An Stelis tweediana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Lindley. An Stelis tweediana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stelis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stelis (Orchidaceae)

Stelis tweediana


Clara Monti Danielsson (født 30. januar 1992 i Lund) er en svensk håndboldspiller, der spiller for Chambray Touraine Handball. Hun kom til klubben i 2021. Hun har tidligere optrådt for Lugi HF, Randers HK, Team Esbjerg og BVB Dortmund.

Referencer

 Spillerprofil - Randers HK
 DHDb - Clara Monti Danielsson

Personer fra Lund
Håndboldspillere fra Sverige
Håndboldspillere fra Randers HK

Clara Monti Danielsson


Ağlı, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde yer alan Kastamonu ilinin en az nüfuslu ilçesi.

Tarihçe
Ağlı ilçesinin tarihi hakkındaki en net bilgi Paflagonya bölgesi sınırları içinde olmasıdır. Kastamonu ve çevresindeki arkeolojik bulgular ilçenin bu bölgedeki ilk yerleşimini M.Ö.1100-700 yılları arasında olduğu sanılmaktadır. Sırasıyla Bizanslılar, Danışmendler, Çobanlar ve Candaroğulları ilçede hüküm sürdürdüğü daha sonrası Kastamonu ve çevresi Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na katılmıştır. 1918 Yılında da belediye teşkilatı kurulmuş, 9 Mayıs 1990 tarihinde kabul edilen ve 20 Mayıs 1990 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 3644 Sayılı Kanuna göre ilçe olmuştur.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Ağlı Kaymakamlığı
 Ağlı Belediyesi

Ağlı


Dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, 5α-DHT, androstanolone or stanolone) is an endogenous androgen sex steroid and hormone. The enzyme 5α-reductase catalyzes the formation of DHT from testosterone in certain tissues including the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, epididymides, skin, hair follicles, liver, and brain. This enzyme mediates reduction of the C4-5 double bond of testosterone. DHT may also be synthesized from progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone via the androgen backdoor pathway in the absence of testosterone. Relative to testosterone, DHT is considerably more potent as an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR).

In addition to its role as a natural hormone, DHT has been used as a medication, for instance in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men; for information on DHT as a medication, see the androstanolone article.

Biological function
DHT is biologically important for sexual differentiation of the male genitalia during embryogenesis, maturation of the penis and scrotum at puberty, growth of facial, body, and pubic hair, and development and maintenance of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles. It is produced from the less potent testosterone by the enzyme 5α-reductase in select tissues, and is the primary androgen in the genitals, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, skin, and hair follicles.

DHT signals act mainly in an intracrine and paracrine manner in the tissues in which it is produced, playing only a minor role, if any, as a circulating endocrine hormone. Circulating levels of DHT are one-tenth and one-twentieth those of testosterone in terms of total and free concentrations, respectively, whereas local DHT levels may be up to 10 times those of testosterone in tissues with high 5α-reductase expression such as the prostate gland. In addition, unlike testosterone, DHT is inactivated by 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) into the very weak androgen 3α-androstanediol in various tissues such as muscle, adipose, and liver among others, and in relation to this, DHT has been reported to be a very poor anabolic agent when administered exogenously as a medication.

In addition to normal biological functions, DHT also plays an important causative role in a number of androgen-dependent conditions including hair conditions like hirsutism (excessive facial/body hair growth) and pattern hair loss (androgenic alopecia or pattern baldness) and prostate diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. 5α-Reductase inhibitors, which prevent DHT synthesis, are effective in the prevention and treatment of these conditions. Androgen deprivation is a therapeutic approach to prostate cancer that can be implemented by castration to eliminate gonadal testosterone as a precursor to DHT, but metastatic tumors may then develop into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although castration results in 90-95% decrease of serum testosterone, DHT in the prostate is only decreased by 50%, supporting the notion that the prostate expresses necessary enzymes (including 5α-reductase) to produce DHT without testicular testosterone, that outline the importance of 5α-reductase inhibitors.

DHT may play a function in skeletal muscle amino acid transporter recruitment and function.

Metabolites of DHT have been found to act as neurosteroids with their own AR-independent biological activity. 3α-Androstanediol is a potent positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, while 3β-androstanediol is a potent and selective agonist of the estrogen receptor (ER) subtype ERβ. These metabolites may play important roles in the central effects of DHT and by extension testosterone, including their antidepressant, anxiolytic, rewarding/hedonic, anti-stress, and pro-cognitive effects.

5α-Reductase 2 deficiency

Much of the biological role of DHT has been elucidated in studies of individuals with congenital 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency, an intersex condition caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding 5α-reductase type 2, the major enzyme responsible for the production of DHT in the body. It is characterized by a defective and non-functional 5α-reductase type 2 enzyme and a partial but majority loss of DHT production in the body. In the condition, circulating testosterone levels are within or slightly above the normal male range, but DHT levels are low (around 30% of normal), and the ratio of circulating testosterone to DHT is greatly elevated (at about 3.5 to 5 times higher than normal).

Genetic males (46,XY) with 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency are born with undervirilization including pseudohermaphroditism (ambiguous genitalia), pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias, and usually undescended testes. Their external genitalia are female-like, with micropenis (a small, clitoris-like phallus), a partially unfused, labia-like scrotum, and a blind-ending, shallow vaginal pouch. Due to their lack of conspicuous male genitalia, genetic males with the condition are typically raised as girls. At the time of puberty however, they develop striking phenotypically masculine secondary sexual characteristics including partial virilization of the genitals (enlargement of the phallus into a near-functional penis and descent of the testes), voice deepening, typical male musculoskeletal development, and no menstruation, breast development, or other signs of feminization that occur during female puberty. In addition, normal libido and spontaneous erections develop, they usually show a sexual preference for females, and almost all develop a male gender identity.

Nonetheless, males with 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency exhibit signs of continued undervirilization in a number of domains. Facial hair was absent or sparse in a relatively large group of Dominican males with the condition, known as the Güevedoces. However, more facial hair has been observed in patients with the disorder from other parts of the world, although facial hair was still reduced relative to that of other men in the same communities. The divergent findings may reflect racial differences in androgen-dependent hair growth. A female pattern of androgenic hair growth, with terminal hair largely restricted to the axillae and lower pubic triangle, is observed in males with the condition. No temporal recession of the hairline or androgenic alopecia (pattern hair loss or baldness) has been observed in any of the cases of 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency that have been reported, whereas this is normally seen to some degree in almost all Caucasian males in their teenage years. Individuals with 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency were initially reported to have no incidence of acne, but subsequent research indicated normal sebum secretion and acne incidence.

In genetic males with 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency, the prostate gland is rudimentary or absent, and if present, remains small, underdeveloped, and unpalpable throughout life. In addition, neither BPH nor prostate cancer have been reported in these individuals. Genetic males with the condition generally show oligozoospermia due to undescended testes, but spermatogenesis is reported to be normal in those with testes that have descended, and there are case instances of men with the condition successfully fathering children.

Unlike males, genetic females with 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency are phenotypically normal. However, similarly to genetic males with the condition, they show reduced body hair growth, including an absence of hair on the arms and legs, slightly decreased axillary hair, and moderately decreased pubic hair. On the other hand, sebum production is normal. This is in accordance with the fact that sebum secretion appears to be entirely under the control of 5α-reductase type 1.

5α-Reductase inhibitors

5α-Reductase inhibitors like finasteride and dutasteride inhibit 5α-reductase type 2 and/or other isoforms and are able to decrease circulating DHT levels by 65 to 98% depending on the 5α-reductase inhibitor in question. As such, similarly to the case of 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency, they provide useful insights in the elucidation of the biological functions of DHT. 5α-Reductase inhibitors were developed and are used primarily for the treatment of BPH. The drugs are able to significantly reduce the size of the prostate gland and to alleviate symptoms of the condition. Long-term treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitors is also able to significantly reduce the overall risk of prostate cancer, although a simultaneous small increase in the risk of certain high-grade tumors has been observed. In addition to prostate diseases, 5α-reductase inhibitors have subsequently been developed and introduced for the treatment of pattern hair loss in men. They are able to prevent further progression of hair loss in most men with the condition and to produce some recovery of hair in about two-thirds of men. 5α-Reductase inhibitors seem to be less effective for pattern hair loss in women on the other hand, although they do still show some effectiveness. Aside from pattern hair loss, the drugs are also useful in the treatment of hirsutism and can greatly reduce facial and body hair growth in women with the condition.

5α-Reductase inhibitors are overall well tolerated and show a low incidence of adverse effects. Sexual dysfunction, including erectile dysfunction, loss of libido, and reduced ejaculate volume, may occur in 3.4 to 15.8% of men treated with finasteride or dutasteride. A small increase in the risk of affective symptoms including depression, anxiety, and self-harm may be seen. Both the sexual dysfunction and affective symptoms may be due partially or fully to prevention of the synthesis of neurosteroids like allopregnanolone rather necessarily than due to inhibition of DHT production. A small risk of gynecomastia has been associated with 5α-reductase inhibitors (1.2–3.5%). Based on reports of 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency in males and the effectiveness of 5α-reductase inhibitors for hirsutism in women, reduced body and/or facial hair growth is a likely potential side effect of these drugs in men. There are far fewer studies evaluating the side effects of 5α-reductase inhibitors in women. However, due to the known role of DHT in male sexual differentiation, 5α-reductase inhibitors may cause birth defects such as ambiguous genitalia in the male fetuses of pregnant women. As such, they are not used in women during pregnancy.

MK-386 is a selective 5α-reductase type 1 inhibitor which was never marketed. Whereas 5α-reductase type 2 inhibitors achieve much higher reductions in circulating DHT production, MK-386 decreases circulating DHT levels by 20 to 30%. Conversely, it was found to decrease sebum DHT levels by 55% in men versus a modest reduction of only 15% for finasteride. However, MK-386 failed to show significant effectiveness in a subsequent clinical study for the treatment of acne.

Biological activity
DHT is a potent agonist of the AR, and is in fact the most potent known endogenous ligand of the receptor. It has an affinity (Kd) of 0.25 to 0.5 nM for the human AR, which is about 2- to 3-fold higher than that of testosterone (Kd = 0.4 to 1.0 nM) and 15–30 times higher than that of adrenal androgens. In addition, the dissociation rate of DHT from the AR is 5-fold slower than that of testosterone. The EC50 of DHT for activation of the AR is 0.13 nM, which is about 5-fold stronger than that of testosterone (EC50 = 0.66 nM). In bioassays, DHT has been found to be 2.5- to 10-fold more potent than testosterone.

The elimination half-life of DHT in the body (53 minutes) is longer than that of testosterone (34 minutes), and this may account for some of the difference in their potency.  A study of transdermal DHT and testosterone treatment reported terminal half-lives of 2.83 hours and 1.29 hours, respectively.

Unlike other androgens such as testosterone, DHT cannot be converted by the enzyme aromatase into an estrogen like estradiol. Therefore, it is frequently used in research settings to distinguish between the effects of testosterone caused by binding to the AR and those caused by testosterone's conversion to estradiol and subsequent binding to and activation of ERs. Although DHT cannot be aromatized, it is still transformed into metabolites with significant ER affinity and activity. These are 3α-androstanediol and 3β-androstanediol, which are predominant agonists of the ERβ.

Biochemistry

Biosynthesis
DHT is synthesized irreversibly from testosterone by the enzyme 5α-reductase. This occurs in various tissues including the genitals (penis, scrotum, clitoris, labia majora), prostate gland, skin, hair follicles, liver, and brain. Around 5 to 7% of testosterone undergoes 5α-reduction into DHT, and approximately 200 to 300 μg of DHT is synthesized in the body per day. Most DHT is produced in peripheral tissues like the skin and liver, whereas most circulating DHT originates specifically from the liver. The testes and prostate gland contribute relatively little to concentrations of DHT in circulation.

There are two major isoforms of 5α-reductase, SRD5A1 (type 1) and SRD5A2 (type 2), with the latter being the most biologically important isoenzyme. There is also third 5α-reductase: SRD5A3. SRD5A2 is most highly expressed in the genitals, prostate gland, epididymides, seminal vesicles, genital skin, facial and chest hair follicles, and liver, while lower expression is observed in certain brain areas, non-genital skin/hair follicles, testes, and kidneys. SRD5A1 is most highly expressed in non-genital skin/hair follicles, the liver, and certain brain areas, while lower levels are present in the prostate, epididymides, seminal vesicles, genital skin, testes, adrenal glands, and kidneys. In the skin, 5α-reductase is expressed in sebaceous glands, sweat glands, epidermal cells, and hair follicles. Both isoenzymes are expressed in scalp hair follicles, although SRD5A2 predominates in these cells. The SRD5A2 subtype is the almost exclusive isoform expressed in the prostate gland.

Backdoor pathway
DHT under certain normal and pathological conditions can additionally be produced via a route that does not involve testosterone as an intermediate but instead goes through other intermediates. This route is called the "backdoor pathway".

