Eugenia Smith (January 25, 1899 – January 31, 1997), also known as Eugenia Drabek Smetisko, was one of several Romanov impostors who claimed to be the Grand Duchess Anastasia, youngest daughter of Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Imperial Russia, and his wife Tsarina Alexandra.

Smith is the author of Autobiography of HIH Anastasia Nicholaevna of Russia (1963), in which she recounts "her" life in the Russian Imperial Family up to the time when Bolsheviks murdered them at Ekaterinburg, and "she escaped" the massacre.

Although after World War II there were at least ten claimants to the identity of Grand Duchess Anastasia, only Anna Anderson and Eugenia Smith achieved more than a small circle of believers. The true Anastasia was killed along with her parents and siblings on July 17, 1918, but this was not known with absolute certainty until the missing body of one of the Romanov sisters was found and identified in 2007.

Birth

According to naturalization papers she filled out when she emigrated to the United States, Eugenia Smith was born on January 25, 1899, in Bukovina, Austria-Hungary. However, as a claimant to the identity of Grand Duchess Anastasia, she would later assert that she was born on June 18, 1901, in St. Petersburg, Russia. Anastasia's date of birth is used on the grave labelled "Evgenia Smetisko" at Holy Trinity Monastery.

Escape from Russia

In her published autobiography, Smith provided a lengthy but unverifiable explanation of how she survived the execution of the family of Tsar Nicholas II at Ekaterinburg on July 17, 1918, and subsequently escaped to the west.

By her own account, she regained consciousness in the cellar of the Ipatiev House after the execution, and was rescued by an unidentified woman who moved her to a dugout below a nearby house and then nursed her back to health. Smith began a trek to the west, accompanied by two men, one of whom was later identified to her as Alexander, a soldier who had been stationed at the Ipatiev House. The long journey, undertaken by train and on foot, took Smith and her rescuers through the towns of Ufa, Bugulma, Simbirsk and Kursk before reaching Serbia, where they were accommodated in the home of a local man and his wife. The party later travelled further, arriving at the home of an unidentified Slavic-speaking woman on October 24, 1918.  Smith's published memoir ended at that point.

Marriage
In later interviews, Smith claimed that she married Marijan Smetisko, a Croat, in October 1918; they subsequently had a daughter who died in infancy. She further claimed that her husband had given her permission to travel to the United States in 1922 and that the marriage was dissolved a few years later. In 1963, however, an American journalist tracked down Mr. Smetisko in Yugoslavia and reported: "The man was found living in a poor hut with his wife; he said he'd never known anybody named Eugenia, or anybody from Chicago, or had ever been married before.  He wanted only to be left alone with his cows".

Life in the United States

Arrival
A search of passenger manifests confirms that Eugenia Smetisko, aged 22, arrived in New York City on July 27, 1922, travelling from Amsterdam aboard the S. S. Nieuw Amsterdam. According to this source, she was a citizen of Yugoslavia, but spoke German and was of German ancestry. She was described as a married woman, with her husband listed as Mr. M. Smetisko of Sisak, Yugoslavia. She further identified her intended final destination as Hamtramck, Michigan. She later settled in Chicago, where she reportedly worked as a salesgirl and a milliner.

Smith evidently returned to Europe later that decade, as another passenger manifest reveals that Eugenia Smetisko, now aged 30, arrived in New York again on September 23, 1929, sailing from Le Havre aboard the S. S. De Grasse. This document further indicates that she had applied to become a naturalized citizen of the United States on April 4, 1928, in the Northern District of Illinois (Chicago). Her residential address was given as 6263 Greenwood Avenue, Chicago.

Supporters
During her early years in Illinois, Smith met John Adams Chapman, a prominent Chicago businessman, who accepted her claim to be the Tsar's daughter. Through Chapman's connections, Smith befriended two daughters of former federal judge Christian Cecil Kohlsaat, who also became her firm supporters. She would later describe the younger daughter, Mrs. Helen Kohlsaat Wells (1881–1959), as "a close friend and confidant for many, many years". The two women began to collaborate on Smith's memoirs in 1930, and completed a first draft four years later.

During this time, Smith was also a frequent guest of Mrs. Wells' older sister, Miss Edith Kohlstaat, who still lived in the vast house that her parents had built at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, in the early 1900s.  Smith moved there permanently in 1935 but, as Miss Kohlsaat later recalled: "she was difficult to live with, she found fault with all my friends, but she seemed so lost that I wanted to help her".

It was while staying with Edith Kolhsaat that Smith also met Mrs. Marjorie Wilder Emery, another friend of John Adams Chapman.   Mrs. Emery (1882–1967) was the wealthy widow of William Harrison Emery, Jr. (1876–1938), founder of the Chicago Rawhide Company and former client of noted Prairie School architect Walter Burley Griffin.  In 1945, Smith left Edith Kohlsaat's home in Lake Geneva and moved in with Mrs. Emery in Elmhurst. Smith's new hostess remained a firm believer in her claim to be the Tsar's daughter, and celebrated her birthday each year on Grand Duchess Anastasia's actual birthdate of June 18.

Smith remained with Mrs. Emery until 1963, except for two years spent with her daughter, Mrs. Norman Hanson, who lived across the street, and another year in New York when Mrs. Emery was in California. Mrs. Emery later echoed Edith Kohlstaat's comments that Smith was difficult to live with, recalling that she often seemed morose, objected to visits by some of Mrs. Emery's friends, did not get along with the servant, and became annoyed when she was not permitted to use the family car.

During the time that Smith lived with Mrs. Emery, her story caught the attention of a genuine Romanov relative, Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich Romanov (1902–1978), a nephew of Tsar Nicholas II and therefore first cousin to the real Anastasia.  Prince Rostislav, who had lived in Chicago since the 1920s, was informed by his ex-wife, the former Princess Alexandra Pavlovna Galitzine (1905–2006), that Eugenia Smith was living in nearby Elmhurst.  Keen to arrange a meeting, the princess invited Smith to lunch on no fewer than three occasions; in each case, however, the claimant declined on the grounds that she was too nervous.

In the late 1950s, Smith was introduced to writer and local historian Edward Arpee (1899–1979), author of such books as The History of Lake Forrest Academy (1944) and From Frigates to Flat-tops (1953), with whom she planned to collaborate on her memoirs.  Arpee later recalled that he prepared a manuscript about the survival of Grand Duchess Anastasia "working from material supplied by Mrs. Smith in odds and ends, and in innumerable interviews". He later asserted: "She was difficult to get along with; I never received any thanks for my work during those years". Smith continued to review her manuscript with her long-time champion, Helen Kohlstaat Wells, until the latter's death in 1959.

Other activities
Whilst living at Lake Geneva, Smith (still using the name Eugenia Smetisko) gained prominence as a lecturer at various women's clubs in the Chicago area.  In August 1940, she gave a talk to the North Shore Women's Club on the subject of the Balkans and Denmark.

In April 1943, at the invitation of the women's guild of St. Elizabeth's Church in Glencoe, she presented a lecture entitled "Russia Today and Yesterday".  At that time, it was also reported that she had previously spoken at the Chicago Mount Holyoke Club. In 1944, Smith (described as "a Russian artist and traveller") spoke again on the topic of "Russia Before and Russia Now" before the Niles Center Women's Club.

During the time that she lived in Elmhurst with Mrs. Emery, Smith spent two years working in a silver shop on Michigan Avenue.  She also attempted to start her own business as a perfume manufacturer, working from Mrs. Emery's home, but later became irritated when her hostess refused to invest in the project.

Publication of memoirs
Smith's public profile as a Romanov claimant was raised following her move to New York City in June 1963. She presented her manuscript to publishers Robert Speller & Sons, initially claiming that she was actually a friend of Grand Duchess Anastasia, who, before her death in 1918, had provided Smith with the notes on which the manuscript was based. Before proceeding any further, the Spellers contacted Gleb Botkin, son of the Tsar's physician and a childhood friend of the genuine Grand Duchess Anastasia. Botkin, who was a fervent supporter of rival Anastasia claimant Anna Anderson, was skeptical of Smith's claim.

