Allan Robert Border  (born 27 July 1955) is an Australian cricket commentator and former international cricketer. A batsman, Border was for many years the captain of the Australian team, and led his team to victory in the 1987 Cricket World Cup, the maiden world title for Australia. His playing nickname was "A.B.". He played 156 Test matches in his career, a record until it was passed by fellow Australian Steve Waugh. Border formerly held the world record for the number of consecutive Test appearances of 153, before it was surpassed in June 2018 by Alastair Cook, and is second on the list of number of Tests as captain.

He was primarily a left-hand batsman but also had occasional success as a part-time left-arm orthodox spinner. Border amassed 11,174 Test runs (a world record until it was passed by Brian Lara in 2006). He hit  27 centuries in his Test career. He retired as Australia's most-capped player and leading run-scorer in both Tests and ODIs. His Australian record for Test Match runs stood for 15 years before Ricky Ponting overtook him during the Third Ashes Test against England in July 2009.

Border was one of the 55 inaugural inductees of the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.

In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, Allan Border was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for his role as a "sports legend".

In 2016, Border was a recipient of the Queensland Greats Awards. In a fan poll conducted by the CA in 2017, he was named in the country's best Ashes XI in the last 40 years.

Early years
Born in Cremorne, a North Shore suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Border grew up with three brothers in the nearby suburb of Mosman. His father John, from Coonamble in rural New South Wales, was a wool classer and his mother Sheila was the proprietor of a corner store.  The family had a spacious backyard for playing games, and Mosman Oval, the home of district cricket, football, hockey and baseball clubs, was across the street.  Border attended North Sydney Boys High School, and earned his leaving certificate in 1972.

Throughout his early years, Border played in cricket teams two or three years older than his age group.  He also played for Mosman Baseball Club, where he developed his fielding and horizontal-bat shots.  Aged sixteen, he made his début for Mosman in Sydney Grade Cricket as a left arm orthodox spinner and batted at number nine. He won selection for the 1972–73 Combined High Schools team in the intrastate carnival.  During this time, he was coached by Barry Knight, a former England international.

Cricket career
Border accumulated more than 600 runs in grade cricket in 1975–76, and at the start of the following season, he made two consecutive centuries to earn selection for NSW. In the absence of a number of Test players, Border made his debut against Queensland at the SCG in January 1977. He compiled 36 and took the last three catches of the match, as his team claimed victory. Border resigned from his job as a clerk in the film library of BP to spend the 1977 English season playing for Downend in the Gloucestershire Western League. The highlight of his stay was 159 not out in an invitational match against Cambridge University. In Australia, Border compiled 617 runs at 36.29 average during the 1977–78 Sheffield Shield season. He then returned to England and played for East Lancashire Cricket Club in the Lancashire League, scoring 1191 runs at 56.71 and taking 54 wickets at 18.60.

Test debut during WSC
In 1977, the breakaway professional competition World Series Cricket (WSC) signed many players who were then banned from first-class and Test cricket, thus leaving many vacancies in the Australian team. Border started the 1978–79 season with his maiden first-class century, 135 against Western Australia at Perth, and followed up with 114 against Victoria at the SCG. After Australia lost the first two Tests in the Ashes series, Border was selected for his Test debut at the MCG. Making a nervous start, he took more than half an hour to score three runs. He made 29 and was run out for a duck in the second innings while attempting a single. In the following Test at Sydney, he was in a "lonely class of his own" by top-scoring in both innings with 60 not out and 45 not out as Australia lost the match and the Ashes. He used his feet to the spinners as his teammates struggled to cope with the turn. However, after scores of 11 and 1 in the Fifth Test at Adelaide he was dropped for the Sixth Test. This was the only test he missed in his entire career; he played in all of Australia's next 153 tests.

Recalled for the First Test against Pakistan at the MCG, Border batted at No. 3 and hit his maiden Test century as Australia reached 3/305, chasing 382 for victory. Border's dismissal for 105 triggered a major collapse of seven wickets for five runs as the other batsmen were unable to cope with the swing of Sarfraz Nawaz. Australia lost by 71 runs. Border made 85 and 66 not out as Australia squared the series with a victory in Perth. In his second Test series, he had topped the batting aggregates and averages with 276 runs at 92.00.

Post-WSC place
In May 1979, the ACB announced an agreement with WSC, which allowed the WSC players to return to international cricket at the start of the 1979–80 Australian season.  In the meantime, Australia made two tours, giving the incumbent players an opportunity to press for places in a reunited team.  The first tour, to England for the 1979 Cricket World Cup, ended with Australia being eliminated in the first round. Border scored 59 runs in two innings.

This was followed by a three-month-long, six-Test tour of India, on which Australia failed to win a single match.  Border scored 521 runs at 43.42 in the Test series, including 162 in the First Test at Madras, where he displayed excellent footwork and handled the Indian spinners much more effectively than his teammates.  As a result of his performances in India, he was one of only three players to retain their places for the 1st Test against West Indies at Brisbane in December 1979, and the 1st Test when the WSC players returned to the official Australian team.  In the next test against England at Perth  Border scored 115 in the second innings to secure victory and in doing so passed 1,000 Test runs.  He had done so in only 354 days, the fastest ever by an Australian, and made more runs (1,070) in his first year as a Test cricketer than anyone before.  He was unable to maintain this form, however, and ended the season with 317 runs at 31.70 in six Tests against England and the West Indies.

On the tour of Pakistan that followed, Border hit 150 not out and 153 in the Third Test at Lahore against spinners of the calibre of Iqbal Qasim and Tauseef Ahmed to become the first, and so far only batsman in Test history to pass 150 in both innings of a Test. In the off-season, Border married Jane Hiscox, and moved to Brisbane to begin playing for Queensland. During the 1980–81 season, he scored 328 runs at 36.44 in six Tests against New Zealand and India, a modest return boosted by a score of 124 against the latter at Melbourne in the final Test of the summer.

Stubborn resistance
In 1981, Border made his first Ashes tour and scored a half-century in each of the first two Tests. "Border alone of the established players came through with reputation enhanced"; in the Fifth Test at Old Trafford when he batted with a fractured left finger. He reached a century in 377 minutes, the slowest Test hundred by an Australian, and remained unbeaten on 123 as Australia lost the match. In the final Test at The Oval, Border scored 106 not out and 84. During this latter sequence, he defied the English bowlers for more than 15 hours to score 313 runs before he was dismissed. Overall, he totalled 533 (at 59.22); this prompted Sir Leonard Hutton to call him the best left-handed batsman in the world and resulted in his selection as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1982.

Border's 1981–82 season was mixed. Against Pakistan, he made only 84 runs in three Tests, but against the West Indies, he scored a century and three half-centuries in 336 runs (at 67.20) to help Australia draw the series. On the tour of New Zealand, his three Tests brought only 44 runs at 14.67. After having the winter off, Border returned to Pakistan but was unable to repeat his performances of two years earlier. He scored 118 runs at 23.60 as Pakistan won all three Tests.

After failing in the first three Tests of the 1982–83 Ashes series, Border's place in the Australian team was in jeopardy as Australia led the series 2–0. Border's effort in Australia's loss in the Fourth Test at the MCG is one of his best remembered Test innings. Australia had lost nine wickets and required 74 runs to win when Jeff Thomson joined Border at the crease. Border, batting at 6, came in at 4–141, with Australia chasing 292, and took 40 minutes to get off the mark, before finishing the fourth day on 44 not out, with last man Thomson on 8 not out. The chances of what would have been an extraordinary victory grew during the final session of the fourth day, by the end of which Border and Thomson had put on 37 - exactly half of the runs required. 18,000 spectators attended the final day's play (the MCG opening the ground to spectators free of charge, and the spectators turning up despite knowing that they might see no more than a single ball bowled) as the pair slowly accumulated runs, before a juggling catch (Geoff Miller at second slip taking a chance fumbled by Chris Tavare at first) dismissed Thomson when Australia were three runs short of the target. Border was left on 62 not out. Border then scored 89 and 83 in the Fifth Test at Sydney to secure a drawn match and Australia regained the Ashes. His series figures were 317 runs at 45.28 average.

New era
Australia hosted Pakistan for a five-Test series in 1983–84.  Border scored 118 and 117 not out in the Second and Third Tests respectively, and averaged just under 86 as Australia won the series comfortably.  It was the end of an era for Australian cricket as Rod Marsh, Dennis Lillee and Greg Chappell retired at the end of the season, leaving the Australian team short on experience. At the time, Lillee and Marsh held the world records for the most Test wickets and wicket-keeping catches respectively, while Chappell was Australia's highest-ever runscorer.  Consequently, Border, who was now captain of Queensland, became Australian vice-captain to Kim Hughes for the tour of the West Indies in the northern spring of 1984.

After a drawn First Test, Border played two classic innings in the Second Test at Queen's Park Oval in Trinidad.  In poor light and on a bouncy wicket, Australia had slumped to three for sixteen when Border came to the crease.  He finished unbeaten on 98 in a total of 255.  The West Indies took a 213-run lead and then reduced Australia to three for 55 late on the fourth day.  Border again resisted, but Australia slumped to nine for 238, just 25 runs in front, when Terry Alderman joined Border.  Together, they batted for 105 minutes to save Australia from defeat and, in the words of journalist Malcolm Knox, "earn the most miraculous draw."  Border struck the final ball of the match for a boundary to reach 100 not out, having resisted the bowling for 634 minutes in the match.  "He'd proved himself as the one man who could stand up to them," wrote Knox.

Australia lost the final three Tests, but Border ended the series with 521 runs at 74.73.  This was twice as many runs as the next best Australian.

Reluctant captain

After a short successful tour of India, Australia faced the West Indies again in the 1984–85 season.  After suffering heavy losses in the first two Tests, Hughes was unable to fight back tears as he resigned as captain during a press conference.  Despite Border's limited captaincy experience and stated indifference to taking the position, he replaced Hughes for the Third Test at Adelaide, which the Australians also lost: it was their sixth consecutive defeat to the West Indies.  The tide turned somewhat when Border led the team to a draw and then a win in the final two Tests, but his own form suffered, and he averaged only 27.33 for his 246 runs.  He distinguished himself in the one-dayers, though, by savaging an attack comprising Michael Holding, Joel Garner, Malcolm Marshall, Winston Davis and Viv Richards for 127 not out off 140 balls at the SCG.  Knox, who was present that day, described him as "the finest all-round one-day cricketer of his time, alongside Viv Richards", in spite of the fact that "his reputation is built on stodge and defiance".

In April 1985, Australia's prospects were weakened when plans were announced for a team of Australians to tour South Africa, in defiance of the Gleneagles Agreement. Seven players, originally selected for the 1985 Ashes tour, had signed for the Hughes-led "rebel" team and withdrew from the squad.  The disloyalty of the players affected Border deeply: journalist Mike Coward described his going into a "depression" and noted that, while he eventually forgave the players involved, he never forgot.

Australia was defeated three-one by England, with the team's only success coming in the Second Test at Lord's, where Border hit 196.  His unbeaten 146 in the second innings of the Fourth Test at Manchester saved Australia from another defeat.  In all, he amassed 597 runs at 66.33 in the series, and 1,355 first-class runs at 71.31 for the tour, including eight centuries, making him easily Australia's best batsman.

Australia continued to struggle during the 1985–86 season, when New Zealand defeated them in a Test series for the first time.  Despite Border's unbeaten 152 in the second innings, Australia fell to a heavy defeat in the First Test at Brisbane.  Although they bounced back to win the Second Test, New Zealand took the Third to take a two-one series victory.

During the subsequent three-Test series against India, the tourists dominated but failed to force a result, and the series was drawn.  In the Second Test it took a last-wicket partnership of 77 between Border (who scored 163) and David Gilbert to deny India victory.  Border expressed his dismay at Australia's inability to perform under pressure.

On the subsequent tour of New Zealand, Border's form remained good: he scored 140 and 114 not out in the Second Test, before Australia lost the Third in Auckland, thus losing another series.  Over the course of the extended summer, Border scored four Test centuries, but the continued poor form of the team pushed him to breaking point.  After another loss in an ODI on the tour, he threatened to quit as captain if performances failed to improve.

Partnership with Simpson
The ACB recognised that a lack of support had caused the downfall of Kim Hughes as captain. The process of rebuilding the Australian team was complicated by the unavailability of the players who had gone to South Africa. Furthermore, there was no obvious replacement if Border quit (or was dropped) as captain. In an attempt to share Border's workload, and guide the rebuilding of the team, the ACB decided to appoint a permanent coach for the team. Former Australian captain Bob Simpson was sounded out, and he accompanied the team on the 1986 tour of New Zealand as an observer. He accepted the position and his first tour with the team was to India later in the same year.

