Nida (, Kursenieki: Nīde) is a resort town in Lithuania, the administrative centre of Neringa municipality. Located on the Curonian Spit between the Curonian Lagoon and the Baltic Sea, it is the westernmost point of Lithuania and the Baltic states, close to the border with the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast exclave. It currently has about 2,385 residents.

History

A settlement area of the Baltic Curonians, the original place called nida ("fluent" in the Old Prussian language) was first mentioned in 1385 documents issued by the Teutonic Knights, who ruled the lands within their Monastic State. The original settlement on the road along the Curonian Spit from Königsberg to Memel was located about  south of its today's position near the Hohe Düne (High Dune) at Cape Grobštas (from Old Prussian: grabis,  "hill"). After the Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466), the fishing village became part of the Polish fief held by the Teutonic Knights until 1525, and by Ducal Prussia.

From 1701, it was part of the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1709 nearly all of the population died from a bubonic plague epidemic. Continuously threatened by sand drifts, the village was moved away from the approaching dune to today's position in the 1730s. Incorporated into the Prussian Province of East Prussia in 1773, it became part of the German Empire upon the German unification of 1871. In 1874 a lighthouse on Urbas hill was built, later destroyed in the war and rebuilt in 1945 and 1953. In 1878, the village had a population of 655, mostly living off fishing, with fish being sold mainly to nearby Klaipėda and other coastal towns. Nida already was the largest village of the Curonian Spit. Both Lithuanian and German-language church services were held there.

Artists' colony

From the late 19th century, the dune landscape became popular with landscape and animal painters from the Kunstakademie Königsberg arts school. The local inn of Herman Blode was the nucleus of the expressionist artists' colony (Künstlerkolonie Nidden). Lovis Corinth sojourned there, as did Max Pechstein, Alfred Lichtwark, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, and Alfred Partikel. Painters from Königsberg such as Julius Freymuth and Eduard Bischoff visited the area, as did poets such as Ernst Wiechert and Carl Zuckmayer. Other guests included Ernst Kirchner, Ernst Mollenhauer, Franz Domscheit, and Hermann Wirth. The painters usually took accommodations at Blode's hotel, and left some of their works with him. Some also built their own residences in the vicinity.

After World War I Nidden, together with the northern half of the Curonian Spit, became part of the Klaipėda Region under the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, but was subsequently incorporated to Lithuania in 1923. Renamed Nida, the village nevertheless remained a predominantly German settlement; the border with the remaining German (East Prussian) half of the spit lay only a few kilometers to the south.

In 1929 Nobel Prize-winning writer Thomas Mann visited Nida while on holiday in nearby Rauschen and decided to have a summer house erected on a hill above the lagoon; it was mocked by locals as Uncle Tom's Cabin. He and his family spent the summers of 1930–32 in the cottage, and parts of the epic novel Joseph and His Brothers were written there.

Threatened by the Nazis due to his political views, Mann left Germany after Hitler's Machtergreifung in 1933 and eventually emigrated to the United States. After the Klaipėda Region was again annexed by (now Nazified) Germany in 1939, his house was seized at the behest of Hermann Göring   and designated a recreation home for Luftwaffe officers.

Post-war
In 1939 the town had 736 inhabitants. Like all of the Curonian Spit, Nida became nearly uninhabited as a result of the advancing Red Army, the Evacuation of East Prussia and the eventual expulsion of surviving German inhabitants. After the end of World War II, Nida again became part of then Soviet-occupied Lithuania. In the early postwar period, Nida was a little-visited fishing village. Later during the Soviet occupation, together with three other villages of the Neringa Municipality (Juodkrantė, Preila and Pervalka), Nida was a controlled-entry holiday resort reserved for the Communist party officials and elite (nomenklatura).

Since Lithuania restored its independence in 1990, the area has been open to all and the tourism has flourished. However, as Curonian Spit is a national park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, there are various restrictions to protect its ecosystem and the unique architecture of towns like Nida.

Mann's summer cottage survived the war and was preserved on the initiative of the Lithuanian poet Antanas Venclova. A first memorial site was inaugurated already in 1967. During the Soviet occupation, it hosted a library open in summer only, with residential quarters of the visiting librarian posted from Klaipėda upstairs and public areas downstairs. In 1995/96 the house was restored according to the original architectural design and reopenend as a cultural center dedicated to the writer, with a memorial exhibition and an annual festival.

Climate
Klaipėda's climate is considered to be humid continental (Köppen Dfb), because the region is located on the coast of the Baltic Sea, which is less prone to extreme weather events than the climate inland.

Tourism

The town is an upmarket holiday resort, hosting about 200,000 to 300,000 tourists each summer, mostly Lithuanians, Germans, Latvians, and Russians. It is characterized by low-key entertainment and a distinct family focus. However, during recent years  it has become a decent point of interest for fine electronica music and modern art shows at an eclectic forest retreat.

Since 2001, Nida Jazz Festival has been held every year. A local radio station Neringa FM streams live beats over FM and online. There are also interesting places to see nearby, including some of the highest sand dunes in Europe, a large sundial (which has been restored after being damaged by a Baltic gale), Fisherman's Ethnographic Homestead, gallery-museum of amber and a German Protestant (Evangelische) Brick Gothic church (built in 1888). There is also a campsite.

The town is known for Nidden Kurenwimpel — German for "Curonian pennants" — ornate carved flags particular to local families resident on the Curonian Spit. The flags, replicas of which can be seen around Nida, feature animal and human figures as pictograms reminiscent of a pagan writing tradition. At the local cemetery, examples of krikštas (pl. krikštai), pagan burial markers in place of tombstones, can still be seen.

Nida's beach participates in the Blue Flag Programme. Nudists make use of parts of the beach near Nida for nude bathing.

Transportation

Nida Airport is located in the town, but it has no scheduled routes and only capable of handling small aircraft. Nida also has a seaport which is used for ferries and fishing boats.

The only road which runs along the whole length of the Curonian Spit, connecting Zelenogradsk and Smiltynė (where a ferry connection to Klaipėda exists), passes through the edge of Nida. An hourly bus runs between Nida and Smiltynė ferry terminal on that road, and intercity buses to various cities like Kaliningrad, Klaipėda, Kaunas and Vilnius exist.

Notable people from Nida
 Reinhard Henkys (1928–2005), German journalist
 Tadas Sedekerskis (born 1998), Lithuanian basketball player
 Justė Zinkevičiūtė (born 1989), Lithuanian actor, writer, lifestyle teacher
 Vanda Nida (born 1922), Polish Poet and an Artist, Servant of Divine Mercy (1980-), Anti-Abortionist

Gallery

See also
 Nida Lighthouse

Notes

References

External links

Seaside resorts in Lithuania
Artist colonies
Neringa Municipality
Municipalities administrative centres of Lithuania
Nude beaches

Nida, Lithuania


The Civil Wars waren ein US-amerikanisches Country-Folk-Duo aus Nashville, das in ihrer Karriere ein Nummer-eins-Album hatte und mit vier Grammy Awards ausgezeichnet wurde.

Geschichte
Civil Wars bestand aus dem aus Alabama stammenden Sänger und Gitarristen John Paul White und der Sängerin Joy Williams. Die Kalifornierin hatte Mitte der 2000er im Bereich der christlichen Popmusik bereits einige Erfolge mit mehreren Soloalben. Sie lernten sich 2008 in Nashville bei gemeinsamen Songwriting-Arbeiten für andere Künstler kennen. 2009 veröffentlichten die beiden ihr erstes Livealbum Live at Eddie's Attic, den Mitschnitt eines Auftritts in Eddie's Attic, Decatur, als kostenlosen Download. Später folgte ihre erste EP Poison & Wine. Der Titelsong wurde in einer Folge von Grey's Anatomy verwendet. Im Jahr darauf nahmen sie mit dem bekannten Produzenten Charlie Peacock ihr Debütalbum auf.

Barton Hollow erschien Anfang 2011 und brachte dem Duo sofort den Durchbruch. Es stieg auf Platz 12 der Billboard 200 ein und war auf Platz 1 der Downloadcharts. Bei den Grammy Awards 2012 wurde es als bestes Folkalbum ausgezeichnet. Eine zweite Trophäe bekamen Williams und White für den Titelsong als beste Countrydarbietung. Die beiden sangen auch live bei der Verleihungsveranstaltung.

2011 trat das Duo als Vorband der britischen Sängerin Adele bei deren Tour zum Album 21 auf. Im Jahr darauf hatten sie zusammen mit der Countrysängerin Taylor Swift den Singlehit Safe & Sound. Ihren dritten Grammy Award bekamen sie 2013 in der Rubrik 'Best Song Written For Visual Media' für den Song Safe & Sound, der auch nominiert wurde für einen Golden Globe.

Ihr zweites Album mit dem Bandnamen als Titel erschien im Sommer 2013. Es erreichte Platz eins der US-Charts und konnte sich unter anderem auch in Deutschland und der Schweiz in den Charts platzieren. Ihren vierten Grammy bekamen die beiden Musiker 2014 für den Song From This Valley aus dem Album.

Bereits vor Erscheinen des Albums hatten die beiden Musiker eine unbestimmte Auszeit angekündigt, Anfang August 2014 gaben beide bekannt, dass sie sich als Duo endgültig auflösen. Grund waren nicht näher erläuterte unüberbrückbare Meinungsverschiedenheiten.

Diskografie

Alben
 2009: Live at Eddie's Attic (nur Download)
 2011: Barton Hollow
 2013: The Civil Wars

EPs
 2009: Poison & Wine
 2012: Between the Bars
 2013: Bare Bones

Singles
 2009: Poison and Wine
 2011: Barton Hollow
 2011: Dance Me to the End of Love
 2011: Safe & Sound (Taylor Swift feat. Civil Wars, Film: Die Tribute von Panem)
 2013: The One That Got Away

Quellen

Weblinks
 Offizielle Homepage
 Offizielle MySpace-Seite

Countryband
Folkband
US-amerikanische Band
Grammy-Preisträger
Musik (Nashville)

The Civil Wars


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The nuclear arms race was an arms race competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War. During this same period, in addition to the American and Soviet nuclear stockpiles, other countries developed nuclear weapons, though none engaged in warhead production on nearly the same scale as the two superpowers.

World War II
The first nuclear weapon was created by the United States of America during the Second World War and was developed to be used against the Axis powers. Scientists of the Soviet Union were aware of the potential of nuclear weapons and had also been conducting research in the field.

The Soviet Union was not informed officially of the Manhattan Project until Stalin was briefed at the Potsdam Conference on July 24, 1945, by U.S. President Harry S. Truman, eight days after the first successful test of a nuclear weapon. Despite their wartime military alliance, the United States and Britain had not trusted the Soviets enough to keep knowledge of the Manhattan Project safe from German spies; there were also concerns that, as an ally, the Soviet Union would request and expect to receive technical details of the new weapon.

When President Truman informed Stalin of the weapons, he was surprised at how calmly Stalin reacted to the news and thought that Stalin had not understood what he had been told. Other members of the United States and British delegations who closely observed the exchange formed the same conclusion.

In fact, Stalin had long been aware of the program, despite the Manhattan Project's having a secret classification so high that, even as vice president, Truman did not know about it or the development of the weapons (Truman was not informed until shortly after he became president). A ring of spies operating within the Manhattan Project, (including Klaus Fuchs and Theodore Hall) had kept Stalin well informed of American progress. They provided the Soviets with detailed designs of the implosion bomb and the hydrogen bomb. Fuchs' arrest in 1950 led to the arrests of many other suspected Russian spies, including Harry Gold, David Greenglass, and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg; the latter two were tried and executed for espionage in 1951.

In August 1945, on Truman's orders, two atomic bombs were dropped on Japanese cities. The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, and the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki by the B-29 bombers named Enola Gay and Bockscar respectively.

Shortly after the end of the Second World War in 1945, the United Nations was founded. During the United Nation's first General Assembly in London in January 1946, they discussed the future of nuclear weapons and created the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. The goal of this assembly was to eliminate the use of all Nuclear weapons. The United States presented their solution, which was called the Baruch Plan. This plan proposed that there should be an international authority that controls all dangerous atomic activities. The Soviet Union disagreed with this proposal and rejected it. The Soviets' proposal involved universal nuclear disarmament. Both the American and Soviet proposals were refused by the UN.

Early Cold War

Warhead development
In the years immediately after the Second World War, the United States had a monopoly on specific knowledge of and raw materials for nuclear weaponry. American leaders hoped that their exclusive ownership of nuclear weapons would be enough to draw concessions from the Soviet Union, but this proved ineffective.

