Romance (Romance X) is a 1999 French arthouse film written and directed by Catherine Breillat. It stars Caroline Ducey, Rocco Siffredi, Sagamore Stévenin and François Berléand. The film features explicit copulation scenes, especially one showing Ducey's coitus with Siffredi. Romance is one of several arthouse films featuring explicit, unsimulated sex, along with The Brown Bunny (2003), 9 Songs (2004) and All About Anna (2005).

Plot
Marie, a school teacher, is in a romantic relationship with Paul, but she is disappointed in his comparative lack of interest in sexual activity. One morning, Marie drives to a bar, where she meets Paolo; the two later have sex.

One day, Roberto, the headmaster, brings Marie to her house. The two begin engaging in BDSM until Marie asks him to stop, though she confesses to have imagined what it's like to be bound and implies that she enjoyed being gagged. On the way home, a man forcibly has sex with Marie in the stairway; he leaves right as Paul returns, but the latter does not see her.

Upon returning home after a session with Roberto, Paul demonstrates interest in sex and manages to accidentally impregnate Marie. After one checkup during which the doctor reveals the baby's gender, the couple have sex for the first time in months – but also last.

After an unhappy night out to a bar, Marie wakes up about to go into labor but Paul is out cold. Frustrated, she turns on the gas and leaves, with Roberto driving her to the hospital. She successfully delivers the child and as expected, Paul dies in the gas explosion. As his coffin is being lowered into the ground, Marie watches from a distance, the baby in her arms.

Cast
 Caroline Ducey as Marie
 Sagamore Stévenin as Paul
 François Berléand as Robert
 Rocco Siffredi as Paolo
 Ashley Wanninger as Ashley
 Emma Colberti as Charlotte
 Fabien de Jomaron as Claude

Production
In an interview with The Post, Catherine Breillat appeared to confirm the rumors of actual on-set sex. "An actor never pretends," she said. "At the same time, I'm not perverse. I don't impose on my actors or actresses any more than is absolutely necessary. But I don't pretend. I don't simulate. The deal was, we'd go as far as we had to, as far as the film required." Caroline Ducey accepted the part of Marie knowing that 'going all the way' was written into her contract. Apparently, Ducey began the film thinking that it would also be an exit from the sexual relationship she was in, but then decided while it was being made that she wanted to stay with her boyfriend. By the end, she was in a state of considerable distress. Rocco Siffredi says, "There was a bit of a clash and I had to leave the set to calm down. Caroline seemed to be frightened of me and was crying. When I came back I could not get an erection - it was awful. But when I was only looking at her I felt very lustful for her, i thought about her boyfriend then immediately I got my erection back and she put a condom on me and I took her."

Broadcasting and ratings
In Europe, Romance was shown in mainstream cinemas; in the United States, it was reduced to a mainstream-acceptable R rating, and the European original version is un-rated. In the UK, the BBFC passed the film uncut for cinemas, though home releases suffered a brief cut to an ejaculation shot. In March 2004, the original version was broadcast, late-night on German public television. In Australia, the original version of Romance was broadcast uncut on the cable television network World Movies. The film was initially refused classification in Australia, before it was awarded an R18+ on appeal. It single-handedly paved the way for actual sex to be accommodated in the R18+ classification in Australia.

In Canada, particularly in Alberta and the Maritimes, the sexuality was seen as gratuitous to the film and it was given an A rating and XXX rating in those regions. In June 2008, in the Netherlands, the original version of Romance was broadcast on Dutch public TV by VPRO as one of a series of Erotica art house cinema.

See also
 Sadism and masochism in fiction
 Unsimulated sex

References

Sources

 Angelo, Adrienne. (2010) 'Sexual Cartographies: Mapping Subjectivity in the Cinema of Catherine Breillat', Journal for Cultural Research, 14(1), pp. 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/14797580903363082.
 Coulthard, Lisa. (2010) 'Desublimating Desire: Courtly Love and Catherine Breillat', Journal for Cultural Research, 14(1), pp. 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/14797580903363090.
 Coulthard, Lisa and Birks, Chelsea. (2016) 'Horrible Sex: The Sexual Relationship in New Extremism', in L. Coleman (ed.) Sex and Storytelling in Modern Cinema: Explicit Sex, Performance and Cinematic Technique. I.B.Tauris & Co., pp. 71–94. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755694655.
 Gorton, Kristyn. (2007) '"The Point of View of Shame": Re-viewing female desire in Catherine Breillat's Romance (1999) and Anatomy of Hell (2004)', Studies in European Cinema, 4(2), pp. 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1386/seci.4.2.111_1.
 Hottell, Ruth A. and Russell-Watts, Lynsey. (2002) 'Catherine Breillat's Romance and the Female Spectator: From Dream-Work to Therapy', L'Esprit Créateur, 42(3), pp. 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1353/esp.2010.0395.
 Krisjansen, Ivan. and Maddock, Trevor. (2001) 'Educating Eros: Catherine Breillat's Romance as a Cinematic Solution to Sade's Metaphysical Problem', Studies in French Cinema, 1(3), pp. 141–149. DOI: 10.1386/sfci.1.3.141
 Mtshali, Marya .T. and Fahs, Breanne. (2014) 'Catherine Breillat's Romance and Anatomy of Hell : Subjectivity and the Gendering of Sexuality', Women: A Cultural Review, 25(2), pp. 160–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/09574042.2014.944415.
 Phillips, John. (2001) 'Catherine Breillat's Romance: Hard Core and the Female Gaze', Studies in French Cinema, 1(3), pp. 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1386/sfci.1.3.133.
 Wheatley, Catherine. (2010) 'Contested Interactions: Watching Catherine Breillat's Scenes of Sexual Violence', Journal for Cultural Research, 14(1), pp. 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14797580903363066
 Wilson, Emma. (2001) 'Deforming Femininity: Catherine Breillat's Romance', in Lucy Mazdon (ed.) France on Film: Reflections on Popular French Cinema. London: Wallflower, pp. 145–157.

External links

1999 films
1999 drama films
1990s erotic drama films
1990s French-language films
Adultery in films
BDSM in films
Films about rape
Films directed by Catherine Breillat
Films set in France
Films shot in France
French erotic drama films
Obscenity controversies in film
1990s French films

Romance (1999 film)


Tradicijska kuća u Zaprešiću, na adresi Pavla Lončara 14, je prizemna drvena stambena kuća.

Opis
Prizemna drvena stambena kuća sagrađena 1900. g. smještena je u središtu naselja. Zgrada je troprostorna prizemnica građena od planjki i s dvostrešnim krovištem pokrivenim biber crijepom. U unutrašnjosti su dvije sobe, hodnik i kuhinja u kojoj je očuvana stara zidana peć. Sa stražnje, dvorišne strane kasnijom je prigradnjom nadozidana "pelnica", skladišni prostor za čuvanje poljoprivrednih proizvoda. Na dovratniku glavnih ulaznih vratiju zapadnog pročelja urezana je godina izgradnje i ime vlasnika Stefana Vinceka. Osobito je dekorativan zidani dimnjak s dvostrešnim krovićem.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-2303 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Građevine u Zaprešiću
Zaštićene stambene građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji

Tradicijska kuća, Pavla Lončara 14 (Zaprešić)


Tølløse Privat- og Efterskole er en blandet skole med både en privatskoleafdeling og en efterskoleafdeling, som ligger i Tølløse i Holbæk Kommune.

Privatskolen er for 7.-10. klasse, og efterskolen er for 9. og 10. klasser. Efterskolen har tre linjer: Sport, musik og  dans og teater.

Skolen blev bygget i 1928 som højskole og eksamensskole for voksne. Det var Baptistkirken i Danmark, der byggede skolen.

I dag er skolen en selvejende institution med to skoleafdelinger: Efterskolen med 140 elever i 10. og 9. klasse og Privatskolen, som er dagskole med 240 elever (7 - 10 kl.) fra Tølløse og omegn. Skolens værdigrundlag er det samme som i 1928.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
Skolens websted

Efterskoler
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Holbæk Kommune

Tølløse Privat- og Efterskole


قناة المجد العامة هي أولى قنوات شبكة المجد الفضائية، بدأت بثها الرسمي في الأول من ربيع الأول لعام 1424 هـ هـ الموافق 2 مايو لعام 2003 م، ومقرها مدينة الإنتاج الاعلامي بالقاهرة في جمهورية مصر العربية.

برامج القناة
تتنوع برامج قناة المجد الفضائية بحسب طبيعة البرنامج، إلا أن أبرز أقسام البرامج هي على النحو التالي:

البرامج الإسلامية والعلمية
ومنها:
 كلمة مضيئة: وهو برنامج يعرض يوميًّا بعد صلاة العشاء من مكة المكرمة، وحلقاته متنوعة الموضوعات، غير أن البرنامج الآن متوقف عن البث.
 يدعون إلى الخير: وهو برنامج استضاف مئات الدعاة من أنحاء العالم الإسلامي يقدمون نصيحة صادقة للمسلمين، ويعرض البرنامج يوميًّا بعد صلاة المغرب من مكة المكرمة.
 مع سماحة المفتي: وهو برنامج يستضيف سماحة مفتي المملكة العربية السعودية الشيخ عبد العزيز بن عبد الله آل الشيخ للإجابة على استفسارات وأسئلة واستفتاءات المشاهدين الشرعية والفقهية وما أشكل عليهم في أمور دينهم، يُعرَض البرنامج على الهواء مباشرة يوم الجمعة من كل أسبوع بين صلاتي المغرب والعشاء من مكة المكرمة
 الجواب الكافي: وهو برنامج الفتاوى على القناة، ويعرض يوم الأحد بين صلاتي المغرب والعشاء، وبعد صلاة الجمعة على الهواء مباشرة.
 ذكرى: وهو برنامج ذو طابع وعظي، بثته القناة أثناء شهر رمضان.
 قرة العين: ويقدمه الشيخ علاء الدين عامر، من مصر، ومحور البرنامج عن الصلاة، حيث يقول الرسول محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم:«وجُعِلَت قُرَّة عيني في الصلاة».
 منتقى المحاضرات: وفيه تعرض محاضرات متنوعة يلقيها الدعاة في المساجد، ويوازيه برنامج: محاضرة اليوم، والذي يعرض على قناة المجد العلمية.
 تصحيح التلاوة: وهو برنامج يُعنى بتصحيح قراءات المشاهدين والمشاهدات للقرآن الكريم، ويقدمه الدكتور محمد عصام القضاة.
 المفكرة الدعوية: وفيه إبراز لأنشطة الدعوة إلى الله داخل وخارج السعودية،يقدمه:هشام القاضي، وعبد الرحمن الشايع.
 متن وسند:والبرنامج يُعنى بعلوم الحديث الشريف.
 عقبى الدار:ويقدمه:فهد بن عبد العزيز السنيدي،تم عرضه خلال شهر رمضان عام 1429هـ، ويُعنى بوضف الجنة وما فيها من النعيم ومقارنة بين ما في الجنة ونعيمها الدائم وبين ما في الدنيا ومتاعها الزائل
 القطوف الدانية:وهو برنامج ذو موضوعات متنوعة ترتبط غالبها بالقرآن الكريم، يقدمه معمر العمري،والضيف الدائم للبرنامج الشيخ:صالح بن عواد المغامسي

البرامج الحوارية
ومنها:
 برنامج ساعة حوار وهو برنامج حواري يستضيف مئات الشخصيات من مفكرين وأدباء وكتاب وسياسيين وصانعي قرار، وكانت أبرز حلقاته تلك التي كان ضيفها الرئيس السوداني عمر البشير، معد البرنامج ومقدمه فهد السنيدي.
 برنامج جلسة، ويهتم بالشأن الداخلي السعودي،ويقدمه محمد الدخيني.
 برنامج في الدائرة، وهو برنامج حواري مباشر وصريح مع أصحاب فكرة معينة تبنوها، وتتم مناقشتهم فيها، يقدمه محمد المقرن.
 برنامج أول اثنين، وهو برنامج فكري، وهو أول برنامج من نوعه على شاشة المجد يعده المشاهدون، وضيفه الدائم هو الشيخ الدكتور سلمان بن فهد العودة.

