"Germand Gladensvend" (DgF 33 A-F) er en folkevise, der første gang er indskrevet i Hjertebogen, en adelig poesibog anlagt ca. 1553-1555. Den første trykte version findes i Anders Sørensen Vedel Hundredvisebog fra 1591.

Visen indgår i lyrikantologien i Kulturkanonen fra 2006.

Plot
Visen er en grum historie om et kongepar, der på en sejlads oplever at være holdt fast, og en trold ("Gam") lover at få dem videre, hvis de vil give ham det, dronningen har under bæltet. Hun smider sin nøgle overbord, og de kommer videre. Tilbage på land opdager hun, at hun er gravid, og fem måneder senere føder hun en søn, som hun bedrøvet ser vokse op, idet hun indser, at det var ham, trolden ville have. Da trolden kommer på besøg, prøver hun at bilde ham ind, at hun ikke har nogen børn.

Sønnen, Germand Gladensvend, vil som 15-årig rejse til Engelland (England), idet han er forlovet med en prinsesse der. Han låner sin mors fjederham og flyver dertil, men undervejs møder han trolden. Germand insisterer på at flyve videre, hvilket trolden indvilger i, mod at han får Germands ene øje og drikker halvdelen af hans hjertes blod. Da han derpå kommer til Engelland, bliver alle de unge piger skræmte af hans bleghed, og kun jomfru Sølverlad tager sig af ham. Hun forbander Germands mor, men Germand siger, at hans ulykke skyldes skæbnen.

Germand flyver nu hjemad igen, og Sølverlad følger efter ham. Undervejs klipper hun alle fugle i stykker for at forsøge at ramme trolden, der flere steder har optrådt i form af en ravn, men hun får hverken ram på trolden eller fundet Germand, og visen slutter med, at hun finder hans hånd.

Opbygning
Visen består af 32 strofer på hver fire vers med rim i anden og fjerde vers (i de fleste strofer) samt et omkvæd: "Saa fløj han over den Rin" ("Rin" betyder her "hav").

I den længste udgave var der 50 strofer. Ud over at jomfruen her hedder Adelutz, er den største forskel, at historien fortælles lidt grundigere, og at jomfruen efter at have fundet Germands hånd jager videre efter trolden og finder ham, hvorpå hun klipper ham i småstykker. Da hun alligevel ikke kan finde Germand, dør hun til sidst af sorg.

Se også
 Danmarks gamle Folkeviser

Referencer

Folkeviser
Sange fra Danmark
Kulturkanonen

Germand Gladensvend


Mads Krogsgaard Thomsen (født 27. december 1960) er en dansk virksomhedsleder. I marts 2021 tiltrådte han som administrerende direktør hos Novo Nordisk Fonden.

Han har tidligere været bl.a. koncerndirektør i 20 år for forskning og udvikling i medicinalkoncernen Novo Nordisk. Fra 2017 var han formand for bestyrelsen på Københavns Universitet frem til 2019.

Mads Krogsgaard Thomsen blev ansat i Novo Nordisk i 1991 hvor han blev forskningsdirektør i 1995 og koncerndirektør med ansvar for Forskning og Udvikling (R&D) i 2000.

Fra 1994 til 2021 har Mads Krogsgaard Thomsen bl.a. stået i spidsen for Novo Nordisks forskning og udvikling af 20 medicinalprodukter, især indenfor diabetesmedicin hvor han har spillet en rolle i udvikling af GLP-1 og pilleteknologi til biologisk diabetesbehandling på tabletform fremfor injektion.

Mads Krogsgaard Thomsen forlod stillingen som koncerndirektør i Novo Nordisk den 28 februar 2021 til fordel for posten som administrerende direktør i Novo Nordisk Fonden efter Birgitte Nauntofte. Mads Krogsgaard Thomsen tiltrådte stillingen som direktør i Novo Nordisk Fonden d. 1. marts 2021.

Mads Krogsgaard Thomsen modtog dekorationen Ridder af Dannebrogordenenden af det danske Kongehus, den 12. december 2022.

Uddannelse
Thomsen gik på Boarding school i Epsom i Surrey, Storbritannien fra 1967-1971. Han blev student fra Rungsted Statsskole i 1979. Herefter læste han til cand.med.vet. på Den Kongelige Veterinær- og Landbohøjskole ved Københavns Universitet, hvor han blev færdig i 1986. Ifølge Krogsgaard Thomsen selv, havde han ambition om at blive dyrlæge ligesom i den britiske tv-serie Folk og Fæ. Men han ændrede sine planer og ville derefter være forsker. Han fik først en ph.d. fra samme Københavns Universitet, for derefter at få en grad som dr.med.vet i 1991.

Erhvervskarriere
 1982-1985 Instruktør og ass. lektor, Københavns Universitet
 1986-1987 Klinisk Institut Ph.D stipendium, Københavns Universitet
 1987-1988 Afdelingen for Farmakologi Ph.D stipendium, Københavns Universitet
 1988 - 1991 Farmakolog på LEO Pharma
 1991 - 2000 Lederstillinger hos Novo Nordisk, fra 1994 som forskningsdirektør
1991 – 1993 Head of Growth Hormone Pharmacology, Biopharmaceuticals Division, Novo Nordisk
1993 – 1994 Director of Pharmacology, Diabetes Care Division, Novo Nordisk
1994 – 1995 Senior Vice President of Diabetes Research & Development, Diabetes Care Division, Novo Nordisk
1995 – 1998 Corporate Vice President of Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk
1998 – 2000 Corporate Vice President of Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, Novo Nordisk
 2000 – 2021 Koncerndirektør for forskning og udvikling, Novo Nordisk
 2000 – Adjungeret professor i farmakologi, Københavns Universitet
 2021 - Direktør, Novo Nordisk Fonden

Bestyrelser m.v.
 2000 – 2008 Medlem af bestyrelsen for Danmarks Tekniske Universitet.
 2000 – 2003 Medlem af Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber (2002 – 2004 præsident)
 2006 – 2012 Medlem af bestyrelsen for Cellartis AB
 2012 – 2019 Medlem af bestyrelsen for Københavns Universitet (fra 2017 - 2020 formand)
 2014 - 2016 Formand for Bestyrelsen, Steno Diabetes Center
 2018 - 2019 Bestyrelsesmedlem, Symphogen
 2020 - Medlem af bestyrelsen for BB Biotech

Privatliv
Privat er Mads Krogsgaard Thomsen gift og har tre børn. Han er bosat i Danmark.

Referencer

Erhvervsfolk fra Danmark
Medlemmer af bestyrelsen for Københavns Universitet
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog
Novo Nordisk
Medlemmer af Akademiet for de Tekniske Videnskaber
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet

Mads Krogsgaard Thomsen


Queensferry (maintenant appelé South Queensferry) dans le Linlithgowshire était un Burgh royal qui a élu un Commissaire au Parlement d'Écosse et à la Convention des États.

Après les Actes d'Union de 1707, Queensferry, Culross, Dunfermline, Inverkeithing et Stirling ont formé le district de Stirling, envoyant un membre à la Chambre des communes de Grande-Bretagne.

Liste des commissaires de burgh

 1661-63, 1665 convention, 1667 convention, 1669–74, 1678 convention: Archibald Wilson, bailli
 1685-86: John Rule, bailli
 1689 (convention), 1689–1701, 1702–04: Sir William Hamilton de Whytelaw, sénateur (mort vers 1704)
 1705-07: Sir James Stewart de Goodtrees

Références

Article connexe
 Liste des circonscriptions au Parlement d'Écosse au moment de l'Union

Circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse (jusqu'en 1707)
Politique dans le West Lothian

Queensferry (circonscription du Parlement d'Écosse)


Fofi Gennimata (în , pronunție în greacă: [ˌfofi ʝenimaˈta]; ) a fost o politiciană greacă, care a îndeplinit, din 2015 și până la moartea ei, funcția de președinte al PASOK.

Gennimata a îndeplinit diverse funcții în diferite guverne, fiind Ministru Adjunct al Sănătății și Bunăstării și Ministru Adjunct al Educației, Învățării pe tot Parcursul Vieții și Afacerilor Religioase în Cabinetul lui George Papandreou.

Tinerețe și educație
Gennimata s-a născut în Atena, fiind fiica politicianului membru al PASOK Georgios Gennimatas. A absolvit Departamentul de Științe Politice și Administrație Publică la Universitatea din Atena în 1987. Când a fost la universitatea, a fost membră a Uniunii Socialiste a Studenților.

Carieră politică
Din 2001 până în 2004, a fost membră a Comitetului Central al PASOK și din 2003 până în 2009 a fost membră a Biroului Executiv și al Consiliului Politic al PASOK. A fost aleasă de două ori președintă a Super-Prefecturii din Atena și a Prefecturii Piraeus, în 2002 și 2006.

Gennimata nu a putut candida din partea PASOK la alegerile parlamentare din 2007 deoarece Curtea Supremă, pe baza Articolului 57 din Constituția Greciei, interzice oficialilor locali șă candideze până la încheierea mandatului.

Din octombrie 2009 până în septembrie 2010, Gennimata a fost Ministru Adjunct al Sănătății și Bunăstării, în Cabinetul lui George Papandreou și din septembrie 2010 până în noiembrie 2011, a fost Ministru Adjunct al Educației, Învățării pe tot Parcursul Vieții și Afacerilor Religioase, în același cabinet.

În 2012, Gennimata a fost numită purtător de cuvânt al PASOK.

Gennimata a fost aleasă ca președintă a PASOK la a zecea conferință, după ce Evangelos Venizelos a demisionat cu un an înaintea terminării mandatului său. A câștigat alegerile cu un procent de 51%, învingându-i pe Odysseas Konstantinopoulos și Andreas Loverdos.

Note

Nașteri în 1964
Nașteri pe 17 noiembrie
Decese în 2021
Decese pe 25 octombrie
Politiciene din secolul al XXI-lea
Politicieni greci

Fofi Gennimata


Grigore Novac (n. 6 februarie 1983, Sălcuța, Căușeni) este un jurist și om politic din Republica Moldova, care din decembrie 2014 este deputat în Parlamentul Republicii Moldova în cadrul fracțiunii Partidului Socialiștilor din Republica Moldova (PSRM).

La alegerile parlamentare din 30 noiembrie 2014 din Republica Moldova a candidat la funcția de deputat de pe locul 23 în lista candidaților PSRM.

În anii 2011-2013 a fost jurist la Fundația de Binefacere "Soluția", iar între 2013 – 2014 jurist al PSRM.

Referințe

Legături externe
Profil pe site-ul Parlamentului Republicii Moldova

Nașteri în 1983
Nașteri pe 6 februarie
Deputați moldoveni
Juriști moldoveni
Membri ai Partidului Socialiștilor din Republica Moldova
Moldoveni în viață
Oameni din raionul Căușeni
Politicieni moldoveni

Grigore Novac


Jacques Fath (* 6. September 1912 in Maisons-Laffitte, Frankreich; † 13. November 1954 in Paris) war ein französischer Couturier und Gründer des gleichnamigen Unternehmens. Neben Christian Dior und Pierre Balmain gehörte er zu den einflussreichsten Talenten der Nachkriegszeit. Seine Modelle zeichneten sich durch eine sehr figurbetonte und die Hüfte betonende Schnittführung aus.