During the First Test of the tour at Madras, Border scored 106 and the match ended in a historic tie, only the second such result in history. The other two Tests were drawn, and Border finished the tour with 245 runs at 81.66. The 1986–87 Australian season brought another Ashes series, and another series loss. After England won the First Test, consecutive centuries by Border at Perth and Adelaide enabled Australia to secure consecutive draws. However, Australia were defeated by an innings in the Boxing Day Test at Melbourne and the team had won only two of their last 22 Tests, and none of their last 14. Despite a consolation victory in the Fifth Test dead rubber, Wisden thought that Border, "lacked spark and the ability to inspire a young team much in need of it. Hard task as he had, he did not look the man to lead the Test team from its troubled run."

1987 World Cup
Australia's unexpected victory in the 1987 Cricket World Cup proved to be a turning point and heralded the start of more prosperous times. In 1987–88, Australia defeated New Zealand for its first Test series victory in four years. Border hit 205 in the drawn Second Test at Adelaide, his highest Test score which took him past Greg Chappell as Australia's highest run-scorer. The Bicentennial Test against England at Sydney was drawn, then Australia won its inaugural home Test match against Sri Lanka. Border's contribution for the five Tests was 426 runs at 71.00 average.

Winning overseas still proved elusive for Australia, which lost the 1988 series in Pakistan. Border compiled 230 runs at 57.50, with one century.

1988–89 Australian summer
In 1988–89, Australia again lost a test series to the West Indies, and Border's form suffered; the West Indies routinely applied a tactic of targeting the opposition captain when he batted, thus undermining his confidence and that of the team. It worked to the extent that Border compiled 258 runs at 32.25 and his best performance was with the ball. He celebrated becoming the first Australian to play 100 Tests by taking 7/46 and 4/50, backed with an innings of 75, in Australia's only victory for the series, in the Fourth Test at Sydney. His bowling figures are the best for a match (and second best for an innings) by an Australian captain. Previously, he had taken 16 wickets in 99 Tests. Receiving the player of the match award, Border said, "there will be batsmen all around the world shaking their heads in disbelief when they see the result".

Harder edge
I made a personal choice to have a harder edge as captain, be more stand-offish towards them [the English] ... It was a hard thing to do and they all got the shits, but it was all part and parcel of what I wanted to achieve.

The 1989 Ashes tour was Border's first major series win as Test captain. He had consciously fashioned a more aggressive approach to the captaincy. Australia won 4–0, its first victory in a Test series abroad since 1977 (apart from a one-off Test in Sri Lanka) and Australia's best result in England since The Invincibles tour of 1948. Border set the tone for the series with attacking innings of 66 and 60 not out in the First Test. In all, he made six half-centuries to end with 442 runs at 73.66. He was subsequently named the 1989 Australian of the Year for his part in helping Australia regain the Ashes.

In the 1989–90 season, Australia played Tests against New Zealand (1), Sri Lanka (2) and Pakistan (3). Australia won twice, against Sri Lanka and Pakistan. It was the first home season in six years that Australia went undefeated. The season ended with a one-off Test in New Zealand, which Australia lost by nine wickets to concede the Trans-Tasman Trophy. Border ended the season with 328 runs at 41, with five half-centuries.

Australia reinforced its superiority over England with a convincing 3–0 win in the 1990–91 Ashes series: the three victories were by eight, nine and ten wickets respectively, and Border compiled 281 runs at 46.83.

Missed opportunities
Going into the 1991 tour of the Caribbean, Australia was optimistic that its improved team was good enough to inflict the first series defeat on the West Indies for more than a decade.  However, after a good start, Australia's performances tailed off, and the West Indies won two-one.  Border scored 275 runs at 34.37.

In 1991–92 Australia defeated India four-nil, but criticism arose that the team had stagnated since the 1989 Ashes series and needed to turn over players.  To that end, the Australian selectors made changes to the team for the Fifth Test, which upset Border.  Feeling loyal to the discarded vice-captain Geoff Marsh, Border generated controversy when he refused to travel to Perth with the team after the decision was announced.  He maintained his consistency with the bat, however, by scoring 275 runs at 55.00, although he again failed to make a century.  His last had been in Pakistan in 1988, a statistic that drew comment from those who criticised his leadership of the team.

Australia, the pre-tournament favourite, was knocked out of the group stage of the 1992 Cricket World Cup and finished fifth. On the 1992 tour of Sri Lanka, which Australia won one-nil, Border recorded his only series victory on the subcontinent as captain.  His 106 in the Third Test at Moratuwa ended his four-year spell without a century.

In 1992–93, the West Indies, undergoing a rebuilding phase, toured Australia without the retired Malcolm Marshall, Viv Richards, Jeff Dujon and Gordon Greenidge. Australia had the upper hand in the First Test, but failed to force a victory.  Border scored 110 in the Second Test before Shane Warne produced his first great Test bowling performance by taking seven for 52 in the second innings to win the match for Australia.  The Third Test was a high-scoring draw, and Border's innings of 74 made him the second player after Sunil Gavaskar to pass 10,000 Test runs.

The Fourth Test in Adelaide produced the closest definite result in Test-Match history.  Australia slumped to eight for 102 in pursuit of the 186 runs needed to give them a series victory, but the lower-order batsmen rallied and took the side to within one run when Craig McDermott was given out by a controversial decision.  Knox recorded Border's reaction:

Sitting in the dressing room he clutched a lucky cricket ball in his hands.  Finally we were going to beat them.  Finally Border was going to beat them.  Two runs short, Walsh got Craig McDermott with a lifter.  The keeper caught the ball, but the cameras caught Border.  He sprang to his feet and hurled his ball into the floor.  An entire career's worth of frustration captured in a single gesture.

This, felt Knox, became "the enduring image" of Allan Border.

The one-run loss made the Fifth Test at Perth the decider: Australia was unable to regroup after its Adelaide disappointment and succumbed to the pace of the West Indies attack on a traditionally fast and bouncy wicket.  Australia was crushed by an innings within three days, Border recording the first pair of his first-class career.  It was a poor end to a modest season in which he scored 298 runs at 33.11.  His failure to defeat the West Indies was the biggest disappointment of his career: he retired one year before it was finally done.

Australia then made a brief tour of New Zealand, drawing the Test series one-all.  In the First Test at Christchurch, Border scored 88, passing Gavaskar's record for the most Test runs.

Final seasons
In 1993, Border became the first player since Joe Darling to lead Australia in England on three Ashes tours. Australia won 4–1, losing only the Sixth Test to end Border's streak of 18 Tests against England without defeat. The series was sealed at Headingley in the Fourth Test when Border made 200 not out. His 533 runs for the series came at an average of 54.12. The Australians then claimed the Trans-Tasman Trophy with a comfortable 2–0 victory over New Zealand at home in late 1993. Border scored 105 in the Third Test on his home ground at Brisbane. It was the last of his 27 Test centuries.

Border ended his career by leading the first Australian team to play a Test series against South Africa in 1994 after their return to international cricket. Three Tests were played in each country, and both series ended 1–1.  Border's final Test innings was an obdurate 42 not out that helped secure a draw in the Third Test at Durban. Border had a modest time with the bat, accumulating 298 runs at 33.11.

Playing style
Border is commonly agreed not to have been an especially attractive or flamboyant cricketer, and accordingly he is remembered more for his rugged graft and admirable fight than for any aesthetic depth.  He also became a less aggressive player because in his early days as a captain, he had next to no supporting cast with any experience in international cricket. His batting style has been faithfully described by Malcolm Knox:

Border stood in a baseballer's crouch, bat raised, ready to hop backwards and pull or cut the short ball.  The Trinidad innings of 1984 were full of twitching jabs at balls aimed into his armpits.  As he aged, he became a plainly unattractive batsman to watch, all punch, no grace.

Even so, as Knox acknowledged, he was by no measure a negative player; in fact, he was "a wonderful attacker" and "arguably the best player of spin Australia has produced in 50 years."

Border was a capable bowler, but, as captain, he underused himself, but he does have a tendency to bowl around the wicket, aiming outside off stump and bowling short.  He also distinguished himself as a fielder, especially in his early days as a catcher at what Knox rated "the hardest position, the wide third-to-fifth slips."

Despite his team's poor performances before and in his early reign as a captain, his individual test batting averages had been consistently around 50 before and during captaincy, and across most splits (including home/away tests, and across each individual test grounds).

Legacy
Ultimately, Border left his successor Mark Taylor with a side that went on to be the best in the world. Border's chief regret as captain is said to be his failure to beat the West Indies, something Taylor did the following year.  Mike Coward wrote of Border's legacy,

[... He] committed the greater part of a long and distinguished career to re-establishing the credibility and image of Australian cricket.  A self-effacing man of simple tastes and pleasures, Border served at the most tempestuous time in cricket history, and came to represent the indomitable spirit of the Australian game.  As it grappled with two schisms, the first over World Series Cricket, the second over the provocative actions of the mercenaries in South Africa, it was debilitated and destabilised as never before and cried out for a figure of Bradman-esque dimensions to return it to its rightful and influential position on the world stage [....  Border] was able to expunge many of the prejudices and preconceptions amongst his team-mates about playing cricket in the Third World [which] was another of the outstanding legacies of his captaincy.

In a 2009 Cricinfo tribute to Border, whom he dubbed his "Favourite Cricketer", Knox wrote that

my appreciation of Allan Border has increased over time.  As it should.  I feel that Border's legacy will grow and grow over the years, as will Brian Lara's for similar reasons.  Yet while Border developed, under duress, personal leadership skills, which Lara never did, he was never as glamorous as the man who took his world record.

World records set

The first player to play 150 Test Matches.
The first player to score 11,000 Test runs.
Most runs in a Test career (11,174 runs) a record held until November 2005 (when it was passed by the West Indian Brian Lara). (see: List of Test cricket records)
Most Test matches played (156) and most consecutive Test matches played (153). The former record has since been surpassed by Steve Waugh, the latter by Alastair Cook.
Batted in more Test match innings (265) than any other player (since surpassed by Sachin Tendulkar).
Most Test scores between fifty and 100 (63) and most scores of at least 50 (90). (Since surpassed by Sachin Tendulkar and Ricky Ponting).
Captained in 93 Tests (all consecutive), both world records (the former record has since been surpassed by Graeme Smith)
Most Test runs as captain (6,623). This record was surpassed by Graeme Smith.
Most capped Australian player in Tests and ODIs. These records were surpassed by Steve Waugh.
Leading Australian runscorer in Tests and ODIs. His ODI tally was first surpassed by Mark Waugh in 1999. His Test aggregate was surpassed by Ricky Ponting in 2009.
Most Test catches by a non-wicket-keeper (156); record since first passed by Mark Taylor in 1999.
The first, and so far only, player to have scored 150 in each innings of a Test (150* and 153).
The first, and so far only, player to have scored 100 in each innings of a Test and taken 10 wickets in a match, over the course of their Test career.

He was one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1982.

Post-retirement
Border continued playing first-class cricket after his international retirement. In 1994–95, he was a member of the Queensland team that won the Sheffield Shield for the first time. He served as an Australian selector from 1998 until his resignation from the panel in 2005. Border once again became a selector in 2006 only to step down four months later due to his growing business commitments. The Australian cricketer of the year now receives the Allan Border Medal, with the inaugural award having been won by Glenn McGrath in 2000. The India–Australia test series has been named the Border Gavaskar Trophy.

Two cricket grounds have been renamed in Border's honour. The oval in Mosman, which was directly across from the Border family home and where Border played his early grade cricket, was renamed the Allan Border Oval and remains the home ground of the Mosman District Cricket Club. The Neumann Oval in Brisbane has been renamed Allan Border Field and is occasionally used by Queensland as an alternative home ground to The Gabba.

Border wrote an autobiography entitled Beyond Ten Thousand: My Life Story,  published in 1993. In 2000, he was inducted into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame and named twelfth man in Australia's "Greatest ever ODI Team", selected from the votes of each of Australia's ODI representatives.  "He was," wrote Knox, "the only one to make it into that Team of the Century who had spent most of his career surrounded by strugglers."

Border became a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in 1986, and an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 1989. He was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1990, was named Queenslander of the Year in 1994, and received an Australian Sports Medal in 2000. He was named an Australia Post Legend of Cricket in 2021.

In 2009, Border was inducted into the Queensland Sport Hall of Fame.

A bronze statue of Border created by Linda Klarfeld was unveiled at The Gabba on 7 December 2021.

As at 2018, Border works as commentator for Fox Sports Australia.

In June 2023, Border revealed that he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2016.

References

Sources

 Knox, Malcolm. "The artful stodger." Cricinfo, April 2009.

