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RBS TV Porto Alegre es una emisora de televisión brasileña con ubicación en la ciudad de Porto Alegre, RS. Retransmite la programación de la Rede Globo y genera programas locales de buena audiencia, como el Bom Dia Rio Grande, Jornal do Almoço y RBS Notícias. Es una red regional de transmisión de la RBS TV y al mismo tiempo, es la estación central, que emite sus programas para el Rio Grande do Sul.Transmite una pequeña parte de su programación para el estado de Santa Catarina.

 Programas
 Bom Dia Rio Grande (Buenos Días Río Grande) - noticias de Rio Grande do Sul.
 Jornal do Almoço (Telediario del Almuerzo) - noticias de Rio Grande do Sul.
 RBS Notícias - noticias de Rio Grande do Sul.
 Galpão Crioulo - programa sobre la música y los costumbres de Rio Grande do Sul.
 Campo e Lavoura - programa de televisión sobre la agroindustria.

 Fútbol
Narración: Paulo Brito (Jader Rocha, eventualmente)
Comentaristas: Diogo Olivier, Maurício Saraiva
 Campeonato Gaúcho
 Campeonato Brasileño y Copa de Brasil - juegos de Grêmio y Internacional.
 Copa Libertadores de América y Copa Sudamericana - juegos de Grêmio y Internacional.

 Consignas
 A imagem viva do Rio Grande! (¡La imagen viva del Río Grande!) - 1962
 A emissora da comunidade ("La cadena de la Comunidad")- 1967
 RBS o R do Rio Grande (RBS, la "R" del Río Grande) - 1979
 25 anos ligada em você (25 años unida a usted) - 1987
 Uma emissora a serviço da comunidade (Una estación a servicio de la comunidad) - 1991
 Aquí o Rio Grande se vê - 1993
 Cada vez mais perto de você (Cada vez más cerca de usted) - 1994
 Tudo por você ("Todo por ti")- 1996
 Sempre o melhor pra você (Siempre lo mejor para usted) - 2001
 A gente mostra, você vê(Nosotros mostramos, usted ve) - 2002
 Sua vida na TV (Su vida en la TV) - 2003
 A gente faz pra você (Lo hacemos por usted'') - 2008
 "A TV nos liga" ("La televisión nos une") — (2014).

Véase también
 Grupo RBS
 RBS TV (red regional de televisión)

Observaciones
 Este artículo fue parcialmente traducido del artículo "RBS TV Porto Alegre", de la Wikipedia en portugués.

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial de la estación
 Portal ClicRBS

RBS TV

RBS TV Porto Alegre


En gine er en tredimensionel model af en torso, der bruges til at tilpasse tøj, der er ved at blive designet eller syet.

Ved tøjfremstilling hænges tøjet på ginen, så det kan ses, hvordan det vil passe på brugerens krop, og så det kan tilpasses eller ændres. Giner fås i mange forskellige udformninger, alt efter hvilke klædestykker, der fremstilles, og alt efter brugerens mål. Giner i standardtøjstørrelser benyttes til at lave symønstre, mens giner, der kan tilpasses, eller er fremstillet efter mål, kan benyttes til at fremstille tøj, der passer til en bestemt person.

Se også

Mannequin

Syning

Gine


Friedrich Hauser (Stuttgart, 1859 – Baden-Baden, 1917) fue un arqueólogo e historiador alemán.

Su más famosa publicación  fue Die Neuattischen Reliefs (Stuttgart: Verlag von Konrad Wittwer, 1889) donde identificó un estilo que se ha llamado el Neoático, perteneciente a la escultura que se estaba produciendo en los círculos más tardíos de la escultura helenística durante el siglo I a. C. y en la antigua Roma, que consistía en la interpretación de esculturas de la Grecia clásica así como en bajorrelieves realizados en vasos griegos como cráteras, con tipologías de modelos clásicos de finales de los siglos V y IV a. C.

Véase también
 Neoaticismo
 Gradiva

Enlaces externos
Duke Art Library: Friedrich Hauser  (en inglés)

Arqueólogos de Alemania del siglo XIX
Arqueólogos de Alemania del siglo XX
Historiadores de Alemania del siglo XIX
Historiadores de Alemania del siglo XX
Estudiosos de la alfarería y cerámica de la Antigua Grecia
Nacidos en Stuttgart
Fallecidos en Baden-Baden

Friedrich Hauser


Un cambio estructural es un concepto de la econometría. Un cambio estructural existe cuando hay un cambio inesperado en una serie de tiempo (macroeconómica). Esto puede hacer que se incurra en grandes errores predictivos y poca fiabilidad del modelo en general. Este problema fue popularizado por el econometrista David Hendry.

Test
En general, los tests CUSUM (cumulative sum) y CUSUM-sq (CUSUM squared) se pueden usar para probar si los coeficientes en un modelo son constantes.

Para un modelo lineal con un único cambio conocido en la media, se usa a menudo el Test de Chow. Si el cambio en la media es desconocida, entonces la prueba sup puede ser apropiada. Otros desafíos es cuando se encuentran:
 Un número conocido de cambios desconocidos en la media;
 Un número desconocido de  cambios desconocidos en la media;
 Cambios en la varianza.
El Test de Chow no es aplicable a estas situaciones.

Para procesos no estacionarios, hay muchos más retos. Para un modelo de cointegración, la Prueba de Gregory y Hansen (1996) se utiliza para cuando existe un cambio estructural desconocido, y la Prueba de Hatemi-J (2007) se utiliza cuando hay dos cambios de desconocidos.

Hay varios programas que se pueden utilizar para encontrar los cambios estructurales, incluyendo R (open source) y Gauss.

Modelos más sofisticados

Si hay demasiados cambios estructurales desconocidos, entonces habrá que asumir que el parámetro es variante en el tiempo.

