The Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC) is a non-profit organisation based in London. Its stated mission is to "work with different organisations from Muslim and non-Muslim backgrounds, to campaign for justice for all peoples regardless of their racial, confessional or political background." The group is based in London and was established in 1997. The organisation, since 2007, has consultative status with the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

Philosophy
The IHRC states its philosophy derives from:
Qur'anic injunctions that command believers to rise up in defence of the oppressed. "And what reason have you that you should not fight in the way of Allah and of the weak among the men and the women and the children, (of) those who say: Our Lord! cause us to go forth from this town, whose people are oppressors, and give us from Thee a guardian and give us from Thee a helper." Qur'an 4:75

Jytte Klausen of Brandeis University writes that the IHRC forms part of the organized Muslim community in Europe.

However, according to the now defunct Awaaz, the IHRC is "a radical Islamist organisation that uses the language of human rights to promote an extremist agenda including the adoption of shariah law". In a report entitled "The Islamist Right – key tendencies", Awaaz also states the IHRC is part of a corpus of right-wing Islamist and neo-Khomeiniist organisations, a charge the IHRC denies. Awaaz's claims were echoed by journalist Melanie Phillips, who stated in The Spectator that the IHRC was, "the most conspicuous promoter of Khomeini jihadism in the UK, ... [and] is said to be close to Iran."

However, public intellectual and journalist Stuart Weir argues that IHRC are amongst the representative voices of Muslims in the UK stating:

...the staff and voluntary workers of the Islamic Human Rights Commission – ... put the lie to the common idea that Islam and human rights are irreconcilable.

Activities
The organisation states it is a campaign, research and advocacy organisation. It also engages in ad hoc and one-off projects.

Campaigns

The campaigns section features heavily on the organisation's website.

Its current campaigns focus on anti-terrorism laws in the UK. The organisation is calling of their repeal. Other main campaigns include one for political prisoners in Saudi Arabia. During the 2014 summer war on Gaza, IHRC held a high-profile campaign to get people to show solidarity with Palestinians by flying a Palestinian flag.

Other campaigns include the Prisoners of Faith project, which has included campaigns to release various religious figures from imprisonment for their religious beliefs. Among these are Mu'allim Ibrahim Zakzaky released 1998, Gul Aslan released 1999, Nureddin Sirin, released 2004. The organisation also states the following have been released as a result of their campaigning: Mallam Turi, Zeenah Ibrahim from Nigeria; Sheikh Al-Jamri, Bahrain; Huda Kaya, Bekir Yildiz, Recep Tayyep Erdogan, Nurilhak Saatcioglu, Nurcihan Saatioglu, Turkey; Sheikh Ahmed Yassine, Abdul Aziz Rantissi, Rabbi Biton, Sheikh Abdulkareem Obeid, Mustafa Dirani from Israeli detention; Mohammed Mahdi Akef, Egypt; Dr. Muhammad Osman Elamin, Sudan; Cehl Meeah, Mauritius; Abbasi Madani and Ali Behadj, Algeria. Current campaigns for 'Prisoners of Faith' focus on US detainees and include Sheikh Omar Abdul Rahman, his attorney Lynne Stewart (released December 2013), Ghassen Elashi and former Black Panther Imam Jamil Al-Amin, as well as Egyptian detainees including Khairet El-Shater (released in 2010 and reincarcerated in 2013 after the coup).

Other campaigns work include thematic and country based campaigns e.g. for release of detainees in Bahrain, against brutalisation of immigrant women in France, and against niqāb bans in France, Bosnia, Belgium and Spain.

In 2000 the IHRC "protested against a government-backed European directive, which, according to them, would force Muslim charities and schools to employ non-believers and homosexuals".

IHRC has promoted various boycott, divestment and sanctions actions, including a boycott of Israeli dates in the UK. In May 2010, IHRC organised and led a delegation of European Muslim organisations to Turkey to lobby the Turkish government to veto Israel's accession to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Other notable campaigns saw the campaign to have Mat Sah Satray and other ISA detainees in Malaysia released in 2009.

In 2006, IHRC began an emergency campaign against the imminent execution of British and Pakistani dual national Mirza Tahir Hussain. Other organisations, including Fair Trials Abroad and Amnesty International, joined the campaign.

After a BBC documentary broadcast on 15 July 2004 exposed very strong anti-Islamic opinions within the far-right British National Party, the IHRC has campaigned for the prohibition of that party.

Advocacy

The bulk of IHRC's advocacy work, it claims, is undertaken away from the public glare and involves helping individuals with discrimination cases involving Islamophobia and anti-Muslim racism. Some public testimonies and case reports exist highlighting this section of IHRCs work. In 2004 PhD student Yasir Abdelmouttalib was viciously assaulted in a race hate attack and left severely disabled. His mother states:
'Fortunately... I got support from... Islamic Human Rights
Commission (IHRC), the only community group in London with case workers to help Muslim victims of hate crimes like Yasir, and that helped us to pull through'.
On 3 August 2006, the IHRC asked for judicial review of its allegations that the British government assisted with military shipments to Israel, which was eventually denied.

In 2010, IHRC publicly advocated against the introduction of full body scanners at UK ports.

In 2013 it claimed victory in the case, after the British government made a U-turn on the introduction of the full naked body scanners, before the matter came to court. The case, which IHRC supported objected to the scanners on the grounds of:

the dissolution of civil liberties, health issues, the explicit nature of the body scanners and storage of images, as well as the fact that the scanners could not detect plastics and liquids which was given as a reason for their introduction.

In 2014, IHRC Legal, a new section of IHRC was launched, quickly claiming a victory in a discrimination case featuring university lecturer who claimed indirect racial discrimination against his employers. His case was settled out of court.

The advocacy section is also involved in trial monitoring, with observer trips to Turkey, Mauritius and Bahrain featuring in this field.

Research

Hate crimes and discrimination
The organisation produced several reports based on third party reporting of anti-Muslim hate crimes in the UK, including statistics the month after 9-11 and the year post-9-11.

Previously it had employed basic survey methods to generate statistics for 1999 and 2000.

In 2009–10 it launched a pilot project in the UK and France using a survey method, resulting in the publication of its findings in Getting the Message: The Recurrence of Hate Crimes in the UK (2011) and France and the Hated Society: Muslims Experiences (2012).

The project was refined and rerun in California, US and Canada resulting in the publication of Once Upon a Hatred: Anti-Muslim experiences in the USA (2013) and Only Canadian: The Experience of Hate Moderated Differential Citizenship for Muslims (2014).

In 2014, the organisation undertook data collection in the UK once more.

Its methodology involves surveying a sample of the Muslim population in each country and assessing the levels of negative experience encountered. It assesses levels of physical attack (hate crimes), verbal abuse, seeing negative depiction of Islam and Muslims in the media.

The statistics for physical assault in the various surveys showed that in the UK, nearly 14% had experienced a violent physical assault. In France, 11%, in the US (California) nearly 30% and in Canada, 11%. If the UK figures are extrapolated to the entire UK population of Muslims (nearly 3 million), it suggest that some 420,000 Muslims have experienced a physical hate attack.

Country reports
IHRC produces country reports on human rights abuses e.g. Nigeria. It also submits reports to the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) mechanism at the United Nations. The list of countries it has submitted reports on in the period 2007–2010 are: Iraq, China, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, France, Sri Lanka, The Philippines, Tunisia, Morocco, India, Bahrain, United Kingdom.

Thematic reports
It also produces thematic reports e.g. on hijab and freedom of religious expression, even submitting some of these to UN committees such as the Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).

Anti-terrorism laws
It has also produced several critical works overviewing anti-terrorism laws, particularly in the UK. Its 2006 report 'Anti-terrorism: A Modern day Witch-hunt' by Fahad Ansari was praised by Tony Benn and Bruce Kent. According to Benn:

Scholarly work of this kind helps us by emphasising the importance of Civil Liberties to all communities.

Kent stated it was a:
... most interesting – and shocking – terrorism report... it will do much good.

Further reports, briefings and submissions to the government's consultations tackled various anti-terrorism laws and policies including the CONTEST and PREVENT strategies, moves to remove citizenship from terror suspects, stops and searches, and stops at ports and airports. They have also expressed the importance for 'reform' of Schedule 7 on the basis that it was 'discriminatory' towards Muslims.

In 2014 it produced a response to the UK government's Tackling Extremism in the UK report.

The organisation started 2015 by stating that it was pulling out of the consultative process on the anti-terror laws with the government, claiming that participation only legitimated the raft of unjust laws. It announced this move in conjunction with the launch of its briefing Proposed Counter Terrorism and Security Bill an Orwellian Possibility

Citizenship
In 2004, IHRC launched the British Muslims' Expectations of the Government (BMEG) research project. It culminated in six reports on citizenship, discrimination, education, hijab, law and media and representation. The focus on theoretical aspects of citizenship in this project has become a key theme in IHRC research work. According to Professor D. Ray Heisey, the project:

... examined 1125 responses to a questionnaire and the responses from 52 personal interviews of Muslims living in various cities within the UK. They included a range of respondents in age, education, gender, and economic class...

The strength of these studies is in the intercultural approach taken and the comprehensive nature of the investigation in looking at the topics as seen in the literature as well as the results of their extensive array of questions on numerous topics related to their perceptions of the consequences of living in a majority culture. Each volume ends with the views of leading citizens on the given topic and a list of recommendations for the British government to consider at the policy level as a result of the findings.

In addition to the BMEG project, IHRC's research section has used the idea of citizenship as a critical lens through which to discuss social issue. It looks both at the technical specificity of citizenship and its denial (in a crossover of concern with the advocacy and campaigns departments) e.g. on issues of citizenship stripping in countries as diverse as the UK, Bahrain, UAE and Kuwait. It also looks at the sociological implications and discriminatory aspects of citizenship tests as they have developed e.g. in the UK and Germany.

Human rights theory
Other theoretical work includes papers on human rights discourse, as well as Islam and human rights represented in reports, papers presented at seminars, participation in wider research projects e.g. Trust Building in Conflict Transformation with the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence.

Collaborative work

In 2006, IHRC issued a joint statement signed by various public figures calling for an immediate ceasefire in the Israel-Lebanon war, and calling on the British government to be evenhanded. Signatories included Vanessa Redgrave, various other MPs including David Gottlieb, Ann Cryer, Clare Short, Frank Dobson, Ian Gibson, John Austin and Jeremy Corbyn, as well as various Islamic, Christian and Jewish groups and individuals including Muslim Council of Britain, Jews Against Zionism, Rev Fr. Frank Gelli, Rev Steven Sizer, Roland Rance, and Lord Nazir Ahmed. This statement and IHRC's research work and participation in protest events during the war attracted controversy in the right-wing press (see Controversy and Criticism below).

The IHRC has on a number of occasions organised joint statements with various Islamic groups about British terror legislation, and has collaborated with prominent civil liberties lawyers Gareth Peirce and Louise Christian.

