Jacques José Mardoché Attali (; born 1 November 1943) is a French economic and social theorist, writer, political adviser and senior civil servant.

A very prolific writer, Attali published 86 books in 54 years, between 1969 and 2023.

Attali served as a counselor to President François Mitterrand from 1981 to 1991, and was the first head of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development from 1991 to 1993. In 1997, upon the request of education minister Claude Allègre, he proposed a reform of the higher education degrees system. From 2008 to 2010, he led the government committee on how to ignite the growth of the French economy, under President Nicolas Sarkozy.

Attali co-founded the European program EUREKA, dedicated to the development of new technologies. He also founded the non-profit organization PlaNet Finance, now called Positive Planet, and is the head of Attali & Associates (A&A), an international consultancy firm on strategy, corporate finance and venture capital. Interested in the arts, he has been nominated to serve on the board of the Musée d'Orsay. He has published more than fifty books, including Verbatim (1981), Noise: The Political Economy of Music (1985), Labyrinth in Culture and Society: Pathways to Wisdom (1999), and A Brief History of the Future (2006).

In 2009, Foreign Policy called him as one of the top 100 "global thinkers" in the world.

Early life
Jacques Attali was born on 1 November 1943 in Algiers (Algeria), with his twin brother Bernard Attali, in a Jewish family. His father, Simon Attali, is a self-educated person who achieved success in perfumery ("Bib et Bab" shop) in Algiers. He married Fernande Abécassis on 27 January 1943. On 11 February 1954, his mother gave birth to his sister, Fabienne. In 1956, two years after the beginning of the Algerian independence war (1954–1962), his father decided to move to Paris with his family.

Jacques and Bernard studied at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly, in the 16th arrondissement, where they met Jean-Louis Bianco and Laurent Fabius. In 1966, Jacques graduated from the École polytechnique (first of the class of 1963). He also graduated from the École des mines, Sciences Po and the École nationale d'administration (third of the class of 1970).

In 1968, while doing an internship at the prefecture of a French department (Nièvre), he met for the second time with François Mitterrand, then President of the department, whom he had met for the first time three years before.

in 1972,  Attali received a PhD in economics from University Paris Dauphine, for a thesis written under the supervision of Alain Cotta. Michel Serres was among the jury of his PhD.

In 1970, when he was 27, he became a member of the Council of State. In 1972, aged 29, he published his first two books, Analyse économique de la vie politique and Modèles politiques, for which he was awarded with a prize from the Academy of Sciences.

Academic career
Jacques Attali taught economics from 1968 to 1985 at the Paris Dauphine University, at the École polytechnique and at the École des Ponts et chaussées.

In his laboratory in Dauphine, the IRIS, he gathered several young researchers Yves Stourdzé (who ran the European research program EUREKA co-founded by Jacques Attali), Jean-Hervé Lorenzi, and Érik Orsenna, but also leading figures in various fields (including journalism, mathematics, show business, financial analysis).

Political career
Attali's close collaboration with François Mitterrand started in December 1973. He directed his political campaign for the presidential elections in 1974. He then became his main chief of staff in the opposition. In 1981, François Mitterrand, after he was elected President, named Attali as his special adviser. From this moment on, Jacques Attali wrote notes every evening for the attention of the French President, which dealt with economics, culture, politics, or the last book he read. He also attended all the Cabinet meetings, the Defense Council, and all bilateral meetings between President François Mitterrand and foreign heads of States and governments. The President also entrusted him with the role of "sherpa" (personal representative of a head of State) for the European and G7 summits.

Attali then enlarged his circle of acquaintances to Raymond Barre, Jacques Delors, Philippe Séguin, Jean-Luc Lagardère, Antoine Riboud, Michel Serres, Coluche. He advised the President to get Jean-Louis Bianco, Alain Boublil and several young, promising graduates from the École nationale d'administration (like François Hollande and Ségolène Royal) to join his team.

In 1982, he pleaded for "economic rigour". As "sherpa" of Mitterrand during 10 years, he organised the Versailles G7 summit in 1982 and the G7 Summit of the Arch in 1989. He took an active part in the organization of the celebrations for the bicentenary of the French Revolution on 14 July 1989.

In 1997, upon the request of Claude Allègre, he proposed a reform of the tertiary education degree system which led to the implementation of the LMD model.

In 2008 and 2010, he was asked by then President Nicolas Sarkozy to chair a bipartisan commission aiming at proposing reforms to foster French economic growth. In 2013, Attali advocated the concept of positive economy in a report delivered to President François Hollande at his request. His ideas inspired some of the provisions of the law proposed by Emmanuel Macron, Minister of Economy.

In April 2011, in Washington, D.C., the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the United States' Smithsonian Institution presented the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service to Attali.

Attali has supported Rattachism.
He is often credited with having spotted Emmanuel Macron and enabling him to become President of the French Republic. Indeed, he was the one who discovered him while he was an investment banker at Rotschild & Co., and then introduced him to François Hollande, proposing that he become Minister of Economy.

International career
In 1979, Attali co-founded the international NGO Action Against Hunger (Action Contre La Faim).

In 1984, he helped implement the European program EUREKA, dedicated to the "development of new technologies", the direction of which he entrusted to Yves Stourdzé.

In January 1989, he initiated a vast international plan of action against the disastrous flooding in Bangladesh.

In August 1989, during François Mitterrand's second mandate, Jacques Attali gave up politics and left the Elysée Palace. He founded the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), in London, and became its first president. He had initiated the idea of this institution in June 1989, before the fall of the Berlin Wall, in order to support the reconstruction of Eastern European countries. He chaired the Paris negotiating conference which led to the creation of the EBRD. Under his leadership, the EBRD promoted investments which aimed at protecting nuclear power plants, protecting the environment and, more generally, developing infrastructure, reinforcing private sector competitiveness and support transition to democracy.

In 1991, Attali invited Mikhail Gorbachev to the EBRD headquarters, in London, against the opinion of British Prime Minister John Major. By doing so, he compelled the heads of government of the G7, who were attending a summit in this town, to receive the Soviet head of state. After a stormy phone call between Jacques Attali and John Major, the British press started to criticize Attali and spread suspicions about his management of the institution. Uncontested details of the management of the EBRD – including of inefficiency and profligacy – were shocking. Some of these details were taken up by some French journalists. Attali explains his stance in a chapter of his book C'était François Mitterrand, entitled "Verbatim and the EBRD": "the work in question had been done under the supervision of an international working group to which I did not belong". Indeed, when Attali left the EBRD (voluntarily) the board of governors gave him final discharge for the management of the institution. However, his reputation never recovered.

In 1993, Attali won a libel suit; he had been accused of having reproduced in his book Verbatim, without François Mitterrand's authorization, secret archives and several sentences of the French head of State which were meant for another book. The Herald Tribune even published, on the front page, an article claiming (wrongly) that President Mitterrand had asked for the book to be withdrawn from sale. François Mitterrand confirmed in a long interview that he had asked Attali to write this book, and acknowledged that he had proofread it and had been given the opportunity
to make corrections.

In 1998, Attali founded Positive Planet, a non-profit organization which is active in more than 80 countries, employing over 500 staff, and provides funding, technical assistance and advisory services to  microfinance players and stakeholders. Positive Planet is also active in France empoverished suburbs.

In 2001 Attali was subject to investigations on the charges of "concealment of company assets which have been misused and influence peddling". He was discharged on 27 October 2009 by the magistrate's court of Paris, "on the benefit of the doubt".

Attali advocates the establishment of a global rule of law, which will condition the survival of democracy through the creation of a new global order. He thinks the regulation of the economy by a global financial supervisory institution may be a solution to the financial crisis which started 2008. The financial institution is a first step towards the establishment of a democratic world government, of which the European Union can be a laboratory, which was all laid to bare in his 1981 book Verbatim.

Private financial career
In 1994, he founded Attali & Associates (A&A), an international advisory firm which specializes in strategy consulting, corporate finance and venture capital to help companies' long-term development.

In 2012, Attali became a member of the supervisory board of Kepler Capital Markets, a Swiss broker based in Geneva. The same year, Crédit Agricole sold Cheuvreux, which employs about 700 people worldwide, to Kepler Capital Markets.

He presides over the supervisory board of Slate.fr.

Music and arts
In September 2010, Attali was appointed as a member of the directorate of the Musée d'Orsay.

Attali has a passion for music: he plays the piano (he once played for the association Les Restos du Cœur), and wrote lyrics for Barbara. He is the author of the book Bruits (1977) (English: Noise: The Political Economy of Music), an essay which deals with the economy of music and the importance of music in the evolution of our societies.

In 1978, he played himself in Pauline et l'ordinateur, directed by Francis Fehr.

Since 2003, he directs the Grenoble University orchestra, open to amateurs, under Patrick Souillot. He performed very different pieces, which ranged from a symphony composed by Benda to Bach's violin concertos, a mass composed by Mozart, Barber's Adagio and Mendelssohn's double concerto for violin, piano and orchestra. In 2012, he conducted the Musiques en scène orchestra, performing the opening of the Barber of Sevilla and co-directed the Lamoureux Orchestra with his friend, the geneticist Daniel Cohen, during the gala of Technion University, in Paris. He also directed the Lausanne Sinfonietta in August and Ravel's Concerto in G with the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra in Jerusalem and then in Paris. He also directed orchestra in Shanghai, Bondy, Marseille, London and Astana.

With Patrick Souillot, he created in 2012 a national organization following the model of the Fabrique Opéra Grenoble, which aims at coordinating the production of cooperative operas with the participation of students from vocational highschools.

Reflections on growth and positive economics

Commission for the Liberation of French Growth, known as "Attali Commission"
On 24 July 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy appointed Attali to chair a bipartisan commission charged with studying "the bottlenecks that constrain growth". It was composed of 42 members, freely appointed by Attali, mostly liberals and social democrats. Its unanimous report was handed over to the President on 23 January 2008. It contained various recommendations to radically transform the French economy and society in order to unlock economic growth.

Commission for "Positive Economics"
In 2012, French President François Hollande ordered from Attali a report on the "positive economics" situation. The aim of this report was to put an end to the short-termism, to move from an individualistic economy based on the short-term to an economy based on public interest and the interest of future generations, to organize the transition from an old model based on the wealth economy to a model in which economic agents will have other obligations than profit maximization. This report, written by a wide-ranging commission, proposed 44 reforms.

Literary work
The literary work of Attali covers a wide range of topics and almost every possible subject in the field of literature: mathematics, economic theory, essays, novels, biographies, memoirs, children's stories, and theater. It is probably difficult to find a common thread in his work.

All of his essays revolve around the daunting task of describing the future from a long-term analysis of the past. In order to accomplish this, he undertook the task of retelling the story of human activity and its various dimensions: music, time, property, France, nomadic life, health, the seas, modernity, global governance, love and death (Bruits, Histoires du temps, La nouvelle économie française, Chemin de sagesse, Au propre et au figuré, l'ordre cannibale, Consolations, l'homme nomade, Amours, Histoire de la modernité, Demain qui gouvernera le monde, Histoires de la mer).

He has also put forward several readers (Lignes d'horizon, Brève histoire de l'avenir, Vivement après demain) and several publications on analytical methods (Analyse économique de la vie politique, Modèles politiques, Les trois mondes, La figure de Fraser, Peut-on prévoir l'avenir ?).

His work reveals a distinct vision of history and its successive stages, which are simultaneously ideological, technological and geopolitical. Furthermore, his work entails depicting the slow transformation of humanity into an artifact in which man becomes an object to escape death, and the geopolitical evolution toward chaos that accompanies such transformation; meanwhile, man is also waiting for an awakening leading to a new global governance, a sanctification of the essential makeup of mankind, taking into account the interest of future generations, and not letting prostheses invade it.

Attali has also, in books written during key events, tried to highlight particular moments of the present and the near future (La crise et après ?, Tous ruinés dans dix ans ?, Économie de l'apocalypse) and he proposed reforms to implement, either in books he authored (Candidats, répondez !, Urgences françaises) or in collective reports (Rapport sur l'évolution de l'enseignement supérieur, sur la libération de la croissance, sur l'économie positive, sur la francophonie).