Speller & Sons subsequently requested that Smith undergo a lie detector test. This was undertaken by polygraph expert and former CIA agent Cleve Backster, who, after thirty hours of testing, concluded that he was "virtually positive that his subject was Anastasia".  Gleb Botkin remained unconvinced; he later stated that "the lie detector must have had a screw loose somewhere", and warned Speller & Sons not to proceed with the project.

Nevertheless, the publishers went ahead. Smith's manuscript was re-written as the memoirs of Grand Duchess Anastasia herself, and was published towards the end of 1963 under the title Anastasia: The Autobiography of H.I.H. The Grand Duchess Anastasia Nicholaevna of Russia. Prior to publication, excerpts were printed by Life magazine, along with articles detailing the mixed results of the lie detector tests, handwriting analysis and an anthropologist's comparison of Smith's facial features with photographs of the actual Grand Duchess.  There were also comments from two people who had known the Grand Duchess in childhood: Princess Nina Chavchavadze and Gleb Botkin's sister, Tatiana Melnik, both of whom rejected Smith's claims. Like her brother, Tatiana Melnik was convinced that rival claimant Anna Anderson was the genuine article. Anderson was aware of Smith's claims and discussed them with journalist Alexis Milukoff in a series of taped interviews conducted in Germany in the mid-1960s. Of the story, Anderson simply quipped: "Is it not incredible?".

In December 1963, Speller & Sons were contacted by Michael Goleniewski, a former Polish army officer who, for some years, had claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia's brother, the Tsarevich Alexei.  A meeting was arranged between the two claimants, which took place at the publisher's New York offices on December 31, 1963. As recorded by Anna Anderson's biographer, the late James Blair Lovell, "the two imposters tearfully embraced and affirmed one another's authenticity". Although they later planned to collaborate on a memoir, the alleged siblings subsequently had a falling out. In 1965, Smith denounced Goleniewski as a fraud, although he reportedly remained convinced that she was his sister.

Later life and death
Michael Goloniewski later claimed that his "sister" had died in New York City in 1968, reputedly murdered after a visit of "very powerful men... two of them were Rockefellers". This, however, was not correct, as Smith was still alive and well at that time. She moved to Newport, Rhode Island, in the early 1970s, where she attended the local Congregational Church until her death.

During that time, she founded the St Nicholas House Foundation, a non-profit organization to establish a museum for Russian art and history in the United States. In her later years, Smith distanced herself from earlier claims of Imperial origins. In 1984, Associated Press reported that she had refused to discuss her claims with them. A decade later, when she was asked if she would like to provide a blood sample for DNA analysis, she also refused.

Smith painted into her 90s. Johannes Froebel-Parker published samples of her artwork in The Art of the Authoress of Anastasia: The Autobiography of H.I.H. The Grand Duchess Anastasia Nicholaevna of Russia (2014: Authorhouse); .

Death
Eugenia Smith died on January 31, 1997, at the Lafayette Nursing Home in North Kingstown, at the purported age of 95 years. Rev. Lark d'Helen, who conducted her memorial service at the Newport Congregational Church, said of her: "Eugenia was a woman of character determined, tenacious, imperial even to the end". Of her claim to be the grand Duchess Anastasia, another long-time friend stated: "She is an enigma ... that's not really important if she is or if she isn't. To me, she's just a human being.  That's how everyone knew her".

Many newspapers published her obituary using Anastasia's birth date, or stated that she had been born in St. Petersburg. Unlike Anna Anderson, who was cremated upon death, Eugenia Smith was interred in the Orthodox fashion in the cemetery of Holy Trinity Orthodox Monastery in Jordanville, New York, as cremation is prohibited in that faith. She is buried in the back right side of the newer section of the cemetery under the name Evgenia Smetisko.

See also
Romanov impostors

References

Further reading
Autobiography of HIH Anastasia Nicholaevna of Russia, New York: Speller, 1963.
Anastasia: The Life of Anna Anderson, Peter Kurth, Pimlico, 1995.
The Great Pretenders: The True Stories behind Famous Historical Mysteries, Jan Bondeson, W. W. Norton Co., New York, 2004.

1899 births
1997 deaths
Romanov impostors
People with acquired American citizenship
People from the Duchy of Bukovina
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia

Eugenia Smith


හොකී ක්‍රීඩවකි. එක් පිලකට සමජිකයන් 11ක් සහභාගී වේ. හොකී යනු කණ්ඩායම් දෙකක් එකිනෙක පරයා ගෝලයක් වාර්ථා කිරීමට යත්න දරන ක්‍රීඩාවකි. මෙහිදී 'පක්' නමින් හඳුන්වන බෝලයක් හෝ තද රවුම් ඩිස්කයක් භාවිතා කරයි. විරුද්ධ පිළේ දැල තුළට එය පිත්තෙන් විසිකිරීම මගින් ගෝලයක් ලබාගැනීම සිදු කරයි. කිසියම් ප්‍රදේශයක වඩාත් ප්‍රචලිත හොකී ක්‍රීඩා ආකාරය සරලව එම ප්‍රදේශ වලදී හොකී ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

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හොකී


An Puccinellia hispanica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Julià ngan Josep Maria Montserrat-Marti. An Puccinellia hispanica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puccinellia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

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🔺සමෘද්ධි ව්‍යාපාරය නවීකරණය කර ග්‍රාම සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපාරයක් බවට පත් කිරිමට යොජනා කරනවා

🔺වල් පැළ හරණය සඳහා විකල්ප දිරිගැන්වීමක් වෙනුවෙන් රුපියල් මිලියන 4,000 ක් වෙන් කෙරේ

🔺 වල් පැළ හරණය හා වල් පැළෑටි අවම වන පරිදි වගා බිම් සකස් කිරීම සඳහා හෙක්ටයාර 2 ක උපරිමයකට යටත්ව හෙක්ටයාරයකට රුපියල් 5000 බැගින් අධාර මුදලක්

🔺අපනයනකරුවන් ශ්‍රේණිගත කර උසස් මට්ටමේ අපනයනකරුවන් සඳහා නිදහස් රේගු පහසුකම් සැලසිමට යෝජනා කරනවා

🔺කිරි නිෂ්පාදනය ඉහළ නංවා, දියර කිරි පරිභෝජනය ඉහළ නැංවීම සඳහා විසර්ජන පනතින් වෙන් කොට ඇති මුදලට අමතරව තවත් රුපියල් මිලියන 1000ක් වෙන් කිරීමට යෝජනා කරනවා

🔺බදු පරිපාලනය සඳහා තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රමවේද අනුගමනය කිරිමට අදාළ වන පරිදි නීති සංශෝධනය කරනවා

🔺 2021 අයවැය මගින් යෝජනා කෙරුණු දැනට කෙටුම්පත් කර ඇති විශේෂ භාණ්ඩ හා සේවා බද්ද 2022 ජනවාරි මස සිට එම පනතින් ආවරණය වන භාණ්ඩ හා සේවා සඳහා ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමට යොජනා කරනවා

🔺ගුවන් විදුලි සහ රූපවාහිනී සංඛ්‍යාත පැවරීම මින් ඉදිරියට විවෘත වෙන්දේසියක් යටතේ ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමට යොජනා කරනවා

🔺ත්‍රිරෝද රථ සහ ඒ ආශ්‍රිත ගැටලු විසඳීමට ත්‍රිරෝද රථ නියාමන අධිකාරියක් පිහිටුවිමට යෝජනා