Other projects

Institutional Islamophobia Conference

In December 2014, the organisation is organised the conference Institutional Islamophobia, subtitling it 'A conference to examine state racism and social engineering of the Muslim community'. Speakers slated to talk on the day were Hatem Bazian (co-founder of Zaytuna College, and Professor at UC Berkeley), Malia Bouattia – Black Students' Officer at the National Union of Students, author and academic Marie Breen Smyth from the University of Surrey, Ramon Grosfoguel a professor from UC Berkeley, Les Levidow from the Campaign Against Criminalising Communities and Jews for Boycotting Israeli Goods, Richard Haley, the Chair of Scotland Against Criminalising Communities, Peter Oborne, the Chief political commentator of the Daily Telegraph and associate editor of The Spectator, Salman Sayyid the author and academic bases at the University of Leeds, AbdoolKarim Vakil who is Chair of the Research and Documentation Committee of the Muslim Council of Britain, and an academic at King's College London, Lee Jasper, former adviser to the London Mayor, and co-chair of Black Activists Rising Against Cuts & National Black Members Officer for the Respect Party, and the organisation's Head of research Arzu Merali.

The conference was part of an initiative by Decoloniality Europe where several organised across Europe as part of the International Day Against Islamophobia Initiative, launched on 9 December in Brussels, Belgium.

Other conferences took place in Paris, Amsterdam and Brussels.

Two days before the conference was scheduled to take place, Birkbeck, University of London, cancelled the organisation's booking for the conference (see Controversies below), forcing the event to be relocated to the P21 Gallery. Birkbeck were roundly criticised for the cancellation with academics and teaching unions protesting the move, claiming that the cancellation was itself evidence of Islamophobia and racism.

Annual Islamophobia Awards

The Annual Islamophobia Awards is the name of a spoof awards ceremony held by the organisation in 2003–2006 and again from 2014 onwards. The organisation seek nominations from the public and open a public voting system to find the 'Islamophobes' of the year from any sector of public life.

List of 'Negative' Winners of the Islamophobia Awards
In the Islamophobia Awards there are two divisions of awards given, one division is the spoof division given to the public vote for Islamophobes for being 'Islamophobic', the other is given to people who have dedicated their work to tackling Islamophobia and to recognize them.

2003
The First Annual Islamophobia Awards were hosted on 31 May 2003

Islamophobe of the Year – George Bush JR, President of the United States of America

2004
The second annual Islamophobia Awards took place on 26 June 2004

Islamophobe of the Year – George Bush JR, President of the United States of America

2005

2006

Al-Quds Day, UK

The commission is one of the organisers of the annual Al-Quds Day demonstration in London, initiated by Ayatollah Khomeini.

Against Zionism: Jewish Perspectives

In 2006, the organisation brought together leading Jewish activists in London, for an international conference. The papers from the conference were published in English and Turkish. Speakers at the conference included Michel Warschawski, Uri Davis, Rabbi Yisroel Weiss, Rabbi Ahron Cohen, Roland Rance, Les Levidow, Jeffrey Blankfort, Professor Yakov Rabkin, and John Rose.

Towards a New Liberation Theology: Reflections on Palestine

In 2005, the IHRC brought Christian, Muslim and Jewish scholars, clerics and activists together for an international conference discussing Liberation Theology in the context of Palestine. The papers were published as a book of the same name in 2009.

Genocide Memorial Day

In 2010, IHRC inaugurated an annual event commemorating genocides from modern history. The event, held in London in January included a Holocaust survivor speaking about his experiences during the period and his support for the Palestinian struggle. Other genocides that were commemorated, included the   by the British in the decade after the Indian Mutiny in the 19th century; the transatlantic slave trade; Srebrenica; and the genocide of Native Americans. Speakers at the event included Imam Achmad Cassiem, Lee Jasper, Randeep Ramesh, Rabbi Beck, Rabbi Ahron Cohen, Sameh Habeeb. Messages were also sent from Ward Churchill and Hasan Nuhanovic.

The event has been held every year since then on the third Sunday of January, a date associated with the cessation of the Israeli war against Gaza in 2009, known as Operation Cast Lead.

Human Rights and Israel at 60

In 2008, IHRC organised the international conference 'Human Rights and Israel at 60'. Speakers included: Michael Warschawski (Alternative Information Center); Yehudit Keshet (Checkpoint Watch); Daud Abdullah (Palestinian Return Centre); Jennifer Loewenstein (University of Wisconsin); Michael Bailey (Oxfam); Meir Margalit (Israeli Committee against House Demolitions).

Convivencia Alliance

In 2022, IHRC, alongside the Jewish Network for Palestine and the Peacemakers Trust, setup the Convivencia Alliance, an interfaith group setup to help bring about a "just peace in Palestine". The alliance is supported by organisations including Ahlulbayt Islamic Mission, Decolonial International Network, Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions, One Democratic State, The Palestinian Forum in Britain, Scottish Palestine Solidarity Campaign, and Simon Bolivar Institute.

It counts as individual supporters:

Dr. Daud Abdullah, UK, founder British Muslim Initiative, Deputy Secretary General of Muslim Council of Britain and their Chair of Europe & International Affairs Committee

Tariq Ali, UK

The Right Revd. Riah Abu El Assal, retired Bishop in Jerusalem

Dr. Anas Altikriti – CEO and Founder of The Cordoba Foundation – London

The Most Revd. Dr. Mouneer Hanna Anis, Bishop of Egypt & North Africa

Revd. Alex Awad, retired Pastor, Jerusalem East Baptist Church

Prof. Ramzy Baroud

Zaher Birawi – Chairman of the Palestinian Forum in Britain

Prof. Allan Aubrey Boesak, University of Pretoria, and President, The Sankofa Institute for Pan African Leadership and Prophetic Ministry

Prof. Tony Booth, Centre for Commonwealth Education, University of Cambridge

Prof. Hagit Borer, Queen Mary University of London

Mogamat Crayaanstein, UK

Prof. Enrique Dussel, Universidad Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM)

Dr. Abdullah Faliq, Managing Director of the Cordoba Foundation, UK

Awad Abed al Fatah, One Democratic State, Israel

Prof. Ramón Grosfoguel, University of California, Berkeley

Revd. Canon Garth Hewitt, Founder, Amos Trust, UK, and Canon of St. Georges's Anglican Cathedral, Jerusalem

Prof. Jeff Halper ICAHD, Israel

Archbishop Theodosios Atallah Hanna, Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem

Sandew Hira, (DIN)

Yusuf Islam/Cat Stevens, UK

Mohideen Abdul Kader (Citizens International)

Rifat Odeh Kassis, Director, Kairos Palestine, Jerusalem

Prof. Ronit Lentin, Trinity College, Dublin

Ken Loach, UK

Prof. Nur Masalha, SOAS, University of London

Revd. Dr. Duncan McPherson, retired Principal Lecturer, St Mary's University

Prof. David Miller, UK

Bishop Dr Bill Musk, retired Anglican Bishop and was the first "Area Bishop for North Africa" covering Algeria, Tunisia and Libya based in Tunis

Prof. Ilan Pappe, Exeter University

Prof. Yakov Rabkin, University of Montreal

Patriarch Emeritus Michel Sabbah, retired Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem and President of Kairos Palestine

Alexei Sayle, UK

Prof. Avi Shlaim, Oxford University

Prof. Ella Shohat, New York University, New York

Clare Short, former Secretary of State for International Development, UK

Ahdaf Soueif, UK and Egypt

Imam Dawud Walid, Executive Director of the Michigan chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations and senior fellow at Auburn Seminary, New York, USA

Jackie Walker, UK

Roger Waters, US

Naomi Wimborne-Idrissi, UK

Prof. Aminurraasyid Yatiban, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM)

Mark Braverman, Executive Director Kairos, USA.

Controversies

2006 Lebanon War

During the 2006 Lebanon War, IHRC undertook various actions in opposition to the war and called on the British government to be evenhanded in its treatment of the parties. It issued a briefing entitled The Blame Game: International Law and the Current Crisis in the Middle East.

Melanie Phillips wrote of the briefing in The Spectator that IHRC Chair Massoud Shadjareh asked "his followers" and "British Muslims" to provide financial assistance to Hezbollah, and called for the occupation of Israel and "regime change" by Hezbollah on self-defence grounds. She also highlighted that banners were seen at IHRC demonstrations saying "We are all Hezbollah now". Ilan Pappe supported the IHRC and its briefing in a letter to The Editor of The Spectator, asserting that it was accurate and similar to those "one can find in the annual reports of Amnesty international and the Israeli human rights societies reports", describing Philips' accusations as "vicious and unfounded".

In a 2008 essay, "Brixton, Berkley and Other Roads to Radicalisation", Shadjareh states:
The primary slaughter was of a people of another nation, and for that reason, back in '68, "We were all Ho Chi Minh", and for the same reason in 2006, aside from any other affiliations the authors may have, we authorised IHRC to add its name to the posters of dead and injured Lebanese children during the 33-day war, because then and now, "We are All Hizbullah." The Spectator and various parts of the right wing press declared that this was a sign that an Iranian backed spate of terror attacks on the UK were imminent, citing in particular the posters and IHRC. They failed to note that Hizbullah flags at said demonstrations were sported by many including orthodox Rabbis, and the now infamous banners held by amongst others middle class English women appalled at the slaughter.

Threats from far-right groups

Far-right groups threatened to demonstrate against the Institutional Islamophobia Conference in December 2014, and SOAS Anarchist Society stated they would hold a counter-demonstration. Birkbeck University of London, where the conference was scheduled to be held cancelled the booking, reportedly citing concerns about the presence of the SOAS Anarchist Society. The move by Birkbeck was heavily criticised.

Apology from The Sunday Times

On 2 December 2007, in The Sunday Times, Shiraz Maher wrote an article entitled "A failure to confront radical Islam". The article claimed that IHRC Chair Massoud Shadjareh, whilst appearing on the Today programme, made moral equivalents between Muslims in Guantanamo Bay and the fate of Gillian Gibbons in Sudan. The Sunday Times subsequently issued a correction, which held that this and other suggestions that Shadjareh had condoned the Sudanese government's actions were "totally untrue", and that he had in fact "condemned outright" Gibbons' treatment by the Sudanese government. Shadjareh brought a libel complaint against the newspaper which he won. The newspaper published an apology and agreed to pay Shadjareh "substantial damages".

2015 Charlie Hebdo award
In March 2015, IHRC gave the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo their "International Islamophobe of the Year" award, less than two months after 12 members of staff at the magazine had been killed by Islamist extremists. The group was also criticised for giving counter extremism campaigner and Muslim Maajid Nawaz its "UK Islamophobe of the Year" award.

Nazim Ali

In June 2017 after the Grenfell Tower fire, Nazim Ali, a director of the IHRC, was videotaped telling a group of protestors that "It is the Zionists who give money to the Tory party, to kill people in high rise blocks" and "Careful, careful, careful of those rabbis who belong to the Board of Deputies, who have got blood on their hands." Ali later said that The Sunday Telegraph had "not presented what I said accurately in the wider context of what was said in the prelude to the minute's silence for Grenfell. As presented it sounds somewhat inelegant... To say that some of Theresa May or the Tory party's supporters are Zionists is hardly controversial." An attempt by the Campaign Against Antisemitism to bring a private prosecution for inciting racial or religious hatred, was blocked by the Crown Prosecution Service as they determined there was no "realistic prospect of conviction".

Criticisms

Hezbollah support

According to Melanie Phillips, the organisation supports Hezbollah. Phillips made her claim in reference to the court case brought by the organisation against arms flights to Israel during the 2006 war, when IHRC, according to the BBC News website, sought:

permission to bring proceedings against the Civil Aviation Authority, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Defence Secretary Des Brown, to stop "grave and serious violations" of international humanitarian law and "crimes" against the Geneva Convention.