Attali also reflected on the future of the concepts of socialism and altruism (La voie humaine, Fraternités) and advocated methods of personal growth (Survivre aux crises, Devenir soi).

Since his earliest books, Attali foresaw and announced signals of the future, albeit weak at the time, that later came true: In La parole et l'outil (1976), he announced and described the shift from an energy-based society to an information-based society. In Bruits, in 1977, he announced what would later be the internet, YouTube, and the importance of musical practice; in La nouvelle économie française, in 1978, he discussed the coming emergence of the personal computer, hyper-surveillance and self-surveillance. In Les trois mondes, in 1980, he announced the shift of the centre of power around the Pacific. In L'ordre Cannibale, in 1980, he announced the advent of a prosthetic society, now known as transhumanism. In Histoires du temps, he announced the rapid pace of history and the growing immediacy of relationships. In Amours, he announced the emergence of poly-romantic relationships. In Au propre et au figuré, he announced the break-up of property and its use, and subsequently he invented the concept of the "nomadic object." In Lignes d'horizons, in 1990, he predicted the relative decline of US power. In Brève histoire de l'avenir, he announced a corporate power grab by health data and insurance companies. In L'homme nomade, he described the great movement of populations whose sedentary life was only a temporary stage.

Attali has reflected on the many dimensions, as well as the place, of Jewish thought and the Jewish people in history (1492, Histoire économique du peuple juif, Dictionnaire amoureux du judaïsme); he also took on this subject at the theatre in Du cristal à la fumée.

He also reflected on inter-religious dialogue (La confrérie des Eveillés and Naissance de l'Occident).

The focus of his biographical publishing is on retelling the lives of characters who disrupted world history by the strength of their ideas: Warburg, Pascal, Marx, Gandhi, Diderot, and all those for whom he wrote a short biography in Phares, such as Averroes, Aristotle, Maimonides, Thomas Aquinas, Giordano Bruno, Darwin.

Attali's novels, mostly categorized in fantasy genre, or at least in the slight dystopia subgenre, address the same themes. In particular, his novels revolve around the risks confronted by humanity, with characters anxious to hide, to disappear (Nouvelles, Les portes du ciel, Le premier jour après moi, Il viendra, Notre vie disent- ils).

More recently, he has chosen to combine crime novels with dystopia, imagining a reappearing police chief, whilst the action takes place in a near future period.

Attali has narrated some of the major events in which he was involved in several memoirs: first, in Verbatim 1, 2 and 3, he kept, at the request of François Mitterrand, the daily newspaper in the years during Mitterrand's presidency. He also recounted his memories of the creation of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in Europe(s) and drew a portrait of François Mitterrand in C'était François Mitterrand, from the twenty years he spent at his side.

Selected bibliography

Cannibalism and Civilization: Life and Death in the History of Medicine (1984)
Noise: The Political Economy of Music (1985) Translated by Brian Massumi. Foreword by Fredric Jameson, afterword by Susan McClary. University of Minnesota Press .
A man of influence: Le destin d'un homme d'influence S.G. Warburg (1987)
Millennium: Winners and Losers in the Coming Order (1992)
Europe(s) (1994)
Labyrinth in Culture and Society: Pathways to Wisdom (1999) Translated by Joseph Rowe. North Atlantic Books
Fraternités (1999)
Karl Marx or the thought of the world (2005) - original title: Karl Marx ou l'esprit du monde
Les Juifs, le Monde et l'Argent, Histoire économique du peuple juif (2002) Fayard (The Jews, the World and Money, an Economic History of the Jewish People)
C'était François Mitterrand (2005) Fayard
A Brief History of the Future (2006) Arcade Publishing  - original title: Une Brève histoire de l'avenir
La crise, et après ? (2008) Fayard
The economic history of the Jewish people (2010)

See also
Social innovation
Sound culture
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

References

External links

Jacques Attali's home page
Biography
Jacques Attali's Homepage (English)
Jacques Attali's Blog page
Jacques Attali's Blog page (English)
Jacques Attali on Linkedin.com (English)
Jacques Attali - Huffington Post (English)
Books/Latest Publications
NotBored.org: Jacques Attali's Noise Takes a critical stance on Attali's class position.
Jacques Attali interviewed by Angus Carlyle
Outline of Jacques Attali, Noise
Jacques Attali, a video interview by Denis Failly around his last book "Une brève histoire de l'avenir"

1943 births
Living people
Eureka (organisation)
People from Algiers
French people of Algerian-Jewish descent
20th-century French Sephardi Jews
French economists
Lycée Janson-de-Sailly alumni
École Polytechnique alumni
Mines Paris - PSL alumni
Corps des mines
Sciences Po alumni
École nationale d'administration alumni
Members of the Conseil d'État (France)
Paris Dauphine University alumni
French twins
Algerian twins
Presidents of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Sociomusicologists
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
French transhumanists

Jacques Attali


The Library  may refer to:

 Bibliotheca historica, also known as The Library, a work by Diodorus Siculus
 The Library (journal), a publication of the Bibliographical Society
 The Library (film), a 2013 Thai short film
 The Library (play), a 2014 play directed by Steven Soderbergh
 "The Library" (Seinfeld), an episode of the television series Seinfeld
 "The Library" (Avatar: The Last Airbender), an episode of the television series Avatar: The Last Airbender
 The Library, a World Fantasy Award-winning 2002 novella by Zoran Živković
 The Library (Halo), a level in the video game Halo: Combat Evolved

See also
 Library
 Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus), a collection of Greek mythology and legends

The Library


«Mon homme» (mi hombre) es una canción francesa de 1920, con letra de André Willemetz y Jacques Charles, y música de Maurice Yvain.

Fue popularizada internacionalmente por Fanny Brice y en España por Sara Montiel.

Algunas versiones notables

 Mistinguett, 1920.
 Fanny Brice (My Man), 1921 (Ziegfeld Follies).
 Billie Holiday (My Man).
 Édith Piaf, 1940.
 Sara Montiel (Es mi hombre), 1958.
 Peggy Lee (My Man), 1959.
 Barbra Streisand (My Man), 1965.
 Diana Ross (My Man), 1970.
 Maruja Garrido (Es mi hombre) ft. Salvador Dalí, 1973.
 Lea Michele (My Man), 2011.
 Regina Spektor (My Man), 2011.

Referencias

Canciones de Francia
Canciones de 1920
Canciones de chanson

Mon homme


Yeniköy (Bulgarca: Висока поляна Visoka Polyana), Bulgaristan'da Deliorman bölgesinde Şumnu iline bağlı bir Türk köyüdür. Eski kayıtlada adı 'Olluklu Yeni Köy' olarak da geçer.

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda inşa edilen ilk demiryolu olan Rusçuk-Varna arasındaki demiryolu köyden geçmektedir. Köyün çevresinde bir zamanlar geniş alanları kaplayan ormanlar varken, zamanla düzlük olan bölgelerde ağaçlar köklenerek tarım alanları açılmışsa da yine de etraftaki köylere göre ormanlar oldukça büyük alanlar kaplar.

Yeniköy'ün komşuluğunda Razgrad ili köyleri Işıklar (Samuil) Kınalı (Huma) ve omran köy bulunur. Köyün kuruluşu ile ilgili hikâyelere göre komşuluğundaki Studenica (Sucazköy), Trem (Omran köy) ve Baykovo (Baykocalar) veya Kınalı (Huma) köylerinden gelen aileler tarafından kurulmuştur. Köy ile ilgili Osmanlı arşivlerinde şu ana kadar incelenen en eski kayıt 1686 yılındandır.

Muhtemelen zamanla çevredeki köylerden gelenler de buraya yerleşmiştir. Nüfusunun tamamı Müslüman Türklerden oluşmaktadır. Yeniköy nüfusu 1961 yılında 1200 kişiyi geçmişken daha sonra çok sayıda ailenin Türkiye'ye, bazılarının da şehirlere göç etmesiyle gittikçe azalmıştır. 1989 yılında nüfusu 700 kişi civarındayken yine büyük bir göç dalgasıyla yarıdan fazlası köyden ayrılarak mülteci olarak Türkiye'ye göçmüş ve büyük bölümü evlerine dönmemiştir. 2007 yılındaki son nüfus sayımında 275 kişinin yaşadığı tespit edilmiştir. Köyde yaşayanların yarıya yakınını emekliler oluşturmaktadır, göçmenlerin terk ettiği çok sayıda ev yıkılmaya başlamıştır.Köy (Kel Aliço) Kel pehlivanıyla'da meşhurdur.

Bulgaristan'daki köyler
Şumnu ili

Yeniköy, Şumnu


Exterstenene (tysk Extersteine) er en særpræget klippeformation i sandsten, der ligger i Teutoburgerskoven, nær byen Horn-Bad Meinberg i Lippe-distriktet i den tyske delstat Nordrhein-Westfalen. Formationen er en såkaldt tor, der består af flere høje, smalle klippesøjler, der rejser sig stejlt fra det omkringliggende skovklædte område.

Ifølge traditionen, der går tilbage til en ide fremsat af Hermann Hamelmann i 1564, er Exterstenene et helligt område for de hedenske saksere, og stedet hvor irminsul-ikonet skulle være blive ødelagt af Karl den Store. Der er dog ingen arkæologiske beviser for, at stedet blev brugt i denne periode.

Stenen blev brugt til eneboere i middelalderen, og i højmiddelalderen lå der et kristent kapel her. Externstenrelieffet er en middelalderlig afbildning af kristus der tages ned af korset. Det er endnu til diskussion om stedet blev brugt til kristen tilbedelsen allerede fra 700- til begyndelsen af 900-tallet.

Exterstenene blev berømte da Völkisch Bewegung og nationalistiske forskere begyndte at interesse sig for stedet i slutningen af 1800-tallet og begyndelsen af 1900-tallet. Interessen nåede sit højdepunkt under nazistyret, hvor klippeformationen blev genstand for nazipropaganda. I dag er det fortsat en populær turistattraktion; stedet tiltrækker også nyhedenske og nynazistiske personer.

Litteratur

 Hans Schmidt: Externstein-Führer. Hermann Bösmann GmbH Verlag, Detmold 1973.
 Цибулькін В. В., Лисюк І. П. СС-Аненербе: розсекречені файли. - Київ-Хмельницький: ВАТ "Видавництво "Поділля", 2010. - С. 266-268

Eksterne henvisninger

 Externsteine Flyer 2014 (English) from the Landesverband Lippe

Nordrhein-Westfalen
Bjergarter

Externstenene


Grove City College (GCC) is a private, conservative Christian liberal arts college in Grove City, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1876 as a normal school, the college emphasizes a humanities core curriculum and offers 60 majors and six pre-professional programs with undergraduate degrees in the liberal arts, sciences, business, education, engineering, and music. The college has always been formally non-denominational, but in its first few decades its students and faculty were dominated by members of the Presbyterian Church, to the extent that it was sometimes described as having a de facto Presbyterian affiliation; in more recent decades, it and the Presbyterian Church have moved apart.

History

Founding
Founded in 1876 by Isaac C. Ketler, the school was originally chartered as Pine Grove Normal Academy. It had twenty-six students in its first year. In 1884, the trustees of Pine Grove Normal Academy in Grove City amended the academy charter to change the name to Grove City College. By charter, the doors of the College were open to qualified students "without regard to religious test or belief." Isaac Ketler served as president until 1913.

Grove City was also supported by Joseph Newton Pew, founder of the Sun Oil Company. Pew and Ketler's sons, Weir C. Ketler and John Howard Pew, later went on to become Grove City president and president of the board of trustees, respectively. During the summer of 1925, J. Gresham Machen gave the lectures that formed the basis of his book, What Is Faith?

World War II
As World War II began, Grove City College was one of six schools selected by the United States Navy to participate in the highly unusual Electronics Training Program (ETP). Starting in March 1942, each month a new group of 100 Navy and Marine students arrived for three months of 14-hour days in concentrated electrical engineering study. ETP admission required passing the Eddy Test, one of the most selective qualifying exams given during the war years. Professor Russell P. Smith was the program's Director of Instruction. By the fall of 1943, there were only 81 civilian men in the student body; thus, the presence of 300 or so servicemen contributed greatly to sustaining the College. This training at Grove City continued until April 1945; library records show that 49 classes were graduating 3,759 persons.