Just six months after the UN General Assembly, the United States conducted its first post-war nuclear tests — Operation Crossroads. The purpose of this operation was to test the effect of nuclear explosions on ships. These tests were performed at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific on 95 ships, including German and Japanese ships that were captured during World War II. One plutonium implosion-type bomb was detonated over the fleet, while the other one was detonated underwater.

In secrecy, the Soviet government was working on building its own atomic weapons. During the war, Soviet efforts had been limited by a lack of uranium, but new supplies discovered in Eastern Europe provided a steady supply while the Soviets developed a domestic source. While American experts had predicted that the Soviet Union would not have nuclear weapons until the mid-1950s, the first Soviet bomb was detonated on August 29, 1949. The bomb, named "First Lightning" by the West, was more or less a copy of "Fat Man", one of the bombs the United States had dropped on Japan in 1945.

Both governments spent massive amounts to increase the quality and quantity of their nuclear arsenals. Both nations quickly began the development of thermonuclear weapons, which can achieve vastly greater explosive yields. The United States detonated the first hydrogen bomb on November 1, 1952, on Enewetak, an atoll in the Pacific Ocean. Code-named "Ivy Mike", the project was led by Edward Teller, a Hungarian-American nuclear physicist. It created a cloud  wide and  high, killing all life on the surrounding islands. Again, the Soviets surprised the world by exploding a deployable thermonuclear device in August 1953, although it was not a true multi-stage hydrogen bomb. However, it was small enough to be dropped from an airplane, making it ready for use. The development of these two Soviet bombs was greatly aided by the Russian spies Harry Gold and Klaus Fuchs.

On March 1, 1954, the U.S. conducted the Castle Bravo test, which tested another hydrogen bomb on Bikini Atoll. Scientists significantly underestimated the size of the bomb, thinking it would yield 5 megatons. However, it yielded 14.8 megatons, the highest yield ever achieved by an American nuclear device. The explosion was so large the nuclear fallout exposed residents up to  away to significant amounts of radiation. They were eventually evacuated, but most experienced radiation poisoning; one person was killed, a crew member on a Japanese fishing boat which was  from the bomb test site when the explosion occurred.

The Soviet Union detonated its first "true" hydrogen bomb on November 22, 1955, which had a yield of 1.6 megatons. On October 30, 1961, the Soviets detonated a hydrogen bomb with a yield of approximately 58 megatons.

With both sides in the Cold War having nuclear capability, an arms race developed, with the Soviet Union attempting first to catch up and then to surpass the Americans.

Delivery vehicles

Strategic bombers were the primary delivery method at the beginning of the Cold War.

Missiles had long been regarded the ideal platform for nuclear weapons, and were potentially a more effective delivery system than bombers. Starting in the 1950s, medium-range ballistic missiles and intermediate-range ballistic missiles ("IRBM"s) were developed for delivery of tactical nuclear weapons, and the technology developed to the progressively longer ranges, eventually becoming intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, into an orbit around the Earth, demonstrating that Soviet ICBMs were capable of reaching any point on the planet. The United States launched its first satellite, Explorer 1, on January 31, 1958.

Meanwhile, submarine-launched ballistic missiles were also developed. By the mid-1960s, the "triad" of nuclear weapon delivery was established, with each side deploying bombers, ICBMs, and SLBMs, in order to ensure that even if a defense was found against one delivery method, the other methods would still be available.

Some in the United States during the early 1960s pointed out that although all of the individual components of nuclear missiles had been tested separately (warheads, navigation systems, rockets), it was infeasible to test them all combined. Critics charged that it was not really known how a warhead would react to the gravity forces and temperature differences encountered in the upper atmosphere and outer space, and Kennedy was unwilling to run a test of an ICBM with a live warhead. The closest event to an actual test was 1962's Operation Frigate Bird, in which the submarine  launched a Polaris A2 missile over  to the nuclear test site at Christmas Island. It was challenged by, among others, Curtis LeMay, who put missile accuracy into doubt to encourage the development of new bombers. Other critics pointed out that it was a single test which could be an anomaly; that it was a lower-altitude SLBM and therefore was subject to different conditions than an ICBM; and that significant modifications had been made to its warhead before testing.

Mutual assured destruction (MAD)

By the mid-1960s both the United States and the Soviet Union had enough nuclear power to obliterate their opponent. Both sides developed a capability to launch a devastating attack even after sustaining a full assault from the other side (especially by means of submarines), called a second strike. This policy became known as Mutual Assured Destruction: both sides knew that any attack upon the other would be devastating to themselves, thus in theory restraining them from attacking the other.

Both Soviet and American experts hoped to use nuclear weapons for extracting concessions from the other, or from other powers such as China, but the risk connected with using these weapons was so grave that they refrained from what John Foster Dulles referred to as brinkmanship. While some, like General Douglas MacArthur, argued nuclear weapons should be used during the Korean War, both Truman and Eisenhower opposed the idea.

Both sides were unaware of the details of the capacity of the enemy's arsenal of nuclear weapons. The Americans suffered from a lack of confidence, and in the 1950s they believed in a non-existing bomber gap. Aerial photography later revealed that the Soviets had been playing a sort of Potemkin village game with their bombers in their military parades, flying them in large circles, making it appear they had far more than they truly did. The 1960 American presidential election saw accusations of a wholly spurious missile gap between the Soviets and the Americans. On the other side, the Soviet government exaggerated the power of Soviet weapons to the leadership and Soviet first secretary Nikita Khrushchev.

Initial nuclear proliferation

In addition to the United States and the Soviet Union, three other nations, the United Kingdom, the People's Republic of China, and France developed nuclear weapons during the early cold war years.

In 1952, the United Kingdom became the third nation to test a nuclear weapon when it detonated an atomic bomb in Operation Hurricane on October 3, 1952, which had a yield of 25 kilotons. Despite major contributions to the Manhattan Project by both Canadian and British governments, the U.S. Congress passed the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, which prohibited multi-national cooperation on nuclear projects. The Atomic Energy Act fueled resentment from British scientists and Winston Churchill, as they believed that there were agreements regarding post-war sharing of nuclear technology, and led to Britain's developing its nuclear weapons. Britain did not begin planning the development of its nuclear weapon until January 1947. Because of Britain's small size, they decided to test their bomb on the Montebello Islands, off the coast of Australia. Following this successful test, under the leadership of Churchill, Britain decided to develop and test a hydrogen bomb. The first successful hydrogen bomb test occurred on November 8, 1957, which had a yield of 1.8 megatons. An amendment to the Atomic Energy Act in 1958 allowed nuclear cooperation once again, and British-U.S. nuclear programs resumed. During the Cold War, British nuclear deterrence came from submarines and nuclear-armed aircraft. The Resolution-class ballistic missile submarines armed with the American-built Polaris missile provided the sea deterrent, while aircraft such as the Avro Vulcan, SEPECAT Jaguar, Panavia Tornado and several other Royal Air Force strike aircraft carrying the WE.177 gravity bomb provided the air deterrent.

France became the fourth nation to possess nuclear weapons on February 13, 1960, when the atomic bomb "Gerboise Bleue" was detonated in Algeria, then still a French colony (formally a part of Metropolitan France). France began making plans for a nuclear-weapons program shortly after the Second World War, but the program did not begin until the late 1950s. Eight years later, France conducted its first thermonuclear test above Fangatuafa Atoll. It had a yield of 2.6 megatons. This bomb significantly contaminated the atoll with radiation for six years, making it off-limits to humans. During the Cold War, the French nuclear deterrent was centered around the Force de frappe, a nuclear triad consisting of Dassault Mirage IV bombers carrying such nuclear weapons as the AN-22 gravity bomb and the ASMP stand-off attack missile, Pluton and Hades ballistic missiles, and the  Redoutable-class submarine armed with strategic nuclear missiles.

The People's Republic of China became the fifth nuclear power on October 16, 1964, when it detonated a 25 kiloton uranium-235 bomb in a test codenamed 596 at Lop Nur. In the late 1950s, China began developing nuclear weapons with substantial Soviet assistance in exchange for uranium ore. However, the Sino-Soviet ideological split in the late 1950s developed problems between China and the Soviet Union. This caused the Soviets to cease helping China develop nuclear weapons. However, China continued developing nuclear weapons without Soviet support and made remarkable progress in the 1960s. Owing to Soviet/Chinese tensions, the Chinese might have used nuclear weapons against either the United States or the Soviet Union in the event of a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, the Chinese nuclear deterrent consisted of gravity bombs carried aboard H-6 bomber aircraft, missile systems such as the DF-2, DF-3, and DF-4, and in the later stages of the Cold War, the Type 092 ballistic missile submarine. On June 14, 1967, China detonated its first hydrogen bomb.

Cuban Missile Crisis

On January 1, 1959, the Cuban government fell to communist revolutionaries, propelling Fidel Castro into power. The communist Soviet Union supported and praised Castro and his resistance, and the revolutionary government was recognized by the Soviet Union on January 10. When the United States began boycotting Cuban sugar, the Soviet Union began purchasing large quantities to support the Cuban economy in return for fuel and eventually placing nuclear ballistic missiles on Cuban soil. These missiles would be capable of reaching the United States very quickly. On October 14, 1962, an American spy plane discovered these nuclear missile sites under construction in Cuba.

President Kennedy immediately called a series of meetings for a small group of senior officials to debate the crisis. The group was split between a militaristic solution and a diplomatic one. President Kennedy ordered a naval blockade around Cuba and all military forces to DEFCON 3. As tensions increased, Kennedy eventually ordered U.S. military forces to DEFCON 2. This was the closest the world has been to a nuclear war. While the U.S. military had been ordered to DEFCON 2, the theory of mutually assured destruction suggests that entry into nuclear war is an unlikely possibility. While the public perceived the Cuban Missile Crisis as a time of near mass destruction, the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union were working confidentially in order to allow the crisis to come to a peaceful conclusion. Soviet First Secretary Khrushchev wrote to President Kennedy in a telegram on October 26, 1962, saying that, "Consequently, if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war, then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope, let us take measures to untie that knot."

Eventually, on October 28, through much discussion between U.S and Soviet officials, Khrushchev announced that the Soviet Union would withdraw all missiles from Cuba. Shortly afterwards, the U.S. withdrew all their nuclear missiles from Turkey in secret – the presence of the missiles having threatened the Soviets. Information that the U.S. had withdrawn their Jupiter Missiles from Turkey remained confidential for decades, causing the result of the negotiations between the two nations to appear to the world as a major U.S. victory. This ultimately led to the downfall of Soviet leader Khrushchev.

Détente

By the 1970s, with the Cold War's entering its 30th year with no direct conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, the superpowers entered a period of reduced conflict, in which the two powers engaged in trade and exchanges with each other. This period was known as détente.

This period included negotiation of a number of arms control agreements, building with the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in the 1950s, but with significant new treaties negotiated in the 1970s. These treaties were only partially successful. Although both states continued to hold massive numbers of nuclear weapons and research more effective technology, the growth in number of warheads was first limited, and later, with the START I, reversed.

Treaties

In 1958, both the U.S. and Soviet Union informally agreed to suspend nuclear testing. However, this agreement was ended when the Soviets resumed testing in 1961, followed by a series of nuclear tests conducted by the U.S. These events led to much political fallout, as well as the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. It was felt by American and Soviet leaders that something had to be done to ease the significant tensions between these two countries, so on October 10, 1963, the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) was signed. This was an agreement between the U.S., the Soviet Union, and the U.K., which significantly restricted nuclear testing. All atmospheric, underwater, and outer space nuclear testing were agreed to be halted, but testing was still allowed underground. An additional 113 countries have signed this treaty since 1963.

SALT I and SALT II limited the size of the U.S. arsenal. Bans on nuclear testing, anti-ballistic missile systems, and weapons in space all attempted to limit the expansion of the arms race through the Partial Test Ban Treaty.

In November, 1969, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) begun. This was primarily due to the economic impact that nuclear testing and production had on both U.S. and Soviet economies. The SALT I Treaty, which was signed in May 1972, produced an agreement on two significant documents. These were the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) and the Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. The ABM treaty limited each country to two ABM sites, while the Interim Agreement froze each country's number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) at current levels for five years. This treaty significantly reduced nuclear-related costs as well as the risk of nuclear war. However, SALT I failed to address how many nuclear warheads could be placed on a single missile. A new technology, known as multiple-independently targetable re-entry vehicle (MIRV), allowed single missiles to hold and launch multiple nuclear missiles at targets while in mid-air. Over the next 10 years, the Soviet Union and U.S. added 12,000 nuclear warheads to their already built arsenals.

Throughout the 1970s, both the Soviet Union and United States replaced older warheads and missiles with newer, more powerful and effective ones. On June 18, 1979, the SALT II treaty was signed in Vienna. This treaty limited both sides' nuclear arsenals and technology. However, in light of the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979, the United States Senate never ratified the SALT II treaty. This ended the treaty negotiations as well as the era of détente.