In response to Phillips' article, Ilan Pappé wrote to The Spectator wherein the claims were made stating:

I read with great bewilderment and astonishment the accusations made by Melanie Philips against the IHRC (The Spectator, 3 August 2006). I have been a severe critique of Israel and Zionism for many years. As a Jew born in Israel my point of departure was both universal and Jewish. I felt, as I still do today, that Israel and present Zionism abuse and distort the basic humanist and universal values Judaism has given the world. This cultural legacy that has placed Jews at the forefront in the struggle for civil rights in the USA and against the Apartheid regime in South Africa.

The same legacy and concern has led Jews like myself around the world to stand alongside Muslim victims wherever they were, even when the victimizers were Jews and Israelis. This is how I came to know the IHRC. I read the same documents Philips mentions before I decided to be part of the campaign in Britain for human rights for everyone regardless of their race, religion or nationality.

As this is a letter and not an article I do have the space to refute all the vicious and unfounded accusations made by Philips. Let me refer only to the direct reference in the article to the IHRC's legal briefing. This briefing is a succinct and accurate description of the war crimes Israel commits in the occupied territories. Similar descriptions and analysis one can find in the annual reports of Amnesty international and the Israeli human rights societies reports.

Abu Hamza

IHRC's chairman, Massoud Shadjareh criticised the prosecution of Abu Hamza in 2006, his extradition in 2012 to the US, and his conviction in 2014 in the US.

IHRC has been deeply critical of the treatment of Abu Hamza al-Masri on various counts. It has highlighted what it calls "double standards" in his treatment by the press, politicians and the legal system, arguing that the case of al-Masri highlighted societal and judicial double standards averring to the failure to convict British National Party leader Nick Griffin and his colleague in the same week as convicting al-Masri of similar crimes. IHRC's chair, Massoud Shadjareh stated:

Notwithstanding Abu Hamza's controversial character and views, it seems astounding that this week Nick Griffin and his co-defendant from the BNP walked free from court and Abu Hamza has been convicted.

At a time when we are witnessing free speech mania directed at Muslims who have been told to put up with any insult, offence and abuse in the name of free speech, this verdict sends yet another signal that Muslims are not equal in the eyes of the law of this country.

Al-Masri's extradition, along with four other men on unrelated cases, to the US in 2012 was described by IHRC as evidence of 'justice shopping' by the UK government:

in which officials seek out countries where lower evidence thresholds apply or where defendant's rights are not as robust. Today's remarks by the PM David Cameron appearing to criticise our commitment to the European Convention on Human Rights for making deportations difficult confirms this belief.

Omar Abdel-Rahman

The group has campaigned for the release of Omar Abdel-Rahman, who was convicted for the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, citing criticisms of the judgment including the use of laws not used since the American Civil War to convict Abdel-Rahman. The organisation also campaigned for the release of Abdel-Rahman's lawyer Lynne Stewart, who was convicted of supporting terrorists. Stewart was released on 31 December 2013. IHRC presented her with an awards for her fight against Islamophobia in February 2014.

Selectivity
There is disagreement over the organisation's stance on Muslim countries. Its supporters, including British MPs, US academics and others claim it to be a source of good and reliable information for abuses in Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Turkey, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Malaysia. Anthony McRoy, in his 2006 book From Rushdie to 7/7: The Radicalisation of Islam in Britain writes that
.. an interesting aspect of IHRC radicalism is that the group does not restrict criticism of human rights abuses to Western governments... it also condemns 'militant' Islamic regimes, such as Sudan for human rights abuses in Darfur...

However, in a 2008 article published in the Harvard Human Rights Journal, Eric Heinze claims that:
On the whole, the more oppressive an Islamic state is, and the more it officially propagates pro-Islamic doctrines or institutions, the less likely the Islamic Human Rights Commission has been to criticize it. That approach offends any concept of fairness in the application of human rights.

Another contradictory critique comes from pro-Israel groups like the Stephen Roth Institute, who critique IHRC's opposition to the Saudi Arabian regime, including links it claims the organisation has with UK based Saudi dissident Muhammad al-Mas'ari. The institute also criticises IHRC for working with Imam Muhammad al-'Asi (whom they incorrectly refer to as an American convert), who was the elected Imam of the Washington D.C. Mosque but who was locked out of the premises and banned by the Saudi Embassy.

Additionally the Institute accuses IHRC of anti-Semitism and conspiricsim in the manner of its pro-Palestine stance.

2003 Award to Ariel Sharon for Islamophobia

During the 2003 Annual Islamophobia Awards, Ariel Sharon was announced as the "winner" of the "Most Islamophobic International Politician of the Year'", for an interview allegedly given in 1956. The interview's authenticity has never been verified and it is believed by many to be a hoax.

Alcohol investment
On 23 August 2013, an article in The Independent reported that the IHRC held shares in the Baa Bar Group, a Liverpool-based bar chain that sells alcoholic beverages. The article contrasted this with the IHRC's own publication that warned against the use of alcohol, considering that "the greatest underminer and saboteur of discipline and confidence is alcohol and so-called social drinking", and that "alcohol is the curse of the oppressed people and a boon for the oppressors. Not only is the oppressor making enormous profits from liquor but it also totally immobilizes and paralyses the critical faculties of the oppressed". The IHRC responded to the article four days later, explaining that the shares were a gift from a supporter, who told the Commission that they were shares in property. It pointed out that "some considerable time later, we came to know that the company was related to a company that dealt in alcohol, by which time the company had been delisted from the stock exchange, and the shares were deemed almost worthless". It stated that the commission has "sought advice as to how best to dispose of these shares without financially benefiting from this trade".

See also
 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam

External links
 Official website

Notes

Human rights organisations based in the United Kingdom
Islamic organisations based in the United Kingdom
Non-profit organisations based in London
Human rights in Islam
Hezbollah

Islamic Human Rights Commission


Johann Tobias Beck (født 22. februar 1804 i Balingen, død 28. december 1878 i Tübingen) var en tysk teolog.

Liv og gerning

Han studerede i Tübingen og virkede efterfølgende som præst flere steder i sit hjemland Württemberg. I 1836 virkede han som professor i Basel, men i 1843 kom han atter til Tübingen. Hans egentlige fag var dogmatik og etik, men han var ligeledes kyndig i eksegese og pastoralteologi. Beck repræsenterede en streng og realistisk teologisk skole, kaldet den württembergske skole, som stod i modsætning til den samtidige kritisk-spekulative skole repræsenteret ved Ferdinand Christian Baur.

Hvad angår doktrinær videnskab, fastslog Beck, at der ikke var sådan noget som "spekulativ viden", men kun "troende viden", som han kaldte gnosis. Alt, hvad der ikke er bibelsk givet (og troet som sådan), kvalificerer ikke som ægte kendskab til Gud. Det behøver hverken menneskelig filosofi eller kirkesyntese for at være sandheden, selvom åndelig (pneumatisk) eksegese havde sin plads i kraft af Helligåndens arbejde. På den måde skal det videnskabelige teologiske system således reproducere det egentlige livssystem i den bibelske doktrin, for hvilken Guds sammenhængende aktivitet er central."

Beck introducerede Søren Kierkegaard til studenterne i Tübingen, hvilket medførte, at Kierkegaard efterfølgende fik en betydelig indflydelse på det württembergske kirkeliv. Omvendt spillede det i samtiden stærkt voksende missionsarbejde en ubetydelig rolle for Beck. Beck påvirkede flere ledende repræsentanter både i den finske og i den svenske kirke.

Forfatterskab
 Einleitung in das System der christlichen Lehre (1838, andra upplagan 1870)
 Die christliche Lehrwissenschaft nach den biblischen Urkunden (1841)
 Umriss der biblischen Seelenlehre (1871)
 Christliche Reden (6 band, 1834-1870)
 Leitfaden der christlichen Glaubenslehre (1869)
 Christliche Liebeslehre (1872)
 Erklärung der zwei Briefe Pauli an Timotheus (1879)
 Pastorallehren nach Matthäus und der Apostelgeschichte (1880)
 Vorlesungen über christliche Ethik (3 band, 1882-83)
 Erklärung der Offenbarung Johannes 1-12 (1883)
 Erklärung des Briefs an die Römer (1884)
 Erklärung der Briefe Petri (1896)

Noter

Litteratur
 Helmut Burkhardt: Johann Tobias Beck und die Mission. In: Theologische Beiträge, 36. Jg., Nr. 6, 2005, S. 294–314.
 Claudia Hake: Die Bedeutung der Theologie Johann Tobias Becks für die Entwicklung der Theologie Karl Barths. Lang, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 1999,

 Bernhard Riggenbach: Johann Tobias Becks. Ein Schriftgelehrter zum Himmelreich gelehrt. C. Detloff's Buchhandlung, Basel 1888.
 Geert Sentzke: Die Theologie Johann Tobias Becks und ihr Einfluss in Finnland. Akateeminen Kirjakauppa. Band 1 (1949) und Band 2 (1957).
 Hanns-Martin Wolf: Becks christliche Reden: die Auffassung evangelischer Predigt bei Johann Tobias Beck. (= Arbeiten zur Theologie: Reihe 2, 11) Calwer Verlag, Stuttgart 1967. Zugl.: Marburg, Univ., Diss., 1964.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz: "Beck, Johann Tobias"; bd. 1, sp. 445-446

Teologer fra Tyskland
Professorer fra Tyskland
Ansatte ved Basels Universitet
Ansatte ved Tübingens Universitet
Faglitterære forfattere fra Tyskland
Tyskere i 1800-tallet

Johann Tobias Beck


الأمير عبد الرحمن العبد الله الفيصل بن عبد العزيز آل سعود وهو الابن الثالث من أبناء الأمير الراحل عبد الله الفيصل بن عبد العزيز آل سعود والأميرة الجوهرة بنت خالد بن محمد بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود، وقد تسلم عدة مناصب من قبل كان من بينها رئيس الاتحاد العربي والسعودي للحمام الزاجل، حيث أسس سموه الاتحاد العربي للحمام الزاجل، ومالك مزارع مسرة لإنتاج الماعز العارضية النادرة، كما أنه أحد المساهمين في مصنع إسمنت القصيم، وغيره من شركات خاصة.

أسرته
متزوج من الأميرة نوف بنت فيصل بن تركي بن عبد الله آل سعود - ابنة الأميرة لولوة بنت عبد العزيز آل سعود.

أبناؤه
 الأمير خالد بن عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله الفيصل آل سعود.
 الأمير محمد بن عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله الفيصل آل سعود.
 الأميرة ريم بنت عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله الفيصل آل سعود. متزوجة من الأمير تركي بن خالد بن عبد الله بن محمد بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود.
 الأميرة سارة بنت عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله الفيصل آل سعود. متزوجة من الأمير محمد بن فيصل بن بندر بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.
 الأميرة لطيفة بنت عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله الفيصل آل سعود متزوجة من الأمير خالد بن فهد بن عبد الله بن محمد بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود.

المراجع

أصحاب أعمال سعوديون
أمراء سعوديون
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة (أشخاص أحياء)
مواليد القرن 20

عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله الفيصل آل سعود


ගුවන් යානයකින් ගුවන් මිසයිලයක් නිකුත් කරන්නේ තවත් ගුවන් යානාවක් විනාශ කිරීමේ අදහසිනි. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එම මිසයිල එකක් හෝ එකකට වැඩි රොකට් මෝටර්වලින් යුක්තවන අතර ඒවා ඝන හෝ ද්‍රව ඉන්ධන මගින් ක්‍රියාත්මකය. MBDA වර්ගයට " රැම්පේට්" එන්ජිමක් යොදාගැනීමෙන් විශාල වේගයක් අත්කර ගත හැකි වන ලෙස මැදි දුර මිසයිල නිපදවීමට හැකි වේ.