Supreme Court case

Under President Charles S. MacKenzie, the college was the plaintiff-appellee in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case in 1984, Grove City College v. Bell. The ruling came seven years after the school refused to sign a Title IX compliance form, which would have subjected the entire school to federal regulations, even ones not yet issued. The court ruled 6–3 that acceptance by students of federal educational grants fell under the regulatory requirements of Title IX, but it limited the application to the school's financial aid department.

In 1988, new legislation subjected every department of any educational institution that received federal funding to Title IX requirements. In response, Grove City College withdrew from the Pell Grant program entirely beginning with the 1988–1989 academic year, replacing such grants to students with its own program, the Student Freedom Fund. In October 1996, the college withdrew from the Stafford Loan program, providing entering students with replacements through a program with PNC Bank.

Grove City is one of a handful of colleges (along with Hillsdale College, which did likewise after the aforementioned 1984 case) that does not allow its students to accept federal financial aid of any kind, including grants, loans, and scholarships.

Recent history
From 1963 until 2016, the American Association of University Professors placed Grove City under censure for violations of tenure and academic freedom because of the dismissal of Professor of History and Political Science Larry Gara. By the end of this period, Grove City's administration was on the AAUP's list of censured administrations longer than any other college on the list. In its report, the AAUP Investigative Committee at Grove City concluded that "the absence of due process [in the dismissal of professors at Grove City] raises... doubts regarding the academic security of any persons who may hold an appointment at Grove City College under existing administrative practice. These doubts are of an order of magnitude which obliges us to report them to the academic profession at large." In 2013 Grove City started working to remove itself from the censure list. Two years later, the school admitted that they would have handled Gara's case rather differently under their current procedures. This led the AAUP to lift its sanction on the school at its annual meeting in 2016. Gara received an apology from the school in October 2015.

In 2005, Grove City founded the conservative think-tank the Center for Vision and Values In April 2019, it was renamed the Institute for Faith & Freedom, saying that it "more clearly aligns it with the historic values of the College."

In recent years, the college has engaged in many new construction projects, including an expansion to its music and arts center in 2002, a new academic building in 2003, a new student union/bookstore in 2004, and new apartment-style housing in 2006. Grove City's Student Union building was honored with the International Masonry Institute's Golden Trowel Grand Prize for excellence in masonry design and construction in 2005. On February 9, 2011, Grove City College announced that it would break ground for construction of a science, engineering, and mathematics building – key components of Grove City Matters: A Campaign to Advance Grove City College, which at $90 million is the largest capital campaign in the college's history. The $37.2 million science, engineering, and mathematics building is designed to support new modes of teaching, particularly flexible laboratories and small-group interactions. "It will help ensure that Grove City College continues to prepare students for future careers in an increasingly competitive workforce", officials said. STEM Hall was opened in August 2013 and provides laboratory space for students studying biology, chemistry, physics, and computer science. In the summer of 2021, Grove City announced that the campus' Henry Buhl Library would be majorly renovated, with the addition of classroom space, updated study areas, and a cafe.

The college acquired an observatory from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania in February 2008 that will be used for astronomy classes as well as faculty and student research. The observatory's telescope will be operated remotely, from the college's main campus – more than  away. The purchase of the property, three buildings, and equipment inside will pave the way for the addition of an astronomy minor on campus. Through this observatory, the college's physics department plans to work with area public schools as well as other colleges and universities on educational and research projects and draw prospective students who are looking for strong physics programs and astronomy coursework.

Academics

Accreditation
Grove City offers 55 majors in the liberal arts, sciences, and engineering. The college is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. The college's electrical and computer and mechanical engineering programs are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc. (ABET). Most recently, the Bachelor of Science in Social Work program was approved as a candidate for accreditation through the specialized accreditation offered through the Council on Social Work Education. In 2019, Grove City announced a new partnership with Butler County Community College to provide a Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree.

Rankings
Grove City College was ranked 333 of 498 in Forbes list of Top Colleges, and 5 of 35 in their Region in U.S. News & World Report Rankings.

Connections to think tanks
Although it is a small liberal arts college, Grove City's faculty and administrators significantly influence and impact the ideas of various think tanks around the USA, especially on issues involving the environment, education, minimum wage, and other issues economic and conservative. Grove City College has international ties, founded in 1955, and on the International Society for Individual Liberty (ISIL) Freedom Network.

The National Center for Neighborhood Enterprise an organization that seeks to provide effective community and faith-based organizations with training and technical assistance, links them to sources of support, and evaluates their experience for public policy to address the problems of youth violence, substance abuse, teen pregnancy, homelessness, joblessness, poor education, and deteriorating neighborhoods, publicizes events held at Grove City College.

The Lone Mountain Coalition, part of the Property and Environment Research Center, which claims to be "America's oldest and largest institute dedicated to original research that brings market principles to resolving environmental problems", has ties to Grove City through Michael Coulter, Vice-President of the Shenango Institute for Public Policy, and associate professor of political science at Grove City College.

The college also has ties to the Ludwig von Mises Institute, a libertarian academic organization engaged in research and scholarship in the fields of economics, philosophy, and political economy. Several members of the Mises Institute faculty are also faculty at Grove City.

Grove City also has ties to Michigan through Lawrence W. (Larry) Reed, president of Michigan's Mackinac Center for Public Policy. Reed received his B.A. in Economics from Grove City in 1975. Reed is also past president of the State Policy Network.

The Academic Advisory Committee of the John Locke Foundation, a free market think tank in North Carolina, which supports the John William Pope Center for Higher Education Policy, a nonprofit institute dedicated to improving higher education in North Carolina and the nation, includes Walter E. Williams, the John M. Olin Distinguished Professor of Economics, George Mason University, holder of a Doctor of Humane Letters from Grove City College and John Moore, Former President of Grove City College, who led the college through its withdrawal from federal student loan programs, which completed the college's break from federal ties.

Academics
Many students choose Grove City explicitly for its Christian environment and traditional Humanities curriculum.  A three-year required Humanities sequence focuses on the origin, development, and implications of civilization's seminal ideas and worldviews. The courses cover content that includes religion, philosophy, history and philosophy of science, literature, art and music. Because of its strong adherence to freedom and minimal government interference, Grove City College is considered to be one of America's foremost colleges that teach the ideas of the Austrian School of Economics. The post-1938 personal papers of Ludwig Von Mises, are housed in the archive of Grove City College. Grove City College also hosts the Austrian Student Scholars Conference. Annually done in February, a collection of students from around the United States present research papers on the history of economic thought or on current developments within the Austrian School of Thought. In addition to traditional business programs, Grove City also offers a degree in Entrepreneurship and a degree in Business Economics.

Policies and environment
When it opened, Grove City College was one of the first institutions of higher learning in the United States to admit both male and female students. The school maintains a one-to-one ratio of men to women, ensuring that the student body is approximately 50% men and 50% women.

Grove City College adopts a strong policy regarding alcohol use on campus, with first-time offenders receiving a one-week suspension from all activities. Legal-age students are permitted to consume alcohol off campus, provided that they do not appear inebriated upon their return. Student organizations must agree to a strong policy regarding alcohol use both on and off campus, and their violation resulting in the loss of their charter.

In 2012, The Princeton Review listed Grove City College as the 2nd most LGBT-unfriendly school in the United States. In 2013 Grove City was at #1 in the Princeton Review's rankings of most LGBT-unfriendly schools in America. As of 2016, they were ranked 9th.

By refusing to accept federal funds and so-called Title IV financial aid (from the Higher Education Act of 1965), Grove City is not required to adhere to various federal guidelines that (i) prevent sex-based and many other forms of discrimination (e.g., Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972), (ii) regulate investigations into accusations of sexual abuse, (iii) require the collecting and sharing of information about crimes on campus (Clery Act), and (iv) set standards for disciplinary proceedings (Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act).

Religious facilities
Grove City College has always been officially non-denominational, but in its first decades had a de facto affiliation with the Presbyterian Church; today, it is no longer tied to a particular Christian denomination. Students are required to attend a certain number of chapel services per semester. That was also the case during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Harbison Chapel has been a longstanding campus facility for Christian services. In 2012, Rathburn Hall was built to function as an office space for chapel staff, meeting space for religious groups, and a lounge area for visiting speakers.

Groups and organizations
GCC hosts approximately 150 Student Organizations and Activities.

Publications and media
The Bridge – Th ecollege has a yearbook, a newspaper, an arts journal, a law journal and a literary magazine.

WSAJ radio

The 1,600-watt FM signal covers a 30 mi radius in Western Pennsylvania. The station broadcasts fine arts programming, college football and basketball games. It also airs community events and high school sports. Students host shows during the evening hours when school is in session.

Fraternities, sororities, and housing groups
Fraternities and sororities live on campus, in pre-selected upperclassman halls. Grove City's fraternities and sororities are local and are not affiliated with any of the national Greek umbrella organizations.

Athletics

Grove City has been fielding athletics teams for over a century. In 1906, they were one of the 39 charter members of the IAAUS, the forerunner of the NCAA.

Grove City College, known athletically as the Wolverines, competes in the Presidents' Athletic Conference (PAC) of NCAA Division III. On the varsity level, Grove City College has football, basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, cheerleading, swimming, tennis, and track teams for both men and women. Lacrosse, baseball, rugby union and football are varsity sports available to men only, while softball, and water polo are varsity sports offered to women only.

Grove City also offers several club sports to men and women including but not limited to ultimate, volleyball for men and field hockey, lacrosse, and rugby for women. These teams have been very successful, most notably the men's club volleyball team, which has finished in the top 10 in the country each of the last two years, the men's lacrosse team, which finished in the top 10 in the country in 2015, and both the men's and women's rugby teams which have been ranked in the top 10 in the country by the National Small College Rugby Organization.

Intramural sports for men are as follows: basketball, bowling, dodgeball, football, soccer, softball, table tennis, tennis, ultimate, and volleyball. Women have badminton, basketball, bowling, flag football, indoor soccer, kickball, racquetball, ultimate, and volleyball.

In 2018, the school's assistant sports information director was charged with nearly 100 counts for crimes ranging from privacy violations to possession of child pornography after it was discovered he had been secretly recording students who were showering in the college's locker room.

People

Notable alumni
 David M. Bailey – guitarist, singer-songwriter
 Jc Beall – analytic philosopher, logician, and analytic theologian. Holder of the O'Neill Family Chair of Philosophy, Notre Dame. Author of Logical Pluralism (Oxford: 2004), Spandrels of Truth (Oxford: 2009), Formal Theories of Truth (Oxford: 2018), and pioneer of Contradictory Christology in The Contradictory Christ (Oxford: 2021).
 Peter Boettke – professor of economics at George Mason University and editor of the Review of Austrian Economics
 Edward D. Breen – corporate CEO
 Alejandro Chafuen – author, president and former CEO of Atlas Network
 Larry Critchfield – Former NFL player
 Arthur Schwab – U.S. federal district court judge and GCC adjunct professor
 Jim Van Eerden – entrepreneur, brand strategist, media producer, and co-founder of Helixx Partners, LLC
 George Clark Southworth – engineer and physicist who helped discover waveguides, recipient of the IEEE Medal of Honor (1963)
 R.J. Bowers – NFL football player, NCAA all-time rushing leader until October 2007.
 Scott Bullock – senior attorney and founding member of Institute For Justice
 Bill Deasy – singer-songwriter, author of the novel Ransom Seaborn (winner of the 2006 Needle Award for best novel) and former lead singer of the popular Pittsburgh-area band 'The Gathering Field'
 Burdette "Bob" Glenn – professional baseball player and highway engineer
 Scott Hahn – author, Roman Catholic theologian and apologist. Professor of Theology at the Franciscan University of Steubenville
 Matt Kibbe – President of Free the People and former president and CEO of FreedomWorks
 Mose Lantz – Former NFL player
 Brian Leftow – theistic and analytic philosopher. Holder of the Nolloth Chair in the Philosophy of Religion, Oriel College, Oxford University. Author of Time and Eternity (1991) and over fifty papers in philosophy of religion, metaphysics, and the history of medieval philosophy.
 Paul McNulty – former U.S. Deputy Attorney General and President of Grove City College
 Gary Peters – former MLB player who played for the Boston Red Sox and Chicago White Sox, earned Chicago White Sox All-Century Team honors
 Joseph Howard Pew – founder and former president of Sun Oil Company
 David J. Porter – judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Nicholas Ranjan, District Judge, United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania
 Lawrence Reed president of the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE)
 Sean W. Rowe – Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Northwestern PA
 Tiffany Seitz – Miss Pennsylvania 2020
 Spike Shannon – former professional baseball player who played with the St. Louis Cardinals, New York Giants and Pittsburgh Pirates. The National League leader in runs scored in 1907 with the New York Giants
 Frank Smith – MLB player, nicknamed "Piano Mover"
 Frank Soday – Chemist influential in the development of alternative uses for synthetic fiber
 Greg Urbas – Hall of Fame wrestling coach
 Harold Willis Dodds – 15th president of Princeton University
 Howard Edward Winklevoss, Jr. – American actuary, academic, and entrepreneur who has a practice in benefits management.