El último método ha sido utilizado por Bai y Perron (2003) en el que múltiples cambios estructurales se puede detectar automáticamente de los datos. La literatura al respecto es muy amplia a partir desde 1987 hasta 2010. Recientemente, los economistas van tanto al análisis de la tasa de crecimiento y también al análisis econométrico con el fin de encontrar puntos de quiebre, esta manera ha sido recomendada por Chandan Mukherjee (2009).

Véase también
 Cambio estructural (Economía)
 Test de Chow
 Econometría

Referencias

Análisis de series temporales
Econometría

Macroeconomía

Cambio estructural (Econometría)


Göttin Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı bölge. 5,21 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 44 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Eckhard Maaß tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.buechen.de

Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Göttin


El problema del costo social (1960) de Ronald Coase es un artículo que enfatiza en derechos económicos de las externalidades. Se basa en una serie de casos legales Ingleses y los estatutos para ilustrar la creencia de Coase que las normas jurídicas sólo se justifican por referencia a un análisis costo-beneficio, y que las molestias que a menudo son consideradas como la falta de un partido son los conflictos más simétricos entre los intereses de las dos partes.

Si no hubiera cosas tales como los costos de hacer una transacción, las reglas legales serían irrelevantes para la maximización de la producción.

Debido a que en el mundo real hay costos de la negociación y la recopilación de información, las normas jurídicas se justifican en la medida de su capacidad de asignar derechos de los más eficientes derecho al portador.

Este artículo, junto con el titulado La naturaleza de la empresa, llevaron a Coase a obtener el Premio Nobel de Ciencias Económicas en 1991.

Resumen

Coase argumentó que si viviéramos en un mundo sin costos de transacción, la gente negociaría unos con otros para producir una distribución más eficiente de los recursos, independientemente de la asignación inicial.
Esto es superior a la asignación a través de litigios. Coase utiliza el ejemplo de un caso de molestias llamado Sturgevs v Bridgman, donde un confitero y un médico eran vecinos que recurren a la corte para ver conocer quien de los dos tendría que cambiar de residencia.

Coase, afirma que independientemente de que el juez dictaminé que el confitero debe dejar de generar ruido, o que el médico tenga que aguantar al confitero; las partes podrían llegar a un pacto de beneficio mutuo que llega al mismo resultado de distribución de los recursos.

Sin embargo, muchos maximizadores del bienestar son, generalmente re-asignaciones percibidos por los costos de transacción involucrados en la negociación.
Por ejemplo, el confitero puede tener muchos vecinos que claman una «molestia» - algunos legítimamente y otros no, y algunos de los vecinos que se ven molestados y han reclamado pueden elegir soportar las molestias por una compensación excesiva. En estos casos, los costos de transacción privados pueden dar lugar a una distribución más eficiente de los recursos.

En casos como estos, con costos de transacción potencialmente altos, la ley debe producir un resultado similar a lo que se produciría si los costos de transacción fueron eliminados. Por lo tanto, los tribunales deben guiarse por la solución más eficiente.

La última tesis establece que la ley y la regulación no son tan importantes o efectivas en ayudar a las personas como los abogados y los planificadores del gobierno consideran. Coase y otros académicos desean un cambio de enfoque, para poner la carga de la prueba de los efectos positivos de un gobierno que estaba interviniendo en el mercado, mediante el análisis de los costos de la acción.

Retos teóricos

Guido Calabresi, en su libro El Costo de los accidentes (1970) sostiene que aún es eficaz mantener las empresas responsables que producen mayor riqueza.

En el mundo real donde la gente no puede negociar sin costo, puede haber problemas de acción colectiva los cuales generen molestias, por ejemplo, las emisiones de humo de una fábrica a las granjas vecinas, por lo que se reúnen para negociar de manera eficaz pueden tanto generar mayor presión contra un solo elemento, como poder caer en un problema de coordinación.
Si es eficaz para los agricultores a pagar a la fábrica para disminuir las emisiones, algunos de los agricultores pueden esperar pagar su parte justa, con la esperanza de conseguir otro tipo de beneficios personales. La fábrica puede estar en una mejor posición para saber qué medidas tomar para reducir el daño, y puede ser el más barato que evita, lo que ilustra el argumento de Coase.

Los casos y los estatutos

Coase utiliza tres ejemplos principales en su artículo para tratar de ilustrar sus puntos. El primero es un pastor de ganado de ficción y un agricultor, pero el segundo es el caso de Sturges v Bridgman y el tercero refiere a la Ley de Ferrocarriles de 1905. Otros casos también son referidos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Robert Coase en el sitio oficial del Premio Nobel (en inglés)

Análisis económico del derecho

El problema del costo social


Olaylar
 Bologna Üniversitesi kuruldu.

Doğumlar
 I. Øystein, Norveç kralı (ö. 1123)
 İrini, İmparator II. İoannis'un eşi, İmparator I. Manuil'un annesi (ö. 1134)

Ölümler
 İoannis Dukas, Bizans İmparatoru X. Konstantinos'un kardeşi

1088


Moravac (kolo), srpsko kolo
 Moravac (Aleksinac, Srbija), naselje u općini Aleksinac

Moravac


Viola anagae es una especie de violeta. Es endémica del Macizo de Anaga en la isla de Tenerife (Canarias, España).

Descripción
V.anagae es un raro endemismo de la isla de Tenerife que sólo puede ser encontrado en los alrededores del Roque Chinobre, siendo la cima de éste el único lugar donde es abundante. Se diferencia de otras especies del género en las islas por ser una planta perenne y rizomatosa, con las hojas suborbiculares dispuestas en rosetas al final de los rizomas. Las flores son azul-violáceas, con un espolón blanco. Las cápsulas son glabrosas. Esta especie se incluye en el Catálogo de Especies Amenazadas de Canarias, como sensible a la alteración de su hábitat, en la isla de Tenerife.

Taxonomía
Viola anagae fue descrita por Alexander Gilli y publicado en  Feddes Repert. 89: 595, en el año 1978 publ. 1979.
Etimología
Viola,  nombre antiguo de las "violetas" y otras plantas con flores fragantes.

anagae, epíteto geográfico que alude a la zona de Anaga en la isla de Tenerife, donde se localiza esta especie.