البرامج الإخبارية
ومنها:
 موضوع الغلاف:ويُعنى بتصفح أغلفة المجلات العربية والعالمية، والاطلاع على أبرز موضوعاتها.
 صحافة الرأي:وهو استعراض لأبرز آراء الكتاب والصحفيين في أهم قضايا الأسبوع.
 نشرة الأخبار وتقدم في خمس فترات، في الثانية عشرة ظهرًا، والثالثة عصرًا، والخامسة مساءً، والتاسعة مساءً، والثانية عشرة والنصف بعد منتصف الليل بتوقيت مكة المكرمة، وذلك من مركز أخبار قناة المجد بالقاهرة الذي يديره عمار حامد منذ بدء نشاط الأخبار في قناة المجد.
 حصاد الأسبوع:ويُعرض يوم الجمعة من كل أسبوع في الثانية ظهرًا بتوقيت مكة،وهو موجز إخباري تحليلي لأخبرا الأسبوع المنصرم وقضاياه الساخنة على الساحة السياسية العربية والإسلامية والدولية، وذلك عبر تقارير موجزة يعدها مركز الأخبار بالقاهرة، ويقدمه:عمار حامد
 غزة شموخ وعزة:مواكبة للأحداث المؤلمة التي أصابت سكان قطاع غزة في نهاية عام 2008 وبداية 2009 فقد جندت قناة المجد بكافة أستوديوهاتها في دبي والرياض إضافة لمركز الأخبار في القاهرة جندت إمكانياتها لمواكبة الأحداث في غزة، ابتداءً ببرنامج (أهلنا يستغيثون)ثم في أواخر أيام العدوان الصهيوني على غزة تغير اسم البرنامج إلى (أهلنا في غزة)،وبعد توقف الحرب صور هذا البرنامج جوانب الشموخ والعزة في انتصار أهل غزة والمقاومة فيها على الوحشية الصهيونية، وكان من أبرز مقدمي البرنامج: عبد الله حمزة،فهد السنيدي،محمد الدخيني،مساعد المهيدب،عبد الرحمن العمري،أحمدالحمصي،محمود غالب،محمد رامي،جمال سلطان

برامج أخرى
مثل:
 برنامج القارة المنسية وهو رحلة سفاري في أفريقيا وبالتحديد مدغشقر وكينيا وقد ركز على الغرائب والعجائب
 برنامج غرائب الهند وهو عن العادات والتقاليد والأديان في الهند وقدمهما فهدالسنيدي
 برنامج جِنان وقُدِّمت فيه نماذج من الطبيعة الماليزية،ويقدمه علي العزازي.
 برنامج حياة تك، ويعنى بالتقنية وارتباطها بحياتنا اليومية، ويقدمه علي العزازي.
 برنامج الراصد: وهو رصد للظواهر الاجتماعية والسلوكية، تتم مناقشتها وبيان أسبابها ونتائجها، في كل حلقة قضية جديدة، ويناقشها المحاوِر مع الضيف الدائم للبرنامج الشيخ: محمد صالح المنجد.
 نهضة الخرطوم:وفيه يُعرض أبرز ملامح النهضة في العاصمة السودانية الخرطوم
 فضاء المشاهدين:وهو برنامج ثقافي أدبي منوع وقد كان يعرض في الدورة البرامجية الثانية لقناة المجد ثم توقف، ليفقد المشاهدون هذا البرنامج الذي كان مظلتهم الأدبية ووجبتهم الثقافية الخفيفة على القلوب، أعد البرنامج وقدمه الأستاذ/ صالح بن علي الأحمر، رئيس تحرير مجلة (بث)
 الملتقى الأدبي:وفيه تُناقش القضايا الأدبية مع الشعراء والأدباء والمثقفين، أعد البرنامج وقدمه الدكتور حبيب بن معلا اللويحق المطيري الأديب السعودي المعروف

شخصيات بارزة
 محمد القيق
 فهد السنيدي(ستوديو الرياض)
 عبد الله حمزة(مركز الأخبار بالقاهرة)
 هاني مقبل(ستوديو الرياض)
 علي العزازي(ستوديو الرياض)

مصادر ومراجع

روابط خارجية

تأسيسات سنة 2003
قنوات المجد الفضائية
قنوات تلفزيونية إخبارية تبث 24 ساعة
محطات تلفزيونية باللغة العربية

المجد العامة


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 1906 en Australie  :

Évènement
  : Un cyclone endommage Cairns et Innisfail dans le Queensland.
  : Le premier club de sauvetage en mer du monde est créé sur la plage de Bondi.
  : Les premiers tramways électriques circulent à Melbourne, de St Kilda à Brighton.
  : La ville de Roma, dans le Queensland, devient la première ville d'Australie à être éclairée et alimentée au gaz naturel, mais la réserve de gaz ne dure que dix jours.
  : Le corps des cadets de l'armée australienne est formé.
  : Le contrôle de la Nouvelle-Guinée britannique est officiellement transféré de la Grande-Bretagne à l'Australie.
  : Élections fédérales : le gouvernement du Premier ministre Alfred Deakin est reconduit au pouvoir, mais la participation électorale est faible.

Arts et littérature
 Sortie du film The Story of the Kelly Gang
  remporte le prix Wynne avec The Golden Splendour of the Bush.

Sport
 L'équipe de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud de cricket remporte le Sheffield Shield.

 - : Participation de l' à Athènes.

Création de club

Naissance
 , missionnaire.
 , travailleuse sociale.
 , homme d'affaires, journaliste et écrivain.
 Dunc Gray, coureur cycliste.
 , géologue.
 Harry Hopman, joueur de squash.
 , joueur de cricket.
 , avocate.
 , militaire.
 , actrice.

Décès
 , historien et écrivain.
 Hugh Nelson, personnalité politique.
 , artiste.
 , suffragette.
 , personnalité politique.

Notes et références

1906 en Australie
Chronologie de l'Australie au XXe siècle
Histoire de l'Australie

1906 en Australie


An Panicum trachyrhachis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni George Bentham. An Panicum trachyrhachis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Panicum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Panicum

Panicum trachyrhachis


est un film américain réalisé par Curtis Hanson et sorti en 1979.

Il est présenté en avant-première au festival du cinéma américain de Deauville 1979.

Synopsis

Zack et Woody sont deux jeunes frères qui étudient le karaté. Alors qu'ils sont en week-end de camping avec leur grand-père J. J., ils font la connaissance de la jeune Carol Forbinger, qui est avec ses parents Ruth et Dick. C'est alors que la jeune fille est kidnappée par deux meurtriers fous furieux, aidés par leur propre mère nommée Angel. Nos jeunes experts en karaté vont alors tenter de la sauver avec l'aide de leur grand-père.

Fiche technique

 Titre original :
 Titres alternatifs :  et
 Réalisation : Curtis Hanson
 Scénario : Harvey Applebaum, Louis G. Atlee, Rudolph Borchert et Alan Ormsby
 Musique : Ken Lauber
 Photographie : Stephen M. Katz
 Montage : Ronald Sinclair
 Production : Curtis Hanson et Hannah Hempstead
 Société de production : Eastwind
 Société de distribution : Aurora Film Corporation (États-Unis)
 Budget : n/a
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur
 Genre : aventures, action, comédie
 Durée : 90 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 France :  (festival du cinéma américain de Deauville)
 États-Unis :
 Classification :
 États-Unis : PG

Distribution
 Charles Lane : J. J.
 Ann Sothern : Angel
 Chris Petersen : Zack
 Pat Petersen : Woody
 Sally Boyden : Carol Forbinger
 Rick Lenz : Dick Forbinger
 Sharon Clark : Ruth Forbinger
 Joe Spinell : Yancey
 John Davis Chandler : Carl
 Clifford A. Pellow : le shérif
 Stephen Young : Lunsford
  : l'entraineur de karaté
 Tony Bill : Niles

Production

Titres et sorties en vidéo

Initialement sorti en 1980 aux États-Unis sous le titre The Little Dragons, le film est ensuite édité en VHS par Active Home Video en 1984 avec le slogan  pour surfer sur le récent succès de Karaté Kid, sorti en salles cette année-là. Lors d'une ressortie en VHS par Magnum Video en 1991, le film est alors rebaptisé Karate Kids U.S.A.. Par la suite, certaines éditions DVD utiliseront les deux titres, ou alors simplement Dragons ou Karate Kids (avec le slogan . Cependant, les éditions DVD les plus récentes (2009, Music Video Distributors) sont titrées The Little Dragons avec la tagline : .

Présenté comme un film pour enfants, le film est jugé peu adapté à ce public lors de sa sortie en VHS en 1984, notamment en raison d'un langage inapproprié. L'édition VHS de 1984 d'Active Home Video ibntègre alors un nouveau doublage plus adapté. Les frères Petersen ont alors réenregistré certains dialogues.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1979
Comédie d'action américaine
Film d'aventure américain
Film de karaté
Film réalisé par Curtis Hanson
Film classé PG aux États-Unis

The Little Dragons


An Agrotrigia androssovii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Roman Julievich Roshevitz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Nikolai Nikolaievich Tzvelev. An Agrotrigia androssovii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrotrigia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Agrotrigia

Agrotrigia androssovii


Chico Calavera (Skull Boy en inglés, Calavera en España) es un personaje de ficción perteneciente a la franquicia de Ruby Gloom, Chico Calavera ha estado presente desde el inicio de la franquicia original como el interés romántico de Ruby.

El personaje fue doblado por Scott McCord en la serie animada de Ruby Gloom creada en 2006.

Primera Versión

El Chico Calavera original era un esqueleto vecino de Ruby, un poco desconfiado y vivía en una cueva con forma de calavera a quien Ruby le gustaba espiar, comúnmente aparecen tomados de la mano en la franquicia de Martin Hsu demostrando que ambos ya son pareja.

En tanto a su aspecto era distinto al de la serie animada, ya que tenía cráneo con forma de pulpo a diferencia del creaneo humanoide que tiene en la serie animada.

Serie Animada

Relación con Ruby

En la serie animada, Ruby ha demostrado un interés gigantesco por Chico Calavera, tanto que le gusta ayudarlo con sus problemas como en los episodio Fair Or Foul donde Ruby lo ayudaba a construir un robot como padre (parodia de Víctor Frankenstein y el Monstruo que creó).

El Primer Muestro de afecto más que amistoso se da en extrañando a buns donde todos buscan a buns y cuando Chico Calavera dice a Ruby que le ayudó lavando sus medias ella intenta abrazarlo, pero este se escabulle. El segundo es en Quadrogloomia donde Frank y Len transportas sus consciencias a través del sueño, y al llegar con Ruby descubren que ella está profundamente enamorada de Chico Calavera, en el mismo episodio, él aparenta que le va a pedir noviazgo a Ruby, pero solo fue un malentendido de ella. Al final, a pesar de ser una especie de sueño de Frank y Len, en verdad Ruby ama a Chico Calavera.

La Relación se fue haciendo más presente en los capítulos posteriores más destacable de lo dicho anteriormente es Sunny Daze donde Ruby, Chico Calavera e Iris se quedan atrapados en una cueva por buscar a Desgracia (y por un descuido de Iris) y al creer que van a morir ahí, Ruby casi le cuenta sus sentimientos hacía él, pero son salvados por un lodazal al llegar Desgracia. Anteriormente en este mismo capítulo el Sr. Buns se queda atrapado y Chico Calavera creyendo que es un héroe de aventuras tipo Indiana Jones, Ruby le da gracias coquetamente.

En la película Hair (Less) The Musical (en realidad dos capítulos en uno), Ruby descubre que Chico Calavera se va con Los Esquelectricos, y entra en depresión por la falta de Calavera, a tal punto que no puede alegrarse ni a sí misma ni a los demás. En el climáx de la película, Ruby decide buscar a Chico Calavera quien también vuelve a Gloomsville, Esqueleti le explica a Ruby que Chico Calavera esta loco por Ruby. Mientras que él descubre que la familia no tiene que ser alguien de sangre, si no de quien con quien convivas (aunque eso no impidió que Chico Calavera siguiera buscando a su verdadera familia)

Personajes de Ruby Gloom

Chico Calavera


An Disa vasselotii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Harry Bolus ngan Schltr.. An Disa vasselotii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Disa, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Disa

Disa vasselotii


Austrolembidium, monotipski rod jetrenjarki iz porodice Lepidoziaceae. Jedina je vrsta vrsta A. crassum, jedna od 66 vrsta jetrenjarki s otoka Južna Georgia

Rod i vrsta opisani su 1980.

Izvori

Lepidoziaceae

Austrolembidium


Seiner Majestät UB-4 was a German Type UB I submarine (U-boat) in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. She was sunk by a British Q-ship disguised as a fishing smack in August 1915.