කෙටිදුර , මැදිදුර සහ දිගු දුර මිසයිල ලෙස ගුවන් මිසයිල පුළුල් ලෙස වර්ග කර ඇත. කෙටි දුර මිසයිල අධෝරක්ත කිරණ මගින් පාලනය කෙරේ. අනෙක් දෙවර්ගය රේඩාර් මගින් පාලනය කෙරේ.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-air_missile

ගුවන් මිසයිල


Bangweulu — 'where the water sky meets the sky' — is one of the world's great wetland systems, comprising Lake Bangweulu, the Bangweulu Swamps and the Bangweulu Flats or floodplain. Situated in the upper Congo River basin in Zambia, the Bangweulu system covers an almost completely flat area roughly the size of Connecticut or East Anglia, at an elevation of 1,140 m straddling Zambia's Luapula Province and Northern Province. It is crucial to the economy and biodiversity of northern Zambia, and to the birdlife of a much larger region, and faces environmental stress and conservation issues.

With a long axis of 75 km and a width of up to 40 km, Lake Bangweulu's permanent open water surface is about 3,000 km2, which expands when its swamps and floodplains are in flood at the end of the rainy season in May. The combined area of the lake and wetlands reaches 15,000 km2. The lake has an average depth of only 4 m, and a maximum depth of 10 m.

The Bangweulu system is fed by about seventeen rivers of which the Chambeshi (the source of the Congo River) is the largest, and is drained by the Luapula River.

Sections of Lake Bangweulu

Numbers in round brackets like so — (12) — refer to locations on the satellite image.

A notable feature of the Bangweulu system is a series of parallel sandy ridges running south-west to north-east. These are particularly striking in satellite photographs and are easily seen along the north-western shore, the Lifunge Peninsula (2), Mbalala Island (3), Chilubi Island (6), and the Kapata Peninsula (10). They divide the lake into three sections parallel to its main axis. One divides off a section called Lake Chifunabuli (1), 50 km long but only 5 km wide. Its entrance through a gap in the sand spits (at the end of Lifunge Peninsula) is only 250 m wide. Another sandy ridge, Mbabala Island, divides off a section called Lake Walilupe (4), 30 km long by 13 km wide. The main, middle section of the lake between Ifunge and Mbabala is known only as Bangweulu.

There are numerous bays, inlets, smaller lakes and lagoons around Lake Bangweulu, connected by open water, narrow channels or swamps. The largest is Lake Kampolombo (9), 30 km by 5 km, south of Lake Walilupe and connected to it by a 7 km channel. The 32 km long Kapata Peninsula lies between Lake Kampolombo and the swamps; at its tip on the eastern side is the 15 km long Lake Kangwena (11).

Only the western side of the lake and some of the islands have a well defined shore, with sandy beaches in places especially around Samfya, though even there, some of the bays and inlets are swampy.

It was found that infection with Schistosoma haematobium on the western shores of Lake Bangweulu, Zambia, is higher than previously reported.

The Bangweulu Swamps

The Bangweulu Swamps, larger than the lake, extend from the north-west clockwise around to the south. The main part covers an area of roughly 120 km by 75 km and they are normally not less than 9,000 km2.

The swamps act as a check on annual flooding downstream in the Luapula by releasing water slowly through many lagoons and channels. They help prevent the Luapula valley being flooded excessively in the rainy season.

Rivers and channels through the swamps
The Bangweulu swamps are fed mainly from the north-east by the Chambeshi River, and drain to the south into the Luapula River. The lake is connected to these rivers, and they to each other, by a complex mass of channels through the swamps that may become choked by vegetation and change their course; there is no easy navigation between them. Floating beds of papyrus may close up the channels to a width allowing only dugout canoes to pass. Motorised vessels are hampered by their width as well as by vegetation clogging propellers. Since colonial times attempts have been made to improve navigation and alter drainage patterns by cutting channels through the swamp. In 1942, attempts were made, with limited success, to cut an outlet from Lake Walilupe to the Luapula's exit from the swamps, to allow motor boats to transport cassava and other produce from the northern area of the lake to Kapalala Ferry on the Luapula and from there to the Copperbelt.

Lagoons

There are numerous lagoons in the swamps, the more prominent ones are: Lake Chali (12) in the south-west, Lake Chaya (13) in the east at the mouth of the Lulingilla River in the east, Lake Wumba (14) in the north-east at the confluence of the Chambeshi and Luansenshi (20) Rivers, and the Pook Lagoon (15) in the East near Nsalushi Island (25).

Other features of the swamps

On the northern side there are several wide swampy estuaries where rivers enter the lake or swamps, going from north-west to north-east they are: Lupososhi Estuary (16), Luena Estuary (17), Lukuto Estuary (18), Chambeshi Estuary (19) (and Luansenshi Estuary which feeds into it).

On the eastern and south-eastern sides the swamps are fed by the Munikashi, Luitikila, Lumbatwa, Lukulu and Lulimala rivers. The estuaries of the last three are the main dry season grazing grounds of the Black Lechwe.

In the main part of the swamps, just south of Chilubi Island, is a large area which is very shallow in the flood season and may become fairly dry at the end of the dry season, called the Lunga Bank (27).

Floodplains

Large grassy floodplains with an area of about 3,000 km2 lie mainly south of the swamps, but also in the north-north-east, acting as an extension of the region in the wet season. The southern floodplains are famous for large herds of the near-endemic black lechwe. Further information on wildlife of the wetlands is found on the Bangweulu Wetlands page.

Water parameters

Water temperatures at the surface of the Bangweulu system ranged from 25.8 to 28.3 °C in November 1993 and from 23.7 to 27.1 °C in February 1994. The conductivity of the Bangweulu system is unusually low and varies between 20 and 40 μS/cm. Transparency of the water ranges from 0.35 to 0.60 m in most water bodies of the system, but in the Tuchingo lagoon the transparency is much larger (>1.70 m) allowing the bottom to be seen.

European exploration
The lake was known to Europeans from reports by chiefs such as Kazembe and from Swahili traders, and it was sometimes referred to as 'Lake Bemba' from the name of the dominant tribe. In 1868 explorer and missionary David Livingstone was the first European to see the lake at the north end of the Lake Chifunabuli section. He was taken by canoe as far as Mbabala Island. His last expedition a few years later foundered in the swamps and their maze of shifting channels as he struggled to discover the rivers draining in and out of the lake. He died in 1873 in Chief Chitambo's village on the edge of the southern flood plain, about 100 km from the lake itself. The spot is marked by the Livingstone Memorial (see map). The lake was partially surveyed in 1883 by the French traveller, Victor Giraud, and first circumnavigated by Poulett Weatherley in 1896.

It was a desire for the riches of Bangweulu's fisheries and game-rich floodplain which motivated King Leopold II of Belgium to insist, in border negotiations between his Congo Free State and the British in Northern Rhodesia, on a land corridor reaching Bangweulu from Katanga. This resulted in the shape of the Congo Pedicle (34) which, as it turned out, does not penetrate the area enough to be of the desired value.

The first Christian missions in Bangweulu were founded in the early 1900s under the authority of Bishop Joseph Dupont of the Catholic White Fathers who was based north of Kasama.

Human settlement
The area of the lake is inhabited by the Bisa in Chilubi and Mpika, the Bemba in Luwingu, the Unga in Lunga District, the Kabende in Samfya, the Ngumbo in Lubwe, the BenaMukulu in Chungu and affiliated tribes who all speak Chibemba. The Bemba heartland of Paramount Chief Chitimukulu lies to the north-east, around Kasama.

Fishery

The lake supports a seasonal fishing industry and the population may increase markedly during the season. In 1989 the average annual catch was estimated at 11,900 tonnes, caught by 10,300 people using 5305 dugout canoes, 114 plank and fibreglass boats, and only 54 outboard motors. In 2000 the catch was 13,500 t.

Natural gas pipeline
In early 2004 a private European natural gas company finished preliminary plans to lay a pipeline which would cut directly through the Southeast portion of the Lake. Part of this plan was a proposed dam to allow for partial drainage of the required part of the lake. This plan was met with harsh opposition from the local people as well as environmental activists. After much court-wrangling and lengthy hearings on the project, the plan was disposed of by the European company as they built a detour for their pipeline in the surrounding province.

Towns and districts
The largest town, Samfya lies on the south western shore and is the principal base for road and boat transport and tourism, as well as being the administrative centre for Samfya District covering about three-quarters of the lake and swamps. Chilubi District covers most of the rest, its boma is on Chilubi Island (6), which is bordered by the swamps to the east. Luwingu District just touches the lake at Nsombo, which is the principal town at the northern end of the lake. Mpika and Kasama districts just touch the eastern and southern margins of the floodplain, and Serenje District and the Congo Pedicle just reach the southern margin of the floodplain.

Islands
There are numerous inhabited islands in the Bangweulu system.

On the lake they are:
 Chilubi Island (6), the largest, partly in the lake and mainly in the swamps
 Mbabala Island (3), a sand spit dividing off the Lake Walilupe section
 Chishi Island (5), in the middle of the northern part of the lake
 Lifunge Mwenzi Island (7), dividing off the northern part of Lake Chifunabuli
 Small Islands: Chindo and Ibula Islands near the north-west shore, and Chibwe Ngombe Island, a tiny sliver north-west of Chilubi Island, Minswa Island and Ngwishi Island
In the swamps:
 Nsumbu Island (8) east of Chilubi Island
 In the eastern swamps: Chisale Island, Panyo Island (24), Nsalushi Island (25), Nsumpa Island, Matongo Island and Kabulu Island
Near the Chambeshi River where it enters the eastern swamps: Mutwamina Island and Munyanga Island
In the southern swamps: Ncheta Island (26) (with the village of Bwalya Mponda), and Mbo, east of the Luapula's exit from the swamps
Kasoma village [the seat of the new Lunga District] on the south-east edge of the Lunga Bank
Kalimakonde village on the banks of the Churchill Channel
Flood season islands: on the edge of the swamps, connected to the mainland in the dry season:
In the north-east: Kasansa Island (23), Chichile Island (22), Luangwa Island, Mbishi Island, and Munkanta at the edge of Lake Chaya, where the Lulingila River enters the eastern swamps.
 In the south: Kasenga (28), close to the outlet of Lake Kangwena, Kataba (29), and Yongolo, and Itulo at the edge of south-east swamps.

Other settlements
Lubwe (30) on Lake Chifunabuli has a Catholic mission and hospital
 Kasaba (31), a Catholic mission in the north-west
 Santa Maria, a mission on Chilubi Island
 Mpanta, east of Samfya on the channel draining out of Lake Walilupe
Twingi (32), with a mission, at the south end of the Kapata Peninsula
Chaba (33), in the north-east
 Mofu, in the north-east.