Referencias

Véase también
Violeta del Teide

Enlaces externos

Bibliografía
 HANSEN, A. & P. SUNDING (1993). Flora of Macaronesia. Checklist of vascular plants. 4. revised edition. Sommerfeltia 17: [1-295]

anagae
Flora endémica de Canarias

Viola anagae


Socialisme i ét land er en teori fremsat af Joseph Stalin i 1924 og udviklet af Nikolaj Bukharin i 1925 og vedtaget som sovjetisk politik. Efter de mislykkede kommunistiske revolutioner i flere europæiske lande mellem 1917 og 1921 stod Sovjetunionens kommunistiske parti overfor opgaven at styrke Sovjetunionen internt. Teorien stod i modsætning til Trotskijs teori om den permanente revolution.

Baggrund

I 1878 formulerede formanden for den bayerske afdeling af det socialdemokratiske parti i Tyskland, Georg Vollmar første gang teorien om opbygningen af socialisme i ét land og offentliggjorde teorien i 1879 i artiklen "Den isolerede socialistiske stat" () i Zürich-tidsskriftet "Jahrbuch für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik".

I artiklen "Om parolen Europas Forenede Stater", offentliggjort i nummer 44 i avisen "Socialdemokraten" i 1915, skrev Lenin:

I rapporten om udenrigspolitik på det fælles møde for den centrale eksekutivkomité og Moskva Sovjet, som fandt sted den 14. maj 1918, sagde Lenin følgende:

Nederlaget for en række proletariske revolutioner i Europa (herunder Tyskland og Ungarn) tvang Josef Stalin til at udvikle ideen om at opbygge socialisme i et enkelt land. Efter Lenins død byggede Stalin på Lenins udtalelser som grundlag for tesen om opbygning af socialisme i ét land.

I "Om Leninismens grundlag", udgivet i 1924, skrev Stalin om at opbygge socialisme i ét land:

I april 1925 udkom Bukharins brochure "Kan vi opbygge socialismen i ét land uden det vesteuropæiske proletariats sejr?" (), Hvor han udviklede ideen med at opbygge socialisme i et enkelt land. Vikelighedsgørelsen indledtes efter offentliggørelsen af Stalins artikel, "Vedrørende spørgsmål om leninismen" () i januar 1926

Ved årsskiftet 1925-1926 år afvistes ideen om statens umiddelbare bortvisnen og Kominterns arbejde for fremskyndelsen af revolutionerne i Vesteuropa blev neddæmpet for at styrke Sovjetunionens forsvarsevne. I årene 1925-1928 gennemførtes fuldstændig overgang til Ny økonomisk politik.

Begrebet at opbygge socialisme i ét land er blevet kritiseret af Zinovjev og Trotskij. Ifølge trotskisterne, er ideen i modstrid med de grundlæggende principper i marxismen i almindelighed og i særdeleshed Lenins opfattelse: At socialismens sejr i et land ville være direkte proportional med sejr for den proletariske revolution i de udviklede lande i Vesteuropa.

Engels om umuligheden af at opbygge socialisme i ét land

Adspurgt om det er muligt at opbygge socialisme i ét land, skrev Engels i 1847 i sin artikel "Kommunismens principper":

Den leninistiske teori om opbygge socialisme i ét land

Ifølge Stalin er begrebet om opbygning af socialismen i ét land en videreudvikling af den leninistiske ideologi. I artiklen "En kammerat Ivanovu, Ivanu Filippovitju" (), publiceret 14. februar 1938 i Pravda delte Stalin spørgsmålet om socialismens sejr i et land i to dele. Først behandlede artiklen problemet med interne relationer, hvis løsning er kun mulige gennem tilrettelæggelse af partiet samarbejde med bønderne.

Idet han citerede Lenin, skrev Stalin, at på trods af Trotskijs, Zinovjevs og Kamenevs aktiviteter, "har vi alt det nødvendige for at bygge et komplet socialistisk samfund".

Den anden del behandlede spørgsmålet Sovjetunionens forhold til andre lande, nemlig muligheden for genoprettelse af kapitalismen. Stalin skrev, at den endelige sejr socialismens i Sovjetunionen kun ville være muligt med støtte fra arbejdere i udlandet.

Litteratur
 E. H. Carr: Socialism in One Country, bind 1-5 (Del af serien A History of Soviet Russia , London: Macmillan, 1950–1978.

Noter

Marxisme-leninisme

Socialisme i ét land


Hollywood (), Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Kaliforniya eyaletinde bulunan Los Angeles kentinin bir bölgesidir. Kent merkezinin kuzeybatısında yer alır. Sinema stüdyolarının ve film yıldızlarının oturduğu evlerin bu bölgede yoğunlaşmasından dolayı Amerikan sinema endüstrisiyle özdeşleşmiştir.

ABD'de yapılan ilk filmler New York kenti civarında çekilmişti. 1900 yıllarına doğru Kaliforniya'da ilk filmler yapılmaya başlandı. Kaliforniya'nın tercih nedeni daha güzel bir havaya ve açık alanlara sahip olmasıydı. Ayrıca bir diğer nedeni de ünlü buluşçu Thomas Edison'a sinema konusundaki patentlerinden dolayı ödeme yapmaktan kaçınmaktı. Thomas Edison sinema dalındaki birçok patent haklarını elinde bulunduruyordu. New York bölgesinde Edison'un avukatlarına ödeme yapmamak mümkün değildi. Kaliforniya'da Edison'un avukatlarının etkisi azdı ve gerekirse Hollywood'un Meksika sınırına yakınlığından dolayı polisten kaçarak Meksika'da saklanmak mümkündü.