The pathway can start from 17α-hydroxyprogesterone or from progesterone and can be outlined as follows (depending on the initial substrate):
 17α-hydroxyprogesterone → 5α-pregnan-17α-ol-3,20-dione → 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one → androsterone → 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol → DHT.
 progesterone → 5α-dihydroprogesterone → allopregnanolone → 5α-pregnane-3α,17α-diol-20-one → androsterone → 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol → DHT.

This pathway is not always considered in the clinical evaluation of patients with hyperandrogenism, for instance due to rare disorders of sex development like 21α-hydroxylase deficiency. Ignoring this pathway in such instances may lead to diagnostic pitfalls and confusion, when the conventional androgen biosynthetic pathway cannot fully explain the observed consequences.

As with the conventional pathway of DHT synthesis, the backdoor pathway similarly requires 5α-reductase. Whereas 5α-reduction is the last transformation in the classical androgen pathway, it is the first step in the backdoor pathway.

Distribution
The plasma protein binding of DHT is more than 99%. In men, approximately 0.88% of DHT is unbound and hence free, while in premenopausal women, about 0.47–0.48% is unbound. In men, DHT is bound 49.7% to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), 39.2% to albumin, and 0.22% to corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), while in premenopausal women, DHT is bound 78.1–78.4% to SHBG, 21.0–21.3% to albumin, and 0.12% to CBG. In late pregnancy, only 0.07% of DHT is unbound in women; 97.8% is bound to SHBG while 2.15% is bound to albumin and 0.04% is bound to CBG. DHT has higher affinity for SHBG than does testosterone, estradiol, or any other steroid hormone.

Metabolism

DHT is inactivated in the liver and extrahepatic tissues like the skin into 3α-androstanediol and 3β-androstanediol by the enzymes 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, respectively. These metabolites are in turn converted, respectively, into androsterone and epiandrosterone, then conjugated (via glucuronidation and/or sulfation), released into circulation, and excreted in urine.

Unlike testosterone, DHT cannot be aromatized into an estrogen like estradiol, and for this reason, has no propensity for estrogenic effects.

Excretion
DHT is excreted in the urine as metabolites, such as conjugates of 3α-androstanediol and androsterone.

Levels
Ranges for circulating total DHT levels tested with HPLC–MS/MS and reported by LabCorp are as follows:

 Men: 30–85ng/dL
 Women: 4–22ng/dL
 Prepubertal children: <3ng/dL
 Pubertal boys: 3–65ng/dL (mean at Tanner stage 5: 43ng/dL)
 Pubertal girls: 3–19ng/dL (mean at Tanner stage 5: 9ng/dL)

Ranges for circulating free DHT levels tested with HPLC–MS/MS and equilibrium dialysis and reported by LabCorp are as follows:

 <18 years of age: not established
 Adult males: 2.30–11.60pg/mL (0.54–2.58% free)
 Adult females: 0.09–1.02pg/mL (<1.27% free)

Other studies and labs assessing circulating total DHT levels with LC–MS/MS have reported ranges of 11–95ng/dL (0.38–3.27nmol/L) in adult men, 14–77ng/dL (0.47–2.65nmol/L) for healthy adult men (age 18–59years), 23–102 ng/dL (0.8–3.5 nmol/L) for community-dwelling adult men (age <65years), and 14–92ng/dL (0.49–3.2nmol/L) for healthy older men (age 71–87years). In the case of women, mean circulating DHT levels have been found to be about 9ng/dL (0.3nmol/L) in premenopausal women and 3ng/dL (0.1nmol/L) in postmenopausal women. There was no variation in DHT levels across the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women, which is in contrast to testosterone (which shows a peak at mid-cycle). With immunoassay-based techniques, testosterone levels in premenopausal women have been found to be about 40ng/dL (1.4nmol/L) and DHT levels about 10ng/dL (0.34nmol/L). With radioimmunoassays, the ranges for testosterone and DHT levels in women have been found to be 20 to 70ng/dL and 5 to 30ng/dL, respectively.

Levels of total testosterone, free testosterone, and free DHT, but not total DHT, all measured with LC–MS/MS, are higher in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) than in women without this condition.

Circulating DHT levels in eugonadal men are about 7- to 10-fold lower than those of testosterone, and plasma levels of testosterone and DHT are highly correlated (correlation coefficient of 0.7). In contrast to the circulation however, levels of DHT in the prostate gland are approximately 5- to 10-fold higher than those of testosterone. This is due to a more than 90% conversion of testosterone into DHT in the prostate via locally expressed 5α-reductase. Because of this, and because DHT is much more potent as an androgen receptor agonist than testosterone, DHT is the major androgen in the prostate gland.

Medical use

DHT is available in pharmaceutical formulations for medical use as an androgen or anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS). It is used mainly in the treatment of male hypogonadism. When used as a medication, dihydrotestosterone is referred to as androstanolone () or as stanolone (), and is sold under brand names such as Andractim among others. The availability of pharmaceutical DHT is limited; it is not available in the United States or Canada, but is available in certain European countries. The available formulations of DHT include buccal or sublingual tablets, topical gels, and, as esters in oil, injectables like androstanolone propionate and androstanolone valerate.

Performance enhancement
DHT has been used as a performance enhancing drug, specifically as an alternative to testosterone, as it was once known to be capable of falsifying drug tests.

Chemistry
DHT, also known as 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one, is a naturally occurring androstane steroid with a ketone group at the C3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C17β position. It is the derivative of testosterone in which the double bond between the C4 and C5 positions has been reduced or hydrogenated.

History
DHT was first synthesized by Adolf Butenandt and his colleagues in 1935. It was prepared via hydrogenation of testosterone, which had been discovered earlier that year. DHT was introduced for medical use as an AAS in 1953, and was noted to be more potent than testosterone but with reduced androgenicity. It was not elucidated to be an endogenous substance until 1956, when it was shown to be formed from testosterone in rat liver homogenates. In addition, the biological importance of DHT was not realized until the early 1960s, when it was found to be produced by 5α-reductase from circulating testosterone in target tissues like the prostate gland and seminal vesicles and was found to be more potent than testosterone in bioassays. The biological functions of DHT in humans became much more clearly defined upon the discovery and characterization of 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency in 1974. DHT was the last major sex hormone, the others being testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone, to be discovered, and is unique in that it is the only major sex hormone that functions principally as an intracrine and paracrine hormone rather than as an endocrine hormone.

DHT was one of the original "underground" methods used to falsify drug testing in sport, as DHT does not alter the ratio of testosterone to epistestosterone in an athlete's urinary steroid profile, a measurement that was once the basis of drug tests used to detect steroid use. However, DHT use can still be detected by other means which are now universal in athletic drug tests, such as metabolite analysis.

In 2004, Richard Auchus, in a review published in Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism coined the term "backdoor pathway" as a metabolic route to DHT that: 1) bypasses conventional intermediates androstenedione and testosterone; 2) involves 5α-reduction of 21-carbon (C21) pregnanes to 19-carbon (C19) androstanes; and 3) involves the 3α-oxidation of 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol to DHT. This newly discovered pathway explained how DHT is produced under certain normal and pathological conditions in humans when the classical androgen pathway (via testosterone) cannot fully explain the observed consequences. This review was based on earlier works (published in 2000-2004) by Shaw et al., Wilson et al., and Mahendroo et al., who studied DHT biosynthesis in tammar wallaby pouch young and mice.

In 2011, Chang et al. demonstrated that yet another metabolic pathway to DHT was dominant and possibly essential in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). This pathway can be outlined as androstenedione → 5α-androstane-3,17-dione → DHT. While this pathway was described as the "5α-dione pathway" in a 2012 review, the existence of such a pathway in the prostate was hypothesized in a 2008 review by Luu-The et al.

References

5α-Reduced steroid metabolites
Androgens and anabolic steroids
Androstanes
Animal reproductive system
Cyclopentanols
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis
Hormones of the testis
Human hormones
Ketones
Selective ERβ agonists
Sex hormones
Testosterone

Dihydrotestosterone


Gramsh District () was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 35,723 in 2001, and an area of . It is in the centre of the country, and its capital was the town of Gramsh. The area of the former district is  with the present municipality of Gramsh, which is part of Elbasan County.

Administrative divisions
The district consisted of the following municipalities:
Gramsh
Kodovjat
Kukur
Kushovë
Lënie
Pishaj
Poroçan
Skënderbegas
Sult
Tunjë

References

Districts of Albania
Geography of Elbasan County

Gramsh District


بو يوهانسون، من مواليد 28 نوفمبر 1942 في كالمار في السويد، لاعب كرة قدم سويدي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم سويدي سابق.

درب منتخب آيسلندا لكرة القدم بين عامي 1990 و1991، ودرب منتخب الدنمارك لكرة القدم بين عامي 1996 و2000.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سويديون
رياضيون من كالمار
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من كالمار
رياضيون سويديون مغتربون في النرويج
صناديق تصفح كرة القدم الدنماركية
لاعبو كرة قدم سويديون
مدربو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2000
مدربو كأس العالم 1998
مدربو كرة قدم سويديون
مدربو كرة قدم سويديون مغتربون
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في آيسلندا
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في الدنمارك
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في النرويج
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في فنلندا
مدربو منتخب آيسلندا لكرة القدم
مدربو منتخب الدنمارك لكرة القدم
مدربو نادي بانيونيوس
مدربو نادي سيلكيبورج
مدربو نادي غوتبرغ
مدربو نادي كالمار
مدربو نادي مولده
مدربو نادي هلسنكي
مواليد 1942
مواليد في كالمار
رياضيون من مقاطعة كالمار

بو يوهانسون


El I Sínodo Diocesano de Santiago de Chile fue una reunión convocada por el obispo de Santiago Fray Diego de Medellín en 1586, y tuvo como objetivo -al igual que sus sucesoras- el estudio de la situación religiosa y moral de la diócesis adoptando diversos acuerdos relacionados con ésta.

Si bien es cierto, gran importancia tuvo para la Iglesia católica en Chile el Sínodo de Lima (1582-1583), no fue sino hasta los primeros Sínodos del período colonial (La Imperial en 1584 y el I de Santiago) en que se tratan materias específicas de la forma en que se organizaría la Iglesia chilena.

Junto con el IV Sínodo de Lima (con sede en Yaurasbamba y celebrado por Toribio de Mogrovejo), se constituye en una de las dos reuniones de relevancia en su tipo realizadas en la América-hispánica durante el año 1586; su texto en tanto, es prácticamente desconocido debido a que probablemente nunca se publicó, a pesar de que en el prefación y principio de la sínodo del V Sínodo se renueva su vigencia (en conjunto con el II, III y IV Sínodos).

Véase también
Anexo:Sínodos diocesanos y concilios provinciales de Chile

Referencias

Sínodos de Santiago de Chile

I Sínodo de Santiago de Chile


Kazaklar, (farklı dillere göre Kozak, Kosak, Cossack, Kossak, Kazak, Rus Kazakları olarak da adlandırılırlar) Ukrayna ve Güney Rusya yerli halklarının karışımı ile 15. yüzyıl dolaylarında Don ve Dinyeper nehirleri civarında ortaya çıkan etnik topluluk. Kazaklar, bugünkü Kazakistan'da yaşayan ve Türkî kökenli olan Kazaklar'la karıştırılmamalıdır. Kazak sözcüğü Eski Türkçede maceracı-özgür insan anlamındadır.

Tolstoy'un aynı adlı eserine de konu olan Kazaklar Rus ordularında özellikle sınır bölgelerin korunması gibi görevlerde kullanılmışlardır. Rusların Orta Asya ve Sibirya'yı ele geçirmelerinde bu savaşçı topluluğun payı çok büyüktür.

Etimoloji
Vassmer'in etimolojik sözlüğünde bu ad Eski Doğu slav dilinde  (козакъ, kozak) olup,   Kumanları ifade için Cosac (Kosak) kullanılmıştır - özgür kişi (Codexte bu sözün Latin harflerine çevirisi) veya hür kişi  (Arap alfabesinden çevirisi).

Bu ad net olarak ilk kez 13 asırda yazılan Codex Cumanicus adlı eserden anlaşılır.
1590'dan sonra İngilizceye girmiştir, bir İrlandalı soyadı Cossack olup 12. asra aittir.
Kazak etnonimi kökü Türkçeye dayanır.