🔺ගම සමග පිළිසඳර වැඩසටහන යටතේ සෑම ග්‍රාම සේවා වසමකටම රුපියල් මිලියන 3ක් වෙන් කරනවා

🔺දැනට විශ්‍රාම වැටුප් නොලබන ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ පුරවැසියන් සඳහා දායකත්ව විශ්‍රාම වැටුප් ක්‍රමයක් යොජනා කරනවා

🔺පාසල් බස් හා වෑන් රථ හිමියන්ට සහන සැලසීමට රුපියල් මිලියන 400ක් වෙන් කෙරේ

🔺ආදායම අහිමි වූ ත්‍රිරෝද රථ හිමියන්ට සහන සැලසීම සඳහා රුපියල් මිලියන 700ක් වෙන් කරනවා

🔺ආදායම අහිමි වූ පෞද්ගලික බස් රථ හිමියන්ට සහන සැලසීම සඳහා මිලියන 1500ක්

🔺ඇළ වේලී ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය හා වැව් බැමි ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට රුපියල් මිලියන 2000ක් වෙන් කෙරේ

🔺ගැබිණි මව්වරුන්ට පෝෂණ මල්ල ලබා දීම මාස 24ක් දක්වා දීර්ඝ කෙරේ

🔺දැනට වෙන් කර ඇති මුදලට අමතරව රාජ්‍ය සේවය ඩිජිටල්කරණය සඳහා තවත් රුපියල් මිලියන 500ක් වෙන් කෙරේ

🔺රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට යතුරු පැදි ලබා දීම සඳහා මූලික වියදමක් ලෙස රුපියල් මිලියන 500ක් වෙන් කෙරේ

🔺වන සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා දැනට වෙන් කර ඇති මුදලට අමතරව තවත් රුපියල් මිලියන 2000ක් වෙන් කිරීමට යෝජනා කරනවා

🔺වන ජීවි ආරක්ෂණය සඳහා දැනට වෙන් කර ඇති මුදලට අමතරව තවත් රුපියල් මිලියන 1000ක් වෙන් කිරීමට යෝජනා කරනවා

🔺 (ගුරු විදුහල්පති වැටුප් විශමතාව) රජය ප්‍රතිපත්තිමය වශයෙන් පිළිගත් 2021.08 . 31 අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩල තීරණය කඩිනමින් එක්වර ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා තවත් රුපියල් මිලියන 30,000ක්

🔺අභ්‍යාසලාභී පද්වීම් ලද සියලු උපාධිධාරීන් 2022 ජනවාරි සිට ස්ථීර කරනවා

🔺මෝටර් රථ වාහන අනතුරු අවම කිරීම දිරි ගැන්වීම සඳහා මෝටර් රථ වාහන අනතුරු සිදු කර ගන්නා පුද්ගලයාගෙන් ගාස්තුවක් අය කිරීමටත් එය රක්ෂණයෙන් ප්‍රතිපූර්ණය කර ගැනීමටත් අවස්ථාව

🔺සිගරට් මත අයකරන නිෂ්පාදන බද්ද රුපියල් 5.00කින් වැඩි කෙරේ

🔺පර්පෙචුවල් ට්‍රෙෂරීස් සමාගම ශ්‍රී ලංකා මහ බැංකුවේ ආචරධර්ම පද්ධතිය කඩකරමින් උපයන ලද රුපියල් බිලියන 8.5 මුදල මහා භාණ්ඩාගාරය වෙත මාරු කිරීමට යෝජනා කරනවා

🔺2020 / 2021 තක්සේරු වර්ෂය සඳහා රුපියල් මිලියන 2,000 ට වඩා බදු අය කළ හැකි ආදායමක් උපයන ලද තැනැත්තන් හෝ සමාගම් මත එක් වරක් පමණක් අය කෙරෙන 25%ක අධිභාරය (tax surcharge) බද්දක් අය කිරිමට යෝජනා කරනවා. එම බද්ද මගින් රුපියල් බිලියන 100ක පමණ ආදායමක් උපයා ගැනීමට අපේක්ෂා කරනවා.

අයවැය


An Indocalamus victorialis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Keng f.. An Indocalamus victorialis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Indocalamus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Indocalamus

Indocalamus victorialis


Ouroeste es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza a una latitud 20º00'02" sur y a una longitud 50º22'20" oeste, estando a una altitud de 500 metros. La ciudad tiene una población de 8.405 habitantes (IBGE/2010) y área de 288,8 km². Ouroeste pertenece a la Microrregión de Fernandópolis.

Geografía

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2010

Población total: 8.405
 Urbana: 7.546
 Rural: 859
 Hombres: 4.190
 Mujeres: 4.215
Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 29,10

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 14,36

Expectativa de vida (años): 72,04

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 2,02

Tasa de alfabetización: 87,20%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,787
 IDH-M Salario: 0,695
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,784
 IDH-M Educación: 0,883
(Fuente: IPEAFecha)

Hidrografía
 Rio Grande

Carreteras
 SP-543

Administración
 Prefecto: Nelson Pinhel (2008/2012)
 Viceprefecto: Sebastião Geraldo da Silva
 Presidente de la cámara: Ademilson Vicente de Melo (2011/2012)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de São Paulo

Ouroeste


Kosovska nogometna liga, također i kao Prva nogometna liga Kosova, Liga Kosova i Metohije je bila liga trećeg stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1984./85.  Sudjelovalo je 18 klubova, a prvak je bila "Crvena zvezda" iz Gnjilana.

Ljestvica

 Titova Mitrovica – tadašnji naziv za Kosovsku Mitrovicu

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Druga savezna liga 1984./85.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Zambata Slaven i dr.: "Nogomet 85", Zagreb, 1985., UDK: 796.332"1985", str. 64-65

1984-85
KOS 1
1984-85 1
1984-85 1

Kosovska nogometna liga 1984./85.


Future Strategic Tanker Aircraft
Fantasy Sports Trade Association
Food Science and Technology Abstracts

FSTA


Carmen Lidia Vidu (n. 1 ianuarie 1980 la Arad) este o regizoare română de teatru, de film și de evenimente. A devenit cunoscută pentru spectacolele de teatru experimental. Combină videoproiecțiile și mijloacele specifice filmului cu prezența live a actorilor.

Biografie

A absolvit Universitatea Națională de Artă Teatrală și Cinematografică "Ion Luca Caragiale" din București în 2003, dar provine din Arad.

Carmen Lidia Vidu a testat cu succes și regia de film (documentar și scurt-metraj) și de videoclipuri (colaborări cu trupele Noblesse Oblige și Mes Quins). "O scurtă istorie Astra Film", film regizat de Carmen Lidia Vidu, realizat în 2013 pentru Astra Film Festival din Sibiu, a câștigat în 2015 Premiul Gopo pentru cel mai bun scurt metraj documentar.

Recunoaștere, premii

La Galele Gopo din 2015, Carmen Lidia Vidu a fost recompensată cu Premiul Gopo pentru cel mai bun scurt metraj.