UB-4 was ordered in October 1914 and was laid down at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel in November. UB-4 was a little more than  in length and displaced between , depending on whether surfaced or submerged. She carried two torpedoes for her two bow torpedo tubes and was also armed with a deck-mounted machine gun. UB-4 was broken into sections and shipped by rail to Antwerp for reassembly. She was launched and commissioned as SM UB-4 in March 1915.

UB-4 conducted the first sortie of the Flanders Flotilla in April, during which she sank the Belgian Relief ship , the first ship credited to the flotilla. She sank three more ships from mid-April to mid-August. On 15 August, UB-4 surfaced near the British Q-ship  and was sunk by gunfire from the sailing vessel. None of UB-4s 14 crewmen survived the attack.

Design and construction
After the German Army's rapid advance along the North Sea coast in the earliest stages of World War I, the German Imperial Navy found itself without suitable submarines that could be operated in the narrow and shallow environment off Flanders. Project 34, a design effort begun in mid-August 1914, produced the Type UB I design: a small submarine that could be shipped by rail to a port of operations and quickly assembled. Constrained by railroad size limitations, the UB I design called for a boat about  long and displacing about  with two torpedo tubes. UB-4 was part of the initial allotment of eight submarines—numbered  to —ordered on 15 October from Germaniawerft of Kiel, just shy of two months after planning for the class began.

UB-4 was laid down by Germaniawerft in Kiel on 3 November. As built, UB-4 was  long,  abeam, and had a draft of . She had a single  Daimler 4-cylinder diesel engine for surface travel, and a single  Siemens-Schuckert electric motor for underwater travel, both attached to a single propeller shaft. Her top speeds were , surfaced, and , submerged. At more moderate speeds, she could sail up to  on the surface before refueling, and up to  submerged before recharging her batteries. Like all boats of the class, UB-4 was rated to a diving depth of , and could completely submerge in 33 seconds.

UB-4 was armed with two  torpedoes in two bow torpedo tubes. She was also outfitted for a single  machine gun on deck. UB-4s standard complement consisted of one officer and thirteen enlisted men.

After work on UB-4 was complete at the Germaniwerft yard, UB-4 was readied for rail shipment. The process of shipping a UB I boat involved breaking the submarine down into what was essentially a knock down kit. Each boat was broken into approximately fifteen pieces and loaded onto eight railway flatcars. In early 1915, the sections of UB-4 were shipped to Antwerp for assembly in what was typically a two- to three-week process. After UB-4 was assembled and launched sometime in March, she was loaded on a barge and taken through canals to Bruges where she underwent trials.

Service career
The submarine was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy as SM UB-4 on 23 March under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Karl Gross, a 29-year-old first-time U-boat commander. UB-4 soon joined the other UB I boats then comprising the Flanders Flotilla (), which had been organized on 29 March. When UB-4 joined the flotilla, Germany was in the midst of its first submarine offensive, begun in February. During this campaign, enemy vessels in the German-defined war zone (), which encompassed all waters around the United Kingdom (including the English Channel), were to be sunk. Vessels of neutral countries were not to be attacked unless they definitively could be identified as enemy vessels operating under a false flag.

UB-4 kicked off operations for the new flotilla when she departed on her first patrol on 9 April. The following day, she sank the first ship credited to the Flanders Flotilla. The 5,940 GRT British-flagged , which had been chartered by the American Commission for Relief in Belgium, was headed for Norfolk, Virginia, United States, in ballast after delivering relief supplies to Rotterdam. UB-4 came upon the steamer between Harwich and the Hook of Holland and pulled to within about . Despite the fact that the ship had a pass of safe-conduct from Germany, was marked with the words "Belgian Relief" on her side, and was flying a white flag with the same wording, Gross torpedoed the vessel without warning. Harpalyce sank in about five minutes, which allowed no time to launch any of the lifeboats. The Dutch steamers Elisabeth and Constance, and the American steamer Ruby picked up survivors. Herbert Hoover, head of the relief committee, reported that his organization's charter of the ship ended after delivery of the cargo in Rotterdam, but expressed disbelief that the ship could have been the victim of a torpedo attack, given the "distinct assurance" that ships engaged in the relief effort "would not be molested". Harpalyces master and 14 others from the 44-man crew died in the attack. Harpalyce was the largest ship sunk by UB-4 during her career.

UB-4s followed up the sinking of Harpalyce by sinking the Greek ship Ellispontos, a steamer of . Ellispontos was en route to Montevideo from Amsterdam when sunk by Gross and UB-4 on 17 April. Although German U-boats sank over 100,000 tons of shipping in each of May and June, UB-4 did not contribute to those totals. She did add one ship to the 98,000-ton tally for July when she sank the Belgian ship Princesse Marie Jose and her load of coal on 29 July. The 1,954 GRT steamer had sailed from Dunston and was headed to Bordeaux when sunk  from the Shipwash Lightship off Harwich.

Sinking

On 14 August, the 59 GRT British fishing smack Bona Fide was stopped by a U-boat, boarded, and sunk with explosives  east-northeast of Lowestoft. According to the website Uboat.net, this attack was likely by UB-4, because she was operating in the area on her fourteenth patrol. Regardless of the identity of Bona Fides attacker, UB-4 did approach a group of smacks in the vicinity the next day, but unbeknownst to UB-4s commander, Gross, one of the fishing vessels was actually a British decoy ship.

The decoy or Q-ship was His Majesty's Armed Smack , a smack that had been outfitted with a concealed 3-pounder (47 mm) gun. Around 20:20, UB-4 drew within  of Inverlyon and Gross, on the conning tower of UB-4, shouted out commands to Inverlyons crew in German. After waiting until the right moment, Ernest Jehan, a Royal Navy gunner in command of Inverlyon, ordered the White Ensign raised and gave the command to open fire. A burst of three rounds from the 3-pounder scored hits on the conning tower, the second destroying part of the bridge and sending Gross into the water. UB-4, with no one at the helm, drifted behind Inverlyon, and when clear, the 3-pounder fired another six shots into the hull of UB-4 at point blank range. All the while small arms fire from Inverlyons crew peppered the submarine. The U-boat began going down by the bow, becoming nearly vertical before disappearing below the surface. A member of Inverlyons crew attempted the rescue of one crewman from UB-4, but was unable to reach him before he went under, meeting the same fate as the other thirteen crewmen.

As UB-4 went down, her hulk fouled the Inverlyons nets—which had been deployed to keep up the appearance of a real fishing boat—essentially anchoring Inverlyon in place. The Q-ship's crew, not having a wireless set on board, sent word of the encounter with another smack, and followed up by releasing messenger pigeons the following morning, requesting instructions on what to do with UB-4. The thought of salvaging the snagged U-boat was rejected, so the nets were cut, freeing UB-4 to sink to the bottom. UB-4s wreck lies at position . Jehan was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for the sinking of UB-4, and the crewmen of Inverlyon split the submarine bounty paid by the Admiralty.

Summary of raiding history

Notes

References

Bibliography

German Type UB I submarines
Ships built in Kiel
Ships built in Belgium
1915 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1915
World War I submarines of Germany
Maritime incidents in 1915
U-boats sunk in 1915
U-boats sunk by British warships
World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea
Submarines lost with all hands

SM UB-4


Desborough is a town in the North Northamptonshire unitary area of Northamptonshire, England, lying in the Ise Valley between Market Harborough and Kettering. It was an industrial centre for weaving and shoe-making in the 19th century and had a long association with the Co-operative movement.

History

Desborough's origins lie in the Bronze Age of about 2000 BC. Urns from that period have been found in and around the town.

Many archaeological finds from the Iron Age and the Anglo-Saxon period have also been made. Some, such as the 1st-century Desborough Mirror and the Anglo-Saxon Desborough Necklace, are now in the possession of the British Museum.

Domesday Book (1086) refers to Desborough as a "place of judgement". The name itself is thought to have derived from 'Disburg', which meant a sacred and fortified place. In the High Street centrepiece of what is now the Market Square stands a pillar that is called locally the Town Cross, though it is a square column topped by a stone ball. It is thought to have served as a gateway pillar from Harrington Hall.

From the 17th century, Desborough developed around the spinning and weaving industries. The town's factories used local wool and flax to produce fine cloth and linen until the mid-19th century. Silk weaving then developed in a Paddock Lane factory and shoe-making also gained importance.

Transport
Desborough lies five miles (8 km) south-east of Market Harborough, north-west of Kettering, and south-west of Corby. The A6 Rothwell–Desborough bypass opened on 14 August 2003.

Between 1857 and 1968, Desborough had a railway station, opened and operated by the Midland Railway (later the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and, after nationalisation, British Rail). This was part of an extension of its network from Leicester to Bedford and Hitchin, but it was closed under the Beeching cuts.

Churches
Desborough has an Anglican parish church, St Giles's, along with a Baptist church, a United Reformed Church, and the Roman Catholic Church of the Holy Trinity.

St Giles's Church (Anglican) is the oldest surviving building in the town, dating from about 1225. It is believed to stand on the site of an earlier Saxon church. Its relics from the town's history include part of an Anglo-Saxon cross carved from stone, a Tudor rood screen, and reminders of the English Civil War. Close by the church is the 18th-century Church House, with stuccoed Doric pillars. This became Desborough House in the 19th century and is now the Services Club.

Partnership
On 7 September 1969, an Anglican/ Methodist partnership was inaugurated in the presence of the Bishop of Peterborough and the Chairman of the Oxford District. Since then a Methodist minister has been working in partnership with the Anglican vicar. St Giles is part of the Anglican united benefice of Desborough and Brampton Ash with Braybrooke and Dingley. It has regular church festivals, including one of the United Kingdom's largest and longest-running Christmas tree festivals (over 100 trees, held since 1998). The trees are contributed by local organisations, companies, families and individuals.

The Kettering Leg of the annual Student Cross pilgrimage to Walsingham starts near Desborough.

The Old Manor House

The Old Manor House in Gold Street retains features of its late 17th-century origins. Ferdinand Poulton, a Roman Catholic lawyer, was Lord of the Manor and reputedly one of the 1605 Gunpowder Plot conspirators.

Government and community
Governance of Desborough lies (in descending order) with the North Northamptonshire Unitary Council (From April 2021) and the local Desborough Town Council.

Desborough belongs to the Charter of European Rural Communities, which links it to 27 other EU member towns and villages. It is twinned with Neuville de Poitou in the Vienne department of France and with Bièvre in the Walloon region of Belgium.

The Desborough Community Development Trust campaigns for improvements to the town.

Co-operative movement
With the intention of preventing exploitation of workers by agents and employers, local men founded the Desborough Co-operative Society in 1863. Starting with local shops and then a corset and lingerie factory, the Desborough Co-op once had a department store, a bank, a supermarket, a travel agents, a ladies' shoe and clothing shop and a number of corner stores.

After several mergers, the town is now served by the Central England Co-op. Over the years, a number of its functions have ceased, including the bank branch and the ladies' shoe and clothing shop. However, a Co-operative undertakers has opened in one of the former corner shops.

The former Co-op Corset Factory, now owned by Wacoal Eveden Ltd makes lingerie and swimwear. The site includes the original Victorian factory, and immediately opposite, Eveden's warehousing and UK factory shop. The former Co-operative Society Sports Ground with a football field and tennis courts is now covered by a housing development, Desbeau Park – Desbeau being the name of a range of lingerie made at the Corset Factory.

Sport and leisure
Desborough has a Non-League football team, Desborough Town F.C., which plays at Waterworks Field.

The town's leisure complex was built in the later months of 2012. It holds a gym, a café, a football court, a basketball court and an outside skate park.

Targetcraft Archers club meets at nearby West Lodge Rural Centre. Desborough Green Space Junior parkrun takes place there every Sunday morning at the Leisure Centre. Local residents organize a free 2-km event aimed at increasing physical activity in children aged 4-14 years and volunteering within the community for all ages.

Education
The town has a primary school-cum-infant/junior school, consisting of Loatlands Primary and combined Havelock Infant and Junior schools. Secondary education takes place outside the town.

Notable residents
In birth order:
John Reynolds (fl. 1600s), a tinker known as "Captain Pouch" and a leader of the 1607 anti-enclosure Midland Revolt, was said to be from Desborough.
Jane West (1758–1852), novelist, poet and writer of conduct literature, was brought up in Desborough.
Lewis Cave (1832–1897), a Queen's Bench judge, was born in Desborough.
Lawrence Holland (1887–1956), played for Northamptonshire and died in Desborough.
F. R. G. Heaf (1894–1973), professor of medicine and tuberculosis researcher, was born in the town.
Cecil Kilborn, a Bradford City footballer in 1919–1924, was born in Desborough in 1902.
Reggie Meen (1907–1984), heavyweight boxer, won the British title in 1931.
Andy Sawford (born 1976), Labour Party politician and Corby MP, was born in Desborough.