Tarihçe

XVI. yüzyıl başında Lehistan (Polonya) kralları Tatar akınlarına karşı koymak üzere Kazaklar'ı öncü güç olarak örgütledi. Kazaklar kısa bir süre için Ataman Bohdan Hmelnytski önderliğinde bağımsız bir devlet kurdular. XVII. yüzyıl ortalarında Ukrayna, Rusya ile Lehistan arasında paylaşıldığı zaman, Rus çarları Polonya geleneğini devam ettirerek Kazaklar'ı, önce sınırların korunmasında daha sonra Rusya'nın Ural, Kafkas ve Hazar Denizi'ne doğru yayılmasında öncü güç olarak kullandılar. Nitekim Sibirya'yı fetheden Yermak Timofeyeviç de bir Kazak'tı. Toprak sahiplerinin kısıtlama çabaları, Kazaklar arasında sık sık isyanlar çıkmasına neden oluyordu. XVII. ve XVIII. yüzyılda en önemli, isyanlar Stenka Razin, Kandrati Bulavin ve Emelyan Pugaçev önderliğinde yürütülen isyanlardı. Kazaklar'ın belli ayrıcalıklarına karşın askerlik hizmeti her erkek için zorunluydu. Kazak topluluğunun temel birimi olan Stanitsa denilen köylerdi. Her Stanitsa'nın seçilmiş bir meclisi bulunmaktaydı. Stanitsalar birleşerek daha büyük olan Okrugileri (bölge), bunlarda birleşerek Voiskaları (ordu) oluşturdu. Toprak, köyün ortak malıydı; ancak, 1869'dan sonra Kazak subayları ve hizmetlilerinin özel toraklara sahip olması kabul edildi. XX. yüzyıl başında Rusya'da 12 Kazak Voiska'sı vardı. 1916-1920 arasındaki Rusya iç savaşı sırasında Kazakların bir bölümü Beyaz, bir bölümü Kızılordu saflarında savaştı. II. Dünya Savaşı boyunca bazı Kazak askeri birimleri varlığını sürdürdü, ancak eski biçim toplulukları eriyerek SSCB'nin yeni yönetsel birimlerine katıldı. Bugünkü Ukraynalılar'ın kökeni Zaporojya Kazakları'na dayanır.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Don Kazakları

İlgili Kitaplar

 Taras Bulba, Gogol'un eseri, (1835)
 Yüzbaşının Kızı, (Rusça Капитанская дочка [Kapitanskaya dochka])  Puşkin'in eseri, (1836)
 Kazaklar (Rusça: Казаки [Kazaki])  Tolstoy'un eseri, (1863)
 Durgun Akardı Don (Rusça: Тихий Дон [Tikhiy Don])  Şolohov'un eseri, (1940)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Kazaklar, Ruslar ve Osmanlılar, Erhan Büyükakıncı, Radikal Gazetesi, 16.9.2005

Kazaklar (Slav)


Cet article présente une liste des centres de données implantés en France, ainsi que les gestionnaires de ces infrastructures.

Liste des datacenters (centre de données) français

Un datacenter est un espace physique où est contenu du matériel informatique, le plus souvent des serveurs informatiques. Cette infrastructure peut être utilisée par tout organisme pour stocker, traiter et entreposer des grandes quantités de données. Par convention, un nom est attribué à chaque datacenter pour faciliter l'identification.

Liste des datacenters certifiés Uptime institute disponible ici : List (uptimeinstitute.com)

Uptime ne valide que 4 Niveaux de certifications déclinant (Design, Facilty, Documents). Les certifications de niveau + ne font pas partie des certifications UPTIME et n'ont aucunes valeurs il s'agit d'appréciation des datacenters sans aucunes valeurs fondées.

Particularités

Datacenter d'Arras
Il s'agit du seul datacenter en France métropolitaine à être hébergé dans un site classé, la citadelle d'Arras, à l'emplacement de l'ancienne poudrière. Le responsable informatique, Cédric Sergent, précise dans un reportage de France 3 Hauts de France, que les murs sont censés prévenir des explosions. Le site est détenu et géré par l'entreprise Décima.

Datacenter Paris (DC4 Scaleway)
Exploité par l'entreprise Scaleway, ce datacenter a rouvert en 2017 dans le 15ème arrondissement de Paris, au sein de l'ancien abri anti-atomique Lefebvre du Laboratoire central des ponts et chaussées. Il est enterré à 26 mètres sous le niveau de la chaussée.

Datacenter de Wissous
La construction du datacenter de Wissous est l'objet d'une controverse impliquant l'entreprise CyrusOne, la municipalité, le groupe EELV Essonne et quelques habitants de la commune. Les principaux arguments contre l'installation de ce centre de données sont son implantation à moins de 500 mètres de l'Église Saint-Denis de Wissous - classée Monument historique - ainsi que l'utilisation pendant la construction de groupes électrogènes au gaz, l'offre énergétique de la commune ne pouvant suivre l'importance des coûts énergétiques engendrés. Cette affaire fait l'objet d'une enquête publique.

Notes et références

Datacenter

Liste des centres de données neutres de France métropolitaine


Karl Litzmann (n. 22 ianuarie 1850, Neuglobsow – d. 28 mai 1936) a fost unul dintre generalii Armatei Imperiale Germane din Primul Război Mondial.

A îndeplinit funcția de comandant al Corpului XI Armată în campania acestuia din România, având gradul de general de infanterie.

Note

Bibliografie
 Falkenhayn, Erich von, Campania Armatei a 9-a împotriva românilor și a rușilor, Atelierele Grafice Socec & Co S.A., București, 1937
 Ioanițiu, Alexandru (lt.col.), Războiului României, 1916-1918, vol. I, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, ''România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol. I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1936

Vezi și
 Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
 Corpul XI Armată

Nașteri în 1850
Decese în 1936
Generali germani
Comandanți germani pe frontul românesc (1916-1918)
Cioturi din proiectul România în Primul Război Mondial

Karl Litzmann


Die Federal Correctional Institution, Jesup (FCI, Jesup) ist ein US-amerikanisches Bundesgefängnis in Jesup, im Südosten des Bundesstaates Georgia. Es beherbergt nur Männer und hat die mittlere Sicherheitsstufe.
Das Gefängnis, an der Bundesstraße U.S. Route 301 liegend, befindet sich zwischen Brunswick, Georgia, Savannah, Georgia und Jacksonville, Florida.
Das FCI Jesup beherbergte im Jahr 2000 etwa 300 Straftäter, die mehrheitlich wegen Drogen- oder Wirtschaftskriminalität verurteilt wurden.

2011 beherbergte FCI Jesup etwa 1.150 Gefangene.

Bekannte Insassen

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
Federal Correctional Complex, Jesup

Jesup
Bauwerk in Georgia
Wayne County (Georgia)
Gefängnis in Georgia

Federal Correctional Institution, Jesup


Pedagogía del oprimido es uno de los trabajos más conocidos del educador, pedagogo y filósofo brasileño Paulo Freire. El libro, de orientación marxista, propone una pedagogía con una nueva forma de relación entre educador/ educando y entre sujetos sociales.

El libro está dedicado a "los oprimidos", y está basado en su propia experiencia como profesor para adultos analfabetos.

Freire adquirió una amplia experiencia en alfabetización de adultos en los primeros años de la década del 60. Fue encarcelado por la dictadura militar que se inicia en Brasil en 1964. Exiliado a los pocos meses, se radicó en Chile donde trabajó en programas de educación de adultos impulsados desde el Instituto Chileno para la Reforma Agraria. En ese contexto, el de los años previos a la llegada a la presidencia de Salvador Allende, escribe Pedagogía del oprimido, publicado por primera vez en 1968.

En él, Freire incluye un detallado análisis de clases marxista en su exploración de lo que él llama la relación entre "colonizador" y "colonizado." El libro sigue siendo popular entre los educadores del mundo entero y es uno de los fundamentos de la pedagogía crítica.

La teoría de acción antidialógica

La teoría de acción antidialógica, centrada en la necesidad de conquista y en la acción de los dominadores , que prefieren dividir al pueblo, para mantenerlo oprimido; haciendo así, que la invasión cultural y la manipulación de la información descalifiquen la identidad de los oprimidos. Después de la crítica, apela a la noción de unir para liberar, a través de la colaboración organizada que nos conduciría a la síntesis cultural, que considera al ser humano como el actor y el sujeto de su proceso histórico. A su vez, afirma también sobre la teoría antidialógica que apela a la invasión cultural camuflada, a la falsa admiración del mundo, y a las relaciones establecidas como naturales, como mitos superestructurales para mantener el statu y mantener a los oprimidos peleados entre sí, porque los divididos son fácilmente dirigidos y manipulados.

La teoría antidialógica y sus características
"El miedo a la libertad, del que, necesariamente, no tiene conciencia quien lo padece, lo lleva a ver lo que no existe" Paulo Freire, Pedagogía del oprimido.
 Conquista: La necesidad de conquista se da desde las formas más duras y represivas (como la dominación militar y el fascismo) a las más sutiles como el paternalismo y la dominación económica.
 Dividir para mantener la opresión: Siempre que las minorías se mantengan divididas entre sí y subyugadas a las mayorías poblacionales, pueden ser manipuladas con mayor facilidad, reprimiendo sus movimientos con menos efectos adversos.
 Manipulación: a través de la manipulación las élites dominadoras van dominando a las masas populares] a conformarse a sus objetivos. Cuanto más se conformen las masas con los objetivos de la clase dominante, más podrá ésta mantener su poder.
 Invasión cultural: la invasión cultural es la penetración de los invasores en el contexto cultural de los invadidos, imponiendo a estos sus valores y su visión del mundo, coartando su creatividad e inhibiendo su expansión y su expresión. Podemos citar como ejemplo de la invasión cultural estadounidense, las cadenas de comidas rápidas (mediante valores culturales propios imponen ciertas dominaciones económicas), hasta la televisión y el cine como masas de comunicación. Estas propuestas son unilaterales, dado que se imponen como valores estandarizados que determinan cuestiones fundamentales, y no permiten la penetración de expresiones alternas.

La teoría antidialógica es característica de las elites dominantes. Esto falsea el mundo para dominarlo mejor, mientras que lo dialógico intenta desvelar. El desvelamiento del mundo es una praxis verdadera, porque posibilita a las masas populares su adhesión. Ésta coincide con la confianza que ellas comienzan a dedicarse a sí mismas en la liberación.

La teoría dialógica
Paulo Freire enfatiza que se debe trabajar en la teoría dialógica, contraria a la manipulación de las clases menos favorecidas por la "cultura" a través de los medios de comunicación. La población en sí precisa ser conducida al diálogo, que es el principal canal de liberación de la injusticia y la opresión presente. Freire postula que, como la división (a partir del no-diálogo) es una de las principales herramientas para la dominación, el diálogo resultará en la principal arma para la unión, la organización para derrotar a la opresión cultural.

Una acción cultural debe ser de una de dos formas: o ayudar a la opresión consciente o inconscientemente por parte de sus agentes, o estar al servicio de la liberación. La educación, como actor cultural, es extremadamente importante, y puede reafirmar los lazos de opresión o los de liberación.

La teoría dialógica es posible desarrollarla en la medida que se tenga fe, confianza y esperanza en el pueblo, para hacer un verdadero diálogo, sin imposición del educador, donde ambos compartan y se expresen libremente, para la superación de las diferencias de luchas de clases y lograr una acción liberadora.

Freire considera que el pueblo sólo puede ser sujeto de su desenajenación si trabaja, en conjunto con el maestro, con el objetivo de apropiarse de la cultura dominante a fin de liberarse de ella. Así, Freire no espera la emergencia pura de lo popular, sino una vinculación dialógica entre culturas. Fueron el sincretismo y las prácticas de negociación culturales de la sociedad brasileña las que inspiraron a Freire a creer en el diálogo como un acto de profunda comunión.

Una pedagogía de la liberación
Paulo Freire destaca que los educadores deben asumir una postura revolucionaria, pasando a concientizar a las personas de la ideología opresora, teniendo como compromiso la liberación de las clases oprimidas. El pueblo y sus líderes deben aprender a actuar en conjunto, buscando instaurar la transformación de la realidad que los mediatiza. El autor también enfoca que, así como el opresor precisa de una teoría para mantener la acción dominadora, los oprimidos igualmente precisan de una teoría para alcanzar a libertad. Libertad entendida como una conquista, pero también como aquella construcción a la que el  educando está desafiado. Desafío que se  completa entendiendo que la propuesta político-pedagógica que se decida debe responder a una praxis reflexiva y crítica que permita el análisis liberador sobre la toma de posicionamiento frente a la injusticia social.

El libro Pedagogía del oprimido fue publicado en 1970, es importante tener en cuenta la temporalidad porque hay que leerlo entendiendo el contexto de momento histórico. Otras acciones posibles de  sus lectores contemporáneos es la búsqueda de aquellas rupturas y continuidades que ha tenido el planteamiento expresado por Freire en el presente. El posicionamiento de Freire, su mirada de la educación como la posibilidad de edificar a partir de ella un mundo distinto, le permitió ser el Secretario de Educación en Brasil desde el 1989 hasta el 1991.

El método utilizado y creado por Freire es: la problematización.  Se distancia de su mundo, lo decodifica críticamente, en su conciencia, así se redescubre como sujeto que vive su propia experiencia. Con el fin de problematizar, desarrolla un método de alfabetización donde trabaja con la elección de palabras generadoras para aprender a leer y escribir. Este método aboga por un sujeto que ocupe un lugar activo en la transformación de su realidad social.

En tal sentido Philippe Meirieu interpela a los docentes a transmitir saberes emancipadores cuando dice: "ese saber escolar no corresponde a nada deseable, porque hay que reabrir el camino del saber dándole al saber de éstos jóvenes un camino emancipador. Deben entender que no es en la transgresión social como se van a emancipar, sino a través de una transgresión mucho mayor: la transgresión de la inteligencia en contra de los prejuicios."