Kaynakça

Hollywood


El Sedosito pardo (Sericornis humilis),  es una especie de ave paseriforme perteneciente a la familia  Acanthizidae. Anteriormente incluida en la familia . Es endémica de los bosques templados de Tasmania.  Algunos autores lo consideran un sinónimo de Sericornis frontalis

Subespecies
Comprende las siguientes subespecies:<ref>[http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=ES&avibaseid=C9FE7134BECA24A2 Sericornis humilis en AviBase]</ref>
 Sericornis humilis humilis
 ''Sericornis humilis tregallasi

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Sericornis

Sericornis humilis


L'équipe de Tunisie de football participe à la coupe d'Afrique des nations 2000 organisée au Ghana et au Nigeria du 22 janvier au 13 février 2000. Elle termine à la quatrième place de la compétition.

Qualifications

L'entraîneur italien Francesco Scoglio qualifie l'équipe pour la CAN 2000 après avoir vaincu l'Algérie, l'Ouganda et le Liberia.

Équipe

Effectif
Coach:  Francesco Scoglio

Maillot
Pour la coupe d'Afrique des nations de football 2000, l'équipementier de l'équipe, Lotto, lui a confectionné un maillot spécifique pour la compétition.

Compétition
La Tunisie se qualifie pour les quarts de finale de la compétition pour la troisième fois consécutive mais avec difficulté, après une défaite au premier tour contre le Nigeria, une victoire sur le Congo et un match nul face au Maroc ; l'équipe réussit à se qualifier pour la demi-finale en battant l'Égypte avant de s'incliner contre le Cameroun et de terminer la compétition à la quatrième place avec une défaite aux tirs au but contre l'Afrique du Sud.

Phase de poules

Phase à élimination directe

Statistiques
2 buts
 Ali Zitouni
1 but
 Walid Azaiez
 Khaled Badra
 Radhi Jaïdi
 Adel Sellimi

Notes et références

Tunisie
CAN 2000

Équipe de Tunisie de football à la Coupe d'Afrique des nations 2000


L'ALC-0315 ou [(4-hydroxybutyl)azanediyl]di(hexane-6,1-diyl) bis(2-hexyldecanoate), est un lipide synthétique. C'est une matière huileuse et incolore.

L'ALC-0315 est l'un des quatre composants des nanoparticules lipidiques du vaccin contre la Covid-19 BNT162b2 mis au point par BioNTech en collaboration avec Pfizer. Ces nanoparticules contiennent et protègent l'ARNm, le composant utile permettant aux cellules de produire la protéine Spike.

Invention
Le processus de fabrication de l'ALC-0315 apparaît pour la première fois le  dans une demande de brevet par Acuitas Therapeutics concernant « des formulations améliorées de nanoparticules lipidiques », avec également « l'utilisation des nanoparticules lipidiques pour l'administration d'un agent thérapeutique ».

Production
Le laboratoire Pfizer sous-traite la production de l'ALC-0315 auprès de l'entreprise Echelon Biosciences. Une indication sur la fiche de ce produit sur le site de l'entreprise indiquant « destiné uniquement à la recherche » («for research use only») a été utilisée comme argument par les anti-vaccins contre l'usage du vaccin de Pfizer. En réalité, cette indication désigne simplement son statut, qui n'est pas celui d'un médicament à part entière puisqu'il n'en est qu'un composant. C'est le médicament  qui est validé après essais cliniques.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 ALC-0159
 Tozinaméran

Lien externe

  Understanding the nanotechnology in COVID-19 vaccines

Notes et références

Ester
Amine
Alcool primaire
Lipide
Excipient
Produit lancé en 2020

ALC-0315


11520 Fromm este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11520 Fromm este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Eric Walter Elst. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,29 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 5,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia Levin

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1991
Centura de asteroizi

11520 Fromm


Vodni  es un jútor del raión de Slaviansk del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en la orilla izquierda del Protoka, uno de los distributarios del delta del Kubán, 22 km al norte de Slaviansk-na-Kubani y 87 al noroeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 427 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Petróvskoye.

Historia

La localidad fue fundada a principios del  en un estrecho margen de tierra entre el Protoka, las marisma y el estero del delta por colonos procedentes de Petróvskaya. Hasta mediados de ese siglo no se drenarían las marismas y se convertirían en campos para el uso agrícola. Es registrada como unidad administrativa el 24 de septiembre de 1958.

Economía

La principal compañía, agrícola, en el jútor es la OOO Slavianska-A.

Servicios sociales

La población cuenta con un punto de enfermería entre otros establecimientos.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde  este enlace.
 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición rusa de Wikipedia, Водный (Краснодарский край).
 Artículo sobre la localidad
 Mapa en vlasenko.net .

Localidades del raión de Slaviansk del krai de Krasnodar
Localidades establecidas en el siglo XX

Vodni (Slaviansk, Krasnodar)


Spondiadoideae, potporodica rujevki nekada priznata kao samostalna porodica Spondiadaceae, koju je 1820. opisao Ivan Ivanovič Martinov. Sastoji se od 19 rodova a tipični je Spondias sa 18 vrsta iz Azije, Amerike i Madagaskara.

Rodovi

 Allospondias (Pierre) Stapf
 Antrocaryon Pierre
 Choerospondias B.L.Burtt & A.W.Hill
 Cyrtocarpa Kunth
 Dracontomelon Blume
 Haematostaphis Hook.f.
 Harpephyllum Bernh.
 Koordersiodendron Engl. ex Koord.
 Lannea A.Rich.
 Operculicarya H.Perrier
 Pegia Colebr.
 Pleiogynium Engl.
 Poupartia Comm. ex Juss.
 Poupartiopsis Capuron ex J.D.Mitch. & Daly
 Pseudospondias Engl.
 Sclerocarya Hochst.
 Solenocarpus Wight & Arn.
 Spondias L.
 Tapirira Aubl.

Izvori

Rujevke

Spondiadoideae


An Dichanthium fecundum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stanley Thatcher Blake. An Dichanthium fecundum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dichanthium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Dichanthium

Dichanthium fecundum


Charles Philip Bednarik (May 1, 1925 – March 21, 2015), nicknamed "Concrete Charlie", was an American professional football player in the National Football League (NFL). He was a first round draft selection by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1949 NFL Draft. Bednarik is ranked one of the hardest hitting tacklers in NFL history and was one of the league's last two-way players. Bednarik's November 20, 1960, tackle of New York Giants running back Frank Gifford in an Eagles game against the Giants at Yankee Stadium, known simply as "The Hit", is widely considered the hardest tackle and one of the most notable plays in NFL history.

