lafon


La doctrine du Coran créé est un thèse soutenue au début de l'Islam par certains dogmaticiens principalement du courant mutaziliste.

Selon eux, il faudrait distinguer Dieu de sa Parole - Le Coran -  qui, comme le reste de sa création, serait en dehors de lui, créée par lui, transmise au Prophète par l'intermédiaire de l'ange Gabriel. Leur idée était de défendre l'absolue unicité de Dieu seul à bénéficier de cette essence absolue et éternelle

Cette doctrine s'oppose au dogme orthodoxe sunnite d'un Coran incréé, qui affirme que la parole de Dieu fait partie de son essence même, qu'elle ne lui est pas extérieure et qu'elle est donc de nature absolue, intemporelle.

Références

Coran

Doctrine du Coran créé


Naohiro Tamura (født 3. juli 1978) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Gamba Osaka og Sagan Tosu.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Naohiro Tamura


Las elecciones generales 2011 de la provincia de Santa Cruz se realizaron en 23 de octubre de 2011 junto con las elecciones presidenciales en Argentina. Se eligieron gobernador y vicegobernador, 3 senadores nacionales, 2 diputados nacionales, 24 diputados provinciales y 14 intendentes. Fue reelecto gobernador Daniel Peralta, quien ya había triunfado en 2007.

Diputados por municipio

Resultados

Gobernador y vicegobernador

Cámara de Diputados

Resultados por municipios

Referencias

Santa Cruz
Elecciones en la provincia de Santa Cruz

Elecciones provinciales de Santa Cruz de 2011


In 1974, 17-year-old Stephen Downing was convicted of murdering Wendy Sewell, a 32-year-old legal secretary, in the town of Bakewell in the Peak District in Derbyshire. Following a campaign by a local newspaper led by Don Hale, in which Sewell was purported to be promiscuous, Downing's conviction was overturned in 2002. The case is thought to be the longest miscarriage of justice in British legal history, and attracted worldwide media attention.

Downing remains the prime (and only) suspect in the case, with police reinvestigations finding that all the alternative suspects suggested by Don Hale could be eliminated from inquiries. Downing, meanwhile, was the only suspect who could not be eliminated, and new forensic evidence indicated that he had committed the murder. He was also recorded confessing to the crime after he was released, although he refused to be re-interviewed by police. Don Hale's book was subsequently criticised for falsehoods and inaccuracies, and police considered bringing charges against him for its contents. When the law of double jeopardy was changed in England and Wales in 2005, allowing individuals who had previously been acquitted of a crime to be re-tried in certain circumstances, Derbyshire Police applied to the Crown Prosecution Service to re-charge Downing. However, as of July 2022, Downing has not been retried.

In 2008, six years after his release, Downing was convicted of deception, having previously been arrested but not charged in 2004 of apparent intimidation of a witness only days before a BBC programme was due to be shown that suggested he was guilty. Wider attention on the case was also reignited by linked coverage of Downing's father being charged with 13 indecent assaults in 2003, of which he was convicted of one committed against a teenager, and also of Downing father's death whilst also awaiting trial for attempted rape in 2008.

History

Assault
Wendy Sewell was attacked, in Bakewell Cemetery, at lunchtime on 12 September 1973. A witness, Charles Carman, saw her enter the cemetery at about 12:50 pm. She was beaten around the head seven times with the handle of a pickaxe, which had caused severe head injuries and fractures to her skull. She had been sexually assaulted, with her trousers, pants, plimsolls and parts of her bra removed by her killer. When help arrived the woman was still conscious and she then tried to stand up, before falling and banging her head on a gravestone. She died from her injuries in Chesterfield Royal Hospital two days later.

Trial

The 17-year-old cemetery groundskeeper who found the body, Stephen Downing, was immediately suspected of committing the attack. He told police he wanted to wash blood from his hands, at which point he was arrested. He later told police that he had found Sewell lying on the ground, covered in blood, and that her blood got on his clothes because she shook her head. He was a virgin and had never had a girlfriend. Despite having learning difficulties and a reading age of 11, he was questioned for nine hours without a solicitor present – although he was in fact allowed to see his parents and they agreed he did not need to speak to a solicitor at that point. He admitted he had committed the attack, saying that he had done it. At this point Sewell had not died, and he was only charged with the lesser crime of assault. He then willingly signed a confession. After he confessed to the assault it was revealed that Sewell had died, and Downing's charge was elevated to murder, soon after Stephen retracted his confession, claiming he was at home at the time of the attack. There was no evidence to support this claim.