Para comprender el sentido y la actualidad de la propuesta de Paulo Freire resulta útil compararla con las ideas y la prédica de otra postura crítica de la educación dominante: la corriente encabezada por el sacerdote tercermundista Iván Illich, quien dirigía el Centro Intercultural de Documentación (CIDOC), una institución de la orden de los jesuitas, que tuvo un papel notable entre la intelectualidad mexicana y latinoamericana de los años 60 y 70 en México. Entre otras acciones de vanguardia, los sacerdotes jesuitas del CIDOC se psicoanalizaron, provocando la sanción de varios de ellos en el ámbito eclesiástico.

Educación bancaria

En la educación, Freire nota un modelo de opresión estandarizado y naturalizado en la relación verticalista entre un "ignorante absoluto", el educando, y un "sabio absoluto", el educador, que deposita datos dentro de la cabeza de su estudiante, sin considerar absolutamente nada de la relación establecida y manteniendo naturalizados los conceptos de sumisión. A este modelo educativo Freire lo denomina educación bancaria. A esto, el propone su propio método: dialógico horizontal, en el cual el estudiante se reconoce a sí mismo y aprende del educador, pero el educador también aprende del estudiante y reconoce su propia humanidad.

La educación de dialogicidad que propone Freire no se refiere únicamente al hecho de que el educando tenga la oportunidad de conversar con el educador, sino que en el proceso de formación debe existir una relación dialéctica entre la teoría, la realidad y la práctica, ya que es la única y verdadera forma en la que el educando puede ser capaz de aprender, reaprender, destruir y reconstruir su propio conocimiento y entendimiento respecto de la realidad en la que se encuentra inmerso.

El concepto de dialéctica en Paulo Freire
El concepto de dialéctica está presente en el pensamiento y en la acción de Paulo Freire. Uno de los objetivos de Pedagogía del oprimido, es superar las contradicciones existentes entre opresores y oprimidos, para esto se reconoce necesaria la confrontación entre contrarios, es decir la lucha, el conflicto de los oprimidos para liberarse de los opresores.

Encontramos otro ejemplo de su pensamiento dialéctico en el concepto de síntesis cultural. Como respuesta a las contradicciones entre la cultura de los oprimidos, y la cultura del educador progresista, Freire afirma: "la síntesis cultural no niega las diferencias que existen entre una y otra visión si no, por el contrario, se sustenta en ellas. Lo que sí niega es la invasión de una por la otra. Lo que afirma es el aporte indiscutible que da una a la otra".

Ante las posturas mecanicistas sobre la educación, que por un lado consideran a la escuela como la solución a todos los problemas, y por el otro ven a la escuela y a la educación completamente sometidas al contexto de la sociedad global, nos dice el autor: "Ambas concepciones de la historia y de los seres humanos terminan por negar definitivamente el papel de la educación: la primera porque atribuye a la educación un poder que no tiene; la segunda porque le niega todo poder". En este ejemplo podemos notar que para Freire, la relación entre condiciones concretas de la realidad y la posibilidad de los sujetos de cambiar esas condiciones concretas, es un relación de limitación, mas no de determinación.

Véase también
 Adoctrinamiento
 Analfabetismo
 Capitalismo
 Críticas al marxismo

Referencias

Bibliografía
1970. Pedagogía del Oprimido. Montevideo: Tierra Nueva, 1970.
1970. Pedagogía do oprimido. Nueva York: Herder & Herder, 1970 (manuscrito en portugués del año 1968). Publicado con Prefacio de Ernani Maria Fiori. Río de Janeiro, Paz e Terra, 218 p., (23 ed., 1994, 184 p.).

Enlaces externos

Libro de Paulo Freire: Extensión o Comunicación?
Video: Planteamiento de Paulo Freire sobre pedagogía

Pedagogía
Ensayos de 1970

Pedagogía del oprimido


Fleischmannia remotifolia é uma espécie de planta do gênero Fleischmannia e da família Asteraceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1970 por Robert Merrill King e Harold E. Robinson.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie terrícola e herbácea.

Descrição

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina e São Paulo.
A espécie é encontrada nos  domínios fitogeográficos de Cerrado e Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de campos de altitude, campos rupestres, cerrado, floresta ombrófila pluvial, mata de araucária e restinga.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Nakajima, J.; Fernandes, A.C.; Grossi, M.A. Fleischmannia  in Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Ligações externas
 Fleischmannia remotifolia no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Fleischmannia
Plantas descritas em 1970
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Fleischmannia remotifolia


Cette page concerne des événements d'actualité qui se sont produits durant l'année 2022 dans la province canadienne du Nunavut.

Politique

 Premier ministre :
 Chef de l'Opposition :
 Lieutenant-gouverneur :
 Législature :

Événements

Naissances

Décès

Voir aussi
 L'année 2022 dans le monde
 2022 au Canada (2022 en Colombie-Britannique, 2022 au Manitoba, 2022 en Nouvelle-Écosse, 2022 en Alberta, 2022 en Alberta, 2022 en Ontario, 2022 au Québec, 2022 en Saskatchewan, 2022 à Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador, 2022 aux Territoires du Nord-Ouest, 2022 au Yukon)
 2022 aux États-Unis
 2022 en France, 2022 en Suisse, 2022 en Italie

Notes et références

Chronologie du Nunavut
2022 au Canada

2022 au Nunavut


بقعاثا هي بلدة درزية، تدار كمجلس محلي، في الجزء الشمالي من الجزء الذي تحتله إسرائيل من مرتفعات الجولان. تغطي بقعاتا مساحة قدرها 7000 دونم (7 كم²) بين جبلين في هضبة الجولان، جبل  وجبل وردة. تقع على ارتفاع 1070 مترًا فوق مستوى سطح البحر، وبلغ عدد سكانها 6752 نسمة في عام 2021. وتعد ثاني أكبر قرية من ناحية التعداد السكاني في الجولان بعد مجدل شمس.

رفض سكان القرية أخذ الجنسية الإسرائيلية وتمسكوا بانتمائهم لسوريا، وتمثل هذا في اضراب شامل رافض للجنسية الإسرائيلة استمر لعدة أشهر عام 1982. وتقع على أرض بركانية شبه مستوية على ارتفاع 1085 فوق سطح البحر، وتبعد 11 كم عن مدينة القنيطرة.

تاريخ القرية
أحرقت القرية في عهد العثمانيين بعد انكسار الدروز أمام الجيش العثماني، ثم أعيد بناؤها بعد ذلك. احتلتها إسرائيل، كما بقية قرى الجولان، عام 1967. وتعد من أكبر التجمعات السكانية العربية التي بقيت في الجولان بعد الاحتلال.

في عام 2017 نما عدد السكان بمعدل نمو سنوي بلغ 0.8%. وكانت في المرتبة الثانية من أصل عشرة في المؤشر الاجتماعي-الاقتصادي في عام 2015. وبلغت نسبة المؤهلين للحصول على شهادة الثانوية العامة أو البجروت بين طلاب الصف الثاني عشر بين عام 2016 وعام 2017 حوالي 80.2%. وكان متوسط الراتب الشهري للسكان في نهاية عام 2016 هو 5,305 شيكل جديد بالمقارنة مع المتوسط الوطني حوالي 8,913 شيكل جديد.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في عقد 1880
بلدات في محافظة القنيطرة
تأسيسات عقد 1880 في سوريا العثمانية
تجمعات درزية في سوريا
قرى الجولان المحتلة
مجالس محلية في المنطقة الشمالية (إسرائيل)

بقعاثا


Sideral é um curta-metragem franco-brasileiro lançado em 2021 dirigido por Carlos Segundo. Filmada em preto e branco a história é um vislumbre da vida de uma família brasileira impactada pelo evento extraordinário do lançamento de um foguete de um centro próximo. O curta foi apresentado em vários festivais, incluindo o Festival de Cinema de Cannes, o Festival de Cinema de Clermont-Ferrand além do Festival de Cinema de Telluride onde venceu vários prêmios, incluindo o prêmio de qualificação ao Oscar, de Melhor Curta Internacional no Palm Springs International Shorts Fest de 2022. Além disso, adentrou a lista preliminar na categoria de melhor curta-metragem na  95.ª Premiação da Academia de Cinema de Hollywood, Oscar de 2023.

Sinopse
Na Base Aérea de Natal está havendo preparativos ao lançamento daquele que pode ser o primeiro foguete tripulado ao espaço brasileiro. Este evento impacta a vida da simples família brasileira de Marcela e Marcos, faxineira e mecânico, respectivamente, e seus dois filhos. Ela, no entanto, sonha com novos horizontes.

Elenco

Recepção

Prêmios e Indicações
Desde sua estreia mundial no Festival de Cinema de Cannes de 2021, o filme foi selecionado em diversos festivais ao redor do mundo, tais como:

Ligações Externas

 Trailer Oficial noVimeo.
 Sideral no IMDb.

Filmes do Brasil de 2021
Curtas-metragens de 2021
Curtas-metragens do Brasil
Curtas-metragens da França

Sideral (curta-metragem)


කැල්සියම් කාබනේට්.

References

Calcium compounds
Limestone
Phosphate binders
Excipients
Antacids
කාබනේට

කැල්සියම් කාබනේට්


Touch of Pink  é um filme de comédia romântica britânico-canadense de 2004 dirigido por Ian Iqbal Rashid e estrelado por Jimi Mistry, Kyle MacLachlan, Suleka Mathew, e Kristen Holden-Ried. Seu título é uma referência à That Touch of Mink, filme protagonizado por Cary Grant.

Sinopse
Ali é um homem gay de origens indianas nascido no Quênia e criado em Toronto, Canadá, que se mudou para Londres para escapar de sua família muçulmana conservadora. Quando sua mãe enviuvada, Nuru, anuncia uma visita não-planejada onde ela ficará com ele em seu apartamento, tensões surgem no relacionamento entre Ali e seu namorado, Giles, que devem fingir serem apenas colegas de quarto. Pelo menos Ali pode sempre contar com seu amigo imaginário: o fantasma do ator Cary Grant, que é fonte de constantes conselhos (bons e ruins).

Elenco

Filmes do Canadá de 2004
Filmes do Reino Unido de 2004
Filmes de comédia romântica da década de 2000
Filmes de comédia romântica do Canadá
Filmes de comédia romântica do Reino Unido
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes com temática LGBT de 2004
Filmes com temática LGBT do Canadá
Filmes com temática LGBT do Reino Unido

Touch of Pink


يوهان فريدرش ناخب ساكسونيا  يلقب بالشهم (تورغاو، 30 يونيو 1503 - فايمار، 3 مارس 1554) ناخب ساكسونيا ورئيس التحالف البروتستانتي الألماني (الاتحاد الشمالكالدي) ، ويسمى بطل الإصلاح.

معرض صور

مراجع

أشخاص من تورجاو
بيت فتين
دوقات ساكسونيا
كاثوليك متحولون للبروتستانتية
لوثريون ألمان
مارتن لوثر
مواليد 1503
مواليد في تورجاو
ناخبو ساكسونيا
وفيات 1554
وفيات في فايمار

يوهان فريدرش الأول ناخب ساكسونيا


Hacıosmanlar, Muğla ilinin Seydikemer ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

2012 yılına kadar Fethiye ilçesine bağlı bir köyken, 2012 yılında Muğla'nın büyükşehir olmasıyla Seydikemer ilçesine bağlı bir mahalle statüsünü almıştır.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1960'lı yılların ortasında Bağlıağaç'tan ayrılmıştır. Adını köy sakinlerinden Hacı Osman Değirmenci'den almıştır.

Coğrafya
Muğla iline 181 km, Fethiye ilçesine 41 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
Fethiye

Seydikemer'in mahalleleri

Hacıosmanlar, Seydikemer


{{Ficha de serie de televisión
|tipo                   = 1
|título                 = Los restauradores
|imagen                 =
|tamaño de imagen       =
|pie de imagen          =
|reparto                = Rick Dale  Tyler Dale  Ron Dale  Kelly Mayer  Brettly Kowboy
|idioma                 = Inglés
|num temporadas         = 3
|num episodios          = 46
|lista episodios        = Anexo:Episodios de Los Restauradores
|productor              = Ryan Miller, Sean Moran y Christopher Williams
|productor ejecutivo    = Brett Montgomery y Colby Gaines
|director               = Jairus Cobb, Guy Fiorita, Rennik Soholt
|cadena                 = The History Channel
|horario                = No tiene horario fijo en la versión SD, ocasionalmente se ve a las a las 20:00 (Horario de México) / sábados 16:00  (Horario de México) en la señal HD
|duración               = 23 minutos
|primera emisión        = 25 de octubre de 2010 (Estados Unidos)
|última emisión         = 2016
|año inicio             =
|año final              =
|relacionados           = Pawn StarsCazadores de tesoros
|sitio web              = http://www.tuhistory.com/programas/los-restauradores.html
|filmaffinity           =
|imdb                   =
|tv com                 =
}}Los restauradores (conocido como "American Restoration", "King of Restoration" y "Mestres Da Restauração" en Estados Unidos, Canadá y Brasil respectivamente), es una serie de televisión reality estadounidense, transmitida en Hispanoamérica por el canal The History Channel. Producido en Manhattan por Leftfield Pictures'', la serie se filma en Las Vegas y narra las actividades diarias de la tienda "Rick's Restorations", una tienda de restauración de antigüedades, operada por Rick Dale con la ayuda de su hijo Tyler Dale (que trabaja allí desde su infancia).

