WrestleMania XX was the 20th annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It featured professional wrestlers from both of the promotion's two brand divisions – Raw and SmackDown!. The event took place on March 14, 2004, at Madison Square Garden in New York City. It was the third WrestleMania at Madison Square Garden (after WrestleMania I in 1985 and WrestleMania X in 1994) and the fourth of six WrestleManias in the New York metropolitan area (alongside WrestleMania I, 2, X, 29, and 35). To this date it is the last WrestleMania to have been held at the Garden. Its calendar date of March 14 also stands as the earliest that WrestleMania has ever been held in any year.

The match card featured two main events. The pay-per-view main event, which was also the main match for the Raw brand, was a triple threat match for the World Heavyweight Championship, which saw champion Triple H defending the world title against Shawn Michaels, and that year's Royal Rumble match winner, Chris Benoit. Benoit won the match, making Triple H submit via the Crippler Crossface, resulting in his first and only world championship in the WWE. The main match for the SmackDown! brand featured Eddie Guerrero versus Kurt Angle for the WWE Championship, which Guerrero won by a Small Package pin. The event also featured the return of The Undertaker in his Deadman persona, who defeated Kane, after a Tombstone Piledriver. John Cena made his in-ring WrestleMania debut at the event, by defeating Big Show to win his first title in WWE, the WWE United States Championship. Also on the card was a match between Goldberg and Brock Lesnar, with Stone Cold Steve Austin as the special guest referee. This was both Lesnar's and Goldberg's final match with WWE until the 2012 edition of Extreme Rules, and the 2016 edition of Survivor Series, respectively. After Goldberg won the match following a Jackhammer, both men were given a Stone Cold Stunner by Austin on their way out.

The event grossed $2.4 million in ticket sales, making the pay-per-view the highest grossing event ever for WWE at Madison Square Garden. More than 20,000 people from 16 countries and 48 states attended the event, which was also televised in more than 90 countries. The event generated an estimated $13.5 million of economic activity for New York City and created an equivalent of 96 full-year jobs.

Production

Background

WrestleMania is considered World Wrestling Entertainment's (WWE) flagship pay-per-view (PPV) event, having first been held in 1985. It has become the longest-running professional wrestling event in history and is held annually between mid-March to mid-April. It was the first of WWE's original four pay-per-views – which includes Royal Rumble, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series – referred to as the "Big Four". WrestleMania XX was scheduled to be held on March 14, 2004, at Madison Square Garden in New York City, the third time at this venue, after WrestleMania I in 1985 and WrestleMania X in 1994. The event featured wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown! brand divisions.

Storylines
The event comprised 12 matches that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw and SmackDown brands, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, Monday Night Raw and Friday Night SmackDown.

The main feud heading into the pay-per-view was for the Raw brand, with Triple H, Shawn Michaels, and Chris Benoit feuding over the World Heavyweight Championship. The rivalry began on the December 29 episode of Raw, when Michaels challenged Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship in Michaels' hometown of San Antonio, Texas. It appeared as if Michaels would win, with the then-Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff coming into the ring at the last minute and making the pinfall, counting to three for what appeared to be Michaels winning the title. However, as Michaels' shoulders were on the mat at the same time as Triple H's, the match was later declared a draw, and Triple H retained the championship. At the Royal Rumble, Triple H and Michaels again faced each other in a Last Man Standing match for the title, which resulted in another draw. As a result, Triple H retained the title yet again, but leaving open the question as to which of the two truly deserved the championship. Later that night, during the Royal Rumble match, SmackDown!'s Benoit won the contest by last-eliminating Big Show, after being the first entrant to the event (a feat only 2 other wrestlers had achieved at the time). On the following night, Michaels and Triple H were involved in an in-ring confrontation when Raw's Sheriff Steve Austin made his way to the ring. He stated that, although Michaels should have a rematch, he had to "enforce the law", and that even though the Royal Rumble rules gave the winner of the match a shot at "the (world) championship", there was not any specification as to which world title that was. Benoit, who at the time was a member of the SmackDown! brand, then came to the ring and said he was taking advantage of the loophole, joining the Raw brand and challenging Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania XX. On the February 9 episode of Raw, a contract signing took place between Benoit and Triple H. As Triple H signed his name on the paper, Michaels came out to inform Benoit that the last thing he wanted to do is "rain on [his] parade". He then stated that he, more than anybody, can respect Benoit's effort to win the Royal Rumble match and earn a World title shot, but suggested that Benoit should've stayed on SmackDown! to take care of business while Michaels, himself, was trying to finish his feud with Triple H. Benoit refused to relinquish his guaranteed title shot, resulting in Michaels hitting Benoit with Sweet Chin Music and signing the contract himself. After the two men wrestled a match marred by interference from the champion on the February 16 episode of Raw, Austin decided to make Triple H's title defense a triple threat match. On the March 1 episode of Raw, after Michaels and Benoit lost to Randy Orton and Batista, Triple H's stablemates in Evolution, the entire group attacked Michaels and Benoit, ending with Triple H hitting both with the Pedigree and rubbing his World title belt into their faces while they lied motionless in the ring.

The main feud for the SmackDown! brand was between Eddie Guerrero and Kurt Angle for the WWE Championship. Angle and Guerrero were initially allies while Guerrero feuded with his nephew Chavo Guerrero. This changed when, on the January 29 episode of SmackDown!, Guerrero last eliminated Angle in a 15-man Royal Rumble match, to earn a shot at the WWE Championship. At No Way Out, Kurt Angle defeated The Big Show and John Cena in a triple threat match to earn a title shot at WrestleMania, and Guerrero defeated Brock Lesnar for the WWE Championship. On the February 19 episode of SmackDown!, Angle was the special guest referee in a WWE Championship match between Eddie Guerrero and Chavo Guerrero. As Eddie was about to gain the victory, Angle stopped the 3-count and turned on Guerrero. On the February 26 episode of SmackDown!, Guerrero was eager to get his revenge on Angle, but when he finally saw Angle, he shoved SmackDown! General Manager Paul Heyman and his assistant Dawn Marie out of his way, only for Heyman to have Guerrero escorted out of the arena by security. Guerrero was scheduled to team with John Cena to take on Chavo Guerrero and the Big Show in a tag team match on that night, but due to Guerrero being escorted out of the arena, he was replaced by Rey Mysterio for the tag match, which Mysterio and Cena won. Later that night, Angle appeared and stated that he attacked Guerrero for the SmackDown! fans and for the WWE. He then referred to Guerrero as a former drug addict who shouldn't represent SmackDown! as the WWE Champion, and stated that, one day, people would be thanking him for giving them a champion to be proud of. Guerrero then re-entered the arena and assaulted Angle until he was arrested on the orders of Heyman. As Guerrero got taken out of the building in handcuffs, Angle made some insulting comments to him, before the officers drove away with Guerrero in the police car. On the March 4 episode of SmackDown!, during Guerrero's match with Heyman (while he was handcuffed), Angle interfered and knocked him down a few times, until Guerrero defended himself by spitting on Angle. As Guerrero begged Angle to challenge him for the WWE Championship belt, Angle did so and raised the title belt over his head to hype their match at Wrestlemania XX.

This was the first WrestleMania to have a match billed as "inter-promotional", which means that a party from Raw would wrestle a party from SmackDown!. WWE owner Vince McMahon named three matches to be inter-promotional on the February 16 episode of Raw. The first was a tag team match featuring SmackDown!'s Torrie Wilson and Sable, who had recently been featured in a pictorial in Playboy magazine, against Raw's Stacy Keibler and Miss Jackie, who had protested the decision made by Hugh Hefner not to feature them in his magazine.

On the January 26 episode of Raw, Goldberg came to the ring, and demanded a match between himself and Brock Lesnar, with whom he had problems over the past two months. At the Royal Rumble, Goldberg was entered in the Royal Rumble match, only to have Lesnar (who, as the reigning WWE Champion, was not entered into the match) interfere and execute an F-5, causing Goldberg to be eliminated by Kurt Angle. On the February 2 episode of Raw, as a result of the rivalry between the two programs, Sheriff Steve Austin gave Goldberg the option of attending No Way Out by giving him a front-row ticket. At No Way Out, Goldberg was seen arriving at the arena and being escorted to his front seat by security. Then SmackDown! General Manager Paul Heyman gave a promotional in-ring speech on how SmackDown! was the better program than Raw. Lesnar then came down to the ring to promote his match and to insult Goldberg. Goldberg immediately jumped over the barricade and entered the ring, where Lesnar performed a running shoulder block to Goldberg's stomach and tried to perform another F-5 on him. However, Goldberg countered it and lifted Lesnar vertically in the air before slamming him down in a Jackhammer. Goldberg was then escorted out of the arena by security. During Lesnar's WWE title defense against Eddie Guerrero later that night, Goldberg returned to the arena and interfered by executing a Spear, which caused Lesnar to lose the title after Guerrero nailed him with a Frog splash. On the February 23 episode of Raw, Vince McMahon set the interpromotional singles match as pitting Lesnar versus Goldberg for WrestleMania XX, with Austin as the special guest referee. Later that night during the match between McMahon and Eric Bischoff, Lesnar appeared and nailed Austin with an F-5 then stole Austin's four-wheeler. On the February 26 episode of SmackDown!, Lesnar stated that he appeared on Raw just to get back at Austin for giving Goldberg the front-row seat ticket and suggesting that Goldberg would attack Lesnar at No Way Out. Behind the scenes, it was widely known that the match would be Goldberg's last in WWE. Only a week before WrestleMania, rumors surfaced that Lesnar, too, was leaving, in order to pursue a career in the National Football League. On the March 11 episode of SmackDown!, Austin appeared to get his four-wheeler back from Lesnar, only for the entire roster to get in his way by orders of SmackDown! General Manager Heyman. Moments later, the entire roster had decided to move aside and let Austin by, to confront Lesnar in the ring. As Austin got into the ring, he and Lesnar traded punches, with Austin ramming Lesnar headfirst into the steel ring post and attempting to nail Lesnar with the Stone Cold Stunner, only for Lesnar to escape, leaving Austin to finally get back his four-wheeler and close the show with his trademark beer bash.

The next match was at the request of Kane, and had its roots in a match at Survivor Series, in which Kane's storyline brother, The Undertaker challenged Vince McMahon to a Buried Alive match. Kane interfered in the match and buried his brother under several tons of dirt, apparently killing him. On the November 20 episode of SmackDown!, Kane appeared to give the eulogy for his brother, claiming that The Undertaker was no longer his brother and had died a long time before, as he no longer embraced his dark side. This rewarded him with a match for the World Heavyweight Championship at Armageddon, which was won by Triple H in a Triple Threat Match also involving Goldberg. Kane participated in the Royal Rumble and was eliminated by Booker T when The Undertaker's old theme music began playing and distracted him. Over the following weeks, Kane repeatedly insisted that The Undertaker was "dead", only to be met with various paranormal incidents, such as a rainstorm over the ramp on which he stood. On the March 8 episode of Raw, Kane appeared in the ring and saw an empty casket; as he opened it, he saw an urn inside of it. He then grabbed the microphone and stated that it was going to take more than an empty casket and an urn to intimidate him. He then stated that The Undertaker's legacy, his 11–0 WrestleMania streak and his life, was coming to an end. He said: "it's back to the grave for you for good". He claimed that it's over and that he's not afraid of The Undertaker. But, the lights went out, and the 10,000-pound wrestling ring lifted off the ground with Kane standing in it and tilted sideways, which would be the final message sent from The Undertaker before their match at WrestleMania XX.

A rivalry had been simmering for some time between Mick Foley and Randy Orton. On the June 23 episode of Raw, following an on-air ceremony honoring Foley for his achievements, Orton and Ric Flair attacked him backstage and threw him down a flight of stairs. Foley returned as the replacement for Steve Austin as Raw co-general manager and gave himself a shot at Orton's Intercontinental Championship on the December 15 episode of Raw, but he walked out of the match and would not face Orton, even after Orton spat on him. On the January 19 episode of Raw, a furious Austin declared that Foley would be entered in the Royal Rumble match and be expected to return and wrestle, which he did by eliminating Orton (and himself) from the match. On the March 1 episode of Raw, Foley was later joined by The Rock in the feud, and the re-formed Rock 'n' Sock Connection challenged Orton, Batista, and Flair to a handicap tag team match at WrestleMania.

Event

Preliminary matches

WrestleMania XX began with the Boys Choir of Harlem singing "America the Beautiful". The first match that aired was a singles match between Big Show and John Cena for the WWE United States Championship, the first time the title was ever defended at the event. The match began with Big Show beating down Cena, who then came back, executing an FU for a near-fall against Big Show. Cena grabbed his signature chain and tried to attack Big Show with it, however, the referee saw the chain and confiscated it due to its being illegal in the match. With the referee distracted, Cena hit Big Show with hidden brass knuckles and executed another FU to win the match and the title.

The next match was a fatal four-way tag team match – involving Rob Van Dam and Booker T, Garrison Cade, and Mark Jindrak, the Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley), and La Résistance (René Duprée and Rob Conway) – for the World Tag Team Championship. The match saw quick action between all four teams, and ended when Conway was pinned by Van Dam after Booker T performed a scissor kick on him, which was then followed by Van Dam's Five-Star Frog Splash, leading to the two retaining the titles.