Note

Legături externe
  Carmen Lidia Vidu la You Tube
  Critic Arad - Interviu
  RevistaScena.ro

Nașteri în 1980
Arădeni
Premiul Gopo pentru cel mai bun scurt metraj
Regizori de teatru români
Regizori de filme documentare români

Carmen Lidia Vidu


පාර්වතී දෙව`ගනගේ ප‍්‍රතිමා නිර්මාණය කිරීමේදී විවිධ ස්වරූප අනුගමනය කර ඇති බැවින් ඇයට ම ආවේණික සුවිශේෂ ලක්ෂණ කවරේද යන්න තේරුම් ගැනීම පහසු නොවේ. ශිව දෙවියන් සමග පෙනී සිටින කල්හි ඇය සුපිපුණු පියුමක් දරයි. එහිදී ඇය අභය මුද‍්‍රාව දක්වන අතර සිය දරුවෙකු උකුල මත ර`දවාගෙන සිටින්නීය. රූමත් බවෙහි ලක්ෂණයක් සේ සැළකෙන බැවින් ඉදිරිය බලාසිටින විශාල නෙත්වලින් වෙනත් දෙව`ගනන්ගේ ප‍්‍රතිමා සමන්විත වන නමුදු ගැඹුරු භාවනාවක යෙදී සිට ඉන් නැගී සිටි අයෙකුගේ වැනි වූ පාර්වතියගේ නෙත්වල රැු`දී ඇති ම`දක් මලානික ස්වභාවය ගුප්ත බවක් දනවයි. හින්දු ආගමික ති‍්‍රත්වයට අයත් දෙවිවරුන් දෙදෙනෙකු වන බ‍්‍රහ්ම සහ ඊශ්වරගේ භාර්යාවන් සේ සැළකෙන සරස්වතිය සහ ලක්ෂ්මිය හුදෙකලාව නිරූපණය කිරීම දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර ඔවුන්ගේ ම වූ අනුගාමී බැතිමතුන් පිරිසක් ද සිටිති. එහෙත් පාර්වතිය එවැනි තත්වයකින් පසුගිය ශතවර්ෂ ගණනාව තිස්සේ වුව ද නිරූපණය වී නොමැත.

පාර්වතී දෙව`ගන ඉතා ශෝභාසම්පන්නවත් අලංකාරවත් නිරූපණය කෙරේ. ඇයගේ වස්ත‍්‍ර අවබෝධය පිළිබ`ද වර්ණය සේ සැළකෙන කිරිසුදු පැහැය දරයි. සුදු පැහැය සියලූම වර්ණවල සංකලනයක් වන හෙයින් ඇය සියලූම ගුණවලින් සමන්විත බන බව එමගින් සංකේතවත් කෙරේ. මේ අනුව ඇය සත්ව, රජස්, තමස් යන ගුණ තුනෙන් යුතුවන හෙයින් ත්‍රෛගුණාත්මික ලෙස ද හැ`දින්වෙයි.  අනෙක් අතට ඇය නිර්ගුණ ලෙස ද දැක්වෙයි. පාර්වතියට නෙත් තුනක් ඇත. ශිවගේ මෙන් හිස මුදුනෙහි කෙස් කළඹක් ද කේෂ කලාපයෙහි අඩස`දක් ද පැළ`ද සිටිනු දැකිය හැකි ය. 12 වන සියවස දක්වා කාලයට අයත්වන පල්ලව සහ චෝල ප‍්‍රතිමාවල පාර්වතී දෙව`ගන හැමවිට ම විවෘත ළැම පෙදෙසකින් සහ පැළ`ද සිටින පූන නූලකින් ද යුතුව නිරූපණය කර ඇත. විවෘත ළැම දේවත්වයේ සළකුණක් ලෙස පැරණි ඉන්දියාවේ සළකනු ලැබීය. ඇ`දුම්වලින් සංකේතවත් කරනුයේ ශාරීරික සහ ලෞකික බන්ධන වන අතර නිරුවත් බව මගින් බන්ධනවලින් තොර දේවත්වය දැක්වෙයි. ඉන්දියානු ආගමික ප‍්‍රතිමා පිළිබ`ද ශබ්ද කෝෂයෙහි ස`දහන්වන පරිදි පාර්වතිය සිය අත් සතරින් නවගුණවැලක් ද කැඩපතක් ද සීනුවක් සහ යම් පලතුරු විශේෂයක් ද දරන්නීය.

පාර්වතී දෙව`ගනගේ වාහනය ලෙස දක්වා ඇත්තේ දුර්ගා දෙව`ගනගේ මෙන් සිංහයෙකි. ඇතැම් විටෙක එය සිංහ ධෙනුවක් සේ ද නිරූපනය කර ඇත. කෙසේවෙතත් මහාගෞරී වැනි පාර්වතියගේ ඇතැම් ස්වරූපවලදී ඇයගේ වාහනය වනුයේ ශිවගේ වාහනය වන නන්දී නම්  පූජනීය ගවයා ය.

පාර්වතී ප‍්‍රතිමාව


Svijet

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Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Knjige u 2017.


Uma  é um tipo de recipiente termicamente isolado na forma de uma bolsa que pode ser transportada, geralmente feita de materiais isolantes térmicos e às vezes um gel refrigerante. É usado para ajudar a manter a temperatura de seu conteúdo, mantendo os itens frios frios e os itens quentes quentes.

Bolsas isoladas têm sido usadas por muitos anos na indústria, uso médico/farmacêutico, entrega de alimentos, lancheiras, etc. Vários modelos estão disponíveis.

Sacolas de compras
As sacolas de compras térmicas comerciais, para transportar compras sensíveis à temperatura para casa sem quebrar a cadeia de frio, foram introduzidas pela primeira vez em supermercados e outras lojas na Europa em meados da década de 1980. Uma bolsa térmica para manter as pizzas quentes foi inventada por Ingrid Kosar em 1983 e é comumente usada agora. Uma caixa térmica é muito semelhante em conceito, mas geralmente maior e na forma de uma caixa rígida.

Uso médico
As bolsas térmicas farmacêuticas são projetadas para transportar medicamentos sensíveis à temperatura, protegendo-os de temperaturas prejudiciais, choques e luz. Muitas vacinas são substâncias biológicas delicadas que podem perder parte ou toda a sua eficácia se forem congeladas, muito quentes ou expostas à luz forte. Essas vacinas devem ser mantidas dentro de uma faixa de temperatura especificada, normalmente de 2 a 8°C, desde a fabricação até o uso. De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde, pelo menos 7% dos produtos médicos sensíveis à temperatura sofrem degradação significativa na potência durante o transporte.

Ver também
Inspeção sanitária
Análise de perigos e pontos críticos de controle
Propagação térmica
Embalagem
Caixa térmica
Garrafa térmica

Conservação de alimentos
Embalagens

Bolsa térmica


Olaylar
 28 Şubat - I. Valentinianus, Roma İmparatoru oldu.

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 17 Şubat - Jovianus, Roma imparatoru (d. 332)

364


Marine VHF radio is a worldwide system of two way radio transceivers on ships and watercraft used for bidirectional voice communication from ship-to-ship, ship-to-shore (for example with harbormasters), and in certain circumstances ship-to-aircraft.   It uses FM channels in the very high frequency (VHF) radio band in the frequency range between 156 and 174 MHz, inclusive, designated by the International Telecommunication Union as the VHF maritime mobile band. In some countries additional channels are used, such as the L and F channels for leisure and fishing vessels in the Nordic countries (at 155.5–155.825 MHz).  Transmitter power is limited to 25 watts, giving them a range of about .

Marine VHF radio equipment is installed on all large ships and most seagoing small craft. It is also used, with slightly different regulation, on rivers and lakes. It is used for a wide variety of purposes, including marine navigation and traffic control, summoning rescue services and communicating with harbours, locks, bridges and marinas.

Background
Marine radio was the first commercial application of radio technology, allowing ships to keep in touch with shore and other ships, and send out a distress call for rescue in case of emergency.  Guglielmo Marconi invented radio communication in the 1890s, and the Marconi Company installed wireless telegraphy stations on ships beginning around 1900.  Marconi built a string of shore stations and in 1904 established the first Morse code distress call, the letters CQD, used until 1906 when SOS was agreed on. The first significant marine rescue due to radio was the 1909 sinking of the luxury liner RMS Republic, in which 1,500 lives were saved.  This and the 1912 RMS Titanic rescue brought the field of marine radio to public consciousness, and marine radio operators were regarded as heroes.  By 1920, the US had a string of 12 coastal stations stretched along the Atlantic seaboard from Bar Harbor, Maine to Cape May, New Jersey.