Esta serie se caracteriza por ser el primer Spin-off de Pawn Stars, de hecho en dicha serie se ve a Rick Dale ocasionalmente como un experto en restauración. En febrero de 2012 se estrenó en Latinoamérica un maratón con El precio de la historia y Cazadores de tesoros.

Descripción

La serie trata sobre la vida diaria en la tienda "Rick's Restorations" ubicada en #1112 S Commerce St. Las Vegas, Nevada, en la que los clientes llevan un objeto a restaurar (o Rick va con los clientes), Rick o Tyler hacen un presupuesto, (generalmente es mucho, pues casi nunca se basa en el esfuerzo y tiempo que invertirá, sino en el valor de la pieza), el cliente deja el objeto (en el segundo caso Rick va o envía a alguien por el), estos arreglan el objeto y se lo entregan al cliente haciendo una comparación entre el viejo y el nuevo, y el cliente paga.

Personal de la tienda
 Rick Dale
Es artista de metales y experto en restauración de antigüedades y el dueño de la tienda.
 Tyler Dale
Es el joven hijo de Rick, trabaja ahí desde  niño, él busca en Internet si faltan piezas.
 Ron Dale
Hermano de Rick, el trabaja en la tienda, a Rick no le gusta que Tyler pase mucho tiempo con Ron, ya que este puede enseñarle malos hábitos.
 Bob

 Kowboy
Empleado, ayuda a Rick transportando objetos (en caso de ser necesario), es el más gruñón según ha dicho Rick en algunos episodios.
 Brettly
Es hijo de la esposa de Rick, algunas veces bromean con él, lo consideran tonto debido a que no sabe todavía mucho sobre la restauración. Por lo general pinta, lija objetos o despinta metales.
 Ted

 Kyle Astorga

 Kelly Mayer
Esposa de Rick y madre de Brettly, ella es la mano derecha de Rick en los negocios de la tienda, encargada de mantener los presupuestos, ordena partes faltantes y lleva las relaciones con los fabricantes. La mujer que aparece en el logotipo de la tienda, está basada en ella.
no aparece mucho en el programa

Emisión internacional
La serie se ve en la mayoría de las versiones locales de History, en la mayoría de dichos países se conoce como "Kings Of Restoration".
En la versión local de History en Brasil, se conoce como Mestres Da Restação.

Temporadas

Artículo Principal:Anexo:Episodios de Los Restauradores

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web de la serie (The History Channel)
 Página web de la tienda (en inglés)

Series de televisión de Estados Unidos
Series dobladas al español en Venezuela
Series de televisión de The History Channel
Series de televisión iniciadas en 2010

Los restauradores


Cryptococcus neoformans, hem bitki hem hayvanlarda yaşayabilen, kapsüllü, maya tipli bir mantar (fungus) türüdür. Teleomorf adı olan Filobasidiella neoformans ile de bilinen bu tür, mantarların beş ana tipinden biri olan Basidiomycota sınıfına aittir. C. neoformans genelde (tek hücreli) mayalar gibi tomurcuklanarak çoğalır. Bazı şartlarda ise, hem laboratuvarda hem doğada, C. neoformans burada görüldüğü gibi   ipliksi mantar gibi büyür. Maya gibi büyürken C. neoformans polisakkaritlerden oluşmuş bir kapsüle sahiptir. Kapsülün mikroskop altında kolay görünmesi için çini mürekkebi kullanılır. Mürekkepteki pigment tanecikleri küresel maya hücresi çevreleyen kapsülün içine giremedikleri için hücrelerin etrafında siyah bir halo oluşur.

C. neoformans türü üç varyant (v.), yani çeşitten oluşur: C. neoformans v. gattii, v. grubii, ve v. neoformans. C. neoformans v. gattii başlıca tropiklerde bulunur, ama Kanada'nın güneybatı kıyısında Vancouver Adasında da varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Cryptococcus gattiinin ayrı bir tür sayılabilecek kadar diğer varyantlardan farklı olduğu yakın zamanda gösterilmiştir. C. neoformans v. grubii ve v. neoformans dünyanın her tarafında bulunurlar, genelde kuş dışkısıyla pislenmiş toprakta bulunurlar. C. neoformans v. neoformans'''ın genom dizini 2005 yılında yayımlanmıştır..C. neoformans enfeksiyonuna kriptokokoz denir.

 Kaynakça

 Casadevall A, Perfect JR, Cryptococcus neoformans'', ASM Press, Washington, DC, 1998.

Dış bağlantılar

 Index Fungorum

Filobasidiaceae
Genomu dizilenmiş mantarlar

Cryptococcus neoformans


Struck by Lightning es una película escrita y protagonizada por Chris Colfer y dirigida por Brian Dannelly. Nos habla de un joven que, tras morir por el impacto de un rayo, narra el modo en el que chantajeó a sus compañeros de instituto para que contribuyeran a su revista literaria. El film fue producido por Chris Colfer y Glenn Rigberg.

Sinopsis
La historia es contada en flashback desde la perspectiva de Carson Phillips, alumno de la preparatoria Clover, después de que él es golpeado por un rayo en la escena inicial de la película. El flash se respalda a continuación y muestran cómo chantajeó a sus compañeros de clase para la edición de una revista literaria. Su madre, Sheryl Phillips también está buscando una manera de reencontrarse con su hijo mientras se prepara para ir a la universidad.

Colfer dijo "Es la más emocionante y la cosa más aterradora que he hecho. Lo escribí para los niños en la escuela secundaria que son autoexigentes en su propio derecho y poco apreciada por él, al igual que yo. Creo que es muy sarcástico y muy real. Espero que demuestre que todavía hay montones y montones de niños inteligentes en el mundo. Se trata de niños inteligentes y no se trata de niños estúpidos que quieren echar un polvo, y ese es su mayor objetivo en la vida."

Filmación
El rodaje tuvo lugar entre el 12 de julio y el 4 de agosto de 2011, tras la finalización de Colfer en la gira del Tour Glee y antes del inicio del rodaje de la temporada 3 de Glee.

Reparto
La película cuenta con una gran cantidad de actores jóvenes conocidos por otros papeles que interpretaron.
 Chris Colfer como Carson Phillips
 Christina Hendricks como April
 Sarah Hyland como Claire Matthews
 Ashley Rickards como Vikki Jordan.
 Allison Janney como Sheryl Phillips.
 Dermot Mulroney como Neal Phillips.
 Allie Grant como Remy Baker.
 Robbie Amell como Justin Walke.r
 Matt Prokop como Dwayne Michaels.
 Polly Bergen como Grandma.
 Adam Kolkin como Young Carson Phillips.
 Graham Rogers como Scott Thomas.
 Angela Kinsey como Counselor.
 Brad Henke
 Carter Jenkins como Nicholas Forbes.
 Rebel Wilson como Malerie.
Lauren López como Hideous Girl.
 Taylor Clarke-Pepper como Dog Walker (sin acreditar)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Películas de 2012
Películas de comedia dramática de Estados Unidos
Películas de humor negro de Estados Unidos
Películas sobre adolescencia
Películas con temática LGBT de 2012

Struck by lightning


Agathe Bessard, né le  à Albertville, est une skeletoneuse française.

Biographie
Agathe Bessard pratique le skeleton depuis 2013 au club de La Plagne, dont son père était directeur technique de la piste de bobsleigh.

À 15 ans, elle participe à ses premières compétitions internationales sur le circuit junior (Youth Series) et, après deux saisons, elle décroche une médaille de bronze aux Jeux Olympiques de la Jeunesse de Lillehammer en 2016. Elle signe son premier podium senior en 2017 à Lillehammer.

Elle intègre le pôle France à Moutiers puis poursuit ses études en STAPS à Grenoble.

On notera ensuite ses titres de vice-championne d'Europe Junior en 2019 à Sigulda et en 2020 à Altenberg avec sa participation sur le circuit international à partir de la saison 2019-2020.

En février 2020, elle termine quatorzième du championnat du monde de skeleton. L'année suivante, après une saison perturbée par le COVID-19, elle recule dans le classement mondial (tout en étant encore chez les juniors) avec une 20 place sur le circuit de la coupe du monde 2020-2021.

En 2022, elle parvient à décrocher sa qualification aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de Pékin à la suite de son parcours en coupe du monde bien qu'en ayant raté les deux dernières journées : en effet, avec le jeu des quota par comités nationaux, cela est suffisant pour décrocher le 25 et dernier quota olympique. Cependant, la FFSG décide de ne pas sélectionner pas pour la compétition pour des critères nationaux.

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques

Championnats du monde de skeleton
 Meilleur résultat :  en 2020.

Coupe du monde de skeleton
 2019-2020 :  (meilleure place : 11 à Sigulda)
 2020-2021 :  (meilleure place : 13 à Sigulda)
 2021-2022 :  (meilleure place : 21 à Altenberg )

Références

Liens externes

Skeletoneuse française

Naissance à Albertville
Naissance en janvier 1999

Agathe Bessard


Levkuška este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Revúca din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 242 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu Otročok, Gemerská Ves, , Rašice și .

Istoric
Localitatea Levkuška este atestată documentar din 1294.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Levkuška


නැවතුම් චලිතය (හෝ රාමුවෙන් රාමුව) සජීවීකරණය යනු භෞතිකව පාලනය වන වස්තුවක් එය මගින්ම චලනය වන ලෙස පෙන්වන සජීවීකරණ තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රමයක් සඳහා වූ යෙදුමකි. වස්තුව චලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ වෙන් වශයෙන් ඡායාරූපගත කරන ලද ඉතා කුඩා කාල පරතර ඇති රාමු මගින් වන අතර අඛණ්ඩ අනුක්‍රමයක් ලෙස රාමු ශ්‍රේණිය ධාවනය වන විට එමගින් චලන මායාවක් ඇති කරයි. බොහෝ විට නැවතුම් චලිත සජීවීකරණයේ දී මැටි රූප භාවිතා කරන අතර ඒවා ක්ලේමේෂන් ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබයි. එලෙස මැටි රූප භාවිතා කරනු ලබන්නේ ඒවා පහසුවෙන් නැවත ස්ථානගත කළ හැකි බැවිනි. ස්ටොප් මෝෂන් ප්‍රෝ, istopmotion හා මංකි ජෑන් වැනි මෘදුකාංග යෙදූ මෙම තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රමය තරුණ චිත්‍රපටි නිර්මාණකරුවන් අතර ප්‍රචලිත කර ඇත.

ඉතිහාසය
නැවතුම් චලිතයට චිත්‍රපටයක ඉතිහාසයක් තරම්ම ඉතිහාසයක් ඇත. වස්තු සජීවිකරණය මෙහි පටන් ගැන්ම වන අතර ඊටපසු සෘජු මෙහෙයවීමේ සජීවිකරණය සිදු වු අතර එයට පසුව පිටු ගණනාවක අඳින ලද චිත්‍ර යොදා ගැනීමද සිදු විය. මෙය ඉක්මන් සම්ප්‍රදායික සජීවිකරණය බවට පත් වූ අතර, ක්ලෙ සජීවිකරණය,  Pixilation, රූකඩ සජීවිකරණය හා කාල ප්‍රමාද සජීවිකරණය ඉන්පසු පිළිවෙලින් ගොඩ නැගුණු ඒවායි.

මුල්ම නැවතුම් චලිත ක්‍රමෝපාය හඳුන්වා දීමේ ගෞරවය හිමි වන්නේ ඇල්බට් ස්මිත් හා ජේ. ස්ටුවට් බ්ලැක්ටන් ය. ඔවුන්ගේ හම්ල්ටි ඩම්ප්ටි සර්කස් නම් වූ කරණම්කරුවන් හා සතුන්ට පණ එන කථා වස්තුවක්   රැගත් 1898 දී සිදු කළ චිත්‍රපටයේ ඔවුහු එම ක්‍රම යොදා ගත්හ.

මුලින්ම සිදුකළ ක්ලේ සජීවිකරණයක් වුයේ, 1912 දී සිදුකල Modeling Extraordinary චිත්‍රපටයයි. 1916 දෙසැම්බර්හි දී  විලී හොප්කින් (Willie Hopkin) ගේ කථාංග 54 ඇතුලත් Miracles in Mud සිනමාවට ආවේය. 1916 දී මුල්ම ගැහැණු සජීවිකාරකයා, හෙලේනා ස්මිත් ඩේටන් (Helena Smith Dayton) ක්ලේ සමඟ  පර්යේෂණ සජීවිකරණය ඇරඹීය. 1917 දී ඇයගේ මුල්ම සජීවිකරණ  චිත්‍රපටයේ රෝමියෝ ඇන්ඩ් ජුලියට් තිරගත විය. යුරෝපීයානු ජාතික නැවතුම් චලිත සජීවිකරණ පුරෝගාමියෙකි. Lady slaw Starewicz  (1892 – 1962) ඔහු විසින් Beautiful Lukanida (1910), the battle of the stag beetles (1910) වැනි සජීවිකරණ චිත්‍රපට සිදු කළේය.