In 1991, the START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was negotiated between the U. S. and the Soviet Union, to reduce the number and limit the capabilities of limitation of strategic offensive arms. This was eventually succeeded by the START II, START III, and New START treaties.

Reagan and the Strategic Defense Initiative

Despite détente, both sides continued to develop and introduce not only more accurate weapons, but weapons with more warheads ("MIRVs"). The presidency of Ronald Reagan proposed a missile defense programme tagged the Strategic Defense Initiative, a space-based anti-ballistic missile system derided as "Star Wars" by its critics; simultaneously, missile defense was also being researched in the Soviet Union. However, the SDI would require technology that had not yet been developed, or even researched. This system proposed both space- and earth-based laser battle stations. It would also need sensors on the ground, in the air, and in space with radar, optical, and infrared technology to detect incoming missiles. Simultaneously, however, Reagan initiated negotiations with Mikhail Gorbachev, ultimately resulting in the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty on reducing nuclear stockpiles.

Owing to high costs and complex technology for its time, the scope of the SDI project was reduced from defense against a massive attack to a system for defending against limited attacks, transitioning into the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization.

The end of the Cold War

During the mid-1980s, the U.S-Soviet relations significantly improved, Mikhail Gorbachev assumed control of the Soviet Union MYSONS after the deaths of several former Soviet leaders, and announced a new era of "perestroika" and "glasnost," meaning restructuring and openness respectively. Gorbachev proposed a 50% reduction of nuclear weapons for both the U.S and Soviet Union at the meeting in Reykjavik, Iceland in October 1986. However, the proposal was refused due to disagreements over Reagan's SDI. Instead, the Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty was signed on December 8, 1987, in Washington, which eliminated an entire class of nuclear weapons.

Owing to the dramatic economic and social changes occurring within the Soviet Union, many of its constituent republics began to declare their independence. With the wave of revolutions sweeping across Eastern-Europe, the Soviet Union was unable to impose its will on its satellite states and so its sphere of influence slowly diminished. By December 16, 1991, all of the republics had declared independence from the Union. The Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as the country's president on December 25 and the Soviet Union was declared non-existent the following day.

Post–Cold War

With the end of the Cold War, the United States and Russia cut down on nuclear weapons spending. Fewer new systems were developed and both arsenals were reduced; although both countries maintain significant stocks of nuclear missiles. In the United States, stockpile stewardship programs have taken over the role of maintaining the aging arsenal.

After the Cold War ended, large inventories of nuclear weapons and facilities remained. Some are being recycled, dismantled, or recovered as valuable substances. Large amounts of money and resources – which would have been spent on developing nuclear weapons in the Soviet Union, had the arms race continued – were instead used for repairing the environmental damage produced by the nuclear arms race, and almost all former production sites are now major cleanup sites. In the United States, the plutonium production facility at Hanford, Washington, and the plutonium pit fabrication facility at Rocky Flats, Colorado, are among the most polluted sites.

Military policies and strategies have been modified to reflect the increasing intervals without major confrontation. In 1995, United States policy and strategy regarding nuclear proliferation was outlined in the document "Essentials of Post–Cold War Deterrence", produced by the Policy Subcommittee of the Strategic Advisory Group (SAG) of the United States Strategic Command.

On 13 December 2001, George W. Bush gave Russia notice of the United States' withdrawal from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. This led to the eventual creation of the American Missile Defense Agency. Russian President Vladimir Putin responded to the withdrawal by ordering a build-up of Russia's nuclear capabilities, designed to counterbalance U.S. capabilities.

On April 8, 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed the New START Treaty, which called for a fifty percent reduction of strategic nuclear missile launchers and a curtailment of deployed nuclear warheads. The U.S. Senate ratified the treaty in December 2010 by a three-quarter majority.

On December 22, 2016, U.S. President Donald Trump proclaimed in a tweet that "the United States must greatly strengthen and expand its nuclear capability until such time as the world comes to its senses regarding nukes," effectively challenging the world to re-engage in a race for nuclear dominance. The next day, Trump reiterated his position to Morning Joe host Mika Brzezinski of MSNBC, stating: "Let it be an arms race. We will outmatch them at every pass and outlast them all."

In October 2018, the former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev commented that U.S. withdrawal from the INF nuclear treaty is "not the work of a great mind" and that "a new arms race has been announced".

In early 2019, more than 90% of world's 13,865 nuclear weapons were owned by Russia and the United States.

According to the Pentagon's June 2019 "Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations", "Integration of nuclear weapons employment with conventional and special operations forces is essential to the success of any mission or operation."

In 2019, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov warned about the risk of nuclear war, as negative dynamics had been noticeable over the previous year. He urged the nuclear states to build channels on forestalling potential incidents in order to lower the risks.

According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal Nature Food in August 2022, a full-scale nuclear war between the United States and Russia, which together hold more than 90% of the world's nuclear weapons, would kill 360 million people directly and more than 5 billion indirectly by starvation during a nuclear winter.

On February 21, 2023, Russian President Vladimir Putin suspended Russia's participation in the New START nuclear arms reduction treaty with the United States, saying that Russia would not allow the US and NATO to inspect its nuclear facilities.

India and Pakistan

In South Asia, India and Pakistan have also engaged in a technological nuclear arms race since the 1970s. The nuclear competition started in 1974 with India detonating a device, codenamed Smiling Buddha, at the Pokhran region of the Rajasthan state. The Indian government called this test a "peaceful nuclear explosion", but according to independent sources, it was actually part of an accelerated covert nuclear program of India.

This test generated great concern and doubts in Pakistan, with fear it would be at the mercy of its long-time arch-rival. Pakistan had its own covert atomic bomb projects in 1972 which ran for many years since the first Indian weapon was detonated. After the 1974 test, the pace of Pakistan's atomic bomb program significantly accelerated, culminating in successfully building its own atomic weapons. In the last few decades of the 20th century, India and Pakistan began to develop nuclear-capable rockets and nuclear military technologies. Finally, in 1998, India – under Atal Bihari Vajpayee's government – test detonated five more nuclear weapons. Domestic pressure within Pakistan began to build and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif ordered a test, detonating six nuclear weapons (Chagai-I and Chagai-II) in retaliation and to act as a deterrent.

According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal Nature Food in August 2022, a nuclear war between India and Pakistan could kill more than 2 billion indirectly by starvation during a nuclear winter.

Defense against nuclear attacks

From the beginning of the Cold War, The United States, Russia, and other nations have all attempted to develop anti-ballistic missiles. The United States developed the LIM-49 Nike Zeus in the 1950s in order to destroy incoming ICBMs.

Russia has also developed ABM missiles, in the form of the A-35 anti-ballistic missile system and the later A-135 anti-ballistic missile system. Chinese state media has also announced that China has tested anti-ballistic missiles, though specific information is not public.

In November 2006, India – with an initiative called the Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme – successfully tested its Prithvi Air Defense (PAD) anti-ballistic missile, followed by testing of the Advanced Air Defense (AAD) anti-ballistic missile in December 2007.

 Nuclear disarmament

Nuclear disarmament is one of four different norms in the aid of getting rid of nuclear weapons. This norm can include arms control, arms reduction to elimination, prohibition, and stigmatization.

This has been a hard norm to implement. Most of the conditions, the weight, strategy, timing, conditionality, and compliance have been contested.

First the United States announced on September 27, 1991, that they would be destroying the ground-launched short-range nuclear weapons. Mikhail Gorbachev, who was the President of the Soviet Union at that time, removed nuclear warheads from air defense missiles and nuclear artillery munitions.

In 2017, the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons Treaty gives the representation of self-empowerment. This treaty did not involve the states or their allies that had nuclear weapons.

A lot of debate has occurred about nuclear disarmament. Debates over treaties in reducing and getting rid of nuclear weapons all together have been ongoing since the Cold War ended.

In 2010, there was a debate over the New Strategic Arms Reduction (START) treaty. This treaty was negotiated between the United States and Russia.

Since this has been an ongoing endeavor, a lot of the non-nuclear states are fighting to get the states that do have nuclear weapons to abide by what they believe to be the most recent obligations.

Both the United States and Russian Presidents agreed to destroy nuclear weapons they contained.

See also
Arms race
Nuclear warfare
Nuclear holocaust
Nuclear terrorism
Space Race
Artificial intelligence arms race
Cold War
Essentials of Post–Cold War Deterrence
Deterrence theory
Nuclear disarmament
Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country
Brinkmanship (Cold War)
 'References

 Boughton, G. J. (1974). Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs (16th ed.). Miami, United States of America: Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami.
 Brown, A. Reform, Coup and Collapse: The End of the Soviet State. BBC History. Retrieved November 22, 2012
 Cold War: A Brief History. (n.d.). Atomic Archive. Retrieved November 16, 2012
 Doty, P., Carnesale, A., & Nacht, M. (1976, October). The Race to Control Nuclear Arms.
 Jones, R. W. (1998). Pakistan's Nuclear Posture: Arms Race Instabilities in South Asia.
 Joyce, A., Bates Graber, R., Hoffman, T. J., Paul Shaw, R., & Wong, Y. (1989, February). The Nuclear Arms Race: An Evolutionary Perspective.
 Maloney, S. M. (2007). Learning to love the bomb: Canada's nuclear weapons during the Cold War. Washington, D.C: Potomac Books.
 May, E. R. (n.d.). John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis. BBC History. Retrieved November 22, 2012
 Van, C. M. (1993). Nuclear proliferation and the future of conflict. New York, United States: Free Press.

 Further reading
 "Presidency in the Nuclear Age", conference and forum at the JFK Library, Boston, October 12, 2009. Four panels: "The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It", "Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty", "The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race", and "Nuclear Weapons, Terrorism, and the Presidency".

External links
 Erik Ringmar, "The Recognition Game: Soviet Russia Against the West," Cooperation & Conflict'', 37:2, 2002. pp. 115–36. – the arms race between the superpowers explained through the concept of recognition.
Annotated bibliography on the nuclear arms race from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

Arms race
Arms race
Arms race
Geopolitical rivalry
Soviet Union–United States relations
India–Pakistan relations
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
Technological races

Nuclear arms race


Dead Genesis ist ein kanadischer Low-Budget-Horrorfilm aus dem Jahr 2010.

Handlung
Sieben Monate nach einer Zombie-Epidemie wird die Journalistin Jillian Hurst damit beauftragt, einen Dokumentarfilm über das Leben der "Deadheads", eine Gruppe von Zombie-Jägern, zu drehen. Dabei lernt sie nicht nur den harten Alltag der Deadheads kennen, sondern macht auch die Erfahrung, dass die Zombies nicht die einzigen "Unmenschen" sind.

Produktion
Der Film wurde hauptsächlich in der kanadischen Stadt Ontario mit einem Budget von 15.000 CAD gedreht.

Kritik

Weblinks

 Dead Genesis bei deadgenesisthemovie.com
 Dead Genesis - Ultimate Edition Trailer (deutsch)

Einzelnachweise

Thriller
Filmdrama
Zombiefilm
Low-Budget-Film
Filmtitel 2010
Direct-to-Video-Produktion
Kanadischer Film
Horrorfilm

Dead Genesis – Der Krieg der Toten hat begonnen


Dan Grimaldi (born March 7, 1946) is an American actor and mathematics professor who is known for his roles as twins Philly and Patsy Parisi on the HBO television series The Sopranos, various characters on Law & Order (1991-2001), Don't Go in the House (1979), The Junkman (1983), Men of Respect (1990), and The Yards (2000).

Education
Grimaldi has a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Fordham University, a master's degree in operations research from New York University, and a PhD in data processing from the City University of New York, and teaches in the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at Kingsborough Community College in Brooklyn, New York.

Career
In addition to his role on The Sopranos, he has also had some minor film credits, most notably as mother-fixated pyromaniac Donny Kohler in the 1980 slasher film Don't Go in the House, and some guest TV appearances, including several episodes on Law & Order as well as appearing in 2011 as Tommy Barrone Sr. in "Moonlighting", the 9th episode of the 2nd season of the CBS show Blue Bloods. He appeared as an executive in the 2000 film The Yards and Grimaldi also voices "Frank" for the video game Mafia.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links

HBO.com

1946 births
Living people
American male television actors
American male voice actors
CUNY Graduate Center alumni
Fordham University alumni
American people of Italian descent
Mathematics educators
Male actors from New York City
New York University alumni
American operations researchers

Dan Grimaldi


Olaylar
 10 Eylül - IV. Murad Osmanlı tahtına geçti

Doğumlar
 26 Mayıs - William Petty, İngiliz iktisatçı ve filozof
 19 Haziran - Blaise Pascal, Fransız matematikçi

Ölümler

1623


مركز الدراسات والبحوث الاقتصادية والاجتماعية بتونس ويعرف اختصارا بالسيريس (CERES)، هو مؤسسة عمومية تونسية للبحث العلمي تأسست في 1962 وخاضعة لإشراف وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي.