Leben und Wirken
Fath wurde 1912 in Maisons-Laffitte in eine flämisch-elsässische Familie hineingeboren. Sein Vater André war Versicherungsvertreter, sein Großvater René-Maurice ein Landschaftsmaler und sein Urgroßvater Theodore-Georges Fath Schriftsteller. Zunächst arbeitete Jacques Fath als Buchhalter, um dem Wunsch seines Vaters nachzukommen, ebenfalls in die Versicherungsbranche einzusteigen. Doch wie bereits seine Urgroßmutter vor ihm, die als Schneiderin tätig war, zog es Fath zur Mode hin. Im Unterschied zu den meisten Designern genoss Fath weder eine Schneider- noch eine sonstige künstlerische Ausbildung. Für die Modebranche unüblich, war er zudem nie als Assistent eines etablierten Couturiers tätig. Sein Handwerk erlernte er autodidaktisch, indem er regelmäßig Museumsausstellungen besuchte und zeitgenössische Bücher und Zeitschriften über Mode studierte.

Im Jahr 1937 eröffnete er eine kleine Modeboutique an der Rue de la Boetie in Paris, die er trotz Kriegseinsatz und Besatzungszeit während des Zweiten Weltkriegs noch erweitern konnte. 1940 hatte er bereits seinen Salon in ein größeres Quartier an die Rue Francois Premier verlagert, ehe er 1944 an die 39 Avenue Pierre 1er de Serbie ein weiteres Mal umzog. Unterstützt wurde er dabei von seiner Ehefrau, dem Chanel-Mannequin Geneviève Boucher de la Bruyère, die er 1939 geheiratet hatte und die ihm Zugang zu den feinen Kreisen von Paris verschaffte. Das Paar hatte einen Sohn namens Philippe.

Zu Faths Assistenten zählten Mitte der 1940er Jahre unter anderem Hubert de Givenchy, Guy Laroche und Valentino Garavani, die später ihre eigenen, sehr erfolgreichen Modehäuser gründeten. 1947 wandte sich Fath auch dem Film zu und entwarf beispielsweise die Kostüme für Moira Shearer in dem berühmten Ballettfilm Die roten Schuhe (1948). Ab 1948 konzentrierte er sich verstärkt auf den US-amerikanischen Markt. Er tat sich mit dem Konfektionär Joseph Halpert zusammen, um zweimal im Jahr eine Kollektion in New York zu präsentieren. Noch im selben Jahr eröffnete er einen weiteren Salon in Paris, um als einer der ersten Designer neben Haute Couture auch preisgünstigere Kreationen einem breiten Markt anzubieten. 1950 stellte er sein Parfüm "Canasta" vor, auf das drei Jahre später der Duft "Fath de Fath" folgte.

Neben der sehr feminine, taillierten und die Hüfte betonende Schnittführung wiesen seine Kreationen verspielte Details, wie diagonale Knopfleisten mit großen Knöpfen oder asymmetrische Kragenformen auf. Auch hatte er ein Patent auf einen Körbchen-BH, den er in seine Kleider einnähte. Speziell seine glamourösen Abendroben waren auf die wohlhabende Gesellschaft an der Französischen Riviera der 1950er Jahre ausgerichtet. Zu seinen berühmtesten Kunden zählten Greta Garbo, Ava Gardner und vor allem Rita Hayworth, für die er 1949 ein Brautkleid aus hellblauem Crêpe de Chine anlässlich ihrer Hochzeit mit Prinz Aly Khan kreierte – einem Ereignis, das weltweit für großes Medieninteresse sorgte und damit auch Faths Namen noch bekannter machte.

Jacques Fath starb 1954 im Alter von 42 Jahren an Leukämie in Paris.

Unternehmen Jacques Fath
Das Unternehmen befand sich zum Zeitpunkt seines Todes 1954 auf seinem kreativen und wirtschaftlichen Höhepunkt. Etwa 600 Mitarbeiter wurden beschäftigte. Die Haute-Couture (Maßschneiderei) wurde 1957 geschlossen. Seine Ehefrau Geneviève und sein Sohn Philippe führten das Haus mit Prêt-à-porter und Parfüm weiter. Das Kosmetikunternehmen L'Oréal erwarb 1964 die Fath-Parfümlizenz und 1986 das Mode-Unternehmen.

Im Jahr 1991 wurde das Unternehmen Jacques Fath von der französischen Banque Saga Group um die Crédit Lyonnais gekauft, die den holländischen Designer Tom van Lingen (* 1962) verpflichten konnte. 1995 übernahm die staatliche Auffanggesellschaft Consortium de Réalisation (CDR) die Marke Fath. 1997 kaufte die französische Stylistin Emmanuelle Khanh mit ihrem Unternehmen das Haus Fath und stellte den Designer Octavio Pizarro als Nachfolger der Modedesignerin Elena Nazaroff an, die 1997 nur eine Saison geblieben war.

Die neu gegründete France Luxury Group (FLG) um den Markenentwickler Mounir Moufarrige übernahm 2002 die Firma von Emmanuelle Kahnh und damit das Unternehmen Jacques Fath. Moufarrige setzte die britische Designerin Lizzy Disney als Chefdesignerin bei Fath ein, deren Entwürfe bei der Presse durchfielen. 2003 übernahm der französische Investor Alain Dumenil mit seiner Alliance Designers Group die Unternehmen der FLG. 2007 ernannte Dumenil seine Tochter Laurence Dumenil zur Chefdesignerin der Accessoires-Sparte von Jacques Fath. 2010 präsentierte Dumenil einen Re-Launch der Marke Jacques Fath als Accessoires-Marke mit einem Fokus auf von seiner Tochter entworfenen Handtaschen. Noch im selben Jahr wurde die Alliance Designer Group aufgelöst. Seither wurde keine Kollektion mehr präsentiert.

Im Jahr 2008 erwarb der französische Kosmetikhersteller Panouge die Parfümlizenz des Hauses Jacques Fath und vertreibt seither Düfte unter dem Namen.

Filmografie
 1947: Unter falschem Verdacht (Quai des Orfèvres)
 1948: Die roten Schuhe (The Red Shoes)
 1949: Zwischen 11 und Mitternacht (Entre onze heures et minuit)
 1949: Le Mystère Barton
 1949: Portrait d'un assassin
 1950: Die Karriere der Doris Hart (La Belle que voilà)
 1952: Geständnis einer Nacht (La Minute de vérité)
 1953: La Vierge du Rhin
 1954: Ein Königreich für eine Frau (Abdulla the Great)

Literatur
 Fath, Jacques. In: Ingrid Loschek: Modedesigner: Ein Lexikon von Armani bis Yamamoto. Verlag C. H. Beck, 3. Auflage, 2007, S. 70–72, ISBN 978-3-406-564925.

Weblinks

 Jacques Fath Parfums auf jacques-fath-parfums.com
 Jacques Fath auf fashionmodeldirectory.com

Einzelnachweise

Modedesigner (20. Jahrhundert)
Franzose
Geboren 1912
Gestorben 1954
Mann

Jacques Fath


نادي إنتينت سانوا سانت غراتين  نادي كرة قدم فرنسي يلعب في دوري الدرجة الرابعة. تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1989.

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1989
أندية كرة قدم في إيل دو فرانس
أندية كرة قدم في باريس
تأسيسات سنة 1989 في فرنسا
الرياضة في فال دواز

نادي إنتينت


Journal of Physics besteht aus einer Reihe von begutachteten wissenschaftlichen Fachzeitschriften. Sie werden vom Institute of Physics (IOP) veröffentlicht.

Journal of Physics A
Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical behandelt seit 2007 theoretische Physik und fortgeschrittene mathematische Techniken. Es wurde unter verschiedenen Bezeichnungen veröffentlicht. 1968–1972: Journal of Physics A: General Physics; 1973–1974: Journal of Physics A: Mathematical, Nuclear and General; 1975–2006: Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General. Der Impact Factor für 2018 betrug 2,110 (2014: 1,583).
  (Druck)
  (web)

Journal of Physics B
Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics behandelt seit 1988 Atomphysik und Molekülphysik, Streuung, Ionisation, Quantenoptik, Quanteninformation und anderes. Es wurde unter verschiedenen Bezeichnungen veröffentlicht. 1968–1987: Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics.
2006 wurde die Zeitschrift mit dem Journal of Optics B (1999–2005) zusammengeführt. Der Impact Factor für 2014 betrug 1,975.
  (Druck)
  (web)

Journal of Physics C
Siehe Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter.

Journal of Physics D
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics wurde 1969 begründet und behandelt unter anderem Magnetismus, Photonik und Halbleiter, Plasma, Struktur und Eigenschaften der Materie. Der Impact Factor für 2014 betrug 2,721.
  (Druck)
  (web)

Journal of Physics E
1919 wurde das Journal of Scientific Instruments begründet, das von 1969 bis 1989 den Namen Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments trug. Es behandelte vor allem Theorie und Praxis von Messungen und Messinstrumenten. Seit 1990 wird es unter dem Namen Measurement Science and Technology veröffentlicht.

Journal of Physics F
Siehe Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter.

Journal of Physics G
Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics wurde 1975 unter dem Namen  begründet und behandelt theoretische und experimentelle Forschung zur Kernphysik, Teilchenphysik, und Astroteilchenphysik. 1975–1988 trug es den Namen Journal of Physics G: Nuclear Physics. Der Impact Factor für 2012 betrug 5,326 (Vorjahr: 4,178).
  (Druck)
  (web)

Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter wurde 1989 begründet und behandelt kondensierte Materie und anderes. Es wurde unter verschiedenen Bezeichnungen veröffentlicht. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics (1968–1988); Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics (1971–1988). Der Impact Factor für 2011 betrug 2,546.
  (Druck)
  (web)

Journal of Physics: Conference Series
Journal of Physics: Conference Series wurde 2004 begründet und behandelt die Neuigkeiten aus der Physik, wie sie in wissenschaftlichen Konferenzen übermittelt wurden. Es handelt sich um eine Open-Access-Zeitschrift.
  (Druck)
  (web)

Weblinks

Physikzeitschrift

Journal of Physics


El Deportivo Maldonado es un club de fútbol peruano de la ciudad de Puerto Maldonado, del departamento de Madre de Dios. Fue fundado en 1935 y actualmente juega en la Copa Perú.

Historia
Deportivo Maldonado es el club más popular de la ciudad de Puerto Maldonado disputando el clásico de la zona contra el Fray Martin , duelo que paraliza todo el departamento.

Copa Perú 1985
Llegó a la Finalísima de la Copa Perú 1985 junto con Ateneo de Huanta, Hungaritos Agustinos de Iquitos, Deportivo Sider Perú de Chimbote, Sport Bolívar de Ica y Tejidos La Unión de Lima. En esa finalísima quedó último con 1 punto.