External links

1955 births
Australia Test cricket captains
Australian Cricket Hall of Fame inductees
Australian of the Year Award winners
Australia One Day International cricketers
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Cricketers at the 1979 Cricket World Cup
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Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup
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Living people
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Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
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Allan Border


Le championnat d'Asie masculin de handball 2022 est la vingtième édition de la compétition, organisé à Dammam en Arabie saoudite du 18 au . Les cinq premières équipes sont qualifiées pour le Championnat du monde 2023.

Alors que la compétition avait été attribuée en juillet 2021 à l'Iran, la Fédération asiatique de handball a finalement décidé de la remplacer par l'Arabie saoudite, notamment à cause de la pandémie de Covid-19 en Iran.

La compétition est remportée pour la cinquième fois consécutive par le Qatar de Valero Rivera. Battu en finale, le Bahreïn, coaché par l'Islandais Aron Kristjánsson, encaisse sa cinquième défaite en finale. L'Arabie saoudite, entraînée par Didier Dinart, termine à la troisième place.

Qualifications et tirage au sort
18 équipes sont qualifiées pour la compétition.
Le tirage au sort de la compétition a eu lieu le 6 décembre 2021 au Centre du roi Abdelaziz pour la connaissance et la culture à Dhahran.

Les équipes sont placées dans 4 pots en fonction des résultats de l'édition précédente, les équipes n'ayant pas participé étant placées dans le pot 4.

Remarques :
 la Thaïlande a déclaré forfait avant le tirage au sort.
 le Japon a déclaré forfait le 5 janvier 2022 à cause de plusieurs cas de Covid-19.

Tour préliminaire
Les deux premiers de chaque poule sont qualifiés pour le tour principal. Les équipes classées aux  et  places participent à des poules de classement.

Groupe A

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Groupe B

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Groupe C

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Groupe D

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Note : * Japon forfait avant la compétition

Tour principal

Groupe I

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Groupe II

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La poule III regroupe toutes les équipes classées à la  du tour préliminaire et permet de classer les équipes de la  à la .

La poule IV regroupe toutes les équipes classées à la  ou  du tour préliminaire et permet de classer les équipes de la  à la .

Phase finale

Demi-finales

Match pour la

Match pour la

La Corée du Sud obtient la cinquième et dernière place qualificative pour le Championnat du monde 2023.

Match pour la

Finale

Classement final

Effectif des équipes sur le podium

Champion d'Asie :

Vice-champion d'Asie :

Troisième place :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Championnat d'Asie masculin de handball
 Championnat du monde masculin de handball 2023
 Autres compétitions continentales en 2022
 Championnat d'Europe
 Championnat d'Afrique
 Championnat d'Amérique du Sud et centrale
 Championnat d'Amérique du Nord et des Caraïbes

Liens externes

 Fédération asiatique de handball

Asie
Handball
Sport en janvier 2022
Championnat d'Asie masculin de handball
Championnat d'Asie en 2022
Championnat d'Asie en Arabie saoudite
Handball en Arabie saoudite

Championnat d'Asie masculin de handball 2022


La cita  es una película del año 2011.

Sinopsis
Un chico se despierta una mañana cuando le llama su novia. Quedan en un bar. El chico la espera y ella no aparece. Intenta llamarla, pero está fuera de cobertura. No consigue localizarla. El tiempo pasa, el chico envejece y muere. Veinte años después vuelve la cobertura, y en el cementerio se oye a la joven llamando por teléfono, buscando a su novio.

Referencias

Películas cristianas

La cita (película)


İlhan Ummak (* 5. Februar 1979 in Mersin) ist ein türkischer Fußballspieler, der für Elazığspor spielt.

Karriere

Vereinskarriere
İlhan Ummak startete seine Profikarriere beim Drittligisten Gaskispor und spielte hier auf Anhieb zwei Spielzeiten lang als Stammspieler.

Die nachfolgenden Jahre spielte er dann bei diversen Dritt-, Zweit und Erstligisten. Hervorzuheben ist seine Zeit bei Sivasspor. Mit diesem Verein erreichte er 2004/05 die Meisterschaft der TFF 1. Lig und den Aufstieg in die Süper Lig. Die erste Saison in der Süper Lig verlief nicht wie erwünscht. In der Hinrunde saß er überwiegend auf der Ersatzbank und die Rückrunde verbrachte er als Leihgabe bei İstanbulspor. Ab der Spielzeit 2006/07 spielte er zwei Spielzeiten durchgängig als Stammspieler. Die Spielzeit 2007/08 erreichte man den Vierten Platz der Süper Lig.

Zur Saison 2010/11 wechselte er dann samt Ablöse zu Elazığspor und feierte mit diesem Verein am Ende seiner ersten Saison die Meisterschaft der TFF 2. Lig und damit den direkten Aufstieg in die TFF 1. Lig. Auch in der Saison 2011/12 kam er regelmäßig als Ergänzungsspieler zum Einsatz. Am vorletzten Spieltag schaffte man den sicheren Aufstieg in die Süper Lig.

Erfolge
 Mit Sivasspor:
 2004/05 Aufstieg in die Süper Lig
 2004/05 Meisterschaft der TFF 1. Lig
 2007/08 4. Platz der Süper Lig

 Mit Elazığspor:
 2010/11 Aufstieg in die TFF 1. Lig
 2010/11 Meisterschaft der TFF 2. Lig
 2011/12 Aufstieg in die Süper Lig

Weblinks

Fußballspieler (Adana Demirspor)
Fußballspieler (Çaykur Rizespor)
Fußballspieler (Elazığspor)
Fußballspieler (Gaskispor)
Fußballspieler (İnegölspor)
Fußballspieler (İstanbulspor)
Fußballspieler (Sakaryaspor)
Fußballspieler (Samsunspor)
Fußballspieler (Sivasspor)
Türke
Geboren 1979
Mann

İlhan Ummak


Gråkronet duehøg () er en rovfugl i høgefamilien, der lever i Nordamerika.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Nordamerikas fugle
Egentlige høge

Gråkronet duehøg


Hansjörg Wyss, né le  à Berne, est un entrepreneur, homme d'affaires et mécène suisse.

Biographie

Origines et études
Hansjörg Wyss naît le  à Berne. Il a deux sœurs cadettes, la graphiste et designer  et l'écrivain . Il grandit dans une famille modeste : son père est un vendeur de calculatrices, tandis que sa mère s'occupe du foyer.

Après l'école secondaire inférieure, où il doit redoubler une classe, puis le gymnase à Berne, il étudie le génie civil à partir de 1955 à l'École polytechnique fédérale de Zurich (EPFZ) et y obtient un diplôme d'ingénieur en 1959. Il complète quatre ans plus tard sa formation par un Master of Business Administration à l'université Harvard, obtenu en 1965.

Pendant ses études, en 1958, il travaille quatre mois l'été comme arpenteur au Colorado. Très bon skieur et pilote amateur, il couvre par ailleurs les Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1964 à Innsbruck pour la Neue Zürcher Zeitung.

Parcours professionnel
Il travaille d'abord dans l'industrie textile avant de rejoindre la direction générale de Monsanto pour l'Europe à Bruxelles en 1969. Il travaille ensuite pour le constructeur automobile Chrysler au Pakistan, en Turquie et aux Philippines.

Après avoir rencontré, grâce à sa passion pour le pilotage, l'un des fondateurs de la PME de matériel médical de pointe soleuroise Synthes, il en rejoint la société de distribution aux États-Unis en 1974, alors dans les chiffres rouges. Il en devient le directeur et copropriétaire à hauteur de 15 % en 1977, tout en la rendant indépendante de la maison mère et en obtenant une licence de production. En 1983, il rachète la totalité du capital en s'endettant de près de 50 millions de dollars.

Sous sa direction, le chiffre d'affaires de l'entreprise est multiplié par huit en sept ans (de 3,5 millions en 1974 à 28 millions en 1984), jusqu'à devenir une multinationale « leader mondial des prothèses pour fractures osseuses » de plus de 10 000 employés et plus de 500 millions de dollars de chiffres d'affaires en 1999 lorsqu'elle fusionne avec l'entreprise suisse Stratec pour devenir Synthes-Stratec. Il devient président du conseil d'administration de l'entreprise en 2000.

En 2012, il revend l'entreprise, dont il est devenu l'actionnaire principal possédant près de la moitié du capital, à Johnson & Johnson pour 21,3 milliards de dollars.

Mécénat
Il est considéré comme l'un des plus grands philanthropes du monde. Signataire en 2013 de la campagne The Giving Pledge, il a déjà fait don fin 2015 selon le magazine Forbes de 1,1 milliard de dollars pour des projets d'utilité publique.

Il a notamment fait don de 120 millions de dollars en 2014 à l'Université de Zurich et à l'EPFZ pour la création d'un centre de recherche consacré à la mise en pratique de la recherche fondamentale notamment en robotique et en médecine (Wyss Translantional Center, inauguré fin 2015) et d'un milliard de dollars en 2018, au travers de sa fondation et sur une période de dix ans, pour la protection de l'environnement. Nommé Wyss Campaign for Nature, ce dernier projet vise à conserver près de 30 % de la surface de la Terre à l'état naturel en créant et conservant des parcs protégés et des réserves naturelles. Plusieurs millions d'hectares ont été acquis à cet effet dans l'ouest américain.

Il est aussi le fondateur de deux instituts portant son nom, l'un à l'université Harvard (Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, qu'il dote à deux reprises, en 2009 et 2013, de 125 millions de dollars, devenant à ce titre le plus grand donateur de l'histoire de l'université) et l'autre à Genève (, pour lequel il a versé 100 millions), dans l'ancien bâtiment de Merck Serono.

Dans le domaine des arts, il a notamment soutenu l'Orchestre philharmonique de Boston, l', le Musée des Beaux-Arts de Berne, la fondation  (située dans les anciens locaux de son école secondaire) et la Fondation Beyeler à Riehen près de Bâle.

Sur le plan social, il soutient notamment un projet visant à aider les immigrants aux États-Unis à faire valoir leurs droits en justice et des programmes de distribution de nourriture aux sans-abris.

Passionné de trains au point d'avoir une voie ferrée miniature avec une locomotive à vapeur sur l'une de ses propriétés de la côte est des États-Unis, il a notamment financé dans les années 2000 la remise en état du tronçon Gletsch-Oberwald de la ligne sommitale de la Furka.

Politique
Le New York Times révèle en 2021 qu'il a versé plus de 200 millions de dollars au travers de ses deux fondations pour soutenir le Parti démocrate.

En Suisse, il finance des mouvements politiques qui soutiennent les accords bilatéraux avec l'Union européenne (il est notamment l'un des fondateurs de l'association Avantage Suisse) et dénonce les isolationnistes de l'UDC emmenés par un autre milliardaire, Christoph Blocher.

Il a également créé une fondation pour la paix, PeaceNexus (qui a son siège dans sa maison de Prangins dans le canton de Vaud), et plaide pour un impôt sur les grosses fortunes.

The New Criterion classe Hansjörg Wyss à l'extrême gauche.

Autres mandats et investissements
Il est président de la Fondation Beyeler et membre du conseil d'administration de la fondation .

En 2022, il fait partie du groupe d'investisseurs qui rachète le club de football de Chelsea au Russe Roman Abramovitch pour 5,2 milliards de dollars.

Vie personnelle
En 2022, le magazine Forbes estime sa fortune à 5 milliards de dollars et celle de ses fondations à plus de 2 milliards.

Il est divorcé et père d'une fille, . Il a été en couple pendant cinq ans à la fin des années 2000 avec la diplomate suisse Anne Gloor, cofondatrice de sa fondation pour la paix.

Il vit aux États-Unis depuis les années 1970, un temps sur la côte est des États-Unis, sur une île à l'est de Boston puis en Pennsylvanie, avant de s'établir dans le Wyoming, à , pour se rapprocher de sa fille et de ses petits-enfants.

Distinctions

 2004 : docteur honoris causa de la Faculté de médecine de l'Université de Bâle
 2013 : docteur honoris causa de la Faculté vétérinaire de l'Université de Zurich
 2014 : docteur honoris causa de l'École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne
 2022 : Prix Gallatin de la Chambre du commerce américano-suisse

Bibliographie

Références

Liens externes

Naissance à Berne
Naissance en septembre 1935
Homme d'affaires suisse
Milliardaire suisse

Hansjörg Wyss


سيدي عبد الباسط إحدى قرى الجمهورية التونسية، تقع في ولاية بنزرت، جنوب غربي مدينة ماطر.

انظر أيضا

مواضيع ذات علاقة
 ولاية بنزرت.

قرى ولاية بنزرت

سيدي عبد الباسط


إبراهيم منيف هو أحد أبرز الخطاطين العثمانيين، عاش في القرن الخامس عشر الميلادي. وينسب إليه وضع قواعد الخط الديواني.