The third match was between Christian and Chris Jericho. The match centered around both men furiously attacking each other; Christian won the match after Jericho's love interest, Trish Stratus, attacked Jericho thinking he was Christian, allowing Christian to roll him up for the win. Following the match, Stratus turned on Jericho and slapped him several times, allowing Christian to perform the Unprettier on Jericho. This was the last match officiated by referee Tim White, who retired after this.

Next up was a handicap match featuring Evolution (Randy Orton, Batista, and Ric Flair) against the Rock 'n' Sock Connection (The Rock and Mick Foley). Evolution won the match when Orton pinned Foley after executing an RKO.

"Mean" Gene Okerlund then introduced the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2004. This was followed by the inter-promotional Playboy Evening Gown match between the team of Torrie Wilson and Sable against Stacy Keibler and Miss Jackie, where both teams wore lingerie. Wilson and Sable won after Wilson pinned Jackie with a roll up.

The next match was a Cruiserweight Open for the Cruiserweight Championship. Último Dragón and Shannon Moore started the match, with Dragón getting a pinfall victory after a Dragon-DDT, but was then forced to submit by Jamie Noble, with a Dragon Sleeper, who next eliminated Funaki in 8 seconds. Nunzio was then in the match, but was eliminated after being counted out of the match when he was unable to return to the ring by the referee's count of ten. Billy Kidman then entered the match, pinning and eliminating Noble, following a top rope BK-Bomb. Kidman was then pinned and eliminated by Rey Mysterio with a Sunset Flip Powerbomb from the top rope. Tajiri was the next entrant, but was also pinned by Mysterio, following a Victory Roll. Akio was the next scheduled entrant but was unable to compete, due to being inadvertently attacked by Tajiri with his signature green mist that he spat out of his mouth when Mysterio ducked. The Cruiserweight Champion, Chavo Guerrero, was the final entrant; and he pinned Mysterio with a reversal of Mysterio's Sunset Flip to win with the assistance of his father Chavo Classic, thus retaining the title. This was the last time in WrestleMania that the Cruiserweight Championship was defended.

The seventh match featured Brock Lesnar and Goldberg, with special guest referee Steve Austin. The beginning of the match began with both men staring each other down, jawing back and forth, with no physical action for several minutes, causing an exasperated Austin at one point to coax them into locking up. The fact that they both were leaving the WWE immediately after the match, as well as the lack of effort brought forth by both Goldberg and Lesnar, drew large heat from the fans throughout the match, with fans chanting, "You sold out", the chorus of Steam's "Na Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye", "Austin", "This match sucks", "We want Bret", "Boring", "Goldberg sucks", and "Hogan". Goldberg then executed a Spear on Lesnar for a near-fall. Lesnar then executed the F-5 on Goldberg for a near-fall. Afterward, Lesnar tried to use Goldberg's signature spear on him and missed, hitting the ring post, allowing Goldberg to execute another spear and a Jackhammer for the victory. After the match, Lesnar responded to the fans' criticism by gesturing his middle finger, seemingly at the crowd, but which was actually directed towards Vince McMahon, and to Austin. Austin then executed a Stone Cold Stunner on both competitors, to the crowd's delight, and celebrated with beer in the ring.

The next match was another four-way tag team match for the WWE Tag Team Championship, involving Rikishi and Scotty 2 Hotty versus the APA (Bradshaw and Faarooq), the Basham Brothers (Doug Basham and Danny Basham), and the World's Greatest Tag Team (Shelton Benjamin and Charlie Haas). Rikishi and Scotty retained the title after Rikishi pinned Danny with a Banzai Drop.

The ninth match was between Victoria and Molly Holly for the WWE Women's Championship, where Holly would have her hair shaved if she lost. Victoria would counter a Widow's peak attempt by Holly into a backslide pin to win the match and retain the WWE Women's Championship. Holly tried running towards the backstage area to escape the match's stipulation, but was eventually stopped by Victoria, who would knock her out and shave her bald.

Main event matches
The 10th match of the night was for the WWE Championship, between the champion Eddie Guerrero and the challenger Kurt Angle. The match began with both men maneuvering on the mat. Guerrero then performed a DDT and Frog Splash on Angle that would result in a pin attempt. Angle then recovered and applied an ankle lock, but Guerrero escaped the hold by rolling through it and throwing Angle out of the ring. As Angle was outside, Guerrero loosened his own boot. When Angle returned to the ring, he tried to apply the hold again. This time, Guerrero pushed Angle off with his other foot and allowed his boot to come off and thus break free from Angle's hold. With Angle confused, Guerrero pinned Angle with a roll-up with his feet on the ropes to win the match and retain the WWE Championship.

The 11th match of the event was the encounter between The Undertaker and Kane. After Kane made his entrance, he was seen looking toward the entrance ramp saying, "You're not coming back tonight. You're not coming back, I buried you alive." After this, the lights in the arena went out and Paul Bearer, Undertaker's former manager and Kane's (storyline) father, was heard screaming "Oh, yes!". Blue light began to fill the arena as Bearer, carrying the Undertaker's former trademark urn, led a group of Druids, all chanting and carrying torches, onto the entrance ramp. As the Druids made a formation at the top of the ramp, Bearer walked to ringside, turned and said to Kane, "My son... You're no son of mine." He then turned back to face the entryway and raised the urn to summon The Undertaker. As Kane continued to watch in the ring, refusing to believe his brother was back, Undertaker entered the arena in his "Deadman" persona, wearing a long black trenchcoat and hat, and walked through the Druid formation. Bearer met him at ringside and directed him to the ring steps, where Undertaker raised his arms to bring the arena lights back up. Before the match officially got underway, a now visibly shaken and distressed Kane began shouting at his brother repeatedly, saying things like "I killed you!", "I buried you alive!", and "You're not real!", while Undertaker simply stood staring stoically at Kane. Eventually, Kane decided to see if Undertaker was indeed standing in front of him by slowly inching forward with his hand outstretched. Undertaker responded by punching Kane, knocking him down; and the match got underway. The two continued brawling until Kane delivered a Chokeslam to Undertaker, who sat up shortly afterward while Kane was taunting Paul Bearer. The Undertaker then retaliated with a Chokeslam of his own and a Tombstone piledriver to win the match and remain undefeated at WrestleMania with a 12–0 record.

The main event was a triple threat match for the World Heavyweight Championship between Chris Benoit, Shawn Michaels, and champion Triple H. The match started with Benoit and Michaels wanting to face the champion, but would wrestle each other to try and gain an advantage, before Triple H's intervention led to the match going back-and-forth between all three men, performing their signature holds and maneuvers throughout. Benoit soon gained control over Michaels when he applied the Crippler Crossface. As Michaels was about to submit, Triple H saved the match, attacking both men. Triple H and Michaels then teamed up to suplex Benoit through a broadcast table. Triple H performed the Pedigree on Michaels and Benoit broke up a pinfall. Michaels then attempted Sweet Chin Music on Benoit, who countered it by throwing Michaels out of the ring. As this occurred, Triple H again attempted to execute a Pedigree on Benoit, but Benoit countered and applied the Crippler Crossface, with Triple H submitting, making it the first time ever that a WrestleMania main event ended in a submission. As a result, Benoit won the match and the World Heavyweight Championship, crying tears of joy. After the match, Eddie Guerrero came to the ring and the two champions embraced while confetti showered down as the event ended.

Reception
WrestleMania XX was met with a generally mixed-to-positive critical reception. Robert Leighty Jr. of 411Mania gave the event an overall score of 7.3 out of 10.0 and noted that:

This is a very long show with a lot of filler to get as many people as possible involved, but the Main Matches all delivered in some way. The 2 Main Title matches were fantastic, and the handicap match was a blast. You throw in a strong Jericho/Christian match and the unique crowd response of Goldberg/Lesnar and you have a strong WrestleMania. Not the greatest ever thanks to a mediocre run in the middle, but a good show that could have been better.

The triple threat match between Shawn Michaels, Chris Benoit, and Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship received critical acclaim, with many wrestling publications and websites calling this match one of the greatest wrestling matches of all time. Leighty wrote that the main event was, "The greatest three-way match in the history of professional wrestling. Everything was perfect about this match including the finish." However, due to the events surrounding the death of Chris Benoit, the match is rarely, if ever, mentioned by the WWE.

John Powell of Canadian Online Explorers professional wrestling section rated the entire event 4 out of 10 stars, which was a lower rating than he gave to previous year's event. The Triple Threat match between Shawn Michaels, Chris Benoit, and Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship receiving the highest rating of 7.5 out of 10 stars; the match between Eddie Guerrero and Kurt Angle for the WWE Championship was rated 7 out of 10 stars; the match between The Undertaker and Kane was rated 2 out of 10 stars; and the match between Bill Goldberg and Brock Lesnar received the lowest rating, 0 out of 10 stars.

The triple threat match was #2 on IGN's list of Top 20 Matches in WrestleMania History.

Aftermath

Brock Lesnar and Goldberg left the WWE after their event, but both returned to WWE (Lesnar in 2012, Goldberg in 2016) and reignited their rivalry, including feuding for several months on social media and during promotional work for the WWE 2K17 video game, which featured Lesnar as the cover star and Goldberg as the pre-order bonus. This would set up a rematch between the two at the 2016 Survivor Series, which Goldberg won in one minute and 26 seconds. After Goldberg entered himself into the 2017 Royal Rumble match the next night on Raw, Lesnar's advocate Paul Heyman said that Lesnar would also be in the match after being embarrassed at Survivor Series; however, Goldberg eliminated Lesnar. Lesnar challenged Goldberg to a final match at WrestleMania 33 which Goldberg accepted. The match then became a championship match after Goldberg defeated Kevin Owens at Fastlane to win the Universal Championship. At WrestleMania 33, Lesnar defeated Goldberg to win the championship and end the feud.

At Backlash, the original main event match was between Chris Benoit and Shawn Michaels for the World Heavyweight Championship. Triple H appeared to be out of the picture, as the annual WWE Draft Lottery took place eight days after WrestleMania; and he was drafted to SmackDown!. Almost immediately after the draft lottery, the dethroned champion was traded back to Raw; and on March 29 he demanded that the intended match at Backlash be changed to Benoit and Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship. Raw general manager Eric Bischoff liked the idea of the match, but concluded that he had promised Michaels a World title match at Backlash. To solve this, Bischoff booked a return triple threat match to serve as the main event for Backlash. Benoit emerged victorious by submission for the second consecutive pay-per-view, this time forcing Michaels to submit to a Sharpshooter. Benoit went on to hold the title until August 2004, losing it to Randy Orton at SummerSlam.

The feud between Kurt Angle and Eddie Guerrero continued. Angle, however, went in for surgery on his neck shortly after WrestleMania and was not scheduled to return to action for some time. To cover this in storyline, Angle was made the on-screen General Manager of SmackDown! after previous GM Paul Heyman was drafted off the brand and promptly quit rather than work for his hated rival Bischoff. On April 15, Angle's legitimate neck problems were further incorporated into the story by having The Big Show chokeslam Angle off a ledge and render him crippled to the point where he could not walk without crutches and required a wheelchair. At The Great American Bash, Guerrero defended his title in a Texas Bull Rope match against John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL). The match ended with Guerrero appearing to have won, but Angle reversed the decision and awarded the match and WWE Championship to JBL.

Shortly after the Bash, Angle interfered in a Guerrero match under the guise of a masked wrestler named "El Gran Luchador", but was exposed by the former champion. On July 22, 2004, WWE Chairman Vince McMahon confronted Angle, who was still using crutches and the wheelchair, demanding his resignation for faking his handicap. When Angle would not do so, McMahon fired him and began attacking him with one of the crutches. McMahon saw that Angle was completely healthy as he fended off the attack and thus put him back on the active roster and ordered Angle to wrestle Guerrero at SummerSlam. Angle defeated Guerrero after he forced Guerrero to submit to the ankle lock. At Survivor Series their feud finally ended in a Four-on-Four Traditional Survivor Series Tag Team Match, with Guerrero's team (composed of Eddie Guerrero, The Big Show, Rob Van Dam, and John Cena) being victorious against Team Angle (composed of Kurt Angle, Luther Reigns, Mark Jindrak, and Carlito).

After WrestleMania XX, Trish Stratus teamed with Christian in a losing effort against Chris Jericho in a handicap match at Backlash. Elsewhere in the Divas Division, Victoria retained her WWE Women's Championship against Lita at the same event. On the SmackDown side, Sable reverted to her heel persona and engaged in a short feud with Torrie Wilson.

Cactus Jack and Randy Orton continued their feud at Backlash, with Jack challenging Orton to a hardcore match for the Intercontinental Championship. Orton won after performing an RKO to slam Cactus Jack onto a barbed wire baseball bat.

After WrestleMania, Kane and The Undertaker went their separate ways. Before the year was out, both men would receive shots at their respective brands' top championships. Kane faced Benoit at Bad Blood for the World Heavyweight Championship, while Undertaker received multiple shots at JBL for the WWE Championship, the last of which came at Armageddon in December. Kane spent the rest of his time in a feud with Lita and Matt Hardy, which led to the debut of Gene Snitsky and a feud with him.