Copa Perú 2016
Retornó a una Etapa Nacional en la Copa Perú 2016 tras ser subcampeón departamental. Luego de finalizada la primera fase Deportivo Maldonado sólo obtuvo un empate en seis partidos y quedó eliminado.

Copa Perú 2017
Fue campeón distrital tras vencer 2-1 en la final a Minsa. En este torneo hicieron jugar a un chico de 12 años que fue clave para ganar el título. También fue campeón departamental regresando de esa manera a la etapa nacional de la copa Perú donde quedó en posición 42.

Copa Perú 2018
Regresó a la etapa Nacional al ser campeón departamental de nuevo, donde quedó en posición 43 al final.

Copa Perú 2019
En la etapa Nacional donde quedó en la posición 33 de la primera fase siendo eliminado por diferencia de goles.

Copa Perú 2022
En la Copa Perú 2022 clasificó a la Etapa Nacional tras superar en la semifinal departamental a Atlético Junior Huepetuhe y luego logró el título departamental venciendo a Atlético Municipal Iñapari. En la primera fase de la Etapa Nacional terminó en el puesto 8 de la tabla general y clasificó a dieciseisavos de final donde fue eliminado por Unión Santo Domingo de Chachapoyas luego de perder 4-1 como local y vencer 3-1 como visitante.

Uniforme
Uniforme titular: Camiseta roja con franjas verticales negras, pantalón negro con franjas rojas a los costados y medias negras con bordes gruesos superiores rojos.

Evolución del uniforme

Indumentaria y patrocinador

Estadio

El Deportivo Maldonado utiliza como sede el Estadio IPD de Puerto Maldonado de la ciudad homónima.

Datos del club
 Temporadas en Primera División:  0
 Temporadas en Segunda División:  0.
 Mayor goleada conseguida:
 En campeonatos nacionales de local:
 En campeonatos nacionales de visita:
 Mayor goleada recibida:
 En campeonatos nacionales: Deportivo Maldonado 0:14 Real Garcilaso (19 de octubre de 2011)

Palmarés

Torneos regionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Equipos de fútbol de la Copa Perú
Equipos de fútbol fundados en 1935
Equipos de fútbol de Madre de Dios

Club Deportivo Maldonado (Perú)


Cabbar, Karabük ilinin Safranbolu ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1907 yılı kayıtlarında "soyguncu oğlu" anlamına gelen Çaparoğlu olarak geçmektedir Köy, 1928'den beri günümüzdeki adını taşımaktadır. 1998 yılında Akkışla, Ovaköseler, Tintin, Danişment ve Hacıhasan köyleri ile birleştirilerek Ovacuma merkezli kurulan beldeye bağlı bir mahalleye dönüştü. Ovacuma'nın belediye statüsü, nüfusunun 2000 kişinin altına düşmesi üzerine 2013 yılında sona erdi. Bunun üzerine, Cabbar tekrar köye dönüştü.

Coğrafya
Köy; Karabük il merkezine 41 km, Safranbolu ilçe merkezine 33 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Safranbolu belde ve köyleri

Cabbar, Safranbolu


جاي سيمسون  المولود في 1 ديسمبر من العام 1988 في لندن في إنجلترا، لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي.
انتقل على سبيل الإعارة لفريق ويست بروميتش ألبيون .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تايلاند
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إنجليز مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إنجليز
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
إنجليز من أصل جامايكي
رياضيون إنجليز مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
رياضيون إنجليز مغتربون في تايلاند
رياضيون إنجليز مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو الدوري الأمريكي لكرة القدم
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري التايلاندي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الوطني (كرة القدم الإنجليزية)
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو فيلادلفيا يونيون
لاعبو كرة قدم إنجليز
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون إنجليز
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تايلاند
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كوينز بارك رينجرز
لاعبو منتخب إنجلترا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي آرسنال
لاعبو نادي بوريرام يونايتد
لاعبو نادي ليتون أورينت
لاعبو نادي ميلوول
لاعبو نادي ويلينج يونايتد
لاعبو نورويتش سيتي
لاعبو نيا سلاميس فاماغوستا
لاعبو هال سيتي
لاعبو ويست بروميتش ألبيون
مواليد 1988

جاي سيمسون


مرو (مدينة) هناك مدينتان تاريخيتان تعرفان بهذا الاسم:
 مرو الشاهجان :وهي مدينة تاريخية قديمة وأكبر من مرو الروذ وإليها ينقدح الذهن إذا قيل مرو تقع في تركمانستان الآن.
 مرو الروذ:مدينة تاريخية تقع تقريبًا في تركمانستان أيضًا لكن بقرب الحدود الأفغانية إلا أنه لا يمكن الجزم بمكانها على وجه التحديد.
 قرى
 مرو (درة صيدي)
 كراع المرو مرتفع يقع في دولة الكويت.
قرية مرو بالأردن
 معانٍ أخرى
مرو (معدن) معدن معروف أيضا بالكوَرتز.
 مرو: أو السرح  نبات من الفصيلة القبارية يسمى التَّوْفِيل

مرو (توضيح)


est un film d'horreur fantastique américano-australo-serbe écrit et réalisé par Goran Stolevski et sorti en 2022.

Il est présenté en avant-première au festival du film de Sundance 2022.

Synopsis

. Dans un village isolé dans les montagnes de la Macédoine, une jeune fille est kidnappée puis transformée en sorcière par un ancien esprit. Curieuse de la vie humaine, la jeune sorcière tue accidentellement un paysan dans le village voisin. Elle prend ensuite l'apparence de sa victime pour vivre dans sa peau. Sa curiosité la pousse à exercer cet horrible pouvoir afin de comprendre l'être humain.

Fiche technique

 Titre original :
 Réalisation et scénario : Goran Stolevski
 Musique : Mark Bradshaw
 Décors : Bethany Ryan
 Costumes : Sladjana Peric-Santrac
 Photographie : Matthew Chuang
 Montage : Luca Cappelli
 Production : Kristina Ceyton, Samantha Jennings,
Coproducteurs : Jonathan English et Natasa Ivic
 Producteurs délégués : Brandt Andersen, Bryce Menzies, Jonathan Page, Michelle Pearce, Noomi Rapace, Dale Roberts et Compton Ross
 Sociétés de production : Screen Australia, Film Victoria, Causeway Films, Balkanic Media, Head Gear Films et Metrol Technology
 Sociétés de distribution : Focus Features (États-Unis), Universal Pictures International (monde)
 Budget : n/a
 Pays de production : , ,
 Langue originale : serbe
 Format : couleur
 Genre : horreur, drame, fantastique

 Dates de sortie :
 États-Unis :  (festival de Sundance) ;  (sortie nationale)
 Classification :
 États-Unis : R

Distribution
 Sara Klimoska : Nevena
 Anamaria Marinca : Maria
 Alice Englert : Biliana
 Félix Maritaud : Yovan
 Carloto Cotta : Boris
 Noomi Rapace : Bosilka
 Arta Dobroshi : Stamena

Production

En décembre 2020, Noomi Rapace, Anamaria Marinca, Alice Englert, Carloto Cotta, Félix Maritaud et Sara Klimoska sont annoncés dans un film écrit et réalisé par Goran Stolevski. Focus Features distribuera le film sur le sol américain. Le tournage s'achève en décembre 2020.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2022
Film australien sorti en 2022
Film serbe sorti en 2022
Film fantastique américain
Film fantastique australien
Film fantastique serbe
Film dramatique américain
Film dramatique australien
Film dramatique serbe
Film fantastique mettant en scène une sorcière
Film se déroulant au XIXe siècle
Film se déroulant en Macédoine du Nord
Film distribué par Focus Features
Film distribué par Universal Pictures
Premier long métrage sorti en 2022
Film classé R aux États-Unis

You Won't Be Alone


An Glyphochloa goaensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Rolla Seshagiri Rao ngan Koppula Hemadri, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Clayton. An Glyphochloa goaensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Glyphochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Glyphochloa

Glyphochloa goaensis


Sébastien ist ein männlicher Vorname und die französische Form von Sebastian.