References

External links
Desborough Town Council website
Desborough Flickr group – pictures of Desborough

Towns in Northamptonshire
Civil parishes in Northamptonshire
North Northamptonshire

Desborough


Sign of the Labrys este un roman științifico-fantastic al scriitoarei americane Margaret St. Clair. A apărut în 1963 la editura Corgi Books.

Prezentare

Umanitatea a dispărut aproape de pe pământ, 9 din 10 persoane au decedat ca rezultat al epidemiilor răspândite cu aproximativ 15 ani mai devreme. Supraviețuitorii încearcă să evite cât mai mult contactul cu alte persoane, chiar dacă pericolul infectării este acum foarte scăzut.

În această lume, totuși, oamenii nu trăiesc foarte rău, lipsesc multe servicii, însă sunt asigurate toate necesitățile de bază, deoarece înainte de epidemii au fost pregătite stocuri enorme de alimente. Chiar și apartamentele, săpate la niveluri succesive tot mai adânc în funcție de importanța locuitorilor, sunt totuși liber accesibile tuturor.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1963 în literatură
 Istoria științifico-fantasticului

Romane din 1963
Romane americane
Romane științifico-fantastice
Romane de Margaret St. Clair

Sign of the Labrys


Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya ou Kosmodem'yanskaya (; Osino-Gay, 13 de setembro de 1923 – Kiev, 29 de novembro de 1941) foi uma partisan soviética.

Zoya foi executada após atos de sabotagem contra os exércitos invasores da Alemanha nazista. Depois surgiram histórias de sua resistência contra seus captores e ela foi postumamente declarada Heroína da União Soviética. Zoya tornou-se uma das heroínas mais reverenciadas da União Soviética.

Biografia
O sobrenome Kosmodemyansky foi construído juntando os nomes dos Santos Cosmas e Damian (Kosma e Demyan em russo). A partir do século XVII, os Kosmodemyansky se tornaram padres da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa. O avô de Zoya, Pyotr Kosmodemyansky, foi assassinado em 1918 por militantes ateus por sua oposição à blasfêmia.

Zoya (seu nome é uma forma russa do nome grego Zoe, que significa "vida") nasceu em 1923 na vila de Osino-Gay (Осино-Гай), perto da cidade de Tambov. Seu pai, Anatoly Kosmodemyansky, estudou em um seminário teológico, mas não se formou. Mais tarde, ele trabalhou como bibliotecário. Sua mãe, Lyubov Kosmodemyanskaya (nascida Churikova), era professora escolar. Em 1925, nasceu o irmão de Zoya, Aleksandr Kosmodemyansky. Assim como sua irmã, ele postumamente recebeu o prêmio de Herói da União Soviética.

Em 1929, a família mudou-se para a Sibéria por medo de perseguição. Em 1930, eles se mudaram para Moscou.

Zoya ingressou no Komsomol em 1938. Em outubro de 1941, ainda estudante do ensino médio em Moscou, ela se ofereceu como voluntária para uma unidade partisan. Durante o serviço militar, ela passou a admitar Tatiana Solomakha, uma soldada do Exército Vermelho que foi torturada e morta vitima do Terror Branco durante a Guerra Civil Russa. Zoya foi designada para a unidade partidária 9903 (Estado-Maior da Frente Ocidental). Das mil pessoas que se juntaram à unidade em outubro de 1941, apenas metade sobreviveu à guerra. Na vila de Obukhovo perto de Naro-Fominsk, Zoya e outros guerrilheiros cruzaram a linha de frente e entraram em território ocupado pelos alemães, onde minara estradas e cortaram linhas de comunicação.

Em 27 de novembro de 1941, Kosmodemyanskaya recebeu a missão de queimar a vila de Petrishchevo, onde um regimento de cavalaria alemão estava estacionado. Junto com seus companheiros guerrilheiros, Boris Krainov e Vasily Klubkov, ela ateou fogo a três casas na aldeia.Os guerrilheiros acreditavam que uma das casas estava sendo usada como centro de comunicações alemão e que as forças de ocupação estavam usando outras como acomodação. Porém, o escritor Alex Zhovtis contestou essas afirmações, argumentando que oficialmente Petrishchevo não era um ponto de envio permanente de tropas alemãs. No entanto, os aldeões disseram que praticamente todas as casas da aldeia foram utilizadas para alojamento pelas tropas alemãs transportadas ao longo das estradas principais perto da aldeia.

Depois da primeira tentativa de incêndio criminoso, Krainov não esperou por Zoya e Klubkov no local de encontro combinado e saiu, voltando para o seu local original. Mais tarde, Klubkov também foi capturado pelos alemães. Zoya, depois de sentir falta de seus camaradas e sair sozinha, decidiu retornar a Petrishchevo e continuar a campanha de incêndios. No entanto, as autoridades militares alemãs na aldeia já haviam organizado uma reunião de residentes locais, formando uma milícia para evitar novos focos. Depois de ser presa, Zoya foi despida, espancada, interrogada e torturada com 200 chicotadas e seu corpo queimado. Mesmo após tanta tortura, Zoya se recusou a dar qualquer informação. Na manhã seguinte, ela foi levada para o centro da aldeia com uma placa em volta do pescoço com a inscrição "Queimadora de casas" e enforcada.

Suas palavras finais foram:

e para os alemães:
{{Quote1|Me enforcam agora, mas não estou sozinha. Há duzentos milhões de nós. Vocês não podem enforcar todos nós. Eles me vingarão.}}

Antes do momento do enforcamento, com a corda no pescoço, ela disse:

Os alemães deixaram seu corpo pendurado na forca por várias semanas. Um de seus seios foi cortado e seu corpo profanado por alemães ou colaboradores. Por fim, ela foi enterrada pouco antes de os soviéticos reconquistarem o território em janeiro de 1942.

 Fama
A história da morte de Kosmodemyanskaya se tornou popular depois que o jornal Pravda publicou um artigo escrito por Pyotr Lidov em 27 de janeiro de 1942. O jornalista soube de sua execução por um velho camponês e ficou impressionado com sua coragem. A testemunha contou: "Estavam a enforcá-la e ela fazia um discurso. Eles a estavam enforcando e ela os ameaçando. " idov viajou para Petrishchevo, coletou detalhes dos moradores locais e publicou um artigo sobre a então desconhecida guerrilheira. Logo depois, Josef Stalin descobriu o artigo. Ele proclamou: "Aqui está a heroína do povo", que iniciou uma campanha de propaganda em homenagem a Kosmodemyanskaya. Stalin ordenou que os soldados e oficiais da 197ª Divisão de Infantaria (Wehrmacht), que participaram da execução, não fossem feitos prisioneiros. Em fevereiro, ela foi identificada e recebeu a ordem de Herói da União Soviética.

O relato de Kosmodemyanskaya foi publicado repetidamente no Pravda. Vários escritores, artistas, escultores e poetas soviéticos dedicaram suas obras a ela. Em 1944, foi feito o filme Zoya sobre ela. Ela também foi mencionada no filme Garota nº 217, que retratava atrocidades cometidas contra prisioneiros de guerra soviéticos pelos nazistas. Sua imagem também foi usada com frequência na propaganda anti-alemã que encorajou a violência contra as forças de ocupação alemãs.

Muitas ruas, kolkhozes e organizações Pioneiras na União Soviética receberam o nome de Kosmodemyanskaya. Seu retrato passou a fazer parte dos procedimentos cerimoniais de comemoração realizados pelos pioneiros e foi utilizado como símbolo da mais alta distinção concedida à melhor turma da escola. Os soviéticos ergueram um monumento em sua homenagem não muito longe da aldeia de Petrishchevo. Outra estátua está localizada na estação Partizanskaya Moscow Metro. Um pico de montanha de 4.108 metros (13.478 pés) em Trans-Ili Alatau tem o nome dela. O planeta menor 1793 Zoya, descoberto em 1968 pela astrônoma soviética Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova, leva o seu nome.

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya está enterrada no cemitério Novodevichy em Moscou.

Homenagem
Zoya Phan, uma ativista política declarada do povo Karen e membro da Campanha da Birmânia, foi nomeada em homenagem a Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya por seu pai, Padoh Mahn Sha Lah Phan. Ele escolheu o nome porque havia lido sobre Kosmodemyanskaya enquanto estudava na Universidade de Yangon e viu vários paralelos entre a resistência Karen contra o governo birmanês e a resistência soviética contra os nazistas na Europa.

 Pesquisas pós-soviéticas e controvérsias
 Controvérsia na mídia dos anos 90
A vida de Kosmodemyanskaya se tornou um assunto de controvérsia na mídia durante os anos 1990. Em setembro de 1991, um artigo de Aleksandr Zhovtis foi publicado na revista semanal russa Argumenty i Fakty. O artigo alegava que não havia tropas alemãs na aldeia de Petrishchevo, apesar de várias fotos dela sendo enforcada por soldados alemães. Zhovtis culpou a política de terra arrasada de Stalin pela morte "desnecessária" da jovem.

O jornal posteriormente publicou cartas de leitores, muitas das quais incluíam histórias que contradiziam a versão principal. Um pesquisador afirmou que a pessoa executada em Petrishchevo não era Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, mas uma guerrilheira "desaparecida em ação ", embora conclusões oficiais posteriores do Instituto de Perícia Criminal e do Departamento de Justiça da Federação Russa declarassem o contrário. Os artigos Argumenty i Fakty geraram uma resposta do observador do Pravda, Viktor Kozhemyaka, na forma de um artigo intitulado "Cinquenta anos após sua morte, Zoya é torturada e executada novamente". Dez anos depois, Kozhemyaka escreveu outro artigo que "Zoya é executado mais uma vez"  no qual ele lamentou algum "material absurdo" em fóruns de discussão na Internet, que alegava que Zoya tinha ferido camponeses russos em vez de tropas alemãs, que ela sofria de esquizofrenia, e que ela era uma fanática stalinista.

Em 1997, o jornal Glasnost publicou os protocolos até então desconhecidos da comissão oficial dos residentes do selsoviet da aldeia de Petrishchevo e Gribtsovsky de 25 de janeiro de 1942 (dois meses após a execução de Zoya). Os protocolos afirmam que Kosmodemyanskaya foi capturada enquanto tentava destruir um estábulo contendo mais de 300 cavalos alemães. Eles também descreveram sua tortura e execução.

Uma história um pouco diferente foi registrada nas notas do pesquisador Pyotr Lidov, publicadas na Parlamentskaya Gazeta'' em 1999. De acordo com Lidov, Kosmodemyanskaya e Vasily Klubkov foram pegos enquanto dormiam nos arredores de Petrishchevo. Os alemães foram chamados por um residente de Petrishchevo chamado Semyon Sviridov. As notas de Lidov também incluíam uma entrevista com um suboficial alemão feito prisioneiro pelo Exército Vermelho. A entrevista descreveu o efeito negativo sobre o moral dos soldados alemães que testemunharam o incêndio das casas.

A versão da traição de Klubkov
Alguns detalhes da atribuição e prisão de Kosmodemyanskaya foram confidenciais por cerca de sessenta anos, porque a traição pode ter estado envolvida. O caso foi desclassificado em 2002 e, em seguida, analisado pelo Ministério Público Militar da Rússia, e foi decidido que Vasily Klubkov, que traiu Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, não era elegível para reabilitação. De acordo com o caso, três combatentes soviéticos, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Vasily Klubkov e seu comandante Boris Krainov, tiveram que realizar atos de sabotagem no Reichskommissariat Ostland. Eles haviam recebido a tarefa de atear fogo a casas na aldeia de Petrishchevo, onde as tropas alemãs estavam aquarteladas. Krainov deveria operar na parte central da aldeia, Kosmodemyanskaya no sul e Klubkov nas partes norte. Krainov foi o primeiro a cumprir sua tarefa e voltou à base. Kosmodemyanskaya também executou sua tarefa, e três colunas de chamas na parte sul de Petrishchevo foram vistas da base. Apenas a parte norte não foi incendiada. De acordo com Klubkov, ele foi capturado por dois soldados alemães e levado para o quartel-general. Um oficial alemão ameaçou matá-lo e Klubkov deu-lhe os nomes de Kosmodemyanskaya e Krainov. Depois disso, Kosmodemyanskaya foi capturado pelos alemães.