The first marine radio transmitters used the longwave bands.   During World War I amplitude modulation was developed, and in the 1920s spark radiotelegraphy equipment was replaced by vacuum tube radiotelephony allowing voice communication.  Also in the 1920s,  the ionospheric skip or skywave phenomenon was discovered, which allowed lower power vacuum tube transmitters operating in the shortwave bands to communicate at long distances.

Hoping to foil German detection during the World War II Battle of the Atlantic, American and British convoy escorts used Talk-Between-Ships (TBS) radios operating on VHF.

Types of equipment
Sets can be fixed or portable. A fixed set generally has the advantages of a more reliable power source, higher transmit power, a larger and more effective antenna and a bigger display and buttons. A portable set (often essentially a waterproof, VHF walkie-talkie in design) can be carried on a kayak, or to a lifeboat in an emergency, has its own power source and is waterproof if GMDSS-approved. A few portable VHFs are even approved to be used as emergency radios in environments requiring intrinsically safe equipment (e.g.  gas tankers, oil rigs, etc.).

Voice-only
Voice only equipment is the traditional type, which relies totally on the human voice for calling and communicating.
Many lower priced handheld units are voice only as well as older fixed units.

Digital selective calling

DSC equipment, a part of the Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS), provides all the functionality of voice-only equipment and, additionally, allows several other features:
 The ability to call another vessel using a unique identifier known as a Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI). This information is carried digitally and the receiving set will alert the operator of an incoming call once its own MMSI is detected. Calls are set up on the dedicated VHF channel 70 which DSC equipment must listen on continuously. The actual voice communication then takes place on a different channel specified by the caller.
 A distress button, which automatically sends a digital distress signal identifying the calling vessel and the nature of the emergency
 A built in GPS receiver or facility to connect an external GPS receiver so that the user's location may be transmitted automatically along with a distress call.

When a DSC radio is bought new the user will get the opportunity to program it with the MMSI number of the ship it is intended to be used on. However to change the MMSI after the initial programming can be problematic and require special proprietary tools. This is allegedly done to prevent theft.

Automatic identification system

More advanced transceiver units support AIS. This relies on a GPS receiver built into the VHF equipment or an externally connected one by which the transceiver obtains its position and transmits this information along with some other details about the ship (MMSI, cargo, draught, destination and some others) to nearby ships. AIS operates as a mesh network and full featured units relay AIS messages from other ships, greatly extending the range of this system; however some low-end units are receive only or do not support the relaying functionality.

AIS data is carried on dedicated VHF channels 87B and 88B at a baud rate of 9,600bit/s using GMSK modulation and uses a form of time-division multiplexing.

Text messaging
Using the RTCM 12301.1 standard it is possible to send and receive text messages in a similar fashion to SMS between marine VHF transceivers which comply with this standard. However, as of 2019 very few transceivers support this feature. The recipient of the message needs to be tuned to the same channel as the transmitting station in order to receive it.

Regulation
In the United States, any person can legally purchase a Marine VHF radio and use it to communicate without requiring any special license as long as they abide by certain rules, but in a great many other countries a license is required to transmit on Marine VHF frequencies.

In the United Kingdom and Ireland and some other European countries Short Range Certificate is the minimum requirement to use an installed marine VHF radio. This is usually obtained after completing a course of around two days and passing an exam. This is intended for those operating on lakes and in coastal areas whereas a Long Range Certificate is usually recommended for those operating further out as it also covers HF and MF radios as well as INMARSAT systems. A basic marine portable radio license is available without testing.

Automatic Transmitter Identification System (marine)
For use on the inland waterways within continental Europe, a compulsory Automatic Transmitter Identification System (ATIS) transmission conveys the vessel's identity after each voice transmission. This is a ten-digit code that is either an encoded version of the ship's alphanumeric call sign, or for vessels from outside the region, the ship MMSI prefixed with "9".  The requirement to use ATIS in Europe, and which VHF channels may be used, are strongly regulated, most recently by the Basel agreements.

Channels and frequencies
A marine VHF set is a combined transmitter and receiver and only operates on standard, international frequencies known as channels. Channel 16 (156.8 MHz) is the international calling and distress channel. Transmission power ranges between 1 and 25 watts, giving a maximum range of up to about 60 nautical miles (111 km) between aerials mounted on tall ships and hills, and  between aerials mounted on small boats at sea level. Frequency modulation (FM) is used, with vertical polarization, meaning that antennas have to be vertical in order to have good reception. For longer range communication at sea, marine MF and marine HF bands and satellite phones can be used.

Half-duplex channels here are listed with the A and B frequencies the same. The frequencies, channels, and some of their purposes are governed by the ITU. For an authoritative list see. The original allocation of channels consisted of only channels 1 to 28 with 50 kHz spacing between channels, and the second frequency for full-duplex operation 4.6 MHz higher.

Improvements in radio technology later meant that the channel spacing could be reduced to 25 kHz with channels 60 to 88 interspersed between the original channels.

Channels 75 and 76 are omitted as they are either side of the calling and distress channel 16, acting as guard channels. The frequencies which would have been the second frequencies on half-duplex channels are not used for marine purposes and can be used for other purposes that vary by country. For example, 161.000 to 161.450 MHz are part of the allocation to the  Association of American Railroads channels used by railways in the US and Canada.

Operating procedure
Marine VHF mostly uses  half-duplex non-relayed transmission. Ship to ship communication is over a single radio frequency, while ship to shore uses two frequencies, but typically only one of the parties can transmit at a time. (Not to be confused with simplex communication, for example radio broadcasting, where one party transmits always transmits.) The transceiver is normally in receive mode; to transmit the user presses a "push to talk" button on the set or microphone which turns the transmitter on and the receiver off. Some channels, however, are "duplex" transmission channels where communication can take place in both directions simultaneously when the equipment on both ends allow it. Each full-duplex channel has two frequency assignments. Duplex channels can be used to place calls over the public telephone network for a fee via a marine operator. When full-duplex is used, the call is similar to one using a mobile phone or landline. When half-duplex is used, voice is only carried one way at a time and the party on the boat must press the transmit button only when speaking. This facility is still available in some areas, though its use has largely died out with the advent of mobile and satellite phones. Marine VHF radios can also receive weather radio broadcasts, where they are available.

The accepted conventions for use of marine radio are collectively termed "proper operating procedure". These  international conventions include:
 Stations should listen for 30 seconds before transmitting and not interrupt other stations.
 Maintaining a watch listening on Channel 16 when not otherwise using the radio. All calls are established on channel 16, except for distress working switch to a working ship-to-ship or ship-to-shore channel. (procedure varies in the U.S. only when calls can be established on Ch. 9)
 During distress operations silence maintained on ch. 16 for other traffic until the channel is released by the controlling station using the pro-word "Silence Fini". If a station does use Ch. 16 during distress operations controlling station issues the command "silence mayday".
 Using a set of international "calling" procedures such as the "Mayday" distress call, the "Pan-pan" urgency call and "Sécurité" navigational hazard call.
 Using "pro-words" based on the English language such as Acknowledge, All after, All before, All stations, Confirm, Correct, Correction, In figures, In letters, Over, Out, Radio check, Read back, Received, Say again, Spell, Standby, Station calling, This is, Wait, Word after, Word before, Wrong (local language is used for some of these, when talking to local stations)
 Using the NATO phonetic alphabet: Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu
 Using a phonetic numbering system based on the English language or a combination of English and Roman languages: Wun, Too, Tree, Fow-er, Fife, Six, Sev-en, Ait, Nin-er, Zero, Decimal; alternatively in marine communication: unaone, bissotwo, terrathree, kartefour, pantafive, soxisix, setteseven, oktoeight, novenine, nadazero

Slightly adjusted regulations can apply for inland shipping, such as the Basel rules (:de:Regionale Vereinbarung über den Binnenschifffahrtsfunk) in Western Europe.