Results

References

External links
 [httsp://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/20/ The Official Website of WrestleMania XX]

Events in New York City
WrestleMania
Madison Square Garden
2004 in New York City
Professional wrestling in New York City
2004 WWE pay-per-view events
March 2004 events in the United States

WrestleMania XX


أبولو 12 هي الرحلة الثانية من برنامج أبولو لهبوط الإنسان على القمر. وقامت الرحلة أربعة أشهر من بعد هبوط أبولو 11 على القمر. وكان الغرض منها القيام بهبوط أكثر دقة في منطقة تسمي بحر العواصف، بالقرب من مسبار سيرفيور 3 الذي كان قد سبق إرساله إلى القمر في أبريل 1967، والعودة بنتائج اختباراته على سطح القمر التي أتمها خلال فترة بقائه. وقد عاد رواد الفضاء بمجموعة من صخور القمر ومن تربته تقدر بنحو 34 كيلوجرام ليتم دراستها على الأرض.

الطاقم

في يوم 10 أبريل 1969 وبفترة قصيرة بعد نجاح رحلة أبولو 9 والتي اختبرت خلالها ناسا مناورة اشتباك المركبة القمرية Lunar Module بمركبة الفضاء Command and Service Module في مدار حول الأرض، أعلنت ناسا أسماء طاقم بعثة أبولو 12. وفي حالة فشل أبولو 11 للهبوط على القمر، كان من المقرر أن يقوم نفس طاقم أبولو 11 بالمحاولة مرة ثانية في رحلة أبولو 12.

وكالمعتاد فقد اختير الطاقم الاحطياطي ل أبولو 9 للقيام بتلك البعثة. واختير شارلز كونراد ليكون قائد الطاقم، وكان كونراد حتى ذلك الوقت قد طار في برنامج جيميني 8 وجيميني 11 بنجاح. كما عين ريشارد جوردن قبطانا لمركبة القيادة (مركبة الفضاء)، وكان جوردن قد قام بنجاح برحلة جيميني 11 تحت قيادة كونراد. واكتمل طاقم أبولو 12 باختيار رائد جديد وهو ألان بين. وكان ألان بين طبقا لنظام طيران ناسا المتسم بدورية الاختيار، رائد فضاء من المجموعة الثالثة، والذي كان منتظرا تعيينه. وأصبح ألان بين قبطان المركبة القمرية Lunar Module.

بدأ بعد ذلك تخصص كل من القائد والقبطانين اتمام تدريباتهم على الأجهزة المماثلة الأرضية Simulator، كما اشتركوا في برامج تعليمية للتعرف على أنواع الصخور والأحجار بمساعدة جيولوجيين استعانت بهم ناسا لهذا الغرض.

الطاقم الاحتياطي

ديفيد سكوت = القائد

ألفريد وردن = قبطان المركبة الرئيسية

جيمس إروين = قبطان مركبة الهبوط على القمر

 وقد قام هذا الطاقم فيما بعد ببعثة أبولو 15.

فريق الدعم

 جيرارد كار
 ادوارد جيبسون
 باول وايتز.

التجهيز للرحلة

وصلت وحدات الثلاثة مراحل للصاروخ ساتورن 5 إلى مركز كينيدي للقضاء ب فلوريدا بين شهر مارس وشهر مايو 1969. وأطلق على وحدة قيادة المركبة رقم CSM-108 اسم يانكي كليبر  Yankee Clipper، واسم انتربيد Intrepid على مركبة الهبوط على القمر.

وتحمل الشارة الرمزية لرحلة أبولو 12 منظر سفينة شراعية (Clipper)، وهذا يشير إلى أن الثلاثة رواد الفضاء لبعثة أبولو 12 كانوا ينتمون إلى البحرية الأمريكية. ويبدو خلفهم 4 نجوم يمثلون الثلاثة رواد المعينين، بالإضافة إلى كليفتون وليامز وهو رائد الفضاء الذي كان مختارا كقبطان للمركبة القمرية، لكنه لقي حتفه في حادث طيران عادي يوم 5 أكتوبر 1967، وبذلك عـُين ألان بين في الطاقم بدلا عنه.

وفي يوم 8 سبتمبر 1969 نـُقل الصاروخ ساتورن 5 على الزحافة الفولاذية الجبارة كراولر (تزن نحو 6000 طن) إلى قاعدة الإطلاق رقم 39A. واكتـُشف تنفيس في خزان الصاروخ أبولو في يوم 10 سبتمبر، مما أدى إلى فك الخزان واستبداله بخزان كان مخصصا لرحلة أبولو 13.

وقام بالاتصال برواد الفضاء أثناء الرحلة (والاتصال يتم بموجات الراديو) من القاعدة Capcom هيوستن فريق الدعم، وانضم إليهم أحد رواد الفضاء وهو دون ليند.

الإطلاق

تم إطلاق أبولو 12 يوم 14 نوفمبر 1969 في تمام الساعة 16:22 حسب التوقيت العالمي المنسق UTC خلال عاصفة، وأصيبت أبولو 12 مرتين بالبرق وكان ذلك في الثانية 37 و52 بعد الإطلاق مما أدى إلى انقطاع الكهرباء في أجهزة الصاروخ. ولكن من حسن الحظ استعادت الدوائر الكهربائية في الصاروخ فاعليتها بعد وصولها إلى مدار حول الأرض، ما عدا فساد بعض أجهزة القياس، إلا أن الإقلاع قد تم بنجاح. وبعد عملية فحص دقيقة قام بها رواد الفضاء والتبين من أنه لا يوجد عائق نحو القيام بالرحلة، أطلقوا المحرك الصاروخي لوحدة الخدمة Service Module لكي يوصلهم القمر بعد ثلاثة أيام ونصف يوم.

ثم دخل كونراد وألان بين من خلال الدهليز إلى مركبة الهبوط على القمر Lunar Module في وقت مبكر عن الموعد المخطط له وذلك من أجل التأكد من أن ضربات البرق لم تؤثر على عمل انتربيد، وأن المركبة صالحة للهبوط على القمر.

على سطح القمر

اختير لهبوط أبولو 12 مكانا على القمر محدد ب 3 درجات و11 دقيقة و51 ثانية على دائرة استوائية جنوبية، و23 درجة و23 دقيقة و8 ثوان على خط الطول الغربي، وهي منطقة تسمى بحر بروسيلاروم، أي بحر العواصف. وقد وقع الاختيار على ذلك المكان بالذات بغرض استرجاع نتائج القياسات التي أجراها مسبار الفضاء سرفيور 3 والذي سبق أن هبط على القمر في 20 أبريل 1967. واستطاع كونراد وألان بين الهبوط بالمركبة القمرية يوم 19 نوفمبر 1969 في تمام الساعة 06:54 بالتوقيت العالمي المنسق UTC، وكانوا على بعد 163 متر من المسبار.

استطاع كونراد رؤية المسبار على سطح القمر عنما كان يسبح بمركبة الفضاء في مدار حول القمر للمرة الثانية. وبعد الهبوط استطاع أيضا جوردن رؤية المسبار وبالقرب منه المركبة الفضائية إنتربيد  خلال دوراته بالمركبة الرئيسية وحيدا في مدار حول القمر. وكان على ارتفاع 110 كيلومتر من سطح القمر.

وعندما وطئت قدم كونراد سطح القمر هلل وقال:«هوبلا ! ربما كانت تلك الخطوة خطوة صغيرة لنيل (أرمسترونج)، ولكنها بالنسبة لي خطوة كبيرة!» "Whoopie! Man, that may have been a small one for Neil, but that's a long one for me." وكانت تلك الكلمة محل رهان سابق بينه وبين أحدي الصحفيات الإيطاليات (أوريانا فالاشي)، فقد كانت الصحفية تدّعي ان ناسا تملى على رواد الفضاء ما يقولوه على سطح القمر، وحاول كونراد وقتها أن يقنعها بأن هذا ليس صحيحا، وأن لكل رائد من رواد الفضاء مطلق الحرية في التعبير عن شعوره عند الوصول إلى القمر.وكان أن اتفق معها على هذه الجملة التي سينطق بها عند الوصول.

لأول مرة يأخذ رواد الفضاء كاميرا تلفزيون ملون معهم، إلا أنها فسدت بتعرضها المباشر لضوء الشمس عندما كان ألان بين في سبيل تركيبها.

وعلى القمر بدأ كونراد وألان بين نصب أجهزة تجربة لدراسة خواص القمر على بعد نحو 200 متر من مركبتهما القمرية. وكان مقياس الهزات الأرضية والزلازل حساس لدرجة أنه قام بتسجيل خطوات الرائدين أثناء عودتهم إلى المركبة، وبعث بها الجهاز آليا إلى مركز القيادة في هيوستن.

وبعد استراحة في المركبة القمرية بدأ الرائدان الذهاب إلى مسبار سيرفيور 3، حيث قاما بفك بعض أجزائه العلمية بغرض استعادتها إلى الأرض والاستفادة من المعلومات المحصلة منه.

العودة

بدأ كونراد  وبين الصعود إلى المركبة الرئيسية بأن أشعلا المحرك الصاروخي للمركبة القمرية لمدة سبع دقائق. وكان بقاءهما على القمر قد استغرق 31  و31 دقيقة و11 ثانية. وكان هذا هو الوقت المناسب بالضبط لكي يتم لقاءهما مع زميلهما الثالث جوردن كوبر الذي يقود المركبة الرئيسية والالتحام بها في سبيل لعودة. وأمضى الرائدان كونراد وبين على سطح القمر مدة نحو 8 ساعات جمعا خلالها أيضا عينات من صخور وتربة القمر.

وأجروا عدة تصحيحات لمسار المركبة القمرية إنتربيد من أجل لقاء مركبة الفضاء يانكي كليبر والاشتباك معها. وبعد الاشتباك والالتحام بالمركبة الرئيسية انتقل كونراد وبين من المركبة القمرية إلى المركبة الرئيسية الفضائية، وقاموا بفك المركبة القمرية ودعوها تسقط فوق سطح القمر. وقد ارتطمت أنتربيد بسرعة قدرها 5و1 كيلومتر/ ثانية على سطح القمر في مكان يبعد نحو 72 كيلومتر من مقياس الزلازل الذي نصبوه. واستطاعت هيوستن تلقي إشارات التجربة التي قام كونراد وبين بنصبها على سطح القمر.

ومرت رحلة عودتهم إلى الأرض بلا مصاعب، وهبطت كبسولة الفضاء يانكي كليبر  برواد الفضاء سالمين في المحيط الهادي يوم 24 نوفمبر 1969 في الساعة 20:58 UTC، بعد عشرة أيام وأربع ساعات و36 دقيقة من مغادرتهم الأرض. إلا أن ارتطام الكبسولة بالماء كان شديدا نوعا ما مما أدى بوقوع أحد الكاميرات على وجه ألان بين وأصابته في عينه. وكما حدث مع أبولو 11 فقد كان وضع الكبسولة على الماء بالمقلوب، وقمتها القمعية أسفل الماء ولكنها سرعان ما اعتدلت.

واجريت على رواد الفضاء نفس الاحتياطات الصحية التي طـُبقت مع أبولو 11 : فبمجرد وصول رواد الفضاء إلى سفينة البحرية الأمريكية هورنيت USS Hornet دخلوا الحجر الصحي في مقصورة خاصة أعدت لهم، بغرض الاحطياط ضد أي ميكروبات غير معروفة لنا، يكون الرواد قد أحضروها معهم كشوائب من القمر. وبعد مرور خمسة أيام انتقل الرواد بمقصورتهم إلى هاواي ومنها إلى هيوستن. وغادروا الحجر الصحي بعد اتمامهم البقاء فيه لمدة 16 يوما.

أهمية أبولو 12 لبرنامج أبولو

انجزت أبولو 12 لأول مرة الهبوط على القمر بطريق تحكم الحاسوب آليا وعلى درجة كبيرة من الوصول إلى الموقع المحدد. وبواسطة الأجهزة العلمية ALSEP التي قام رواد الفضاء بنصبها على سطح القمر أمكن فيما بعد الحصول على معلوات دقيقة عن خصائص القمر. وقد مرت رحلة أبولو 12 من دون أي مصاعب، بحيث تم اختيار منطقة صعبة لبعثة أبولو 13 وهو الهبوط في أعالي المنطقة المسماة فرا ماورو على القمر. كما عاد رواد الفضاء بكمية من عينات صخور القمر وتربته تزن نحو 34 كيلوجرام بغرض دراستها على الأرض.

أين توجد المرحلة الثالثة؟

في يوم 3 سبتمبر 2002 عثر أحد الفلكيون وليام كوونج على أحد الشهب واعطاه اسما مؤقتا كالعادة J002E3 والغريب بالنسبة له أن هذا الجسم يتخذ مدارا حول الأرض. واعتقد الفلكيون زملاؤه انهم يشاهدون جسما فضائيا جديدا قطره 30 متر. ثم استطاع فريق من الباحثين في جامعة أريزونا تحليل طيف هذا الجسم واتضح أنه لمادة ثاني أوكسيد التيتانيوم. وتضح أيضا ان تلك المادة تُستخدم لطلاء المرحلة الثالثة من الصاروخ ساتورن 5. وبدراسة عكسية لمساره تبين أن هذا الجسم كان يتخذ مسارا حول الشمس لمدة 31 عام، وانه كان قبل هذا التاريخ بالقرب من الأرض. واعتقد الباحثون أنه إحدى مراحل رحلة أبولو 14، لكن ناسا بينت أن جميع أجزاء رحلة أبولو 14 معروفة لها تماما. فالمرحلة الثالثة لأبولو 14 دعتها ناسا ترطتم على سطح القمر بغرض قياس الهزة الزلزالية التي تحدثها عليه. وكان التفسير الوحيد هو أن يكون هذا الجسم هو المرحلة الثالثة لأبولو 12 (S-IVB) حيث لم توجد فيه كمية كافية من الوقود بحيث تبعده عن منطقة الأرض والقمر. ومعني ذلك أن المرحلة الثالثة اتخذت مسارا غير مستقرا حول الأرض والقمر بعد مروره بالقرب من القمر في 18 نوفمبر 1969. وانه لا بد وان اتخذ مدارا حول الشمس تحت تأثير جاذبية الشمس مما جعله يظهر ثانيا بعد 31 سنة قريبا من الأرض. وفي يونيو 2003 ترك الجسم J002E3 مدار الأرض، ومن المتوقع أن يعود للظهور مرة قادمة في عام 2032.