التاريخ
تم تأسيس المركز في 1962 تحت اسم مركز الدراسات والبحوث الاقتصادية والاجتماعية، وتم في 19 مايو 1969 دمجه مع مكتب البحوث الاجتماعية وأصبح اسمه معهد التخطيط والإحصاء والدراسات التشريعية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية، ثم في 1972، تغير اسم المركز ثانية لاسمه الحالي وهو مركز الدراسات والبحوث الاقتصادية والاجتماعية، الذي أعيد تنظيمه في 1998.
يقع مقر المركز في تونس العاصمة، وكان يقع تحديدا في ساحة علي الزواوي، والآن أصبح يقع في نهج المؤزارة بحي الخضراء بالعاصمة.

المهام
المركز مكلف بالقيام بكل أنشطة البحث والدراسات في ميادين العلوم الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والإنسانية، وبذلك يقوم:
 إنجاز برامج البحث في إطار عقود مع الدولة.
 القيام بناءً على طلب الوزارات والهيئات الوطنية والمؤسسات العمومية والخاصة أو في إطار التعاون الدولي عبر اتفاقيات تبرم في الغرض، بكل بحث أو دراسة تهدف إلى تشخيص وتحليل ودراسة الظواهر الاجتماعية والاقتصادية السابقة أو الحاضرة والقيام بكل عمليات الاستباق والاستشراف لها.
 القيام ببحوث وثائقية تهدف إلى التعرف على تأثير تطور التكنولوجيات في الميادين التي تهم المجتمع ومتابغه انعكاساتها الجارية والمنتظرة وتقييمها وتحليلها، وكذلك المشاركة في تنظيم التظاهرات العلمية بالتعاون مع المؤسسات الإقتصادية ومؤسسات التعليم العالي.
 المساهمة في تكوين الطلبة في مرحلة الدكتوراه وذلك في نطاق برامج المركز.
 تشجيع الشراكة في البحث العلمي على المستويين الوطني والدولي.
 يتكون المركز تنظيميا من:
 مجلس علمي (يترأسه مدير عام)
 مخابر بحث
 وحدات بحث (وهي خمسة: الإرهاب والتهريب، التنمية الجهوية، الاقتصاد الإجتماعي والتضامني، الاقتصاد المقارن، التربية والأسرة)
 وحدة الإعلام والتوثيق العلمي

المنشورات
يقوم المركز بنشر المجلة التونسية للعلوم الاجتماعية وهي مجلة نصف سنويّة تعنى بنشر البحوث الأكاديمية والميدانية ذات العلاقة بالبحث العلمي الجامعي.
كما ينشر المركز أعمال الملتقيات والندوات التي ينظّمها في شكل سلسلات مـن الكراسـات بلغ عددها عشرة وهي على التوالي:

نشر المعهد 2400 منشورا و21 خارطة، كما تحتوي مكتبته على 35 ألف كتاب.

المدراء العامون
 27 فبراير 2013 - 6 يناير 2014: محمد عبازة
 6 يناير 2014 - 18 ديسمبر 2015: رضا الشكندالي
 18 ديسمبر 2015 - 31 يناير 2018: عدنان حيدر
 31 يناير 2018 - الآن: المنصف وناس

روابط خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للمركز.

المصادر

مراكز بحوث علمية
معاهد أبحاث في تونس
معاهد علمية
منظمات أسست في 1962


Nudnik #2, alternativer Titel Here's Nudnik ist ein US-amerikanischer Zeichentrick-Kurzfilm von Gene Deitch aus dem Jahr 1965.

Handlung
Der im einzigen verfallenen Haus einer Metropole alleinlebende Nudnik ist ein Pechvogel: Er schläft in einem als Sessel zusammengeklappten Bett. Als er seinen klingelnden Wecker ausstellen will, zerfällt der in alle Einzelteile. Nach dem Aufstehen klemmt sein Schlips im Sessel, der sich durch die Ziehanstrengung zum Bett auseinanderklappt, jedoch prompt zum Sessel zusammenschnappt, als sich Nudnik auf das Bett legt. Auch der Rest des Tages verläuft vom Pech verfolgt. Nudnik will sich einen Kuchen backen, doch fällt das Mehl aus der Tüte, als er sie anhebt. Der Wasserhahn lässt sich nicht zudrehen, sodass die Küche langsam vollläuft. Durch übermäßige Hefezugabe quillt der Kuchenteig in nie erreichte Größen auf und Nudnik versteckt den Teig unter anderem in verschiedenen Schubladen. Er will einen Teil des Teigs in einem Mixer verrühren, doch schreddert er so aus Versehen auch seine gesamten Ersparnisse, die in den Mixer gefallen waren. Als er den fertigen Kuchen schließlich isst, hat der die Farbe von Geldscheinen angenommen – beim Kauen findet Nudnik zudem Kleingeld im Mund.

Nudnik hat während der Backens immer wieder überschüssiges Wasser aus dem Fenster gekippt, das sich so auf dem Vordach des Hausausgangs gesammelt hat. Als Nudnik nun den Haupthahn der Wasserversorgung abdrehen will, gibt das Vordach nach und sämtliches Wasser ergießt sich über ihn. Resignierend geht Nudnik davon.

Produktion
Nudnik #2 war der erste Film der Nudnik-Serie, die am Ende rund 15 Folgen umfasste. Hauptfigur des Films und in Nudnik #2 auch einzige auftretende Person ist der Pechvogel Nudnik, dessen Name dem Zuschauer durch ein "Nudnik for Sale"-Schild in dem Fenster seiner Wohnung bekannt wird. Nudnik #2 lief 1964 an und wurde am 1. August 1965 erstmals in den USA aufgeführt.

Auszeichnungen
Nudnik #2 wurde 1965 für einen Oscar in der Kategorie "Bester animierter Kurzfilm" nominiert, konnte sich jedoch nicht gegen Der rosarote Schmierfink durchsetzen.

Weblinks

 Nudnik #2 auf bcdb.com
 Nudnik auf fernsehserien.de

Filmtitel 1965
US-amerikanischer Film
Kurzfilm
Zeichentrickfilm

Nudnik 2


La Coupe des Pays-Bas de football 1996-1997, nommée la KNVB beker, est la  édition de la Coupe des Pays-Bas. La finale se joue le 8 mai 1997 au stade De Kuip à Rotterdam.

Le club vainqueur de la coupe est qualifié pour les seizièmes de finale de la Coupe d'Europe des vainqueurs de coupe de football 1997-1998.

Finale
Le SV Roda JC Kerkrade gagne la finale contre le SC Heerenveen et remporte son premier titre. La rencontre s'achève sur le score de 4 à 2.

Notes et références

Lien externe
 tous les résultats de la Coupe 96-97 sur rsssf.com

1996-1997
Pays-Bas
Football
Football


Borský Mikuláš (mađ. Búrszentmiklós) je naseljeno mjesto u okrugu Senica, u Trnavskom kraju, Slovačka.

Stanovništvo
Prema podacima o broju stanovnika iz 2015. godine naselje je imalo 3.959 stanovnika.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Krajevi i okruzi u Slovačkoj <noinclude>
 Službena stranica naselja <noinclude>

Vidi još
Trnavský kraj
Okrug Senica

Okrug Senica
Naselja u Slovačkoj

Borský Mikuláš


Kellogg Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Kellogg Township (Iowa)
 Kellogg Township (South Dakota)

Kellogg Township


كاثاي باسيفيك أو كَثَاي بَسِفِك  (بالصينية:國泰航空) هي شركة الطيران الوطنية في هونغ كونغ، تتخذ من مطار هونغ كونغ الدولي مركزاً لعملياتها، تقدم كاثاي باسيفيك خدماتها لأكثر من 46 وجهة في جميع أنحاء العالم، وتعد الشركة واحد من ستة شركات طيران في العالم تحصل على تصنيف خمسة نجوم، تعد كاثاي باسيفيك عضو في تحالف عالم واحد.

اشتق الجزء الأول من اسمها من كاثاي الاسم القديم للصين.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للشركة
 تفاصيل أسطول خطوط كاثاي باسيفيك الجوية

شركات أدرجت سابقا في مؤشر هانغ سنغ
أعضاء إياتا
تأسيسات سنة 1947 في هونغ كونغ
شركات طيران أسست سنة 1946
شركات طيران هونغ كونغ
شركات مدرجة في بورصة هونغ كونغ
ماركات هونغ كونغية
تأسيسات سنة 1946 في هونغ كونغ
تأسيسات سنة 1922 في هونغ كونغ
شركات طيران أسست في 1922

كاثي باسيفيك


Stadtmitte am Fluss (kurz: SaF) ist ein Projekt, das mehr Attraktivität in Saarbrücken hervorrufen soll. Es wurde von der Oberbürgermeisterin Charlotte Britz vorgeschlagen.

Inhalt
Das Projekt, das 2004 erstmals vorgeschlagen wurde, sieht eine Verschönerung der Stadtmitte vor. Als zentrales Projekt war geplant, die Stadtautobahn komplett in einen Tunnel zu verlegen. Auf der gewonnenen Fläche sollte ein Park entstehen und eine Wiederannäherung an den historischen Stadtgrundriss ermöglicht werden.
Die Planungen für den Autobahntunnel sind derzeit aus Kostengründen jedoch ausgesetzt.
Einzelne Teilprojekte wurden hingegen in den letzten Jahren umgesetzt. In St. Johann wurde die heruntergekommene Berliner Promenade komplett erneuert und behindertenfreudlich ausgestaltet. Nahe der Promenade entstand der Rabbiner-Rülf-Platz mit einer Freitreppe hinunter zur Saar. Die Wilhelm-Heinrich-Brücke wurde komplett saniert. In Alt-Saarbrücken wurde die Eisenbahnstraße modernisiert, der  Neumarkt umgebaut sowie die Kreuzung Ludwigsplatz, Eisenbahnstraße und Wilhelm-Heinrich-Straße im Rahmen des Teilprojekts "Barock trifft Moderne" umgestaltet.

Kritik
Die Baumaßnahmen, insbesondere der Tunnel sind umstritten. Befürworter des Projektes plädieren für das Projekt wegen höherer Attraktivität in der Innenstadt, besserer Umwelt  (Verringerung des Verkehrslärmes und verminderte Schadstoffbelastung) und Verschwinden der unästhetischen Autobahn. Die Gegner des Projektes argumentieren mit den hohen Kosten von mehreren hundert Millionen Euro, einem Verkehrskollaps in der Innenstadt und dem Baulärm. Als Alternative zum Autobahntunnel wurden verschiedene Umgehungstrecken vorgeschlagen, um die stark frequentierte Stadtautobahn zu entlasten: die sog. Südumfahrung (Verbindung der A620 mit der A6 durch das Deutschmühlental), die sog. Nordumfahrung (Verbindung der A1 mit der A623 durch den Stadtwald) oder die sog. kleine Innenstadtumfahrung (Verbindung der Viktoriastraße/Ursulinenstraße und der Dudweilerstraße entlang der Bahnstrecke). Auch eine Überbauung/Überdeckelung der Stadtautobahn zur Wiederherstellung des historischen Stadtgrundrisses von Alt-Saarbrücken wird diskutiert.

Weblinks
 Website stadt-mitte-am-fluss.de

Einzelnachweise

Projekt (Städtebau)
Verkehr (Saarbrücken)

Stadtmitte am Fluss


Mellem to stole er en dansk animationsfilm fra 1993 instrueret af Liller Møller efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Der hældes op. Godt med øl. To mænd snakker og drikker støt. Lommefilosofien blomstrer: Er man lykkelig? Enten er man det, eller også er man det ikke. Man skal have noget at kæmpe for. Livskvalitet? Hvad gør livet værd at leve? Hvad med drivhuseffekt? Regnskov og naturkatastrofe? Livets indhold? Måske danser man for lidt! Hvad er det allerbedste? Hvad er sandheden? Snakken går, og øllet løber, mens nogle drilske biller ubevidst besvarer mange af de store spørgsmål ganske enkelt med en legende let filosofisk spøgefuldhed.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Animationsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1993

Mellem to stole


Palazzo di Sangro di Casacalenda je aristokratska palača iz 18. stoljeća koja se nalazi prekoputa trga od crkve San Domenico Maggiore u središnjem Napulju, regija Kampanija, Italija. Istočni bok pročelja okrenut je prema pročelju crkve Sant'Angelo a Nilo.