Notable professors
 G.K. Beale – Reformed theologian and author
 T. David Gordon – theologian of the New Testament and media ecologist
 Guillermo Gonzalez – astrophysicist, proponent of Intelligent Design
 Joshua F. Drake (former) – musicologist and hymnist
 Richard G. Jewell – former president of Grove City College and former Pittsburgh director of Navigant Consulting Inc.
 Paul Kengor – author, executive director of Grove City College's Center for Vision and Values
 Paul McNulty – President of Grove City College and Former Deputy Attorney General of the United States
 Hans Sennholz – economist, a proponent of the Austrian school of economics, student of Ludwig von Mises
 Warren Throckmorton – professor of psychology
 Carl Trueman – Reformed theologian and historian
 Walter E. Williams – author, professor and former Chairman of Economics at George Mason University
Angelo Codevilla – political scientist, author, and member of the Select Committee on Intelligence of the United States Senate
James C. Conwell – mechanical engineer, president of Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Past presidents
 Isaac Conrad Ketler (1876–1913)
 Alexander T. Ormond (1913–1915)
 Weir Carlyle Ketler (1916–1956)
 John Stanley Harker (1956–1971)
 Charles Sherrard Mackenzie (1971–1991)
 Jerry H. Combee (1991–1995)
 John H. Moore (1996–2003)
 Richard G. Jewell J.D. (2004–2014)
 Paul McNulty (2014–present)

References

Further reading

External links

 Official athletics website
 The Lee Edwards papers are at the Hoover Institution Archives and contain his research on Grove City College.

Educational institutions established in 1876
Universities and colleges in Mercer County, Pennsylvania
1876 establishments in Pennsylvania
Nondenominational Christian universities and colleges in the United States
Liberal arts colleges in Pennsylvania
Private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania
Conservative organizations in the United States

Grove City College


Old Etonians F.C. er enskt knattspyrnulið skipað leikmönnum sem útskrifast hafa úr Eton College í Birkshire. Félagið kom mjög við sögu í árdaga knattspyrnuíþróttarinnar í Englandi áður en atvinnumennska ruddi sér til rúms. Í seinni tíð keppir félagið einkum við önnur lið útskrifaðra stúdenta.

Saga
Erfitt er að tiltaka stofnár Old Etonians með fullri vissu, en oft er miðað við árið 1871. Löng hefð var fyrir iðkun fótbolta og annarra skyldra boltaíþrótta í Eton-skólanum og snemma tók að bera á því að útskrifaðir nemendur héldu áfram að leggja stund á gömlu skólaíþróttirnar eftir útskrift. Þannig var fyrsti kappleikurinn sem fram fór eftir reglum hins nýstofnaða Enska knattspyrnusambands milli liða sem nefndust Old Etonians og Old Harrovians í nóvember 1862. Nöfnin vísa ekki til þess að um eiginleg knattspyrnufélög í nútímaskilningi hafi verið að ræða heldur einungis hópa sem útskrifaðir voru hvor úr sínum skólanum.

Kinnaird lávarður, einn áhrifamesti maður í sögu fótboltans og forseti Enska knattspyrnusambandsins til 33 ára, var Eton-maður í húð og hár og hóf að leika knattspyrnu um 1866 með gömnlum skólafélögum sínum. Hann var kominn í stjórn knattspyrnusambandsins tveimur árum síðar, 21 árs að aldri. Hann var því einn af skipuleggjendum bikarkeppninnar sem haldin var í fyrsta skipti veturinn 1871-72. Old Etonians skráðu sig fyrst til keppni tveimur árum síðar en drógu sig í hlé fyrir fyrsta leik. Keppnistímabilið 1874-75 mættu Old Etonians hins vegar ótrauðir og fóru alla leið í úrslitin þar sem þeir töpuðu með Kinnaird lávarð innan borðs. Mótherjarnir voru Royal Engineers.

Sama varð upp á teningnum árið eftir þar sem Old Etonians töpuðu í endurteknum úrslitaleik gegn The Wanderers. Segja má að lávarðurinn hafi þar verið beggja megin borðsins, því hann skipti í sífellu milli Old Etonians og The Wanderers. Hafði orðið bikarmeistari með síðarnefnda liðinu 1873 og varð það aftur 1877 og 1878. Árið 1879 var hann hins vegar kominn á ný í raðir Old Etonians sem fóru loksins alla leið og unnu Clapham Rovers í úrslitum.

Árið 1881 komust Old Etonians enn í úrslit bikarsins en töpuðu 3:0 fyrir Old Carthusians og komu þau úrslit verulega á óvart.

Enn átti Old Etonians eftir að komast í tvo bikarúrslitaleiki árin 1882 og 1883 og urðu þeir sögulegir, hvor á sinn hátt. Fram að þeim höfðu Old Etonians einkum keppt við lið skipuð aðalsmönnum og betri borgurum, skipuðum gömlum nemendum fínu einkaskólanna. Hjá þessum liðum var áhugamennskuhugsjónin í fyrirrúmi, enda meðlimirnir vellríkir. Í verksmiðjuborgunum í norðanverðu Englandi voru hins vegar að spretta upp félög skipuð leikmönnum úr alþýðustétt þar sem lítt dulbúin atvinnumennska var ríkjandi. Olli þetta miklum titringi og á stundum klofningi innan knattspyrnuhreyfingarinnar.

Mótherjar Old Etonians í úrslitunum 1882 var Blackburn Rovers, eitt af verksmiðjufélögunum úr norðrinu. Leiknum lauk með 1:0 sigri Old Etonians. Kinnaird lávarður varð þar með bikarmeistari í fimmta sinn og fagnaði titlinum með því að standa á haus fyrir framan áhorfendur. Viðureignin varð söguleg, þar sem þetta var í síðasta sinn sem einu af gömlu áhugamannaliðunum meða einkaskólatengingarnar tókst að vinna keppnina.

Árið eftir voru mótherjarnir annað Blackburn-lið, Blackburn Olympic. Þar áttust ekki aðeins við lið með ólíkan stéttabakgrunn heldur einnig mismunandi leikstíla. Norðanmenn léku knettinum hratt sín á milli á meðan yfirstéttaráhugamennirnir treystu á líkamsburði og einstaklingsframtak. Blackburn Olympics sigraði, 2:1 og nýr kafli hófst í sögu knattspyrnunnar.

Næstu árin tóku verkamannaliðin úr norðrinu öll völd í bikarkeppninni. Old Etonians tóku síðast þátt í henni 1887-88 og voru síðasta áhugamannaliðið til að gera það.

Titlar
Bikarmeistarar
 (2) 1878-79, 1881-82

Ensk knattspyrnufélög

Old Etonians F.C.


Der Pädagogische Panther ist die höchste Auszeichnung für Schulen und Personen des Bildungswesens im Land Steiermark. Es gibt den Preis seit 1999. Benannt ist er nach dem Wappentier des Landes, dem Steirischen Panther.

Verleihung und Organisation
Verliehen wird der Preis von:
 Steirischer Landesverband der Elternvereine an öffentlichen Pflichtschulen (LV-EV)
 Landesverband der Elternvereinigungen an mittleren und höheren Schulen Steiermarks
 Landesverband der Elternvereine an katholischen Privatschulen in der Steiermark
 Abteilung für Schulpsychologie-Bildungsberatung beim Landesschulrat für Steiermark
Gestiftet wird der Preis, je nach Jahr, von lokalen Wirtschaftsträgern, wie etwa Banken.

Kategorien
Der Preis wird in zwei Kategorien vergeben, teilweise auch zusätzlich ein Projektpreis:
 Preis für hervorragende Lehrer bzw. Lehrerteams:
 Heute werden drei Haupt- und drei Ehrenpreise verliehen, der Hauptpreis wird in den Altersstufen 6–10-Jährige, 10-14-Jährige und 15–19-Jährige verliehen. Anfangs auch ein vierter in der Klasse 10–18-Jährige für die AHS-Langform.
 Preis für hervorragende Schulen

Vier Preise, im Allgemeinen für die vier Schultypen Volksschule, Hauptschule/Neue Mittelschule, AHS, BHMS. Anfangs zwei, dann teilweise nur drei, teilweise auch Ehrenpreise

Preisträger
 1999: Volksschule Hönigtal, BORG Deutschlandsberg
 2000: Musikvolksschule Retznei, Hauptschule Dr. Renner Graz-Liebenau, BG Marschallgasse, Landesberufsschule Feldbach, HTBLA Weiz
 2001: Volksschule Gabelsberger Graz, Private Hauptschule in Dobl bei Graz, HBLA Schrödingerstrasse Graz-Lend
 2002: Volksschule Kathal, Neue Mittelschule St. Andrä (HS, Graz-Gries), Priv. FSW der Barmherzigen Schwestern
 2003: keine Verleihung
 2004: Volksschule Kalsdorf, Volksschule Peter Rosegger Graz-Wetzelsdorf, Hauptschule Leoben Stadt (BiHS), BG/BRG Carnerigasse Graz-Geidorf
 2005: Volksschule Kalkleiten, VS Graz-Hirten (in Eggenberg), Hauptschule Franz Jonas Trofaiach, Priv. Gym/WIKU-RG Sacré Coeur Graz
 2006: Volksschule Unterwald/Bez. Voitsberg, VS Odilien Graz-St. Leonhard, BG/BRG Köflach, HLW Schrödinger Graz-Lend (2. Verleihung, ex HBLA Schrödingerstrasse)
 2007: Volksschule Markt Hartmannsdorf, Hauptschule Anger/Bez. Weiz, Ursulinen-Gymnasium Graz
 2008: Volksschule Neufeld Graz-St. Peter, Hauptschule St. Marein bei Graz, Polytechnische Schule Köflach, Polytechnische Schule Mürzzuschlag
 2009 keine Verleihung
 2010: Volksschule Peter Rosegger Graz-Wetzelsdorf (2. Verleihung), Volksschule Peesen in Thannhausen, HS/PS Franz Jonas Trofaiach (2. Verleihung), BORG Birkfeld
 2011: nicht vergeben
 2012: PTS Deutschfeistritz, PTS Herrgottwiesgasse Graz, Volksschule Friedberg, Abteigymnasium Seckau

Weblinks
 Pädagogischer Panther, Landesschulrat für Steiermark → Service →Schulpsychologie →Bildungsberatung
 Pädagogischer Panther, Steirischer Landesverband der Elternvereine

Einzelnachweise

Bildung (Steiermark)
Bildungspolitik (Österreich)
Auszeichnung (Schulwesen)
Auszeichnung (Steiermark)
Erstverleihung 1999

Pädagogischer Panther


Neboderi Duo, (fr. Tours Duo) dva su nebodera u izgradnji, smještena u 13. pariškom okrugu.

U njemu će biti smješteni uglavnom uredi, u kojima će biti sjedište banke Natixis (BPCE Group), ali i hotel, restoran, bar s panoramskom terasom s pogledom na Pariz, te trgovine.