Namensträger

 Sébastien Barberis (* 1972), Schweizer Fußballspieler
 Sébastien Bassong (* 1986), französischer Fußballspieler
 Sébastien Bisaillon (* 1986), kanadischer Eishockeyspieler
 Sébastien Boisseau (* 1974), französischer Jazzmusiker
 Sébastien Bordeleau (* 1975), französisch-kanadischer Eishockeyspieler
 Sébastien Bosquet (* 1979), französischer Handballspieler
 Sébastien Bourdais (* 1979), französischer Rennfahrer
 Sébastien Bourdon (1616–1671), französischer Maler
 Sébastien Briat (1982–2004), französischer Atomkraftgegner, bei Atomtransport gestorben
 Sébastien de Brossard (1655–1730), französischer Komponist, Autor und Musikschriftsteller
 Sébastien Buemi (* 1988), Schweizer Rennfahrer
 Sébastien Caron (* 1980), kanadischer Eishockeytorwart
 Sebastien Cattelan (* 1976), französischer Profi-Kitesurfer
 Sébastien Cauet (* 1972), französischer Showmaster, Entertainer, Moderator und Musiker
 Sébastien Chabal (* 1977), französischer Rugbyspieler
 Sébastien Chabbert (* 1978), französischer Fußballtorwart
 Sébastien Charpentier (Rennfahrer) (* 1973), französischer Motorradrennfahrer
 Sébastien Charpentier (Eishockeyspieler) (* 1977), kanadischer Eishockeytorwart
 Sébastien Chavanel (* 1981), französischer Radrennfahrer
 Sébastien Chevallier (* 1987), Schweizer Beachvolleyballspieler
 Sébastien Corchia (* 1990), französischer Fußballspieler
Sébastien Debs (* 1992), französisch-libanesischer E-Sportler
 Sébastien Duret (* 1980), französischer Radrennfahrer
 Sébastien Epiney (* 1967), Schweizer Skibergsteiger und Marathonläufer
 Sébastien Érard (1752–1831), französischer Instrumentenbauer
 Sébastien Faure (1858–1942), französischer Anarchist
 Sébastien Feller (* 1991), französischer Schachgroßmeister
 Sébastien Flute (* 1972), französischer Bogenschütze
 Sébastien Foucan (* 1974), französischer Extremsportler, Mitbegründer der Sportart Parkour
 Sébastien Foucras (* 1971), französischer Freestyle-Skier
 Sébastien Fournier (* 1971), Schweizer Fußballspieler
 Sébastien Fournier-Bidoz (* 1976), französischer Skirennläufer
 Sébastien Frey (* 1980), französischer Fußballtorhüter
 Sébastien Godefroid (* 1971), belgischer Segler, Weltmeister und Trainer
 Sébastien Grimaldi (* 1979), französischer Fußballspieler
 Sébastien Grosjean (* 1978), französischer Tennisspieler
 Sébastien Hamel (* 1975), französischer Fußballtorhüter
 Sébastien Harbonnier (* 1984), französischer Radrennfahrer
 Sébastien Hinault (* 1974), französischer Radrennfahrer
 Sébastien Ivars (* 1987), französischer Straßenradrennfahrer
 Sébastien Japrisot (1931–2003), französischer Journalist, Drehbuchautor und Schriftsteller
 Sébastien Joly (* 1979), französischer Radrennfahrer
 Sébastien Lacroix (* 1983), französischer Nordischer Kombinierer
 Sébastien Lareau (* 1973), kanadischer Tennisspieler
 Sébastien de l'Aubespine (1518–1582), französischer Kleriker und Diplomat
 Sébastien Le Clerc (1637–1714), französischer Radierer und Kupferstecher
 Sébastien Le Toux (* 1984), französischer Fußballspieler
 Sébastien Léger (* 1979), französischer Musiker, Labelgründer und DJ
 Sébastien Lifshitz (* 1968), französischer Drehbuchautor und Regisseur
 Sébastien Loeb (* 1974), französischer Rallyefahrer
 Sébastien Mamerot (~1435–~1490), französischer Gelehrter und Schriftsteller
 Sébastien Maté (* 1972), französischer Fußballtorhüter
 Sébastien Minard (* 1982), französischer Radrennfahrer
 Sébastien de Montfalcon (1489–1560), Bischof von Lausanne
 Sébastien Ogier (* 1983), französischer Rallyefahrer
 Sébastien Ostertag (* 1979), französischer Handballspieler
 Sébastien Parotte (* 1984), belgischer Sänger, Bass
 Sébastien Pauchon (* 1971), Schweizer Spieleautor und -verleger
 Sébastien Pichot (* 1981), französischer Skirennläufer
 Sébastien Pocognoli (* 1987), belgischer Fußballspieler
 Sébastien Puygrenier (* 1982), französischer Fußballspieler
 Sébastien Rasles (1657–1724), Jesuit und Missionar der Abenaki
 Sébastien Rémy (* 1974), luxemburgischer Fußballspieler
 Sébastien Reuille (* 1981), Schweizer Eishockeyspieler
 Sébastien Rosseler (* 1981), belgischer Radrennfahrer
 Sébastien Roth (* 1978), Schweizer Fußballtorhüter
 Sébastien Rouget (* 1969), belgischer Geschwindigkeitsskifahrer
 Sébastien Schemmel (* 1975), französischer Fußballspieler
 Sébastien Singer (* 1974), Schweizer Cellist
 Sébastien Squillaci (* 1980), französischer Fußballspieler
 Sébastien Tellier (* 1975), französischer Sänger und Songwriter
 Sébastien Texier (* 1970), französischer Jazz-Saxophonist
 Sébastien Truchet (1657–1729), französischer Priester und Mathematiker
 Sébastien Turgot (* 1984), französischer Radrennfahrer
 Sébastien Vaillant (1669–1722), französischer Botaniker
 Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633–1707), französischer General und Festungsbaumeister, Marschall von Frankreich
 Sébastien Vieilledent (* 1976), französischer Ruderer
 Sébastien Wüthrich (* 1990), Schweizer Fußballspieler

Familienname
 Lina Jacques-Sébastien (* 1985), französische Sprinterin

Männlicher Vorname
Französischer Personenname

Sébastien


The 51st state is a term in American political discourse that refers to areas considered to be candidates for U.S. statehood, joining the 50 United States existing since 1959. The phrase has been applied to external territories, as well as the country's capital for the District of Columbia and parts of already-existing states which would be admitted as separate states in their own right.

Voters in the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have both voted for statehood in referenda. As statehood candidates, their admission to the Union requires congressional approval. American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the United States Virgin Islands are other U.S. territories that could potentially become U.S. states.

The phrase can be used in a positive sense, meaning that a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state, or in a pejorative sense, meaning an area or region is under excessive American cultural or military influence or control. People who believe their local or national culture has become too Americanized sometimes use the term in reference to their own countries. Before Alaska and Hawaii became states of the United States in 1959, the equivalent expression was "the 49th state".

Legal requirements

Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution authorizes Congress to admit new states into the United States (beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect in 1788). Historically, most new states brought into being by Congress have been established from an organized incorporated territory, created and governed by Congress. In some cases, an entire territory became a state; in others, some part of a territory became a state. As defined in a 1953 U.S. Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, the traditionally accepted requirements for statehood are:
 The inhabitants of the proposed new state are imbued with and are sympathetic toward the principles of democracy as exemplified in the American Constitution.
 A majority of the electorate wish for statehood.
 The proposed new state has sufficient population and resources to support state government and carry its share of the cost of Federal Government.

In most cases, the organized government of a territory made known the sentiment of its population in favor of statehood, usually by referendum. Congress then directed that government to organize a constitutional convention to write a state constitution. Upon acceptance of that constitution by the people of the territory and then by Congress, a joint resolution would be adopted granting statehood. The President would then issue a proclamation announcing the addition of a new state to the Union. While Congress, which has ultimate authority over the admission of new states, has usually followed this procedure, there have been occasions (because of unique, case-specific circumstances) when it did not.

A simple majority in each House of Congress is required to pass statehood legislation; however, in the United States Senate, the filibuster requires 60 votes to invoke cloture. Some statehood advocacy organizations have called for amending or abolishing the filibuster as a path to achieve statehood. As with other legislation, the President can sign or veto statehood bills that pass, and Congress has the power to override a veto with a two-thirds majority.

U.S. flag

If a new U.S. state were to be admitted, it would require a new design of the flag to accommodate an additional star for the 51st state. However, according to the U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry, an existing United States flag never becomes obsolete. In the event that a new state is added to the Union and a 51-star flag is approved, any previously approved American flag (such as the 50-star flag) may continue to be used and displayed until no longer serviceable.

U.S. Senate classes
Should a 51st state be admitted, it would receive U.S. senators in classes 1 and 2, at which point all three classes would have 34 senators.

From existing territories of the United States

District of Columbia

The District of Columbia is often mentioned as a candidate for statehood. In Federalist No. 43 of The Federalist Papers, James Madison considered the implications of the definition of the "seat of government" found in the United States Constitution. Although he noted potential conflicts of interest, and the need for a "municipal legislature for local purposes", Madison did not address the district's role in national voting. Legal scholars disagree on whether a simple act of Congress can admit the District as a state, due to its status as the seat of government of the United States, which Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution requires to be under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; depending on the interpretation of this text, admission of the full District as a state may require a Constitutional amendment, which is much more difficult to enact.

The District of Columbia residents who support the statehood movement sometimes use the slogan "Taxation without representation" to denote their lack of Congressional representation. The phrase is a shortened version of the Revolutionary War protest motto "no taxation without representation" omitting the initial "No", and is printed on newly issued District of Columbia license plates (although a driver may choose to have the District of Columbia website address instead). President Bill Clinton's presidential limousine had the "Taxation without representation" license plate late in his term, while President George W. Bush had the vehicle's plates changed shortly after beginning his term in office. President Barack Obama had the license plates changed back to the protest style shortly before his second-term inauguration. President Donald Trump eventually removed the license plate and signaled opposition to DC statehood.

This position was carried by the D.C. Statehood Party, a political party; it has since merged with the local Green Party affiliate to form the D.C. Statehood Green Party. The nearest this movement ever came to success was in 1978, when Congress passed the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment. Two years later in 1980, local citizens passed an initiative written and filed by J. Edward Guinan calling for a constitutional convention for a new state. In 1982, voters ratified the constitution of the state, which was to be called New Columbia. The drive for statehood stalled in 1985, however, when the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment failed because not enough states ratified the amendment within the allowed seven-year span.

Another proposed option would be to have Maryland, from which the D.C. land was ceded, retake the District of Columbia, as Virginia has already done for its part, while leaving the National Mall, the United States Capitol, the United States Supreme Court, and the White House in a truncated District of Columbia. This would give residents of the District of Columbia the benefit of statehood while precluding the creation of a 51st state, but would require the consent of the Government of Maryland.

2016 statehood referendum

On April 15, 2016, District Mayor Muriel Bowser called for a citywide vote on whether the nation's capital should become the 51st state. This was followed by the release of a proposed State Constitution. This Constitution would make the Mayor of the District of Columbia the Governor of the proposed state, while the members of the District Council would make up the proposed House of Delegates.

On November 8, 2016, the voters of the District of Columbia voted overwhelmingly in favor of statehood, with 86% of voters voting to advise approving the proposal.

While the name "New Columbia" has long been associated with the movement, the City Council and community members chose the proposed state name to be the State of Columbia, or the State of Washington, Douglass Commonwealth. The Maryland abolitionist Frederick Douglass was a D.C. resident and was chosen to be the proposed state's namesake alongside George Washington of Virginia.

Federal enclave

To fulfill Constitutional requirements of having a Federal District and to provide the benefits of statehood to the 700,000-plus residents of D.C., in the proposed State of Washington, D.C., boundaries would be delineated between the State of Washington, D.C., and a much smaller federal seat of government. This would ensure federal control of federal buildings. The National Mall, the White House, the national memorials, Cabinet buildings, judicial buildings, legislative buildings, and other government-related buildings, etc. would be housed within the much smaller federal seat of government. All residences in the State of Washington, D.C. would reside outside the seat of federal government, except for the White House. The proposed boundaries are based on precedents created through the 1902 McMillan Plan with a few modifications. The rest of the boundaries would remain the same.

Admission legislation
On June 26, 2020, the United States House of Representatives voted 232–180 in favor of statehood for Washington, D.C.

Passage of this legislation in the Senate was unlikely while the Republican Party held a Senate majority, and President Trump also promised to veto D.C. statehood. The legislation was House Resolution 51 in honor of D.C. potentially becoming the 51st state. However, since the 2020 Senate elections, the Democratic Party has had a Senate majority, meaning Joe Biden's presidency might have opened the door for D.C. statehood.

The vote was the first time D.C. ever had a vote for statehood pass any chamber of Congress: in 1993, D.C. statehood legislation was rejected in a US House floor vote by 153–277. Another problem is because Maryland released the land to become D.C. it may have a claim on any land released by Congress to become a state.

On April 22, 2021, the United States House of Representatives voted 216–208 in favor of statehood for Washington, D.C. A similar bill, S. 51, "A bill to provide for the admission of the State of Washington, D.C. into the Union" was earlier introduced into the United States Senate. But on April 30, Democratic senator Joe Manchin came out against both bills, effectively dooming their passage.

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States. However, since 1898, five other territories were annexed in the time Puerto Rico has been a colonial possession. In 2019, H.R. 1965 – Puerto Rico Admission Act, 5% of the lower legislature were in support. The bill was passed on to the House Committee on Natural Resources.

In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters, 54%, expressed dissatisfaction with the existing political relationship. In a separate question, 61% of voters supported statehood (excluding the 26% of voters who left this question blank). On December 11, 2012, Puerto Rico's legislature resolved to request that the President and the U.S. Congress act on the results, end its territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state. On January 4, 2017, Puerto Rico's new representative to Congress pushed a bill that would ratify statehood by 2025.