اقرأ أيضًا
 أبولو 8
 أبولو 11
 أبولو 13
 أبولو 17
 برنامج أبولو
 نيل أرمسترونج
 بز ألدرن
 مايكل كولينز
 جون يونغ
 شالز ديوك
 ديفيد سكوت
 قائمة رواد فضاء أبولو
 صاروخ حامل

مراجع

مصادر

وصلات خارجية

 Map of surface activities for Apollo 12
 Apollo 12 entry in Encyclopedia Astronautica
 APOLLO BY THE NUMBERS: A Statistical Reference by Richard W. Orloff (NASA)
 The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology
 Apollo Program Summary Report
 Apollo 12 Science Experiments
 Actual Mission Audio Recordings

القمر في 1969
الولايات المتحدة في 1969
أحداث نوفمبر 1969
ألان بين
تشارلز كونراد
رواد فضاء أمريكيون
ريشارد جوردن
مركبات فضائية أطلقت في 1969
مهام العودة بالعينات
مهام إلى القمر
مهام برنامج أبولو
نشاط خارج المركبة

أبولو 12


John "Jack" Llewelyn Davies ( - ) est le deuxième des garçons Llewelyn Davies. Il se lie d'amitié avec le créateur de Peter Pan JM Barrie. Ses frères et lui ont notamment inspiré Barrie pour la création de Peter Pan. Il sert dans la Royal Navy pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Il est le cousin germain de l'écrivaine anglaise Daphné du Maurier.

Enfance

Davies et son frère aîné George rencontrent pour la première fois l'écrivain JM Barrie lors de leurs sorties régulières dans les jardins de Kensington avec leur nurse Mary Hodgson et leur petit frère Peter en 1897. Ils participent à des aventures de jeu avec Barrie qui inspirent une grande partie des aventures de la pièce de théâtre de 1904 Peter Pan, ou The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up. Peu de temps avant d'écrire la pièce, Barrie créé un livre photo intitulé The Boy Castaways, mettant en vedette les trois frères aînés prétendant faire naufrage sur une île et combattant des pirates, thèmes qui apparaissent plus tard dans l'histoire de Peter Pan. Le personnage de John Darling, l'aîné des frères de Wendy, porte son nom.

En 1906, Davies est recommandé par Barrie au capitaine Robert Falcon Scott pour un poste à l'Osborne Naval College, contrairement à ses frères, qui fréquentent tous le Collège d'Eton. À la suite du décès de ses parents Arthur (1907) et Sylvia (1910), Barrie devient le principal tuteur des cinq garçons, les soutenant financièrement. Jack aurait nourri un certain ressentiment envers Barrie, croyant parfois que l'écrivain essayait de prendre la place de son père (surtout après la mort de son père). Il n'est pas aussi proche de l'écrivain que ses frères, en particulier George et Michael .

L'âge adulte
Juste avant la mort de sa mère, Jack devient officier dans la Royal Navy, après avoir fréquenté le Royal Naval College d'Osborne. En tant qu'officier de marine régulier, il sert dans l'Atlantique Nord pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Son frère George est tué au combat sur le front occidental en 1915. Son frère Michael se noie dans un accident apparent en 1921. Ses frères Peter et Nicholas (le plus jeune) survivent.

Il épouse Geraldine "Gerrie" Gibb, 19 ans, en 1917, sans demander au préalable la permission de Barrie, qui n'approuve qu'à contrecœur la relation. Néanmoins, Barrie confie au couple la charge de la maison de la famille Davies, où Michael et Nico vivent encore pendant les vacances scolaires, sous la garde de Mary Hodgson. Les frictions entre Gerrie et Hodgson conduisent la jeune femme à partir. Le couple a deux enfants: Timothy (1921-1965) et Sylvia Jocelyn (du nom de la mère de Davies, mais toujours connue sous le nom de Jane - 1924-1969).

Davies est nommé au grade naval de lieutenant-commandant en 1924. À la retraite de la Royal Navy, Gerrie et Jack déménagent dans un chalet à St Endellion, dans le nord des Cornouailles. À la fin des années 1940, son frère Peter, un éditeur, le consulte concernant les détails d'une histoire familiale intitulée officieusement "La Morgue".

Jack est décédé le 17 septembre 1959 à l'âge de 65 ans d'une maladie pulmonaire; son frère Peter se suicide environ sept mois plus tard.

Références

Liens externes

Officier de la Royal Navy
Famille Llewelyn Davies
Décès en septembre 1959
Naissance en septembre 1894

Jack Llewelyn Davies


El distrito de Tong (en kirguís: Тоң району) es uno de los rayones (distrito) de la provincia de Ysyk-Kol en Kirguistán. Tiene como capital la ciudad de Bokonbaev.

T

Distrito de Tong


RKS Radomiak Radom é um time de futebol polonês da cidade de Radom, Polônia. O clube foi fundado em 1910 e compete na Ekstraklasa, a primeira divisão do futebol polônes. Eles mandam seus jogos no Stadion im. Braci Czachorów.

Ver também
 Lista de clubes de futebol da Polônia
  Copa da Polônia
  Supercopa da Polônia
  Copa da Liga Polonesa

Clubes de futebol da Polônia
Clubes de futebol fundados em 1910

Radomiak Radom


Marius Hügli (rođen 21. travnja 1993.), poznat pod pseudonimom kao Marius Bear, švicarski je pjevač i tekstopisac. Predstavljat će Švicarsku na Pjesmi Eurovizije 2022. u Torinu sa pjesmom Boys Do Cry. Završio je školu građevinskog tehničara i već se 6 godina bavi glazbom. Svoju glazbenu karijeru započeo je kao ulični svirač u rodnoj Švicarskoj ali i u Njemačkoj. Dobitnik je nagrade Swiss Music Award 2019 godine u kategoriji Najbolji talent.

Diskografija

Albumi

EP-ovi

Filmografija

 I Can See Your Voice (sezona 1, 2020) – Tajni pjevač

Izvori

Švicarski glazbenici
Tekstopisci

Marius Bear


Chipping Norton is a market town and civil parish in the Cotswold Hills in the West Oxfordshire district of Oxfordshire, England, about  south-west of Banbury and  north-west of Oxford. The 2011 Census recorded the civil parish population as 5,719. It was estimated at 6,254 in 2019.

History

Pre-1800

The Rollright Stones, a stone circle  north of Chipping Norton, reflect prehistoric habitation in the area. The town name means "market north town", with "Chipping" (from Old English cēping) meaning "market". Chipping Norton began as a small settlement beneath a hill, where the earthworks of the motte-and-bailey Chipping Norton Castle can still be seen. The Church of England parish church dedicated to St Mary the Virgin stands on the hill next to the castle. Parts of today's building may date from the 12th century. It retains features of the 13th and 14th centuries. The nave was largely rebuilt in about 1485 with a Perpendicular Gothic clerestory. It is believed to have been funded by John Ashfield, a wool merchant, making St Mary's an example of a "wool church".

In July 1549 the Vicar of Chipping Norton, Henry Joyes or Joyce, led parishioners in a popular rising after the suppression of chantries and other religious reforms left him to minister alone to a congregation of 800 and reduced the budget for schooling. The rising was brutally put down by Lord Grey de Wilton. Joyes was captured, then hanged in chains from the tower of his church. The bell tower rebuilt in 1825 has a ring of eight bells, all cast in 1907 by Mears and Stainbank of Whitechapel Bell Foundry. It also has a Sanctus bell cast in 1624 by Roger I Purdue of Bristol.

Wool in the Middle Ages made the Cotswolds one of England's wealthiest parts and many of the medieval buildings survive in the centre of Chipping Norton. There is still a market every Wednesday and a mop fair in September, when the High Street is closed to through traffic. In 1205 a new market place was laid out higher up the hill. Sheep farming was largely displaced by arable, but agriculture remained important. Many original houses round the market place received fashionable Georgian façades in the 18th century. An inscription on the almshouses records them as founded in 1640 as "The work and gift of Henry Cornish, gent".

Post-1800
In 1796 James and William Hitchman founded Hitchman's Brewery in West Street. The business moved in 1849 to a larger brewery in Albion Street that included a malthouse and its own water wells. Three generations of Hitchmans ran this, but in 1890 Alfred Hitchman sold it as a limited company that acquired other breweries in 1891 and 1917. In 1924 it merged with Hunt Edmunds of Banbury and in 1931 the brewery here was closed. Other local industries included a woollen mill (see below), a glove-maker, a tannery and an iron foundry.

Chipping Norton had a workhouse by the 1770s. In 1836 the architect George Wilkinson built a larger one with four wings round an octagonal central building, similar to one he was building at Witney. The architect G. E. Street added a chapel to Chipping Norton workhouse in 1856–1857. The building became a hospital in the Second World War. It was taken over by the National Health Service in 1948 as Cotshill Hospital, later became a psychiatric hospital, and was closed in 1983. It has been redeveloped as private residences.

Chipping Norton was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. Its Town Hall designed in the neoclassical style was completed in 1842.

Chipping Norton Railway (CNR) opened in 1855, linking with  on the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway. In 1887 a second railway opened to the Oxford and Rugby Railway at  and the CNR became part of the Banbury and Cheltenham Direct Railway (B&CDR). Extending the railway from Chipping Norton involved a tunnel  long under Elmsfield Farm west of the town. In 1951 British Railways withdrew passenger services between Chipping Norton and . In 1962 it closed the station at Kingham, and two years later the B&CDR to freight, and dismantled the line. The disused railway tunnel is bricked up at both ends for safety and used as a refuge for bats. (See Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981)

In May 1873 rioting occurred after the sentencing of the Ascott Martyrs – 16 local women accused of trying to interfere with strikebreakers at a farm. Bliss Tweed Mill in the west of town was built as a tweed mill by William Bliss in 1872. In 1913 to 1914 the millworkers struck for eight months. The mill closed in 1980 and was turned into flats. It remains a landmark, visible from Worcester Road. The town lost its status as a municipal borough in 1974, when the Local Government Act 1972 made it a successor parish in the district of West Oxfordshire. The neoclassical Holy Trinity Roman Catholic church was built in 1836 by the architect John Adey Repton, grandson of the English garden designer Humphry Repton.

Governance
Chipping Norton is in the Witney parliamentary constituency, whose Member of Parliament from 2001 to 2016 was David Cameron, prime minister from 2010 to 2016 and leader of the Conservative Party from 2005. Since 2016 the MP has been the Conservative Robert Courts. One Conservative and two Labour councillors represent the town on West Oxfordshire District Council.

Amenities
The town's theatre, The Theatre Chipping Norton, began life as a Salvation Army Citadel, its first stones, now visible in the auditorium, being laid in 1888. It continued as a furniture warehouse before being spotted by two Royal Shakespeare Company actors, Tamara and John Malcolm, in 1968. In 1973, fundraising for the new theatre began in earnest, and a pantomime, Beauty and the Beast was staged in the town hall. The Theatre was opened in 1975 by Tom Baker (who played the title character, the Doctor, in the BBC science-fiction TV show Doctor Who), beginning with a light programme including films and lunchtime jazz. The adjoining cottage was bought and converted into the bar and gallery. In 1990 a building bought in Goddards Lane now serves as green room, offices and rehearsal room.

In 2023 the a cinema opened in the town. The Living Room Cinema has two screens as well as a bar.

The town hosts annual arts festivals: Chipping Norton Literary Festival ('ChipLitFest'), Chipping Norton Music Festival, and a jazz festival. The Theatre Chipping Norton opened in 1975 as a theatre, cinema, gallery and music venue for original productions and touring companies.

The town acts as a retail and leisure centre, with three supermarkets and numerous shops, including branches of national chain stores. It has six pubs, two hotels with public bars, and three schools. Holy Trinity Roman Catholic School and St Mary's Church of England School are primary schools. Chipping Norton School is the town's secondary school with a sixth form.

Chipping Norton Golf Club, now the Cotswold Club and part of Cotswold Hotel and Spa, is the oldest in Oxfordshire. It began in 1890 on Chipping Norton Common.

The first XV of Chipping Norton Rugby Union Football Club plays in the Southern Counties North League. It was league champion in 2007/08.

Chipping Norton has a purpose-built veterinary hospital, serving the community and the local zoos. The hospital's building was opened in July 2015 by then prime minister David Cameron. The previous premises were on Albion Street, where the practice had been based since it was founded in the 1970s. The hospital has a boarding cattery, a CT Scanner, and hosts one of only 15 radioiodine treatment units for hyperthyroid cats in the UK.

From 1989, the veterinary hospital had a partnership with the remote island of St Helena, using funding provided by the DfID for vets to visit the island. Since 2010, the island has had its own permanent vet and the connection has since been lost.