Kada bude dovršen, neboder Duo br. 1, visine 180 m, bit će treća najviša zgrada u Parizu.

Radovi su započeli krajem ožujka 2017. godine, Dovršetak gradnje predviđen je za 2021. godinu.

Vidi još
 Popis najviših nebodera svijeta

Izvori
 Neboderi Duo

Neboderi u Parizu

Duo (neboderi)


Mythimna pudorina es una especie de polilla de la familia Noctuidae. Se encuentra en la ecozona paleártica.

La envergadura es de 35 a 38 mm. La polilla vuela entre junio y agosto dependiendo de la ubicación.

Las larvas se alimentan de varias gramíneas, como Molinia caerulea, Phragmites y Phalaris arundinacea.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

pudorina
Taxones descritos por Michael Denis
Taxones descritos por Ignaz Schiffermüller
Insectos descritos en 1775
Fauna del Paleártico

Mythimna pudorina


XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar'ın, Tanzimat Fermanı'nın 100. yıldönümü olan 1939 tarihinde yazdığı bir kitaptır.

Metot ve içerik
Tanpınar, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi bünyesinde kurulan Yeni Türk Edebiyatı Kürsüsü'nün başına getirilmiştir. Bu tarihten itibaren hazırlamaya başladığı XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi'ni 1949 yılında ilk defa olarak yayımlamış bulunan Tanpınar, eserin ikinci cildini ömrü vefa etmediği için yetiştirememiştir. 1956 yılında eserini bazı değişiklik ve ilavelerle yeniden yayımlayan yazar, bu eseriyle edebiyat tarihçiliğinde yeni bir dönemi başlatmıştır. Kendisinden önceki edebiyat tarihçilerinden, özellikle de, Fuat Köprülü'den farklı bir metot kullanarak kendine özgü üslûbuyla eserini oluşturan yazar, önsözde de belirttiği gibi A. Thibaudet ve H. Taine'in metodlarından yararlanmıştır.

XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi, Klasik Türk Edebiyatının farklı bir şekilde yorumlandığı uzunca bir "Giriş" kısmından sonra, "Garplılaşma Hareketine Umumi Bir Bakış" ismini taşıyan bölümle başlar. Burada Tanpınar, Türkiye'deki Batılılaşma hareketlerini, Lale Devri'nden başlayarak geniş bir perspektifte ve kendine özgü bakış açısıyla tahlil etmeye çalışır.

Eserde daha sonra, "XIX. Asrın İlk Yarısında Türk Edebiyatı", "Tanzimat Seneleri", "Yeniliğin Üç Büyük Muharriri", "Şinasi'den Sonra Yeni Osmanlılar Cemiyeti", "Şinasi'den Sonra Nevilerin Gelişmesi 1851-1885 Yılları Arası", "Şinasi'nin Yanı Başında Ziya Paşa", "Şinasi'den Sonra Namık Kemal", "Namık Kemal'in Yanı Başında Ahmed Midhat Efendi", "Namık Kemal'den Sonra Recaizade Mahmud Ekrem Bey", "Namık Kemal'den Sonra Abdülhak Hamid", "Eski ile Yeninin Arasında Muallim Naci Efendi" ismini taşıyan başlıklar altında, XIX.uncu asrın Türk Edebiyatı bütün yönleriyle okuyucuya tanıtılmaya çalışılır.

Hakkında diğer
Yazıldığı dönemden bugüne kadar hemen bütün edebiyat tarihçilerini derinden etkilemiş olan XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi, 2012 yılında Prof. Dr. Abdullah Uçman'ın editörlüğünde Dergâh Yayınları tarafından tekrar basıldı ve bazı düzeltmelerle okuyucunun beğenisine sunuldu.

Türk edebiyatı tarihi
Türkçe kitaplar
Türkiye kitapları
1939 kitapları

XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi


Pitágoras puede referirse a:

Pitágoras, filósofo y matemático griego antiguo (582-507 antes de Cristo).
Conceptos filosóficos, matemáticos y músicos en su honor (de Pitágoras o pitagóricos):
Escuela de Pitágoras
Escala de Pitágoras
Martillos de Pitágoras
Tabla de Pitágoras
Teorema de Pitágoras
Constante de Pitágoras
Árbol de Pitágoras
Terna de Pitágoras
Coma de Pitágoras
Versos dorados de Pitágoras
Copa de Pitágoras
Topónimos astronómicos en su honor:
Pitágoras, cráter lunar
6143 Pythagoras, asteroide
Pitágoras de Esparta, atleta espartano del
Pitágoras de Éfeso, tirano de Éfeso hacia el 600 antes de Cristo.
Pitágoras (boxeador), boxeador de Samos
Pitágoras de Selinunte, tirano de Selinunte hasta el 519 a. C.
Pitágoras de Regio, escultor griego del
Pitágoras de Esparta (atleta), general espartano, cuñado o yerno del rey Nabis, que luchó contra los romanos de Tito Quincio Flaminino en la llamada guerra contra Nabis (195 a. C.).
Pitágoras, un vidente de[Alejandro Magno.
Pitágoras, un liberto del emperador Nerón, con el que celebró una boda solemne.
Pitágoras, un navegante y geógrafo que exploró la costa del Mar Rojo para Ptolomeo II.
Pythagoras Papastamatiou, escritor griego del .

Nombres griegos

Pitágoras (desambiguación)


Baunei (sardinski: Baunèi) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Nuoru u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 480 metara i ima 3 624 stanovnika. Prostire se na 211,90 km2. Gustoća naseljenosti je 17 st/km2.Susjedne općine su: Dorgali, Lotzorai, Talana, Triei i Urzulei.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Baunei


Immortus (; Nathaniel Richards) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the future self of Pharaoh Rama-Tut, Scarlet Centurion, Kang the Conqueror, and Iron Lad / Kid Immortus, and a descendant of the scientist of the same name.

Immortus made his feature film debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023), portrayed by Jonathan Majors.

Publication history
Immortus first appeared in The Avengers #10 and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. In The Celestial Madonna Saga, Immortus was retroactively established to be the future self of the time-travelling Pharaoh Rama-Tut and Kang the Conqueror, having turned towards a more peaceful outlook on existence.

Fictional character biography
At some point in his personal timeline, Pharaoh Rama-Tut (formerly known as Kang) became weary of battle due to frustration and the loss of his son Marcus and consort Ravonna in several timelines. He was approached by the alien Time-Keepers—time travelers from the end of the universe, the last living creatures in existence—to become their agent, preserving timelines rather than conquering them in exchange for immortality. He accepted and reinvented himself again, this time as Immortus, the lord of the other-dimensional realm of Limbo.

He again came into conflict with the Avengers, but under different circumstances. In his first encounter with the Avengers as Immortus, he attempted the destruction of the Avengers through the use of mythological and historical figures (such as Paul Bunyan, Genghis Khan, Goliath) as combatants after trying to join the Masters of Evil, but being told by Baron Zemo he has to defeat one of the Avengers. The Masters attacked the Avengers after Captain America had been taken to the Tower of London in 1760 where Rick Jones was imprisoned. But when he rescued Rick he was returned to his own time and with his help the Masters were defeated at a near-win. This event was apparently erased after the Enchantress turns back time to prevent the Avengers capturing the Masters. He was partially responsible for the creation of the Vision, allegedly creating a temporal copy of the original Human Torch that the android Ultron used to create the Vision.

Later, he even allied with Kang the Conqueror in one of Kang's schemes against the Avengers and Pharaoh Rama-Tut. He was betrayed by Kang, and imprisoned alongside Pharaoh Rama-Tut while Kang used Immortus's advanced technology to create the first Legion of the Unliving, made up of now-dead characters taken milliseconds before their death. He was subsequently freed by the Avengers, and revealed to be the future persona of Pharaoh Rama-Tut and Kang the Conqueror. He offered to aid the Vision in learning his past. The Legion of the Unliving were defeated and sent back to their own times, and Kang fled.

Later, Immortus officiated at the double wedding of the Vision to the Scarlet Witch, and Mantis to the Swordsman. He next traveled to the Old West with Thor and Moondragon in pursuit of Kang, and assisted the Avengers in the defeat of Kang. Some time later, he allied with the Space Phantom and the giant Tempus, and removed the time travel enchantment from Thor's uru hammer with a trick, though Thor can still manipulate time. Later he revealed that he had caused Kang to find his fortress in Limbo, faked his death by leaving what Kang thought were his remains in his fortress, caused the disturbance in the timestream, and had manipulated him into destroying the Kang divergent doubles to stop their effect on the timestream, as they were creating more timelines and duplicates. The Avengers were brought to Limbo by Kang to help him defeat another version. They were captured but escaped. Immortus revealed himself when it appeared only one Kang was left. Immortus also claimed to have mentally manipulated the rescue of Ravonna, who kept his counter-divergency project under observation. When Kang tried to seize a device Immortus held that contained the memories of the slain Kangs and which Immortus claimed made him master of Limbo, he was driven insane and ran into Limbo due to the force of many memories, which all ended in his defeat. Immortus claimed that was Kang's chance to redeem and condemn himself, and was then questioned by the Avengers on the moral issues of what he had done, but he sent the Avengers back to their own time.

Much later, he was revealed to have a long-term plot for the manipulation of the Avengers. He deleted various time-line universes as part of this plan. His plot to use the Scarlet Witch to become the "absolute master of time" was revealed, and he sent the third Legion of the Unliving to destroy the Avengers. He was rendered catatonic for a time by the Time-Keepers as punishment for his attempt to overthrow their rule.  At this time, the original Human Torch was revealed not to be the progenitor of the Vision, though this discovery was later itself claimed to be a deception created by a Space Phantom.  Manipulating beliefs regarding the relationship between the Torch and the Vision have been a priority for Immortus due to the Vision's connections to the Scarlet Witch, a 'nexus being' who may have been powerful enough to give birth to children who could threaten some of the most powerful cosmic entities in the universe; disrupting the Witch's relationship with the Vision limited the possibility that she would pass on her potential.

Immortus was also responsible for manipulating Iron Man to turn against the Avengers by driving him insane, which resulted in Iron Man's death until he was resurrected by Franklin Richards later.

Immortus also came into conflict with his younger self, who was unable to see the reasoning behind Immortus's and Rama-Tut's actions.<ref>Avengers Forever #1–12 (1998–1999)</ref> Kang's conflict with Immortus was dubbed the "Destiny War", with Kang aiding a group of temporally-displaced Avengers from multiple time periods in competing against Immortus's schemes, Kang now determined to defy his and Rama-Tut's destiny to become Immortus and become the servant of the Time Keepers.

Immortus faked his death several times before ultimately turning on the Time-Keepers to assist the Avengers and, as punishment, was truly killed.  He was resurrected minutes later as temporal energies from the Time-Keepers' attempts to turn Kang directly into Immortus earlier than Rama-Tut had and thus fulfill the time loop caused a backlash—partially due to Kang's will and partly due to the complex temporal energies of the current conflict—that created Rama-Tut, Kang, and Immortus as separate beings, freeing Kang from what he saw as a destiny as a "doddering old scholar".

When the rash actions of Kang caused the timestream to become critically unbalanced, Immortus allied himself with the Next Avengers and future versions of Iron Man and the Hulk in an attempt to undo the damage. Disguising himself as a younger version of Kang, Immortus traveled back to the 21st century and convinced the Avengers to come to the future so that they could understand what had happened. Once the Avengers had successfully restored the timeline, Immortus turned on his allies and killed Iron Man and the Hulk before the youthful Avengers apparently killed him.

Powers and abilities
Immortus has no superpowers, but he does possess a genius-level intellect and amassed an extensive knowledge of chronophysics. It is known that he was tutored by the Time-Keepers themselves, due to him being virtually immortal.

Reception
In 2022, Screen Rant included Immortus in their "10 Most Powerful Hercules Villains In Marvel Comics" list.

Other versions
Immortus appears in the alternate timeline seen in the miniseries Earth X, as Pope of the Church of Immortus. The Church of Immortus's goals are to destroy Reed Richards' Human Torches, allowing mankind to keep their mutations. Upon completing this goal, the Church of Immortus would then leave the Earth to colonize the stars. Immortus is advised in his role by a mysterious man known as Mr. Church, who is Mephisto attempting to lead mankind into its own demise.