Povijest
Početni nacrt navodno je napravio Cosimo Fanzago u kasnom 16. stoljeću . Godine 1754. – 1762. arhitekti Mario Gioffredo i kasnije Luigi Vanvitelli obnovili su palaču kakvu danas uglavnom vidimo, za vojvotkinju Mariannu de Sangro di Casacalenda. Rečeno je da je tijekom ove izgradnje srušena crkva Santa Maria della Rotonda iz bizantskog doba. Tu je crkvu navodno podigao car Konstantin na vrhu Vestinog hrama. Stupovi hrama sada se koriste u dvorištu. Dizajn monumentalnih pilastara gornjih katova pročelja pripisuje se Mariu Gioffredu. Godine 1831. palaču je obitelj Sangro prodala obitelji Del Balzo

Godine 1922., u sklopu urbane obnove Napulja i radi proširenja Via Mezzocannone, srušen je najistočniji zaljev palače, što je zahtijevalo uklanjanje fresaka s ovog dijela piano nobile. Freske su premještene u muzej Capodimonte.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Sangro di Casacalenda

Palazzo di Sangro di Casacalenda


الصناعة المعجمية، وسمي أيضا علم اللغة وعلم اللسان — مادة لسانية تعنى بتأليف المعاجم والقواميس، بجمع كلماتها وتعريفها وتصنيفها، وإيجازها في مقالات منفرة في شكل عنوان جانبي.

يهتم هذا الفرع أيضا بالشرح المصور، بإعطاء أمثلة و تعبيرات للكلمة، لتوضيح المعاني والدلالات معا.

تختلف الصناعة المعجمية عن علم المعاجم المتفرع عن محتوى المعاجم.

مراجع

صناعة معجمية
علم المعاجم
لغويات تطبيقية
مصطلحات لغويات

صناعة معجمية


Klaus este un prenume și un nume de familie german, olandez și scandinav. A apărut ca o formă scurtă a lui Nikolaus, o formă germană a numelui grecesc Nicolae.

Persoane notabile ale căror nume de familie este Klaus

 Václav Klaus (născut în 1941), politician ceh, fost președinte al Republicii Cehe

Persoane notabile ale căror prenume este Klaus
 Klaus Iohannis (n. 1959), Politician român
 Klaus Fuchs (1911-1988), fizician teoretic german și spion atomic
 Klaus Kinski (1926-1991), actor german
 Klaus Meine (născut în 1948), cântăreață a trupei de rock germana The Scorpions
 Klaus Schulze, compozitor german de muzică electronică și muzician
 Klaus Voormann (născut în 1938), artist, muzician și producător care a fost asociat cu zilele de inceput ale formatiei The Beatles
 Klaus Maria Brandauer (n. 1943), numele teatral al lui Klaus Georg Steng, actor austriac

Filme
 Klaus: Poștașul și păpușarul, film din 2019

Pages with unreviewed translations

Klaus


General elections were held in Fiji between 15 and 29 April 1972, the first since independence from the United Kingdom in 1970. They were characterised by the lack of rancour between racial groups, typical of the 1966 general election and the 1968 by-elections.

The result was a landslide for the Alliance Party of the Prime Minister, Kamisese Mara, which won 33 of the 52 seats, and surprised many observers by capturing almost 25 percent of the Indo-Fijian vote. The Indo-Fijian-dominated National Federation Party led by Sidiq Koya won the remaining 19 seats. The election re-affirmed the political allegiances of the past, with the Alliance Party winning all the Fijian Communal seats with 82% of the vote, as well as all the General Communal seats. The National Federation Party (NFP) won all the Indian Communal sets with 73% of the vote. Voter turnout was 85.2% in the communal seats.

Electoral system
The 52-member House of Representatives consisted of 27 members elected from communal constituencies (12 Fijian, 12 Indo-Fijian and three general electors) and 25 members elected from national constituencies (10 Fijian, 10 Indo-Fijian and five general electors), all elected by first-past-the-post voting.

Voters could cast up to four votes; one in their own communal constituency, and three in their national constituency, in which they voted for a Fijian, Indo-Fijian and general elector candidate.

Results

Aftermath
Following the elections, R. D. Patel of the National Federation Party became Speaker.

Prime Minister Mara carried out a cabinet reshuffle, appointing a new cabinet with 14 ministers, an increase from 12 in the previous government. He appointed two members to the Senate – John Falvey and Penaia Ganilau – to allow them to join the cabinet.

See also
List of members of the Parliament of Fiji (1972–1977)

References

Elections in Fiji
General
Fiji
Fiji
Fiji

1972 Fijian general election


Zuhal Demir (n. pe 2 martie 1980, în Genk) este un avocat belgian și politician din partea Noii-Alianțe Flamande. Demir este de origine turcă - kurdă.

Biografie
Zuhal Demir s-a născut în Genk, pe 2 martie 1980. Ea și-a luat, în 2003, licența în Drept la Universitatea Catolică din Leuven, apoi a absolvit un masterat în drept social la VUB. Cu începere din 2004, Demir a devenit activă ca avocat în Antwerpen, specializată în dreptul muncii.

La  alegerile federale din 2010, Zuhal Demir a participat prima dată pe listă în Circumscripția Antwerpen. Cu 10.248 de voturi, ea s-a clasat pe locul patru și a fost aleasă în Camera Reprezentanților Belgiei din partea N-VA. Demir a ocupat acest fotoliu până în 14 februarie 2017. La alegerile locale din 2012, Zuhal Demir a fost aleasă consilier districtual din partea N-VA în Districtul Antwerpen. În ianuarie 2013, ea a devenit președintele districtului. Colegiul districtual era format din partidele N-VA, Verzii și Open Vld. La alegerile federale din 2014, Demir a fost realeasă în Camera Reprezentanților, cu 19.473 de voturi.

În februarie 2015, Zuhal Demir a iscat o controversă după ce jurnaliștii de la revista P-Magazine au realizat o ședință foto cu ea în Parlamentul Federal.

La începutul lui 2016, Zuhal Demir s-a întors în orașul natal, Genk, pentru a fi alături de părinții ei. În locul avocatei, în districtul Antwerpen a fost ales președinte Paul Cordy, pe 1 ianuarie 2016, iar Cordula Van Winkel a ocupat locul acestuia în colegiu.

În februarie 2017, Zuhal Demir a succedat-o pe Elke Sleurs în funcția de Secretar de Stat pentru Lupta împotriva sărăciei, Egalității de șanse, Persoanelor cu handicap, Politicilor științifice și Marilor orașe, în guvernul condus de Charles Michel.

Note

Legături externe
 Pagina personală

Membri ai Camerei Reprezentanților Belgiei
Politicieni N-VA

Zuhal Demir


شعار أرض الصومال "( ، تم تقديمه في 14 أكتوبر 1996 جنبًا إلى جنب مع علم أرض الصومال، عندما تمت الموافقة عليها من قبل المؤتمر الوطني، وقدمها عبد الله عبدي عمر (جوان). وبعد إعلان استقلالها في 18 مايو 1991، بقي استقلال المنطقة المعلن ذاتيًا غير معترف به من قبل أي دولة أو منظمة دولية.

الوصف

يتكون الشارة من ميزانين متساويين في التوازن يرمزان إلى العدالة بين مواطني أرض الصومال، يحمل القهوة الملون النسر الميزان كدلالة على الديمقراطية، ويداه المصافحة تمثل المساواة والحرية بين شعب أرض الصومال، غصن الزيتون يرمز إلى السلام بين شعب أرض الصومال، خلفية صفراء تمثل، ثقافة جميلة وشعب أرض الصومال. تقرأ خط عربي فوق الميزان "بسم الله" والتي إذا ترجمت إلى الإنجليزية تعني "بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم" ". وهذا يرمز إلى أن الإسلام هو الدين الرسمي الذي يمارس في أرض الصومال.

نص دستور صوماليلاند، الذي تمت الموافقة عليه في 31 مايو 2001 بالاستفتاء على ما يلي:

'' 'المادة 7: العلم والشعار والنشيد الوطني.

"" 2 "". يتألف شعار الأمة من صقر بلون القهوة مكتوب على صدره باللغة العربية «الله أكبر». أسفل النسر يدان ترتعشان، وتتدلى فوقه مجموعة من المقاييس وتهبط على جانبيه. يُحاط الصقر (والمقاييس واليدين) بدوره من كلا الجانبين وأسفله بشريطين من الأوراق الخضراء متشابكة عند القاعدة، وبالعربية بسم الله منقوشة في الفجوة العلوية بين الورقتين.

 لاحظ أنه تمت إزالة «الله أكبر» من الشارة لأسباب غير معروفة وتم استبدال صورة ذهبية مكانها. كما تم تعديل لون بسم الله. من اللون البني إلى اللون الأحمر.

شعارات أرض الصومال البريطانية

1903 - 1950

عندما قامت البريطانيون بضم واحتلال المنطقة التي تشمل «أرض الصومال» في عام 1903، أنشأوا محمية وجعلوها جزءًا من الإمبراطورية البريطانية. طور البريطانيون علمًا للمنطقة وشعارًا أيضًا. ظهر على الشعار قرص أبيض عليه صورة كودو، أحد الظباء الرئيسية في أرض الصومال. كما ظهرت الشارة على العلم.

1950 - 1960

خلال عام 1950، تم تكييف شعار أرض الصومال البريطاني وتغييره إلى شعار شديد التعقيد. يتألف شعار النبالة من شعار النبالة مقسم رأسياً، وأخضر وأزرق، وله رئيس مع صومالي درع أمام اثنين رمح في سالتير، رأس لأسفل، بألوان طبيعية. احتوى الجزء الأخضر على تمثيل مئذنة باللون الأبيض، والجزء الأزرق به  مركب شراعي عربي في شراع كامل على أمواج البحر، مع مرساة ذهبية في القاعدة. رأس كودو، مع التاج الملكي بين القرون - كل ذلك بتلوين طبيعي، على «إكليل الألوان». أي الأبيض والأخضر - تشكيل كريست.

حصلت الصومال البريطاني على استقلالها باسم دولة أرض الصومال في 26 يونيو 1960، واتحدت مع إيطاليا إقليم الصومال الإيطالي في 1 يوليو 1960 لتشكيل جمهورية الصومال.

مراجع

ثقافة صوماليلاند
شعارات دول إفريقيا
شعارات دول ذات الاعتراف المحدود
شعارات نبالة بها عقبان
شعارات وطنية

شعار أرض الصومال


San Victricio, conocido también como de Victricio de Ruan (en latín: Victricius; francés: Victrice; italiano: Vittricio; c. 330 – c. 407), fue obispo de Ruan (393–417), misionero y santo. Su festividad es el 7 de agosto.

Biografía

Victricio era hijo de un legionario romano y llegó a ser soldado también. De todas maneras, cuando abrazó el cristianismo, rechazó las armas. Fue apresado y sentenciado a la pena de muerte, pero fue exculpado. Predicó la palabra entre las tribus de Flandes, Hainault, y Brabante.

Se convirtió en obispo de Ruan entre 386 y 393. Viajó hasta Gran Bretaña en 396 para hacer mediación en la disputa entre diferentes obispos. Fue acusado de herejía pero fue defendido por Inocencio I y recibió un importante decreto del Liber Regularum.

En 396 le fueron enviadas las reliquias de Vital y Agricola que también fueron enviadas por las mismas fechas a San Paulino de Nola y otros. Victricio escribió un texto sobre La alabanza de los santos (De Laude Sanctorum).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Catholic Online: St. Victricius
 Saint Victrice

Fallecidos en 407
Obispos de Francia del siglo IV
Santos católicos
Santos de Francia
Santos del siglo V
Obispos de Francia del siglo V
Obispos santos de Francia
Antiguos romanos del siglo IV
Antiguos romanos del siglo V
Santos cristianos de la Antigua Roma

Victricio de Ruán


Die Niagara Falls Cataracts waren eine kanadische Eishockeymannschaft aus Niagara Falls, Ontario. Die Mannschaft spielte zwischen 1926 und 1930 in der Canadian Professional Hockey League sowie der International Hockey League.

Geschichte
Das Franchise der Niagara Falls Cataracts wurde 1926 als Mitglied der Canadian Professional Hockey League gegründet. Nachdem die Liga 1929 durch die International Hockey League abgelöst wurde traten die Cataracts auch in der IHL an. Im Anschluss an die Saison 1929/30 stellte die Mannschaft den Spielbetrieb ein.

Bekannte Spieler
 Newsy Lalonde

Weblinks
 The Internet Hockey Database – Statistik/Spielerliste Niagara Falls Cataracts

Eishockeyverein (Canadian Professional Hockey League)
Eishockeyverein (International Hockey League, 1929–1936)
Cataracts
Ehemaliger Eishockeyverein
Ehemaliger Sportverein (Kanada)
Organisation (Niagara Falls, Ontario)
Geschichte Ontarios

Niagara Falls Cataracts


Em Golde Kappes ("Im goldenen Kohl") ist der Name einer traditionellen Gaststätte im Kölner Stadtteil Nippes.