Chipping Norton Town F.C. ("The Magpies" or "Chippy") was founded in 1893 and plays at Walterbush Road. It resigned from the Hellenic Football League in favour of the Witney & District Football League.

Chipping Norton Town Cricket Club plays in Oxfordshire Cricket Association Division 6. The town also has a bowls club.

The town has a Women's Institute, a Rotary Club, and a Lions Club.

Landmarks

Recording studio

From 1972 to 1999 the former British Schools building in New Street was Chipping Norton Recording Studios. Baker Street by Gerry Rafferty, In The Army Now by Status Quo, Too Shy by Kajagoogoo, I Should Have Known Better by Jim Diamond, Perfect by Fairground Attraction, I Just Died In Your Arms Tonight by Cutting Crew and Bye Bye Baby by the Bay City Rollers were recorded there. Jeff Beck, Barbara Dickson, Duran Duran, Marianne Faithfull, Alison Moyet, Nektar, Radiohead, The Supernaturals, Wet Wet Wet, XTC, Mark Owen and Chris Rea also used them.

Castle
Chipping Norton Castle was a timber Norman motte-and-bailey castle to the north-west of the town. Little of the original structures remains apart from earthworks. The remains have been a Scheduled Monument since 1949.

Transport
Chipping Norton railway station served the town until 1962. The nearest stations now are at  and . A community bus network called The Villager links residential roads and nearby villages with the town centre. Longer-distance buses run to Oxford and Banbury. Diamond and Stagecoach in Warwickshire operate service X50/50 to Stratford-upon-Avon.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC South and ITV Meridian. Television signals are received from the Oxford TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Oxford on 95.2 FM, Heart South on 102.6 FM and Witney Radio that broadcast from Witney on 107.4 FM.

The town is served by these local newspapers: The Oxford Times and the Banbury Guardian. There is also a longstanding community newspaper, The Chipping Norton News, which is staffed by a volunteer team and published monthly.

Chipping Norton set

Several media, political and show-business acquaintances living near the town, including David Cameron, have been called the "Chipping Norton set". Members regularly met socially. It gained notoriety after the News International phone hacking scandal, which involved several members. Those affected, along with several attending social functions, were victims of phone hacking by the News of the World. Notable group meetings included the nearby wedding reception Rebekah and Charlie Brooks, a 2010 Christmas dinner at the Brooks's, and Elisabeth Murdoch and Matthew Freud's 2011 Summer party at Burford Priory.

Twinning
Chipping Norton is twinned with Magny-en-Vexin in France.

Notable residents

The list covers notable persons with a Wikipedia page, born or long living in Chipping Norton. References are needed for information absent from the person's page.
Sarah Averill (later Sarah Wildes, 1627–1692) migrated to Salem, Massachusetts, where she was hanged for witchcraft.
Michael Baldwin, is a British conceptual artist, author and founding member of the Art & Language artist group, was born and lived in the town
Geoffrey Burbidge (1925–2010), astronomy professor
Jeremy Clarkson (born 1960), Top Gear and The Grand Tour presenter, journalist and writer (see also Clarkson's Farm)
Richard Dawkins (born 1941), evolutionary biologist and author, moved there by 2023, whose family lived there since 1726.
James Hind (1616–1652), highwayman born 1616 and executed for high treason in 1652
Conroy Maddox (1912–2005), surrealist painter resident here in 1929–1933
Princess Margaretha (born 1934), sister of the King of Sweden
Janice Meek (born 1944), world record-holding ocean rower
Wentworth Miller (born 1972), American actor, star of Prison Break, born here to American parents
Keith Moon (1946–1978), The Who drummer, once owned the Crown and Cushion Hotel in the High Street
Simon Nicol (born 1950), guitarist and vocalist with Fairport Convention
Walter Padley (1916–1984), trade unionist and politician
Dominic Sandbrook (born 1974), historian and columnist
Rev. Edward Stone (1702–1768), discoverer of the active ingredient of aspirin, lived in the town.
Barbara Toy (1908–2001), travel writer and playwright
Tom Walkinshaw (1946–2010), racing driver and founder of Tom Walkinshaw Racing
Elizabeth Jane Weston (1581 or 1582–1612), Neo-Latin poet, also known as Westonia, was born here.
Andrew Wigmore (born 1966), political activist associated with Arron Banks and Nigel Farage; Belize diplomat known for work on the Leave.EU campaign in the UK 2016 referendum on EU membership

See also
Chipping Norton Museum of Local History
RAF Chipping Norton

References

Sources

External links

Official Town Website
Chipping Norton Tourist Information

Civil parishes in Oxfordshire
Cotswolds
Market towns in Oxfordshire
West Oxfordshire District

Chipping Norton


Mitchell Herbert Ellis (August 4, 1921 – March 28, 2010) was an American jazz guitarist. During the 1950s, he was in a trio with pianist Oscar Peterson.

Biography

Born in Farmersville, Texas, Ellis grew up on a farm.  His first exposure to guitar came through the radio, while hearing the Light Crust Doughboys. At the age of three, Ellis was playing harmonica, and banjo by six. Although his brother owned a guitar, he tuned it wrong, and Ellis wanted to play better than his brother, so he bought a book to learn how to tune guitar. His interest in guitar grew from there. He also heard George Barnes on a radio program. This experience is said to have inspired him to take up jazz guitar.

Ellis was proficient on the instrument by the time he entered North Texas State University. He majored in music, but because they did not have a guitar program, he studied the bass. He dropped out of college and toured for six months with a band from the University of Kansas. From 1943–45 he joined Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra. After Gray's band, Ellis joined the Jimmy Dorsey band where he played some of his first recorded solos.

Ellis remained with Dorsey through 1947, traveling and recording extensively, and playing in dance halls and movie palaces. Then came a turnabout that would change Ellis's career. As pianist Lou Carter told journalist Robert Dupuis in a 1996 interview, "The Dorsey band had a six-week hole in the schedule. The three of us had played together some with the big band. John Frigo, who had already left the band, knew the owner of the Peter Stuyvesant Hotel in Buffalo. We went in there and stayed six months. And that's how the group the Soft Winds were born". Together with Frigo and Lou Carter, Ellis wrote the classic jazz standards "Detour Ahead" and "I Told Ya I Love Ya, Now Get Out".

The Soft Winds group was fashioned after the Nat King Cole Trio. They stayed together until 1952. Ellis then joined the Oscar Peterson Trio (replacing Barney Kessel) in 1953, forming what Scott Yanow would later on refer to as "one of the most memorable of all the piano, guitar, and bass trios in jazz history".

Ellis became prominent after performing with the Oscar Peterson Trio from 1953 to 1958, along with pianist Peterson and bassist Ray Brown. He was a somewhat controversial member of the trio, because he was the only white person in the group in a time when racism was still very much widespread.

In addition to their live and recorded work as the Oscar Peterson Trio, this unit usually with the addition of a drummer, served as the virtual "house rhythm section" for Norman Granz's Verve Records, supporting the likes of tenormen Ben Webster and Stan Getz, as well as trumpeters Dizzy Gillespie, Roy Eldridge, and Sweets Edison and other jazz stalwarts. Ellis was part of the rhythm section but did not solo on every track. With drummer Buddy Rich, they were also the backing band for popular "comeback" albums by the duet of Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong.

The trio were one of the mainstays of Granz's Jazz at the Philharmonic concerts as they swept the jazz world, almost constantly touring the United States and Europe. Ellis left the Peterson Trio in November 1958, to be replaced not by a guitarist, but by drummer Ed Thigpen. The years of 1957 through 1960 found Ellis touring with Ella Fitzgerald.  In addition, Ellis was a mainstay in Hollywood recording studios playing on various types of sessions.  Eventually, he left studio work to concentrate on his jazz career, both onstage and on records.

The three provided a stirring rendition of "Tenderly" as a jazz improvisational backdrop to John Hubley's 1958 cartoon The Tender Game.

With fellow jazz guitarists Barney Kessel, Charlie Byrd and later, Tal Farlow, he created another ensemble, the Great Guitars.

Herb Ellis was also featured on an episode of Sanford and Son accompanying Fred Sanford's singing.

Ellis gave cartoonist and The Far Side creator Gary Larson guitar lessons, in exchange for the cover illustration for the album, Doggin' Around (Concord, 1988) by Ellis and bassist Red Mitchell.

In 1994, he joined the Arkansas Jazz Hall of Fame. On November 15, 1997, he received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of North Texas College of Music.

Ellis died of Alzheimer's disease at his Los Angeles home on the morning of March 28, 2010, at the age of 88.

Discography

As leader
 Ellis in Wonderland (Norgran, 1956)
 Nothing but the Blues (Verve, 1957)
 Herb Ellis Meets Jimmy Giuffre (Verve, 1959)
 Softly...but with That Feeling (Verve, 1961)
 Three Guitars in Bossa Nova Time (Epic, 1963)
 Together! with Stuff Smith (Epic, 1963)
 4 to Go! with Andre Previn (Columbia, 1963)
 Guitar/Guitar with Charlie Byrd (Columbia, 1965)
 Man with the Guitar (Dot, 1965)
 Herb Ellis and the All Stars (Epic, 1974)
 Herb Ellis & Ray Brown's Soft Shoe (Concord Jazz, 1974)
 Seven, Come Eleven with Joe Pass (Concord Jazz, 1974)
 Jazz/Concord with Joe Pass (Concord Jazz, 1974)
 Two for the Road with Joe Pass (Pablo, 1974)
 Rhythm Willie with Freddie Green (Concord Jazz, 1975)
 In Session with Herb Ellis (Guitar Player, 1975)
 After You've Gone with Ray Brown, Harry "Sweets" Edison (Concord Jazz, 1975)
 Great Guitars with Charlie Byrd, Barney Kessel (Concord Jazz, 1976)
 A Pair to Draw To with Ross Tompkins (Concord Jazz, 1976)
 Poor Butterfly with Barney Kessel (Concord Jazz, 1977)
 Herb (Sony, 1978)
 Great Guitars: Straight Tracks with Charlie Byrd, Barney Kessel (Concord Jazz, 1978)
 Windflower with Remo Palmier (Concord Jazz, 1978)
 Soft & Mellow (Concord Jazz, 1979)
 Great Guitars at the Winery with Charlie Byrd, Barney Kessel (Concord Jazz, 1980)
 At Montreux Summer 1979 (Concord Jazz, 1980)
 Interplay with Cal Collins Concord Jazz, 1981)
 Great Guitars at Charlie's Georgetown with Charlie Byrd, Barney Kessel (Concord Jazz, 1983)
 Anniversary in Paris with Marc Hemmeler (Phoenix, 1986)
 Doggin' Around with Red Mitchell (Concord Jazz, 1989)
 Roll Call (Justice, 1991)
 Memories of You: A Tribute to Benny Goodman with Terry Gibbs, Buddy DeFranco (Contemporary, 1991)
 Texas Swings (Justice, 1992)
 The Jazz Masters with Ray Brown, Serge Ermoll (AIM, 1994)
 The Return of the Great Guitars with Charlie Byrd, Mundell Lowe, Larry Coryell (Concord Jazz, 1996)
 Down-Home (Justice, 1996)
 Herb Ellis Meets T. C. Pfeiler (Tonewheel, 1997)
 Burnin'  (Acoustic Music, 1998)
 An Evening with Herb Ellis (Jazz Focus, 1998)
 Blues Variations (Live at EJ's, 1998)
 Conversations in Swing Guitar with Duke Robillard (Stony Plain, 1999)
 Great Guitars Live with Charlie Byrd, Barney Kessel (Concord 2001)
 More Conversations in Swing Guitar with Duke Robillard (Stony Plain, 2003)

With Monty Alexander and Ray Brown
 Trio (Concord Jazz, 1981)
 Triple Treat (Concord Jazz, 1982)
 Overseas Special (Concord Jazz, 1984)
 Triple Treat II (Concord Jazz, 1988)
 Triple Treat III (Concord Jazz, 1989)

With Oscar Peterson
 Hello Herbie (MPS, 1970)
 Jazz at the Philharmonic Blues in Chicago 1955 (Verve, 1983)
 The Legendary Oscar Peterson Trio Live at the Blue Note (Telarc, 1990)
 A Tribute to Oscar Peterson Live at The Town Hall (Telarc, 1997)
 Tenderly (Just a Memory 2002)
 Vancouver 1958 (Just a Memory, 2003)

As sideman
With Mel Brown
Chicken Fat (Impulse!, 1967)

With Benny Carter
Benny Carter Plays Pretty (Norgran, 1954)
New Jazz Sounds (Norgran, 1954)

With Priscilla Coolidge
Gypsy Queen (Sussex, 1970)

With Harry Edison
Gee Baby, Ain't I Good to You (Verve, 1957)

With Roy Eldridge
Rockin' Chair (Clef, 1953)
Dale's Wail (Clef, 1953)
Little Jazz (Clef, 1954)

With Victor Feldman
Soviet Jazz Themes (Äva, 1962)

With Johnny Frigo
 I Love John Frigo...He Swings (Mercury, 1957)

With Stan Getz
Stan Getz and the Oscar Peterson Trio (Verve, 1958)
Jazz Giants '58 (Verve, 1958)

With Dizzy Gillespie
Diz and Getz (Norgran, 1953)
Roy and Diz with Roy Eldridge (Clef, 1954)
For Musicians Only (Verve, 1956)