On June 11, 2017, another non-binding referendum was held where 97.7 percent voted for the statehood option. The turnout for this vote was 23 percent, a historical low as voter turnout in Puerto Rico usually hovers around 80%. The low turnout was attributed to a boycott led by the pro-status quo PPD party.

On June 27, 2018, the Puerto Rico Admission Act of 2018 H.R. 6246 was introduced in the U.S. House with the purpose of responding to, and complying with, the democratic will of the United States citizens residing in Puerto Rico as expressed in the plebiscites held on November 6, 2012, and June 11, 2017, by setting forth the terms for the admission of the territory of Puerto Rico as a State of the Union. The admission act had 37 original cosponsors among Republicans and Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives.

A subsequent nonbinding referendum was held on November 3, 2020, to decide whether Puerto Rico should become a state. Statehood won the vote 52.52%–47.48%.

On December 15, 2022, H.R. 8393 (the Puerto Rico Status Act) passed the House of Representatives in a 233-191 vote with 11 absences. It would have instituted a binding referendum that would allow Puerto Ricans to vote on the future status of the island, that Congress would be required to obey. Every Democrat voted in favor of the bill, and was joined by 16 Republicans. The bill died in the Senate.

Background

Since 1898, Puerto Rico has had limited representation in the United States Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a non-voting delegate. The 110th Congress returned the Commissioner's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole, but not on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation. Puerto Rico has elections on the United States presidential primary or caucus of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party to select delegates to the respective parties' national conventions although presidential electors are not granted on the Electoral College. As American citizens, Puerto Ricans can vote in U.S. presidential elections, provided they reside in one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia and not in Puerto Rico itself.

Residents of Puerto Rico pay U.S. federal taxes: import and export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes, thereby contributing to the American Government. Most Puerto Rico residents do not pay federal income tax but do pay federal payroll taxes (Social Security and Medicare). However, federal employees who do business with the federal government, Puerto Rico–based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S., and others do pay federal income taxes. Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military. Puerto Ricans have participated in all American wars since 1898; 52 Puerto Ricans had been killed in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan by November 2012.

Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century after it was ceded to the U.S. by Spain following the end of the Spanish–American War, and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917. The island's ultimate status has not been determined, and its residents do not have voting representation in their federal government. Like the states, Puerto Rico has self-rule, a republican form of government organized pursuant to a constitution adopted by its people, and a bill of rights.

This constitution was created when the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution in 1951. The acceptance of that constitution by Puerto Rico's electorate, the U.S. Congress, and the U.S. president occurred in 1952. In addition, the rights, privileges and immunities attendant to United States citizens are "respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a State of the Union" through the express extension of the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the U.S. Constitution by the U.S. Congress in 1948.

Puerto Rico is designated in its constitution as the "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico". The Constitution of Puerto Rico, which became effective in 1952, adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State"), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic. The island is under the jurisdiction of the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which has led to doubts about the finality of the Commonwealth status for Puerto Rico. In addition, all people born in Puerto Rico become citizens of the U.S. at birth (under provisions of the Jones–Shafroth Act in 1917), but citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote for the President of the United States nor for full members of either house of Congress. Statehood would grant island residents full voting rights at the federal level and 2 state senators, like each US state has.

In 1992, President George H. W. Bush issued a Memorandum to heads of Executive Departments and Agencies establishing the administrative relationship between the Federal Government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. This memorandum directs all Federal departments, agencies, and officials to treat Puerto Rico administratively as if it were a State insofar as doing so would not disrupt Federal programs or operations. President Bush's memorandum remains in effect until Federal legislation is enacted to alter the status of Puerto Rico in accordance with the freely expressed wishes of the people of Puerto Rico.

On April 29, 2010, the United States House of Representatives approved the Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499) by 223–169, but was not approved by the Senate before the end of the 111th Congress. It would have provided for a federally sanctioned self-determination process for the people of Puerto Rico. This act would provide for referendums to be held in Puerto Rico to determine the island's ultimate political status. It had previously been introduced in 2007.

Vote for statehood

In November 2012, a referendum resulted in 54 percent of respondents voting to reject its status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution, while a second question resulted in 61 percent of voters identifying statehood as the preferred alternative to its territorial status. The 2012 referendum was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates and support for statehood rose in each successive popular referendum. However, more than one in four voters abstained from answering the question on the preferred alternative status. Statehood opponents have argued that the statehood option garnered 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included. If abstentions are considered, the result of the referendum is much closer to 44 percent for statehood, a number that falls under the 50 percent majority mark.

The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald have published opinion pieces expressing support for the statehood of Puerto Rico. On November 8, 2012, Washington, D.C. newspaper The Hill published an article saying that Congress will likely ignore the results of the referendum due to the circumstances behind the votes. U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez and U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez, both of Puerto Rican ancestry, agreed with The Hills statements. Shortly after the results were published, Puerto Rico-born U.S. Congressman José Enrique Serrano commented "I was particularly impressed with the outcome of the 'status' referendum in Puerto Rico. A majority of those voting signaled the desire to change the current territorial status. In a second question an even larger majority asked to become a state. This is an earthquake in Puerto Rican politics. It will demand the attention of Congress, and a definitive answer to the Puerto Rican request for change. This is a history-making moment where voters asked to move forward."

Several days after the referendum, the Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortuño, and Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla wrote separate letters to the President of the United States, Barack Obama, addressing the results of the voting. Pierluisi urged Obama to begin legislation in favor of the statehood of Puerto Rico, in light of its win in the referendum. Fortuño urged him to move the process forward. García Padilla asked him to reject the results because of their ambiguity. The White House position on the November 2012 plebiscite was that the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved, and a majority chose statehood in the second question. Former White House director of Hispanic media stated, "Now it is time for Congress to act and the administration will work with them on that effort, so that the people of Puerto Rico can determine their own future."

On May 15, 2013, Resident Commissioner Pierluisi introduced H.R. 2000 to Congress to "set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union", asking for Congress to vote on ratifying Puerto Rico as the 51st state. On February 12, 2014, Senator Martin Heinrich introduced a bill in the U.S. Senate. The bill would require a binding referendum to be held in Puerto Rico asking whether the territory wants to be admitted as a state. In the event of a yes vote, the president would be asked to submit legislation to Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a state.

Government funding for a fifth referendum
On January 15, 2014, the United States House of Representatives approved $2.5 million in funding to hold a referendum. This referendum can be held at any time as there is no deadline by which the funds have to be used. The United States Senate then passed the bill which was signed into law on January 17, 2014, by Barack Obama, then President of the United States.

2017 referendum

The previous plebiscites provided voters with three options: statehood, free association, and independence. The Puerto Rican status referendum of 2017 originally offered two options: Statehood and Independence/Free Association; however, a "current territorial status" was added before the referendum took place. The referendum was held on June 11, 2017, with an overwhelming majority of voters supporting statehood at 97.16%; however, with a voter turnout of 22.99%, it was a historical low. If the majority voted for Independence/Free Association, a second vote would have been held to determine the preference: full independence as a nation or associated free state status with independence but with a "free and voluntary political association" between Puerto Rico and the United States. The specifics of the association agreement would be detailed in the Compact of Free Association that would be negotiated between the U.S. and Puerto Rico. That document might cover topics such as the role of the U.S. military in Puerto Rico, the use of the U.S. currency, free trade between the two entities, and whether Puerto Ricans would be U.S. citizens.

Former Governor Ricardo Rosselló was strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to "solve our 500-year-old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option ... It's a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy". Benefits of statehood would include an additional $10 billion per year in federal funds, the right to vote in presidential elections, higher Social Security and Medicare benefits, and the right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy.

At approximately the same time as the referendum, Puerto Rico's legislators are also expected to vote on a bill that would allow the Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the United States Congress. Regardless of the outcome of the referendum or the bill on drafting a constitution, action by Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution.

If the majority of Puerto Ricans were to choose the Free Association option—and 33% voted for it in 2012—and if it were granted by the U.S. Congress, Puerto Rico would become a Free Associated State, a virtually independent nation. It would have a political and economical treaty of association with the U.S. that would stipulate all delegated agreements. This could give Puerto Rico a similar status to Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau, countries which have a Compact of Free Association with the United States.

Those Free Associated States use the American dollar, receive some financial support and the promise of military defense if they refuse military access to any other country. Their citizens are allowed to work in the U.S. and serve in its military.

On June 11, 500,000 Puerto Ricans voted for statehood, 7,600 voted for independence, and 6,700 voted for status quo.

2020 referendum

A referendum of the status of Puerto Rico was held on November 3, 2020, concurrently with the general election. It was announced by Puerto Rico Governor Wanda Vázquez Garced on May 16, 2020. This was the sixth referendum held on the status of Puerto Rico, with the previous one having taken place in 2017. This was the first referendum with a simple  question, with voters having the option of voting for or against becoming a U.S. state.

The referendum was non-binding, as the power to grant statehood lies with the US Congress. The party platforms of both the Republican Party and the Democratic Party have affirmed for decades Puerto Rico's right to self-determination and to be admitted as a state, at least in theory, but individual Republican legislators have been more skeptical.

According to Senate Bill 1467, which placed the referendum on the ballot, voting "No" on the referendum would mean that a seven-member commission would be appointed to negotiate with the federal government for the free association or independence of Puerto Rico.

Statehood won the referendum 52.52%–47.48%.

Guam

Guam (formally the Territory of Guam) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, Guam is one of five American territories with a civilian government.

In the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a significant movement in favor of Guam becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. However, the federal government rejected the version of commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed, because its clauses were incompatible with the Territorial Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 2) of the U.S. Constitution. Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam, union with the state of Hawaii, or union with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory, or independence.

In a 1982 plebiscite, voters indicated interest in seeking commonwealth status. The island has been considering another non-binding plebiscite on decolonization since 1998. Governor Eddie Baza Calvo intended to include one during the island's November 2016 elections but it was delayed again.

A Commission on Decolonization was established in 1997 to educate the people of Guam about the various political status options in its relationship with the U.S.: statehood, free association and independence. The group was dormant for some years. In 2013, the commission began seeking funding to start a public education campaign. There were few subsequent developments until late 2016. In early December 2016, the Commission scheduled a series of education sessions in various villages about the status of Guam's relationship with the U.S. and the self-determination options that might be considered. The commission's executive director is Edward Alvarez and there are ten members. The group is also expected to release position papers on independence and statehood but they have not yet been completed.

Guam has been occupied for over 450 years by the Spanish, the Japanese, and the United States. In 2016, Governor Eddie Calvo planned a decolonization referendum solely for the indigenous Chamorro people of Guam, in which the three options would be statehood, independence, and free association. However, this referendum for the Chamorro people was struck down by a federal judge on the grounds of racial discrimination. In the wake of this ruling, Governor Calvo suggested that two ballots be held: one for the Chamorro People and one for eligible U.S. citizens who are non-indigenous residents of Guam. A reunification referendum in Guam and its neighbor, the Northern Mariana Islands (a U.S. Commonwealth) has been proposed. A 2016 poll conducted by the University of Guam showed a majority supporting statehood when respondents were asked which political status they supported.