Future

In 2022, the ETSI issued a proposal for implementing the use of FDMA protocols on the band in response to increasingly scarce availability of voice channels in some circumstances owing to the widespread use of systems such as AIS. The plan includes significantly narrower 6.25 kHz channel spacing, and would support voice and data applications.

See also
 2182 kHz
 Automated Maritime Telecommunications System
 Maritime mobile amateur radio
 Radio horizon
 Ship-to-shore

References

External links

US Coast Guard basic radio information for boaters
Coast Guard marine channel listing (with frequencies)
US FCC marine channel listing (by function)
UK MCA advice on use of VHF at sea, including collision avoidance, effective ranges, and International channel usage*
Canadian VHF Bands in the Maritime Service
VHF marine band plan in Turkey (Türkiye'deki VHF Deniz Telsiz Frekans Kanal Listesi)
New Zealand VHF Radio Resource Center

Navigational equipment
Maritime communication
Rescue equipment
Marine electronics

fr:Bandes marines#Bande VHF

Marine VHF radio


Santa Inés Ahuatempan es uno de los 217 municipios pertenecientes al estado de Puebla, México. Se localiza aproximadamente a 100 kilómetros de la ciudad de Puebla.

Geografía

Toponimia
El nombre de Ahuatempan provine del náhuatl ahuatl que significa "encina", tentli que significa "orilla" y pan que significa "en". En conjunto significando "En la orilla del encinar".

Ubicación
Localizado en la mixteca poblana, teniendo sus coordenadas geográficas en los paralelos 18º 18´54" y 18º 28´48" de latitud norte, y los meridianos 97° 54´36" y 98° 11´24" E. Sus fronteras colindan al norte con Zacapala y Tepexi de Rodríguez; al sur Acatlán, Xayacatlán de Bravo y Totoltepec de Guerrero; al oriente con Tepexi de Rodríguez y San Jerónimo Xayacatlán; y al poniente con  Cuayuca de Andrade y el municipio de Tehuitzingo.

Tiene una superficie de 283 km², que lo ubica en el lugar 33 con respecto a los demás municipios del estado de Puebla.

Orografía
El municipio pertenece a dos regiones morfológicas: al norte a los llanos de Tepexi de Rodríguez; y al sur a la sierra de Acatlán.

Al centro del municipio y en dirección norte-sur, se levanta la mesa Carbajal, formación de más de 10 kilómetros de largo y 2 de ancho, a una altura de 1,900 metros sobre el nivel del mar, la mayor del territorio de la mesa hacia el poniente, sur y oriente, el relieve desciende abruptamente y de manera irregular en dirección a los ríos Atoyac, Acatlán y Carnero respectivamente.

En el descenso, se identifican gran cantidad de formaciones que lo interrumpen y lo vuelven más accidentado, como los cerros El Metate, el Arroyo Blanco, El Tecorral, Brasil, Loma Toro, Ometolonte, Tetel, Esteopa, La Víbora, así como las mesas Cuesta Blanca, Moctezuma Chichica y otras más.

Hidrografía
El territorio no cuenta con corrientes superficiales importantes, tan sólo con una gran cantidad de arroyos intermitentes; la mayoría de ellos originados a partir del descenso de la mesa Carbajal; al norte y poniente se originan corrientes que servirán de afluentes al Río Atoyac; al suroeste, las corrientes han sido utilizadas para represarlas en el municipio de Tehuitzingo y formar la presa Boqueroncito; al oriente, se dirigen hacia el arroyo Carnero, y al sur, constituyen el nacimiento del Río Acatlán; primero con el nombre de Santa Inés, después de El Chivo y finalmente el de Acatlán, uno de los principales afluentes del Petlalcingo, tributario a su vez del Mixteco y del Atoyac.

Clima
Se identifican sólo dos climas: clima semicálido subhúmedo con lluvias en verano; temperatura media anual entre 18º y 22 °C; temperatura del mes más frío mayor de 18 °C; precipitación pluvial del mes más seco menor de 60 milímetros. Lluvia invernal con respecto a la anual menor de 5. Es el predominante; se identifica en toda la porción oriental.

Clima cálido subhúmedo con lluvias en verano; temperatura media anual mayor de 22 °C; temperatura del mes más frío mayor de 18 °C; precipitación pluvial del mes más seco menor de 60 milímetros; lluvia invernal con respecto a la anual menor de 5 por ciento. Se presenta al poniente y extremo sureste.

Principales ecosistemas
El centro del municipio, donde la superficie es más bien plana, presenta grandes áreas de agricultura temporal. Todas las zonas con declive pronunciado, están ocupadas por vegetación natural; al oriente, chaparrales y selva baja caducifolia, y al poniente un área bastante grande de bosque de encinos; y en menor medida, selva baja caducifolia asociada a vegetación secundaria arbustiva.

Historia
El 20 de enero de 1605 se funda Santa Inés Ahuatempan, después del decreto de Mucio P. Martínez con iniciativa para juntar a los pobladores dispersos de la zona en su territorio donado.
En 1895 se establece como municipio libre.

Personajes importantes

 Mucio P. Martínez- Donó y fraccionó el terreno ahora municipio.
 Filogonio Sánchez Castillo- Párroco famoso por su libro "El habla en los medios de comunicación".

Cronología de los presidentes municipales

 José Guadalupe Timón Mendoza (1969-1972)
 Raymundo Valentín Reyes (1972-1975)
 Félix Luis Valle (1975-1978)
 Raymundo Valentín Reyes (1978-1981)
 Guadalupe Maceda de J. (1981-1984)
 Hermenegildo Ayala Bañuelos (1984-1987)
 Antonio Ayala Orozco (1987-1990)
 Carlos Atanacio Villamil (1990-1993)
 Pedro Ponciano Vidal Guevara (1993-1996)
 Marcelino Orozco Montes (1996-1999)
 Maximino Orozco Meneses (1999-2001)
 Clemente Felicitos Luna Camacho (2002-2005)
 Carlos Eutiquio Maceda Jiménez (2005-2008)
 Ramón Sabino Rojas (2008-2011)
 Edith Villa Trujillo (2011-2014)
 Rolando Artero Mendoza (2014-2018)
 (2018-2021)
 Natanael cano  (2021-2024)

Población
De acuerdo con cifras del INEGI, el municipio cuenta con 6,289 habitantes (2015). Tiene una tasa de fecundidad  promedio de 3.3 hijos nacidos vivos de las mujeres de 12 años en adelante (2010).

El 8.5% de la población habla alguna lengua indígena.

Religión
Como en la mayoría de los municipios de Puebla, la religión predominante es la católica, habiendo también protestantes evangélicos.

Cultura

Atractivos
 La parroquia de Santa Inés tiene dentro de su estructura una capilla que fue construida desde el .
 La fiesta patronal se efectúa el 20 de abril.
 Los días de muertos, 1 y 2 de noviembre, las familias salen a la calle en grupo llevando una alcancía de la Santa Patrona.
 Artesanías hechas a base palma como tenates, aventadores, costales y juguetes.
las niñas

Gastronomía
Predominando el mole poblano que puede ir servido con tamales de frijol, tlacoyos, atole de granillo.
Otro platillo tradicional es el huaximole, típico de la región mixteca poblana, elaborado a base de chile verde y huaje, con carne de chivo o res.

El consumo de insectos es muy popular aún y se consume desde chapulines hasta chicatanas, que son hormigas voladoras que dejan sus hormigueros en tiempos de lluvia y son recolectadas por los pobladores, además se consume las cuetlas siendo estas las más abundantes y más consumidas.