With Vince Guaraldi
Alma-Ville (Warner Bros.-Seven Arts, 1969)
It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown (Peanuts television special, 1969)
A Boy Named Charlie Brown: Selections from the Film Soundtrack (Columbia Masterworks, 1970)
 A Boy Named Charlie Brown: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (Kritzerland, 2017)

With Coleman Hawkins
Coleman Hawkins and Confrères (Verve, 1958)

With Illinois Jacquet
Swing's the Thing (Clef, 1956)

With Peggy Lee
 Mink Jazz (Capitol Records, 1963)
 Guitars a là Lee (Capitol Records, 1966)

With Randy Newman
 Randy Newman (Reprise, 1968)

With Oscar Peterson
Oscar Peterson Plays Count Basie (Verve, 1956)
Oscar Peterson at the Stratford Shakespearean Festival (Verve, 1956)
The Oscar Peterson Trio with Sonny Stitt, Roy Eldridge and Jo Jones at Newport (Verve, 1957)
Oscar Peterson at the Concertgebouw (Verve, 1957)
On the Town with the Oscar Peterson Trio (Verve, 1958)
Hello Herbie (MPS, 1969)
Live at the Blue Note (Telarc, 1990)

With Esther Phillips
Confessin' the Blues (Atlantic, 1976)

With Lou Rawls
Lou Rawls Live! (Capitol, 1966)

With Bud Shank
Bud Shank Plays Music from Today's Movies (World Pacific, 1967)
Magical Mystery (World Pacific, 1967)

With Gábor Szabó
Wind, Sky and Diamonds (Impulse!, 1967)

With Sonny Stitt
Only the Blues (Verve, 1958)

With Ben Webster
Soulville (Verve, 1957)

With Lester Young
Pres and Sweets with Harry Edison (Norgran, 1955)
Laughin' to Keep from Cryin' (Verve, 1958)

References

External links
 Herb Ellis on the Arkansas Jazz Hall of Fame website
 Biography at Classic Jazz Guitar.
 Keith Thursby, "Herb Ellis dies at 88; jazz guitarist", Los Angeles Times, March 31, 2010.
 Peter Keepnews, "Herb Ellis, Jazz Guitarist, Is Dead at 88", New York Times, March 30, 2010.
 "Herb Ellis" (obituary), Daily Telegraph, April 5, 2010.

1921 births
2010 deaths
Guitarists from California
Jazz musicians from California
Jazz musicians from Texas
People from Farmersville, Texas
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
American jazz guitarists
American male guitarists
American male jazz musicians
Bebop guitarists
Mainstream jazz guitarists
Concord Records artists
Cool jazz guitarists
Swing guitarists
Verve Records artists
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from dementia in California
Dukes of Dixieland members
Great Guitars (band) members
Oscar Peterson Trio members
The Capp-Pierce Juggernaut members
The Tonight Show Band members
University of North Texas College of Music alumni
West Coast jazz guitarists

Herb Ellis


Alexandru Clavel (n. 1875, Iași - d. 1916, București) a fost un arhitect român de origine franceză. Autor al mai multor proiecte pentru reședințe și edificii publice la începutul secolului XX, arhitectul Alexandru Clavel s-a remarcat prin interpretările originale pe care le-a oferit arhitecturii vechi românești și artei tradiționale, fiind un reprezentant al stilului neoromânesc.  A colaborat cu arhitecți renumiți, ca Grigore Cerkez, alături de care a realizat, de pildă Casa  Dissescu din București. Tot în București a realizat planurile pentru Casa Storck (1912-1913), azi Muzeul de Artă "Frederic Storck și Cecilia Cuțescu-Storck".  După construcția casei pentru Gabriel Popescu, Clavel a coordonat în anul imediat următor, 1906, ridicarea Palatului Poștelor din Târgoviște, realizare de mare finețe, recunoscută drept cea mai strălucită dintre toate palatele poștelor proiectate tot de el (s-ar părea în calitate de arhitect sef al Poștei Centrale din București). Tot la Târgoviște și-a pus amprenta asupra casei avocatului  Porojan, fratele gravorului Gabriel Popescu.

Rădăcini
S-a născut la Iași, în noiembrie 1875, fiu al lui August Richard Clavel și al Janei Jaques Marie, născută Meves. Tatăl lui era original din Tarn Orban, Franța. Din informațiile culese de la scriitorul Rudolf Suțu, ar fi venit în țară cu un grup de scriitori și literați, printre care și poetul francez Guillaume Apollinaire. Rămânând pentru un timp în România a fost profesor de limba și literatura franceză la Institutele Unite din Iași. Prin anul 1883, părinții părăsesc Moldova, se stabilesc la București și tatăl său e numit la Liceul Vasile Alecsandri unde rămâne până în 1891 când se reîntoarce în țară.

Începuturi. Primele studii de arhitectură și principalele realizări
Încă de tânăr Alexandru Clavel a fost atras de frumusețea artei românești, având o predilecție nativă pentru armonia formelor, culorilor, cusăturilor populare, crestăturilor în lemn, cu o vădită înclinație pentru arhitectură.

Astfel la o vârstă destul de fragedă, se desparte de părinții săi hotărât să rămână în țară spre a studia arhitectura, colindând diferite regiuni și schițând caracteristicile stilului pe la diverse cule și palate vechi. În acest timp lucrează mai întâi ca desenator la Serviciul Tehnic al Primăriei București și un timp mai scurt la Eforia Spitalelor Civile. Fiind cunoscut de arhitectul Paul Louis Albert Galeron, acesta l-a luat în birourile sale fiind foarte apreciat pentru finețea și precizia desenului său. Aici și-a format primele studii de arhitectură, unde l-a cunoscut și pe arhitectul Ion Mincu.

Prin anii 1906-1909 s-a bucurat de concursul material al unui binevoitor care i-a fixat o bursă trimițându-l la München pentru studii. Aici rămâne numai până în 1909 din cauza morții neașteptate a binevoitorului său.

Reîntors în țară a lucrat mult timp în birourile arhitectului André Lecomte du Noüy. Aici îl cunoaște ministrul Vasile Morțun care apreciindu-l în mod deosebit îi acordă conducerea Serviciului de Arhitectură de la Poștă. În această alitate a executat mai multe clădiri de poștă din țară dar o mare parte din ele au dispărut. Numai în orașul Roman a mai rezistat până astăzi clădirea Palatului Poștal.

A mai colaborat cu sculptorii Dimitrie Paciurea și Oscar Späthe de asemenea cu sculptorul Frederic Storck, al cărui muzeu se găsește în București și este clădit după proiectele lui Clavel, în special mobilierul și construcția interioară fiind operă de artă desăvârșită. A mai colaborat și cu pictorul și gravorul Gabriel Popescu căruia i-a executat locuința după proiectele sale. A executat foarte puține proiecte personale și mai toate în colaborare cu arhitecții titrați el neavând diploma, nu avea drept să semneze proiectul. De aceea, a fost nevoit să suporte multe din impulsiunile colaboratorilor, pentru care mai mereu i se umplea sufletul de amărăciune.

În orașul Iași nu are nici o construcție construită după planurile sale, în schimb în București a colaborat cu arhitectul Grigore Cerchez la mai multe construcții.Se poate mențional Palatul Institutului de Arhitectură, Casa Dissescu de pe strada G. Manu colț cu calea Victoriei. Prin 1905 a participat la concursul Palatului Municipal București dar care i-a adus o puternică lovitură morală; arhitectul Ion Mincu - președintele comisiunii și care văzând proiectele le-a apreciat foarte favorabil, a fost lovit de paralizie atunci în preziua concursului. Astfel lucrările au fost adjudecate altor arhitecți care au folosit influențe politice. Clavel s-a ales numai cu amărăciune și mari datorii de bani. Demoralizat și bolnav moare în toamna anului 1916, de ftizie în Spitalul Pantelimon.

Fiind un mare temperament artistic, a luat parte activă la viața intelectuală și artistică bucureșteană de la începutul secolului al XIX-lea. Astfel între anii 1901-1916 a legat prietenii strânse cu cei mai de seamă artiști din acele vremuri. A fost un intim amic și susținător al pictorului Ștefan Luchian, care atunci era puțin considerat în societatea bucureșteană.

De asemenea a fost un bun amic cu sculptorul Dimitrie Paciurea cu care a executat mausoleul Olga Stolojan precum și al familiei Luigi Cazzavillan de la Cimitirul Belu. Între clădirile dispărute a executat proiectele Palatului Funcționarilor Publici din Piața Victoriei, clădire la care a colaborat și cu pictorul Ștefan Luchian cu un mozaic executat pe fațada principală. Ca mobilier a fost mult preocupat de stilul românesc, astfel a executat mai multe lucrări de interior, de menționat tâmpla Bisericii din Calafat."

Comentariu critic
În ciuda unei vieți foarte scurte, Alexandru Clavel  a lucrat, în perioada 1900-1916, la numeroase edificii. Decedat într-un sanatoriu din București, din cauza ftiziei de care suferea, chiar în anul intrării în Primul Război Mondial a Regatului României, Clavel este un exponent al stilului neoromânesc.

Chiar dacă este rareori menționat printre personalitățile marcante ale stilului, valoarea operelor sale nu poate fi pusă la îndoială. Lucrările realizate pe cont propriu de Clavel sunt destul de puține și cuprind, în special, filiale ale poștei în întreaga țară și case particulare. La toate clădirile de poștă sunt identificabile anumite elemente comune, cum ar fi fațadele din cărămidă aparentă, soclurile, capetele contraforților, brâiele și ancadramentele la uși și ferestre din piatră naturală sau mobilierul cu crestături, de inspirație populară. Dintre acestea, cea mai remarcată a fost, pe bună dreptate, Palatul Poștelor din Târgoviște. Acesta este o bijuterie a stilului neoromânesc, foarte bine păstrată la exterior. La interior, intervențiile au fost destul de reținute la schimbarea finisajelor, astfel că s-au menținut plafonul din lemn și tâmplăria originală, pardoselile, dar și holul publicului. Din păcate, felul în care acesta din urmă a fost vopsit lasă de dorit.

Majoritatea lucrărilor sale au fost realizate în stilul neoromânesc, ceea ce dovedește că nutrea o mare dragoste pentru arta medievală românească și pentru virtuțile de necontestat ale acesteia. Toate operele sale își extrag seva din arta noastră populară pe care a studiat-o cu mare minuțiozitate și cu mare pasiune.

Una dintre operele de referință ale arhitectului, este Casa Cuțescu-Storck, realizată în stilul artei 1900 Modern Style. Aceasta a avut privilegiul (sau norocul) să devină muzeu, începând cu anul 1910, astfel că interiorul a rămas, în totalitate, cel original. Casa a fost proiectată pentru doi artiști renumiți din acea perioadă: pictorița Cecilia Cuțescu-Storck, autoarea mai multor fresce (cea din Sala tronului din Palatul Regal sau cea din aula Academiei comerciale, clădire construită de Edmond Van Saanen Algy și Grigore Cerchez), și sculptorul Frederic Storck, autor al unor sculpturi expuse în spații publice de maximă importanță din Capitală (Universitatea, Facultatea de Medicină, ș.a.m.d.). De altfel, în grădina casei, în care se putea ajunge prin sufragerie și prin atelierul lui Storck, se află și astăzi o serie de sculpturi aparținând familiei acestuia.

Probabil că motivul pentru care Clavel nu a fost apreciat la adevărata lui valoare de către contemporanii săi, a fost acela că nu avea o diplomă de arhitect. Nu trebuie uitat faptul că în perioada sfârșitului secolului al XIX-lea și a începutului veacului următor, în România au lucrat o mulțime de arhitecți absolvenți ai Școlii de Arte Frumoase din Paris, care însă nu s-au ridicat la nivelul lui Clavel. (Mariana Croitoru, 2015)

Proiecte realizate

Proiecte de arhitectură:

1. Clădiri publice:

1900 - Palatul Funcționarilor Publici din Piața Victoriei, București, împreună cu arhitectul Nicolae Mihăescu (demolat în 1946);
? - 12 clădiri de poștă (Târgoviște - 1906, Curtea de Argeș, Craiova, Roman etc.);
1909-1912 - Palatul de Justiție din Focșani (în prezent, Tribunal), împreună cu arhitectul Constantin Băicoianu;
1910 - Școala primară românească, comuna Cața, Transilvania;
1912 - Școala Superioară de Arhitectură (fațade în colaborare cu Grigore Cerchez).

2. Reședințe private:

1897 - Vila Matilda, str. Oțetari nr. 2, București (interioare pictate de Ștefan Luchian);

1905 - Casa "Gabriel Popescu" (primul gravor cu studii în domeniu), Vulcana-Pandele, jud. Dâmbovița;
1906-1911 - Casa avocatului Porojan, Târgoviște;
1912-1913 - Casa "Cuțescu-Storck", București ();

? - Casele Dr. Marinescu, N. Săveanu, București.

3. Arhitectura religioasă:

Cavouri la Cimitirul Bellu - Gheorghieff (împreună cu Ion Mincu), Cazzavilan și Stolojan.

Proiecte de restaurare:
1905-1906 - Conacul lui Alexandru Vlahuță, Dragosloveni (în prezent, Dumbrăveni), județul Vrancea;
1910-1912 - Clavel lucrează la restaurarea Casei Dissescu, efectuată, în acte, de Grigore Cerchez; conceptul, inspirat din vechile case boierești din perioada feudală, aparține însă aproape în totalitate arhitectului de origine franceză;
1911 - Colaborarea cu Pompilian i-a adus lui Clavel posibilitatea de a-și manifesta virtuozitatea odată cu restaurarea Hotelului Caraiman, pe care l-a transformat într-un veritabil hotel neoromânesc, mai ales prin prisma detaliilor executate cu o doză sporită de originalitate.