مراجع

خطاطون أتراك

إبراهيم منيف


Branimir Radelić (Gradac, 20. ožujka 1916. - Split, 1998.), hrvatski admiral. Bio je kontraadmiral JRM.

Po zanimanju je bio ribar. Godine 1934. pridružio se KPJ. U NOVJ je u početku isprve bio šef tehnike za Dalmaciju. Poslije je u ratu bio politički komesar u više jedinica. Poslije rata bio je pomorski ataše u SAD, pomoćnik zapovjednika za zaleđe vojnopomorskega područja i dr.

Izvori

Hrvatski admirali u Jugoslavenskoj ratnoj mornarici
Hrvatski komunisti do 1945.
Hrvatski komunisti u drugoj Jugoslaviji
Hrvatski diplomati
Gradac

Branimir Radelić


WWE, uma promoção americana professional wrestling com sede em Stamford, Connecticut, Estados Unidos, promove eventos na Arábia Saudita desde 2014. Depois de realizar inicialmente  house shows, em 2018 a WWE anunciou uma parceria estratégica de 10 anos com o Ministério do Esporte, que incluiria a hospedagem de pay-per-view (PPV ) eventos na Arábia Saudita. A WWE anunciou em 4 de novembro de 2019 que havia "expandido" sua parceria com a Autoridade Geral de Entretenimento até 2027, sob a qual realizaria dois "eventos de grande escala" no país por ano. Esses eventos foram realizados em locais na capital de Riyadh ou Jeddah.

O primeiro evento no acordo foi Greatest Royal Rumble—um spin-off do anual Royal Rumble PPV da WWE—em 27 de abril de 2018. Em novembro de naquele ano, a WWE realizou um segundo PPV na Arábia Saudita, Crown Jewel. A partir de 2019, a WWE começou a realizar regularmente dois PPVs na Arábia Saudita por ano, com um evento Super ShowDown no primeiro semestre do ano e Crown Jewel no final de outubro. ou início de novembro. Devido à pandemia de COVID-19 e à suspensão da turnê pela WWE, a Crown Jewel não foi realizada em 2020, nem o Super ShowDown foi realizado em 2021. A Crown Jewel retornaria em 2021, e Super ShowDown foi substituído em 2022 por Elimination Chamber - marcando a primeira vez que a WWE hospedou um de seus eventos PPV previamente estabelecidos na Arábia Saudita.

A parceria enfrentou críticas sobre os pobre histórico de direitos humanos da Arábia Saudita (incluindo a supressão de das mulheres e Direitos LGBT), o uso do esporte pelo país para desviar a atenção do público, bem como o assassinato em 2018 do jornalista saudita Jamal Khashoggi. Alguns artistas da WWE se recusaram a participar dos shows sauditas devido a objeções às políticas do governo. Devido às restrições acima mencionadas aos direitos das mulheres, os membros da divisão feminina da WWE não se apresentaram nos shows sauditas até Crown Jewel in 2019, onde Natalya e Lacey Evans participaram da primeira luta feminina da WWE no país.

O Wrestling Observer Newsletter deu ao relacionamento entre a WWE e a Arábia Saudita seu prêmio anual "Tática promocional mais repugnante" em 2018 e 2019 , a primeira vez na história foi dado duas vezes para a mesma manobra. Os shows sauditas da WWE também levaram os prêmios "Worst Major Wrestling Show" da publicação por três anos consecutivos, incluindo 2018's Crown Jewel e o 2019 e o 2020 Super ShowDown respectivamente.

História
Em dezembro de 2013, foi anunciado que a WWE começaria a realizar shows na Arábia Saudita. Em abril de 2014, a WWE realizou seus primeiros shows caseiros em Riyadh. Esses shows foram três shows separados no Green Halls Stadium. Em outubro de 2015, a WWE fez três house shows de Jeddah, no King Abdullah Sports City Sports Hall. Em novembro de 2016, a WWE voltou novamente ao Green Halls Stadium em Riad, para dois eventos ao vivo adicionais. Os eventos de 2016 foram exclusivos para marca SmackDown. Em 2017, a WWE lançou um novo programa de televisão em língua árabe, WWE Wal3ooha, para atingir a região MENA (que inclui a Arábia Saudita).

Em 5 de março de 2018, a WWE e a Saudi General Sports Authority anunciaram o Greatest Royal Rumble, um evento ao vivo a ser realizado em 27 de abril de 2018, em King Abdullah International Stadium, parte do King Abdullah Sports City, em Jeddah, Arábia Saudita. O evento foi o primeiro em uma parceria multiplataforma estratégica de 10 anos entre a WWE e a Saudi General Sports Authority em apoio ao Saudi Vision 2030, o programa de reforma social e econômica da Arábia Saudita.

A WWE anunciou em 4 de novembro de 2019 que havia "expandido" sua parceria com a Autoridade Geral de Entretenimento até 2027, sob a qual realizaria dois "eventos de grande escala" no país por ano.

Controvérsias

Direitos das mulheres
A WWE foi criticada por realizar os eventos sem lutadoras, que não puderam se apresentar na Arábia Saudita entre 2014 e 2019 devido aos direitos limitados que as mulheres têm na Arábia Saudita. Triple H, vice-presidente executivo de talentos, eventos ao vivo e criativos da WWE, respondeu às críticas: "Eu entendo que as pessoas estão questionando isso, mas você tem que entender que cada cultura é diferente e só porque você não concordo com um certo aspecto disso, isso não significa que não é uma cultura relevante ... Você não pode ditar a um país ou uma religião sobre como eles lidam com as coisas, mas, tendo dito isso, a WWE está na vanguarda de um evolução feminina no mundo e o que não dá é mudar em qualquer lugar ficando longe dela....Enquanto as mulheres não estão competindo no evento, temos discutido sobre isso e esperamos que, nos próximos anos, elas vai ser".

Consistente com a mudança na lei para eventos esportivos em 2017, as mulheres estão presentes nos eventos, embora apenas se acompanhadas por um tutor do sexo masculino. Esta foi uma grande mudança em relação aos eventos anteriores, que eram abertos apenas para homens. Associated Press observou que isso se deve a "uma série de mudanças sociais" do príncipe herdeiro Mohammad bin Salman.

Durante o Greatest Royal Rumble, a WWE exibiu um vídeo promocional, que incluía lutadoras femininas em seus ring gears. A Autoridade Geral de Esportes da Arábia Saudita emitiu um pedido de desculpas pelo "material indecente" que foi ao ar no evento.

Durante o segundo show, Crown Jewel (2018), Renee Young fez comentários no show. Ela fez o mesmo em 2019 Super ShowDown.

Poucas horas antes do Super ShowDown em 7 de junho de 2019, surgiram relatos de que a WWE estava tentando adicionar uma luta feminina ao card, que teria visto Alexa Bliss enfrentando Natalya. As duas mulheres se juntaram ao pessoal da WWE para a viagem, mas a partida foi rejeitada pelo governo da Arábia Saudita.

Em 30 de outubro de 2019, a WWE anunciou que uma luta entre Natalya e Lacey Evans havia sido aprovada para o evento Crown Jewel de 2019, tornando-se a primeira luta feminina na Arábia Saudita. Arábia. No evento, Evans usava um macacão completo em vez de seu traje normal de ringue (o traje normal de Natalya é um macacão completo) e ambas usavam camisetas promovendo suas camisas da WWE à venda, devido à política de vestimenta conservadora do país. A WWE celebrou amplamente a partida como inovadora, que mais tarde foi indicada para um Prêmio de fim de ano da WWE para  Momento do ano, com a WWE  CBO Stephanie McMahon afirmando em uma entrevista: "Você pode ficar à margem e há muitas empresas e marcas que decidem fazer isso ou você pode fazer parte da esperança de promulgar mudanças. Você pode ser um parte do progresso. Nada que valha a pena é fácil. Leva tempo. É preciso perseverança. Agora, aqui estamos nós com a primeira partida feminina na Arábia Saudita. É incrível."

No entanto, as reações de outros meios de comunicação foram mistas. Enquanto alguns foram positivos, como Heavy.com, que afirmou que a partida foi "colocada para quebrar barreiras e promover a 'Evolução das Mulheres' da WWE para as orgulhosas senhoras presentes e assistindo em todo o mundo. E para isso, tenho que dar o máximo de apoio ", ou Canoe.com, que afirmou que "A partida histórica foi sobre e significou muito mais [do que seu resultado]." Newsweek called the match part of "Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman's [intent on] luring major sports event [...] to position the ultra-conservative Islamic country as more liberal and diversify its economy away from depending on the oil industry as part of its Saudi Vision 2030 plan", with Saudi Arabian Amnesty International researcher Dana Ahmed calling the match "a prime example how the Saudi Arabian authorities are using elite sports to try to 'sportswash' their dire human rights record and image internationally". CBS Sports criticou o comentário de Michael Cole, apontando que ele estava "tentando superar a progressividade da Arábia Saudita" durante a luta.

No Super ShowDown em 2020, Bayley defendeu seu SmackDown Women's Championship contra [[Naomi (wrestler)|Naomi] ], tornando-se a primeira vez que um campeonato feminino foi defendido na Arábia Saudita.

Assassinato de Jamal Khashoggi

Um mês antes da edição de 2018 da Joia da Coroa, a Arábia Saudita recebeu uma imprensa negativa substancial devido ao assassinato de Jamal Khashoggi nas mãos de agentes sauditas. Isso levou a WWE a enfrentar pedidos para cancelar o evento, com políticos proeminentes dos EUA Democrata e Republicano criticando os esforços da empresa na Arábia Saudita. Questões foram levantadas se por causa da posição da Administradora da Administração de Pequenas Empresas Linda McMahon, que é a esposa do presidente da WWE Vince McMahon e uma ex-executiva da WWE, os esforços da WWE na Arábia Saudita ainda pode ser visto como uma empresa comercial estritamente privada. Devido a isso, o senador democrata Bob Menendez instou o governo dos Estados Unidos a pressionar a WWE a cancelar o evento, enquanto o republicano Lindsey Graham, entre outros, pediu que a WWE reconsiderasse seu negócio com o reino saudita. A WWE continuou a promover o show, mas apagou todas as referências à Arábia Saudita como local do evento.

Em 19 de outubro, dia em que os ingressos seriam colocados à venda, o governo saudita confirmou a morte de Khashoggi no consulado e o WWE.com removeu as informações dos ingressos da página do evento. Em 25 de outubro, a WWE confirmou que o evento continuaria conforme planejado, citando obrigações contratuais com a General Sports Authority. Falando com Sky Sports sobre avançar com o evento apesar do assassinato, Stephanie McMahon falou sobre "uma decisão incrivelmente difícil, dado aquele ato hediondo", mas disse que no final foi estritamente uma decisão de negócios.

Lutadores se recusando a trabalhar
Sami Zayn não participou do Greatest Royal Rumble, já que Zayn é descendente de sírio, e a Arábia Saudita tem relações tensas com a Síria. Noam Dar, lutador Israeli, do 205 Live nunca participou de nenhum dos eventos sauditas devido ao boicote da Liga Árabe a Israel e o conflito árabe-israelense.

Durante Crown Jewel (2018), Daniel Bryan estava escalado para enfrentar AJ Styles para o WWE Championship, mas ele se recusou a trabalhar no show devido ao assassinato de Khashoggi. Como resultado, sua luta pelo título foi adiada para o episódio de 30 de outubro do SmackDown, e ele foi substituído por Samoa Joe. John Cena, que estava escalado para participar da WWE World Cup no evento chamou de "uma honra e um privilégio" competir na Arábia Saudita durante o Greatest Royal Rumble, foi substituído por  Bobby Lashley, já que ele supostamente se recusou a trabalhar no show após o assassinato de Khashoggi. Em fevereiro de 2019, Fightful relatou que antes de seu diagnóstico de leucemia, Roman Reigns havia informado Vince McMahon que ele também não participaria do Crown Jewel PPV devido a a polêmica em torno do evento.

Em 2019 para o Super ShowDown, Kevin Owens e Aleister Black disseram à WWE que não viajariam para a Arábia Saudita, além de Zayn e Bryan mais uma vez não competirem no programa. A recusa de Kevin Owen em trabalhar no show supostamente vem de sua amizade com Sami Zayn. Como resultado de sua ausência, ele foi substituído na luta pelo campeonato da WWE por Dolph Ziggler.