Initially, Immortus was able to travel into and out of Limbo at his own will, through use of a time machine. Mephisto would eventually use this to get past his inability to travel into Limbo directly, and would lock Immortus out of Limbo. Eventually, Immortus would be mutated into Kang by the Terrigen Mists, and destroys his time machine in a rage after Mephisto refers to him as Kang, cursing Mephisto for making him Kang again. In his final appearance in the series, he has come to grips with his being Kang, and vows to help Reed Richards undo the damage his Church of Immortus has caused.

In other media
Television
Immortus makes a cameo appearance in the X-Men: The Animated Series episode "Beyond Good and Evil Pt. 4: End and Beginning". This version assumes the identity of a time-stream "custodial engineer" named Bender.

Marvel Cinematic Universe

Characters inspired by Immortus appear in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), portrayed by Jonathan Majors.
 A composite character partially inspired by Immortus and He Who Remains and named after the latter appears in the Disney+ series Loki episode "For All Time. Always." as the creator of the Time Variance Authority.
 Immortus debuts in the film Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania'' as a leading member of the Council of Kangs.

References

External links
 Immortus at Marvel.com

Characters created by Jack Kirby
Characters created by Stan Lee
Comics about time travel
Comics characters introduced in 1964
Fictional characters who can manipulate time
Marvel Comics characters with immortality
Marvel Comics male supervillains
Time travelers

Immortus


Die Gandhi-Sagar-Talsperre (Gandhi Sagar "Gandhi-Stausee") ist eine von vier Talsperren am indischen Fluss Chambal. Die Talsperre steht im Distrikt Mandsaur im indischen Bundesstaat Madhya Pradesh.

Bauwerk
Das Absperrbauwerk wurde als Gewichtsstaumauer aus Mauerwerk konstruiert. Es ist 62,17 m hoch und 514 m lang. Der Stauraum fasst von 7322 Millionen Kubikmetern bei einem Einzugsgebiet von 22.584 km². Die Talsperre wurde 1960 fertiggestellt. Am Mauerfuß wird ein 115-MW-Wasserkraftwerk betrieben, das über fünf 23-MW-Generatoren verfügt, die pro Jahr jeweils etwa 564 GWh Energie produzieren. Das Wasser wird nach der Kraftwerksnutzung für die Bewässerung von 427.000 ha Landwirtschaftliche Fläche genutzt, durch die Kota-Sperre, die 104 km flussabwärts der Gandhi-Talsperre steht, nahe bei der Stadt Kota im Bundesstaat Rajasthan.

Daneben gibt es eine weitere Turbine mit 27 MW, so dass die Gesamtleistung 142 MW beträgt. Die hydraulische Fallhöhe beträgt 44 m.

Der Bau der Gandhi-Sagar-Talsperre begann mit der Grundsteinlegung durch den damaligen indischen Premierminister Jawaharlal Nehru am 7. März 1954.

Der Stausee der Gandhi-Sagar-Talsperre ist nach der Fläche (bei einer maximalen Länge von 68 km und einer maximalen Breite von 26 km) der zweitgrößte in Indien nach der Hirakud-Talsperre. Er zieht das ganze Jahr über eine große Zahl von heimischen und durchziehenden Vögeln an. Die BirdLife International (IBA) hat den Stausee mit dem A4iii-Kriterium eingestuft, weil die Zahl der Wasservögel manchmal 20.000 überschreitet. Es wird geschätzt, dass die Schaffung des Dammes zur Vertreibung von 51.000 bis 61.000 Menschen aus ihren ehemaligen Wohnorten führte.

Die Gandhi-Sagar-Talsperre steht in einer Schlucht des Chambal in einer Entfernung von 168 km zur Distriktshauptstadt Mandsaur.

Sie hat mit dem Wasserkraftwerk zusammen etwa 2,3 Milliarden Rupien gekostet.

Bildergalerie

Siehe auch
 Liste der größten Talsperren der Erde
 Liste der größten Stauseen der Erde
 Liste der größten Wasserkraftwerke der Erde
 Liste von Talsperren der Welt

Weblinks

 Gandhisagar Dam
 National Register of Large Dams, Central Water Commission, Madhya Pradesh Sr No. 124, PDF-Datei (404)

Einzelnachweise

Staumauer in Indien
Stausee in Asien
Stausee in Indien
Wasserspeicherkraftwerk in Asien
Erbaut in den 1960er Jahren
SGandhiSagarTalsperre
Bauwerk in Madhya Pradesh
Gewässer in Madhya Pradesh

Gandhi-Stausee


Rafael Stadelmann (* 19. November 1984) ist ein ehemaliger Schweizer Radballspieler vom VC Oftringen. Nach 25 Jahren beendete er seine aktive Radballkarriere im November 2017 nach dem Weltcup-Turnier in Liestal. Den grössten Teil seiner Karriere spielte er mit Andreas Zaugg.

Karriere
Bereits seit 1992 spielt Rafael Stadelmann zusammen mit Andreas Zaugg. Nach mehreren Silber- und Bronzemedaillen bei den Schweizer Meisterschaften der Schüler gewannen sie im Jahr 2001 die Meisterschaft der Junioren und stiegen somit direkt in die 1. Liga auf. Bereits im ersten Jahr bei den Aktiven gelang ihnen der Aufstieg in die Nationalliga B und im Jahr darauf auch gleich der Aufstieg in die Nationalliga A, die höchste Spielklasse der Schweiz. 2007, in ihrer vierten Saison in der NLA, gewannen sie die Silbermedaille im Schweizer Cup und qualifizierten sich für den Weltcup-Final in Dornbirn. Zwei Jahre später gewannen sie den Schweizer Cup und holten mit dem dritten Rang die erste Medaille in der NLA. In den folgenden Jahren konnten sie zweimal als Ersatzteam an die Weltmeisterschaft und gewannen mehrere Medaillen an der Schweizer Meisterschaft, im Cup und bei Weltcup-Turnieren.

2013 beendete sein Partner Andreas Zaugg nach 21 gemeinsamen Jahren seine Karriere nach dem SM-Final in Oftringen mit dem Schweizer-Meister-Titel vorläufig. Rafael Stadelmann spielte die folgende Saison zusammen mit Samuel Niklaus in der NLA. Nach dem dritten Rang im Schweizer Cup verpassten sie mit dem siebten Rang in der Schweizer Meisterschaft den Final knapp. Nachdem Andreas Zaugg seine Rücktrittsentscheidung rückgängig gemacht hatte, spielte Rafael Stadelmann noch einmal bis 2017 mit ihm zusammen. Mit dem Weltcup-Turnier 2017 in Liestal beendete Stadelmann seine Radballkarriere, nachdem er mit Zaugg die NLA 2017 mit dem Gewinn der Bronzemedaille abgeschlossen hatte.

Erfolge
  Schweizer Meisterschaft
 1. Rang 2013
 2. Rang 2010
 3. Rang 2009, 2011, 2012, 2017
 Schweizer Cup
 1. Rang 2009
 2. Rang 2007, 2010
 3. Rang 2011, 2012, 2014

Weltcup-Statistik

Weblinks
 Alle Resultate auf www.radball.at
 Website des VC Oftringen

Einzelnachweise

Radballspieler
Radsportler (Schweiz)
Schweizer Meister (Radsport)
Schweizer
Geboren 1984
Mann

Rafael Stadelmann


A constitutional court is a high court that deals primarily with constitutional law. Its main authority is to rule on whether laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional, i.e. whether they conflict with constitutionally established rules, rights, and freedoms, among other things.

History

Before establishment of independent constitutional court

Prior to 1919, the United States, Canada and Australia had adopted the concept of judicial review by their courts, following shared principles of their similar common law legal systems, which they, in turn, had inherited from British legal practice (the United Kingdom does not have a codified constitution and judicial review of primary legislation is prohibited). The Parthenopean Republic's constitution of 1799, written by Mario Pagano, envisaged an organ of magistrates reviewing constitutional law, the eforato, but lasted only 6 months. The 1776 Constitution of Pennsylvania and 1777 Constitution of Vermont both establish a "Council of Censors" separate from the other branches of government, with the task of "recommending to the legislature the repealing of such laws as appear to them to have been enacted contrary to the principles of the constitution," an institution somewhat similar to a modern constitutional court.

After establishment of independent constitutional court
In 1919 the First Austrian Republic established the first dedicated constitutional court, the Constitutional Court of Austria, which however existed in name only until 10 October 1920, when the country's new constitution came into effect, upon which the court gained the power to review the laws of Austria's federal states. The 1920 Constitution of Czechoslovakia, which came into effect on 2 February 1920, was the first to provide for a dedicated court for judicial review of parliamentary laws, but the court did not convene until November 1921. The organization and competences of both courts were influenced by constitutional theories of Hans Kelsen. Subsequently, this idea of having a separate special constitutional court that only heard cases concerning the constitutionality of the national legislature's acts became known as the Austrian System, and it was subsequently adopted by many other countries e.g. Liechtenstein (1925), Greece (1927), Spain (1931), Germany (1949) etc.

National Constituitonal Courts

Following list consists countries with separate constitutional courts. Yet some other countries do not have separate constitutional courts, but instead delegate constitutional judicial authority to their ordinary court system, with the final decision-making power resting in the supreme ordinary court. Nonetheless, such courts are sometimes also called "constitutional courts".  For example, the Supreme Court of the United States has been called the world's oldest constitutional court because it was one of the earliest courts in the world to invalidate a law as unconstitutional (Marbury v. Madison), even though it is not a separate constitutional court, hearing as it does cases not touching on the Constitution.

 Albania
 Angola
 Armenia
 Austria
 Azerbaijan
 Belarus
 Belgium
 Benin
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Bulgaria
 Myanmar
 Chad
 Chile
 Colombia
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Croatia
 Czech Republic
 Dominican Republic
 Ecuador
 Egypt
 Gabon
 Georgia
 Germany
 Guatemala
 Hungary
 Indonesia
 Iran
 Italy
 Jordan
 Kazakhstan
 Republic of Korea (South Korea)
 Kosovo
 Kuwait
 Kyrgyzstan
 Latvia
 Lebanon
 Lithuania
 Luxembourg
 Republic of North Macedonia
 Malta
 Moldova
 Mongolia
 Montenegro
 Niger
 Peru
 Poland
 Portugal
 Romania
 Russia
 Serbia
 Singapore
 Slovakia
 Slovenia
 South Africa
 Spain
 Suriname
 Syria
 Republic of China (Taiwan)
 Thailand
 Turkey
 Uganda
 Ukraine
 Uzbekistan
 Zambia
 Zimbabwe

Subnational Constitutional Courts

Germany
 (German: Verfassungsgerichthof für das Land Baden-Württemberg; abbreviated: VerfGH BW) is the constiutional court for the German Land (state) of Baden-Württemberg and thereby a constituional organ on the state level. Besides its power of judicial review (), it has a number of other powers and responsibilities which are assign to it by the .

 (German: Bayrischer Verfassungsgerichthof; abbreviated: VerfGH BY) is the state constitutional court for the Free State of Bavaria. It is alongside with the Landesregierung (state government) and the Landtag (state parliament) one of the three state constitutional institutions and has the power of judicial review: It may examine the compatibility of state laws with the state constitution.

Constitutional Court of Berlin (German: Verfassungsgerichthof des Landes Berlin; abbreviated: VerfGH BE) is the constitutional court of the city-state of Berlin which is simultaneously the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany. It is located in the same building as the Kammergericht (Oberlandesgericht) and is authorized by Article 84 . It has the power of judicial review, the power to review electoral complaints and the power to hear cases concerning complaints against referendums and popular initiatives among others.