A Slovak American from the Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania, Bednarik played for the Philadelphia Eagles for his entire 14-year NFL career from 1949 through 1962. In 1967, in his first year of eligibility, he was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Early life and education
Bednarik was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, on May 1, 1925. Five years earlier, his parents had emigrated from Široké, a village in eastern Slovakia, settling in Bethlehem and working for Bethlehem Steel. He first attended school at SS. Cyril & Methodius, a Slovak parochial school in Bethlehem taught in Slovak. He then  attended Liberty High School in Bethlehem, where he played football.

Military service
Following graduation from Liberty High School, Bednarik entered the U.S. Air Force, where he served as a B-24 waist gunner with the Eighth Air Force.

During World War II, Bednarik flew on 30 combat missions over Nazi Germany. He was awarded the Air Medal, four Oak Leaf Clusters, the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, and four Battle Stars for his military service.

College
Following World War II, Bednarik attended the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, where he was a 60-minute man, excelling as both center and linebacker, and sometimes as a punter.

At Penn, Bednarik was a three-time All-American. Along with two of his teammates on the 1947 Penn team, George Savitsky and tailback Tony Minisi, and his coach, George Munger, Bednarik was voted entry into the College Football Hall of Fame. In 1948, Bednarik placed third in Heisman Trophy voting and won the Maxwell Award that year. In 1969, he was voted by a panel of sportswriters, coaches, and College Football Hall of Fame players as "the greatest center of all-time."

NFL career

Philadelphia Eagles
Bednarik was the first player selected in the 1949 NFL Draft by the Philadelphia Eagles, where he went on to start on both offense as a center and on defense as a linebacker for the Eagles.

Bednarik was a member of two Eagles' NFL Championship teams, in 1949 and again in 1960. In the final play of the 1960 NFL Championship Game, Bednarik was the last Eagles defensive player between the Green Bay Packers' Jim Taylor and the end zone. Bednarik tackled Taylor at the Eagles' eight-yard line, and remained atop Taylor as the final seconds ticked off the clock, ensuring the Packers could not run another play and preserving a 17–13 Eagles victory and the 1960 NFL championship. The controversy surrounding this play led to the NFL putting in a rule penalizing defensive players for not allowing an offensive player to get up off the field.

Gifford hit

On November 20, 1960, in a game between the Eagles and New York Giants at the original Yankee Stadium, Bednarik knocked Giants running back Frank Gifford out of football for over 18 months in one of the most famed tackles in NFL history, often referred to simply as The Hit. Bednarik's clothes line tackle of Gifford dropped Gifford immediately to the ground, and Gifford immediately went unconscious. Gifford was transported from the field on a stretcher and then to a local hospital, where he was diagnosed with a deep concussion.

Bednarik was criticized after the game by Giants players and fans for apparently celebrating Gifford's injury. A Sports Illustrated photo of Bednarik standing over an unconscious Gifford became iconic, showing Bednarik in mid-celebration, right above Gifford as he laid unconscious on the field. Bednarik defended himself by saying that he was celebrating the fumble caused by the hit, which the Eagles recovered and clinched the victory for the Eagles, sending the team to 1960 NFL Championship Game. Years later, Gifford called the hit "a clean shot", and said, "Chuck hit me exactly the way I would have hit him."

Quarrel with Noll
Bednarik had a famous quarrel with Chuck Noll, who as a Cleveland Browns player, had smashed him in the face during a fourth-down punting play. A few years later, Bednarik punched Noll in an on-field confrontation after a game. NFL commissioner Bert Bell subsequently fined Bednarik $500 and ordered him to apologize to Noll for the punch. According to Bednarik, when he gave the apology, Noll simply responded, "Bullshit."

Accomplishments and legacy
Bednarik proved extremely durable, missing just three games in his 14 seasons with the Philadelphia Eagles. He was named All-Pro eight times and was the last of the NFL's "Sixty-Minute Men", players who played both offense and defense on a regular basis.

Bednarik's nickname, "Concrete Charlie," originated from his off-season career as a concrete salesman for the Warner Company, not from his reputation as a ferocious tackler. Sportswriter Hugh Brown of The Evening Bulletin in Philadelphia, credited with bestowing Bednarik with the nickname, remarked that Bednarik "is as hard as the concrete he sells."

Bednarik served as an analyst on the HBO program Inside The NFL for its inaugural season in 1977–78.

In 1999, he was ranked number 54 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, making him the highest-ranking player to have spent his entire career with the Eagles, the highest-ranking offensive center, and the eighth-ranked linebacker in all of professional football.

In 2010, Bednarik was ranked 35th on the NFL Network's "The Top 100: NFL's Greatest Players". Ranked one spot ahead of Bednarik at #34 was Deion Sanders, a player for whom Bednarik had held open contempt in regards to being a two-way player.

NFL career statistics

Regular season

Postseason

Opinions on current NFL players
Bednarik was an outspoken, even bitter critic of modern NFL players for playing on only one side of the ball, calling them "pussyfoots", noting that they "suck air after five plays" and that they "couldn't tackle my wife Emma". He even criticized Troy Brown of the New England Patriots and Deion Sanders of the Dallas Cowboys, two players who also have played both offense and defense. Bednarik noted that Brown and Sanders saw time at both wide receiver and cornerback, positions that did not require as much contact as he endured while playing both center and linebacker.

Relationship with the Eagles
Bednarik's former Eagles number, 60, has been retired by the Eagles in honor of his achievements with the team and is one of only nine numbers retired in the history of the franchise.

When the Eagles established their Honor Roll in 1987, Bednarik was one of the first class of inductees. He attended reunions for the 25th anniversary of the 1960 NFL Championship team in 1985 and the 40th anniversary of the 1948–49 NFL Championship team in 1988 (though he had not played for the 1948 team), held in pregame ceremonies at Veterans Stadium.