Apesar de Dar não participar dos shows da Arábia Saudita devido ao conflito árabe-israelense, Bill Goldberg e Paul Heyman trabalharam em vários shows da Arábia Saudita sem incidentes, apesar de ambos serem  judeu e em O caso de Heyman de sua própria mãe ter sido Holocausto sobrevivente. Goldberg iria defender a WWE nos shows após sua vitória sobre Bobby Lashley no 2021 Crown Jewel, dizendo que sente que o país está indo na direção certa em " Ocidentalizando" o país e a região do Oriente Médio como um todo, citando o progresso apenas nos shows da WWE sozinhos no Reino. Goldberg, no entanto, admitiu mais tarde no podcast de Pat McAfee que inicialmente estava com medo de ir para a Arábia Saudita devido à sua forte herança judaica, mas se sentiu mais confortável depois de receber uma resposta positiva dos fãs sauditas e entendeu o imagem maior dos shows. Como a Arábia Saudita tem leis rígidas contra ateísmo que é punível com morte, Montel Vontavious Porter (Hassan Assad) , que é um ex-muçulmano convertido durante sua prisão, evitou viajar para o país para Crown Jewel em 2022.

Problemas de viagem
Depois da Crown Jewel em 2019, um voo fretado de volta aos Estados Unidos transportando cerca de 200 funcionários da WWE (incluindo artistas e outros funcionários) foi atrasado no Aeroporto Internacional King Fahd por várias horas. A WWE e a companhia aérea Atlas Air declararam oficialmente que o voo foi aterrado por problemas mecânicos, mas relatórios do ex-comentarista de língua espanhola da WWE Hugo Savinovich e do jornalista de luta livre Dave Meltzer sugeriram que as disputas com o governo saudita sobre pagamentos perdidos à WWE para os shows anteriores foram um fator nos atrasos (incluindo a presença da polícia militar saudita). 20 funcionários da WWE, incluindo o CEO Vince McMahon e 12 lutadores, reservaram seus próprios voos de volta aos Estados Unidos, enquanto o SmackDown da noite seguinte em Buffalo foi reformulado para apresentar principalmente talentos da divisão feminina e NXT (que não participou do evento).

Processo
Em 6 de março de 2020, um fundo de aposentadoria para bombeiros entrou com uma ação contra a WWE no Tribunal Distrital dos Estados Unidos para o Distrito Sul de Nova York, decorrente de preocupações relacionadas à posse de ações da WWE pelo fundo. De acordo com Forbes, é "uma tentativa de ação coletiva alegando que a WWE fraudou investidores ao lidar com seus negócios com a família real saudita, que também controla OSN, a rede que vai ao ar Programação da WWE na Arábia Saudita." O processo alega que o governo da Arábia Saudita não pagou à WWE milhões de dólares devidos pelo acordo com a empresa, que a WWE não divulgou os referidos problemas de pagamento e que a OSN rescindiu ilegalmente um acordo de transmissão com a WWE.

Eventos ao vivo

House shows

Pay-per-view e eventos de transmissão ao vivo

Veja também

 Sportswashing

Referências

Relações entre Arábia Saudita e Estados Unidos
WWE na Arábia Saudita
WWE internacional
Eventos de entretenimento na Arábia Saudita

WWE na Arábia Saudita


Hunlar, MS 4-6. yüzyıllar arasında Orta Asya, Kafkaslar ve Doğu Avrupa'da yaşayan göçebe bir halktır. İlk olarak Volga Nehri'nin doğusunda, o zamanlar İskit'in bir parçası olan bir bölgede yaşadıkları tahmin edilmektedir. MS 370 yılına gelindiğinde Hunlar Volga bölgesine varmış ve 430 yılına gelindiğinde ise Avrupa'da kısa ömürlü de olsa geniş bir hakimiyet kurmuşlardır. Gotlar'ı ve Roma sınırları dışında yaşayan diğer birçok Cermen halkını fethetmiş ve diğerlerinin Roma topraklarına kaçmasına neden olmuştu. Hunlar, özellikle Attila döneminde Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu'na sık ve yıkıcı baskınlar yaptılar. 451'de Hunlar, Batı Roma eyaleti Galya'yı işgal ettiler ve burada Katalonya Tarlaları Savaşı'nda Romalılar ve Vizigotlardan oluşan birleşik bir orduyla savaştılar ve 452'de İtalya'yı işgal ettiler. 453'te Attila'nın ölümünden sonra Hunlar Roma için büyük bir tehdit olmaktan çıkmış ve Nedao Savaşı'ndan sonra imparatorluklarının çoğunu kaybetmişlerdir (454?). Hun isminin varyantları Kafkasya'da 8. yüzyılın başlarına kadar kaydedilmiştir.

Kökenler
Hunların kökeni ve  diğer eski antik topluluklar ile ilişkileri hâlâ kesinlik kazanmamış tartışmalı bir konudur. Akademisyenler genellikle Hunların kökenlerini Orta Asya'ya dayandırmakla beraber hangi kavimden türedikleri konusunda ortak bir fikre sahip değillerdir. Klasik kaynaklar Hunları 370 yılı civarında Avrupa'da birden ortaya çıkan bir kavim olarak tanımlamaktadır. Pek çok Romalı yazar Hunların köklerini diğer bozkır göçebe toplumları ile bağdaşlaştırmaya çalışmışlardır. Romalı yazarlar aynı zamanda Hunların Avrasya stepleri olarak adlandırılan bölgeden Kırım'a gelerek Gotlar'a saldırmalarını konu alan hikâyelerden bahsetmektedirler. Jordanes'in Getika eseri Gotların Hunları kötü ruhların ve cadıların soyundan gelen bir halk olarak gördüklerini belirtmiştir

Hiung-nular ile ilişkileri

Joseph de Guignes ilk defa 18. yüzyılda 4. ve 5. yüzyılda yaşamış Avrupa Hunları ile M.Ö. 3. yüzyıl ile M. S. 2 yüzyıl arasında Çin ve Moğolistan'da yaşamış Hiung-nu halkı arasında kökensel bir bağ olduğu iddiasını öne sürmüştür. İlerleyen yıllarda Hiungnuların (Türk tarih literatüründe Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu) kuzey kolunun Çin ile yaptıkları savaşı kaybetmelerinden ötürü kuzey batıya göç etmesi ve Avrupa Hunlarının kısmende olsa göç eden bu halkların kökensel, kültürel ve genetik açıdan bir devamı olduğu fikri yaygınlaşmaya başladı. Akademisyenler aynı zamanda Eftalitler'in ve Kidaritlerin'de Hunlar ile akraba bir kavim olduğunu düşünmeye başlamışlardır.

Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen bu geleneksel fikrin birincil kaynak olarak arkeolojik bulgulara dayanmak yerine yazılı kaynaklara dayandığı gerekçesini öne sürerekten güvenilmez olduğunu savunan ilk kişi olmuştur. Maenchen-Helfen'in çeşitli çalışmaları sonucunda Xiongnu ve Hunların aynı kavim veya aynı ataya sahip olan akraba kavimler olması fikri tartışmalı bir konu olmaya başlamıştır. Buna ek olarak daha önce Hunlar ile bağdaşlaştırılmış Eftalitler'in (Akhunlar) ve Kidarite Krallığı'nın da Hunlardan farklı bir kavim olduğuna dair çalışmalar yürütülmüştür. Walter Pohl ise hiçbir savaşçı bozkır konfederasyonunun etnik olarak tek bir milletten oluşmadığını, tarihte görülen farklı gruplarca kurulmuş benzer isimli devletlerin bu isimleri ismin prestiji yüzünden seçtiklerini veya diğer devletler tarafından kan bağına bakılmaksızın sadece geldikleri yer veya yaşayış tarzları yüzünden onlara bu isimlerin verildiklerini söylemiş ve Hiung-nular, Akhunlar ve Avrupa Hunları arasında bir köken ya da kan ilişkisi olmadığını savunmuştur.

Dil

Hunca, M. S. 4. ve 5. yüzyıllarda konuşulmuş ölü bir dildir.Ayrıca bazı kaynaklarda Hunların dili her zaman Türk dil ailesinde sınıflandırılmıştır, denmektedir Dönemin tarihçi ve diplomatlarının kayıtları Avrupa Hun İmparatorluğu'nda Hunca'nın yanı sıra Gotların ve diğer kavimlerin dillerinin de konuşulmuş olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Hyun Jin Kim, Hunların develetin çeşitli bölümlerinde hiçbir dil dominant olmayacak şekilde, Latince, Gotça, Sarmatça ve Hunca'yı kapsayan dört kadar dili konuştuğunu savunmuştur.

Hunca hiçbir metin günümüze ulaşmamış olduğundan ötürü dil hakkındaki kaynaklar neredeyse tamamen yabancı kaynaklarda geçen özel isimlerden oluşmaktadır. Günümüzde Hun dili sınıflandırılamamakla birlikte, genellikle Moğol dilleri, Yenisey dilleri ve Türki diller ile akraba olduğuna dair teoriler oluşturulmaktadır. Ancak pek çok akademisyen bu iddiaları ikna edici bulmamakta, dilden günümüze ulaşmış söz varlığının çok küçük olması nedeni ile sınıflandırılamayacağını öne sürmektedir.

Macar Türkolog Gyula Németh, Hunlar Hangi Dili Konuşurdu adlı makalesinde Avrupa Hunlarının dili üzerine şu açıklamayı yapmaktadır: Tüm bunlardan yola çıkarak Avrupa Hunlarının yönetici boyunun ve elbette Hun halkının da Türk dilini konuştuğunu, daha doğrusu bir halk olarak Türki olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Lajos Ligeti de Attila ve Hunların Tarihi Kökenleri makalesinde, Avrupa Hunlarının dili ile ilgili şu saptamalarda bulunmaktadır: ...var olanlardan çıkarılabilecek sonuç, her iki bölgede de genellikle Türki konuşan bir halkla karşı karşıyayız. Péter Váczy ise Avrupa'da Hunlar adlı makalesinde Antropoloji, Latin yazarlarını destekliyor; Hunlar Türktüler. Ama Türk olan sadece dış görünüşleri değildi, dilleri de Türk idi. tanımlamasını yapmaktadır.

Türkçe ve Moğolca üzerine uzmanlaşmış Macar dilbilimci Lajos Ligeti, Attila ve Hunların Tarihi Kökenleri çalışmasında Hunların kökeni ilgili şöyle söylemiştir: Ama egemen olan Attila halkının ve boyunun Türk olduğu gerçeği yadsınamaz. Burada çok sayıda Türk kökenli ad kanıt olarak gösterilebildiği gibi, Attila'nın ölümünden sonra egemen hanedan ailesinin erkeklerinin yönetiminde oluşturulan alt imparatorluklar tamamen saf Türk halkları içermekteydi. Peter Vaczy ise Hunların Türk kökenlerinin, eski dönem kaynakları ve antropolojik veriler ile desteklendiğini belirttikten sonra şu açıklamayı yapmaktadır: Ama Türk olan sadece dış görünüşleri değil, dilleri de Türk idi.

Ek olarak Attila, Bleda, Laudaricus, Onegesius, Ragnaris ve Ruga gibi Hunca özel isimlerin büyük olasılıkla bir Cermen dili kökenli olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Bu dilin Moğolca ve Türki diller'in bir karşımı olmuş olabileceği ise Karl Heinrich Menges tarafından savunulmuştur. Lajos Ligeti ve Edwin G. Pulleyblank gibi akademisyenler ise Yenisey dilleri dil ailesine mensup Ketçe gibi Sibirya dillerinin Hunlar'ın ve Hiung-nu'ların dilleri ile akraba olduğu veya dillerinin temelini oluşturduğunu savunmuşlardır.

Tarih

Kavmin MS 4. yüzyılda bugünkü Kazakistan'dan Volga-Don havzalarına ulaştıkları tahmin edilmektedir. M. S. 375'te Hunların Ostrogotları (Doğu Gotları) içine alıp Vizigotları (Batı Gotları) kovması Kavimler Göçü'nün başlamasında etkili nedenlerden biri olmuştur.

Hunlar Pannonia'ya (bugünkü Macaristan) yerleştikten sonra 433'te Batı Roma İmparatorluğu generali Flavius Aetius ile anlaşarak Pannonia ve Illyricum'un (bugünkü Slovenya, Hırvatistan ve Bosna-Hersek) bir kısmının hükümdarlığını Batı Roma İmparatorluğu'na kabul ettirmişlerdir. 441'de Attila önderliğinde Batı Roma İmparatorluğu'nu istila etmiş ve Hun İmparatorluğu'nu kurmuşlardır. Fakat imparatorluğun ömrü çok uzun olmamıştır. Attila'nın ölümüyle oğulları arasında taht kavgaları başlamıştır. Çıkan kavgalar sonucunda Attila'nın kurduğu imparatorluk dağılmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Hiung-nu
 Buda Halala
 Bleda

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

 Ahmetbeyoğlu, Ali. Atlı şehirliler : Buluntular ve Kalemin Dilinden Avrupa'da Hun Kültürü, İstanbul : Yeditepe, 2016.
 Ahmetbeyoğlu, Ali. Avrupa Hun İmparatorluğu, Ankara: TTK, 2001.
 Ahmetbeyoğlu, Ali. Grek seyyahı Priskos (V. asır)'a göre Avrupa Hunları, İstanbul: Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, 1995.