See also

Water transport in Zambia
Mokele-mbembe

References

Further reading

Bangweulu
Geography of Luapula Province
Geography of Northern Province, Zambia
Luapula River
Miombo
Floodplains of Africa
Swamps of Africa
Wetlands of Zambia
Ecoregions of Africa
Flooded grasslands and savannas
Ramsar sites in Zambia

Lake Bangweulu


Dame Denise Rosemarie Lewis  (born 27 August 1972) is a British sports presenter and former track and field athlete, who specialised in the heptathlon. She won the gold medal in the heptathlon at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, was twice Commonwealth Games champion, was the 1998 European Champion, and won World Championships silver medals in 1997 and 1999. She was the first European to win the Olympic heptathlon, though Europeans, including Briton Mary Peters, had won the Olympic pentathlon precursor event.

Her personal best score for the heptathlon is 6,831 points, set at the Décastar meeting in 2000. That is a former British record and ranks her third on the all-time British lists behind Katarina Johnson-Thompson and Jessica Ennis-Hill.

Since retiring from athletics, she has undertaken work on television and other media work, and is now a regular athletics pundit for BBC Television, including during the Olympic Games in London 2012,  Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020.

Olympic career

2000 Olympics
The first day of the 2000 Summer Olympics heptathlon was 23 September. In the first event, Lewis rerecorded 13.23 seconds for the 100 metres hurdles, to be in second place behind the world champion, Eunice Barber, who had finished in 12.97 seconds. Ghada Shouaa, the 1996 Olympic champion, pulled out after only 20 metres of her heat.

After a poor performance in the high jump, clearing only 1.75m, some way off her personal best, Lewis was in eighth place, 152 points behind Barber who had increased her lead. In the third event, the shot put, Lewis recorded a distance of 15.55m, placing her second, 30 points behind Natallia Sazanovich and 45 points ahead of former world champion Sabine Braun. Barber's distance of 11.27m put her in eighth place.

In the final event of the day, the 200 metres, Lewis recorded a time of 24.34 sec. Braun's time placed her in sixth position. A strong run by Natalya Roshchupkina moved her from sixth position to second, pushing Lewis into third place.

At the end of the first day, the points scored were:
 Natallia Sazanovich, BLR: 3,903
 Natalya Roshchupkina, RUS: 3,872
 Denise Lewis, GBR: 3,852
 Urszula Włodarczyk, POL: 3,805
 Yelena Prokhorova, RUS: 3,771
 Sabine Braun, GER: 3,770
 Eunice Barber, FRA: 3,707
 Karin Specht-Ertl, GER: 3,697

The first event on the second day was the long jump. Lewis's best jump was 6.48m, marginally behind Yelena Prokhorova and Sazanovich. Eunice Barber, struggling with injury, withdrew after this event. In event six, the javelin, Lewis achieved a throw of 50.19m. With her closest rivals some way further back she moved into first place, with Sazanovich 63 points behind in second place and Prokhorova in third a further 83 points behind.

In the final event, the 800 metres, Lewis ran with the lower part of her left leg bandaged due to a calf and Achilles tendon injury, aiming to stay close enough to the race leaders to maintain her points advantage. Prokhorova won the race convincingly and when Lewis crossed the line behind Sazanovich it was not clear, at first, if Lewis's time of 2:16.83 was enough to retain first place. After the individual points had been calculated, it was announced that Lewis had won with a total of 6,584 points. Prokhorova was second with 6,531 (53 points behind Lewis), and Sazanovich was third with 6,527 (4 points behind Prokhorova).

2004 Olympics
At the 2004 Olympics, Lewis was suffering from a number of injuries and withdrew from the competition after the long jump. Teammate and training partner Kelly Sotherton took bronze.

Statistics

Personal bests

Seasonal bests

International competitions

National titles
AAA Championships
Long jump: 1996, 1998
AAA Indoor Championships
60 m hurdles: 1997
Long jump: 1994, 1995, 1998
Shot put: 2004†

† Lewis was the top placed Briton at the 2004 AAA Indoor shot put behind Sweden's Helena Engman

AAA Junior Championships
Heptathlon (under-17): 1988
Long jump: 1989
British Schools International Match
Long jump: 1988
English Schools Championships
Long jump: 1986 (junior), 1987 (intermediate)

Circuit wins
Décastar: 2000

Honours, awards and recognition
For services to sport, Lewis was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1999 New Year Honours, Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2001 New Year Honours and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2023 New Year Honours .

In 2000, Lewis was also presented with the Freedom of the City of Wolverhampton. In 2010, she was inducted into the Wolverhampton Sporting Hall of Fame, while in 2011, she was inducted into the England Athletics Hall of Fame. In 2013, Lewis was honoured at the annual Wolverhampton Famous Sons & Daughters Awards ceremony. In 2014, she was presented with an honorary degree from the University of Wolverhampton.

With Dame Kelly Holmes, Christine Ohuruogu and Paula Radcliffe, Lewis enjoys acclamation as one of the "golden girls" of British athletics and, in 1998 and 2000, was runner-up in the BBC Sports Personality of the Year. In 2003, Lewis was put forward as a candidate in the BBC Midlands great Midlander of all-time award but lost to the eventual winner, Reginald Mitchell, the inventor of the Supermarine Spitfire.

Lewis was voted "Sportswoman of the Year" three times by the Sports Journalists' Association (SJA), in 1997, 1998 and 2000, a joint-record. She was also runner up in 1996. She was selected as "Female Athlete of the Year" by the British Athletics Writers' Association (BAWA) four times, in 1996, 1997, 1998, and 2000. Lewis won the Sunday Times "Sportswoman of the Year" a record three times, in 1994, 1998 and 2000.

At the inaugural British Ethnic Diversity Sports Awards (BEDSA) in 2015, Lewis became the first recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award.

Her British and Commonwealth record of 6831 points was set on 30 July 2000 in Talence, France. , she ranked 15th in the Heptathlon all-time list.

In 2002, Lewis' Olympic victory was ranked 90th in Channel 4's 100 Greatest Sporting Moments.

In 2010, Lewis was made a Patron of the Jaguar Academy of Sport.

Outside of her sports achievements, Lewis was included in the 2019 edition of the Powerlist, ranking the 100 most influential Black Britons.

Television career

Punditry and presenting
Since 2009, Lewis has acted as a pundit for BBC Sport's athletics coverage and she has covered major live events including the 2009 World Athletics Championships, 2010 Commonwealth Games, 2012 Summer Olympics, 2014 Commonwealth Games and 2016 Summer Olympics.

On 2 February 2015, Lewis guest hosted an episode of The One Show with Matt Baker.

Lewis has also been a presenter on various non-sports television programmes. In July 2015, she co-hosted Right on the Money, a daytime series on BBC One, alongside Dominic Littlewood. The programme returned for a second series in July 2016. From 22 July 2011, Lewis hosted children's reality television show Camp Orange. She is a presenter of the BBC's Secret Britain (series 3 onwards) which introduced lesser-known aspects of the British countryside.

Strictly Come Dancing

In 2004, Lewis took part in the BBC dancing competition, Strictly Come Dancing. She was partnered with professional dancer Ian Waite and, in the first few weeks scored the highest number of points from the judges. She eventually reached the final and was runner-up to actress Jill Halfpenny. After that, Lewis and the two other partners from the final danced at the Royal Variety Performance.

Ten days after competing in the Strictly Come Dancing final, Lewis and Waite competed again in the Strictly Come Dancing Champion of Champions Special, in which finalists from the first two series competed against each other. Lewis received the most points from the judges, but again was runner-up to Halfpenny. She then appeared on the 2016 Strictly Come Dancing Christmas Special, partnered with Anton du Beke.

The Masked Dancer
In October 2022, Lewis was unmasked as Sea Slug in series 2 of The Masked Dancer.

TV guest appearances
 Let's Dance for Comic Relief (2009)
 All Star Family Fortunes (2009)
 Pointless with her father-in-law, Tom O'Connor (2011)
 The Cube on ITV (2012)
 Your Face Sounds Familiar (2013)
 Big Star's Little Star with her son Ryan (2014)
 Give a Pet a Home a series which worked alongside the RSPCA in Birmingham (2015)
 Sport Relief in a sketch with Idris Elba playing Luther (2016)
 The Chase: Celebrity Special (2017)
 Hairy Bikers Home for Christmas (2017)
 All Star Musicals (2017)
 Would I Lie to You (2018)

Personal life
Born on 27 August 1972 in West Bromwich, to Jamaican-born parents, Lewis grew up in Pendeford, Wolverhampton, and was educated at the Regis School in Tettenhall, which later became the King's School. A £1 million sports hall was later built there and named in her honour.

From the late 1990s until 2005, Lewis was in a relationship with Belgian sprinter Patrick Stevens, and they had a daughter. In 2006, Lewis married Steve Finan O'Connor, former manager of the UK pop group All Saints, current manager of Liam Payne, and son of comedian Tom O'Connor. They have three sons.

See also
List of Olympic medalists in athletics (women)
List of World Athletics Championships medalists (women)
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics (women)
List of European Athletics Championships medalists (women)
List of 1996 Summer Olympics medal winners
List of 2000 Summer Olympics medal winners
List of high jump national champions (women)
List of people from Wolverhampton
British African-Caribbean people
Great Britain and Northern Ireland at the World Athletics Championships
List of celebrities appearing on Daily Cooks Challenge

References

External links

Homepage of Birchfield Harriers. Accessed 30 December 2022.
Biography, ukathletics.net. Accessed 30 December 2022.
UKA Hall of Fame Profile, uka.org.uk. Accessed 30 December 2022.

1972 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Wolverhampton
English heptathletes
British heptathletes
British female athletes
English female athletes
English Olympic medallists
Olympic athletes for Great Britain
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England
Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Great Britain
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Birchfield Harriers
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Black British sportswomen
English people of Jamaican descent
The Sunday Times Sportswoman of the Year winners
Medallists at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Sportspeople from West Bromwich
Sporting dames

Denise Lewis


Sonja Barjaktarović (født 11. september 1986 i Berane, SFR Jugoslavien) er en montenegrinsk håndboldspiller, der spiller for Alba Fehérvár KC og for det montenegrinske landshold. Hun har tidligere spillet for russiske Rostov-Don

Meritter med klub og landshold
EHF Champions League
Vinder: 2011/2012
EHF Cup Winners' Cup
Guld: 2005/2006 and 2009/2010

Regionalligaen Kvinder
Guld: 2009/2010 and 2010/2011
Sølv: 2007/2008

Montenegrinske MesterskabGold: 2005/2006, 2006/2007, 2007/2008, 2008/2009, 2009/2010 and 2010/11Montenegrinsk Cup
Guld: 2005/2006, 2006/2007, 2007/2008, 2008/2009, 2009/2010 and 2010/11
EM i håndbold:
Vinder: 2012

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Montenegro
Håndboldspillere fra ŽRK Budućnost
Håndboldspillere fra Rostov-Don
Håndboldspillere fra Kastamonu Belediyesi GSK
Olympiske sølvmedaljevindere fra Montenegro
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2012
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2012

Sonja Barjaktarović


Kassel, Almanya'nın Hessen eyaletine bağlı bir şehir.

Tarihi çok eskilere dayanan bir şehir olan Kassel, tarihi öneminin yanı sıra 2007 yılı sonu itibarıyla 192.121 kişilik nüfusu ve ekonomisiyle de hâlâ önemli bir şehir konumundadır.

Kassel ayrıca Türklerin yerleştiği kentler arasındadır.

Kardeş şehirler

Resimler

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Hessen

Dış bağlantılar

 Kassel Belediyesi

Kassel


El Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen (IWM, Instituto de Ciencias Humanas) es un instituto de estudios avanzados en el área de las ciencias humanas y sociales con sede en Viena, Austria.