Starewicz මුල්ම එකිනෙකට ඈඳුණ කථා නැවතුම් චලිත සජීවිකරණයෙන් හා රූකඩ ආධාරයෙන් චිත්‍රපට තැනු තැනැත්තා විය. ඔහු කෘමින් ගැන වාර්තාමය වැඩසටහන් නිපදවිය. ඔහුගේ ක්‍රම නැගෙනහිර යුරෝපයේ 1920 හා 1930 ගණන්වල යොදා ගත් අතර රූකඩ සඳහා ඉතා හොඳ සංස්කෘතික පසු බිමක් බිහි විය.

Willis O'Brien (1996 – 1963) ඇමරිකානු නැවතුම් චලිත සජීවිකරණ පුරෝගාමියෙකි.

ඔහුගේ ශිෂ්‍ය රේ හැරිහුසෙන් විශාල චිත්‍රපට සඛ්‍යාවක් සිදු කළ අතර, එයට ඔහු රූකඩ සජීවිකරණයේ තවත් හොඳ ආකාරයක් වූ මොඩල සජීවිකරණය යොදා ගත්තේය.  එහි විශේෂත්වය නම් එහි රූප යථාර්ථවාදී වීමයි. මෙවැනි ආකාරයේ දියුණුවක් ඇමරිකාව හා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය තුල තිබුණත් එහි වර්ධනය ඉතා හෙමින් සිදු වු අතර එම රට වලින් පිට එහි වර්ධනය මුලිකවම සිදුවිය.

ජෝර්ජ් පැල් ඇමරිකාවේ දී සජීවිකරණ කටයුතු කළ විශිෂ්ට හන්ගේරියානු ජාතික රූකඩ සජීවිකරණ නිෂ්පාදකයෙකි . ඔහු නෙදර්ලන්තයේ දී  තම කටයුතු සමගාමීව සිදුකරගෙන ගියේය.

දශක 3 ක් පුරාවට ළමයින්ගේ මන දොල පිනවූ නැවතුම් චලිත වැඩසටහනකි, ඇමරිකාවේ  ක්ලොකේගේ Gumby වැඩසටහන. එම සජීවිකරණ  බොහෝ ඒවා ක්ලේ ආධාරයෙන් සිදු විය.

Walt Disney චිත්‍රාගාරය රූකඩ සජීවිකරණය 1959 ඇරඹු අතර, එය මිනිත්තු 21 කින් යුක්ත වූ  Noah's ark නම් වූ කෙටි චිත්‍රපටියක් විය. සජීවිකරණ චිත්‍රපට සඳහා ඔස්කාර් සම්මාන උළෙලට ද මෙහි නම යෝජනා විය.

1959 නොවැම්බර් වල  Sandmännchen නම් වූ නැගෙනහිර ජර්මනියේ රූපවාහිනි ළමා වැඩසටහන් විකාශය වීම ඇරඹීය. අලුත් කථාංග වර්තාමානයේ දී ජර්මනියේ විකාශ වන අතර එය ලෝකයේ මෙතෙක් ඇති වු දිගම සජීවිකරණ වැඩසටහන් වලින් එකකි.

1960 දී ප්‍රංශ ජාතික  සර්ජ් ඩැනොට්, The magic Roundabout  නිර්මාණය කළ අතර,  BBC හි 1965 සිට විශාල කාලයක් එය විකාශය විය.

බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රූපවාහිනි වැඩසටහන් මාලාව  The Clangers  1969 දී ඉතා ජනප්‍රිය විය. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතික බ්‍රේන් කොස්ග්‍රෝව් හා  Mark Hall The wind in the willow නමින් දිගු චිත්‍රපටියක් නිපදවිය.

Disney චිත්‍රාගාරය Mike Jittlov නැමැති සජීවිකරණ අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයා යොදා ගෙන නැවතුම් චලිත ක්‍රමෝපායන් යොදා ගනිමින් සජීවිකරණ කටයුතු යෙදුණු අතර  Micky Mouse  සෙල්ලම්භාණ්ඩ යොදා කුඩා කාලයක් ධාවනය වන Mouse Mania නිපදවිය. 1978 දී  Micky Mouse ගේ 50 වන සංවත්සරයට  Mickey's 50 යන්න නිපදවන ලදි.

Jittlov, the black hole නම් චිත්‍රපටියෙන් Disney සමඟ ඉතා හොඳ මට්ටමේ නැවතුම් චලිත සජීවිකරණ ක්‍රම යොදා ගෙන 1979 දී නිපදවිය. ඔහු  The Wizard of Speed and Time යනුවෙන් තවත් චිත්‍රපටයක් ද නිපදවිය.

ඉතාලියානු නැවතුම් චලිත චිත්‍රපට අතර Quaq Quao (1978) වන අතර එය  ෆැන්සිස්කො මිස්සෙරි(Francesco Misseri) ඔරිගාමි ආශ්‍රයෙන් නිපදවිය. Mio and Mao තවත් ක්ලේ සජීවිකරණ ඉතාලියානු චිත්‍රපටයකි.

චිත්‍රපට ඉතිහාසය පුරා නැවතුම් චලිත ක්‍රමෝපායන් ත්‍රිමානේක්ෂ 3ඩී  චිත්‍රපට වලට යොදා ගැනුනේ අල්ප වශයෙනි. මුල්ම 3ඩී නැවතුම් කෙටි චිත්‍රපය In tune with Tomorrow ය(1939). එය  ජෝන් නොර්ලින් විසින් නිපදවිය. දෙවන ත්‍රිමානේක්ෂ නැවතුම් චලිත චිත්‍රපටය  පෝල් ස්ප්‍රන්ක්ගේ, The Adventures of Sam Space (1955) ය. තුන්වන හා අවසාන එවැනි ආකාරයට සිදුවු චිත්‍රපටය 2000 දී සිදුවු එල්ම කාන් (Elmer kaan) හා ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ලෙන්ට්ජේස් (Alexander Lentjes) ගේ  The Incredible Invasion of the 20,000 Giant Robots from Outer Space වේ.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_motion

නැවතුම් චලිතය (Stop motion)


IBM PC DOS (veya kısaca IBM DOS), IBM Personal Computer Operating Disc System (IBM Kişisel Bilgisayar İşletim Disk Sistemi)'in kısaltması, IBM PC ve ardılları/uyumlu sistemler için geliştirilmiş tarihi bir işletim sistemidir.

Tarihçe
İlk DOS işletim sistemi, ilk kişisel bilgisayar olarak sayılan IBM PC ile doğmuştur. Kişisel bilgisayar piyasasına giren IBM ürettiği Intel 8086/8088 işlemcili makine için bir işletim sistemi aramaya başlamıştır. IBM, o zamanlar hakim sistem olan CP/M'i kullanmak istemiş ama Digital Research (daha doğrusu sahibi Gary Kildall) ile yaşanan anlaşmazlıklar sonucu işletim sisteminin kullanımı konusunda sonuç alınamamıştır.

Sektörde benzer bir işletim sistemi olmadığından IBM Microsoft'dan Bill Gates'e danışmıştır. Ancak MS firmasının elinde hazır bir işletim sistemi olmadığından QDOS /Quick and Dirty OS) isimli sistemi almış ve CP/M uyumluluğu eklenerek DOS 1.0 sürümü ortaya çıkarılmıştır.

IBM DOS sisteminin satış iznini Microsoft firmasına da vermiştir. DOS sisteminin Microsoft tarafından satılanı MS-DOS, IBM tarafından satılanı PC-DOS (veya IBM-DOS) adıyla bilinir. Bu sonradan Microsoft'un DOS'u IBM harici firmaların ürettiği cihazlara uyumlu hale getirerek satmasına ve firmanın büyümesine yol açmıştır.

DOS 3 sürümü dahil her şeyleri aynıdır, ancak daha sonra lisan sorunları, aşırı büyüyen Microsoft, IBM OS/2 yerine Microsoft'un kendi içinde Windows 1.0'i geliştirmesi arayı açmıştır. Bundan sonra da iki sistem altında bazı farklılıklar ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır.

MS-DOS son kullanıcıya yönelik özellikleri öne çıkarırken IBM-DOS ağ ve iş özelliklerini öne çıkarmıştır. Örnek olması açısından MS-DOS için temel sistem dosyaları MS-DOS.SYS ve IO.SYS iken IBM-DOS (veya PC-DOS) için IBMDOS.COM ve IBMBIO.COM dosyalarıdır.

İsim tarihçesi
"PC DOS" isminin kullanıldığı işletim sistemleri:
 IBM Kişisel Bilgisayar Diski İşletim sistemi 1.0 (IBM Personal Computer Disk Operation System 1.0) (Kısaca:PC DOS 1.0)
 IBM Kişisel Bilgisayar Diski İşletim sistemi 2.0 (IBM Personal Computer Disk Operation System 2.0) (Kısaca:PC DOS 2.0)
 IBM Kişisel Bilgisayar Diski İşletim sistemi 3.0 (IBM Personal Computer Disk Operation System 3.0) (Kısaca:PC DOS 3.0)
 IBM DOS 4.0 (IBM ürün ismini değiştirdi.)
 IBM DOS 5.0
 IBM PC DOS 6.1 (IBM ürün ismini yine değiştirdi. "PC DOS" kısaltılmış isim değil.)
 IBM PC DOS 6.3
 IBM PC DOS 7
 IBM PC DOS 2000 (IBM'in son sürümü)

Sürümler
X86 DOS işletim sistemi zaman çizelgelesi sürüm bilgileri için işletim sistemleri zaman çizelgesi bakın.

Ayrıca bakınız
 MS-DOS
 REXX

Dış bağlantılar
 ftp.boulder.ibm.com/software/dos/ PC DOS 2000 (Çince Sürüm), serbestçe indirmek için
 IBM ServerGuide Scripting toolkit - its DOS Edition contains PC DOS 7.1 (2005 Haziran) with LBA and FAT32 support

IBM işletim sistemleri
Durdurulan işletim sistemleri

IBM PC-DOS


Les Adiaphanida sont un super-ordre de vers plats rhabditophores.

Systématique
Le super-ordre des Adiaphanida a été créé en 2002 par  et .

Phylogénie

Liste des ordres
Selon  :
 Fecampiida Rohde , 1994
 Prolecithophora Karling, 1940
 Tricladida Lang, 1884

Étymologie
Le nom Adiaphanida dérive du préfixe grec ancien , a-, « privation », et , diaphanês, « transparent », soit « opaque » et ce en référence au fait que la plupart de ces espèces, voire toutes, présentent un corps plus ou moins opaque.

Publication originale

Notes et références

Liens externes

Plathelminthe (nom scientifique)

Adiaphanida


Yoshio Okada (11. august 1926 - 22. juni 2002) var en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

|-
|1951||3||0
|-
|1952||0||0
|-
|1953||0||0
|-
|1954||4||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yoshio Okada


Cactus Jack (titlu original: The Villain) este un film american din 1979 regizat de Hal Needham și produs de Mort Engelberg. Este o parodie a filmelor western și a personajului animat Warner Bros. Wile E. Coyote. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Kirk Douglas, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Ann-Margret, Paul Lynde, Foster Brooks, Strother Martin, Ruth Buzzi, Jack Elam și Mel Tillis. Scenariul este scris de Robert G. Kane.

Prezentare

O femeie frumoasă, "Charming Jones" (Ann-Margret) este escortată în vestul sălbatic de un cowboy naiv, încețoșat, "Handsome Stranger" (Schwarzenegger) pentru a obține o avere de la tatăl ei, Jones (Martin). Cu toate acestea,  răufăcătorul Avery Simpson (Elam), care i-a dat banii lui Charming, decide că îi vrea pentru el însuși. El îl angajează pe un vechi nelegiuit, "Cactus Jack" (Douglas), să-i jefuiască când părăsesc orașul.

De-a lungul călătoriei, Charming îi face avansuri lui  Handsome, însă toate sunt întâmpinate cu indiferență. Între timp, Cactus Jack continuă să lase capcană după capcană pentru cei doi, fără niciun folos însă. Încercarea lui Jack de a obține ajutorul lui Nervous Elk (Paul Lynde)], șeful unui trib local de piei roșii, de asemenea, nu reușește.

În cele din urmă, Jack se confruntă față în față cu cei doi, moment în care Charming renunță la Handsome și, în schimb, îl sărută pe Jack, care, de emoții, se face roșu ca focul.

Distribuție

Producție
Filmările au avut loc în Monument Valley din Utah.