 Aydın, Hatice. Theophanes Confessor'ün kroniğinde Türkler, 284-813 : Avrupa Hunları, Ak Hunlar, Sabirler, Avarlar, Bulgarlar, Hazarlar, İstanbul : Kronik Kitap, 2021.
 Baştav,  Şerif. Büyük Hun Kağanı Attila, Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1998.
 Gedikli, Yusuf. Avrupa Hunları ve Avrupa Hun Türkçesi: Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya, Arkeoloji, Kültür-Uygarlık, İktisat, Tarım, Ticaret", İstanbul: Ötüken, 2021.
 Kelly, Christopher. Attila : Hunlar ve Roma İmparatorluğu'nun çöküşü'', çev. Turhan Kaçar, İstanbul: Turkuvaz Kitap, 2011.
 Németh, Gyula. Attila ve Hunları, çev. Şerif Baştav, Ankara: AÜ DTCF, 1982.

Avrasya'daki göçebeler
Avrupa tarihindeki devletler
Kavimler Göçü
Eski etnik gruplar
Hunlar

Hunlar


අෆ්සාර් ඛාන් සසායි (පැෂ්තෝ: افسر ځاځی; උපත 1993 අගෝස්තු 10) යනු ඇෆ්ගන් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෙකි. අෆ්සාර් යනු පිතිකරණයේ දක්ෂතා සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ දකුණත් කඩුලු රකින පිතිකරුවෙකි. ඔහු 2018 ජුනි මාසයේදී ඉන්දියාවට එරෙහිව ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයේ පළමු ටෙස්ට් තරඟයට ක්‍රීඩා කළ ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයින් එකොළොස් දෙනාගෙන් කෙනෙකි. ඔහු ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයේ පළමු ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයා වේ .

අෆ්සාර් සසායි


Karima Baloch (nascida em 8 de março de 1983  - falecida em 20/22 de dezembro de 2020), também conhecida como Karima Mehrab (کریمہ محراب ), foi um ativista de direitos humanos da etnia Baloch e uma dissidente. Ela fez campanha pela independência do Baluchistão do Paquistão e foi incluída na lista da BBC das 100 mulheres mais inspiradoras e influentes de 2016.

Carreira de ativista
Karima Baloch começou sua carreira como ativista de direitos humanos e independência em 2005, quando participou de um protesto em Turbat contra os desaparecimentos forçados na província paquistanesa do Baluchistão, onde carregava uma foto de um de seus parentes desaparecidos. Ela ingressou na Baloch Students Organization (BSO), em 2006, atuando em vários cargos diferentes e, eventualmente, tornando-se presidente da organização em 2015. Durante esses anos, Karima Baloch viajou por todo o Baluchistão, organizando programas de divulgação, como protestos e comícios. Um artigo da OZY de 2014 sobre ela afirma: "Em Islamabade, capital do Paquistão, Karima é vista como uma perigosa atriz política e uma ameaça à segurança da nação. Enquanto isso, mil quilômetros a sudoeste, no interior do Baluchistão, ela é uma heroína local e um farol de esperança."

Em uma entrevista de 2014, ela disse,

Exílio do Paquistão
Em 2015, Karima Baloch foi para o exílio autoimposto depois que acusações de terrorismo foram feitas contra ela pelo estado paquistanês, com sua irmã mais nova, Mahganj Baloch, afirmando que: "Ela não foi para o exterior porque queria, mas porque ... ativismo aberto no Paquistão tornou-se impossível." Um ano depois, em 2016, ela conseguiu asilo no Canadá, onde viveu até seu desaparecimento e morte, em dezembro de 2020. Em 2016, após o discurso público do primeiro-ministro indiano, Narendra Modi, no Dia da Independência da Índia, no qual ele mencionou a situação no Baluchistão paquistanês, Karima Baloch se dirigiu a ele em um vídeo e agradeceu por mencionar o assunto, afirmando: "Vamos lutar nossa própria guerra, você é apenas a nossa voz".

Karima Baloch foi incluída na lista das 100 mulheres pela BBC em 2016, onde foi identificada como uma ativista política que "faz campanha pela independência do Baluchistão do Paquistão". Karima Baloch listou Dad Shah e Hatun Bibi - ambos rebeldes Baloch que lutaram contra o Estado Imperial do Irã no Baluchistão iraniano - como as principais inspirações por trás de seu ativismo. Em 2018, ela levantou questões relacionadas à desigualdade de gênero no Paquistão no Conselho de Direitos Humanos das Nações Unidas. Ela também levantou questões relacionadas ao Baluchistão no Canadá, durante uma reunião em Toronto, onde mencionou a "ocupação" do Baluchistão pelo Paquistão.

Karima Baloch tinha dois irmãos, um irmão chamado Sameer Mehrab e uma irmã chamada Mahganj Baloch. Ela se casou com um colega ativista também da etnia Baloch, Hammal Baloch (também conhecido como Hammal Haider), em Toronto. Vários membros de sua família foram ligados à insurgência do Baluchistão no Paquistão e no Irã.

Desaparecimento e morte

Karima Baloch foi vista pela última vez com vida em 20 de dezembro de 2020. Em 22 de dezembro de 2020, seu cadáver foi encontrado submerso no Toronto Waterfront. O Serviço de Polícia de Toronto informou inicialmente que seu corpo foi encontrado perto do Lago Ontário, embora nenhum outro detalhe tenha sido dado. A CBC News informou que um amigo próximo e colega ativista de Karima Baloch, Lateef Johar, disse que "os policiais disseram à família dela que ela foi encontrada afogada na água". Protestos de pequena escala exigindo uma investigação sobre sua morte ocorreram no Baluchistão paquistanês e no Canadá. Grupos minoritários étnicos Baloch, Pashtun e Sindi no Canadá emitiram uma declaração conjunta a esse respeito. A polícia canadense reconheceu as preocupações em torno da morte de Karima Baloch, mas afirmou que não encontrou nenhuma evidência de crime, e concluiu que sua morte foi "não criminosa". Chris Alexander, ex-ministro canadense da Imigração, Refugiados e Cidadania, declarou em um tweet: "Todos nós que conhecemos Karima vemos as circunstâncias de sua morte como profundamente suspeitas. Não devemos deixar pedra sobre pedra até descobrir e confrontar a realidade do que aconteceu com ela." A CBC News documenta a história do ativismo de Karima Baloch e sua morte no podcast The Kill List.

Veja também

 100 Mulheres (BBC)
 Mulheres na categoria BBC 100 Mulheres

Pessoas na lista BBC 100 Mulheres de 2016
Mortos em 2020
Nascidos em 1983
Ativistas do Paquistão

Karima Baloch


سبخة بوجمل قد تعني:

 سبخة بوجمل بولاية صفاقس بالجمهورية التونسية.
 سبخة بوجمل بولاية مدنين بالجمهورية التونسية.

سبخة بوجمل (توضيح)


Faro ( , ) is a municipality, the southernmost city and capital of the district of the same name, in the Algarve region of southern Portugal. With an estimated population of 60,995 inhabitants in 2019 (with 39,733 inhabitants in the city proper, making it the biggest city and second most populous municipality in the Algarve (after Loulé) and one of the biggest in Southern Portugal), the municipality covers an area of about .

History

The Ria Formosa lagoon attracted humans from the Palaeolithic age until the end of prehistory. The first settlements date from the fourth century BC, during the period of Phoenician colonization of the western Mediterranean. At the time, the area was known as Ossonoba, and was the most important urban centre of southern Portugal and commercial port for agricultural products, fish, and minerals.

Between the second and eighth centuries, the city was under the domain of the Romans, then the Byzantines, and later Visigoths, before being conquered by the Arabic-speaking Muslims known as Moors in 713. From the third century onwards and during the Visigothic period, it was the site of an Episcopal see, the Ancient Diocese of Ossonoba (306-688). The Byzantine presence has endured in the city walls' towers that were built during the Byzantine period.

With the advent of Moorish rule in the eighth century, Ossonoba retained its status as the most important town in the southwest corner of the Iberian Peninsula. In the 9th century, after a revolt led by Yahia Ben Bakr who was succeeded in office by his son, Bakr Ben Yahia, it became the capital of a short-lived princedom and was fortified with a ring of defensive walls. At this time, in the 10th century, the name Santa Maria began to be used instead of Ossonoba. By the 11th century, the town was known as Santa Maria Ibn Harun.

During the Second Crusade soon after the Anglo-Norman forces took Lisbon in 1147 a detachment of this group sacked Faro, which was still by then under Muslim rule, on their way to the Holy Land.
Again in 1217, during the Fifth Crusade, a Frisian fleet of crusaders on their way to Acre, sacked and burned the city.

During the 500 years of Moorish rule, some Jewish residents of Faro made written copies of the Old Testament. The Moors were defeated and expelled in 1249 by the forces of the Portuguese King Afonso III. With the decline of the importance of the city of Silves (which was made the regional bishopric as Diocese of Silves shortly during and properly after the Reconquista), Faro took over the role of administration of the Algarve area.

Portuguese Kingdom

After Portuguese independence in 1143, Afonso Henriques and his successors began an expansion and Christian repopulation into the southern Iberian territory which had previously been occupied by the Moors. Following the conquest by D. Afonso III, in 1249, the Portuguese referred to the town as Santa Maria de Faaron or Santa Maria de Faaram. In the following years, the town became prosperous, due to its secure port and exploitation of salt. Consequently, by the beginning of the Portuguese Age of Discovery, the town was well positioned to become a leading commercial centre.

In the 14th century, the Jewish community began to grow in importance. In 1487, Samuel Gacon began printing the Pentateuco in Hebrew, the first book printed in Portugal. The Jewish community of Faro had long been a dominant force in the region, with many artisans and merchants contributing heavily to the economy and city development, but this level of prosperity was interrupted in December 1496 by an edict of Manuel I of Portugal, expelling those who did not convert to Christianity. As a result, officially, Jews no longer remained in Portugal. In the place of the Jewish village of Vila Adentro, the convent of Nossa Senhora da Assunção was founded and patronised by Queen Leonor, wife of the king.

Manuel I promoted the development and expansion of the city; 1499 had the construction of a hospital, the Church of Espírito Santo (or Church of the Misericórdia), a customshouse, and a slaughterhouse, all near the shoreline.

By 1540, John III of Portugal had elevated Faro to the status of city, then in 1577, the bishopric of the Algarve was transferred from Silves, which retains a co-cathedral, to the present Diocese of Faro.

In 1597, the city was sacked by English privateers led by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex. The resultant fires damaged the walls, churches, and other buildings. At the same time, English troops seized the library of the Bishop of Faro, then Fernando Martins de Mascarenhas, which eventually became part of the collection of the University of Oxford's Bodleian Library. Among the looted books was the first printed book in Portugal: a Torah in local Hebrew (Judeo-Español), printed by Samuel Gacon at his workshop in Faro.

Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the city was expanded, with a series of walls during the period of the Restoration Wars (1640-1668), encompassing the semicircular front to the Ria Formosa.

The western city of Lagos had become the capital of the historical province of Algarve in 1577, but this all changed with the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. It affected many settlements across the Algarve, including Faro, which suffered damage to churches, convents (specifically the Convent of São Francisco and Convent of Santa Clara), and the episcopal palace, in addition to the walls, castle towers and bulwarks, barracks, guardhouses, warehouses, customshouses, and prison.

Much of the greater devastation across the coastal and lowland regions was caused by a tsunami, which dismantled fortresses and razed homes. Almost all the coastal towns and villages of the Algarve were heavily damaged by the tsunami, except Faro, protected by the sandy banks of the Ria Formosa lagoon. With the capital Lagos devastated, Faro became the administrative seat of the region the following year, 1756.

Geography

The municipality of Faro is divided into two distinct areas, the coastline, part of the Parque Natural da Ria Formosa (Nature Park of Ria Formosa) and the barrocal, characterized by hills and valleys, populated with typical Algarvan vegetation.

The nature park was created by Decree-Law 373/87, on 8 December 1987, and is considered one of the seven natural wonders of Portugal, with a beach that is around  from the downtown. It includes the river and a lagoon system, interspersed with dunes, forming a small islands and peninsulas, that protect a large area of marshes, channels, and islets. The beaches in Faro are situated on the peninsula of Ancão and island of Culatra, along the corridor of the nature park. The park is a rich and complex aquatic ecosystem, consisting of barrier islands, marshes, and channels, comprising sandy shorelines that separate the waters of the Ria Formosa and Atlantic Ocean. The beaches of Faro and Barrinha/Barra de São Luís, are located on the Ancão peninsula, the beach of Barreta on the Ilha Deserta, and the beaches of Farol and Culatra are located on the Ilha Culatra. The barrier islands are separated by tidal flats and shallows, including (from west to east) the Barra do Ancão/Barra de São Luís, the Barra de Santa Maria/Barra do Farol, and the Barra da Culatra/Barra da Armona (in the municipality of Olhão).