Historia
Fundado en 1982, el Instituto promueve el intercambio y el diálogo a nivel internacional entre estudiosos e intelectuales de varias disciplinas, sociedades y culturas, sobre todo de Europa oriental y occidental, contribuyendo a debates sobre una amplia gama de cuestiones políticas, sociales, económicas y culturales.

Enlaces externos
Sitio web del Instituto

Institutos de investigación de Austria
Organizaciones fundadas en 1982
Organizaciones de ciencias sociales


شمع الكَرْنُوبَة هو شمع نباتي، يستخرج من أوراق نخيل الكرنوبة، وموطنها الأصلي في شمال شرق البرازيل، تحديداً في ولايات سيارا، بياوي، مارانياو، ريو غراندي دو نورتي، وباهيا. وللحصول على شمع الكرنوبة يتم تجفيف أوراق النخيل في الشمس حتى تتحول الطبقة الشمعية إلى غبار يشبه الطحين. ويتم تذويب هذا الشمع وتبريده وتشكيله على هيئة قطع. وشمع الكرنوبة أقوى شمع طبيعي معروف، ويستخدم في صناعة طلاء التلميع والبلاستيك ومنتجات أخرى.

الخصائص

وهو الشمع المشهور الذي يُستخلص من الكرنأوبا، له العديد من الاستعمالات. لديه درجة انصهار أعلى بكثير من الشموع الأخرى (78 درجة مئوية)، بالإضافة إلى كونه قاسي للغاية. وهذا ما يجعله مثالي  لتغطية قوية للغاية للأرضيات والسيارات وغيرها. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يظهر شمع الكرنأوبا في الحلويات والتلميع والورنيش ومنتجات التجميل  وفي أشياء أخرى كثيرة. يستخدم الشمع على نطاق واسع في الصناعة، على الرغم من أن القليل من المستهلكون يعرفونه. يستخدم شمع كارنأوبا في تصنيع شمع الأرضيات، وشموع السيارات، والدهانات، والورنيشات، ومنتجات النجارة، وفي عملية تصنيع الأدوية والأطعمة. في الزراعة، يتم استخدامه لزيادة مدة التخزين وتقليل هدر الفاكهة الطازجة.  بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يمكن استخدامه في إنتاج السيراميك. كما أنه يستخدم في حفظ الفاكهة، ويتم إذابته بالماء ومكونات أخرى  لتغطية  الثماربطبقة رقيقة، وتشكل طبقة واقية تمنع عمل الأوكسيجين المؤكسد وتمنع فقدان السوائل مع التبخر. تشير الدراسات إلى أن تطبيق هذه الحماية على الطماطم والمانجو والعديد من الفواكه الأخرى يمكن أن يطيل عمرها مرتين تقريبًا أكثر من الفاكهة التي لم تتلق هذا التطبيق.

مراجع

مضافات رقم إي
شمع
مضافات غذائية
مكونات مستحضرات التجميل
منتجات حرجية غير خشبية

شمع الكرنوبة


Lærleggur er lengsta bein í mannslíkamanum og er um 26% af hæð hverrar manneskju.

Hnúinn uppi til hægri er nefndum höfuð (caput á fræðimáli), ennfremur er talað um háls collum og meginhluta corpus. Minni hlutar nefnast trochanter major, trochanter minor, epicondylus lateralis og medialis.

Heimildir

Beinagrind

Lærleggur


عبد الحكيم سرار هو لاعب نادي وفاق سطيف سابقا ودولي جزائري سابق وكان يلعب في مركز الدفاع، وهو من مواليد مدينة سطيف يوم 24 أبريل 1961.
لاعب وفاق سطيف في فترة الثمانينات في مركز قلب الدفاع و المتوج معه بلقب البطولة الوطنية كلاعب سنة 1987ولقب كأس إفريقيا للأندية البطلة عام 1988و الكأس الأفرو آسيوية للأندية سنة 1989و كذا كأس الجمهورية 1989تحت إشراف المدرب مختار العريبي.
مثل الجزائر في 12 مباراة دولية وسجل هدفين، وشارك في كأس الأمم الأفريقية لكرة القدم 1990 والتي أقيمت بالجزائر وفازت بها.

و هو رئيس نادي وفاق سطيف الحالي. وهو يشغل هذا المنصب منذ 2003.
حاز مع وفاق سطيف بطولات محلية وعربية ومند توليه زمام الامور في وفاق سطيف شهد الوفاق قفزة نوعية ونجاحات ممتازة جعلته يحضى بحب الجماهير السطايفية وثقتهم رغم المشاكل التي تحدث أو تطفو أحيانا على هذا النادي العريق.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
جزائريون في القرن 20
جزائريون في القرن 21
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 1990
لاعبو كرة قدم جزائريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجال جزائريون
لاعبو كرة قدم من سطيف
لاعبو منتخب الجزائر لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب الجزائر لكرة القدم تحت 23 سنة
لاعبو وفاق سطيف
لاعبون فازوا بكأس الأمم الإفريقية
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
منافسون في الألعاب المتوسطية من الجزائر
منافسون في ألعاب البحر الأبيض المتوسط 1987
مواليد 1380 هـ
مواليد 1961
مواليد في سطيف

عبد الحكيم سرار


Tripsakum (lat. Tripsacum), rod trajnica iz Sjeverne i Južne Amerike, dio podtribusa Tripsacinae.

Postoji 14 priznatih vrsta, a poznatija je korisna trajnica, gama trava, T. dactyloides

Vrste
 Tripsacum andersonii J.R.Gray
 Tripsacum australe Cutler & E.S.Anderson
 Tripsacum cundinamarce De Wet & Timothy
 Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.
 Tripsacum intermedium De Wet & J.R.Harlan
 Tripsacum jalapense De Wet & Brink
 Tripsacum lanceolatum E.Fourn.
 Tripsacum latifolium Hitchc.
 Tripsacum laxum Nash
 Tripsacum maizar Hern.-Xol. & Randolph
 Tripsacum manisuroides De Wet & J.R.Harlan
 Tripsacum peruvianum De Wet & Timothy
 Tripsacum pilosum Scribn. & Merr.
 Tripsacum zopilotense Hern.-Xol. & Randolph

Izvori

Tripsacinae

Tripsakum


Unge Freud i Gaza er en dokumentarfilm fra 2008 instrueret af Suzanne Khardalian, PeÅ Holmquist efter manuskript af Janus Billeskov Jansen.

Handling
Den 28-årige palæstinenser Ayed er psykolog i flygtningelejren Jabaliya i Gaza. Filmen følger den charmerende Ayed igennem to år, hvor han har en række patienter i terapi: Unge Inas, der har selvmordstanker; Maysa, hvis mand blev dræbt ved en bombe for øjnene af hende; Hanan, der lever i yderste fattigdom og Abed, som er tidligere militant selvmordschauffør. Ayed forsøger at få sine patienter til at finde lys og varme i livet - men som han siger: "Der er brug for en million psykologer i Gaza". En både lun og tragisk skildring fra Gazas "hemmelige rum". Fra et område vi ellers kun kender fra nyhederne. Filmen er optaget i perioden 2006-08, hvor Gaza stort set var isoleret fra omverdenen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2008

Unge Freud i Gaza


Oakley, Inc. is an American company headquartered in Foothill Ranch, California, which is an autonomous subsidiary of EssilorLuxottica. The company designs, develops and manufactures sports performance equipment and lifestyle pieces including sunglasses, safety glasses,  eyeglasses, sports visors, ski/snowboard goggles, watches, apparel, backpacks, shoes, optical frames, and other accessories.  Most items are designed in house at their head office, but some countries hold exclusive designs relevant to their market.  Oakley currently holds more than 600 patents for eyewear, materials, and performance gear.

History

Oakley was started by Jim Jannard in 1975 in his garage with an initial investment of $300. The name "Oakley" came from Jim's English Setter, "Oakley Anne". Jannard began by selling what he called 'The Oakley Grip' out of the back of his car at motocross events. His motorcycle grips were unlike other grips available at the time. The material is still used to make the earsocks on Oakley glasses, and many of the nose pieces and now the bands of their watches. Oakley went on to produce number plates, gloves, grips, elbow guards, chin guards, and goggles for the BMX and motocross communities.

In 1980, Jannard released a pair of goggles called the O-Frame. With the 'Oakley' logo present on the strap, the brand garnered increasing recognition and prominence throughout the sports industry. In 1983, Oakley began selling ski goggles.

The first Oakley sunglasses; Factory Pilot Eyeshades, were sport-oriented, resembling goggles and were released in 1984. These were followed in 1985 by the Oakley Frogskin, a casual sunglass style that was made in Japan.

The company went public in 1995, raising $230 million.

In early 1996, Oakley had a pricing dispute with Italian company Luxottica, the world's largest eyewear manufacturers and retailers. Luxottica stopped carrying Oakley's products in their stores, including Sunglass Hut, and Oakley's stock market value declined 33%.

In 2001, Oakley bought Iacon, Inc., operator of mall-based sunglasses stores Sunglass Designs, Sporting Eyes, and Occhiali da Sole.

Oakley signed a four-year agreement to manufacture eyewear designed by themselves and Fox Racing in September 2004.

Starting in 2004, Jannard bought large quantities of Oakley stock: $2 million in 2004, $16 million in 2005, and $4.6 million in early 2006, bringing his personal stake in the company to 63%.

In 2006, Oakley acquired the Oliver Peoples group, a manufacturer of high-end fashion branded eyewear (under the Oliver Peoples, Mosley Tribes, and Paul Smith brands) for $55.7m, and Optical Shop of Aspen, a luxury eyewear retailer with fourteen stores. Later in 2006, Oakley acquired Eye Safety Systems, Inc. (ESS), another major manufacturer of tactical eye protection,  for US$110m.

On June 21, 2007, Luxottica announced a plan to purchase Oakley in a cash deal worth $2.1 billion, paying a 16% premium over the extant share price. The deal was completed on November 15, 2007, making Oakley part of a portfolio that includes brands such as Ray-Ban, Persol, and Vogue. After the sale, founder James Jannard went on to found Red Digital Cinema. Luxottica's acquisition of Oakley was criticized as a potential violation of antitrust laws. This move also moved Oakley's manufacturing out of the US and its frames and many portions of its sunglasses products began to be produced in China.

During the preparations for the ultimately successful rescue of thirty-three miners trapped for ten weeks in a Chilean mine in October 2010, a journalist covering the story contacted Oakley about donating sunglasses to the rescue effort, aware that the miners would need eye protection after having spent weeks in darkness. Oakley donated 35 pairs of its Radar sports glasses, fitted with specially selected tints.

Oakley sponsored members of the US Olympic Team in 2012, and that same year, extended the partnership through 2020.

In August 2013, Oakley sold its REVO brand to Sequential Brands for $20m. In November 2013, Oakley signed a multi-year deal with Scuderia Ferrari.

In September 2015, Oakley shutdown the website of its outlet arm Oakley Vault, while continuing its brick and mortar retail presence of the brand.

In March 2021, Aston Martin F1 Team announced a partnership with Oakley.