Bednarik quarreled with current Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie in 1996. Lurie refused to buy 100 copies of Bednarik's new book for $15 each for the entire team, as that was against NFL rules, and that grudge carried over into the Eagles' Super Bowl appearance in 2005, when he openly rooted against his former team. He was a consistent critic of several league issues, including his pension, today's salaries, and one-way players.

During Eagles training camp in the summer of 2006, Bednarik and the Eagles reconciled, seemingly ending the feud between Bednarik and Lurie. At the same time, however, Bednarik made disparaging remarks regarding Reggie White, leading to a somewhat lukewarm reception of the reconciliation by Eagles' fans. In the edition of August 4 of Allentown's Morning Call newspaper, however, it was reported that Bednarik apologized, stating he had been confused, and meant to make the statement about former Eagles wide receiver Terrell Owens.

Health and death

2011 hospitalization
On March 26, 2011, Bednarik was reportedly taken to St. Luke's Hospital in Bethlehem. Hospital spokesmen stated that he was "in serious condition", but provided no further details. The next day, however, it was announced that he was doing fine and had no pre-existing medical conditions. His son-in-law stated that he had passed out from shortness of breath and low blood pressure but did not suffer a heart attack or anything related and was expected to make a full recovery.

In the final years of his life, Bednarik resided in Coopersburg, Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley with his wife Emma.

Death
Bednarik died at 4:23 a.m. on March 21, 2015, in Coopersburg, Pennsylvania, after having fallen ill the previous day. He was 89. Although the Philadelphia Eagles released a statement saying he died after a "brief illness", Bednarik's eldest daughter, Charlene Thomas, disputed that claim, saying he had Alzheimer's disease and had been suffering from dementia for years and that football-related injuries played a role in his decline.

See also
Chuck Bednarik Award, awarded annually in Bednarik's honor to the best defensive player in college football
The Hit (Chuck Bednarik)

References

External links

Video of "The Hit" on NFL Films' on YouTube page

1925 births
2015 deaths
All-American college football players
American football centers
American football linebackers
American people of Slovak descent
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
Liberty High School (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) alumni
Maxwell Award winners
National Football League first-overall draft picks
National Football League players with retired numbers
Neurological disease deaths in Pennsylvania
Penn Quakers football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Players of American football from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
United States Army Air Forces soldiers

Chuck Bednarik


Centrul de Analiză a Politicii Europene (în , acronim CEPA) este un institut non-profit,  independent și non-partinic de cercetare a politicilor publice din Washington, D.C., dedicat studiului Europei Centrale și de Est. Fondat în 2005, CEPA este forum de cercetare științifică adresată aspectelor cheie care afectează țările și economiile din regiunea Europei Centrale și de Est, apartenenței lor în Uniunea Europeană (UE) și relației acestora cu Statele Unite ale Americii.

Cercetare de politici publice
Institute de cercetări din Statele Unite ale Americii
Think tanks

Centrul de Analiză a Politicii Europene


Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma je zrakoplov u razvoju, za koji se tvrdi da je mlazni, jednomotorni, radarima slabo uočljiv, nadzvučni, bespilotni borbeni zrakoplov sposoban za polijetanje s nosača zrakoplova. Razvija ga turska obrambena tvrtka Baykar. Zrakoplov se razvija u sklopu projekta MIUS (turski: Muharip İnsansız Uçak Sistemi;  engleski: Combatant Unmanned Aircraft System).

Dizajn i razvoj
Kızılelma je bespilotna letjelica koja ima nadzvučnu konstrukciju s niskom refleksijom radarskih signala (RCS) i opremljena je aktivnim elektronički usmjerivim radarom (AESA). Zrakoplov pokreće turboventilatorski motor kojem se zrak privodi kroz dva ulaza; kontrola skretanja postiže se s dva okomita stabilizatora. Zrakoplov ima kanarde za povećanu upravljivost ili za bolju kontrolu glavnog protoka zraka na krilu. Unutarnji odjeljci omogućit će letjelici da radi u problematičnim okruženjima uz održavanje niske vidljivosti.

Kızılelma ima najveću masu pri polijetanju od 6000 kg, s 1500 kg spomenute mase na raspolaganju za korisni teret. Prema podatcima koje je podijelila tvrtka, Kızılelma će imati operativnu visinu leta od 10 000 m. Kızılelma-A bit će sposoban za gotovo nadzvučne brzine, a pokretat će ga motor AI-25TLT, kojeg je dizajnirala zajednička tursko-ukrajinska tvrtka Black Sea Shield. Kızılelma-B će letjeti nadzvučnom brzinom, a pokretat će ga ukrajinski motor AI-322F i turski motor TEI TF-6000. MIUS-B će imati dva i pol puta snažniji motor, što ga čini značajno drugačijim od MIUS-A. Očekuje se da će se MIUS lansirati s broda turske mornarice TCG Anadolu LHD bez ikakve potrebe za sustavom katapulta. Tehnički direktor Baykara Selçuk Bayraktar rekao je da se očekuje da će MIUS letjeti 2023., dodajući da je bespilotna letjelica na mlazni pogon "dvanaestogodišnji san". Dana 12. ožujka 2022. Selçuk Bayraktar objavio je ime letjelice, Kızılelma (crvena jabuka); također je otkrio da je prvi prototip Kızılelme ušao u proizvodnju.