Ver também
 Lista de mulheres Heroínas da União Soviética

Ligações externas

Sepultados no Cemitério Novodevichy
Heróis da União Soviética

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya


István Apáthy () a fost un biolog maghiar, membru corespondent al Academiei Maghiare de Științe, care a trăit și a lucrat în Cluj. A devenit cunoscut pe plan mondial pentru noile sale tehnici de microscopie și de preparare aplicate în domeniul histologiei (mai ales în domeniul neurohistologiei). A fost decan și rector al Universității clujene "Franz Joseph".

S-a remarcat în studiul neurofibrilelor, pe care le-a descoperit. A avut de asemenea contribuții teoretice în ceea ce privește aspectele sociale și politice ale eugeniei. A publicat de-a lungul vieții sale științiice în reviste de limba germană. A fost propus pentru a primi Premiul Nobel, dar ca urmare a discuțiilor legate de contiguitate sau continuitate privind comunicarea neuronală câștigate de Santiago Ramón y Cajal, acesta din urmă a fost cel care a primit premiul

A fost caracterizat de un patriotism ardent în ceea ce privește aspectele care țineau de statul ungar și s-a remarcat printr-un naționalism cu unele accente șovine. S-a implicat în politica Transilvaniei și a fost numit la sfârșitul Primului Război Mondial de către guvernului Károly, comisar general în cadrul Comisariatului Guvernamental al Ungariei de Răsărit.

Biografie
Apáthy era fiul unui avocat. În anul 1885 a obținut diploma în medicină la Universitatea de Medicină și în același an a publicat două lucrări privind experiența sa în secțiile clinice. Datorită interesul său pentru științele zoologice a devenit asistentul didactic al lui Tivadar Margó la departamentul zoologic (1885-1886) și a încercat să îmbunătățească metodele de testare histologică în cercetarea erbivorelor.

La vârsta de 27 de ani, în 1890, a devenit profesor de zoologie și botanică la Universitatea Franz Joseph din Cluj, a fost ales membru corespondent al Academiei Ungare de Științe în 1898. În 1909 a înființat un institut zoologic în Cluj. A fost rectorul universității în anul universitar 1903-1904. La începutul anilor 1900 a intrat în viața politică, ca susținător al Partidului Noua Democrație și Partidul Independenței.

După declararea independenței, s-a alăturat liniei radicale a partidului Károlyi. După Primul Război Mondial a condus Comisariatul Guvernamental pentru Ungaria de Răsărit, astfel că Tribunalul Militar Regal din România a dispus arestarea acestuia la 15 ianuarie 1919.

În procesul care a urmat, ulterior colonelul Károly Kratochvil a depus mărturie în favoarea sa, demonstrând că acțiunile miltare au depins de Ministerul de Război al Ungariei și nu de Comisarul General al Comisariatului Guvernamental pentru Ungaria de Răsărit. Această mărturie a determinat ca responsabilitatea acțiunilor Înaltului Comisar să fie interpretată în concordanță cu respectiva mărturie și judecata să fie mai puțin severă.

El a fost apoi deținut în diferite închisori din Transilvania, până când a fost condamnat la cinci ani de închisoare pe 21 iunie. Condamnarea a fost anulată, iar la 22 decembrie la Sibiu a fost eliberat și i-a fost emis un pașaport la 5 iulie 1920, cu care a trecut granița în Ungaria pe 7 august și s-a alăturat aproape imediat vieții politice și științifice de acolo.

S-a mutat la Budapesta și apoi la Seghedin, iar în 1921 a organizat Institutul Zoologic, pe care l-a condus până la moartea sa. A fost unul dintre fondatorii Acta Litterarum Ac Scientiarum Regiae Universitatis Hungaricae Francisco-Josephinae de la Universitatea Ferenc József din Szeged, secția "Scientiarum Naturalium". În timpul închisorii a fost afectat de boli de inimă, care i-au scurtat viața.

A murit în Seghedin, fiind îngropat în cimitirul Belvárosi.

Note

Lectură suplimentară
  Weber, Peter; De la Kolozsvár la Cluj. Ultimul episod al regimului ungar în "capitala" transilvană; Altera, Anul V Nr.11/1999

Nașteri în 1863
Decese în 1922
Oameni din Budapesta
Membri ai Academiei Maghiare de Științe
Zoologi maghiari
Nașteri pe 4 ianuarie
Decese pe 27 septembrie

István Apáthy


River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life is a 1995 popular science book by Richard Dawkins. The book is about Darwinian evolution and summarizes the topics covered in his earlier books, The Selfish Gene, The Extended Phenotype and The Blind Watchmaker. It is part of the Science Masters series and is Dawkins's shortest book. It is illustrated by Lalla Ward, Dawkins's then-wife. The book's name is derived from Genesis 2:10 relating to the Garden of Eden. The King James Version reads "And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads."

River Out of Eden has five chapters. The first chapter lays down the framework on which the rest of the book is built, that life is like a river of genes flowing through geological time where organisms are mere temporary bodies. The second chapter shows how human ancestry can be traced via many gene pathways to different most recent common ancestors, with special emphasis on the African Eve. The third chapter describes how gradual enhancement via natural selection is the only mechanism which can create the observed complexity of nature. The fourth chapter describes the indifference of genes towards organisms they build and discard, as they maximise their own utility functions. The last chapter summarises milestones during the evolution of life on Earth and speculates on how similar processes may work in alien planetary systems.

The digital river

Dawkins begins the book by stating that all our ancestors reached adulthood and begot at least one child before they died. In a world where most organisms die before they can procreate, descendants are common but ancestors are rare. But we can all claim an unbroken chain of successful ancestors, right back to the first single-celled organism.

If the success of an organism is measured by its ability to survive and reproduce, then all living organisms can be said to have inherited "good genes" from successful ancestors. Each generation of organisms is a sieve against which replicated and mutated genes are tested. Good genes fall through the sieve into the next generation while bad genes are removed. This explains why organisms become better and better at whatever it takes to succeed, and is in stark contrast to Lamarckism, which would require successful organisms to refine their genes during their lifetime.

Following this gene-centered view of evolution, it can be argued that an organism is no more than a temporary body in which a set of companion genes (actually alleles) co-operate toward a common goal: to grow the organism into adulthood, before they go their separate ways in bodies of the organism's progeny. Bodies are created and discarded, but good genes live on as replicas of themselves, a result of a high-fidelity copy process typical of digital encoding.

Through meiosis (sexual reproduction), genes share bodies with different companion genes in successive generations. Thus genes can be said to flow in a river through geological time. Even though genes are selfish, over the long run every gene needs to be compatible with all other genes in the gene pool of a population of organisms, to produce successful organisms.

A river of genes may fork, mostly due to the geographical separation between two populations of organisms. Because genes in the two branches never share the same bodies, they may drift apart until genes from the two branches become incompatible. Organisms created by these two branches form separate, non-interbreeding species, completing the process of speciation.

All Africa and her progenies

When tracing human lineage back in time, most people look at parents, grandparents, great-grandparents and so on. The same approach is often taken when tracing descendants via children and grandchildren. Dawkins shows that this approach is misguided, as the numbers of ancestors and descendants seem to grow exponentially as generations are added to the lineage tree. In just 80 generations, the number of ancestors can exceed a trillion trillion.

This simple calculation does not take into account the fact that every marriage is really a marriage between distant cousins which include second cousins, fourth cousins, sixteenth cousins and so on. The ancestry tree is not really a tree, but a graph.

Dawkins prefers to model ancestry in terms of genes flowing through a river of time. An ancestor gene flows down the river either as perfect replicas of itself or as slightly mutated descendant genes. Dawkins fails to explicitly contrast ancestor organism and descendant organisms against ancestor genes and descendant genes in this chapter. But the first half of the chapter is really about differences between these two models of lineage. While organisms have ancestry graphs and progeny graphs via sexual reproduction, a gene has a single chain of ancestors and a tree of descendants.

Given any gene in the body of an organism, we can trace a single chain of ancestor organisms back in time, following the lineage of this one gene, as stated in the coalescent theory. Because a typical organism is built from tens of thousands of genes, there are numerous ways to trace the ancestry of organisms using this mechanism. But all these inheritance pathways share one common feature. If we start with all humans alive in 1995 and trace their ancestry by one particular gene (actually a locus), we find that the farther we move back in time, the smaller the number of ancestors become. The pool of ancestors continues to shrink until we find the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all humans alive in 1995 via this particular gene pathway.

In theory, one can also trace human ancestry via a single chromosome, as a chromosome contains a set of genes and is passed down from parents to children via independent assortment from only one of the two parents. But genetic recombination (chromosomal crossover) mixes genes from non-sister chromatids from both parents during meiosis, thus muddling the ancestry path.

However, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is immune to sexual mixing, unlike the nuclear DNA whose chromosomes are shuffled and recombined in Mendelian inheritance. Mitochondrial DNA, therefore, can be used to trace matrilineal inheritance and to find the Mitochondrial Eve (also known as the African Eve), the most recent common ancestor of all humans via the mitochondrial DNA pathway.

Do good by stealth

The main themes of the third chapter are borrowed from Dawkins' own book, The Blind Watchmaker. This chapter shows how the gradual, continuous and cumulative enhancement to organisms via natural selection is the only mechanism which can explain the complexity we observe all around us in nature. Dawkins adamantly refutes the "I cannot believe so and so could have evolved by natural selection" argument of Creationists, calling it the Argument from Personal Incredulity.

Creationists often claim that some features of organisms (e.g. resemblance of Ophrys (orchid) to female wasp, figure-eight dances of honeybees, mimicry of stick insects, etc.) are too complicated to be a result of evolution. Some say, "half of an X will not work at all." Others say, "in order for X to work, it had to be perfect the first time." Dawkins concludes that these are no more than bold assertions based on ignorance:

... Do you actually know the first thing about orchids, or wasps, or the eyes with which wasps look at females and orchids? What emboldens you to assert that wasps are so hard to fool that the orchid's resemblance would have to be perfect in all dimensions in order to work?

Dawkins goes on to illustrate his point by demonstrating how scientists have been able to fool creatures big and small using seemingly dumb triggers. For instance, stickleback fish treat a pear-shape as a sex bomb (a supernormal stimulus). Gulls' hard-wired instincts make them reach over and roll back not just their own stray eggs, but also wooden cylinders and cocoa tins. Honeybees push out their live and protesting companion from their hive, when the companion is painted with a drop of oleic acid. Furthermore, a turkey will kill anything which moves in its nest unless it cries like a baby turkey. If the turkey is deaf, it will mercilessly kill its own babies.

As part of this, Dawkins emphasises the gradual nature of evolution. For example, some creatures such as the stick insects possess the most amazing degree of camouflage, but in fact any sort of camouflage is better than none. There is a gradient from perfect camouflage to zero camouflage. A 100 percent camouflage is better than 99 percent. A 50 percent camouflage is better than 49 percent. A 1 percent camouflage is better than no camouflage. A creature with 1 percent better camouflage than its contemporaries will leave more descendants over time (an evolutionary success), and its good genes will come to dominate the gene pool.

Not only can we classify the degree of insect camouflage using a gradient, we can also study all aspects of the surrounding environment as gradients. For instance, a 1 percent camouflage may not be distinguishable from no camouflage under bright daylight. But as light fades and night sets in, there is a critical moment when the 1 percent camouflage helps an insect escape detection by its predator, while its companion with no camouflage is eaten. The same principle can be applied to the distance between prey and predator, to the angle of view, to the skill or the age of a creature, etc.

In addition to demonstrating how gradual changes can bring about features as complex as the human eye, Dawkins states that computer simulation work by Swedish scientists Dan Nilsson and Susanne Pelger (although it is not a computer simulation but simple mathematical model) shows that the eye could have evolved from scratch a thousand times in succession in any animal lineage. In Dawkins' own words, "the time needed for the evolution of the eye... turned out to be too short for geologists to measure! It is a geological blink."  And, "it is no wonder the eye has evolved at least forty times independently around the animal kingdom."

God's utility function

This chapter is Dawkins's take on the meaning of life or the purpose of life.