Proiecte de interior:
1900-1903 - Lucrează la biserica nouă a Mănăstirii Sinaia construită de George Mandrea și de Jean Pompilian, a realizat mobilierul, comparabil, ca valoare artistică, cu cel de la Constanța, al lui Mincu, sau cu cel de la Mănăstirea Argeș, al lui Lecomte de Noüy;
1910-1912 - La interiorul casei Dissescu se vede mâna lui Clavel; s-a ocupat de decorația în lemn a scării și de mobilierul casei; arhitectul a folosit aceleași plafoane de lemn folosite și la Palatul Poștelor din Târgoviște;

1908-1910 - A realizat tâmpla catedralei din Calafat, o piesă cu totul originală, inspirată din sculptura populară, în care sunt utilizate crestăturile. Datorită unicității sale, tâmpla a fost expusă, pentru o perioadă, la Ateneul Român;
1909-1912 - La mobilierul Palatului de Justiție din Focșani este de remarcat perspectiva arhitectului decorator asupra artei populare și a virtuților acesteia.

Participări la concursuri:

? - Concursul pentru Palatul Funcționarilor Publici, împreună cu N. Mihăescu - locul I;
? - Concursul pentru Clădirea Senatului;
1907 - Concursul internațional pentru Palatul Bursei din București, împreună cu Giulio Magni.

Note critice
"mai mult un autodidact, [Clavel] a fost între cei mai înzestrați arhitecți ai noștri și care, prin realizările sale, a reușit să dea o interpretare originală vechii noastre arhitecturi ca și artei populare". (Toma T. Socolescu, Fresca arhitecților care au lucrat în România în epoca modernă: 1800-1925).

Tot Socolescu afirmă că pe Clavel "îl preocupa mai mult Mincu decât oricare alt arhitect român; îi cerceta lucrările, pe care nu le imita, căutând însă să-i imite înfățișarea fizică, îmbrăcămintea și pălăria chiar, încât izbutise să devină un Mincu în miniatură, desigur, talia neputând să și-o modifice".

Daniel Popescu, fiul gravorului Gabriel Popescu, opinează că "într-un mediu mai înțelegător și într-o societate mai rafinată, desigur că pasiunea lui Clavel pentru decorație interioară și mobilier s-ar fi împlinit". (Arhitectul Clavel, articol publicat în nr. 1/1940 al revistei "Arhitectura", pp. 8-11). În acest sens, Daniel Popescu precizează, în articolul menționat, că pe Clavel "l-au robit [și] entuziasmat mai cu seamă formele de artă țărănească, de la casa albă cu stâlpi, zveltă și proporționată, de la crestăturile în lemn până la țesături și ceramică, unde naivitatea și abstracția motivelor ornamentale fuzionează în contradicție aparentă" și că "două au fost izvoarele inspirației sale: stilul romanic și arta pământului românesc".

Perioada scurtă în care a lucrat Clavel a coincis cu afirmarea tot mai pregnantă a stilului neoromânesc, aflat într-o permanentă "bătălie" cu academismul francez. Din nou, Daniel Popescu afirmă că "activitatea lui [a lui Clavel - n.n.], fulgerătoare și luminoasă, se desfășoară deci în plină epocă semănătoristă, când după lupte și polemice răsunătoare, cauza «stilului românesc» biruia, cel puțin pe plan sentimental, dacă nu și estetic. Intuitiv, personal și lipsit de orice dogmatism, Clavel s-a ținut deoparte în lupta amintită, dar a lăsat în urmă-i unele lucrări ce se impun cercetătorului tocmai printr-o viziune originală a stilului național."  Mai mult decât atât, "în opera clădită de Clavel se vădesc cele două însușiri ce fac din el un arhitect de seamă: înțelegerea justă a problemelor specifice arhitecturii (satisfacerea și armonizarea exigențelor utilului cu legile frumosului, natura materialelor de construcție, încadrarea în peisaj etc.) și un puternic instinct de artă." În consecință, "opera sa sprintenă, aeriană și spiritualizată rămâne un monument în istoria arhitecturii noastre contemporane. Iar cazul acestui occidental prin descendență, care s-a știut scutura de povara unei arte prodigioase și savante (de care-i aminteau mereu ereditatea și formația sa), căutând desfătarea frustă în savoarea rustică a unei arte începătoare - rămâne o problemă interesantă de psihologie artistică."

Referințe

Bibliografie
Volume de autor:
Paul Constantin: Dicționar universal al arhitecților, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1986.
Grigore Ionescu: Arhitectura pe teritoriul României de-a lungul veacurilor, Editura Academiei R.S.R., București, 1982.
Mircea Lupu: Școli naționale în arhitectură, Editura Tehnică, București, 1977.
Toma T. Socolescu: Fresca arhitecților care au lucrat în România în epoca modernă: 1800-1925, Editura Caligraf Design, București, 2004.
Gabriela Tabacu: Revista "Arhitectura" - studiu monografic și indici 1905-1944, Editura Humanitas, București, 2008.

Legături externe
 Bucureștii noi și vechi — Vila Matilda, arhitect Alexandre Clavel
 Casele Bucureștilor (XII)
 Muzeul Frederic Storck și Cecilia Cuțescu Storck - arhitect Alexandre Clavel

Nașteri în 1875
Decese în 1916
Arhitecți români
Români de origine franceză

Alexandre Clavel


Das Ryōgoku Kokugikan (), auch bekannt als Sumō-Halle, ist eine Sporthalle in Yokoami, Sumida, Präfektur Tokio, Japan.

Das ursprüngliche gleichnamige Gebäude wurde 1909 erbaut. Es befand sich weiter südlich im benachbarten Stadtteil Ryōgoku. Dann wurde 1954 ein neues Gebäude im Stadtteil Kurame eröffnet. Das Gebäude wurde abgerissen, um für das derzeitige Gebäude Platz zu machen, das 1985 eröffnet wurde. Es besitzt eine Kapazität von 13.000 Sitzplätzen und ist somit das dritte Gebäude in Tokio, das diesen Namen trägt. Es wird hauptsächlich zur Austragung von Sumō-Turnieren (Hon-Basho) verwendet. Hier finden das hatsu basho (Neujahrsturnier) im Januar, das natsu basho (Sommerturnier) im Mai und das aki basho (Herbstturnier) im September statt. Der Sumō-Ringaufbau in der Mitte kann unter die Bodenfläche versenkt werden, so dass die Halle auch für andere Zwecke genutzt werden kann.

Ein Sumō-Museum ist ebenfalls im Gebäude untergebracht. Daneben wird die Halle auch für andere Veranstaltungen wie Wrestling, Boxen und Konzerte benutzt.
Bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 2020 fanden hier die Boxkämpfe statt.

Literatur
 S. Noma (Hrsg.): Kokugikan. In: Japan. An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kodansha, 1993. ISBN 4-06-205938-X, S. 817.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Bauwerk in Sumida
Stadion in Japan
Sporthalle
Sport (Sumida)
Wettkampfstätte der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2020

Ryōgoku Kokugikan


An Mycaranthes tricuspidata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Stephan Rauschert. An Mycaranthes tricuspidata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mycaranthes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sulawesi. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mycaranthes

Mycaranthes tricuspidata


La Vierge du Vercors est un piton rocheux du massif du Vercors situé dans le département de la Drôme au niveau de la falaise de Roche Rousse et dont la forme évoque une statue de la Vierge Marie.

Géographie

Situation
Cette curiosité naturelle dénommée « Vierge du Vercors » est située le long de la falaise de Roche Rousse qui marque les limites du plateau d'Herbouilly. Dominant la vallée de la Buyèche et le territoire des communes de Saint-Martin-en-Vercors et de Saint-Julien-en-Vercors de ses  d'altitude, elle est également proche des sites historique de Valchevrière et de la Ferme d'Herbouilly.

La Vierge du Vercors est bordée du côté est et du côté ouest par la RD215c qui forme une longue boucle afin de franchir les longs escarpements des falaises de cette partie du Vercors, à proximité du col d'Herbouilly que franchit cette route et le pas de Saint-Martin.

Description et classement
En décrochement de la falaise calcaire de Roche Rousse, l'érosion a permis la naissance d'un rocher d'une vingtaine de mètres de hauteur en lui donnant une silhouette évoquant celle de la Vierge. Ce rocher, classé au patrimoine national le  est assez difficile à situer et à observer.

Géologie
Géologie du Vercors

Évocation et utilisation

Dans la littérature
La Vierge du Vercors est évoquée dans le roman La Sacrifiée du Vercors de François Médeline, publié en 2021 aux éditions Univers Poche.

Site d'escalade
Un site d'escalade (Via corda) a été développé dans son socle. Sa longueur est estimée à  avec une altitude de départ à  et une altitude d'arrivée à .

Bibliographie

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Forêt du Vercors

Liens externes
  Vues aériennes de la Vierge du Vercors sur Youtube (auteur Tychodrone Adventures)

Massif du Vercors

Vierge du Vercors


Jaap ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Max Jaap (1902–1978), deutscher Regisseur und Drehbuchautor
 Otto Jaap (1864–1922), deutscher Botaniker

Jaap ist als Verkleinerungsform von Jacob ein niederländischer männlicher Vorname.

Namensträger:

 Jaap Barendregt (1905–1952), niederländischer Fußballspieler
 Jaap Blonk (* 1953), niederländischer Komponist, Vokalist und Lautpoet
 Jaap Boot (1903–1986), niederländischer Leichtathlet
 Jaap Bos (* 1953), niederländischer Fußballspieler
 Jaap Eden (1873–1925), niederländischer Eisschnellläufer und Radsportler
 Jaap Eggermont (* 1946), niederländischer Musiker und Produzent
 Jaap ter Haar (1922–1998), niederländischer Schriftsteller
 Jaap M. Hemelrijk (1925–2018), niederländischer Klassischer Archäologe
 Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (* 1948), niederländischer Politiker
 Jaap Kool (1891–1959), niederländischer Komponist, Musikwissenschaftler und Pädagoge
 Jaap Kunst (1891–1960), niederländischer Musikethnologe
 Jaap van Lagen (* 1976), niederländischer Rennfahrer
 Jaap ter Linden (* 1947), niederländischer Cellist, Gambist und Dirigent
 Jaap Mansfeld (* 1936), niederländischer Philosoph und Philosophiehistoriker
 Jaap Meijer (1905–1943), niederländischer Bahnradsportler und Weltmeister
 Jaap Oudkerk (* 1937), niederländischer Radrennfahrer und zweifacher Weltmeister
 Jaap Schröder (1925–2020), niederländischer Violinist und Dirigent
 Jaap Speyer (1891–1952), niederländischer Filmregisseur
 Jaap Stam (* 1972), niederländischer Fußballspieler
 Jaap van der Wiel (1960–2012), niederländischer Fußballspieler
 Jaap van Zweden (* 1960), niederländischer Violinist und Dirigent

Einzelnachweise

Familienname
Männlicher Vorname
Kurzform (Vorname)
Niederländischer Personenname

Jaap


Just Dance este o serie de jocuri bazate pe ritm dezvoltată și publicată de către Ubisoft. Primul joc din serie a fost lansat în 2009 în America de Nord, Europa și Australia. Seria cuprinde momentan 12 jocuri principale și anume: Just Dance, Just Dance 2, Just Dance 3, Just Dance 4, Just Dance 2014, Just Dance 2015, Just Dance 2016, Just Dance 2017, Just Dance 2018, Just Dance 2019, Just Dance 2020 și Just Dance 2021. În 2014 a fost lansatǎ o versiune a jocului pentru mobil, Just Dance Now.

Gameplay
Just Dance este un joc de dans bazat pe mișcare pentru mai mulți jucători, fiecare joc având o colecție de melodii, fiecare cu propriile coregrafii de dans. În fiecare melodie, jucătorii imită un dans interpretat de actori pe ecran, urmând comenzi care apar pe ecran. În plus, există mișcări speciale în care jucătorii trebuie să stea într-o anumită poziție pentru a câștiga puncte bonus, respectiv gold moves sau mișcǎri de aur. Jucătorii primesc puncte pe baza performanței lor. In noile jocuri, a apărut modul World Dance Floor, unde jucătorii pot concura în mod online
Jocuri video

Just Dance (serie)


القزم الجليدي جرم كوكبي جليدي صغير أو كويكب أو شبه كوكب يدور خلف مدار نبتون.

قائمة أكبر الأقزام الجليدية
أقزام جليدية قطرها أكبر من 2000 كيلومتر:
 إريس (2400 كم)
 بلوتو (2306 كم)

هناك أيضا القمر تريتون (2707 كم)

أنواع الكواكب

قزم جليدي


وشق أوراسيا سنور متوسط الحجم يعيش في الغابات الأوروبية، السيبيرية والآسيوية حيث يعتبر مفترسا رئيسيا، ووشق أوراسيا أكبر أنواع الوشق جميعها حيث يتراوح طوله من 80 إلى 130 سنتيمترا ويصل ارتفاعه عند الكتفين لحوالي 70 سنتيمترا. يتراوح وزن الذكور ما بين 18 و30 كيلوغراما بينما يصل معدل وزن الإناث إلى 18,1 كيلوغرام، ولهذه الحيوانات فراء رمادي ضارب إلى الأحمر ومرقط برقط سوداء يختلف نمطها باختلاف الأفراد. يعتبر وشق أوراسيا حيوانا ليلي النشاط بشكل رئيسي وغالبا ما تعيش الأفراد البالغة حياة انعزالية، وهذه الحيوانات هادئة إجمالا ولا تصدر أصواتا عالية، وهذا قد يؤدي إلى عدم المعرفة بوجود الحيوان في منطقة معينة لعدة سنوات، وغالبا ما تكون بقايا الطرائد وآثار القوائم هي الدليل الوحيد على وجود الوشق في إحدى المناطق.