Design

Most of Oakley's technological designs, fashion pieces, gear, etc. were developed with extensive athlete input and testing in the field – including extreme conditions. Oakley also maintains US Standard Issue, which provides U.S. military and law enforcement eye protection. Oakley M Frame sunglasses are included as part of the U.S. Army's Authorized Protective Eyewear List (APEL), and have been assigned a National Stock Number (NSN) for ordering through military supply channels. The company has also built at least one 'golf hovercraft', demonstrated as an all terrain replacement for conventional golf carts. This hovercraft was created for marketing purposes, in partnership with the professional golfer, Bubba Watson. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Oakley released the MSK3 mask, which featured an innovative design to prevent eyewear fogging.

References

External links

 Eye Safety Systems (ESS)
 Oliver Peoples

Luxottica
Sunglasses
Eyewear brands of the United States
American companies established in 1975
Manufacturing companies established in 1975
Eyewear companies of the United States
Surfwear brands
Companies based in Lake Forest, California
1975 establishments in California
2007 mergers and acquisitions
American subsidiaries of foreign companies

Oakley, Inc.


The Leghorn,  or Livornese, is a breed of chicken originating in Tuscany, in central Italy. Birds were first exported to North America in 1828 from the Tuscan port city of Livorno, on the western coast of Italy. They were initially called "Italians", but by 1865 the breed was known as "Leghorn", the traditional anglicisation of "Livorno". The breed was introduced to Britain from the United States in 1870. White Leghorns are commonly used as layer chickens in many countries of the world. Other Leghorn varieties are less common.

History

The origins of the Leghorn are not clear; it appears to derive from light breeds originating in rural Tuscany. The name comes from Leghorn, the traditional anglicisation of Livorno, the Tuscan port from which the first birds were exported to North America. The date of the first exports is variously reported as 1828, "about 1830" and 1852. They were initially known as "Italians"; they were first referred to as "Leghorns" in 1865, in Worcester, Massachusetts.

The Leghorn was included in the American Standard of Perfection in 1874, with three colours: black, white and brown (light and dark).  Rose comb light and dark brown were added in 1883, and rose comb white in 1886. Single comb buff and silver followed in 1894, and red, black-tailed red, and Columbian in 1929. In 1981 rose comb black, buff, silver, and golden duckwing were added.

The breed was first introduced to Britain from the United States in 1870, and from there re-exported to Italy. White Leghorns that had won first prize at the 1868 New York Show were imported to Britain in 1870, and brown Leghorns from 1872. These birds were small, not exceeding  in weight; weight was increased by cross-breeding with Minorca and Malay stock. Pyle Leghorns were first bred in Britain in the 1880s; gold and silver duckwings originated there a few years later, from crosses with Phoenix or Japanese Yokohama birds. Buff Leghorns were first seen in Denmark in 1885, and in England in 1888.

Characteristics

In Italy, where the Livorno breed standard is recent, ten colour varieties are recognised. There is a separate Italian standard for the German Leghorn variety, the Italiana (German: Italiener). The Fédération française des volailles (the French poultry federation) divides the breed into four types: the American white, the English white, the old type (golden-salmon) and the modern type, for which seventeen colour variants are listed for full-size birds, and fourteen for bantams; it also recognises an autosexing variety, the Cream Legbar. Both the American Poultry Association and the American Bantam Association recognize a number of Leghorn varieties including white, red, black-tailed red, light brown, dark brown, black, buff, Columbian, buff Columbian, barred, and silver. In Britain, the Leghorn Club recognises eighteen colours: golden duckwing, silver duckwing, partridge, brown, buff, exchequer, Columbian, pyle, white, black, blue, mottled, cuckoo, blue-red, lavender, red, crele, and buff Columbian. Most Leghorns have single combs; a rose comb is permitted in some countries, but not in Italy. The legs are bright yellow, and the ear-lobes white.

The Italian standard gives a weight range of  for cocks,  for hens. According to the British standard, fully grown Leghorn cocks weigh , hens ; cockerels weigh  and pullets ; for bantams the maximum weight is  for cocks and  for hens. Ring size is  for cocks,  for hens.

Use

Leghorns are good layers of white eggs, laying an average of 280 per year and sometimes reaching 300–320, with a weight of at least . White Leghorns have been much used to create highly productive egg-laying hybrids for commercial and industrial operations.

Notes

References

Chicken breeds
Chicken breeds originating in Italy
Animal breeds on the RBST Watchlist

Leghorn chicken


دابليو دابليو إي سماكداون فرسس راو 2009 ، هي لعبة فيديو دابليو دابليو إي للمصارعة من إنتاج شركة لYuke ونشرتها شركة تي إيتش كيو THQ لأنظمة البلاي ستيشن 3، بلاي ستيشن 2، بلاي ستيشن بورتبل، نينتندو دي إس، وي، وإكس بوكس 360 الألعاب الفيديو. إنها العاشرة لعبة فيديو في ووي سماكدوون الخام مقابل سلسلة، وهو تتمة لسابقتها، ووي سماكدوون الخام مقابل 2008 وخلفه ووي سماكدوون الخام مقابل عام 2010.  توس TOSE من إصدار نينتندو حيث تم إصدار اللعبة يوم 9 نوفمبر، 2008 في أمريكا الشمالية

ولقد قامت اللعبة أساسا على دعايا المصارعة الحرة (WWE),، المصارعة العالمية للترفيه، وسميت على اسم اثنين من مروجى العلامات التجارية الثلاث ،روو وسماكدوون. حيث تقوم اللعبة بعرض السمات الرئيسية القليلة الجديدة بما في ذلك مباراة الجحيم، ومباراة التاج تيم، وأحدث أنظمة اللعبة الأربعة : اتاحة الفرصة لبطل واحد في النهاية، والطريق إلى ريستليمانيا ،مباريات تحديد المستوى والمباريات متعددة اللاعبين.

طريقة اللعب

مباراة اللعبة
ويعتبر من أهم السمات البارزة لتلك اللعبة هي وجود مباراة التاج تييم. وتشمل إضافات اللعبة الطرق الجديدة لوضع نقاط على شريك لاعب فريق التاج تيم مثل الفريق الرئيسى، والذي يمكن أن تساعد في إنقاذ لاعب مباراة التاج تيم إذا كان في ورطة، كما تساعد الفريق المنهزم بطريقة غير شرعية، وذلك عندما يربط اللاعب أو اللاعبة نفسه أو نفسها بحلبة المصارعة0 كما يكون لدى لاعب فريق التاج تيم القانوني أكثر من فرصة للعب في هذه المباراة، كما تساعد اللاعب، وذلك بعقد الخصم على الحبال كما في (الصورة)، وبإنزال الحبال لمنافسه الذي يتباهى أمامهم، وارساله إلى خارج الحلبة. وبذلك يصبح لكل فريق الآن فرصته الخاصة به ومشاركاته وإمكانية التصفيات بين الفرق المزدوجة

وتعد تلك اللعبة أول لعبة مصارعة فيديو تشمل مباراة الجحيم، حيث يضع اللاعب خصمه على النار. وخلافا للمباراة العادية التي تحاط بالنيران القادمة من أنابيب الغاز، تخرج النيران في تلك المباراة من حبال الحلقة نفسها. ولكى يتمكن اللاعب من ا لفوز، يجب أن يقوم بزيادة الحركات العنيفة وذلك لكى تزداد درجة حرارة الحلبة. وبمجرد أن تصل درجة الحرارة إلى 500 درجة فهرنهايت (أو في نسخة الاتحاد الأوروبي 300 درجة مئوية)، يمكن للاعب الشروع في وضع الخصم على النار. ولوضع الخصم على النار (كما ذكرنا آنفا) تستطيع رفع درجة الحرارة إلى ذروتها. كما تستطيع سحب الشخص إلى الحبال شريطة أن يكون الخصم في حالة مذرية من الاصابات الخطيرة. لكن لم يتوافر هذا النوع من المبارايات في لعبة دابليو أي أي Wii.

وظهرت العديد من المباريات التي لم تكن موجودة في اللعبة من قبل إلى السلسلة. كما ظهر شجار ما وراء الكواليس، حيث يمكن للاعبين المصارعة إما في غرفة خلع الملابس أو وراء الكواليس «وضع الغوريلا» مع اتاحة مجموعة متنوعة من الأسلحة تحت تصرفهم، ليستبدل بشجار وقوف السيارات الذي كان موجودا في إصدار اللعبة السابق. بالإضافة إلى مباراة القفاز التي ظهرت حديثا في مباراة اختيار لعبة سماكدوون ضد روو 2009

وتضم كلا من إصدارات لعبة دابليو أي أي ودى اس الآن أنواعا جديدة من المبارايات، مثل قفص الفولاذ ومباراة السلم، في إصداردى اس بالإضافة إلى مبارايات الجداول وتى ال سى TLC matches

وقد تم ازالة أساليب القتال، التي ميزت الإصدار السابق. ومع ذلك، بقيت قدرات القتال المستخدمة لتمكن كل مصارع من أداء ستة من عشرين حركة مختلفة والتي من شأنها مساعدته في أوضاع مختلفة. والآن أصبح هناك العديد من حركات التسجيل التي تجلب المزيد من النقاط، أي حركات أقل في الأهمية من تلك التي تؤدى إلى تثبيت الأكتاف.
وأثناء زخم المباراة ,يمكن للاعب أن يحفظ حركة التسجيل بدلا من تنفيذ تثبيت الأكتاف التي يمكن أداؤها لاحقا.

وتم تطبيق نظام مشابه تنفيذ المهام تلقائيا في اللعبة، والتي تمكن اللاعب من مواجهة مصارع معين مع إمكانية التحكم في تلك المباراة من قبل اللاعب.

وقد تولت شركة شرق اليابان مهمة تطوير إصدار نينتندو دي إس من قبل أماز انتيرتاينمينت Amaze Entertainment. وعلى عكس الإصدار السابق، الذي ركز حصرا على أوضاع المصارعة باليد ،إلا أن نسخة هذا العام تحتوى على حركة استعمال الكتف الأيسر لتثبيت الأكتاف. حيث تشبه إصدار لعبة دي إس الآن تلك التي تدار من لوحات المفاتيح مع السيطرة الكاملة للحركة الدائرية للمصارع على بعد متر وذلك لزيادة قدرته على التحمل من أجل الانتهاء من هذه الخطوة. كما يظل اللاعب متحكما في التصارع والاعتداءات والعروض.

أنظمة اللعبة
 وبالنسبة لإصدارات بلايستيشن 2, بلايستيشن بى، إكس بوكس 360، دابليو أي أي، وبلايستيشن 3، تم استبدال وضع الطريق إلى ريستل أمانيا بدلا من الإصدار السابق، نظام 24 / 7. وفي هذا الوضع الجديد، يمكن الاختيار من بين خمسة لاعبين مشهورين للعب بصفة مستمرة : نظام تريبيل اتش، سى إم بانك، والحانوتى، وجون سينا، أو كريس جيريكو. حيث يمثل النظام مقاطع مطابقة للمصارع في وضع حقيقى معين ومصممة خصيصا لتناسب شخصية المصارع المختار.
 كجزء من العبة يتم التركيز على فريق التاج تيم، حيث يتضمن مصارع مساعد في ذلك في النظام الجديد، والتي تمكن اللاعبون من أداء دور ريه ميستيريو، دايف باتيستا بالتناوب. ولأول مرة. يشمل إصدار دابليو أي أي نظام الطريق إلى ريستليمانيا Road to WrestleMania, ليحل محل ما يعادلها وضع الحدث الرئيسي Main Event في الإصدار السابق
 ويعتبر نظام المستقبل Career mode متضمنا في اللعبة من بين الأنظمة الجديدة، ليحل محل المدير العام (جنرال مانادجر) في الإصدار السابق. وبخلاف نظام الطريق إلى ريستليمانيا، يمكن لجميع النجوم والمغنيات المشاركة في المباراة مع المصارعين والتي يتحكم فيها اللاعب عند اختياره لنظام عمل سوبر ستار. والهدف الرئيسي لهذا الوضع أن يتمكن اللاعب من مواصلة طريقه لتحسين تصنيفه العالمي من أجل لقب خاص يحلم به، وفي أنواع المباراة التي يمكن اختيارها بعد كل مباراة، يمنح اللاعب نقاط تبعا لنظام المصارعة المستخدم.
 وبوصفه من إنتاج شركة شرق اليابان تووس التي طورت اللعبة ,يستخدم إصدار لعبة نينتندو عنصرا ار بي جي في الموسم النهائى. يتمكن اللاعبون من التجول في الساحة، وتحسين شخصياتهم من خلال غرفة التدريب أو مركز تسوق دابليو دابليو أي، والتفاعل مع النجوم لبدء الاقتتال. كما يمكن تكليف المصارع بمهام معينة تؤهله لكي يصبح بطلا. كما يمكن استخدام نماذج المصارعين في هذا الوضع الوظيفي.