Dawkins quotes how Charles Darwin lost his faith in religion, "I cannot persuade myself that a beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly created the Ichneumonidae with the express intention of their feeding within the living bodies of Caterpillars."  We ask why a caterpillar should suffer such cruel punishment. We ask why digger wasps couldn't first kill caterpillars to save them from a prolonged and agonising torture. We ask why a child should die an untimely death. And we ask why we should all grow old and die.

Dawkins rephrases the word purpose in terms of what economists call a utility function, meaning "that which is maximised". Engineers often investigate the intended purpose (or utility function) of a piece of equipment using reverse engineering. Dawkins uses this technique to reverse-engineer the purpose in the mind of the Divine Engineer of Nature, or the Utility Function of God.

According to Dawkins, it is a mistake to assume that an ecosystem or a species as a whole exists for a purpose. In fact, it is wrong to suppose that individual organisms lead a meaningful life either. In nature, only genes have a utility function – to perpetuate their own existence with indifference to great sufferings inflicted upon the organisms they build, exploit and discard. As hinted at in chapter one, genes are the supreme lords of the natural world. In other words, the unit of selection is the gene, not an individual, or any other higher-order group as championed by proponents of group selection.

As long as an organism survives its childhood and manages to reproduce thus passing its genes down to the next generation, what happens to the parent organism afterwards does not really bother genes. Because an organism is always at the danger of dying from accidents (a waste of investment), it pays for the genes to build an organism which pools almost all its resources to produce offspring as early as possible. Thus we accumulate damages to our body as we age and harbour late-onset diseases such as Huntington's disease which have minimum impact on the evolutionary success of our gene overlords.

Genes, Dawkins argues, are indifferent to who or what gets hurt, so long as DNA is passed on. He concludes:

 During the minute it takes me to compose this sentence, thousands of animals are being eaten alive; others are running for their lives, whimpering with fear; others are being slowly devoured from within by rasping parasites; thousands of all kinds are dying from starvation, thirst and disease. It must be so. If there is ever a time of plenty, this very fact will automatically lead to an increase in population until the natural state of starvation and misery is restored.

The replication bomb

In the last chapter, Dawkins considers how Darwinian evolution may look outside planet Earth. It seems that the trigger event would be the spontaneous arising of self-replicating entities or the phenomenon of heredity. Once this process is initiated, it will launch an explosion of replicating entities until all available resources are used and all vacant niches are taken. Thus the title of the chapter.

Dawkins tries to distill ten milestones from the history of the only one replication bomb we know of, life on Earth. He strips any local conditions peculiar to Earth from these milestones which he calls thresholds, in the hope that these thresholds will be applicable to an alien evolution in an alien planetary system.

From the starting point of the Replicator Threshold, we may eventually reach the higher thresholds of Consciousness, Language, Technology, and Radio. The final threshold is Space Travel. In reaching the Moon, we have hardly made it past the front door.

References

External links

1995 non-fiction books
Basic Books books
Books about evolution
Books by Richard Dawkins
English-language books
Genetic genealogy

River Out of Eden


Los cristales euhédricos, euédricos, euhedrales, idiomorfos o automórficos son aquellos que presentan una forma definida y caras fácilmente reconocibles. Muchos de estos cristales provienen del enfriamiento del magma.

Etimolología: El prefijo eu deriva del griego y significa bien, mientras que hedron significa forma.

Cristales euhédricos, anhédricos y subhédricos

Lo más habitual en las masas rocosas es que no se formen cristales con caras lisas y contornos afilados, que suelen ser ejemplares relativamente excepcionales. Dado que en muchos casos estos cristales crecen a partir del enfriamiento del magma líquido, acaban tocándose entre sí, dificultando la formación correcta de caras cristalinas, o impidiéndola por completo.

Para que se formen cristales euhédricos, es necesario que dispongan del espacio necesario para permitir su crecimiento. Por ejemplo, cuando se forman los copos de nieve, que no se tocan entre sí, se generan maclas cristalinas euhédricas de seis caras perfectas. En las rocas, la presencia de cristales euhédricos puede significar que se formaron en la fase inicial de la cristalización de magma, o que lo hicieron en una cavidad sin el obstáculo de otros cristales (como en el caso de las geodas).

Cuando no se dan estas condiciones, se produce el caso contrario, los cristales anhédricos, anhedrales o alotriomorfos. Una roca con una textura anhédrica se compone de granos minerales cuyos cristales no tienen sus caras bien formadas. El crecimiento de estos cristales se produce en un entorno saturado, sin el espacio libre necesario para la formación de las caras del cristal.

Una textura intermedia, con las caras de los cristales parcialmente formadas se denomina subhédrica, subhedral o subidiomorfa. En este caso, se observan en el mineral numerosas caras planas, pero distribuidas de forma caótica e irregular, debido a la interferencia mutua sobre su crecimiento de cristales adyacentes.

Relación entre la orientación de las facetas y la estructura microscópica

Los cristales euhédricos presentan caras planas con ángulos afilados. Las caras planas (también llamadas facetas) están orientadas de acuerdo con la estructura cristalina subyacente: son planos con un índice de Miller relativamente bajo. Esto ocurre porque algunas orientaciones de la superficie son más estables que otras (con menor energía superficial). Cuando un cristal crece, nuevos átomos se unen fácilmente a las partes más irregulares y menos estables de la superficie, y menos fácilmente a las superficies planas y estables. Por lo tanto, las superficies planas tienden a hacerse más grandes y más lisas, formando las facetas exteriores planas del cristal. (Ver diagrama de la derecha).

Bibliografía
 Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley, p. 15 ISBN 0-471-80580-7

Referencias

Conceptos relacionados con la cristalografía

Cristal euhédrico


A Seleção Sueca de Futebol participou pela nona vez da Copa do Mundo FIFA de 1994 depois de se classificar em primeiro lugar no Grupo 6 das eliminatórias europeias com um ponto de vantagem sobre a Bulgária, deixando a França de fora da competição. Áustria, Finlândia e Israel ficaram longe de lutar pela vaga (direta ou repescagem).

Com 6 vitórias, 3 empates e uma derrota, a Suécia marcou 19 gols e sofreu 8. Martin Dahlin foi o artilheiro da seleção nas eliminatórias, com 7 gols.

Jogadores convocados
Depois de ter feito má campanha na Copa de 1990, a Suécia demitiu o técnico Olle Nordin e foi comandada de forma interina por Nisse Andersson até a contratação de Tommy Svensson, ex-meio-campista que defendeu a seleção na Copa de 1970.

Para a disputa da Eurocopa de 1992, o novo treinador convocou 16 jogadores que participariam da Copa de 1994, além de outros 2 jogadores que atuaram na edição anterior (Joakim Nilsson e Johnny Ekström), além de Jan Jönsson e Mikael Nilsson, que não foram à Copa de 1990. A campanha dos suecos terminou na semifinal, depois de perderem por 3 a 2 para a Alemanha, que terminou com o vice-campeonato.

A lista de 22 convocados feita por Svensson teve 10 jogadores que atuavam no futebol sueco (7 deles do IFK Göteborg), um do Västra Frölunda (o zagueiro Teddy Lučić), um do IFK Norrköping (o goleiro reserva Lars Eriksson) e outro do AIK (o terceiro goleiro Magnus Hedman). Jesper Blomqvist, então com 20 anos, foi o jogador mais jovem do elenco, enquanto o goleiro Thomas Ravelli era o mais velho, com 34.

Vários jogadores ficaram de fora da lista de convocados para a Copa: Joakim Nilsson, Johnny Ekström, Stefan Pettersson, Pär Zetterberg, Jan Eriksson, Niclas Alexandersson, Gary Sundgren, Niclas Kindvall e Stefan Landberg.

Desempenho na primeira fase

Empate contra Camarões
Sorteada no grupo B, com Brasil, Camarões e Rússia, a Suécia iniciou a campanha empatando por 2 a 2 com os Leões Indomáveis; após uma saída errada do goleiro camaronês Joseph-Antoine Bell, permitindo que Roger Ljung abrisse o placar. O empate de Camarões veio também com um erro, desta vez de Patrik Andersson, que chutou a bola em cima de Marc-Vivien Foé, e ela sobrou para David Embé. O árbitro peruano Alberto Tejada Noriega chegou a anular o gol, mas voltou atrás.

Camarões virou para 2 a 1 no começo do segundo tempo, com um gol de François Omam-Biyik. Aos 61 minutos, Svensson tirou Blomqvist e colocou Henrik Larsson, que participou do gol de empate aos 75 minutos: após uma finalização de Larsson na trave, Dahlin aproveitou o rebote.

Vitória de virada sobre a Rússia
Sabendo da vitória do Brasil por 3 a 0 sobre Camarões, Tommy Svensson mudou o time para o jogo contra a Rússia: deslocou Brolin para o meio-campo e colocou Kennet Andersson na vaga de Blomqvist para fazer dupla de ataque com Dahlin. Mas foram os russos que saíram na frente, com um gol de pênalti de Oleg Salenko, aos 4 minutos do primeiro tempo. Brolin empatou aos 39, também cobrando uma penalidade.

A expulsão de Sergey Gorlukovich aos 49 minutos deixou a Suécia em situação mais tranquila para buscar a virada, que saiu aos 60 minutos com Dahlin, aproveitando cruzamento de Thern. Aos 82, Kennet Andersson puxou contra-ataque e passou para o atacante do  mandar de cabeça para o gol de Dmitriy Kharin.

Empate e classificação
Precisando apenas de um empate contra o Brasil (já classificado) sem depender do resultado entre Rússia e Camarões, Svensson fez novas mudanças do time: escalou Kåmark e Larsson nas vagas de Björklund e Dahlin (suspenso após receber o segundo cartão amarelo no jogo anterior).

Apostando em bolas longas, a Suécia saiu em vantagem aos 23 minutos, depois que Kennet Andersson (único jogador escalado no ataque) encobriu Cláudio Taffarel. O empate brasileiro veio aos 47 minutos, com Romário, que mesmo marcado por Ljung e Larsson, finalizou de bico e Ravelli não alcançou a bola. O resultado foi suficiente para a classificação dos nórdicos às oitavas-de-final da Copa.

Desempenho nas oitavas e quartas-de-final
Motivada após o empate contra o Brasil, a Suécia enfrentou a Arábia Saudita, que havia surpreendido na primeira fase ao terminar em segundo lugar no grupo F, terminando à frente da Bélgica.

Apesar do calor em Dallas, os Blågult abriram o placar aos 6 minutos com Dahlin, que voltava de suspensão. Aproveitando as deficiências do goleiro saudita Mohamed Al-Deayea em bolas aéreas, a Suécia foi para o segundo tempo em vantagem.

Kennet Andersson ampliou o placar com um chute no canto de Al-Deayea, aos 51 minutos. Fahad Al-Ghesheyan, que havia entrado 4 minutos depois do segundo gol sueco, deu um corte na marcação e bateu sem chances para Ravelli, mas Kennet Andersson, 3 minutos depois, bateu cruzado e garantiu a classificação de sua equipe. Mesmo com o bom desempenho, a seleção enfrentou uma crise no elenco: o meia Anders Limpar não estava satisfeito ao não ter jogado nenhuma vez na Copa e pedia explicações de Svensson, que alegou "questões táticas" para optar por Stefan Schwarz.

Para o jogo contra a Romênia, Thern foi vetado pelos médicos após não se recuperar de uma lesão no joelho, e foi substituído por Mild, passando a braçadeira de capitão para Roland Nilsson. Enquanto a Suécia continuava a apostar no jogo aéreo, os romenos tinham como trunfo a qualidade individual, mas não saíram do 0 a 0 na primeira etapa.

No segundo tempo, uma cobrança de falta ensaiada encontrou Brolin, que fuzilou para o gol de Florin Prunea e abriu o placar. A Romênia empatou aos 88 minutos, com Florin Răducioiu aproveitando um rebote da falta cobrada por Gheorghe Hagi. Após a expulsão de Schwarz, Răducioiu virou o jogo para a Romênia. Preocupado, Svensson ousou ao substituir Dahlin para a entrada de Larsson, que se mostrou decisivo para a reação sueca. Faltando 5 minutos para o término da prorrogação, um cruzamento de Roland Nilsson encontrou Kennet Andersson, que aproveitou a saída errada de Prunea e cabeceou para o gol, levando a disputa para os pênaltis.

Mild foi o único jogador da Suécia a perder sua cobrança, e Ravelli se destacou ao defender os pênaltis de Dan Petrescu e Miodrag Belodedici.