Referencias

 Mtra. Araminda Turrent Rodríguez, en http://www.uovirtual.com.mx/moodle/lecturas/tecnicascomu/7/7.pdf  (7 de septiembre de 2011)
 Enciclopedia de los municipios de México (2009) en https://web.archive.org/web/20110724165219/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/puebla/Mpios/21147a.htm (7 de septiembre de 2011)

Enlaces externos

Municipios del estado de Puebla
Región Mixteca
Ahuatempan

Santa Inés Ahuatempan


An Mormolyca schlimii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jean Jules Linden ngan Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Mario Alberto Blanco. An Mormolyca schlimii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mormolyca, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Mormolyca

Mormolyca schlimii


Ildsalamander (Salamandra salamandra) er en europæisk padde i familien egentlige salamandre.

Udseende
Ildsalamanderen har en kort, cylindrisk hale og korte ben med brede tæer. Der er stor variation i farven. De kan være sorte med gule tegninger i form af prikker eller striber, eller gule med sorte tegninger, eller rødlige eller orange og sorte. Ildsalamanderen har to rækker af giftkirtler ned langs ryggen og to store parotoidkirtler i nakken. Der udskilles en mælkehvid gift fra disse kirtler hvis dyret angribes.

Levevis og forplanting

Voksne ildsalamandre er landdyr. Om dagen ligger de i skjul under træstammer eller sten. De kommer frem om natten og efter regn for at spise smådyr som regnorme, insekter og nøgensnegle. De fleste underarter føder 12-50 veludviklede larver i vandhuller eller vandløb hvor de lever indtil de gennemført deres metamorfose. Hos underarterne S.s. bernardezi og S.s. fastusa kan larverne blive i hunnens æggeleder indtil de er når deres voksne form, hvorefter hunnen føder 2-8 unger på land.

Udbredelse og levested
Ildsalamander findes i store dele af Central-, Øst og Syeuropa hvor den som helhed ikke regnes som truet, men der er været alvorlige nedgange i bestanden i nogle områder i især Holland og Spanien. Blandt årsagerne er tab af habitatområder, udsættelse af rovfisk og øget tørke i Spanien. Tidligere har salamandrebestande i Nordafrika og Sydøstasien som nu regnes for selvstændige arter, også været betragtet som ildsalamandre.

Ildsalamanderen findes hovedsageligt i våde løv- eller blandingsskove, sjældere i nåleskov, nær vandløb. De kan også findes i skovlysninger, skovkanter, klipper og områder med tæt buskads eller urteartig vegetation. De foretrækker steder som er dækket af nedfaldne blade eller andet dødt plantemateriale eller mos, men er de ret tolerante over for ændrede omgivelser og er f.eks. også fundet i haver. De lever i højder op til 2.500 m.

Ildsalamanderens gift

Ilssalamanderen giftsekret indholder flere alkaloider som kan fremkalde muskelkramper, hypertension og hyperventilering hos hvirveldyr. Hos raske mennesker vil giften normal kun give svag hudirritation. Hos meget følsomme mennesker og spædbørn kan der også komme kvalme, vejrtrækningsbesvær og opkastning. Uerfarne hunde og katte som har spist salamandre er i nogle tilfælde døde af forgiftningen. Der er konstateret stofferne samandarin (C19H31NO2), samandaridin (C21H31NO3) og samandaron (C19H29NO2), som kaldes salamander-alkaloider, i giften.

Ud over forsvar mod rovdyr tjener hudkirtelsekretionen til at hæmme bakterie- og svampevækst på den fugtige hudoverflade.

Myter om salamanderen

Salamanderen er ildens elementarånd i Paracelsus' teori om åndemennesker, og i Goethes Faust personificeres ild også med salamanderen.

Sammenknytningen mellem salamanderen og ild går tibage til oldtidens Grækenland. Aristoteles (384-322 fvt.) skrev "At visse dyr kan modstå ilden viser også salamanderen der – efter hvad man siger – slukker ilden, når den går derigennem". Her menes ildsalamanderen der som en landlevende, almindelig salamander er den salamanderart man oftest ville støde på.

Baggrunden for opfattelse kan stamme fra at ildsalamanderen kan skjule sig i hule træstammer i dagtimerne, og hvis et stykke træ med en salamander bliver lagt på et ildsted, kan salamanderen udskille en væske fra sine giftkirtler som et kort øjeblik beskytter mod ildens varme. I 1600- og 1700-tallet blev der gjort flere eksperimenter for at fastslå om det er rigtigt at salamandre kan slukke ild. Resultaterne var at de ikke blev antændt med det samme, men at de kun kunne modstå ild i kort tid.

Plinius (ca. 23-79) skrev "Af alle giftige dyr, er salamanderen det afskyeligste; for de øvrige bider eller stikker dog hver gang kun en enkelt ... men salamanderen kan, hvis man ikke tager sig i agt for den, ødelægge hele folkeslag. Kryber den op i et træ, forgifter den al dets frugt og dræber således enhver, som spiser deraf, ved sin isnende kraft. Ja, har den blot med en fod berørt et stykke træ, og man så bruger det til at bage en skorpe brød, så bliver brødet til gift; falder den i en brønd, forgiftes vandet." Disse påstande om evnen til at slukke ild og stor giftighed gentages af mange skribenter indtil det 17. århundrede.

Referencer

Egentlige salamandre

Ildsalamander


Acokanthera schimperi, manje zimzeleno drvo iz porodice Apocynaceae ili zimzelenovki, rašireno po sredinjoj i istočnoj Africi. Naraste do sedam metara visine.

Kora, drvo i korijen je otrovno i koristilo se za izradu otrova za strelice. Plodovi su jestivi.

Sinonimi
 Acokanthera abyssinica K. Schumann
 Acokanthera deflersii Schweinf. ex Lewin
 Acokanthera deflersii Schweinf. ex Markgr.
 Acokanthera friesiorum Markgr.
 Acokanthera ouabaio Cathelineau ex Lewin
 Acokanthera scabra Schweinf. ex Markgr.
 Acokanthera schimperi var. ouabaio (Cathelineau ex Lewin) Cufod.
 Arduina schimperi (A.DC.) Baill.
 Carissa deflersii (Schweinf. ex Lewin) Pichon
 Carissa friesiorum (Markgr.) Cufod.
 Carissa inepta Perrot & Vogt
 Carissa schimperi A. DC.

Izvori

Akokantera
Flora Somalije
Flora Džibutija
Flora Eritreje
Flora Tanzanije
Flora Kenije
Flora Etiopije
Flora Ugande
Flora DR Konga
Flora Jemena
Flora Sokotre

Acokanthera schimperi


O Tratado de Ulm (alemão: Ulmer Vertrag) foi assinado em 3 de julho de 1620 em Ulm entre representantes da Liga Católica e da União Protestante. De acordo com os termos do acordo, a União Protestante declarou sua neutralidade e abandonou seu apoio a Frederico V do Palatinado.

A mediação da diplomacia francesa permitiu a assinatura do tratado com base em dois critérios. Em primeiro lugar, ficou claro que Frederico V do Palatinado (1596-1632) não seria capaz de manter a Boêmia e, em segundo lugar, a vitória dos Habsburgo nesta região permaneceu limitada.

Links externos

 Chronology: Louis XIII (1610-1643)

Tratados

Tratado de Ulm (1620)


An Malleola kinabaluensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames ngan Charles Schweinfurth. An Malleola kinabaluensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Malleola, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Malleola

Malleola kinabaluensis


Değişkensıcaklı ya da poikloterm (Antik Yunanca: 'değişkensıcaklı'), çevre sıcaklığına bağımlı hayvanlar için kullanılan bir terimdir.

Karaya geçen ilk canlılar, kısa süreler içinde sıcaklığın büyük ölçüde değiştiği ortamlarda yaşamak zorunda kaldıklarından, sürekli ısı meydana getiren metabolizmaları olmadığı ve oluşturdukları ısıyı düzenleyip, saklayamadıkları için, çevre sıcaklığına bağımlı olarak işlev göstermek zorunda kalmışlardır. Bu tip hayvanlara yanlış olarak önceleri; soğukkanlı hayvanlar denilmiş olsa da, doğru olarak; değişken sıcaklı = poikloterm hayvanlar denir. Bugün yaşayan hayvanlarda da, sıcaklığın düşmesine bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan uyuşukluk hali halen görülmekte olup, bu özellik en çok Amfibyumlarda ve Reptilia'da gözlemlenir.