إنشاء أنظمة

تعتبر الصفات الجديدة في إنشاء الأنظمة : اللمسة النهائية.، حيث يتمكن اللاعب من اختيار سلسلة من 10 إلى أكثر من 500 من الرسوم المتحركة لاتخاذ خطوات لتثبيت الأكتاف بطريقة فريدة جنبا إلى جنب مع خيار تسريع أو إبطاء الرسوم المتحركة. وتقتصر حركات تثبيت الأكتاف على التحركات بدءا من مواجهة كلا المصارعين وجها لوجه، هذا وسوف تطور شركة تي إتش كيو المباريات المقبلة عن طريق تطوير مزيد من أوضاع البدء. حيث لا تتوافر تلك الميزة في إصدار دابليو أي أي من اللعبة.

ومن بين الإضافات الأخرى إمكانية تسليط الضوء على المصارع، حيث يمكن للاعبين تسجيل آخر 30 ثانية من المباراة الجارية، وتحرير تلك المقاطع معا بعد ذلك مع زوايا الكاميرا وإضافة تأثيرات بصرية وصوتية. حيث يمكن للاعبين حفظ ما يصل إلى 20 صورة، ويمكن تحميلها لتصبح في متناول مستخدمى الإنترنت ويتوافر هذا النظام في إصدارات البلاي ستيشن 3 وإكس بوكس 360. وتم استبدال نظام الحزام بنظامى تسليط الضوء على المصارع واللمسة النهائية، التي الغيت بسبب افتقارها إلى الدعم من المشجعين.

وخلق واحد في سوبر ستار هو الوضع في لوحات المفاتيح الرئيسية، ولكن الآن ملامح الفيزياء المستندة إلى الملابس التي من شأنها التأثير في جميع أنحاء اقعية مثل ملابس فضفاضة وقلادات. ] وتصل حوالي 70 ٪ من أجزاء اللاعبين ثلاثية الأبعاد مع حوالي 25 إلى 30 في المائة اضافات جديدة ولأول مرة، يظهر باصدار نينتندو نسخة محدودة لعمل نظام سوبر ستار

كما يوجد لوحة عرض لتغيير شكل المصارع، من الوجه إلى أخمص القدمين وتغيير ألقاب المصارع خلال الاستعراض السابق للمباريات. كما احتوت اللعبة على إنشاء أوضاع مستقرة، تحت اسم إدارة الفريق.

وقد احتوت اللعبة أيضا على إمكانية إنشاء مدخل للمصارع والتي امتدت الآن لتشمل فريق التاج تيم. كما سيتضمن إصدار دابليو أي أي إنشاء مدخل مثل باقى الإصدارات الأخرى ما عدا إنشاء عدد محدودلفرق التاج تيم. وبدلا من ذلك، باستخدام التحكم بلعبة دابليو أي أي، سيتم إنشاء مداخل تفاعلية واحتفالات بالفوز، مثل عرض مشاهد الهزيمة أثناء دخول الفائز..كما ستمنح الأوضاع الناجحة للاعب عند دخوله مزيدا من الزخم والنقاط في بداية المباراة.

ميزات الإنترنت
يشمل إصدار دابليو أي أي الآن اللعب على الإنترنت وكذلك الترتيب. وقد دعمت إصدارات البلاي ستيشن 3 وإكس بوكس 360 إمكانية الدردشة الصوتية. ونلاحظ أيضا عند استخدام االوشم على شخصية المصارع، لن تكون محظورة على الإنترنت. ومع ذلك ،لا يتيح إصدار البلاي ستيشن 2 اللعب على الإنترنت.

وبعد ورود شكاوى حول القوائم التي عفا عليها الزمن في المباريات السابقة، أشارت شركة تي إتش كيو أن اللعبة ستوفر تنزيل المحتوى للحفاظ على تحديث اللعبة مع المزيد من المصارعين الجدد والمزيد من الأزياء.

التطوير
ويميز تعليق اللعبة من وحدة التحكم الرئيسية ثلاثة فرق كما هو الحال في الإصدارات السابقة لكنه يوضح زوايا اللعب أكثر في هذا الإصدار. وفقا لتي إتش كيو، مرات التحميل للعبة قد خفضت بنسبة 50 ٪، مما يؤثر على مجالات مثل مداخل مصارع.

الموسيقي التصويرية
مثل المباريات السابقة في هذه السلسلة ،يتألف الصوت يتكون من مزيج من أغاني المدخل التي يستخدمها المصارعين (وكثير منها يتألف من مؤلف موسيقى الدابليو دابليو أي جيم جونستون) والأغنيات الأخرى المتاحة.

أيضا، يمكن تشغيل بعض موسيقى أغانى دخول بعض المصارعين في قائمة اللعبة. ويمكنك أيضا إعطاء أي مصارع موسيقى معينة من أي ملف صوتى محفوظ على القرص الصلب لديك.

كما شارك فريق بى أو دى بأغنيتين" Addicted و Booyaka619 من أساسيات اللعبة.

التسويق والإصدار
تم اعلان إنتاج اللعبة رسميا يوم 27 مارس، 2008 من قبل شركتى أي جى ان IGN وتي إتش كيو THQ حيث اصدرت شركة أي جى ان أول اعلان ولقطات لعبة SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 المقطورة المميز وبويز (مات وجيف) في المباراة ضد فريق العلامة والسيد راندي اورتون كينيدي في دفع سومميرسلام لكل رأي والشعار الجديد للفريق ملامح المباراة تم توضيح  كما صدرت الاعلانات التجارية للعبة في تشرين الأول / أكتوبر بطولة تريبل اتش مع جون سينا وباتيستا، بيج شو، هورنسوجل، ليليان جارسيا وكيلي كيلي

وصدر عرض محاولة العبة في أكتوبر تشرين الأول للبلاي ستيشن 3 وحدة التحكم، متاح فيها اللعب الفردي وفريق التاج تيم مع جيف هاردي، مات هاردي، شون مايكلز وتريبل اتش كشخصيات في اللعبة.

كما هو الحال مع اللعبة السابقة، صدرت أحد الاصدرات الخاصة من اللعبة للبلاي ستيشن 3، والذي يتضمن اللعبة، والقفص المعدنى، وتقنية بلو راي الت تعرض مباريات من روو وسماكدوون بالإضافة إلى عروض ما وراء الكواليس ضمن وثائق اللعبة. كان هذا الإصدار الحصري لمنطقة أمريكا الشمالية.

ولقد صدرت نسخة مشابهة في المناطق الأوروبية، والتي تحتوي على حلقة خاصة من البلاستيك، والذي تحتوي على نفس الأبعاد بوصفها قضية بلو راي. كما أن لديها نفس هذه التطبيقات من تقنية بلو راي حيث تضمن إصدار أمريكا الشمالية نفس الحزمة.

وفي أيلول / سبتمبر 2008 ،نشرت مجلة المصارعة البريطانية روح القتال Fighting Spirit ومجلس العمل المتحد مذكرة خاصة بعث بها أعضاء اتحاد المصارعة العالمي للمسؤلين عن تغطية إصدار اللعبة. جاء في المذكرة تعليمات بعدم نشر لقطات لأية مصارع ينزف أومستخدما أي نوع من الأسلحة. وعلى وجه التحديد، أعلنت المذكرة عمد نشر أية مشاهد لتريبل اتش «في موقف العزل أو المعرضة للخطر.» وفي دعاية مغالى فيها بعنوان «السياسة الرقمية»، تحدت المجلة طلب الاتحاد، ونشرت صورة لكين وهو يهين تريبل اتش. مجلة قوة سلام في وقت لاحق أيد المذكرة.

وفي 4 أغسطس، 2009 ،أعادت شركة تي إتش كيو نشر لعبة SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 كجزء من أكبر مقتطفات للبلايستاشن.

الاستقبال

اللعبة تلقى عموما مختلطة لاستعراض إيجابية من النقاد الألعاب. تلقت اللعبة نقدا إيجابيا من نقاد الألعاب. وأشاد النقاد عموما بالطريق إلى ريستليمانيا. لكن انتقدت شركة IGN اللعبة بشكل كبير، واصفة اياها «بالتفاهة الواضحة» عن الألعاب السابقة وواصفة أنظمة تسليط الضوء على المصارع واللمسة النهائية بالقصور.

ولقد أعطت جيم سبوت GameSpot الإصدارات 7.5 من 10، مع الإشادة برسومات اللعبة والعدد الكبير من الحركات بها، وأنواع المباريات، ونماذج اللاعب الفردى، وايه ال المعدلة.هذا وقد وجه الانتقاد لبعض جوانب العرض، لا سيما حركات التنقل الخاصة بالرسوم المتحركة، والمسائل المتعلقة بطريقة عرض اللعبة وضعف المؤثرات الصوتية

في حين كان قبول إصدار نينتندو دى اس متفاوتا بين النقاد، حيث انتقدها كلا من أي جى ان IGN وجايمس ماستر GamesMaster بشأن نظام التحكم عن طريق اللمس، مقترحين بأن السيطرة من خلال زر القائمة قد يكون أكثر مثالية.

حصلت اللعبة على 4 - من 5 من قبل G4tv's X-Play

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمى

ألعاب المصارعة الحرة دبليو دبليو إي
ألعاب المصارعة المحترفة
ألعاب الهاتف المحمول
ألعاب إكس بوكس 360
ألعاب بلاي ستيشن 2
ألعاب بلاي ستيشن 3
ألعاب بلاي ستيشن بورتبل
ألعاب تي إتش كيو
ألعاب جماعية عبر الإنترنت
ألعاب شركة توسي
ألعاب شركة يوكز
ألعاب فيديو 2008
ألعاب فيديو حول دبليو دبليو إي
ألعاب فيديو حول دبليو دبليو إي سماك داون
ألعاب فيديو فردية وجماعية
ألعاب فيديو مثيرة للجدل
ألعاب فيديو مطورة في اليابان
ألعاب نينتندو تدعم اتصال واي فاي
ألعاب نينتندو دي أس
ألعاب وي
ألعاب وي واي-فاي
إي سي دبليو (علامة تجارية لدبليو دبليو إي)

دبليو دبليو إي سماكداون ضد رو 2009