Geschichte
Die Kölschkneipe wurde am 30. August 1913 vom Nippeser Wirt Matthias Becker eröffnet. Er bat in einer Anzeige "um gütigen Zuspruch" bei der Eröffnung des "obergärigen Bierhauses". Die Bezeichnung Em Golde Kappes ist auf die gegenüberliegende Florastraße zurückzuführen, die vor 1864 Kappesgasse hieß. Seit dem 23. Juni 1989 steht das in der Neusser Straße 295 gelegene Haus unter Denkmalschutz (Nr. 5095), weil es sich um ein Baudenkmal im Sinne von § 2 Abs. 1 und 2 des Denkmalschutzgesetzes handelt (Liste der Baudenkmäler im Kölner Stadtteil Nippes). Im Oktober 1995 wurde die Bezeichnung "Em Golde Kappes" als Wort-Bildmarke im Markenregister eingetragen.

Ausstattung

Optisch symbolisiert wird der Name durch einen über dem Haupteingang hängenden vergoldeten Kohlkopf mit darüber angebrachtem Brauerstern. Ein weiterer vergoldeter Kohlkopf ist Teil einer eingemeißelten Freske über dem Eingang. Die Nordfassade schmücken vier Masken, die die vier Temperamente darstellen: Choleriker, Phlegmatiker, Melancholiker und Sanguiniker. Der "Kappes" war nie ein Brauhaus im engeren Sinne, in dem selbstgebrautes Bier ausgeschenkt wurde. Vielmehr kam bis Januar 2009 aufgrund eines Bierlieferungsvertrages Mühlen-Kölsch aus der Brauerei zur Malzmühle zum Ausschank.

Wie in allen traditionellen Kölsch-Kneipen und Brauereigaststätten der Stadt wird der Gast vom Köbes bedient. Die Atmosphäre wird durch eine historische kölsche Kneipeneinrichtung geprägt, zu der das Thekenschaaf ("der Beichtstuhl") gehört, das trotz des Umbaus erhalten blieb und Sichtkontakt in die Gasträume bietet. Außerdem tragen geschliffene Holztische, Holzverzierungen und kleine Bleiglasfenster zur typischen Atmosphäre bei. Charakteristisch sind eine "kölsche Fooderkaat" mit Speisenamen in Kölscher Sprache und deren hochdeutscher Übersetzung. Die Kneipe ist Stammquartier ("Wachlokal") der Kölner Karnevalsgesellschaft Nippeser Bürgerwehr von 1903, eines Traditionskorps des Kölner Karnevals. Seit 2000 verleiht die Bürgerwehr an verdiente Karnevalisten den nach der Traditionskneipe benannten "Goldene Kappes".

Eigentümerwechsel 2008/2009
Nach mehreren Generationen im Besitz der Familie Becker, wurde für den Betrieb am 1. September 2008 beim Amtsgericht Köln das Insolvenzverfahren über das Vermögen der Insolvenzschuldnerin eröffnet wurde. Am 26. November 2008 beschloss die Gläubigerversammlung die vorläufige Fortführung der Gaststätte. Der Inhaber kündigte mit Schreiben vom 30. Januar 2009 allen in der Gaststätte beschäftigten 17 Arbeitnehmern unter Hinweis auf die vollständige Einstellung der Geschäftstätigkeit spätestens zum 30. April 2009, nachdem eine Fortführung gescheitert war. Im Juni 2009 veräußerte der ehemalige Inhaber die der Insolvenzschuldnerin gehörende Immobilie an die Immendorf'sche Landgesellschaft GbR Alexander Rolff/Philipp C. Müller (Geschäftsführer der Früh-Brauerei). Die Schließung des "Golde Kappes" traf auch seinen einstigen Bierlieferanten Mühlen-Kölsch (Brauerei zur Malzmühle) sehr hart.

Nach umfangreichen Sanierungsarbeiten, die selbst die neue Vergoldung des "Kappes" umfassten, fand am 5. November 2009 die Eröffnung des "Golde Kappes" unter der neuen Inhaberschaft der Cölner Hofbräu Früh statt. Auch nach der Kompletterneuerung hat das Lokal sein rustikales Erscheinungsbild behalten. Auf 300 Quadratmetern, bestehend aus einem großen Gastraum im Erdgeschoss sowie zwei Sälen auf der ersten Etage, finden bis zu 350 Gäste Platz. Ein Biergarten mit etwa 120 Sitzplätzen befindet sich direkt vor dem Haus.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseite

Einzelnachweise

Gastronomiebetrieb (Köln)
Nippes (Köln)
Kneipe
Bier (Köln)

Em Golde Kappes


Slagtesvin er svin, der avles til kødproduktion. Slagtesvin er typisk krydsavl, der opfedes inden slagtning. Dermed adskiller slagtesvin sig fra avls-svin, der oftest er renracede. De kaldes smågrise, til de er 11 uger gamle.

I Danmark
I Danmark bruges tre svineracer til krydsavl af slagtesvin. Dansk Duroc bruges som handyrsrace, der krydses med hundyrsracerne Dansk Landrace og Dansk Yorkshire.
I 2014 blev der slagtet 18.276.064 slagtesvin i Danmark ud af samlet 18.822.443 slagtede svin. Omkring 90 % af svinekødet eksporteres. Det gør  Danmark til en af verdens største svinekødsekportører. Flertallet af svinene blev slagtet af Danish Crown.

Referencer

Tamsvin
Svinebrug
Svinekød

Slagtesvin


Piazza Dante je veliki javni trg u Napulju, Italija, nazvan po pjesniku Danteu Alighieriju. Trgom dominira kip pjesnika Dantea iz 19. stoljeća, koji je izradio Tito Angelini.

Pregled

Izvorno se zvao Largo del Mercatello, budući da je tu od 1588. bila jedna od dvije tržnice u gradu, koja se zvala "Mercatello" (tal. mala tržnica) da bi ju se razlikovalo od najveće i najstarije tržnice Piazza del Mercato.

Današnju strukturu trg je dobio u drugoj polovici 18. stoljeća, intervencijom arhitekta Luigija Vanvitellija; "Foro Carolino" koji je on naručio trebao je predstavljati spomenik koji slavi suverena Karla III. Burbonskog, kralja Napulja i Obiju Sicilija od 1734. do 1759.. Radovi su trajali od 1757. do 1765., a rezultat je bio veliki polukrug, tangentan na aragonske zidine, koji je horizontalno gledano uključivao Port'Albu na zapadu i flankirao crkvu San Michele Arcangelo na istoku.

Zgrada, s dva karakteristična zakrivljena krila, na vrhu ima 26 kipova koji predstavljaju Karlove vrline (tri su djelo Giuseppea Sanmartina), a u središtu nišu u kojoj je trebao biti smješten konjanički kip suverena (koja nikad nije izgrađen), kao i toranj sa satom, iz kasnijeg razdoblja.

Od 1843. središnja niša predstavlja ulaz u isusovački internat, koji je 1861. postao "Convitto Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele II", smješten u sobama starog samostana San Sebastiano i čija su dva klaustra još uvijek vidljiva (kupola crkva se srušila u svibnju 1941.); najmanji i najstariji je rijedak primjer Napulja između romaničkog i gotičkog razdoblja, a najveći je sačuvao strukture iz 16. stoljeća.

U središtu trga stoji veliki kip Dantea Alighierija, rad kipara Tita Angelinija i Tommasa Solarija mlađeg, svečano otvoren 13. srpnja 1871. (kada je trg preimenovan u današnji naziv) i postavljen na podlogu koju je dizajnirao inženjer Gherardo Rega. Danas se na njegovim stranama, skrovitije, nalaze prozori izlaza linije 1 podzemne željeznice. Trg je redizajniran i preuređen upravo za radove na podzemnoj željeznici, zaključno 2002. godine. Cijeli polukrug tako je postao pješačka zona.

Ipak, na trgu postoje četiri monumentalne crkve: u smjeru suprotnom od kazaljke na satu sa sjevera je Bezgrešno začeće sanitarnih operatera, Santa Maria di Caravaggio, San Domenico Soriano i San Michele u Port'Albi.

Na suprotnoj strani polukruga nalaze se odgovarajući bivši samostani uz crkve Santa Maria di Caravaggio i San Domenico Soriano: prva je postala sjedište instituta za slabovidne osobe koji je utemeljio Domenico Martuscelli (zapamćen po njegovoj bisti koju je 1922. isklesao Luigi De Luca nalazi se u vrtovima trga), a zatim je postao sjedište Druge općine Napulja. Drugi samostan danas je sjedište općinskih matičnih ureda.

Između dva ulaza nalazi se Palazzo Ruffo di Bagnara sa susjednom privatnom kapelom, dok je na lijevoj strani Port'Albe Palazzo Rinuccini. Nedaleko od trga na broju 7 od vico Luperano, vila Conigliera, potonja izgrađena tijekom aragonske ere.

Nakon izgradnje stanice metroa Dante na liniji 1, polukrug trga u potpunosti je pretvoren u pješačku zonu. U rujnu 2011. trg je potpuno zabranjen za privatni promet kako bi se obeshrabrilo korištenje automobila u gradu, što je ubrzalo javni prijevoz u tom dijelu grada. Nakon toga, od ljeta 2013., zatvaranje prometa je ograničeno na period od 9 do 18 sati svaki dan.

Dante
Stranice s nepregledanim prijevodima

Piazza Dante (Napulj)


Edward Hastings Chamberlin (fæddur 18. maí 1899 í La Conner, Washington og lést 16. júlí 1967 í Cambridge, Massachusetts) var bandarískur hagfræðingur þekktur fyrir kenningar sínar um fákeppni og samkeppni.

Æviágrip
Chamberlin var menntaður frá Iowa-háskólanum, þar varð hann fyrir áhrifum frá Frank H. Knight, sem að kenndi nokkrum heimsfrægum hagfræðingum. Chamberlin fór í Michigan-háskólan í framhaldsnám og endaði námsferil sinn í Harvard-háskólanum, þar fékk hann Ph.D. gráðu árið 1927. Hann starfaði þar sem kennari í rúm 30 ár.

Hagfræði
Doktorsritgerð hans var um einkasölusamkeppni. Einkasölusamkeppni er markaður þar sem eru mörg fyrirtæki sem að selja aðgreinanlega afurði. Chamberlin notaði ritgerðina sem grunnur á bókinni Theory of Monopolistic Competition, sem að hann gaf út árið 1933. Nokkrum mánuðum síðar birti hagfræðingurinn Joan Robinson einnig grein um einkasölusamkeppi. Þetta vakti upp miklar umræður um samkeppni og þau tvö er talin vera frumkvöðlar á sviði einkasölusamkeppni.

Lausnirnar sem Chamberlin lagði til eru líkar þeim sem Robinson nefndi. Chamberlin kom upp með kenninguna á vöruaðgreiningu sem segir að fyrirtæki geta hækkað verðin sín ef þau aðgreina vörur sínar frá samkeppninni. Hann nefndi einnig að fyrirtæki sem starfa í einkasölusamkeppni verða of lítil ef þau beita ekki vöruaðgreiningu. Eftirtektarverð kenning hjá Robinson var kenningin um einkeypismarkað. Það er markaður sem það starfar einn kaupandi, þetta leiðir til að kaupandinn fær markaðsafl og getur lækkað markaðsverðið.

Chamberlin er óformlega talinn stofnandi á Industrial Organization sem er fræðigrein í hagfræði. Fræðigreinin inniheldur hugtökum eins og hagnaðarhámörkun, markaðsafl og vörugæði.

Tilvísanir

Bandarískir hagfræðingar

Edward Chamberlin


"Forgive Me" (español: Perdóname) es la canción de cierre del álbum Cats Without Claws de la cantante Donna Summer. Es de estilo gospel y fue compuesta por Reba Rambo y Dony McGuire. Su primera aparición fue en el álbum The Lord's Prayer'  (1980), original de Rambo y McGuire.

Contenido
La canción trata sobre una persona que le pide ayuda a Jesucristo para que le enseñe a perdonar y orar por sus enemigos, estableciendo referencias con escenas bíblicas como la crucifixión (la frase "perdónalos, no saben lo que hacen").

Otros trabajos
Años antes la artista ya se había involucrado con el estilo gospel, después de su quiebre con la música disco y con la intención de dar a conocer su redescubrimiento de la fe cristiana, siendo "I Believe in Jesus" la primera, y "He's a Rebel" (del álbum She Works Hard for the Money) la segunda.