Značajke

 Potpuno autonomno polijetanje i slijetanje
 Nizak udarni presjek za radare
 Visoka manevarska sposobnost
 LOS i BLOS
 Mogućnost polijetanja i slijetanja s nosača zrakoplova s kratkom poletnom stazom
 Visoka svijest o situaciji s AESA radarom
 Unutarnji nosači naoružanja

Tehnički podatci

 Nosivost: 1500 kg
 Najveća masa pri polijetanju: 6000 kg
 Pogon: 1 × AI-25TLT (MIUS-A)
 Pogon: 1 × Ivčenko AI-322F (MIUS-B)

Performanse

 Najveća brzina: 900 km/h
 Brzina krstarenja: 740 km/h
 Borbeni dolet: 930 km
 Izdržljivost: 5 sati
 Gornja granica leta: 12 000 m

Naoružanje

 Projektili:
 CIRIT
 L-UMTAS ASM
 Bozdoğan, AAM
 Gökdoğan, AAM
 Akdoğan, AAM
 Gökhan, AAM
 SOM ALCM
 TUBITAK-SAGE Kuzgun-TJ, projektil zrak-zemlja na turbomlazni pogon
 TUBITAK-SAGE Kuzgun-KY, raketa zrak-zemlja na kruto gorivo
 TUBITAK-SAGE Kuzgun-ER, projektil zrak-zemlja na turbomlazni pogon (ekvivalent norveškim projektilima Penguin)
 TUBITAK-SAGE Kuzgun-EW, sposoban nositi minijaturni EW teret koji djeluje kao rezervni ometač i potiskuje neprijateljsku protuzračnu obranu kako bi značajno povećao preživljavanje zrakoplova Turskog ratnog zrakoplovstva.
 Akbaba, raketa zrak-zemlja za napade na neprijateljske radiosustave/radare (ARM)
 Obitelj raketa ROKETSAN ÇAKIR, krstareća raketa zrak-zemlja, protubrodska, zemlja-zemlja
 Bombe:
 Teber-81 (bomba Mark 81 s kompletom za lasersko navođenje ROKETSAN)
 HGK-82 (bomba Mark 82 s kompletom za precizno navođenje TUBITAK-SAGE)
 KGK-82 (bomba Mark 82 s kompletom za navođenje TUBITAK-SAGE)
 Teber-82 (bomba Mark 82 s kompletom za lasersko navođenje ROKETSAN)
 HGK-83 (bomba Mark 83 s kompletom za precizno navođenje TUBITAK-SAGE
 KGK-83 (bomba Mark 83 s kompletom za navođenje TUBITAK-SAGE)
 HGK-84 (bomba Mark 84 s kompletom za precizno navođenje TUBITAK-SAGE)
 LHGK-84 (bomba Mark 84 s kompletom za lasersko osjetljivo navođenje TUBITAK-SAGE)
 TUBITAK-SAGE TOGAN, streljivo zrak-zemlja
 TUBITAK-SAGE Kuzgun-SS, klizna bomba Aselsan navođena GPS/INS
 SARB-83, bomba za uništavanje bunkera
 NEB-84, bomba za uništavanje bunkera
 MAM-C
 MAM-L
 MAM-T

Izvori

Turske vojne bespilotne letjelice

Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma


بيرسخوت آ سي  نادي كرة قدم بلجيكي يلعب في دوري الدرجة الممتازة. تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1920.

النادي كان يضم اللاعب السوري الدولي سنحاريب ملكي في صفوفه. ويملكه الأمير السعودي عبد الله بن مساعد بن عبد العزيز ال سعود.

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم انحلت في 2013
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1920
أندية كرة قدم سابقة في بلجيكا
أندية كرة قدم في أنتويرب
انحلالات سنة 2013 في بلجيكا
تأسيسات سنة 1920 في بلجيكا
تأسيسات سنة 1999 في بلجيكا
نادي بيرسخوت

بيرسخوت إيه سي


Børn af dagen er en dansk kortfilm fra 2013, der er instrueret af Amir Rezazadeh.

Handling
En dag, da den ellers kosmopolitisk og humanistiske lærer Kasper kommer ind i klasseværelset for at undervise sine elever, ser han til sin overraskelse, at nogen har skrevet på tavlen; "Vi vil ikke have jødiske elever på vores skole". Hvem har skrevet denne modbydelige sætning? Kasper bliver oprørt og griber straks til Søren Kierkegaards citat: "Man skaber ikke sig selv, men man vælger sig selv", og det bliver en skæbnesvanger dag for eleven Amir.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2013

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Børn af dagen


Elen Luyddawg [] ist eine Sagengestalt aus der britannischen Mythologie. In der christlichen Tradition ist sie als Saint Helen of Caernarfon überliefert.

Mythologie
In der Erzählung Breuddwyd Macsen ("Macsens Traum"), aufgezeichnet im Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch ("Das weiße Buch von Rhydderch"), ist Elen Luyddawg die Tochter des Briten-Königs Eudaf Hen und die Schwester von Cynan. Der römische Kaiser Macsen Wledig verliebt sich auf Grund eines Traumgesichtes in eine unbekannte wunderschöne Frau, die seine Boten schließlich in Wales finden. Nach der Eroberung Britanniens heiratet er Elen, macht sie zu seiner Kaiserin, übergibt Eudaf Hen die Regentschaft über Britannien und bleibt sieben Jahre bei ihr. Als in Rom ein Gegenkaiser für das Römische Reich ernannt wird, kann er mit Hilfe Cynans seine Krone zurückgewinnen.

Christliche Tradition
Saint Helen of Caernarfon wird als Kirchengründerin des späten 4. Jahrhunderts in Wales genannt, wo sie auch das Klosterwesen nach gallischem Ritus eingeführt haben soll. Deswegen wurde sie zur Heiligen erhoben. Sie war die Gattin von Magnus Maximus (Macsen) und Mutter von fünf Kindern, darunter den Söhnen Cystennin (auch Custennin oder Konstantin) und Peblig (Publicus, der im Kalender der Yr Eglwys yng Nghymru, der Church in Wales, genannt ist). Obwohl sie sechzig Jahre nach Helena, der Mutter des Kaisers Konstantin des Großen, lebte, wurde sie früher wegen der Namensgleichheit der Söhne manchmal mit dieser verwechselt. Helen ist die Patronin von Lanelan auf der Gower-Halbinsel und der Kirche von Penisa'r-waun bei Caernarfon. Der heilige Gregor von Tours und der Biograf Sulpicius Severus berichten, Maximus/Macsen und Helen/Elen hätten bei ihrer Reise nach Gallien den heiligen Martin von Tours besucht.