Annually, many species of aquatic migratory birds transient northern Europe and nest there during the winter. These include flamingos, terns, pied avocets, Eurasion wigeons, and common chaffinches.

Within the town are gardens and open spaces, among which are the Manuel Bivar Garden, Alameda João de Deus Garden, and the Mata do Liceu.

The variety of species and natural conditions result in the region being a popular ecotourism zone, promoting birdwatching, boating trips into the delta, kayaking along the Ria Formosa, pedestrian trails, and biking tours, accompanied by nature guides. The municipality is crossed by the southern Ecovia do Algarve, a bicycling circuit that connects the Algarve to the rest of Europe.

Climate
Faro has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), moderated by a transitioning Portugal-Canary current giving a certain resemblance to Southern California that is not heated in the summer by the Mediterranean Sea like Algarve. Given this region is highly susceptible to the difference of precipitation throughout the seasons of the year, in the future scarcity of water could appear in conjunction with the increase of temperature and less incidence of rains.

Summers are warm to hot and sunny with average daytime maximum temperatures of . Summer warmth can linger well into October. The weather in the winter is generally mild by European standards, managing around 6 hours of sunshine each day, with temperatures averaging around  in the coldest month. The city receives most of its rainfall over the winter; rain is scarce between June and September. The annual average temperature is around 17.5 to 18.5 °C, however it is becoming hotter and hotter, reaching as high as  in 2017, with average temperatures since 2010 or even since 1994 being around , and the annual rainfall is around , however in recent years, rainfall has diminished, even reaching as low as 178.6 mm in 2019, with the average yearly rainfall from 2017 to 2021 being closer to 350mm. The average sea temperature is  in January rising to  in August and September. Higher sea water temperatures are reached if the weather patterns produce a significant outflow of warmer surface water out of the Mediterranean which bathe the coastal Algarve with much warmer water.

With over 3000 hours of sunshine a year, Faro is often regarded as one of the sunniest cities in Europe, alongside near by Tavira. July and August have the most sunshine, while December has the least.

Human geography

Administratively, the municipality is divided into four civil parishes (freguesias):
 Faro (Sé e São Pedro)
 Conceição e Estoi
 Montenegro
 Santa Bárbara de Nexe

International relations

Faro is twinned with:

 Bolama, Guinea-Bissau
 Haikou, China
 Hayward, United States
 Huelva, Spain
 Maxixe, Mozambique
 Praia, Cape Verde
 Príncipe, São Tomé and Príncipe
 Tangier, Morocco

Transport

Faro is served by a transport network connecting it to the Algarve, and by extension, other European markets. Faro is about 3 hours and 30 minutes by air from the principal European destinations. By car, it is about 2 hours and 30 minutes from Lisbon, along the A2, and less than 1 hour from Andalusia, along the A22.

Through the city's international Airport, it receives millions of visitors annually, with 45 airlines serving this airport, including many low-cost airlines. In recent years, the number of visitors travelling through the airport has increased as more and more low-cost airlines compete to offer cheap flights to the Algarve. The transport facilities to and from Faro airport and the centre of Faro include taxicabs and a bus line.

Faro is served by the centrally located Faro railway station, and a smaller halt in the east of the city at Bom João. The main station is operated by the national railway operator Comboios de Portugal (CP), which operates the Alfa Pendular, Intercidades and CP Regional routes, as well as a special service during the summer, the InterRegional line. The Alfa Pendular service connects Faro to the North and terminates in Porto. The Intercidades and InterRegional services connect Faro to Lisboa. The CP Regional service operates across the east and west Algarve and connects Faro to Lagos in the west Algarve, and Vila Real de Santo António in the east Algarve. Bom João is only served by the CP Regional trains heading east. Despite the proximity of Seville, it is not connected by train.

The town is served by a public transport network that include minibuses, local bus lines, and regional services across the Algarve.

Due to its position along the coast, a need exists to connect the shoreline communities with the outlying with various islands; with the exception of the island of Faro, most are accessible only by boat service. Throughout the year (from the commercial wharf or Portas do Mar wharf, depending on the time of year), regular and tourist services are operated along the estuary.

Culture and entertainment
The Faro city holiday is on 7 September. The students' festival (Semana Académica da Universidade do Algarve), organized every year by students from the University of the Algarve, is also an important event in Faro.

The Faro motorcycle club is responsible for one of the largest motorcycle events in Portugal and Europe.

Sports
A 30,000-seat stadium Estádio Algarve, shared by the cities of Faro and Loulé, was one of the venues of the Euro 2004 football championship. Louletano Desportos Clube (a club from the city of Loulé) and Sporting Clube Farense (from Faro) also use smaller municipal stadiums. The stadium is also used for concerts, festivals, and other events.

Notable people

Bakr Ben Yahia, an important Marrano figure in Gharb al-Andalus
Madragana (born ca.1230) mistress to king Afonso III of Portugal
Francisco Barreto (1520–1573) a soldier, explorer and an officer in Morocco
José Maria da Ponte e Horta (1824–1892) a Portuguese noble, Governor of Angola, Macau and Mozambique
Sebastião Custódio de Sousa Teles (1847–1921) a senior politician and military officer
Maria Veleda (1871–1955) an educator, journalist and activist
Raul Pires Ferreira Chaves (1889–1967) a civil engineer and inventor
Adelino da Palma Carlos (1905–1992) the first Prime Minister of Portugal after the Carnation Revolution of 1974
Carlos Quintas (born 1951) a stage and TV actor and singer
Sara Martins (born 1977) a Portuguese-born French actress of Cape Verdean descent
Diogo Piçarra (born 1990) a singer, won the Portuguese version of Pop Idol in 2012.

Sport
Manuel Balela (born 1956) a football coach
José Rafael (born 1958) a retired footballer
Ana Dias (born 1974) a long-distance and marathon runner; four-time Olympian
Rui Machado (born 1984) a retired professional tennis player
Inês Murta (born 1997) a tennis player

References
Notes

Sources

External links

 Official municipal website

Municipalities of the Algarve
Towns of the Algarve
Cities in Portugal
Populated places in Faro District
Port cities and towns in Portugal
Seaside resorts in Portugal
Municipalities of Faro District
Phoenician colonies in Portugal

Faro, Portugal


وعد عبد الوهاب من مواليد عام 1956، حارس مرمى عراقي سابق بكرة القدم، لعب وتألق مع نادي الشباب العراقي في ثمانينات القرن العشرين، اتجه لعالم التدريب بعد اعتزاله اللعب. يعمل حاليا مدرب كرة قدم في دولة قطر.

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم عراقيون
لاعبو نادي الشباب (العراق)
مدربو كرة قدم عراقيون
مواليد 1956

وعد عبد الوهاب


Ahmet Şahin (d. 22 Mart 1978, İstanbul), eski Türk kaleci.

Kulüp kariyeri
Futbola Yıldırım Bosnaspor altyapısında başlayan Ahmet Şahin, Karagümrükspor'da ilk profesyonel sözleşmesine imza atmıştır. Profesyonel kariyerinin ilk maçına ise 1 Eylül 1996 tarihinde 3. Lig karşılaşması olan Maltepespor maçında çıkmıştır. 1997-98 sezonu başında o dönem Lig B'de yer alan İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor'a transfer olmuş ve 2001-02 sezonu başında Kocaelispor'a transfer olana dek üç sezon boyunca bu takımda forma giymiştir. Kocaelispor'da ise iki sezon geçirdikten sonra Diyarbakırspor'a imza atmıştır. Sezon ortasına dek bu kulüpte dört maça çıkan futbolcu sezon ortasında eski kulübü İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor'a kiralanmıştır. Gösterdiği performans ile Trabzonspor'a transfer olan Şahin, 2006-07 sezonu başında imzaladığı sözleşmesinin 2007-08 sezonu sonunda sonlanmasına dek bu kulüpte yalnızca 9 maçta forma giyebilmiştir.

2008-09 sezonu başında Adanaspor'a imza atan futbolcu bir buçuk sezon boyunca bu takımın kalesini korumuştur. 2009-10 sezonunun ortasındaysa Samsunspor'a transfer olmuştur. Yarım sezon boyunca gösterdiği performans ile taraftarın sevdiği futbolculardan biri haline gelen futbolcu sezon sonunda da Samsunspor taraftarlarının verdiği oylar neticesinde Yılın Futbolcusu seçilmiştir. 2010-11 sezonunda 18 gol ile ligin en az gol yiyen kalecisi olmuştur. Şahin'in bu başarısı basın tarafından Samsunspor'un o sezon şampiyonluğu kazanmasındaki en önemli etken olarak yorumlanmıştır. Ayrıca bu performansı Ahmet Şahin'in geçen sezon kazandığı Yılın Futbolcusu ödülünü tekrar kazanmasını da sağlamıştır. 16 Aralık 2011 tarihinde ise Samsunspor ile karşılıklı olarak sözleşmesini feshetmiş ve Elazığspor'a transfer olmuştur.

2012-13 sezonu ara transfer döneminde Balıkesirspor'a transfer olmuş ve ilk sezonunda 2. Lig şampiyonluğu yaşamıştır. 2013-14 sezonu 12. haftasında oynanan Şanlıurfaspor maçından sonra kadro dışı bırakılarak sözleşmesi feshedilmiştir. 2013-14 devre arasında ise Mersin İdman Yurdu'na transfer olan oyuncu takımının play-off'larda şampiyon olarak Süper Lig'e yükselmesinde önemli rol oynamış ancak oyuncu ile sözleşme yenilenmemiştir. 2014-15 sezonu başında da Osmanlıspor'a transfer olmuştur. Burada da sözleşmesi biten Ahmet Şahin, 2016-17 sezonu başında ise Karabükspor'a 2 yıllık sözleşme imzalamıştır. Karabükspor ardından devre arasında Giresunspor ile 1,5 yıllık sözleşme imzalamıştır. 41 yaşındaki Ahmet Şahin burada geçirdiği 1 yılın ardından devre arasında 3. Lig 2. Grup ekiplerinden Antalya Kemerspor'a transfer olmuştur.

Kişisel hayatı
Ahmet Şahin, evlidir ve Yağmur adında bir kız çocuğu babasıdır.

Başarıları
 2009-10 - Yılın Futbolcusu (Samsunspor)
 2010-11 - Yılın Futbolcusu (Samsunspor)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yaşayan insanlar
1978 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu futbolcular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Kaleci futbolcular
İstanbul Başakşehir FK futbolcuları
Kocaelispor futbolcuları
Diyarbakırspor futbolcuları
Trabzonspor futbolcuları
Adanaspor futbolcuları
Samsunspor futbolcuları
Elazığspor futbolcuları
Balıkesirspor futbolcuları
Mersin Talim Yurdu SK futbolcuları
Ankaraspor futbolcuları
Kardemir Karabükspor futbolcuları
Giresunspor futbolcuları
Antalya Kemerspor futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
1. Lig futbolcuları
2. Lig futbolcuları
3. Lig futbolcuları

Ahmet Şahin


رويدا العاص  (ميلاد 1 يناير 1970م)،  مطربة أردنية ابنة الموسيقار جميل العاص الذي كان مديرا للقسم الموسيقي في التلفزيون. قدمت في القاهرة أغانٍ لاقت استحسان كبار الملحنين منهم بليغ حمدي ومحمد الموجي وحلمي بكر. تدربت في مدرسة والدها على الأغاني لكبار الغناء العربي أمثال أم كلثوم ومحمد عبد الوهاب وفايزة أحمد، وتعشق صوت المطربين السعوديين طلال مداح ومحمد عبده. بعد وفاة والدها تدهورت أوضاعها المالية  وتحولت من فنانة إلى عاملة نظافة في إحدى الجمعيات الخيرية.

والدها
والدها هو الموسيقار جميل العاص  الذي كان مديرا للقسم الموسيقي في التلفزيون،  وهو صاحب الألحان التي كان لها أثر في ذوق الأغنية الأردنية حين قدم قصائد الأستاذ الشاعر حيدر محمود وأشهرها «أرخت عمان جدائلها فوق الكتفين» بصوت المطربة نجاة الصغيرة. وكان هو من اكتشف المطربة سميرة توفيق ولحن لها أيضاً.

أغانيها
من أغانيها:

 «أردنية أنا».
 «إن جينا مرة على بالك».
 «يا غدار».
 «عالعين موليتين».