United Nations support

The United Nations is in favor of greater self-determination for Guam and other such territories. The UN's Special Committee on Decolonization has agreed to endorse the governor's education plan. The commission's May 2016 report stated: "With academics from the University of Guam, [the Commission] was working to create and approve educational materials. The Office of the Governor was collaborating closely with the Commission" in developing educational materials for the public.

The United States Department of the Interior had approved a $300,000 grant for decolonization education, Edward Alvarez told the United Nations Pacific Regional Seminar in May 2016. "We are hopeful that this might indicate a shift in [United States] policy to its Non-Self-Governing Territories such as Guam, where they will be more willing to engage in discussions about our future and offer true support to help push us towards true self-governances and self-determination."

Other territories

The U.S. Indian Territory attempted statehood in 1905; Citizens of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory proposed to create the State of Sequoyah as a means to retain control of their lands and resources. A constitutional convention was held on August 21, 1905, in Muskogee, and the proposed constitution was overwhelmingly approved by the territory's residents, with 56,279 votes for the constitution and petition to Congress and 9,073 votes against. Congress, however, did not support statehood for Sequoyah, and the Indian Territory was annexed into Oklahoma in 1907.

The U.S. Virgin Islands explored the possibility of statehood in 1984, and in a 1993 referendum, while American Samoa explored the possibility of statehood in 2005 and 2017.

By status changes of former U.S. territories

Philippines
The United States annexed the Philippines as its territory from the Spanish Empire in 1898 and established the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands in 1901. Since then, the Philippines has had small grassroots movements for U.S. statehood. Originally part of the platform of the Progressive Party, then known as the Federalista Party, the party dropped it in 1907, which coincided with the name change.

During the Philippine presidential elections of 1981, 4% of the electorate voted for Bartolome Cabangbang, a member of the Interim Batasang Pambansa from Bohol. He ran under the Federal Party which advocated for a plebiscite to convert the Philippines into the 51st US state.

As recently as 2004, the concept of the Philippines becoming a U.S. state has been part of a political platform in the Philippines. Supporters of this movement include Filipinos who believe that the quality of life in the Philippines would be higher and that there would be less poverty there if the Philippines were an American state or territory. Supporters also include Filipinos that had fought as members of the United States Armed Forces in various wars during the Commonwealth period.
The Philippine statehood movement had a significant impact during its early period as an American colony. It is no longer a mainstream movement, but it is still a social movement that periodically gains interest and talk in the nation.

No major politician in the Philippines has advocated for US statehood . Election candidates in favor of the proposal have been declared as "nuisance candidates" by the Philippine government's election commission.

By partition of or secession from U.S. states

There are several proposals to divide states having regions that are politically or culturally divergent into smaller, more homogeneous, administratively efficient entities. Splitting a state requires the approval of both its legislature and the U.S. Congress.

Proposals of new states by partition include:
 Arizona: The secession of Pima County in Arizona, with the hopes of neighboring counties Cochise, Yuma, and Santa Cruz joining to form a state.

 California and Oregon:
 The secession of Northern California and Southern Oregon to form a state named Jefferson. In 2021, 5 counties in Oregon voted to join Idaho.
 Various proposals of partition and secession in California, usually splitting the south half from the north or the urban coastline from the rest of the state. In 2014, businessman Tim Draper collected signatures for a petition to split California into six different states, but not enough to qualify for the ballot. Draper attempted a follow-up petition to split California into three states in 2018. However, the initiative to divide California into three states was ordered removed from the 2018 ballot by the California Supreme Court, as the California constitution does not allow this type of ballot initiative.
 Colorado: In 2013, commissioners in Weld County, Colorado, announced a proposal to leave Colorado along with neighboring counties of Morgan, Logan, Sedgwick, Phillips, Washington, Yuma, and Kit Carson to form the state of North Colorado. The counties in contention voted to begin plans for secession that November, with mixed results.
 Delaware, Maryland and Virginia: The secession of several counties from the eastern shores of Maryland and Virginia, combining with some or all of the state of Delaware, forming a state named Delmarva.
 Florida: The secession of South Florida and the Greater Miami area to form a state named South Florida. The region has a population of over 7 million, comprising 41% of Florida's population.
 Illinois:
 The secession of Cook County, which contains Chicago, to form a separate state, proposed by residents of the more conservative Downstate Illinois to free it from the political influence of the heavily liberal Chicago area.
 The secession of Southern Illinois from the rest of the state, south of Springfield, with the capital in Mt. Vernon.
 The secession of sixteen counties in Western Illinois to form the state of Forgottonia, with its capital in the small hamlet of Fandon.
 Maryland: The secession of five counties on the western side of the state due to political differences with the more liberal central part of the state.
 Michigan: The secession of the geographically separate and culturally distinct Upper Peninsula of Michigan from the Lower Peninsula, as a state called Superior.
 New York: Various proposals partitioning New York into separate states, most of which involve to some degree the separation of New York City from the rest of the state. There have also been proposals to separate Long Island into a state, separate from the rest of the state.
 Montana, South Dakota and Wyoming: The secession of various rural parts of the aforementioned states to form a new state called Absaroka, its capital would've been Sheridan, Wyoming.
 Texas: Under the resolution by which the Republic of Texas was admitted to the Union and the state constitution, it has the right to divide itself into up to five states. There were a significant number of Texans who supported dividing the state in its early decades, called divisionists. Texas politics and self-image suggest that disrupting Texas' status as the largest state by land area in the contiguous United States, is unlikely.
Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona: Admitting into the Union the Navajo Nation, the largest Indian reservation in the United States. Reservations already enjoy a large degree of political autonomy, so making a state out of the Navajo Nation would not be as problematic as partitioning areas of other states. The Navajo Nation is larger than ten U.S. States. A Navajo state would help issues of representation, since as of 2023, four Representatives and one Senator were Native American.
 Washington: Dividing the state into Western Washington and Eastern Washington via the Cascade Mountains. Suggested names include East Washington, Lincoln, Cascadia, and more recently, Liberty. Territory for Lincoln would've also included part of Idaho.
 The National Movement for the Establishment of a 49th State, founded by Oscar Brown Sr. and Bradley Cyrus, and active in Chicago between 1934 and 1937, had the aim of forming an African-American state in the South.

International use
Some countries, because of their cultural similarities and close alliances with the United States, are sometimes described as a 51st state. In other countries around the world, movements with various degrees of support and seriousness have proposed U.S. statehood.

North America

Canada

In Canada, "the 51st state" is a phrase generally used to imply that if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be little more than a part of the United States. Examples include the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988, the debate over the creation of a common defense perimeter, and the potential consequence of not adopting proposals intended to resolve the issue of Quebec sovereignty, the Charlottetown Accord in 1992 and the Clarity Act in 1999.

The phrase is usually used in local political debates, in polemic writing or in private conversations. It is rarely used by politicians in public, although at certain times in Canadian history political parties have used other similarly loaded imagery. In the 1988 federal election, the Liberals asserted that the proposed Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada—the party ran an ad in which Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists, upon the adoption of the agreement, slowly erased the Canada-U.S. border from a desktop map of North America. Within days, however, the PCs responded with an ad which featured the border being drawn back on with a permanent marker, as an announcer intoned "Here's where we draw the line."

The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States, invaded Canada (then a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) several times, specifically the invasion of Quebec in 1775 and 1778–1782. The first invasion occurred in 1775–1776 mainly across the Canadian side of the Lake Champlain and St. Lawrence River valleys, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. However, the Continental Army was more successful in the Western theater in lands north of the Ohio Valley and south of the Great Lakes region, both of which were part of Canada. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. At the end of the Revolution, the U.S. took portions of Canadian territory of what is now present day Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, and parts of Minnesota in accordance to the Treaty of Paris in 1783. The U.S. again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the wide use of ill-equipped state militias and owing to the large number of Loyalists that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favor of annexing Canada, as did Canadian politician William Lyon Mackenzie, who set up a rogue Republic of Canada on a small island near the U.S. border during the Upper Canada Rebellion.

In the United States, the term "the 51st state" when applied to Canada can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada. Sometimes the term is used disparagingly, intended to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor.

Newfoundland
In the late 1940s, during the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland (at the time a dominion-dependency in the Commonwealth and independent of Canada), there was mainstream support, although not majority, for Newfoundland to form an economic union with the United States, thanks to the efforts of the Economic Union Party and significant U.S. investment in Newfoundland stemming from the U.S.-British alliance in World War II. The movement ultimately failed when, in a 1948 referendum, voters narrowly chose to confederate with Canada (the Economic Union Party supported an independent "responsible government" that they would then push toward their goals).

Quebec
In the 1989 Quebec general election, the political party Parti 51 ran 11 candidates on a platform of Quebec seceding from Canada to join the United States (with its leader, André Perron, claiming Quebec could not survive as an independent nation). The party attracted just 3,846 votes across the province, 0.11% of the total votes cast. In comparison, the principal party in favor of Quebec sovereignty in that election, the PQ, got 40.16%.

Western Canada
In 1980 two members of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, both elected as members of the Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan (and one, Dick Collver, its former leader), crossed the floor to form the Unionest Party, a provincial party in Saskatchewan which advocated that the four provinces of Western Canada should join the United States. The name was a contraction of "best union." The party soon folded.

American geopolitics expert Peter Zeihan argued in his book The Accidental Superpower that the Canadian province of Alberta would benefit from joining the United States as the 51st state. There is growing support for Alberta separatism resulting from federal government policies which are believed to be harming the province's ability to build pipelines for the province's oil and gas industry and federal equalization payments. In a September 2018 poll, 25% of Albertans believed they would be better off separating from Canada and 62% believed they are not getting enough from confederation.

Mexico
In 1847–48, with the United States' resounding defeat of Mexico and the occupying at the conclusion of the Mexican–American War, there was talk in Congress of annexing the entirety of Mexico. The result was the Mexican Cession through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, named for the town in which the treaty was signed, in which the U.S. annexed almost 31% of Mexico. The Mexican Cession consisted of  territory that became the states of California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, the western half of New Mexico, the western quarter of Colorado, and the southwest corner of Wyoming. The United States would later purchase additional Mexican territory in the Gadsden Purchase in 1854. In 1848, a bill was debated in Congress that would have annexed the Republic of Yucatán, but there was no vote.

Central America
Due to geographical proximity of the Central American countries to the U.S., with its powerful military, economic, and political influences, there were several movements and proposals by the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries to annex some or all of the Central American republics (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras with the formerly British-ruled Bay Islands, Nicaragua, Panama which had the U.S.-ruled Canal Zone territory from 1903 to 1979, and Belize, which is a constitutional monarchy and was known as British Honduras until 1973). However, the U.S. never acted on these proposals from some U.S. politicians; some of which were never delivered or considered seriously. In 2001, El Salvador adopted the U.S. dollar as its currency, while Panama has used it for decades due to its ties to the Canal Zone.