Hayvan fizyolojisi
Termoregülasyon

Değişkensıcaklı


صاروخ الحسين هو صاروخ باليستي أنتج في العراق خلال الأعوام ما بين 1987 و1991 ويمكن للصاروخ حمل رؤوس كيميائية أو بيولوجية أو نووية.

و يبلغ مدى الصاروخ 400 ميل (650 كيلومتر) استخدمه العراق في قصف مدن طهران وأصفهان خلال الحرب العراقية الإيرانية كما قصف الرياض والدمام والظهران وتل أبيب (39 صاروخا) خلال حرب الخليج الثانية

مراجع

أسلحة القوات المسلحة
العلاقات السعودية العراقية
العلاقات العراقية الإسرائيلية
تاريخ العراق العسكري
صناعات عسكرية عراقية
صواريخ بالستية
صواريخ بالستية تكتيكية في العراق
صواريخ بالستية قصيرة المدى
صواريخ سطح-سطح
صواريخ سكود
صواريخ موجهة
نظم إطلاق أسلحة كيميائية

الحسين (صاروخ)


Die Festa do Avante! findet jährlich am ersten Septemberwochenende in Amora (Seixal) statt. Das Pressefest der Wochenzeitung Avante!, der Parteizeitung der Portugiesischen Kommunistischen Partei, ist eine dreitägige kulturelle Großveranstaltung in Portugal.

Geschichte
Erstmals fand die Festa nach der Nelkenrevolution statt, 1976 auf dem damaligen Gelände der Feira Internacional de Lisboa (FIL). Es fand in den nachfolgenden Jahren im Jamor (1977, 1978), in Alto da Ajuda (1979–1986) und in Loures (1988, 1989) statt. 1987 konnte das Fest nicht stattfinden. 1990 gelang es der Portugiesischen Kommunistischen Partei (PCP) ein Gelände, die Quinta da Atalaia, in der Gemeinde Amora (Kreis Seixal), auf der Lissabon gegenüberliegenden Flussseite zu kaufen, und veranstaltet dort seither jährlich die Festa do Avante!. Dabei werden jedes Jahr die Pavillons neu gestaltet. Das Fest wird weitgehend ehrenamtlich betrieben.

Die "Festa" ist mit jährlich über 500.000 Besuchern eine der größten kulturellen Veranstaltungen Portugals.

Programm

Traditionell wird das Fest am Freitagnachmittag durch eine kurze Rede des Parteivorsitzenden der PCP eröffnet, und am Sonntagnachmittag mit einer längeren PCP-Veranstaltung beendet. Die Partei nutzt vor allem den Sonntagnachmittag traditionell als öffentliche Parteiveranstaltung auf der größten Bühne des Geländes (Palco 25 de Abril). Zeitgleich finden an allen anderen Veranstaltungsorten weiter eine Vielzahl Veranstaltungen statt.

Die jährliche "Festa" bietet eine kaum überschaubare Anzahl an Programmpunkten. In einer umfassenden Festival-Illustrierten (2007: 110 Seiten) werden alle Programmpunkte und -Orte aufgeführt, in einer kleinen Festival-Ausgabe der "Avante!"  werden die wichtigsten Veranstaltungen gesondert vorgestellt, und im Festival-Radio weitere Informationen und Berichte angeboten. Das Programm der "Festa" beinhaltet Konzerte auf verschiedenen großen und kleineren Bühnen, offen und überdacht. Die Bandbreite reicht von klassischer Musik über Jazz, Blues und Weltmusik bis zu Punk, Ska, Metal, Hip-Hop und allen Spielarten des Pop/Rock und elektronischer Tanzmusik. Es gibt auch Fado, Folklore und volkstümliche Musik. Darüber hinaus gibt es in verschiedenen Zelten Ausstellungen, Lesungen, Workshops, Theater, Kino und Tanz (sowohl Tanzkunst als auch Folklore).

Über das ganze Gelände sind Themenpavillons verteilt. So stellt jede regionale PCP-Organisation ihre Heimatregion gastronomisch und kulturell vor, es gibt Pavillons zu Themen wie Frauenrechte, Zukunftstechnologien, Migration, Jugend oder Internationalismus, und auch befreundete internationale Parteien und Organisationen stellen ihre Länder gastronomisch und kulturell vor.

Es gibt Gesundheitsstationen, Telefonzellen, Bankautomaten, Informationsstände, Gepäckaufbewahrungen und Campingplätze. Dazu gibt es während des Festivals durchgehend unter anderem eine Buchmesse, eine CD-, Schallplatten- und DVD-Börse, Weinproben, Imbissstände, thematische Bars und Restaurants, Kunsthandwerkszelte, Diskussionsforen, Kleinkunst- und Sportveranstaltungen (Leichtathletikläufe, Fallschirmspringen, Radrennen, Fußballturniere u. a.).

Ein typisches Merkmal dieses Festivals ist das immer wieder zu hörende instrumentale Lied A carvalhesa. Es geht auf eine, 1932 erstmals von Kurt Schindler festgehaltene Volksweise aus Trás-os-Montes zurück. Das Lied wird vor dem ersten Abendkonzert der "Festa" an der Hauptbühne abgespielt und stellt einen ersten Höhepunkt dar. Es wird seit dem Wahlkampf 1985 auf jeder "Festa" gespielt und erklingt immer wieder an verschiedenen Stellen des Geländes. Eine Mehrzahl von (vorwiegend jungen) Festivalbesuchern fängt dann stets einen hüpfenden, ausgelassenen Kreistanz an. Das Lied gilt als "Hymne" der Festa do Avante!.

Weblinks

 Website der Festa do Avante
 Werbeclip (2009) mit Festival-Impressionen

Einzelnachweise

Galerie

Musikfestival in Portugal
Literaturfestival in Portugal
Theaterfestival in Portugal
Folk-Festival
Veranstaltung (Politik)
Seixal
Erstveranstaltung 1976

Festa do Avante!


Alexandra Hampton ist eine Musikerin, Komponistin und Produzentin aus den Vereinigten Staaten. Ihr Musikstil bewegt sich zwischen  Lounge, Downbeat, Trip-Hop und Nu-Jazz.

Geschichte
Alexandra Hampton wuchs in New Jersey auf. 2009 machte sie ihren Bachelor-Abschluss in Komposition und Produktion am Berklee College Of Music in Boston. In diesem Jahr begann sie auch, ihre Musik zu produzieren und bei diversen Labels zu veröffentlichen. Daneben komponiert Alexandra Hampton Musik für TV-Produktionen, u. a. für ABC, NBC, VH1, die auch in renommierten Sendungen wie 20/20, Primetime und Good Morning America ausgestrahlt wurde.

Nachdem Alexandra Hampton ihre ersten Produktionen auf Kompilationen des deutschen Labels Lemongrassmusic veröffentlicht hatte, erschien im März 2011 die EP Soft Metro auf dem New Yorker Label Vibe Boutique. Im Januar 2012 erschien ihr erster Longplayer Origin unter dem Pseudonym Aandra auf dem deutschen Label 4MPO.

Diskografie

Studioalben
 2012: Origin (4MPO)

EPs
 2011: Soft Metro (Vibe Boutique)

Weblinks
 Offizielle Homepage

 Alexandra Hampton bei Lemongrassmusic
 Alexandra Hampton als Aandra bei 4MPO

Musikprojekt (elektronische Musik)
Trip-Hop-Band

Alexandra Hampton