 (German: Verfassungsgerichthof des Landes Brandenburg; abbreviated: VerfG BB)

 (German: Staatsgerichtshof der Freien Hansestadt Bremen; abbreviated: StGH HB)

 (German: Hamburgisches Verfassungsgericht; abbriviated: VerfG HH)

State Constitutional Court of Hesse (StGH HE)

Land Constitutional Court of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (VerfG MV)

State Constitutional Court of Lower Saxony (StGH NDS)

Constitutional Court of North Rhine-Westphalia (German: Verfassungsgericht für das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen; abbreviated: VerfGH NRW or VGH NRW)

Constitutional Court of Rhineland-Palatinate (VerfGH RP)

Constitutional Court of Saarland (VerfGH SL)

Constitutional Court of the Free State of Saxony (VerfGH SN)

Land Constitutional Court of Saxony-Anhalt (VerfG ST)

Land Constitutional Court of Schleswig-Holstein (VerfG SH)

Thuringian Constitutional Court (VerfGH TH)

See also

 Constitution
 Constitutional Council (disambiguation)
 Constitutional institution
 Constitutional law
 Constitutional review
 Constitutionalism
 Judiciary
 Judicial review
 Jurisprudence
 Parliamentary sovereignty
 Rule of law
 Rule According to Higher Law
 Venice Commission
 Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions

Notes and references

Notes

References

Courts by type

Constitutional court


Les abus sexuels dans la Compagnie de Jésus désignent les sévices sexuels commis au sein de cette institution par certains de ses clercs et agents pastoraux.

Historique

Amérique

Canada

En 2019, les Jésuites canadiens s'engagent à indiquer les noms des prêtres accusés d'agressions sexuelles. Selon la Compagnie de Jésus, l'essentiel des plaintes concernent les deux jésuites George Epoch et Norman Hinton. Ces derniers sont décédés depuis plus de 25 ans.

En mars 2023, pour « rétablir la confiance » et s'engager « en faveur de la transparence et de la responsabilité », une liste de 27 Jésuites est publiée. Plusieurs d'entre eux ont travaillé dans des écoles, dont les collèges Loyola et Jean-de-Brébeuf, à Montréal, et le collège Saint-Charles-Garnier, à Québec. D'autre sont intervenus dans les pensionnats pour Autochtones ou directement dans les communautés autochtones.

Chili
En 2021, les Jésuites rendent public un rapport indiquant que 11 prêtres ont agressé sexuellement 64 victimes.

États-Unis

En 2007, dans les zones rurales d'Alaska, 110 victimes alléguées d'abus sexuels ont reçu en dédommagement 50 millions de dollars. Les principaux dossiers concernaient douze prêtres et trois missionnaires accusés d'abus sexuels envers des enfants dans les villages d'autochtones de 1961 à 1987.

En 2018, les jésuites américains indiquent le nom de plus de 200 prêtres qui font l'objet d'« accusations crédibles » d'agressions sexuelles

Europe

Allemagne

En 2010, les responsables des Jésuites allemands, reçoivent le rapport de l'avocate Ursula Raue missionnée pour établir la liste des victimes de violences ou d'agressions sexuelles par les membres de la Compagnie de Jésus. Les Jésuites envisagent d'indemniser les 205 victimes signalées.

Espagne

En 2018, les Jésuites décident une enquête dans huit écoles en Catalogne, il s'agit d'.

En 2021 en Espagne, la Compagnie de Jésus signale 81 victimes. Les identités des victimes et de leurs agresseurs ne sont pas rendues publiques. En échange de ces indemnités les victimes doivent signer un document de confidentialité qui les oblige à taire cette transaction. Ainsi le quotidien El País indique qu'Alfonso Caparrós, violé dans les années 1950 par un Jésuite dans un collège à Málaga, a reçu une proposition financière pour ne plus faire état publiquement des agressions subies. L'enveloppe financière varie en fonction de la nature des agressions de  pour des « attouchements sexuels légers » jusqu'à  pour des viols récurrents.

France
En 2019 en France, la Compagnie de Jésus indique que sur la période 1950-2019, 19 prêtres jésuites sont signalés par des témoignages pour abus sexuels en particulier dans des établissements scolaires , 3 d'entre eux sont condamnés par la justice.

Chronologie d'affaires

Afrique

Afrique du Sud

William MacCurtain, un prêtre jésuite britannique, a agressé sexuellement un enfant en Afrique du Sud entre 1986 et 1989. Il le viole à plusieurs reprises dans l'enceinte même de la cathédrale du Christ-Roi de Johannesburg. Une fois sa hiérarchie informée, William MacCurtain est renvoyé en Angleterre sans jugement.

Amérique

Bolivie
Le quotidien espagnol El País révèle l'affaire du jésuite, Alfonso Pedrajas, qui indique dans son journal intime l'abus de 80 mineurs en Bolivie. Huit plaintes ont été déposées contre des prêtres de la Compagnie de Jésus, dont Alfonso Pedrajas et trois autres religieux espagnols : Luis Maria Roma, Alejandro Mestre et Antonio Gausset, tous décédés.

Canada
 Léon Lajoie (1921-1999) a travaillé à Kahnawake pendant plus de 30 ans. À sa mort, il est enterré au sein de la Mission Saint-François-Xavier. En 2021, des accusations d'abus sexuels à l'égard d'enfants sont révélées. Les Jésuites canadiens missionnent une société afin d'examiner la véracité des allégations, ces dernières ne sont pas prouvées selon le rapport de cette société. Cependant les membres de la communauté des Mohawks décident, lors d'un vote, d'exhumer le corps du Jésuite pour le placer dans un cimetière hors du territoire mohawk. Le déplacement des restes s'est effectué en août 2022.

Chili
 Renato Poblete, ancien aumonier de  et décédé en 2010, est cité pour l'agression de 22 femmes entre les années 1960 et 2000. Quatre d'entre elles étaient mineures à l'époque des faits dont une enfant de trois ans. Une des victimes a été forcée d'avorter à plusieurs reprises.
 Eugenio Valenzuela Lang, ancien provincial des Jésuites du Chili, est renvoyé de l'état clérical en 2019 après des accusations d'abus sexuels sur des personnes majeures.

États-Unis
 Donald McGuire (1930 - 2017) est un prêtre jésuite américain laïcisé et agresseur d'enfants à partir des années 1960. Avant sa condamnation, McGuire était un membre éminent de la Compagnie de Jésus et confesseur de Mère Teresa. Il est décédé en 2017, alors qu'il purgeait une peine de 25 ans de prison.
 James Talbot est inculpé pour avoir abusé de trois élèves au sein du  . En 2005, il est condamné à 7 ans de prison après avoir plaidé coupable pour l'agression de deux adolescents au Boston College dans les années 1970.
 Bernard Knoth est un prêtre jésuite de la Province de Chicago connu pour son travail d'éducateur. En 2003, neuf ans après avoir occupé le poste de président de l'université Loyola de Chicago, il est accusé d'avoir abusé sexuellement d'un lycéen en 1986 à Brebeuf Jesuit Prep à Indianapolis, où il a été directeur de 1986 à 1988. Il est laïcisé en 2009.
 En 2021, , ancien responsable de l'université de Georgetown, est accusé par un étudiant de premier cycle d'agressions sexuelles. À la suite de cette première dénonciation d'autres diplômés formulent des allégations similaires. L'université a retiré les titres honorifiques de Freeze.

Europe

Allemagne
En , le père Klaus Mertes, supérieur du collège jésuite Canisius-Kolleg Berlin, déclare que de nombreuses agressions sexuelles sur des mineurs ont eu lieu, dans l'établissement, dans les années 1970 et 1980. « Trois anciens élèves des années 1970 sont venus me voir. De leurs histoires, j'ai conclu qu'un certain prêtre avait sûrement à lui seul abusé de plus d'une centaine d'enfants. Cela semblait systématique ». D'autres révélations suivent : entre janvier et , des affaires anciennes de pédophilies sont dévoilées dans 19 diocèses sur 27. Entre janvier et , 170 plaintes sont déposées.

Belgique

 En septembre 1959, Jean-Marc Turine a 13 ans et intègre le collège Saint-Michel situé à Etterbeek (Bruxelles). Il y subi des agressions sexuelles et des viols par plusieurs prêtres jésuites pendant toutes son adolescence. Il pense alors à mourir : . C'est uniquement en 2022 qu'il relate cette partie de sa vie dans son ouvrage Révérends pères. Depuis ce témoignage quatre autres  personnes ont porté plainte pour des agressions sexuelles. Bruno Tackels est l'un des plaignants : . L'ordre des Jésuites appelle les anciens élèves victimes de pédophiles au sein de l'établissement à se signaler.
En 2011, le jésuite flamand Luc Versteylen, cofondateur du mouvement vert en Belgique, Agalev, est accusé d'abus sexuels dans les années 1980 sur des jeunes dans le centre de réflexion "Leven in de Brouwerij" à Viersel, dont il est le fondateur. À la suite de ces accusations par plus de trente personnes , l'association demande qu'il démissionne. Les plaintes sont classées sans suite, pour cause de prescription. Versteylen a nié ces agressions.

Espagne
José Luis Martín Vigil est un prêtre jésuite et célèbre écrivain espagnol dans les années 1960 et 1970. Il est exclu des jésuites, en 1958, alors qu'il est l'objet de plusieurs plaintes pour son comportements déplacés avec des adolescents.

France
 En 2015, Dominique Peccoud, ancien directeur des études du lycée privé Sainte-Geneviève à Versailles, puis de l'École d'ingénieurs de Purpan à Toulouse et conseiller au sein de l'Organisation internationale du travail, est condamné à deux ans de prison avec sursis pour abus sexuels sur mineurs. À la demande de sa hiérarchie, il s'est dénoncé en indiquant des agressions sexuelles sur neuf enfants.
 En 2016, un ancien élève du Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague à Paris, Jean-Pierre Martin-Vallasse, scolarisé dans l'établissement jésuite au cours des années 1950 et 1960, déclare publiquement avoir été victime à l'âge de huit ans des agissements pédophiles d'un prêtre lors d'une colonie de vacances organisée par le lycée. À partir de 2010, il recueille plusieurs témoignages et réclame une enquête au père Jean-Yves Grenet, responsable des Jésuites de France, obtenant une fin de non-recevoir. Jean-Pierre Martin-Vallasse rapporte : . En 2014, Jean-Pierre Martin-Vallasse sollicite le Vatican et obtient la création d'un « groupe d'accueil et de veille pour les situations d'abus sur les personnes ». Dans le contexte de l'affaire Barbarin, la décision de Jean-Yves Grenet évolue en se déclarant plus apte à l'écoute mais il n'engage pas une enquête interne.

Slovenie

Marko Ivan Rupnik est accusé d'agressions sexuelles par neuf religieuses de la communauté de Loyola en Slovénie dont Marko Rupnik fut l'accompagnement spirituel et de gestes déplacés et d'abus spirituels par deux autres femmes. Une première femme l'a accusé en 1998. Puis une deuxième au début de l'année 2020. Il est démis de sa fonction de directeur du centre Aletti en 2020. En 2021, des signalements ont été transmis auprès du dicastère pour la Doctrine de la Foi pour « violences sexuelles et psychologiques ». L'ordre des jésuites a pris des sanctions disciplinaires à son encontre : il ne doit plus confesser, accompagner spirituellement et prêcher des retraites. Tout enseignement ou engagement public doit être validé par sa hiérarchie . Le , il est renvoyé de la Compagnie de Jésus .

Prévention et de réparation des abus

Europe

Province d'Europe occidentale francophone (France, Belgique, Grèce, Île Maurice)

 Une page Web ainsi qu'une adresse de contact de la cellule d'accueil et d'écoute des victimes de tous types d'abus perpétrés par des jésuites, vivants ou morts, sont en place. Un document (rédigé en 2016) sur 'la prévention et les actions à mener' y est consultable.
 La cellule d'accueil et d'écoute des victimes est aussi chargée de proposer chaque année, avec l'aide professionnels, une formation et une sensibilisation aux questions d'abus et de prévention, aux jésuites de la Province. Cela passe par l'écoute ou la lecture de témoignages de victimes, par une formation continue sur l'affectivité et la mise en place de protocoles à suivre pour assurer un environnement sûr dans les lieux de mission. (Centres spirituels, établissements scolaires, accompagnement spirituel...)
 À la suite de la publication du rapport de la CIASE, la Conférence des Religieux et Religieuses en France a souhaité la mise en place d'une Commission Reconnaissance et Réparation (CRR). Celle-ci permet aux victimes de faire le récit de leur agression et d'envisager avec la CRR des réparations financières et non financières par l'institut ou la congrégation de l'agresseur.