Lansare și primire
A avut premiera la 27 iulie 1979.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Filme din 1979
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Hal Needham
Parodii
Filme Columbia Pictures
Filme western
Filme de comedie din anii 1970

Cactus Jack


قائمة بطولات دورة رولان غاروس لعام 1985:

الكبار

فردي رجال

 ماتس ويلندر هزم  إيفان ليندل, النتيجة:3-6, 6-4, 6-2, 6-2

فردي سيدات

 كريس إفيرت هزمت  مارتينا نيفرتيلوفا: النتيجة:6-3, 6-7 [4], 7-5

زوجي رجال
 مارك إدموندسن و كيم فارفك هزما  سشلومو كلاوستاين و هانس سيمونسسن, النتيجة:6-3, 6-4, 6-7, 6-3

زوجي سيدات
 مارتينا نيفرتيلوفا و بان شرايفر هزمتا  كلاوديا كودي كلايش و هيلينا سوكوفا, النتيجة:4-6, 6-2, 6-2

زوجي مختلط
 مارتينا نيفرتيلوفا و هاينس غنثايردت هزما  باولا سميث و فرانسيسكو غونزاليس, النتيجة:2-6, 6-3, 6-2

مراجع

باريس في 1985
أحداث مايو 1985 الرياضية في أوروبا
أحداث يونيو 1985 الرياضية في أوروبا
الجائزة الكبرى للتنس في 1985
دورات رولان غاروس
دورة فرنسا المفتوحة حسب السنة
رياضة فرنسية في 1985
كرة المضرب في 1985
كرة مضرب فرنسية في 1985

دورة فرنسا المفتوحة 1985


Made In The A.M. er det femte album af det irsk-britiske boyband One Direction", og blev udgivet den 13 november 2015 af Columbia Records og Syco Music. Made In The A.M. er det første album af One Direction uden bandmedlemmet Zayn Malik, der forlod bandet den 25. marts 2015. De tunerede ikke med Made In The A.M., og det var deres sidste album de udgav, inden deres hiatus i 2016. Albummet indeholder singlerne, "Drag me down" (udgivet 31. juli 2015), "Perfect" (udgivet 16. oktober 2015) og "History" (udgivet 16. december 2015). Alle singler har i en række lande, nået top-10 listen.

Made In The A.M. var det anden-hurtigst sælgende album i 2015, og det sjette bedst sælgende album i 2015, med 2.4 millioner kopier solgt i hele verden.

Referencer

One Direction
Album fra 2015

Made in the A.M.


Ginami (Ginammi) je bila hrvatska obitelj tiskara i knjižara. Neki povjesničari (Vlado Horvat, Aleksandar Stipčević) smatraju da su hrvatskog podrijetla i djelovali su u Mlecima od 1613. do 1689. godine. Prvi član obitelji Ginammi bio je Giovanni Alberti, koji je 1600. god. otkupio tiskaru od Kotoranina Jerolima Zagurevića. Tiskali su knjige hrvatskih autora, ponajviše književnika (Brne Karnarutić Vazetye Sigetta grada sloxeno po Barni Charnarutichiu Zadraninu ; In Venezia, appresso Bartolomeo Ginami, 1639). Ivan Alberti je tiskao knjigu Ivana Bandulavića, a za nakladnika Antonija Turinija. Na knjizi se tiskar potpisao hrvatskim oblikom svog prezimena, Albertovich, što nesumnjivo potvrđuje hrvatskog podrijetlo.
Poznati su tiskari iz ove obitelji Ivan Alberti, Marko (u. 1653.) i njegov sin Bartol. Kad je Marko preuzeo tiskaru, bili su jedna od najznačajnijih tvrtki u Mlecima. Marko je sina Bartola poslao u franjevački samostan u Fojnici radi učenja hrvatskog jezika i pisma bosančice.
Ovim se smatra potvrdom da je Marku bilo iznimno stalo do korektnog tiskanja knjiga na hrvatskom, zbog čega je sina poslao na školovanje. Trud se isplatio, jer su hrvatski autori slali im rukopise uvjereni da Ginamiji ne će griješiti u slogu tiska što je bio česti problem kod mletačkih tiskara. Marko je i tiskao prvi prodajni popis hrvatskih knjiga, na kraju knjige isusovca Aleksandra Komulovića. Markov sin Bartul (Bartolomeo) nije bio tako dobar u poslu te je tiskara prešla u ruke Francesca Brogliollija, koji je kupio i tiskaru i nerasprodane hrvatske knjige.

Vidi
 Bartolo Occhi

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Google Knjige Bartolomeo Ginami
WorldCat Bartolomeo Ginami

Hrvati u Italiji
Životopisi, Fojnica
Životopisi, Venecija
Tiskarstvo

Ginami


Društvo prijatelja kulturne baštine Split je udruga iz Splita. Osnovano je 1971. godine. Tajnica je hrvatska publicistica Tea Marinović. Djelatnost društva je njegovanje materijalne i nematerijalne kulturne baštine Splita i okolice i promicanje svijesti o njenoj zaštiti. Društvo izdaje časopis Kulturna baština.

Izvori

Split
Hrvatske udruge


1. ŽNL Zadarska u sezoni 2018./19. predstavlja prvi stupanj županijske lige u Zadarskoj županiji, te ligu četvrtog ranga hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva. U natjecanju sudjeluje četrnaest klubova koji igraju dvokružnu ligu (26 kola).
Ligu je osvojila momčad "Pakoštana".

Sudionici
 Arbanasi – Zadar
 Bibinje – Bibinje
 Dalmatinac – Crno, Zadar
 Dragovoljac – Poličnik
 Hajduk – Pridraga, Novigrad
 Hrvatski Vitez – Posedarje
 Pag – Pag
 Pakoštane – Pakoštane
 Polača – Polača
 Sabunjar – Privlaka
 Škabrnja '91 – Škabrnja
 Velebit – Benkovac
 Zemunik – Zemunik Donji
 Zlatna luka- Sukošan

Ljestvica

 Pag – odustao nakon 12. kola, svi rezultati brisani

Rezultati
Izvor za raspored: Službeno glasilo NSZŽ
''Ažurirano: 10. lipnja 2019.

Najbolji strijelci
Izvori:

Strijelci 10 i više pogodaka:

Unutrašnje poveznice
 1. ŽNL Zadarska
 2. ŽNL Zadarska 2018./19.
 Kup Nogometnog saveza Zadarske županije 2018./19.
 1. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska 2018./19.
 1. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska 2018./19.
 ŽNL Šibensko-kninska 2018./19.
 3. HNL – Jug 2018./19.

Vanjske poveznice
 Nogometni savez Zadarske županije
 Nogometni savez Zadarske županije – 1. ŽNL
 rsssf.com, Hrvatska 2018./19., 1. ŽNL

Izvori
 Nogometni savez Zadarske županije – glasnici
 rsssf.com, Hrvatska 2018./19., 1. ŽNL

2018-19
Zadarska-1

1. ŽNL Zadarska 2018./19.


The white-necked crow (Corvus leucognaphalus) is the largest of the four Caribbean corvids. It is endemic to the island of Hispaniola (split between Haiti and the Dominican Republic); it was formerly also extant on Puerto Rico, but has been extirpated there due to considerable forest clearance and hunting.

Taxonomy
Two other species, the Cuban crow (C. nasicus) and the Jamaican crow (C. jamaicensis), appear to be very closely related to it, sharing several key morphological features. The fourth species from this region, the palm crow (C. palmarum), would appear to be a later arrival (at least in evolutionary terms) and shows similarities to the fish crow (C. ossifragus) of North America and two Mexican species, despite it being sympatric with the white-necked crow on Hispaniola.

Description

A stocky bird, it is the largest Caribbean corvid, measuring  in length. The overall appearance is black, with a bluish-purple gloss in good light; despite the name, the neck typically appears entirely black, as the namesake white is restricted to the bases of the neck feathers, rarely visible in the field. The black bill is long and deep, and curves gently downward to the tip, giving the bird a large headed appearance. The nasal bristles do not quite cover the nostrils, unlike the majority of species in this genus. There is a patch of dark grey bare skin behind the eye, and the base of the lower mandible has a bare strip of the same coloured skin. The iris is a distinctive crimson red in colour, and the legs and feet are black. It often flies high over the forest canopy and soars on thermals, unlike the palm crow, which rarely, if ever, soars.

Conservation
It has been designated as "Vulnerable" by the IUCN, due to having a severely fragmented population which is mostly decreasing, and several other threats (mainly hunting for both food and as a crop pest, destruction of habitat for agriculture and timber, and attacks on nest sites by the recently arrived pearly-eyed thrasher (Margarops fuscatus)); the same factors that led to its extirpation on Puerto Rico seem to affect the remaining populations on Hispaniola and surrounding islands.

Habitat
It inhabits both lowland and mountain forest, and tolerates degraded areas used for agriculture.

Diet
The diet is typical of most forest crows, comprising a large amount of fruit but a degree of invertebrate food is also taken, especially when feeding young. Small vertebrate prey has also been found in the stomachs of collected birds, including small native toads and nestlings. Bird eggs are also taken when found.

Reproduction
The nest is always solitary and built high in a tall tree, though little else concerning their breeding has as yet been recorded.

Voice
The voice of the white-necked crow is quite remarkable and unusual for a corvid, described as sounding more like a parrot, and consists of a series of liquid bubbling sounds, squawking, and babbling, mixed with sweet and harsh notes, including some that sound like the common raven (Corvus corax).

References

External links
 BirdLife Species Factsheet.
 Two birds in palm tree
 Head shot
 Single bird calling

white-necked crow
Endemic birds of the Caribbean
Endemic birds of Hispaniola
Birds of the Dominican Republic
Birds of Haiti
white-necked crow
white-necked crow
ESA endangered species

White-necked crow


L'Équipe de Belgique espoirs de hockey sur gazon représente la Belgique dans le hockey sur gazon international masculin et est contrôlée par l'Association Royale Belge de Hockey, l'instance dirigeante du hockey sur gazon en Belgique.

L'équipe a participé au Championnat d'Europe des moins de 21 ans et s'est qualifiée pour la Coupe du monde des moins de 21 ans à six reprises. Leur plus grande performance est d'avoir gagné Championnat d'Europe des moins de 21 ans en 2012 et d'être vice-champion du monde en 2016.

Histoire dans les tournois

Coupe du monde des moins de 21 ans
 1985 -  place
 1997 -  place
 2005 -  place
 2009 -  place
 2013 -  place
 2016 -
 2021 -  place

Championnat d'Europe des moins de 21 ans
 1976 -  place
 1978 -  place
 1981 -
 1984 -  place
 1996 -  place
 1998 -  place
 2002 -  place
 2004 -  place
 2006 -
 2008 -  place
 2010 -
 2012 -
 2014 -  place
 2017 -
 2019 -  place
 2022 - Qualifié

Championnat II d'Europe des moins de 21 ans
 2000 -

Composition
Les 18 joueurs sélectionnés pour la Coupe du monde masculine de hockey sur gazon des moins de 21 ans 2021 à Bhubaneswar, en Inde.

Entraîneur :  Jeroen Baart

Sélections mises à jour le 5 décembre 2021, après le match contre les Pays-Bas.

Références

Liens externes
 Site officiel de l'Association royale belge de hockey

Hockey sur gazon en Belgique


Tysklands U/15-fodboldlandshold er Tysklands landshold for fodboldspillere, som er under 15 år og administreres af Deutscher Fußball-Bund (DFB).

U/15-fodboldlandshold
U/15-fodboldlandshold i Europa

Tysklands U/15-fodboldlandshold


Jarosite is a basic hydrous sulfate of potassium and ferric iron (Fe-III) with a chemical formula of KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6. This sulfate mineral is formed in ore deposits by the oxidation of iron sulfides. Jarosite is often produced as a byproduct during the purification and refining of zinc and is also commonly associated with acid mine drainage and acid sulfate soil environments.

Physical properties

Jarosite has a trigonal crystal structure and is brittle, with basal cleavage, a hardness of 2.5-3.5, and a specific gravity of 3.15-3.26. It is translucent to opaque with a vitreous to dull luster, and is colored dark yellow to yellowish-brown. It can sometimes be confused with limonite or goethite with which it commonly occurs in the gossan (oxidized cap over an ore body). Jarosite is an iron analogue of the potassium aluminium sulfate, alunite.

Solid solution series

The alunite supergroup includes the alunite, jarosite, beudantite, crandallite and florencite subgroups.  The alunite supergroup minerals are isostructural with each other and substitution between them occurs, resulting in several solid solution series.  The alunite supergroup has the general formula AB3(TO4)2(OH)6. In the alunite subgroup B is Al, and in the jarosite subgroup B is Fe3+.  The beudantite subgroup has the general formula AB3(XO4)(SO4)(OH)6, the crandallite subgroup AB3(TO4)2(OH)5•H2O and the florencite subgroup AB3(TO4)2(OH)5 or 6.

In the jarosite-alunite series Al may substitute for Fe and a complete solid solution series between jarosite and alunite, KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6, probably exists, but intermediate members are rare. The material from Kopec, Czech Republic, has about equal Fe and Al, but the amount of Al in jarosite is usually small.

When jarosite forms from pyrite oxidation in sedimentary clays, the main sources of K+ are illite, a non-swelling clay, or K-feldspar. In other geological settings mica's alteration can also be a source of potassium.

In the jarosite-natrojarosite series Na substitutes for K to at least Na/K = 1:2.4 but the pure sodium end member NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 is not known in nature.  Minerals with Na > K are known as natrojarosite.  End member formation (jarosite and natrojarosite) is favoured by a low temperature environment, less than 100 °C, and is illustrated by the oscillatory zoning of jarosite and natrojarosite found in samples from the Apex Mine, Arizona, and Gold Hill, Utah.  This indicates that there is a wide miscibility gap between the two end members, and it is doubtful whether a complete series exists between jarosite and natrojarosite.