Cuba
In 1854 the Ostend Manifesto outlined a rationale for the U.S. to purchase Cuba from Spain, implying it might take the island by force if Spain refused. Once the document was published, many northern states denounced it.

In 1859, Senator John Slidell introduced a bill to purchase Cuba from Spain.

Cuba, like many Spanish territories, wanted to break free from Spain. A pro-independence movement in Cuba was supported by the U.S., and Cuban guerrilla leaders wanted annexation to the United States, but Cuban revolutionary leader José Martí called for Cuban nationhood. When the U.S. battleship Maine sank in Havana Harbor, the U.S. blamed Spain and the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898. After the U.S. won, Spain relinquished claim of sovereignty over territories, including Cuba. The U.S. administered Cuba as a protectorate until 1902. Several decades later in 1959, the Cuban government of U.S.-backed Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro who subsequently installed a Marxist–Leninist government. After Castro nationalized private properties that were mostly owned by American companies, the U.S. refused to trade with Cuba, Cuba allied with the Soviet Union who imported Cuban sugar, Cuba's main export. The government installed by Fidel Castro has been in power ever since. In 2016, the U.S. eased trade and travel restrictions against Cuba that had been put in place as a consequence of the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Dominica
In 1898, one news outlet in the Caribbean noted growing sentiments of resentment of British rule in Dominica, including its system of administration. The publication attempted to gauge sentiments concerning annexation to the United States as a way to change this system of administration.

Dominican Republic
On June 30, 1870, the United States Senate voted on an annexation treaty with the Dominican Republic, but it failed to pass.

Greenland

During World War II, when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany, the United States briefly controlled Greenland for battlefields and protection. In 1946, the United States offered to buy Greenland from Denmark for $100 million ($1.2 billion as of 2012) but Denmark refused to sell. Some have in recent years argued that Greenland would hypothetically be better off financially as part of the United States; for instance this was mentioned by Professor Gudmundur Alfredsson at the University of Akureyri, Iceland in 2014. One possible reason for U.S. interest in Greenland is its vast natural resources. According to The Arctic Institute, the U.S. appears to be highly interested in investing in the resources of the island and in tapping the expected vast amount of hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.

Haiti
Time columnist Mark Thompson suggested that Haiti had effectively become the 51st state after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, with the widespread destruction prompting a quick and extensive response from the United States, even so far as stationing of the U.S. military in Haitian air and sea ports to facilitate foreign aid.

South America

Guyana
There is currently a small committee called "The Committee for an American Guyana" that proposes the annexation of Guyana to the American Union. This committee has its own website in which it states that it is not affiliated with any political party.

According to its website, due primarily to emigration to the United States, Guyana's population growth is negative. There are only 650,000 people left in Guyana. According to some studies, of the people who remain in Guyana, almost all of them are awaiting the issuance of an immigrant visa for the USA!
More than 350,000 Guyanese have already immigrated to the United States. A truly massive immigration. More than 100,000 Guyanese have become US citizens. The other 250,000 can acquire citizenship upon compliance with the legal requirements of naturalization. The overwhelming majority of these people support the legal incorporation of Guyana into the US, in the form of a Commonwealth or US territory. That newly created legal entity would be known as Guyana, USA. Look at the New Guyana flag above!
The annexation of Guyana would have a positive influence on cultural and technological development, space exploration, science, scientific discoveries, education, economy, sports, religion, the environment, the protection of natural resources and rain forest; and to the general improvement of the quality of life of all inhabitants of Guyana and the United States. To give the people of Guyana the opportunity to express their opinion on the issue of an American Guyana, a referendum on an American Guyana should be held in Guyana as soon as possible.

Thereafter, the government of Guyana could petition the United States Congress for admission to the Union as a state, commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.
Then, and only then, could the US Congress establish a framework for statehood, commonwealth, or another alternative. After that, Congress could implement a specific timeline for action.
The United States Congress can only act on the referendum after the people of Guyana have voted to join the United States of America!
The United States would benefit from the addition of Guyana, roughly the size of Great Britain, to its territory and the people of Guyana would benefit from becoming American citizens!

Asia

Okinawa (Japan)
In Article 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco between the Allied Powers and Japan, which came into force in April 1952, the U.S. put the outlying islands of the Ryukyus, including the island of Okinawa (home to over 1 million Okinawans related to the Japanese), the Bonin Islands, and the Volcano Islands (including Iwo Jima) into U.S. trusteeship. All these trusteeships were slowly returned to Japanese rule. Okinawa was returned on May 15, 1972, but the U.S. stations troops in the island's bases as a defense for Japan.

Israel and Palestinian territories
Several sources assert that the State of Israel functions as a 51st state due to the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States. An example of this is the 2003 book by Martine Rothblatt called Two Stars for Peace that argued for the addition of Israel and the Palestinian territories as the 51st and 52nd states of the Union. The American State of Canaan is a book by political scientist and sociologist Alfred de Grazia from March 2009, proposing the creation of the "State of Canaan" from Israel and Palestine.

Iran

According to IRGC General Salami before the 1979 revolution Iranians were practically the fifty first state of the states. In the 1978 Jimmy Carter traveled to Iran where he famously stated that Iran has become an island of stability. He even called Iran the fifty fourth (54)th state.

Iraq

Several publications suggested that the Iraq War was a neocolonialist war to make the Republic of Iraq into the 51st U.S. state, though such statements are usually made facetiously.

Taiwan

A poll in 2003 among Taiwanese residents aged between 13 and 22 found that, when given the options of either becoming a province of the People's Republic of China or a state within the U.S., 55% of the respondents preferred statehood while 36% chose joining China. A group called Taiwan Civil Government, established in Taipei in 2008, claims that the island of Taiwan and other minor islands are a territory of the United States.

Hong Kong
The idea of admission to the United States was discussed among some netizens based on Hong Kong's mature common law system, long tradition of liberalism and vibrant civil society making it a global financial hub similar to London or New York. Alongside proposals of becoming independent (within or outside the Commonwealth, as a republic or a Commonwealth realm), rejoining the Commonwealth, confederation with Canada as the eleventh province or the fourth territory (with reference to Ken McGoogan's proposal regarding Scotland), returning to British rule as a dependent territory, joining the Republic of China (Taiwan), or acceding to other federations as a number of city-states.

Europe

Albania
Albania has been called the 51st state for its perceived strongly pro-American positions, and the United States' policies towards it. In reference to President George W. Bush's 2007 European tour, Edi Rama, Tirana's mayor and leader of the opposition Socialists, said: "Albania is for sure the most pro-American country in Europe, maybe even in the world ... Nowhere else can you find such respect and hospitality for the President of the United States. Even in Michigan, he wouldn't be as welcome." At the time of ex-Secretary of State James Baker's visit in 1992, there was a move to hold a referendum declaring the country as the 51st American state. In addition to Albania, Kosovo (which is predominately Albanian) is seen as a 51st state due to the heavy presence and influence of the United States. The U.S. has had troops and the largest base outside U.S. territory, Camp Bondsteel, in the territory since 1999.

Azores (Portugal)
There was a movement in the Azores archipelago to break away from Portugal and join the United States from the late 19th century through the early 20th century. Feeling that they were being unfairly exploited by the authorities on the mainland, this movement believed the best solution was to have the United States govern them. This movement was fueled by a large number of immigrants to the United States, particularly to the New England states, for labor and education. Also establishing a close social connection between the Azores and the United States were American whaling companies. New England and New York-based whaling ships frequently used the Azores as an overseas base of operations and employed a large portion of the local population to man the ships. The movement to have the United States annex the Azores reached its climax during World War I when the United States Navy established a base of operations in the Azores. Sensing that the Americans were doing more to defend the Azores from the Germans than the Portuguese Government was, particularly during the raid of SM U-155 on the Azores in 1917, local politicians openly demanded a change.  Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, however, dismissed any idea of the United States taking control.

Cartagena (Spain)
In 1873, the leader of the Canton of Cartagena, Roque Barcia, requested that Cartagena become part of the United States in a letter to President Ulysses S. Grant. The Canton of Cartagena had emerged in the same year as a revolt against the First Spanish Republic. The United States Government never replied.

Denmark
In 1989, the Los Angeles Times proclaimed that Denmark becomes the 51st state every Fourth of July, because Danish citizens in and around Aalborg celebrate the American independence day in a small gathering called the Rebild Festival.

Poland
Poland has historically been staunchly pro-American, dating to General Tadeusz Kościuszko and Casimir Pulaski's support of the American Revolution. This pro-American stance was reinforced following favorable American intervention in World War I (leading to the creation of an independent Poland) and the Cold War (culminating in a Polish state independent of Soviet influence). Poland contributed a large force to the "Coalition of the Willing" in Iraq. A quote referring to Poland as "the 51st state" has been attributed to James Pavitt, then Central Intelligence Agency Deputy Director for Operations, especially in connection to extraordinary rendition.

Italy
The Italian Unionist Movement was a political party briefly active during and after World War II, with the goal of an annexation of Italy to the United States.

In Sicily, the Party of Reconstruction was one of several Sicilian nationalist and separatist movements active after the downfall of Italian Fascism. Sicilians felt neglected or underrepresented by the Italian government after the annexation of 1861 that ended the rule of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies based in Naples. It claimed 40,000 members in 1944, and campaigned for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state.

United Kingdom
The United Kingdom has sometimes been called the 51st state due to the "Special Relationship" between the two countries, particularly since the close cooperation between Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill during World War II, and more recently during the premierships of Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair.

In an April 5, 1999 article in Forbes, historian Paul Johnson proposed that, as an alternative to the European Union, the UK should become ten states (one each for Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, with England divided into seven). He went on to suggest that then Canada (as one state per province), Australia, and New Zealand should also join this expanded United States.

In a December 29, 2011 column in The Times, David Aaronovitch said in jest that the UK should consider joining the United States, as the British population cannot accept union with Europe and the UK would inevitably decline on its own. He also made an alternative case that England, Scotland, and Wales should be three separate states, with Northern Ireland joining the Republic of Ireland and becoming an all-Ireland state.

The UK band New Model Army released the song "51st State" in 1986. The lyrics facetiously refers to the "Star Spangled Union Jack" and describes the UK as culturally and politically dominated by the United States.
The song "Heartland" by The The from the same year ends with the refrain "This is the 51st state of the U.S.A."

Ukraine
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Republican congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene made a controversial comment calling Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy the "shadow president (of the United States)", remarking that Ukraine was also the 51st state due to the 'insane amount' of American funding of Ukraine in the war.

Oceania

Australia
In Australia, the term '51st state' is used to disparage the perceived invasion of American cultural or political influence.