Por estos tres trabajos la artista fue nominada al Grammy en la categoría mejor interpretación de inspiración, recibiéndolo dos veces seguidas (en 1984 y 1985).

Sucesión

Enlaces externos
 "Forgive Me" en YouTube

Canciones de 1984
Canciones de Donna Summer

Forgive Me (canción de Donna Summer)


තිස්ස විජේසුරේන්ද්‍ර (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Tissa Wijesurendra) යනු 1970 දශකයේ ලංකාවේ සිටි ජනප්‍රියම පෙම්වතා ලෙස රසික සිත් දිනා ගත් සිත් ඇදගන්නා රූපයක් තිබූ කඩවසම් චිත්‍රපට නළුවෙකි.

තිස්ස රඟපෑවේ සිංහල සිනමාවේ අති සුන්දරම සහ අති දක්‍ෂම නිළියන් වන මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා, ගීතා කුමාරණසිංහ, නීටා ප්‍රනාන්දු,සුමනා අමරසිංහ,ජෙනිටා සමරවීර ඝමග ඔවුන්ගේ පෙම්වතා ලෙසිනි. ඉන් සමහරක් සුරේකා, සුදු පරවියෝ, සුහද පැතුම, කලණ මිතුරෝ වාගේ චිත්‍රපට යන්ය.

තිස්සගේ හොඳම සමකාලීනයන් වන්නේ විජය කුමාරතුංග, ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකා හා ටෝනි රණසිංහ යි. 1970 දී රන්ජිත් ලාල් අධ්‍යක්‍ෂණය කළ නිම් වළල්ල'''' චිත්‍රපටය තිස්සගේ ප්‍රථම චිත්‍රපටයය.

තිස්සගේ නවතම රඟපෑම නාලක විතානගේ අධ්‍යක්‍ෂණය කළ රූපාන්තරණ''' චිත්‍රපටයේය. එහිදී ඔහු රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය, රන්ජන් රාමනායක, අමිල කරුණානායක, මිලින්ද මඩුගල්ල සමග රඟයි.

තිස්ස විජේසුරේන්ද්‍ර  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත
  තිස්ස විජේසුරේන්ද්‍රගේ ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියා පිටුව

 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු කලා කරුවන්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
චිත්‍රපටි නළුවන්
රංගන ශිල්පීන්

තිස්ස විජේසුරේන්ද්‍ර


පුරා විද්‍යාත්මක කැණීමකදී පුරාවිද්‍යා සැළසුමක් යනු සිරස් තලයේ පිහිටි අංග (හා කෘතක) පිළිබද අදින ලද වාර්තාය.  එය එකම කලාපයක කොටසක් ලෙස මෙම අංග අතර සම්බන්ධතාවය පෙන්වීමට එයමත සන්දර්භ බොහෝමයක් සමග අදින ලද බහු සන්දර්භ ආකාරය හෝ අදින ලද එක් අංගයක් සමග වු තනි සන්දර්භ සැලසුම් ආකාරය ගනී. කැණීම් සිදු කර සොයා ගන්නා ලද අංග  කඩඉරි වැනි ඇදීම් ආධාරක යොදා ගෙන අදිනු ලැබෙයි. ලන්ඩන් කෞතුකාගාරය මගින් දියිනු කරන ලද තනි සන්දර්භ සැළසුම් කරණය වෘත්තීමය සම්මතයක් බවට පත්ව ඇත. තනි සන්දර්භ සැළසුම් කරණයේ මුලික වාසියක් වන‍්නේ විනිවිද පෙනෙන පිටපත් කිරීමේ කඩදාසි මත අදින ලද සන්දර්භ සැළසුම් පසු දිනයකදි නැවත වටහා ගැනීම සදහා යොදා ගත හැකි වීමයි. බහු සන්දර්භ සැළසුම්, සම්පුර්න වැඩබිම් අගල් හෝ තනි අංග වලින් නිර්මාණය කළ හැක. එක්සත් රාජධානියේදී සැලැස්මෙහි පරිමාණය වන්නේ 1 : 20 වේ. ඔවුන් වැඩ බිම් වාර්තා කිරීමේ පද්ධතියට සම්බන්ධ වන්නේ කොට මට්ටම් හෝ සම්පුර්න ස්ථාන සමග ගන්නා ලද දන්නා ජාල ලක්ෂ්‍ය හා උස කියවුම් අඩංගු කිරීම මගිනි. ඒවා තැන්පත් වු පිළිවලට ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ පිලි වෙලකට මිනිසා විසින් නිපද වන ලද අවසාධිත ඉවත් කිරීම මගින් යම් වැඩ බිමක් කැණීම වඩාත් භාවිතයට ගන්නා කැණීම් ආකාරයක් වන අතර එය සැලැස්මට අනුව භූ ස්ථර විද්‍යා ප්‍රදේහ කැණීම ලෙස හදුන්වයි. සැළසුම් හා කොටස් ඇදීම් වලට තේරුම් කර වීමේ කාර්යය බාර්යයක් ඇත්තා සේම වාර්තා කිරීමේ පද්ධතකියේ කොටසක්  ද වේ. එයට හේතුව යම් පුද්ගලයෙකු විසින් කුමක් ඇතුළත් විය යුතු ද‍හෝ කුමක් ඇතුළත් විය යුතුද යන්න සිතා මතා‍තීරණ ගැනීමයි.

පුර්ව කැණීම් හා පාදක සැලසුම
කුඩා පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක ගැඹුරක් ඇති ප්‍රදේශ වල කැණීමට‍පෙර සියළු දෘෂ්‍ය සලකුණු මගින් සමන්විත වු පුර්ව කැණීමේ බහුවිධ සැලසුමක් ක්‍රියාත්මක වෙයි. මෙය සැලසුම් කිරීමට උපකාරී වන්නේ ප්‍රාදේශීය භූමිවල අන්තර් ඡේදක ලක්ෂණ මගින් ලක්ෂණ ස්වාභාවිකව ඌණ කොට ඇති හෙයිනි. බහුවිධ සැළසුමක් නාගරික ප්‍ර‍දේශයක දියත් කිරීම අපහසු වන්නේ සලකුණු හා තැන්පතු එකම සැලසුම් සටහනක් මත එකිනෙකට බාධා ඇති කරවන බැවිනි.

පුර්ව කැණීම් සැලසුම් පිළිබද විවේචන
නාගරික හෝ ගැඹුරට ස්ථරි භවනය වු ප්‍රදේශයක භාවිතයේ සීමා සහිත ලෙස මෙය විචාරයට පත්වී ඇත. එමෙන්ම වෘත්තීය පුරා විද්‍යාව තුළදී ප්‍රතිපත්ති රහිති ක්‍රියාකරුවන්ගේ අත්තනෝමතික භාවිතයක් ලෙස විස්තර කෙරෙන්නේ ඒ සමග දෙන ලද ප්‍රදේශයක පුරා විද්‍යාත්මක වාර්ථාවේ බද්ද වීම ඇඟවීම සදහාය.

විවාදකයන්ගේ විශේෂ තර්කයක් වන්නේ පුර්ව හා පශ්චාත් කැණීම් සැළසුම් අතර සංසන්දනය විදහා දක්වන අන්දමට පුර්ව කැණීම් මගින් ප්‍රදේශය සාර්ථකව කැණීමට ලක්නොවෙයි. බොහෝ අවස්ථා වලදී සැළසුම් ආකාර දෙක අතර පැහැදිලි වෙනසක් ඇත. එසේ නමුත් බිම් මට්ටමේදී ගැලපෙන ලෙස දෘෂ්‍ය වුව ද සලකුණු වල සත්‍ය සීමාවන් ප්‍රදේශය සම්පුර්ණයෙන්ම පවිත්‍ර කොට අනුපිළිවෙලින් සලකුණු හා සම්බන්ධතා කැණීම් මගින් සොයා ගන්නා තුරු ප්‍රමාද වීම සිදුවෙයි.

පුරා විද්‍යාත්මක සැලසුම


Martha Wainwright (8 Mayıs 1976; Montreal, Québec), Kanadalı pop-folk şarkıcısıdır.

Folk müzisyenleri Loudon Wainwright III ve Kate MacGarrigle'ın kızı olan sanatçı, Rufus Wainwright'ın kız kardeşidir. Sıklıkla aile üyelerinin albümlerinde yer alan Martha Wainwright, 2005 yılında, kendi adını verdiği ilk stüdyo albümünü çıkarmıştır; albüm Kanada'da listelere 18. sıradan girmiştir.

Diskografi

Albümler
 2005 - Martha Wainwright - Special Edition (V2/Drowned in Sound)
 2005 - Martha Wainwright (Drowned in Sound/Rounder)
 2008 - I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too
 2012 - Come Home to Mama
 2013 - Trauma
 2016 - Goodnight City

EPler
 1997 - Ground Floor
 1999 - Martha Wainwright (Six Songs)
 2002 - Factory
 2004 - BMFA (Bloody Mother Fucking Asshole)
 2005 - I Will Internalize (Kanada)
 2008 - iTunes Live from Montreal

Single'lar
 2005 - When the Day is Short (Birleşik Krallık)
 2005 - Factory (Birleşik Krallık)
 2005 - Far Away (Birleşik Krallık)
 2008 - Bleeding All Over You
 2020 - Wolves

Dış bağlantılar
 Martha Wainwright
 Martha Wainwright Resmi Mesaj Tahtası

1976 doğumlular
Montreal doğumlu şarkıcılar
Bayard ailesi
Stuyvesant ailesi
Yaşayan insanlar
20. yüzyılda Kanadalı şarkıcılar
21. yüzyılda Kanadalı şarkıcılar
Amerikalı kadın şarkıcı-şarkı yazarları
Hollanda asıllı Amerikalılar
Kanadalı kadın pop şarkıcıları
Hollanda asıllı Kanadalılar
Kanadalı şarkıcı-şarkı yazarları
Zoë Records sanatçıları
Fransızca şarkı söyleyen şarkıcılar
İngilizce şarkı söyleyen şarkıcılar
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı şarkıcılar
Amerikalı kadın pop şarkıcıları

Martha Wainwright


Vukovarska ulica je splitska gradska ulica koja spaja Mejaše s Gradom. Jedna je od najdužih i najprometnijih ulica u Splitu.

Položaj i važnost
Vukovarska ulica se proteže vodoravno kroz grad Split, odnosno od zapada prema istoku i granica je između kvartova Bola i Lučac-Manuš, Gripa; Plokita i Lokva; Sućidara i Splita 3 te Pujanki i Visoke. Cijelom ulicom prolazi autobusna linija broj 6, a dijelom te ulice prolaze linija br. 11, linija br. 15 te linija br. 18.

Na prvoj adresi Vukovarske ulice (Vukovarska 1) nalazi se "Ured državne uprave u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji" koja je izgrađena u sklopu zgrade Općine na adresi Domovinskog rata 4.

Murali
Vukovarska ulica je puna murala posvećena braniteljima iz Domovinskog rata, gradu heroju Vukovaru i Hajduku. Svake godine na Dan Vukovara u toj se ulici zapale svijeće za uspomenu na poginule u Domovinskome ratu.

Povijest

Posljednji potomci plemićke obitelji Martinis - Marchi osnovali su zakladu čijim je sredstvima i uz pomoć dobrotvora kanonika Vicka Valle, Filipa Koštre, Stjepana Tomića, Ivana Brajevića, Frane Bollandija, Marijane Zlodre i Marije Villenik iz Splita te Josipa Lubine iz Runovića 1914. godine sagrađena zgrada u kojoj danas djeluje Osnovna škola Manuš u Vukovarskoj ulici 11. U početku je to bio "Dječački dom za siromašnu djecu bez roditelja od 6 do 18 godina."

Godine 1933. na Gripama u Vukovarskoj ulici sagrađena je Nastavni zavod za javno zdravstvo na inicijativu dr. Andrije Štampara sredstvima Rockefellerove donacije.

Od 1968. Dom za starije i nemoćne osobe Split djeluje na adresi Vukovarska 79.

Za vrijeme SFRJ ova ulica je do Domovinskog rata nosila naziv "Balkanska ulica".

Trgovački centar City Center One Split je trenutno posljednji produžetak Vukovarske ulice u Splitu s brojem 207 otvorena 12. studenog 2010.