Références

Bibliographie

 .

Abus sexuel dans la Compagnie de Jésus

Abus sexuels dans la Compagnie de Jésus


Shipbourne es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Tonbridge and Malling, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Shipbourne tiene una superficie de 9 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Shipbourne tenía 456 habitantes (47,81% varones, 52,19% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 50,67 hab/km². El 19,96% eran menores de 16 años, el 72,15% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 7,89% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 42,08 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 21,37% estaban solteros, el 61,37% casados y el 17,26% divorciados o viudos.

El 93,41% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 0,66% de la población, mientras que el 5,93% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 99,34% eran blancos y el 0,66% mestizos. El cristianismo era profesado por el 78,6%, el budismo por el 0,66% y el judaísmo por el 0,66%. El 15,94% no eran religiosos y el 4,15% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

216 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 209 de ellos (96,76%) empleados y 7 (3,24%) desempleados. Había 190 hogares con residentes, 7 vacíos y 4 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Shipbourne


අරඩියා (Aradia) යනු ඉතාලියානු මායාකර්ම පුරාවෘත්ත වල එන ඉතා විශේෂ දේවතාවියකි (ග්‍රීක බසින් හෙරෝඩියස් Herodias නමින් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ද ඇයයි). ඇය ඩයානා (චන්ද්‍ර දේවතාවිය) හා ඇගේම සහෝදරයා වන ලුසිෆර් (හිරු දෙවියන්) ට දාව උපන් කුමරියයි. පෘථිවියේ දුක් විඳින මිනිසුන්ට සහ ගැහැනුන්ට මායාකර්ම දැනුම ලබා දීමට ඇගේ මව වන ඩයානා විසින් පොලොවට එවන ලදී.

උපත
අරඩියා ගේ මව වන්නේ ඩයානා දේවතාවියයි. ඩයානා විසින් ඇගේ ආලෝකවත් අර්ධය වන ලුසිෆර් (හිරු දෙවියන්) තමාගෙන් වෙන් කර ඇගේ සහෝදරයා ලෙස නිර්මාණය කරගත්තේ ය. නමුත් ලුසිෆර් ඩයානාගෙන් වෙන්ව පලා ගියේ ය, ඇගේ ආලෝකය ඇය විසින්ම නැති කරගන්නා ලදී. මින් මහත් සේ දුක් වූ ඩයානා නැවත තමාගේ ආලෝක අර්ධය සමඟ එක් වීමට ඉටා ගත්තේ ය.
ඩයානා කළු බැළලියකගේ (ලුසිෆර් ගේ සුරතලා කලු බැළලියකි) වෙස් ගෙන තම සහෝදරයා වන ලුසිෆර් සමඟ යහන් ගත විය. මෙහි ප්‍රථිඵලයක් වශයෙන් ඇගේ කුසේ අරඩියා බිහි විය.

මායාකාරීන්ගේ දේවවාක්‍ය (Aradia o il Vangelo della Strega)
Aradia o il Vangelo della Strega (මායාකාරීන්ගේ දේවවාක්‍ය) යනු අරඩියා සම්බන්ධව 1899 දී ලියැවුනු පොතකි. මෙය ඉංග්‍රීසියට පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත්තේ චාර්ල්ස් ගොඩ්ෆි‍්‍ර ලේලන්ඩ් විසිනි. ලේලන් ඩ් පවසන පරිදි එම පොත ලියා ඇත්තේ මැඩලේනා නම් තැනැත්තියක් විසින් ඔහුට දෙන ලද අත් පිටපතක් අනුසාරයෙනි. එය, ඉතාලියේ ෆ්ලෝරන්ස් හා ටස්කනි ආශ්‍රිත ප්‍රදේශ වල ජන විශ්වාස හා ඇදහිලි මත පදනම්ව ඇත.

References

විකා
පුරාවෘත්ත

අරඩියා


Football Manager 2012 (abreviat Football Manager 12 sau FM12) este un fotbal de management-joc video de simulare. Acesta a fost lansat pe Microsoft Windows și Mac OS X pe 21 octombrie 2011.

Caracteristici Noi
Transferuri Si Contracte

Modificări semnificative la transferul și contract de sisteme.

Scouting îmbunătățiri

Un nou detaliate în raportul de joc a fost conceput.

Meci 3D Îmbunătățiri

Noi animații, mulțimea de sistem, mai multe stadioane.

Gestiona De Oriunde, Oricând

Abilitatea de a adăuga sau de a lua națiuni.

Ton

Noul sistem, care vă permite să specificați modul în care doriți să spună lucruri.

Interfata Inteligenta

Un nou aspect adaptive sistem, filtre noi si mai mult.
Noua echipa națională - Kiribati

Demo
Un demo al jocului a fost lansat pe Steam în asociere cu Sky Sports HD pe 6 octombrie 2011. Acesta oferă o jumătate de sezon de joc, care poate fi continuat în plină versiunea achiziționat. Demo-ul este limitat la doar ligile din Anglia, Scoția, Franța, Spania, Olanda, Belgia, Italia, Norvegia, Danemarca, Suedia și Australia.

Administrarea drepturilor digitale
Football Manager 2012 este primul din serie care va necesita utilizarea de software Steam; acest lucru a înfuriat fanii seriei. În mișcare înseamnă că utilizatorii trebuie să activați jocul on-line înainte de ei sunt capabili să joace. Sega a declarat că schimbarea a fost destinat pentru a reduce pirateria.

Recepție
Football Manager 2012 a fost bine primit, cu recenzii în general pozitive. În special GameSpot a spus că "capacitatea de a închide ligi a fost un mare plus". Pe site-ul German 4players.de evaluat jocul cu 88% ca "sehr gut" ("foarte bine").

Referințe

Jocuri video din 2011
Jocuri pentru Android
Jocuri pentru iOS
Jocuri pentru Mac OS X
Jocuri pentru PlayStation Portable
Jocuri pentru Windows

Football Manager 2012


Die Welt, wie wir sie kannten ist ein Science-Fiction-Roman für Jugendliche der US-amerikanischen Autorin Susan Beth Pfeffer aus dem Jahr 2006, der zum Genre der Dystopien gehört. Es ist das erste Buch der "Last Survivors"-Reihe.

Handlung
Die Handlung wird aus der Sicht des Teenagers Miranda im Tagebuchformat beschrieben. Ein Asteroid trifft den Mond und wirft ihn aus seiner Umlaufbahn. Durch die veränderte Gravitation des Mondes treten Katastrophen wie Flutwellen und Vulkanausbrüche auf. Der Strom beginnt auszufallen und die Nahrungsvorräte von Mirandas Familie werden knapp. Es beginnt ein Kampf ums Überleben.

Fortsetzungen
 Die Verlorenen von New York. Carlsen, 2011, ISBN 978-3-551-58219-5.
 Das Leben, das uns bleibt. Carlsen, 2012, ISBN 978-3-551-58275-1.
 The Shade of the Moon (englisch). Harcourt Children's Books, 2013, ISBN 978-0547813370

Ausgaben

 Die Welt, wie wir sie kannten. Carlsen, Hamburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-551-58218-8. (Übersetzer: Annette von der Weppen).
 Englische Originalausgabe: Life as we knew it. Hartcourt, San Diego, California 2006, ISBN 0-15-205826-5.

Hörbuch

 Die Welt wie wir sie kannten. Gelesen von Stefanie Stappenbeck. Silberfisch, Hamburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-86742-065-5. 6 CD

Weblinks
 Website der Autorin
 Autorenseite beim Verlag Carlsen
 Bucheintrag bei perlentaucher.de

Literarisches Werk
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Science-Fiction-Literatur
Dystopie
Roman, Epik
Literatur (Vereinigte Staaten)

Die Welt, wie wir sie kannten


සුපර්මෑන් () යනු ප්‍රබන්ධ චරිතයකි. මෙම චරිතය DC(Detective Comics(ඩිටෙක්ටිව් කොමික්ස්) = රහස් පරික්ෂක චිත්‍ර කථා; පසුව 'ඩිටෙක්ටිව් කොමික්ස්' යන නම එය බෙදා හල සමාගමට බැර විය. ) චිත්‍ර කථා අතර ජනප්‍රියතම හා බලගතුම සුපිරි වීර චරිතයක් ලෙස සැලකිය හැක. කැනඩාවේ උපන් ච්ත්‍ර ශිල්පී ජෝ ෂුස්ටර් (Joe Shuster) හා අමෙරිකානු ගත්කරු ජෙරී සීගල් (Jerry Siegel)විසින් 1932 දී නිර්මාණය කොට සීමාසහිත ඩිටෙක්ටිව් කොමික්ස් වෙත 1938 දී අලෙවි කල මෙම චරිතය පළමුව 1938 ජූනි මස ඇක්ෂන් කොමික්ස් අංක 1 (Action Comics #1)හි එළිදැක පසුව බොහෝ ගුවන්විදුලි වෘත්තාන්ත, රූපවාහිණී වැඩසටහන්, චිත්‍රපට, පුවත්පත් චිත්‍රකතා හා වීඩියෝ ත්‍රීඩා වල තම ශිල්ප දැත්වීය.

වර්ෂ 1978 දී ක්‍රිස්ටෝපර් රීව් විසින්ද, 2013 දී හෙන්රි කැවිල් විසින්ද සුපර්මෑන් චරිතයට පණ පොවන ලදී.

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පි‍ටු
නිල වෙබ් අඩවිය

ප්‍රබන්ධ චරිත

සුපර්මෑන්


George Coleman puede referirse a:
George Coleman, músico estadounidense.
George Drumgoole Coleman, arquitecto de origen irlandés residente en Singapur.
George Preston Coleman, jefe del Departamento de Transporte de Virginia y alcalde de Williamsburg, Va.
 George Coleman de Kay (1802-1849), fue un marino estadounidense que sirvió en la Armada Argentina durante la Guerra del Brasil.

George Coleman


Perdona pero quiero casarme contigo (Scusa ma ti voglio sposare) es una película basada en el libro del mismo nombre de Federico Moccia. La película es la continuación de Perdona si te llamo amor.

Sinopsis
Niki y Álex, que siguen igual de enamorados, vuelven del faro de la Isla de Blu. Al volver, ambos se reencuentran con sus amistades, que a lo largo de la película, afrontarán diversos problemas.ya que hay dos personas que  intervienen con su relación pero pese a todo este se casan.

Personajes
 Raoul Bova como Alessandro Belli o Álex.
 Michela Quattrociocche como Niki Cavalli.
 Andrea Montovoli como Guido.
 Luca Angeletti como Enrico.
 Ignazio Oliva como Flavio.
 Francesco Apolloni como Pietro.
 Francesco Arca como Fotógrafo
 Beatrice Valente como Olly.
 Francesca Ferrazzo como Erica.
 Michelle Carpente como Diletta.
 Edoardo Natoli como Filippo
 Pino Quartullo como Roberto.
 Cecilia Dazzi como Simona.

Banda sonora
 Per dimenticare - Zero Assoluto y Emanuele Bosi
 Cos'è normale - Zero Assoluto y Emanuele Bosi
 Non guardarmi così Zero Assoluto
 Come Fly Away - Benny Benassi y Channing
 La mia signorina - Neffa
 Gatto matto - Roberto Angelini
 Scusa ma ti voglio sposare - Zero Assoluto y Emanuele Bosi
 Quella non sono io - Zero Assoluto y Emanuele Bosi
 Isola Blu - Zero Assoluto y Emanuele Bosi
 Tema di un addio - Zero Assoluto y Emanuele Bosi
 A casa di alex - Zero Assoluto y Emanuele Bosi
 Desiderio - Zero Assoluto y Emanuele Bosi
 La letterada di Niki - Zero Assoluto y Emanuele Bosi
 Boys - Sabrina Salerno

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial

Películas de 2009
Comedias románticas
Películas de Italia
Películas en italiano
Películas basadas en novelas

Perdona pero quiero casarme contigo (película)