Downing's trial took place between 13 and 15 February 1974 at the Crown Court at Nottingham before Mr Justice Nield and a jury. He pleaded not guilty to murder, although he admitted to sexually assaulting Sewell as she lay in the cemetery. A forensic scientist Norman Lee, gave evidence that the blood found on the accused could only have been present if he had been responsible for the assault. Lee described this evidence as "a textbook example ... which might be expected on the clothing of the assailant". Downing said at the trial that he had been using the murder weapon, the pickaxe handle, to break up firewood. No full transcript of the trial exists, but it is known that, in summing up, the judge drew attention to Downing's admission during the trial of having indecently assaulted Sewell as she lay injured in the cemetery. He had also only begun to claim his confession to the murder was not genuine several weeks after he was originally charged. He said he had only confessed because he thought that she had not been seriously injured and would not die.

By a unanimous verdict, and after only 1 hour of deliberations, the jury found Downing guilty of murder. He was sentenced to be indefinitely detained at Her Majesty's pleasure, with a stipulation that he should serve a minimum of seventeen years.

Claiming he was in an innocent prisoner's dilemma, Downing was unable to be paroled, as he did not admit to the crime. He was classified as "In Denial of Murder" and therefore ineligible for parole under English law.

The first appeal
A witness was found who said she saw Downing leaving the cemetery, and at that time she also saw Wendy Sewell alive and unharmed. Downing applied for leave to appeal on the grounds he had a new witness.

On 25 October 1974, the Court of Appeal heard the grounds for appeal and reached the conclusion that the witness' evidence of seeing Wendy Sewell walking towards the back of the consecrated chapel was unreliable due to some fully grown trees obstructing her line of sight. The witness had also only come forward months after the conviction and after police had previously visited her house to ask if she had seen anything. The court felt that her evidence was not credible and secure enough to allow an appeal against the conviction. After the appeal was rejected, it was widely accepted that Downing was guilty, and the case slipped into obscurity for many years.

During the Derbyshire Police's re-investigation in 2002, this witness was re-interviewed and accompanied back to the cemetery location. She reaffirmed that the fully grown trees, which have since been felled, would have obstructed her line of sight. She also revealed the knowledge that she is, and was at the time, short sighted. The witness, who was 15 years old at the time of the murder, was unable to give an adequate reason for why she came forward with her original evidence.

Campaign
Stephen Downing continued to deny committing the murder so his family attempted to get support for another retrial, saying "we just want him home". In 1994, they wrote to the local newspaper, the Matlock Mercury. The editor, Don Hale, took up the case and along with Downing's family ran a campaign. As part of the campaign Sewell was claimed to be promiscuous and dubbed the "Bakewell Tart".

Hale found that the murder weapon, a pickaxe handle, was on display at Derby Museum. He organised his own modern forensic examination to be made of it. Mr Downing's fingerprints were not found although there was a palm print from an as yet unidentified person. However, the print could have come to be on the handle at any point in time, with it being contaminated over the years it was stored. It had not been stored in protected conditions and had been handled by countless individuals, meaning the print could have been entirely unrelated to the crime.

As a result of this campaign, along with Downing's continued claims of innocence, the case was referred to the Criminal Cases Review Commission in 1997. He was released on appeal in 2001, after 27 years in prison. The following year, the Court of Appeal overturned Downing's conviction, finding the confession evidence to be unreliable.

The second appeal
During the second appeal, held on 15 January 2002, the Court of Appeal accepted many of the reasons that were put forward by Hale and others for believing the conviction was unsafe. Julian Bevan, counsel for the Crown, accepted two arguments put forward by the defence. The first was that Downing's confession should not have been allowed to go before a jury. The confession was deemed unsafe because Downing had been questioned for eight hours, during which the police shook him and pulled his hair to keep him awake; because he wasn't formally cautioned that what he said may be used in evidence against him; and because he wasn't given a solicitor (although he had been told by his parents, who he was allowed to see, that he did not need one). The Crown also agreed with the defence argument that more recent knowledge of blood-splattering patterns meant the prosecution's claim that the blood could only have been found on the clothes of the attacker was questionable. Blood-staining experts, however, disagreed on whether the blood-staining was not from Downing attacking Sewell, and one concluded in 2002 that: "The pattern of bloodstaining on Downing's clothing supports the assertion that Stephen Downing battered Mrs Sewell prior to handling and kneeling by her body".

Lord Justice Pill said that the Court of Appeal did not have to consider whether Downing had proved that he was innocent, but whether the original conviction was fair – "The question for [the Court of Appeal's] consideration is whether the conviction is safe and not whether the accused is guilty". What the defence had proved was that there was reasonable doubt about the "reliability of the confessions made in 1973". His Lordship said: "The court cannot be sure the confessions are reliable. It follows that the conviction is unsafe. The conviction is quashed."