In hydroniumjarosite the hydronium ion H3O+ can also substitute for K+, with increased hydronium ion content causing a marked decrease in the lattice parameter c, although there is little change in a. Hydroniumjarosite will only form from alkali-deficient solutions, as alkali-rich jarosite forms preferentially.

Divalent cations may also substitute for the monovalent cation K+ in the A site.  Charge balance may be achieved in three ways.
Firstly by replacing two monovalent cations by one divalent cation, and leaving an A site vacancy, as in plumbogummite, Pb2+Al3(PO4)2(OH)5.H2O, which is a member of the crandallite subgroup.
Secondly by incorporating divalent ions in the B sites, as in osarizawaite, Pb2+Cu2+Al2(SO4)2(OH)6, alunite subgroup, and beaverite, Pb2+Cu2+(Fe3+,Al)2(SO4)2(OH)6, jarosite subgroup.
Thirdly by replacing divalent anions with trivalent anions, as in beudantite, PbFe3+3(AsO4)3−(SO4)(OH)6, beudantite subgroup.

History
Jarosite was first described in 1852 by August Breithaupt in the Barranco del Jaroso in the Sierra Almagrera (near Los Lobos, Cuevas del Almanzora, Almería, Spain). The name jarosite is also directly derived from Jara, the Spanish name of a yellow flower that belongs to the genus Cistus and grows in this sierra. The mineral and the flower have the same color.

Mysterious spheres of clay 1.5 to 5 inches in diameter and covered with jarosite have been found beneath the Temple of the Feathered Serpent an ancient six level stepped pyramid 30 miles from Mexico City.

Mars exploration
Ferric sulfate and jarosite have been detected by three martian rovers: Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity. These substances are indicative of strongly oxidizing conditions prevailing at the surface of Mars. In May 2009, the Spirit rover became stuck when it drove over a patch of soft ferric sulfate that had been hidden under a veneer of normal-looking soil.
Because iron sulfate has very little cohesion, the rover's wheels could not gain sufficient traction to pull the body of the rover out of the iron sulfate patch. Multiple techniques were attempted to extricate the rover, but the wheels eventually sank so deeply into the iron sulfate that the body of the rover came to rest on the Martian surface, preventing the wheels from exerting any force on the material below them. As the JPL team failed to recover the mobility of Spirit, it signified the end of the journey for the rover.

Antarctica deep borehole
On Earth, jarosite is mainly associated with the ultimate stage of pyrite oxidation in clay environment and can also be found in mine tailings waste where acidic conditions prevail. Against all expectations, jarosite has also been fortuitously discovered in minute quantities in the form of small dust particules in ice cores recovered from a deep borehole in Antarctica. This surprising discovery was made by geologists who were searching for specific minerals capable to indicate ice age cycles within the layers of a 1620 meters-long ice core. Geologists speculate that jarosite dust could also have accumulated within ice on glaciers on Mars. However, this hypothesis is a matter of controverses, because on Mars jarosite deposits can be very thick (up to 10 meters); but Mars is also a very dusty planet and in the absence of plate tectonic on Mars glacial dust deposits might have accumulated during long periods of time.

Use in materials science
Jarosite is also a more generic term denoting an extensive family of compounds of the form AM3(OH)6(SO4)2, where A+ = Na, K, Rb, NH4, H3O, Ag, Tl and M3+ = Fe, Cr, V. In condensed matter physics and materials science they are renowned for containing layers with kagome lattice structure, relating to geometrically frustrated magnets.

See also
 Alunite
 Iron(III) sulfate
 Spirit Mars rover final embedding event

References

 Palache C., Berman H., and Frondel C. (1951) Dana's system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. II, 560–562.
 Webmineral data
 Cornell University (2004) How an obscure mineral provided a vital clue to Martian water.
 Discovery News (2013) "Robot Finds Mysterious Spheres in Ancient Temple"

External links
 Further information about the Jaros Hydrothermal system

Iron(III) minerals
Potassium minerals
Alunite group
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 166

Jarosite


Dans l'interprétation des lois des pays de common law, l'approche téléologique (anglais: purposive approach) est une approche de l'interprétation législative et constitutionnelle selon laquelle les tribunaux de common law doivent interpréter une loi dans le contexte de l'objet de la loi.

Historique et définition
L'approche téléologique à l'interprétation des lois est issue de la règle de la situation à réformer définie dans l'arrêt Heydon. Elle vise à remplacer la règle de la situation à réformer, la règle du sens ordinaire et la règle d'or.

Pour un tribunal, l'approche téléologique consiste à «  lire les mots de la disposition dans leur contexte global en suivant le sens ordinaire et grammatical qui s'harmonise avec l'esprit de la loi, l'objet de celle‑ci et l'intention du législateur ».

L'approche téléologique est une manière de lire les lois en fonction de leur telos (finalité) plutôt qu'un recours obligatoire à des sources externes à la loi. À cet effet, la Cour suprême du Canada précise que c'est uniquement lorsque deux interprétations plausibles créent une ambiguïté véritable qu'il faut recourir à des moyens d'interprétation externes à la loi.

Droit par pays

Canada
La Cour suprême du Canada affirme que l'approche téléologique est la méthode privilégiée d'interprétation des lois dans les arrêts Rizzo & Rizzo Shoes Ltd. (Re), Bell ExpressVu Limited Partnership c. Rex et Stubart Investments Ltd. c. The Queen.

Bibliographie
Posner, Richard. Pragmatism versus Purposivism in First Amendment Analysis. Stanford Law Review Vol. 54, No. 4, Apr., 2002, p. 737-7520
Bourchard, Ron A. Living Separate and Apart is Never Easy: Inventive Capacity of the PHOSITA as the Tie that Binds Obviousness and Inventiveness in Pharmaceutical Litigation'. University of Ottawa Law & Technology Journal, January 2007 (Canada)
Barak, Aharon. Purposive Interpretation In Law. Princeton University Press. (Princeton, New Jersey), 2005
Driedger, E.A. Construction of Statutes. Butterworth & Co. (Canada) 2d ed., 1983,
Bennion, F.A.R. Statutory Interpretation. Butterworth & Co. (London) 3d ed., 1997, p. 731-750

Notes et références

Interprétation des lois

Approche téléologique


Hatari (islandski "Mrzitelji") je islandski techno, industrial i punk rock sastav iz Reykjavika. Članovi sastava su Klemens Nikulásson Hannigan, Matthías Tryggvi Haraldsson i Einar Hrafn Stefánsson, dok su plesači koji sudjeluju u videospotovima i na nastupima uživo Sólbjört Sigurðardóttir, Sigurður Andrean Sigurgeirsson i Ástrós Guðjónsdóttir. Predstavljali su Island na Izboru za pjesmu Eurovizije 2019. s pjesmom Hatrið mun sigra gdje su završili deseti u velikom finalu. Članovi sastava bore se protiv kapitalizma, populizma, korupcije te protiv izraelske okupacije nad Palestinom.

Eurovizija 2019.

U siječnju 2019. je potvrđeno da će Hatari nastupati na Söngvakeppnin 2019, islandskom natjecanju za nastup na Izboru za pjesmu Eurovizije 2019. U ožujku su pobijedili zbog čega su izabrani da predstavljaju Island u svibnju na Eurosongu.

Sastav se pred početak natjecanja pojavljivao u medijima zbog izjava o Izraelskoj okupaciji Palestine. Jon Ola Sand, izvršni nadzornik Europske radiodifuzijske unije, upozorio ih je da će biti diskvalificirani ako će političke izjave dovesti na pozornicu. Hatari su predstavljali Island na Izboru za pjesmu Eurovizije 2019. s pjesmom Hatrið mun sigra gdje su završili deseti u velikom finalu. Tijekom proglašenja rezultata, razvili su natpise s zastavom Palestine. Još je upitno hoće li Europska radiodifuzijska unija kazniti islandsku televiziju RÚV.

Diskografija

Sastav je objavio 5 pjesama, te jedan album.

Albumi

Pjesme
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Naslov
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Godina
! scope="col" colspan="1"| Najviša pozicija na ljestvici
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-

Rock-sastavi

Hatari


Jorge Luis Batlle Ibáñez (25. oktober 1927 – 24. oktober 2016) var en advokat og politiker fra Uruguay, der var Uruguays præsident fra 2000 til 2005.

Eksterne henvisninger

Uruguays præsidenter
Politikere fra Uruguay
Personer fra Montevideo

Jorge Batlle Ibáñez


بلحيات البحر  هي  من الحيوانات تتبع  ذوات المصراعين.

التصنيف
 فوق فصيلة بلحيات البحر الحقيقية
 فصيلة بلحيات البحر البحرية
 أسرة بلحاوات البحر
 جنس بلح البحر

انظر أيضاً
 متغايرات الأسنان أو بلحيات البحر المخططة

مراجع

بلحيات البحر
رتب ذوات الصدفتين
كائنات حية مائية

بلحيات البحر


Clara von Arnim (geb. von Hagens; * 14. September 1909 in Kassel; † 17. Mai 2009 in Idar-Oberstein) war eine deutsche Autorin.

Leben
Clara von Arnim wurde am 14. September 1909 in Kassel als Tochter des späteren Oberlandesgerichtspräsidenten Walter von Hagens, und seiner Frau Ilse Ratjen geboren. Nach dem Abitur begann sie zunächst ein Studium der Rechtswissenschaften, ließ sich aber dann u. a. bei Hede Teirich-Leube zur Physiotherapeutin ausbilden. Am 19. September 1930, heiratete sie in Berlin den Urenkel Achims und Bettinas von Arnim, Herr  auf Schloss Wiepersdorf mit Bärwalde und Zernikow, Friedmund Ernst Freiherr von Arnim (1897–1946). Sie lebte mit ihrem Mann und ihren Kindern in Zernikow, ihre Schwiegermutter Agnes geb. von Baumbach in Wiepersdorf. Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde die Familie als Gutsbesitzer "entschädigungslos enteignet". Clara von Arnim floh 1945 mit ihren 6 Kindern in den Westen. Ihr Mann wurde, obwohl er kein Soldat und der Krieg bereits offiziell beendet war, 1945 in die Sowjetunion deportiert, wo er am 13. Januar 1946 in einem Kriegsgefangenenlager in Tula verstarb.

Frau von Arnim baute 1947/48 in Kupfer bei Schwäb. Hall ein Siedlungshaus. Von dort aus arbeitete sie in ihrem erlernten Beruf als Physiotherapeutin u. a. in Schwäbisch Hall und war von 1959  bis 1962 Hauserwachsene und Erzieherin im privaten Internat und Gymnasium Birklehof in Hinterzarten. Später war sie wieder als Krankengymnastin in Eschborn am Taunus und in Kronberg im Taunus tätig. Im Alter von 81 begann sie, Ihre Erinnerungen an ihre Erlebnisse als märkische Gutsherrin niederzuschreiben. Ihr erstes, sehr erfolgreiches Buch, "Der grüne Baum des Lebens" erschien im Jahre 1998 und umspannt die Zeit von ihrer Hochzeit 1930 bis zur Flucht von Gut Zernikow im Jahre 1945. Clara von Arnim starb am 17. Mai 2009 im Alter von 99 Jahren in Idar-Oberstein und wurde auf dem Friedhof der Dorfkirche in Zernikow beigesetzt.

Werke

Literatur
 Peter-Anton Friedmund von Arnim: Spurensuche. Friedmund Ernst Freiherr von Arnim 1897-1946 aus Anlaß seines 100. Geburtstag. Kindheitserinnerungen. Vortrag anläßlich der Einweihung einer Gedächtnistafel an der Schlosskirche zu Wiepersdorf 1994, Selbstverlag, Kronberg, Zernikow 1997. https://d-nb.info/950629499

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
⚭Clara
Deutscher
Geboren 1909
Gestorben 2009
Frau

Clara von Arnim


Henry Neville,  comte de Westmorland (1525–août 1563) est un pair anglais, membre de la Chambre des lords et chevalier de la Jarretière.

Biographie
Il est né en 1525, le fils aîné de Ralph Neville (4e comte de Westmorland) et de sa femme, Katherine Stafford, fille d'Edward Stafford (3e duc de Buckingham) et d'Éléonore Percy.

Henry Neville est fait chevalier en 1544 et hérite du comté de son père en 1550. Il est nommé membre du Conseil privé vers 1552 et ambassadeur en Écosse la même année. Il devient chevalier de la Jarretière et lord-lieutenant de Durham le 7 mai 1552. À la mort d'Édouard VI, Neville soutient Marie  et participe à sa cérémonie de couronnement. De janvier 1558 à décembre 1559, il est lieutenant-général du nord.

Il épouse Anne Manners, fille de Thomas Manners (1er comte de Rutland). Leur fille Eleanor épouse William Pelham. Il se remarie avec Jane, la fille de Roger Cholmeley puis avec sa sœur Margaret, la veuve d'Henry Gascoigne.

Henry Neville meurt en août 1563 et est remplacé par son fils avec Anne Manners, Charles Neville (6e comte de Westmorland).

Références

Liens externes

Famille Neville
Chevalier de la Jarretière
Comte de la pairie d'Angleterre
Décès en août 1563
Naissance en 1525
Comte de Westmorland

Henry Neville (5e comte de Westmorland)