New Zealand
In 2010 there was an attempt to register a 51st State Party with the New Zealand Electoral Commission. The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America. The party's secretary is Paulus Telfer, a former Christchurch mayoral candidate.
On February 5, 2010, the party applied to register a logo with the Electoral Commission. The logo—a U.S. flag with 51 stars—was rejected by the Electoral Commission on the grounds that it was likely to cause confusion or mislead electors. , the party remains unregistered and cannot appear on a ballot.

Africa

Liberia
There are no African countries historically tied to the United States more closely than Liberia. Established by the American Colonization Society in 1822 as a home for freed Black Americans, Liberia's capital, Monrovia, was named after James Monroe, the fifth U.S. president. Liberia has sometimes been regarded as a "mini-America" on the West African coast because its people speak English, use U.S. customary units, have modeled the flag after the Stars and Stripes and even created a U.S.-style constitution. Many Liberians regard the U.S. as their "mother country". "We are the 51st state," said Herbert Walker, a Liberian street merchant. "We sang your national anthem and learned American history. We love American dollars."

In popular media

 In the Watchmen comic book and TV series, an alternate timeline is portrayed where Vietnam has become a US state after a United States victory in the Vietnam War.
 The Doctor Who Big Finish Productions audio drama Minuet in Hell, set in an imagined 2003, depicts the accession of a fifty-first state to the union named Malebolgia. The plot centers around the campaign to become the state's first governor. The Brigadier (Nicholas Courtney) is sent to observe as a UN representative.

See also
 Associated state
 Hawaii Admission Act, the last law to admit a new US state (1959)
 List of U.S. state partition proposals
 List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
 Manifest destiny
 North American Union
 Proposed states and territories of the United States
 United Nations list of non-self-governing territories

References

External links
 "Will Puerto Rico Finally Become Our 51st State?"

 Al Jazeera interview with advocates in Guam sharing differing opinions on what Guam's status should be
 History of efforts to reunify the Mariana Islands—consisting of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands and home to the Chamorro people
 The Case for Dinétah—A proposal for the Navajo Nation to become a state

Canada–United States relations
Canadian political phrases
Epithets
History of United States expansionism
Irredentism in the United States
Lists of proposals
Political terminology of the United States

51st state


جالاكسي اسم لسلسلة من الأقمار الصناعية الخاصة بالاتصالات مملوكة وتدار من قبل شركة انتل سات، حيث أطلق أول قمر صناعيٍ منها المسمى جالاكسي 1 في 28 يونيو عام 1983.

الأقمار الصناعية

مراجع

أقمار اصطناعية

جلاكسي (قمر صناعي)


Topolske (, : Topolskoïé), est un village d'Ukraine situé dans l'oblast de Kharkiv et le raïon d'Izioum. Il appartient au conseil municipal agricole de Malaïa Kamychevakha. Sa population était au nombre de 211 habitants en 2001.

Géographie
Le petit village se trouve à 1 km de la rivière Donets sur sa rive droite. Le village de Chpakovka se trouve à 1 km, et le village de Donetskoïé se trouve aussi à 1 km de l'autre côté. Les routes T-2109 et T-2122 traversent la localité.

Économie
Ferme laitière et élevage de moutons (entreprise agricole Chevtchenko).

Histoire
Le village comporte un jardin d'enfants et une maison de la culture, un terrain de sport et un dispensaire.

Le village est le lieu d'affrontements pendant la guerre du Donbass en 2014, puis de nouveau au printemps 2022 dans le cadre de l'invasion de l'Ukraine et de la bataille d'Izioum

Liens externes
 Site de la rada ukrainienne
 Climat à Topolske

Oblast de Kharkiv

Topolske


Anomochlooideae, potporodica trava. Postoji podjela na dva tribusa, svaki s jednim rodom

Tribusi i rodovi
 Tribus Anomochloeae C. E. Hubb.
 Anomochloa Brongn. (1 sp.)
 Tribus Streptochaeteae C. E. Hubb.
 Streptochaeta Schrad. (3 spp.)

Izvori

Trave

Anomochlooideae


W89 peut faire référence à :
 Exposition à une source lumineuse artificielle visible et aux ultraviolets, d'après la classification internationale des maladies ;
 W89, une ogive thermonucléaire américaine.

Voir aussi
 Sigles d'une lettre suivie de deux chiffres

W89 (homonymie)


Kalevala, Elias Lönnrot'un 19. yüzyılda Fin halk hikâyelerinden ve mitolojisinden derleyip kaleme aldığı epik destan. Finlerin ulusal epik destanı olan Kalevala, aynı zamanda Fin edebiyatının en önemli eserlerinden biridir. Destan, 1917'de Finlandiya'nın Rusya'ya karşı bağımsızlığını ilan etmesi ardından ülkede yükselen milliyetçilik döneminde kaleme alınmıştır.

''Kalevala''nın kelime anlamı "Kaleva'nın Diyarı"dır (Fince -la/lä soneki yer gösterir). Destan 50 bölüme (Fince: runot) ayrılmış toplam 22.795 mısradan oluşur.

Kalevala'nın Kaleme Alınması
Asıl uzmanlık alanı tıp olan Elias Lönnrot, Finlandiya'nın değişik bölgelerinde gerçekleştirdiği gezilerinde, Fin halk hikâyelerini kaydetti. Şiirlerin çoğunu Karelya bölgesinde toplayan Lönnrot, 1829'da başladığı yolculuğu ardından Kalevala'nın "eski" halini tamamladı. Araştırmalarına devam eden Lönnrot, 1849'da Kalevala'nın bugünkü halini topladı.

Çevirileri
Şimdiye kadar Kalevala kırk dokuz dile çevrilmiştir. Dile göre çevirilerin kronolojik kısmi listesi Rauni Puranen'in listesi temel alınarak aşağıdaki gibidir:

Kahramanlar

Destandaki ana karakter olan Väinämöinen'dir. Finlerin ulusan çalgı aleti olan kanteleyi, bir turna balığının kemiklerinden yapan kahraman, başlangıçta çok kötü çaldığı bu enstrumanı, daha sonraları hayvanları bile büyüleyebilecek kadar iyi çalmaya başlar. Daha sonraları kantelesini kaybeden Väinämöinen, kantelenin günümüzdeki hali olan şeklini, huşağacından yapar.

Kendine eş arayan ancak bir türlü evlenemeyen Väinämöinen, destanda geçen Joukahainen'in kardeşi Aino'yla evlenmek üzereyken, Aino, Väinämöinen ile evlenmek istemez intihar eder boğulur ve ölür.

Destanın bir bölümünde, kıtlık içinde yaşayan köyleri için Väinämöinen ve arkadaşları, kuzeydeki insanların yaşadığı bir kasabada, Sampo adında sürekli un üreten sihirli bir değirmeni çalmaya giderler.

İlgili Bağlantılar
 Kalevipoeg

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Kalevala

 Kalevala İncelemesi (İngilizce)
 Fince Kalevala
 John Martin Crawfords'ın İngilizce çevirisi(1888). Project Gutenberg
 John Martin Crawfords'ın İngilizce çevirisi (1888). Sacred Texts
 Kalevala'nın içeriği (İngilizce)
 Çince Kalevala
 Rusça Kalevala
 Tamil
 Macarca Kalevala
 Portekizce Kalevala

Fin destanları
Karelya
Ural mitolojisi

Kalevala


Appenzell İsviçre'nin kuzeydoğusunda bir bölgedir. Dört yanı Sankt Gallen Kantonu ile çevrilidir. İsviçre Konfederasyonu'na üye olan Appenzell kantonu 1597'den beri Katolik olan Appenzell Innerrhoden ve Protestan olan Appenzell Ausserrhoden kantonuna bölünmüştür.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Appenzell Ausserrhoden
 Appenzell Innerrhoden

İsviçre'nin eski kantonları
İsviçre'nin bölgeleri
Avrupa tarihindeki devletler
1400'lerde Kutsal Roma İmparatorluğu'nda kurulan oluşumlar
1400'lerde kurulan bölgeler ve ülkeler
1597'de feshedilmiş oluşumlar
1590'larda varlığı sona eren bölgeler ve ülkeler

als:Appenzell

Appenzell kantonu


Werkplatte steht für
Werkplatte (Uhr), Basisteil des Uhrwerks
stabile und robuste Unterlage bei bestimmten Tätigkeiten

Werkplatte


Glebionidinae, podtribus glavočika smješten u tribus Anthemideae. Priznato je šest rodova.

Rodovi
 Argyranthemum Webb ex Sch.Bip. (24 spp.)
 Endopappus Sch. Bip. (1 sp.)
 Glebionis Spach  (3 spp.)
 Heteranthemis Schott  (1 sp.)
 Nivellea B. H. Wilcox, K. Bremer & Humphries (1 sp.)
 Otoglyphis Pomel (2 spp.)

Izvori

Anthemideae

Glebionidinae


Önerme, bilimsel yönteme göre, olgular arasındaki ilişkileri araştırmak ve ortaya çıkarmak için geçerliliği ve doğruluğu kabul edilen varsayımlardır. Önermeler, yanlışlık ve doğruluk değerı taşımalıdır.

Bir ülkenin kalkınmasında kişi başına düşen sermaye miktarının ne boyutta önem arzettiğini bulmak için nüfus artışını sabit olarak kabul etmek ve analizi bu kabule göre yapmak nüfusun sabit hızda arttığını varsaymak anlamına gelir.

Bilimsel yöntem

Önerme (bilim)


Jeserija je vrsta maurske ukrasne štuko djelatnosti u kojoj se koristio rezbareni gips. Jeseriju su maurski graditelji koristili i nakon rekonkviste (Mudéjar). Jeserija pripada muslimanskoj građevinskoj tradiciji i uglavnom je korištena kao ukras. Španjolska je najpoznatija po svojim primjerima jeserija u Alhambri i Sinagogi u Córdobi.

Tehnika
Za obavljanje ovog posla korištene su različite tehnike:

 rezni nož ili tehnika: proces sijanja, gnječenja i formiranja vlažne smjese. Konačno, čišćenje i poliranje je učinjeno kako bi površina bila sjajna.

 Kalup: koristi se u velikoj mjeri za ponavljajuće frize ili natpise na grobnicama ili zgradama, na izvorima. Prvo se nacrta uzorak u prirodnoj veličini, a zatim se napravi kalup. Tipični biljni uzorci ili epigrafi u završnici posla mogu biti obojeni. Samo se ponekad tretira s uljem kako bi bilo vodootporno.

 Dizajn s matricom:
Mudéjar štuko je uobičajena u područjima Kastilje i Leóna, uglavnom u dolini rijeke Duero i Cerrato regije. Teme koje se koriste su iz repertoara hispano-muslimanske umjetnosti: biljke ili cvijeće, geometrijskih uzorci ili arapska epigrafija, iako se mogu naći i tekstovi na kastiljskom, latinskom i hebrejskom jeziku.

Galerija

Literatura
Wilfrid Koch, Umjetnost gradnje, MK 1999, ISBN 86.11-14124-5

Izvori

Islamska umjetnost
Španjolska likovna umjetnost

Jeserija