Police reinvestigation

Downing found to be the only suspect
Following the Court of Appeal overturning Stephen Downing's conviction, the Derbyshire Police reinvestigated the murder under the name Operation Noble. During 2002, they interviewed 1,600 witnesses, at an estimated cost of £500,000 – though Downing himself refused to be reinterviewed. A year after the conviction was overturned, in February 2003, Derbyshire police revealed the findings of their reinvestigation of the murder. 22 other possible suspects had been investigated, many of whom had been suggested by Don Hale during his campaign, and in his book Town Without Pity. One of the alternative suspects was Downing's father, who had been driving the bus that dropped Sewell near her workplace on the morning she was assaulted. All of these alternative suspects were cleared of any possibility of having murdered Wendy Sewell. Downing, meanwhile, was the only suspect who could not be eliminated, indicating that he may have been guilty after all. New forensic evidence also pointed to him having carried out the attack. The police had wanted to question Downing about three confessions he made to the murder since his release from prison, including one recorded on audio tape, but he refused to comply. A woman who he was in a relationship with had taped him confessing during an argument, and he was also alleged to have confessed to his father on two occasions in 2002 after his release. Although he had refused to be interviewed for the reinvestigation, Downing issued a formal complaint after the findings were announced, saying: "They said that they would do a thorough investigation into the matter - they have not done". An independent committee set up to oversee the police investigation later concluded that the inquiry had been completely fair and that they were satisfied with the integrity and rigour of the investigation. Downing's solicitor was among those on the committee and himself concluded that the investigation had been fair.

After failing to link any other person with the murder, and unable to eliminate Downing as the suspect, the police declared the case closed and said they were not looking for anyone else. Even though Downing remained the prime suspect, under the "double jeopardy" rules in place at the time a suspect could not be re-arrested and charged with a crime they had previously been acquitted of. The police said that, had the law been different, they would have applied to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) to again charge Downing with the murder. The findings of the investigation led to public doubts over whether he should have been released.

Complaints against Hale and charges considered
Hale's book, Town Without Pity, came in for considerable criticism at this time, and it was accused of inaccuracy. A police report criticised Hale's book, saying that an analysis of it had showed discrepancies in his story. The man who wrote the report, Deputy Chief Constable Bob Wood, commented: "There are a number of anomalies contained within Mr Hale's documentation, and within Town Without Pity, that, taken in isolation, have the potential to detract the reader from the facts surrounding the case". The report further added: "A number of witnesses to whom Mr Hale attributed personal comment have told officers they have never spoken to him. Many witnesses who recalled speaking to Mr Hale say his written version is not their recollection of what was said". The report highlighted that speculation in the book that Sewell was meeting an illicit boyfriend at the time of her death was incorrect, and said that it was wrong of Hale to draw significance to Sewell's "missing bag" and claims that her personal effects were never found, since they had actually been returned to her husband shortly after the murder and never went missing. Police further investigated the book after complaints were raised, considering whether Hale could be prosecuted for its contents. However, it was announced in September 2003 that Hale would not be charged.

Father's conviction for indecent assault
Wider attention on the case was also reignited by linked coverage in November 2003 of Downing's father Ray being charged for sexually attacking several victims and ultimately being jailed for indecently assaulting a 17-year-old girl. The victim had a mental age of eight, and Ray Downing was sentenced to eight months imprisonment. He had originally been charged with 13 counts of indecent assault on three women and three on girls under 16, with all the incidents occurring between December 2000 and February 2003. Fifteen other charges of indecent assault against five other women were left to lie on file. Stephen Downing publicly stated that his father did not deserve to be imprisoned and asserted that he would continue to support him.

In 2008 the Downing case also returned to the news when then 74-year-old Ray Downing died while awaiting trial on an attempted rape charge.

2004 arrest
In March 2004, Stephen Downing was arrested over allegations of intimidation, having apparently intimidated a female witness in the case. His arrest came four days before the screening of the BBC dramatisation of the case titled "In Denial of Murder", which concluded that Downing may have in fact committed the crime. As a result, Don Hale complained about the programme. The producers said that it was a more balanced and accurate account of the case than Hale's book Town Without Pity.

Double jeopardy law change
In 2005, the law on double jeopardy was changed so as to allow those who had previously been acquitted of murder to be re-tried if new and compelling evidence was found. This led to police to apply to the CPS to charge Downing, the prime and only suspect, once more. However, the CPS decided that the new evidence presented was not compelling enough for a retrial. Sewell's widower David attempted to get the CPS to reconsider their ruling. Downing declined to comment.