Reencontro com o Brasil na semifinal
15 dias depois de se enfrentarem, Suécia e Brasil voltariam a jogar, desta vez para definir um dos finalistas da Copa. Tommy Svensson não contou com Schwarz (expulso contra a Romênia) além de ficar em dúvida sobre as escalações de Thern e Björklund, mas o treinador garantiu a participação do trio no jogo.

O técnico do Brasil, Carlos Alberto Parreira, chegou a afirmar que 4 jogadores suecos possuíam mais de 1,90 m - Kennet Andersson era o único jogador da seleção nórdica com tal altura (1,93 m), enquanto o mais alto entre os atletas titulares da Seleção Canarinho era o zagueiro Márcio Santos, com 1,85 m. Na média, os jogadores suecos eram 86 centímetros mais altos que os brasileiros.

Para o jogo, Svensson escalou a Suécia na formação 4-4-2, explorando a presença de área de Andersson (que teria Márcio Santos na marcação) e a velocidade de Dahlin.

A partida foi praticamente dominada pelo Brasil, que teve 3 chances no primeiro tempo, todas com participação de Romário: na primeira, o Baixinho finalizou e Ravelli defendeu de soco; a segunda foi um chute errado de Zinho, que passou à direita do gol sueco; e a última foi a melhor chance desperdiçada: após o zagueiro Patrik Andersson evitar o gol de Romário, Mazinho, com o gol aberto, exagerou na força e mandou a bola pelo lado de fora. O máximo que a Suécia fez no primeiro tempo foi um chute forte de Mild, defendido por Taffarel.

O segundo tempo começou com Raí substituindo Mazinho, e aos 54 minutos de jogo Ravelli espalmou uma finalização certeira de Zinho. 9 minutos depois, Thern deu um carrinho em Dunga e, apesar de não ter acertado o brasileiro em cheio, foi expulso pelo árbitro colombiano José Torres Cadena, em uma decisão polêmica. Uma das imagens mais destacadas da Copa foi quando Ravelli fez caretas para a câmera depois que Romário chutou para fora.

Foi apenas aos 80 minutos que o Brasil abriu o placar: Jorginho cruzou para Romário, que subiu mais que a zaga sueca (apesar de ter 1,68 m) e balançou as redes da Suécia.

A conquista do terceiro lugar
Com a motivação do time em baixa após perderem o jogo contra o Brasil, Tommy Svensson afirmou que a decisão do terceiro lugar "deveria ser suprimida", enquanto o técnico da Bulgária, Dimitar Penev, mostrava preocupação com a situação do principal jogador da equipe, Hristo Stoichkov. Suspenso, o capitão Thern falou que o jogo "não interessava a ninguém" e somente à FIFA, "para que ganhasse mais dinheiro".

Sem Thern (expulso), Ljung e Dahlin (poupados), Svensson deu uma chance entre os titulares para Kåmark e Larsson, e a Suécia não deu chances a uma Bulgária que entrou no jogo com a sensação de dever cumprido. Aos 8 minutos, Brolin fez o primeiro gol, de cabeça, aproveitando um erro de posicionamento de Borislav Mihaylov. A resposta búlgara veio com Krasimir Balakov, que mandou na trave.

Mild ampliou aos 30 minutos, numa desatenção da zaga rival, e 7 minutos depois, Brolin lançou Larsson, que driblou Trifon Ivanov (o zagueiro chegou a cair no gramado) e Mihaylov antes de mandar para o gol vazio. O quarto gol sueco veio com Kennet Andersson, em nova saída errada do goleiro búlgaro. Após o lance, Ivanov foi substituído e, revoltado, jogou sua camisa para Penev, que ainda queimou as outras 2 substituições no intervalo (saíram Mihaylov e Nasko Sirakov para as entradas de Plamen Nikolov e Ivaylo Yordanov).

Larsson perdeu 2 chances de ampliar o placar para a Suécia, enquanto a Bulgária tinha ainda uma missão: fazer de Stoichkov o artilheiro isolado da Copa, sem sucesso. Depois de ter feito críticas por não ter sido utilizado em nenhum jogo da competição, Limpar entrou em campo aos 79 minutos, na vaga do então atacante do Feyenoord. O resultado permaneceria em 4 a 0 até o final, com a Suécia garantindo o terceiro lugar, seu melhor resultado desde o vice-campeonato em 1958.

Pós-campanha
Após a campanha na Copa, Tommy Svensson permaneceu no comando da Suécia até 1997, mas a seleção não conseguiu repetir o desempenho de 1994 e ficou de fora da Eurocopa de 1996 e da Copa de 1998. Tommy Söderberg, técnico do time Sub-21, foi promovido ao comando da equipe principal, começando um processo de renovação: Ravelli, Dahlin, Ljung, Thern, Limpar, Ingesson, Brolin, Eriksson e Rehn não seriam mais convocados, enquanto Erlingmark, Roland Nilsson, Patrik Andersson, Björklund, Erlingmark, Mikael Nilsson, Kåmark, Larsson, Mild, Kennet Andersson, Blomqvist e Hedman seguiriam nas listas até a década de 2000.

Ver também
 Seleção Sueca de Futebol
 Associação Sueca de Futebol

Suécia na Copa do Mundo FIFA
Futebol da Suécia

Suécia na Copa do Mundo FIFA de 1994


Les Chrysostomaceae (les Chrysostomatacées en français) sont une famille d'algues de l'embranchement des Ochrophyta de la classe des Chrysophyceae de l'ordre des Chrysosphaerales.

Cette famille est connue à l'état fossile depuis le Miocène.

Étymologie
Le nom vient du genre type Chrysostomum, dérivé du grec , « couleur or », et , bouche.

Description

Liste des genres
Selon  :
 Chrysostomum Chodat, 1922
 Clericia Frenguelli, 1925

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Chrysophyceae
Famille d'algues (nom scientifique)

Chrysostomaceae


K League 1 er den sydkoreanske fodboldliga.

2021
 Daegu FC
 Gangwon FC
 Gwangju FC
 Incheon United
 Jeju United
 Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
 Pohang Steelers
 Seongnam FC
 FC Seoul
 Suwon Samsung Bluewings
 Suwon FC
 Ulsan Hyundai

Resultater
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="3" | K League (1983 - 2012)
|-
! Sæson
! Mestre
! Vice-mestre
|-
|1983
|Hallelujah FC
|Daewoo Royals
|-
|1984
|Daewoo Royals
|Yukong Elephants
|-
|1985
|Lucky-Goldstar Hwangso
|POSCO Atoms
|-
|1986
|POSCO Atoms
|Luck-Goldstar Hwangso
|-
|1987
|Daewoo Royals
|POSCO Atoms
|-
|1988
|POSCO Atoms
|Hyundai Horang-i
|-
|1989
|Yukong Elephants
|Lucky-Goldstar Hwangso
|-
|1990
|Lucky-Goldstar Hwangso
|Daewoo Royals
|-
|1991
|Daewoo Royals
|Hyundai Horang-i
|-
|1992
|POSCO Atoms
|Ilhwa Chunma
|-
|1993
|Ilhwa Chunma
|LG Cheetahs
|-
|1994
|Ilhwa Chunma
|Yukong Elephants
|-
|1995
|Ilhwa Chunma
|Pohang Atoms
|-
|1996
|Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i
|Suwon Samsung Bluewings
|-
|1997
|Pusan Daewoo Royals
|Jeonnam Dragons
|-
|1998
|Suwon Samsung Bluewings
|Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i
|-
|1999
|Suwon Samsung Bluewings
|Pusan Daewoo Royals
|-
|2000
|Anyang LG Cheetahs
|Bucheon SK
|-
|2001
|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma
|Anyang LG Cheetahs
|-
|2002
|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma
|Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i
|-
|2003
|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma
|Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i
|-
|2004
|Suwon Samsung Bluewings
|Pohang Steelers
|-
|2005
|Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i
|Incheon United
|-
|2006
|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma
|Suwon Samsung Bluewings
|-
|2007
|Pohang Steelers
|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma
|-
|2008
|Suwon Samsung Bluewings
|FC Seoul
|-
|2009
|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma
|-
|2010
|FC Seoul
|Jeju United
|-
|2011
|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
|Ulsan Hyundai
|-
|2012
|FC Seoul
|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | K League 1 (2013 - )
|-
|2013
|Pohang Steelers
|Ulsan Hyundai
|-
|2014
|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
|Suwon Samsung Bluewings
|-
|2015
|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
|Suwon Samsung Bluewings
|-
|2016
|FC Seoul
|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
|-
|2017
|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
|Jeju United
|-
|2018
|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
|Gyeongnam FC
|-
|2019
|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
|Ulsan Hyundai
|-
|2020
|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
|Ulsan Hyundai
|}

Flest titler

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldligaer
Fodbold i Sydkorea
Etableret i 1983

K League 1


Hakan Yakın (22 Şubat 1977, Basel), Türk asıllı İsviçreli eski futbolcudur. İsviçre dışındaki futbolculuk kariyerini Paris Saint-Germain'de hiç forma giymedi ve hiç bir maç oynamadan gönderildi,Stuttgart 'da 9 lig ve iki kupa olmak üzere toplam 11 kez forma giydi ama gol atamadı, Galatasaray'da ise sadece 2 maç oynadı,Al-Gharafa takımında ise 15 maç oynadı ve 5 gol attı.

Hakan 50'ye yakın karşılaşmada İsviçre millî futbol takımının formasını giyerken Euro 2004'te de millî takım kadrosunda yer almıştır. Murat Yakın'ın kardeşidir. İsviçre basınında da Hakan Yakın gözde oyunculardandır. Gençlik yıllarında İsviçre'de düzenlenen bir ankette en iyi genç futbolcu seçilmiştir. 2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası A Grubu 2. maçında İsviçre ile Türkiye arasında oynanan grup maçında takımının ilk ve tek golünü atmıştır. Golün asistini bir diğer Türk asıllı oyuncu Eren Derdiyok yapmıştır. Euro 2008'deki Portekiz-İsviçre karşılaşmasında ise 2 gol atmış ve maçın oyuncusu seçilerek Euro 2008'de iyi bir izlenim bırakmıştır. Ayrıca 2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası'nda İsviçre'nin tüm gollerini Hakan Yakın atmıştır.

Özel hayatı
Yakin, İsviçre'nin Basel kentinde Türk bir ailenin çocuğu olarak dünyaya geldi. Orada büyüdü ve Fransa-Almanya sınırlarına yakın olan Basel'in dışındaki Münchenstein, Basel-Landschaft banliyösünde okula gitti. Aynı zamanda İsviçre millî futbol takımının eski bir oyuncusu olan ve şu anda menajer olarak çalışan futbolcu Murat Yakın'in kardeşidir.

Ağabeyi Ertan Irizik de eski bir profesyonel futbolcudur.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yakın kardeşlerin resmî sayfası

1977 doğumlular
Türk erkek futbolcular
İsviçreli futbolcular
Galatasaray SK futbolcuları
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
Çift pasaportlu futbolcular
Yaşayan insanlar
Türk asıllı İsviçreliler
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Bundesliga futbolcuları
Ligue 1 futbolcuları
Orta saha futbolcuları
Forvet futbolcular
2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
AC Bellinzona futbolcuları
El-Ğarafe futbolcuları
BSC Young Boys futbolcuları
Almanya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Katar'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
FC Basel futbolcuları
FC Concordia Basel futbolcuları
FC Luzern futbolcuları
FC St. Gallen futbolcuları
Grasshopper Club Zürich futbolcuları
Paris Saint-Germain FC futbolcuları
Dûrî Nücûm Katar futbolcuları
Challenge League futbolcuları
Super League futbolcuları
İsviçreli gurbetçi futbolcular
İsviçreli teknik direktörler
İsviçre millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
2004 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
VfB Stuttgart futbolcuları

Hakan Yakın


La  des Aigles d'or, organisée par l'Académie russe des sciences et des arts cinématographiques, se déroule à Mosfilm à Moscou le  et récompense les films, téléfilms et séries russes sortis entre le  et le .