المصادر

مغنيات أردنيات

رويدا العاص


Cassius Weynand (* unbekannt) war in den 1930er-Jahren ein deutscher Tischtennis-Nationalspieler.

Anfang der 1930er-Jahre spielte Cassius Weynand beim Verein Westend Berlin. 1930 wurde er das zweite Mal Berliner Schülermeister. Im gleichen Jahr belegte er in der deutschen Rangliste Platz 3–4. International war er 1930 bei den Weltmeisterschaften aktiv, wo er mit der deutschen Mannschaft Siebter wurde. 1931 gewann er zusammen mit Astrid Krebsbach die deutsche Meisterschaft im Mixed.

Turnierergebnisse

Einzelnachweise

Tischtennisspieler (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren im 19. oder 20. Jahrhundert
Mann

Cassius Weynand


Sulfametoxazolul este un antibiotic din clasa sulfamidelor care este utilizat în tratamentul unor infecții bacteriene, precum: infecții de tract urinar, bronșite și prostatite.

A fost introdus în terapie în Statele Unite în anul 1961. Astăzi este adesea utilizat în combinație cu trimetoprim (asociere cunoscută ca co-trimoxazol sau SMZ-TMP). Mai este denumit: sulfametalazol, sulfizomezol, și sulfametazol.

Note

Vezi și
 Sulfafurazol (Sulfizoxazol)
 Sulfafurazol
 Trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol

Sulfamide
Izoxazoli

Sulfametoxazol


Grigori Jemez (, engl. Transkription Grigoriy Yemets; * 8. Oktober 1957) ist ein ehemaliger sowjetischer Dreispringer.

Bei den Halleneuropameisterschaften 1984 in Göteborg gewann er mit 17,33 m Gold.

Persönliche Bestleistungen
 Dreisprung: 17,30 m, 9. September 1984, Donezk
 Halle: 17,33 m, 3. März 1984, Göteborg

Weblinks

Dreispringer (Sowjetunion)
Europameister (Dreisprung)
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1957
Mann

Grigori Jemez


Küçüktavşan Ada, Muğla iline bağlı, Ege Denizi'nde 37.17 kuzey enlemleri ile 27.37 boylamlarının kesiştiği yerde bulunan bir adadır.

Türkiye'nin Ege Denizi'ndeki adaları
Muğla iline bağlı adalar

Küçüktavşan Adası


පත්තිනි යනු සුනිල් ආරියරත්න විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද 2016 වර්ෂයේ තිරගත වූ සිංහල චිත්‍රපටයකි. සුනිල් ආරියරත්නයන්ගේ 20වන සිනමා අධ්‍යක්ෂණයයි. මෙහි නිෂ්පාදනය මිලීනා සුමතිපාල වන අතර තිලංග සුමතිපාල,ජගත් සුමතිපාල සම නිෂ්පාදකවරුන් වේ.මෙම් චිත්‍රපටිය පත්තිනි දේවියගේ පතිවත ගෙන ගිය ආකාරයත්, ඇගේ ශාපයත් මැනෙවින් දක්වා ඇත. පත්තිනි කතාමාලාවෙහි ඇතුලත් චරිතාංග වලට පණ පොවනු ලබන්නේ පූජා උමාශංකර්, උද්ධික ප්‍රේමරත්න, අරුණි රාජපක්ෂ, රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය, සරත් අල්විස් යන නළු නිළියන් විසිනි.  මංගල ප්‍රදර්ශනය 2016 මැයි 05 දින රීගල් - කොළඹ හීදී කරූ ජයසූරිය මැතිතුමන්ගේ සහභාගිත්වයෙන් සිදු කෙරුණා. මෙහි ප්‍රචාරණ කටයුතු ඊ.ඒ.පී මණ්ඩලයේ සිනමාශාලාහීදී සිදුවේ. එහිදී ලංකාවේ මෙතෙක් චිත්‍රපට අතරින් දෛනික ආදායම් ඉපයීම අතරින් දෙවන ස්ථානයේ පත්තිනි රැඳුනා.

කතා වස්තුව
අදින් වසර 1500 කට පමණ ප‍්‍රථම දකුණු ඉන්දියාව සොලී, පාඬී, කේරල යනුවෙන් රාජ්‍ය තුනකට බෙදී තිබුණේ ය. අප කථා නායිකාව වන කණ්ණගි (පූජා උමාශංකර්)උපත ලැබුවේ සොලී රටෙහි කාවේරී පටුන නම් නුවර ය. ඇය කෝවලන් (උද්දික පේ‍්‍රමරත්න) නම් ධනවත් සිටුවරයකු සමඟ විවාහවිය. බොහෝ කාලයක් ඔවුහු සුන්දර විවාහ ජිවිතයක් ගෙවු හ.

සොලී රටේ නෘත්‍ය රාජිණිය ලෙස මාධවී සිටු කුමරිය (අරුණි රාජපක්‍ෂ) අභිෂේක කරන දිනය එළඹෙන්නේ මේ අතර ය. එම අභිෂේක මංගල්‍යයට සහභාගි වන ප‍්‍රභූන් අතර කෝවලන් ද වෙයි. නෘත්‍ය රාජිණිය බවට පත් වු මාධවීට රජු ගෙන් වරමක් ලැබේ. එනම්, එදින එහි සිටින ප‍්‍රභූන් අතුරින් කෙනෙකු සිය ස්වාමිපුරුෂයා වශයෙන් තෝරා ගැනීමේ වරම යි. සියලූ දෙනා පුදුමයටපත් කරමින් මාධවී සිය ස්වාමි පුරුෂයා වශයෙන් තෝරා ගන්නේ කෝවලන් ය. මාධවිගේ රූපයෙන් සහ නර්තනයෙන් මෝහනය වී සිටින කෝවලන් ද මාධවීට කැමති වෙයි. කණ්ණගී – කෝවලන් කැදැල්ල දෙදරා යයි.

කෝවලන් තමා සතු සියලූ ධනය මාධවී වෙනුවෙන් වැය කරයි. කණ්ණගී හඬමින් වැලපෙමින් සියල්ල විඳදරා ගනී. ස්වාමිපුරුෂයා අහිමි කණ්ණගී ට සොලී තරුණයෝ අයුතු යෝජනා ගෙන එති. කෝවලන්ගේ පියා ද කණ්ණගීට පවසනුයේ වෙනත් විවාහයක් කර ගන්නා ලෙස ය. එහෙත් නො කිළිටි පතිභක්තියෙන් ඇය කෝවලන් නාමයෙන් කැප වි සිටි.

වෘත්තීය නාටිකාංගනාවක වූ මාධවී ට තමා හමුවට එන ප‍්‍රභූන් පිනවීම සඳහා රංගනයෙහි යෙදෙන්නට සිදුවෙයි. කෝවලන් ඇයගේ ක‍්‍රියා කලාපය නො රුස්සයි. ඔවුන් අතර නිතර සිදු වන අඬදබර අවසන් වන්නේ කෝවලන් මාධවී හැර දමා කණ්ණගී වෙත පැමිණීමෙනි. කවදා හෝ එම දිනය එළඹෙතියි බලා සිටි කණ්ණගී සිය ස්වාමියා උණුසුම් සිතින් පිළිගනියි.

එහෙත් දැන් ඔවුහු දිළින්දෝ ය. සියලූ වස්තුව මාධවී ළඟ ය. වටිනා දෙයකට ඔවුන් සතුව ඇත්තේ කණ්ණගී ගේ දඹ රන් පා සළඹ පමණි. ඔවුහු කාවේරි පටුනේ ජනයාගේ ද වපරැස් බැල්මට ලක් ව සිටිති. පඬි රටට ගොස් පා සළඹ විකුණා අප‍්‍රකට ජිවිතයක් ගෙවීමේ අදහසින් ඔවුහු සොලී රටෙන් පලා යති.

කාටත් හොර රහසේ මේ පලා යෑම සිදු වු නමුත් ඒ බව දැන ගන්නා මාධවී සිය සේවිකාව සමඟ ඔවුන් යන මඟ රැක සිටී. මාධවී, කෝවලන් නිසා ගැබ්ගෙන සිටින බව කෝවලන් සහ කණ්ණගී දැන ගන්නේ එවිට ය. මෙහි දී මාධවීගේ දරුවාට පියකු අවශ්‍ය බැවින් ඇය වෙත යන ලෙස කණ්ණගී කෝවලන් ගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටියත් ඔහු ඒ ඉල්ලීම ප‍්‍රතික්ෂේප කරයි. මාධවී සොලී රටටත් කෝවලන් සහ කණ්ණගී පඬි රටටත් පිටත් ව යති.

කාලයාගේ ඇවෑමෙන් මාධවීට දැරියක ලැබේ. ඇගේ නම මණිමේඛලා නම් වේ. වයසින් වැඩෙන ඇය (විනූ සිරිවර්ධන) සිය මාපියන්ගේ වෙන් වීම පිළිබඳ කතාව ඇසීමෙන් ජිවිතය පිළිබඳ කලකිරීමට පත්වෙයි. ඇය සොලී රජුගේ පුත‍්‍රයා වු උදය කුමරුගේ විවාහ යෝජනාව ප‍්‍රතික්‍ෂෙප කරයි. ඒ අතර සොලී රටේ ධර්ම ප‍්‍රචාරය කරමින් සැරිසරන බෞද්ධ භික්ෂුවකගෙන් බණ අසා බෞද්ධ උපාසිකාවක බවට පත්වෙයි. එහෙත් උදය කුමරු යළි යළිත් ඇය පසු පස එයි. එබඳු එක් අවාසනාවන්ත මොහොතක දී මණිමේඛලා අතින් ඔහු මරුමුවට පත්වෙයි ඇයට රටින් පිටුවහල් වන්ට සිදු වේ.

කෝවලන්ට මණිමේඛලා ගැන විවිධ ආරංචි ලැබේ. එහෙත් ඇය කෙදිනකවත් තමන්ට දැක ගන්ට නොලැබෙන බව සිහිවීමෙන් ඔහු පසුතැවිලි වෙයි. පා සළඹ නො විකුණා බොහෝ කාලයක් ජිවත් වු කෝවලන් – කණ්ණගී යුවළට එසේ නො කොට ජිවත් වන්ට බැරි බව වැටහේ. රත්රන්වල වටිනාකමට ඉන් එක් සළඔක් විකුණා දමන්ට තීරණය කරන කෝවලන්, කණ්ණගී අතර මඟ නතර කොට එයත් රැගෙන පඬි රටෙහි අගනුවර වන මදුරාපුරය වෙත යයි.

කෝවලන් මදුරා පුරයට යන විට එ රට රාජ දේවියගේ එක් පා සලඹක් නැති වී එය සොයා දෙන්නෙකුට මසුරන් දහසක් දෙන බවට අණබෙර පතුරවා තිබේ. රාජ දේවියගේ සලඹ සොරා ගත් රාජකීය රන්කරුවා මුණගැසෙන්ට දෛවෝපගත ලෙස කෝවලන්ට සිදුවේ...

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නීටා ප්‍රනාන්දු
අරුණි රාජපක්ෂ - මාධවී
දයා අල්විස් - රන් කරුවා
ලකී ඩයස් - - ගරු රඟපෑම්
සනත් ගුණතිලක - - ගරු රඟපෑම්
චිත්‍රා වරකාගොඩ
විජේරත්න වරකාගොඩ
රමණි සිරිවර්ධන
මියුරි සමරසිංහ
අමා විජේසේකර
වසන්ත විට්ටච්චි
අනුර බණ්ඩාර රාජගුරු
විනූ උදානි සිරිවර්ධන - මණිමේඛලා
මධුෂා රාමනායක

ගීත
ගීත රචනය කරනු ලැබූයේ මහචාර්ය සුනිල් ආරියරත්න සමඟ මහාචාර්ය ප්‍රණීත් අබේසුන්දර විසිනි. ගීත ගායනයනය විශාරද නන්දා මාලිනී, අමරසිරි පීරිස්, නිරෝෂා විරාජිනී, කසුන් කල්හාර, උරේෂා රවිහාරි, දමයන්ති ජයසූරිය, සහ සමන් ලෙනින් දායකවන අතර මෙහි ඇතුලත් ගීත සංඛ්‍යාව හයකි.

රෝහණ වීරසිංහයන් විසින් සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කර ඇත.

මේවාද බලන්න
සිංහල සිනමාව

බාහිර ලිපි

මූලාශ්‍ර

සිංහල සිනමාව
දින 100 චිත්‍රපට

පත්තිනි (2016 චිත්‍රපටිය)


Percosoma es un género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Relación de especies:

 Percosoma asymetricum Fauvel, 1903
 Percosoma carenoides (White, 1846)
 Percosoma sulcipenne Bates, 1878

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Nothobroscina

Percosoma