Planovi
Zbog problema sa spajanjem s križanjem Ulice zbora narodne garde i Ulicom Domovinskog rata, predviđa se izgradnja preko Ulice 6. domobranske pukovnije (DP) koja će jednog dana kada bude dovšena spajati Vukovarsku, Domovinskog rata i Ulicu ZNG-a gdje se nalazi Mall of Split čiji su investitori već napravili most iznad Ulice Ivana Gudelja i kružni tok na kojem se križaju Ulica Josipa Jovića, Ulica 158. brigade Hrvatske vojske te most iznad ul. Ivana Gudelja. Također se planira da se ulica produži do TTTS-a ili Stobreča te ukine Put Vrborana kako bi ostala samo Lovrinačka za podkotar Kila i koja bi preko Lovrinačke vodila do Vukovarske i Žnjana.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Ulice u Splitu

Vukovarska ulica (Split)


Agop Vartovyan (Güllü Agop ya da Agop Ağa olarak tanınır, sonradan Mehmet Yakup ismini almıştır; 1840; Beşiktaş, İstanbul - 1902, İstanbul), Osmanlı dönemi tiyatro oyuncusu ve yönetmeni ve Türk tiyatrosunun kurucularındandır.

Oyunculuğundan ziyade kurduğu ve yönettiği tiyatro toplulukları ile başarı kazanan bir sanatçıdır. İstanbul'da ilk kez Müslüman oyuncuların sahne aldığı bir tiyatro grubu oluşturmuş; Türkçe oyun oynama imtiyaz almıştır. Kurduğu tiyatro topluluğu, Darülbedayi'nin ve İstanbul Şehir Tiyatroları'nın kurulmasına gidecek sürecin temel taşı kabul edilir.

Yaşamı
1840 yılında Beşiktaş, İstanbul'da dünyaya geldi. Ermeni İlkokulu'nda öğrenim gördükten sonra sıvacılık, nakkaşlık gibi işlerde çalıştı.

1861-1862 yılları arasında, Balıkhanede memurken Beyoğlu'ndaki Şark Tiyatrosu'nda sahneye çıktı. Çeşitli oyunlarda Mardiros Mınakyan, Tomas Fasulyeciyan gibi dönemin ünlü oyuncuları ile birlikte oyunlar oynadı. Yabancı dilde oyun oynama tekeli, Naum Tiyatrosu'nu işleten Naum Efendi'deydi. Şark Tiyatrosu'nda Fransız sanatçılar Hugo, Dumas, Schlller ve Molière'den Türkçe çevirileriyle oyunlar sahnelemiştir.

Bir süre İzmir'de genç Ermenilerin oluşturduğu amatör bir grubun yönetmenliğini üstlenen Vartovyan, İstanbul'a döndükten sonra Sırabiyan Hekimyan ile bazı oyunlar oynadı. Hekimyan'ın işlerinin bozulmasıyla birkaç ikinci derece oyuncuyla Asya Kumpanyası adlı topluluğu kurdu ve Gedikpaşa'daki sirki, tiyatroya çevirerek bu ekiple Ermenice oyunlar sahneledi.

Geceleri aktörlük yapan sanatçının, gündüzleri sıvacılık yaptığı ve Beylerbeyi Sarayı'nın inşaatında çalıştığı; sarayın küçük balkonlarının oymalarını tutturmayı başarınca ödül olarak Sultan Abdülaziz'den 500 altın alan Agop'un bu para ile Gedikpaşa Tiyatrosu'nu tamir ettirdiği söylenir.
Bu sahnede daha önce Razi adlı bir İtalyan,  "Osmanlı Tiyatrosu" adıyla oyunlar sahnelemişti. Güllü Agop'un topluluğu da "Osmanlı Tiyatrosu" (Tiyatro-i Osmani) adıyla anılmaya başladı.

Vartovyan, tiyatroyu  Osmanlı hükûmetinin koruması altına almak ve bu sanatı Türk seyircisine de sevdirerek kazancını arttırmak  istiyordu. Eski bir aktör olan Garabet Papazyan'ın tavsiyesi üzerine Ermenice "Sezar Borciya" piyesini Türkçeye çevirtti. Eseri, 16 Nisan 1868'de sergilendi ve başarılı oldu. Gedikpaşa'daki Türkçe oyunlar seyirciden ilgi görünce kumpanya aynı yıl  Üsküdar'a geçti ve Aziziye Tiyatrosu'nda birkaç gösteri düzenledi. Orada da büyük başarı kazanınca Kadıköy ve Beyoğlu'nda hazırladığı çeşitli gösterileri halka sundu. Türk seyircisi tiyatroya büyük bir ilgi gösterdi. 1869 yılında ilk olarak Fuzuli'nin 'Leyla ile Mecnun'undan düzenlenmiş beş perdelik oyunu sergilendi.

Siranuş, Teresa Çuhacıyan ve Annik Çuhacıyan, Mari Nıvart, Tomas Fasulyacıyan, Mardiros Mınakyan ve Bedros Magakyan gibi oyuncularla hem Türkçe hem de İstanbul Ermeni cemaatine hitap eden tiyatro faaliyetleri sürdürdü. Bengliyan ve Karakaşyan kız kardeşler ekibe katıldılar. Türkçeyi tam olarak konuşmakta güçlük çeken Ermeni oyunculara diksiyon dersleri verildi, pek çok ünlü batılı eser Türkçeye tercüme edildi.

Ulusal bir tiyatro kurmak isteyen Sadrazam Ali Paşa'nın desteğiyle Güllü Agop, 1870 yılında saraydan, on yıl boyunca İstanbul'da Türkçe oyun oynayacak tek tiyatro olma imtiyazını aldı. Böylece Osmanlı Sarayı ile ilk resmî tiyatro anlaşması da yapılmış oldu.  Vartovayan'ın edindiği imtiyazda, 6 ay içinde İstanbul ve Üsküdar'da, 3 yıl içinde de Galata, Tophane ve Beyoğlu'nda birer tiyatro binası kuracağı ve gelir gidere bakılmadan her yıl Üsküdar'da en az 30, Galata ve İstanbul'da 50 oyun oynanması şart koşulmuştu. Yoksullar yararına yapılması zorunlu olan gösterimler tiyatro zevkini halka yayma amaç ve çabasının açık bir göstergesiydi. Müslüman kadınların da tiyatroya gelebilmeleri için özel bölmeler oluşturulmuştu. Osmanlı Tiyatrosu bu özellikleriyle, sonradan Darülbedayi'nin ve İstanbul Şehir Tiyatroları'nın kurulmasına gidecek sürecin temeltaşı  oldu.

Namık Kemal, Ebüzziya Tevfik, Ahmet Mithat Efendi, Şemsettin Sami gibi  önemli yazarların kaleme aldığı Türkçe eserler sahnelendi. Türkçe oyun sayısını o kadar arttırdı ki bir sezonda sadece birkaç Ermenice oyuna yer verilebiliyordu.  Vartovyan Fransa'dan bir eğitmen de getirterek operet üzerine de çalışmalara başladı. Beyazıt Tiyatrosu'nda yerli operetler sahneleniyordu. Vartovyan, Avrupa operetlerini sahnelemeyi tercih etti.

Güllü Agop, 1880 yılında 10 yıllık imtiyazın sona ermesiyle etkinliği azalan Gedikpaşa Tiyatrosu'ndan ayrıldı. Bir süre Mınakyan ile birlikte Şehzadebaşı'ndaki başka bir tiyatroda çalışmaya başladı. 1882 yılında II. Abdülhamid'in emriyle Mızıka-yı Hümayun'a alındı. Bu arada kendi isteğiyle Müslüman olarak Güllü Yakup Efendi adını aldı. Hayatının sonuna kadar sarayda yaşayan Güllü Agop'un kabri Beşiktaş'ta Yahya Efendi Mezarlığı'nda bulunmaktadır.

Etkileri
Tiyatrosunda sergiledigi çeviri oyunların yanı sıra Ebüzziya Tevfik, Direktör Ali Bey, Recaizade Ekrem, Namık Kemal, Ahmed Mithat Efendi, Şinasi gibi döneminin önde gelen yazarlarına ısmarladığı ya da onlardan oynadığı oyunlarla Türk tiyatro dilinin gelişmesine büyük katkıda bulunmuştur. Teodor Kasap'ın ve Ahmed Vefik Paşa'nın Moliere uyarlamalarını da geniş kitlelere tanıttı. Müslüman oyuncuların da topluluğuna katılması için çaba gösterdi. Ünlü oyunculardan Ahmed Fehim, Ahmed Necip, Muhterem Efendi, Mehmed Vamık gibi ilk Türk tiyatro oyuncuları onun yanında yetişti. Kel Hamit, Kavuklu Hamdi, İsmail Hakkı, Küçük İsmail gibi ünlü tuluatçılar da gene Gedikpaşa Tiyatrosu'nda yetişmiş sanatçılar arasındadır.

Güllü Agop'un tiyatro sahnelerine taşıdığı çok sayıda oyundan bazıları şunlardır: Leyla ile Mecnun (1869), Zor Nikahı (1869), Tosun Ağa (1870), Ayyar Hamza (1871), Vatan yahut Silistre (1873), Pinti Hamid (1873), Baba Himmet (1874), Direktörün Hali (1875). Bunlardan Vatan yahut Silistre adlı oyunun oynanması üzerine Osmanlı Tiyatrosu'yla ilişkide olan yazarların sürgüne gönderilmesi ve Güllü Agop'un da kısa bir süre tutuklanması gibi hadiselere rağmen faaliyetler devam etti. Hatta Vatan yahut Silistre olayının ardından Kıbrıs 'a sürülen Namık Kemal'in sürgünde yazdığı oyunların Güllü Agop tarafından daha sonraları yazar ismi verilmeden defalarca oynatıldı.

Güllü Agop, Cumhuriyet döneminin en ünlü keman virtüözlerinden Necip Yakup Aşkın'ın babası, Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi rektörü Yücel Aşkın'ın dedesidir. Rektör Yücel Aşkın'ın 2005 yılı içinde karşılaştığı adli soruşturmalar sürecinde, AKP Aksaray milletvekili Ramazan Toprak ve bir kısım sağ basın tarafından dedesinin kökenine ilişkin olarak yapılan atıflarla bir kez daha gündeme gelmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Osmanlı Tiyatrosu (Metin And, Ankara, Dost Kitabevi Yayınları, 1999)

Kaynakça

1840 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu erkek oyuncular
1902 yılında ölenler
Osmanlı erkek oyuncuları
Osmanlı tiyatro oyuncuları
Osmanlı tiyatro yönetmenleri
Osmanlı Ermenileri
İstanbul Şehir Tiyatroları sanatçıları
Müslüman olanlar
Etnik Ermeni Müslümanlar
İstanbul'da ölenler

Güllü Agop


Ana Estefanía Lago Serna (Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, 25 de septiembre de 1995), es una gimnasta mexicana. Es la primera mujer mexicana en ganar una medalla de oro (2011) en los Juegos Panamericanos en  gimnasia artística.

Trayectoria

Juegos Centroamericanos y del Caribe
Ana Lago obtuvo dos medallas en los Juegos Centroamericanos y del Caribe de Mayagüez 2010, una medalla de plata en la categoría de suelo femenino y una medalla de oro en la categoría por equipos femenino. Ana logró también la medalla de plata para México en los Juegos Centroamericanos Veracruz 2014, dentro de la final de viga de equilibrio. En los Juegos Centroamericanos y del Caribe Veracruz 2014 la gimnasia artística por equipos femenil obtuvo oro para México y dentro del equipo nacional colaboró Ana Estefanía Lago.

Juegos Panamericanos
En los Juegos Panamericanos de Guadalajara 2011 obtuvo una medalla de oro en la categoría de suelo femenino y una medalla de bronce en la categoría por equipos femenino.

Exatlón México
Ana Lago participó en el reality show llamado Exatlón México (2017-2018) una competencia deportiva que duró cinco meses y en la cual participó para el equipo Famosos, quedando en  y 4.° lugar compartido con el también gimnasta Daniel Corral, quien fue compañero de Ana Lago a lo largo de la competencia. Fue derrotada en la final femenina por Macky González, obteniendo el  lugar.

Referencias

Nacidos en Monterrey
Deportistas de Nuevo León
Gimnastas de México

Ana Estefanía Lago


An Crepidium kempfii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Schltr., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Mark Alwin Clements och David Lloyd Jones. An Crepidium kempfii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Crepidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Crepidium

Crepidium kempfii


O Grupo I das Qualificações para o Campeonato Europeu de Futebol de 2024 é um dos dez grupos que irá decidir os classificados para o Campeonato Europeu de Futebol de 2024. As duas melhores seleções se classificam.

Classificação

Partidas
As partidas foram divulgadas pela UEFA em 10 de outubro de 2022. Para as partidas é utilizado o fuso horário UTC+1 e UTC+2.

Ligações externas
 Qualificação Europeia - UEFA.com

2023 no futebol
Desporto na Europa em 2023

Qualificações para o Campeonato Europeu de Futebol de 2024 – Grupo I