Palmarès

Aigle d'or du meilleur film
 Les Patins d'argent () de Mikhaïl Lokchine Ivan Denissovitch () de Gleb Panfilov
 La Fuite du capitaine Volkonogov () de Natalia Merkoulova et Alexeï Tchoupov
  () d'Alexeï Noujny
 Les Leçons persanes () de Vadim Perelman

 Aigle d'or de la meilleure série télévisée
 La Septième Symphonie () de Alexandre Kott Grozny () de Alexeï Andrianov
 Demeure () de Alexandre Veledinski

 Aigle d'or de la meilleure série de plateformes en ligne
 Vertinski () de Avdotia Smirnova Les vampires de la voie du milieu () de Anton Maslov
 Les pingouins de ma mère () de Natalia Mechtchaninova

 Aigle d'or du meilleur documentaire

 Bondartchouk. Battle (Бондарчук. Battle) de Ilya Belov Qui t'a vaincu personne (Кто тебя победил никто) de Lyubov Arkus
 Baïkal. Les aventures incroyables de Yuma (Байкал. Удивительные приключения Юмы) de Anastasia Popova

 Aigle d'or du meilleur court métrage

 L'Ami (Друг) de Andreï Svetlov Pharmacie du Bonheur (Аптека счастья) de Oksana Mikheeva
 Et salut ! (И привет!) de Boris Khlebnikov et Natalya Meshchaninova

 Aigle d'or du meilleur film d'animation
 Le Cheval Youli et les Grandes Courses de chevaux () de Darina Schmidt et Constantin Feoktistov Alaska () de Oksana Kouvaldina
 Koschey: The Everlasting Story () de Andreï Kolpine

 Aigle d'or du meilleur réalisateur
 Gleb Panfilov pour Ivan Denissovitch
 Natalia Merkoulova et Alexeï Tchoupov pour La Fuite du capitaine Volkonogov
 Mikhaïl Lokchine pour Les Patins d'argent

 Aigle d'or du meilleur scénario
 Roman Kantor pour Les Patins d'argent
 Natalia Merkoulova et Alexeï Tchoupov pour La Fuite du capitaine Volkonogov
 Ilya Tsofin pour Les Leçons persanes

Aigle d'or du meilleur acteur au cinéma
 Filipp Yankovsky pour son rôle dans Ivan Denissovitch
 Youri Borissov pour son rôle dans La Fuite du capitaine Volkonogov
 Constantin Khabenski pour son rôle dans  ()

Aigle d'or de la meilleure actrice au cinéma
 Maria Aronova pour son rôle dans Couple from the Future
 Anna Mikhalkova pour son rôle dans Delo
 Irina Starchenbaum pour son rôle dans Hostel

Aigle d'or du meilleur acteur dans un second rôle
 Ivan Yankovsky pour son rôle dans  ()
 Timofeï Tribountsev pour son rôle dans La Fuite du capitaine Volkonogov
 Alexeï Gouskov pour son rôle dans Les Patins d'argent

Aigle d'or de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle
 Irina Gorbatcheva pour son rôle dans  ()
 Daria Konyjeva pour son rôle dans Couple from the Future
 Severija Janusauskaite pour son rôle dans Les Patins d'argent

Aigle d'or du meilleur acteur dans une série
 Alexeï Gouskov pour son rôle dans La Septième Symphonie
 Alexeï Filimonov pour son rôle dans Vertinski
 Filipp Yankovsky pour son rôle dans Container

Aigle d'or de la meilleure actrice dans une série
 Alexandra Oursouliak pour son rôle dans Les pingouins de ma mère
 Alexandra Rebenok pour son rôle dans Demeure
 Natalia Rogojkina pour son rôle dans La Septième Symphonie

Aigle d'or de la meilleure photographie
 Igor Grinyakine pour Les Patins d'argent
 Alexandre Alexandrov pour Hostel
 Mikhail Milachine pour  ()

Aigle d'or de la meilleure direction artistique
 Alexandre Zagoskine pour Les Patins d'argent
 Sergueï Fevraliev pour La Fuite du capitaine Volkonogov
 Anastasia Karimoulina et Isabela Tikhonska pour Le Petit Cheval bossu

Aigle d'or du meilleur costume
 Tatiana Patrakhaltseva et Galina Solodovnikova pour Les Patins d'argent
 Nadejda Vasilieva pour La Fuite du capitaine Volkonogov
 Nadejda Vasilieva et Olga Mikhaïlova pour Le Petit Cheval bossu

Aigle d'or de la meilleure musique
 Alexeï Aïgui pour Neige blanche
 Vadim Bibergan pour Ivan Denissovitch
 Kirill Borodoulev pour  ()

Aigle d'or du meilleur montage
 Maria Likhatcheva et Dmitr Slobtsov pour Les Patins d'argent
 Olga Petrousevitch pour Ivan Denissovitch
 Serik Beiseu et Konstantin Lartchenko pour Le Petit Cheval bossu

Aigle d'or du meilleur son
 Alexeï Samodelko pour  ()
 Nikita Gankine pour Ivan Denissovitch
 Alexeï Samodelko pour Les Patins d'argent

Aigle d'or du meilleur maquillage
 Petr Gorchenine et Tatyana Vavilova pour Le Dernier Chevalier : La Racine du mal
 Anna Manovitskaya et Larisa Sverba pour Ivan Denissovitch
 Tamara Frid pour Les Patins d'argent

Aigle d'or des meilleurs effets spéciaux
 CGF pour Le Petit Cheval bossu
 CGF pour  ()
 CGF pour Les Patins d'argent

Statistiques

Récompenses/nominations multiples
 6/12 : : Les Patins d'argent
 3/8 : :  ()
 2/7 : : Ivan Denissovitch
 1/4 : : Le Petit Cheval bossu
 1/2 : : Couple from the Future
 0/7 : : La Fuite du capitaine Volkonogov
 0/2 : : Les Leçons persanes, Hostel

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
  cérémonie des Oscars
  cérémonie des Golden Globes

Lien externe

Aigle d'or
Aigle d'or

20e cérémonie des Aigles d'or


ميرورز فيلم رعب أمريكي خارق للطبيعة صدر عام 2008 م، من إخراج ألكسندر أجا، بطولة كيفر ساذرلاند، باولا باتون، وإيمي سمارت.  بدأ تصوير الفيلم  في 1 مايو 2007 ،  وعُرض في دور العرض الأمريكية في 15 أغسطس 2008.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

اضطراب الهوية التفارقي في الأفلام
العفاريت في الأفلام
أفلام أخرجها ألكسندر أجا
أفلام ألمانية
أفلام ألمانية في عقد 2000
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية عن الأشباح
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000
أفلام إثارة أمريكية
أفلام إثارة خارقة أمريكية
أفلام إثارة في 2008
أفلام إثارة نفسية ألمانية
أفلام إثارة نفسية أمريكية
أفلام إثارة نفسية في عقد 2000
أفلام إنتاج 2008
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام تقع أحداثها في بنسيلفانيا
أفلام تقع أحداثها في عقد 2000
أفلام تقع أحداثها في مدينة نيويورك
أفلام تقع أحداثها في مراكز تسوق
أفلام توينتيث سينتشيري فوكس
أفلام رعب إنتاج 2008
أفلام رعب خارق أمريكية
أفلام رعب رومانية
أفلام رعب معاد إنتاجها
أفلام رومانية
أفلام ريجنسي إنتربرايزرز
أفلام عن الانتحار
أفلام عن الأمراض العقلية
أفلام عن فصام
أفلام مصورة في بوخارست
أفلام مصورة في كاليفورنيا
أفلام مصورة في مدينة نيويورك
أفلام معاد إنتاجها
قتل جماعي في الأفلام

ميرورز (فيلم)


Les élections législatives samies de Norvège de 2013 ont lieu le  en même temps que les élections législatives norvégiennes afin de renouveler pour quatre ans les 39 membres du Parlement sami de Norvège.

Système électoral

Le parlement sami de Norvège est composé de  pourvus pour quatre ans au scrutin proportionnel plurinominal dans 7 circonscriptions de 2 à 7 sièges en fonction du nombre d'inscrit sur les listes électorales samies lors des précédentes élections municipales et régionales.

Ont le droit de vote les électeurs âgés de 18 ans ou plus  inscrits sur les listes électorales samies avant le 30 juin 2021. Pour s'inscrire, un électeur doit déclarer qu'il se considère comme sami et qu'il a le sami comme langue maternelle, ou alors qu'il a un parent, un grand-parent ou un arrière-grand-parent sami, ou encore qu'il est l'enfant d'une personne déjà inscrite sur les listes électorales. Les samis de Suède, de Finlande ou de Russie doivent être enregistrés en Norvège depuis les trois dernières années avant de pouvoir s'inscrire sur les listes électorales.

Résultats

Total

Par circonscription

Références

Norvège
2013
2013 en Norvège
Politique en septembre 2013

Élections législatives samies de 2013


Olaylar
 Julius Saturninus, Probus tarafından Roma İmparatorluğunun Suriye eyaletine vali olarak atandı.

Doğumlar

Ölümler

279


George Lyon (* 16. Juli 1956 in Rothesay, Insel Bute) ist ein schottischer Politiker und Mitglied der Liberal Democrats.

Lyon besuchte die Rothesay Academy und arbeitete anschließend als selbstständiger Landwirt. Er ist Mitglied und ehemaliger Präsident der National Farmers Union of Scotland.

Politischer Werdegang
Bei den Schottischen Parlamentswahlen 1999 kandidierte Lyon für den Wahlkreis Argyll and Bute und konnte sich vor dem SNP-Kandidaten Duncan Hamilton das Direktmandat sichern. Bei den Parlamentswahlen 2003 konnte er sein Mandat mit deutlichem Vorsprung verteidigen. Ab 2005 war Lyon stellvertretender Minister für Finanzen und Parliamentary Business. Nach den Parlamentswahlen 2007 verlor Lyon sein Mandat an den SNP-Politiker Jim Mather.

Auf europäischer Ebene trat Lyon zur Europawahl 2009 an und errang eines von zwei Mandaten für die Liberal Democrats im Wahlkreis Schottland. In der Folge zog er erstmals in das Europäische Parlament ein. Bei der Europawahl 2014 war Lyons Spitzenkandidat der schottischen Liberal Democrats. Da die Liberal Democrats in Schottland nur 7,1 % der Stimmen erhielten, fiel der Partei keines der sechs zu vergebenden Mandate zu. Lyon schied in der Folge zum Ende der Wahlperiode aus dem Europaparlament aus.

Einzelnachweise

Abgeordneter im Schottischen Parlament
Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments für das Vereinigte Königreich
Mitglied der Scottish Liberal Democrats
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Schotte
Brite
Politiker (Argyll and Bute)
Geboren 1956
Mann

George Lyon (Politiker, 1956)


Japan > Mie Prefecture > Watarai District

 is a rural district located in Mie Prefecture, Japan. As of September 1, 2012, the district has an estimated population of 47,309 and a population density of 72.5 persons/km2. The total area is 652.43 km2.

Towns and villages

History
Watarai District was one of the traditional counties of former Ise Province, with the exception of portions of Minamiise, which were part of Shima Province until the Sengoku period. Modern Watarai District was established within Mie Prefecture on April 1, 1889 during the Meiji period establishment of municipalities, and was initially organized into four towns and 31 villages. Most of modern Ise and part of Shima cities were formerly part of Watarai District. Through consolidations and mergers, this was reduced to eight towns and two villages by the start of 2005.

On February 14, 2005, the towns of Kisei and Ōmiya and the village of Ōuchiyama merged to form the new town of Taiki. On October 1, 2005. the towns of Nansei and Nantō merged to form the new town of Minamiise. This was followed on November 1 of the same year, when the towns of Futami and Obata, and village of Misono merged with city of Ise, leaving the district with its present four towns.

Districts in Mie Prefecture

Watarai District, Mie


NGC 7746 je lećasta galaktika u zviježđu Ribama.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7746
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7746 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7746 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7700 - 7749

7746

NGC 7746


Olaylar
 Halley kuyruklu yıldızı, Dünya'nın yakınından geçti. (önceki: 1682 ; sonraki : 1835)
 1 Ocak - Zoolojik isimlendirme sisteminin başlangıç tarihi.
 25 Ağustos – Prusya kralı II. Friedrich, Zorndorff Savaşı'nda Rusları yendi.

Doğumlar
 28 Nisan - James Monroe, 5. ABD Başkanı.
 20 Eylül - Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Haiti imparatoru (ö. 1806)
 ? - Bostancıbaşı Hafız İsmail Paşa, III. Selim saltanatında bir yıl altı ay yirmi gün sadrazamlık yapmış bir Osmanlı devlet adamıdır (ö. 1807).
 ? - Jamphel Gyatso, 8. Dalay Lama (ö. 1815)

Ölümler
 Naili Abdullah Paşa Osmanlı Devleti Sadrazam ve şair (d.1698)

1758