يتغذى وشق أوراسيا على الأرانب البرية، الأرانب، القوارض، الثعالب، يحمور أوروبا، والرنة، ونادرا ما تصطاد حيوانا يفوقها حجما لأنها تتفادى أي إصابة من شأنها أن تقعدها، مثلها مثل باقي فصائل السنوريات. يتمحور أسلوب الصيد حول الاقتراب والتسلل صوب الطريدة ومن ثم القفز عليها، وفي الشتاء قد يصعب الصيد على الوشق بسبب الثلج الكثيف الذي يمنعه من التحرك بسرعة وبالتالي يضطر إلى صيد حيوانات أكبر حجما، إذ أن حجمها الكبير يعيقها من التحرك بسرعة في الثلج أيضا. تفضل هذه الحيوانات العيش في المناطق الغابوية الوعرة التي تؤمن لها العديد من المخابئ التي تستطيع أن تموهها، ويتراوح محيط منطقة صيد وشق أوراسيا ما بين 20 و60 كيلومترا مربعا ويستطيع الحيوان أن يتنقل لمسافة 20 كيلومترا داخل منطقته في ليل واحد.

وضع الفصيلة وانتشارها
كانت هذه السنوريات واسعة الانتشار عبر أوروبا بأكملها وبآسيا الوسطى، الأناضول وشمال العراق، وبحلول منتصف القرن العشرين كانت الفصيلة قد انقرضت في معظم دول أوروبا الوسطى والغربية، ومؤخرا كانت هناك محاولات ناجحة لإعادة إدخال وشق أوراسيا إلى غابات العديد من الدول الأوروبية.

وضع وشق أوراسيا في بعض المناطق والدول
 شبه جزيرة البلقان: هناك حوالي 100 وشق أوراسيا في صربيا، جمهورية مقدونيا، ألبانيا واليونان، وتعيش الجمهرة الأكبر في الهضاب النائية في غرب مقدونيا.
 بريطانيا: كان يعتقد بأن الوشق انقرض في بريطانيا منذ حوالي 000 10 سنة بعد تراجع الجليد عند نهاية العصر الجليدي، أو منذ 000 4 سنة عندما تغيّر المناخ ليصبح أكثر برودة ورطوبة. إلا أن عمليات التأريخ بواسطة الكربون التي أجريت على جماجم أوشاق أوراسيا المأخوذة من متاحف اسكتلندا والكهوف في شمال يوركشاير أظهرت أن تلك الحيوانات استمرت بالعيش في بريطانيا إلى ما بين 80 و425 م.
 جبال أوروبا الوسطى: يعيش حوالي 800 2 وشق في سلاسل الجبال التي تمتد عبر جمهورية التشيك، بولندا، سلوفاكيا، رومانيا وصربيا. تعتبر هذه الجمهرة أكبر الجمهرات التي تعيش غرب الحدود الروسية.
 آسيا الوسطى: يعيش وشق أوراسيا في بعض المحافظات الصينية أيضا مثل غانسو، كينغاهي، سيتشوان وشانكسي، بالإضافة إلى دول منغوليا، كازاخستان، أزبكستان، تركستان، كرغستان، طاجيكستان، شمالي باكستان (كشمير) وإيران.

 جمهورية التشيك: انقرض وشق أوراسيا في بوهيميا خلال القرن التاسع عشر (1830 - 1890)، ومن ثم اختفى من مورافيا في أواخر ذاك القرن وبداية القرن العشرين كما يعتقد. وفي عام 1945 هاجرت بعض الأوشاق من سلوفاكيا واستقرت في مورافيا مما خلق جمهرة صغيرة غير مستقرة في تلك البلاد، وخلال الثمانينات من القرن العشرين قامت السلطات البيئية باستقدام قرابة 20 فردا من سلوفاكيا وأعادت إدخالها إلى منطقة سومافا. قدرت أعداد وشق أوراسيا في التشيك في بداية عام 2006 بين 65 و105، وهي لا تزال مهددة بالقنص غير الشرعي على الرغم من حظر الصيد.
 العراق: كان وشق أوراسيا يعيش في الموصل بشمال العراق بشكل نادر، وقد استمرت رؤيته بين الحين والأخر من قبل السكان المحليين قبل أن يختفي في بداية القرن العشرين.
 بلاد الشام: كان وشق أوراسيا حيوانا مألوفا في بلاد الشام حتى القرن التاسع عشر، ويعرف بأن السكان في شمال فلسطين كانوا يبيعون جلود تلك الحيوانات في بعض الأحيان خلال تلك الفترة، وقد اختفى وشق أوراسيا من لبنان، سوريا وفلسطين منذ ذلك الوقت بسبب التحطيب الذي أدى إلى اختفاء العديد من المناطق الغابوية التي كانت تسكنها تلك الحيوانات وأيضا بسبب الازدياد السكاني الذي أدى إلى استيطان معظم المناطق الريفية.

 جبال الألب: يعيش ما بين 130 و200 وشق أوراسيا في سلسلة جبال الألب التي تمتد عبر دول سلوفينيا، كرواتيا والبوسنة والهرسك، وكان يعتقد بأن هذه الحيوانات انقرضت من تلك الدول في مستهل القرن العشرين إلا أنه بحلول عام 1973 كانت سلوفينيا قد أطلقت مشروع إعادة توطين وشق أوراسيا في غاباتها ويعتبر هذا المشروع ناجحا إذ أنه أدى لإعادة انتشار تلك الحيوانات في جبال الألب السلوفينية وفي المناطق المجاورة من كرواتيا والبوسنة والهرسك. يصنف وشق أوراسيا في هذه الدول الثلاثة على أنه مهدد وينعم بالحماية القانونية، وتقدر أعداد وشق أوراسيا في سلوفينيا بأربعين حيوانا وما بين 100 و120 في كرواتيا وحوالي 40 في البوسنة والهرسك.
 إستونيا: تقدر أعداد وشق أوراسيا في إستونيا بحوالي 900 وفقا للإحصاء الأخير الذي جرى عام 2001.
 إسكندنافيا: كانت أوشاق أوراسيا في الدول الإسكندنافية على وشك الانقراض خلال الثلاثينات والخمسينات من القرن العشرين، إلا أن أعدادها عادت وارتفعت مجددا بفضل الحماية التي حظيت بها، أما حاليا فإن صيد تلك الحيوانات قد سمح به مجددا بشرط حمل الرخصة وتحت ظروف معينة. لا تزال أعداد الأفراد تزداد ببطء في تلك الدول، ويعتبر وشق أوراسيا السنّور الوحيد غير المستأنس في إسكندنافيا.
 فنلندا: يعيش فيها ما بين 000 1 إلى 200 1 فرد (إحصاء 2006).
 النرويج: يعتبر وضع جمهرة وشق أوراسيا في النرويج مستقرا في معظم أنحاء البلد عدا المقاطعات الغربية حيث تشاهد بصورة متقطعة. وكانت الحكومة قد وضعت هدفا يتمثل في الحصول على 65 وشق أوراسيا مولودا في الأسر، وحققت هذا الهدف في عام 2007 عندما بلغ عدد المواليد ما بين 69 و74، ويقدر العدد الإجمالي للجمهرة بما بين 409 و439 فردا.
 السويد: قدر عدد جمهرة وشق أوراسيا في السويد بحوالي 400 1 فرد عام 2006، وتقوم الحكومة السويدية بتنظيم عمليات الصيد في ذلك البلد حيث لا تسمح بالصيد إلا للصيادين المسجلين في برنامج «الصيد الوقائي» الذي يعمل به في شهر مارس فقط، ولا يسمح للصياد سوى صيد عدد محدد من الحيوانات في كل منطقة وذلك بحسب نسبة أوشاق أوراسيا التي تقطن المكان وبالنظر إذا ما كانت سوف تتأثر بهذا التناقص في عددها أم لا، وأيضا بالنظر إذا ما كانت أعداد الرنة ستزداد بسبب تناقص أعداد وشق أوراسيا. تقوم إدارة المقاطعة التي اصطيد فيها الحيوان بالإستيلاء على الجيفة وإرسالها إلى المؤسسة البيطرية الوطنية لتحليلها، ويحق للصياد أن يحتفظ بالجلد بحال قامت الشرطة المحلية بتعليق شريحة إلكترونية ميكروسكوبية أو جهاز بث صغير عليه، ويمكن أن ترسل جمجمة الحيوان إلى الصياد ليحتفظ بها مقابل رسم بسيط يبلغ مقداره € 70. وبسبب التناسل الناجح لأوشاق أوراسيا، سمحت السلطات للصيادين بقتل ما يزيد عن 75 حيوانا في 20 منطقة خلال عام 2007، مقابل 51 حيوانا عام 2006 (أي زيادة بنسبة % 5)، وفي عام 2006 أيضا قتل 41 وشق أوراسيا لأسباب أخرى غير الصيد منها 31 حالة صدم بالسيارات على الطرقات المارة بالغابات.

 فرنسا: تمت إبادة وشق أوراسيا في فرنسا بحلول عام 1900 ولكن أعيد إدخاله لاحقا إلى جبال البيرينيه والفوج.
 ألمانيا: قتل آخر وشق أوراسيا في ألمانيا عام 1850 ومن ثم أعيد إدخاله إلى غابات بافاريا والهارز خلال التسعينات من القرن العشرين، وفي عام 2002 أعلن عن الولادة الأولى لوشق أوراسيا في البرية الألمانية منذ إعادة إدخالها إلى هناك، كما يتواجد هذا الحيوان أيضا في بعض المناطق المحاذية لفرنسا ويعتقد بأنها عبرت إلى ألمانيا من هناك.
 الأراضي المنخفضة: انقرض وشق أوراسيا في الأراضي المنخفضة منذ القرون الوسطى، على الرغم من أنه يزعم بوجود الكثير من المشاهدات العينية حاليا إلا أن معظمها قد يكون لحيوانات هاربة من الأسر أو مطلقة عمدا في البرية.
 بولندا: يعيش في بولندا حوالي 000 1 وشق أوراسيا في غابة بيلويزي وجبال تاترا.
 روسيا: يعيش أكثر من % 90 من جميع أوشاق أوراسيا في العالم في غابات سيبيريا، وتتوزع هذه الحيوانات من الحدود الغربية لروسيا وصولا إلى جزيرة ساخالين في المحيط الهادئ.
 سلوفاكيا: يعيش وشق أوراسيا في غابات مختلطة في سلوفاكيا الوسطى والشرقية على ارتفاعات تتراوح من 800 إلى 000 1 متر، وتتواجد أعداده الأغزر في العديد من المحميات والمنتزهات القومية السلوفاكيّة.
 سويسرا: انقرض وشق أوراسيا في سويسرا عام 1915 ومن ثم أعيد إدخاله عام 1971 حيث هاجر من هناك إلى النمسا حيث كان قد انقرض قبل ذلك أيضا.

السلالات

هناك 5 سلالات من وشق أوراسيا متعارف عليها، وقد تم اقتراح تسمية المزيد من السلالات إلا أنها اعتبرت مماثلة للسلالات الموجودة حاليا أو مجرد جمهرات منها. وسلالات وشق أوراسيا هي:
 السلالة الإسكندنافية، الوشقية: تستوطن إسكندنافيا، أوروبا الوسطى، أوروبا الشرقية وغربي صربيا، القوقاز، سيبيريا، منغوليا، شمالي الصين، كوريا.
 سلالة آسيا الوسطى: تعيش في آسيا الوسطى.
 سلالة سيبيريا الوسطى: تعيش في سيبيريا الوسطى.
 سلالة سردينيا: استوطنت سردينيا (منقرضة).
 سلالة شمال الصين: تستوطن شمال الصين.

مراجع
 المجموعة المختصة بالسنوريات (2002)، القائمة الحمراء للأنواع المهددة بالانقراض (2006). قاعدة المعلومات تحوي معلومات عن سبب اعتبار الفصيلة شبه مهددة.
 معلومات عن وشق أوراسيا، تأليف بيتر جاكسون.
 شبكة أخبار بي بي سي (3 نوفمبر 2006): ضرورة التحرك لإنقاد وشق أوراسيا بالبلقان.
 المركز الأوروبي للمعلومات حول وشق أوراسيا.
 المؤسسة الفنلندية للبحوث المتعلقة بالصيد وصيد الأسماك.
 المؤسسة السويدية لحماية البيئة.

المصادر

وصلات خارجية
 المركز الأوروبي للمعلومات حول وشق أوراسيا
 معلومات حول وشق أوراسيا من السنوريات البرية: الوضع وخطط المحافظة على الفصائل
 وشق أوراسيا من القائمة الحمراء للاتحاد العالمي للحفاظ على الطبيعة
 وشق أوراسيا من المركز العالمي للمراقبة والمحافظة
 الضواري الكبرى في أوروبا

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