2008 conviction
In October 2008, Downing was convicted of wearing police clothing in public. He had been arrested in Buxton while dressed as a police officer, which, it was concluded, was "likely to deceive the public". His jacket had the name of Downing's freelance photographic company advertised on the back. He had worn the clothing on previous occasions, and he was fined a total of £1,062.

Discounted 'Yorkshire Ripper' claim

In January 2014, Chris Clark, a former detective investigating 16 unsolved murders and possible links to the 'Yorkshire Ripper', obtained a pathology report which he claimed was buried by the police in 1973 within a few days of the attack on Wendy Sewell. He said it would have completely contradicted the so-called confession, exonerated Downing and prevented a miscarriage of justice, because he said that it revealed that she had bruising on her neck and so must have been strangled. The Home Office said that any new evidence would be sent to the police, and said that any evidence of police misconduct would be referred to the Independent Police Complaints Commission. Derbyshire Police dismissed the claims, saying that the murder had been thoroughly reinvestigated and this revealed that only Downing could not be eliminated as a suspect. They also stated that there was no evidence to suggest that Peter Sutcliffe was involved. Sutcliffe committed almost all of his attacks in west Yorkshire, some 40 miles from Bakewell, except for two attacks he committed in Manchester, which is also about 40 miles from Bakewell.

Yorkshire Ripper: The Secret Murders

In 2022, a documentary on Clark's book about Peter Sutcliffe's supposed links to other murders, titled Yorkshire Ripper: The Secret Murders, was aired. It claimed that Sutcliffe could be linked to the attack and that Downing must have been innocent, because he said in his confession that he had picked up the pickaxe handle he used to attack Sewell from the graveyard store, and it had actually not been kept there. It was suggested, therefore, that Downing had in fact not accessed the tool. However, Downing had actually said at his trial that he had been using the murder weapon that afternoon to break up firewood.

Stephen Downing
Stephen Downing worked for the local council as a gardener in the Bakewell cemetery where Wendy Sewell was murdered. He was 17 years old, with a reading age of an 11-year-old, when he was tried and found guilty of the murder of Sewell. He served 27 years in jail. He had to change prison eight times due to being assaulted by fellow prisoners as a sex offender. He was released from Littlehey Prison in Cambridgeshire in 2001.

Downing's release was reported by the BBC as being hailed as "a triumph for campaigning journalism... and an end to one of the worst miscarriages of justice in English legal history." Downing was reported as receiving celebrity treatment upon his release. He initially found employment as a trainee chef in a Bakewell restaurant, using the training he had been given whilst in prison. He received compensation of £750,000.

Popular culture
The case was featured in the 2004 BBC drama In Denial of Murder in which Jason Watkins played Stephen Downing and Caroline Catz played Wendy Sewell.

See also
List of miscarriage of justice cases in the United Kingdom

References

Bibliography
Hale, Don (2002) Town Without Pity (Century)

External links

BBC ~ Downing retrial 'was considered'
BBC ~ Hale criticised by police
BBC ~ Downing arrested 2004
BBC ~ Who did kill Wendy Sewell?
BBC ~ Downing's contempt for 'real' killers
BBC ~ Downing's father dies while awaiting trial for attempted rape
Innocent.org.uk

1957 births
1973 deaths
Bakewell
Crime in Derbyshire
Deaths by person in England
False confessions
Overturned convictions in England
People acquitted of murder
Unsolved murders in England
Female murder victims

Murder of Wendy Sewell


An Cyperus capitatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Domenico Vandelli. An Cyperus capitatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

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Robbie Merrill (Lawrence, SAD, 13. lipnja 1963.) je američki basist najpoznatiji kao basist američkog hard rock, heavy metal sastava Godsmack. Također svira u sastavu Another Animal.

Diskografija

Godsmack (1995. – danas)
 All Wound Up (1997.) (demoalbum)
 Godsmack (1998.)
 Awake (2000.)
 Faceless (2003.)
 The Other Side (EP) (2004.)
 IV (2006.)
 Good Times, Bad Times... Ten Years of Godsmack (2007.) (kompilacija)
 The Oracle (2010.)
 Live & Inspired (2012.) (koncertni album)
 1000hp (2014.)
 When Legends Rise (2018.)

Another Animal

 Another Animal (2007.)

Izvori

Američki rock-glazbenici
Američki basisti
Godsmack

Robbie Merrill


رأس زبيب أو رأس الزبيب هو أحد الرؤوس الواقعة على الساحل الشمالي للبلاد التونسية. ويتبع إداريا ولاية بنزرت، وهو يقع قرب مدينة الماتلين.

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