Siehe auch
 Liste keltischer Götter und Sagengestalten
 Mythen und Sagen aus Wales und Britannien
 Keltische Frauen

Literatur
 Bernhard Maier: Lexikon der keltischen Religion und Kultur (= Kröners Taschenausgabe. Band 466). Kröner, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-520-46601-5.
 David Hugh Farmer: The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (4th ed). Oxford University Press, Oxford 1997, ISBN 0-19-280058-2.
 Nigel Pennick: The Celtic Saints: An Illustrated and Authoritative Guide to These Extraordinary Men and Women. Sterling Pub., New York; Thorsons, London; 1997, ISBN 0-7225-3481-7.

Einzelnachweise

Heiliger (4. Jahrhundert)
Walisische Sagengestalt
Mabinogion
Person (Wales)

Elen Luyddawg


Nefes, Mercan Dede'nin dört albümden oluşmasını planladığı serisinin üçüncü albümüdür. Bu serinin ilk albümü Nar ("ateş"), ikincisi ise Su'dur.

Nefes albümü diğer iki albümden daha farklı bir tarza sahiptir. Albüm 15 şarkıdan oluşmuştur. Her şarkının ismi bir dilde nefes anlamına gelmektedir. 2006 yılında sesleri kaydedip,albümün bitirme gecikmesinden dolayı 10 Nisan 2007 günü  ise piyasaya çıkarılarak satışa sunuldu.

Şarkı listesi
 Hininga, 05:22
 Dem, 05:12
 Ginhawa, 05:09
 Samana, 04:07
 Huo, 03:55
 Zefir, 03:50
 Napas, 04:23
 Engewald, 05:09
 Breath, 03:01
 Huxi, 04:53
 Halitus, 03:58
 Souffle, 04:51
 Atmann, 04:35
 Behin, 06:27
 Moya Alitu, 08:53

Mercan Dede albümleri
2007 albümleri
Arapça albümler

Nefes (Mercan Dede albümü)


223566 Petignat este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
223566 Petignat este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Vicques de Michel Ory. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,28 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 2,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 223001-224000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2004
Centura de asteroizi

223566 Petignat


Sange fra Ilulissat er en ungdomsfilm fra 2010 instrueret af Lotte Andersen og Martin Kjeldsen.

Handling
Unge grønlænderes drømme er ikke så forskellige fra unges drømme alle andre steder i verden, selvom deres omgivelser virker eksotiske for de fleste. I den smukke Sange fra Ilulissat følger vi en flok unge, som blandt andet håber på at blive lærer, frisør, danser eller noget ved musikken, og som forholder sig til deres helt særlige kulturarv og -baggrund.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2010

Ungdomsfilm fra Danmark

Sange fra Ilulissat


An Carex ursina in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Chester Dewey. An Carex ursina in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex ursina


අනාගතය වෙනුවෙන් ගෝලීය සතිය ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙන,  2019 සැප්තැම්බර් දේශගුණය වෙනුවෙන් වැඩ වැරීම් යනු, ගෝලීය තාපනය හේතුවෙන් දේශගුණය වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ පියවර ගැනීමට තරයේ ඉල්ලා සිටීම සඳහා පැවැත්වෙන ජාත්‍යන්තර වැඩ වැරීම් සහ විරෝධතා මාලාවකි. වැඩ වැරුවන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන දිනයන් අතර,   එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ දේශගුණය පිළිබඳ සම්මේලනයට දින තුනකට පෙර දිනයවූ සැප්තැම්බර් 20, සහ සැප්තැම්බර්  27, මෙන්ම, පෘථිවි වැඩ වැරීම යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වුණු දේශගුණය පිළිබඳ ලෝකව්‍යාප්ත මහා වැඩ වැරීමක් සඳහා යෝජිත සැප්තැම්බර් 20 සිට 27 දක්වා සම්පූර්ණ සතියද විය. රටවල් 150ක් තුල සහ ස්ථාන 4,500ක විරෝධතා පැවැත්වෙයි.  මෙම සිද්ධිය,  ස්වීඩන ජාතික දේශගුණ ක්‍රියාකාරී ගෙරේටා ටුන්බරී විසින් පොළඹවනු ලැබූ දේශගුණය වෙනුවෙන් පාසැල් වැඩ වැරීම් ව්‍යාපාරයෙහි අංගයකි.

සැප්තැම්බර් 20 විරෝධතා බොහෝවිට ලෝක ඉතිහාසයෙහි විශාලතම දේශගුණය පිළිබඳ වැඩ වැරීම් වීමට ඉඩ ඇත. සංවිධායකයන් වාර්තා කර තිබුණේ ලොව පුරා වැඩ වැරීම් සඳහා මිලියන 4 කට වැඩි ජනයා සහභාගි වූ අතර, එම සංඛ්‍යාවට ජර්මනියෙහි සහභාගිත්වය වූ මිලියන 1.4 ද අයත් වූ බවයි. ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු වැඩ වැරීම් සඳහා ඇස්තමේන්තු ගත විරෝධතාකරුවන් 300,000 සහභාගි වූ අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානියෙහි විරෝධතා සඳහා තවත් ජනයා 300,000 ක්ද  නිව්යෝර්ක්හි විරෝධතා සඳහා දළ වශයෙන්  250,000 දෙනෙක්ද එක් වූහ. රටවල් 40 ක 2,000 සංඛ්‍යාවකට වැඩි විද්‍යාඥයින් ගණනක් වැඩ වැරීම් සඳහා සහයෝගය පල කලහ.

පසුබිම

මෙම වැඩ වැරීම දේශගුණය වෙනුවෙන් පාසැල් වැඩ වැරීම් ව්‍යාපාරයෙහි තුන්වන ගෝලීය වැඩ වැරීම වෙයි. 2019 මාර්තු මාසයෙහිදී පැවැත්වුණු පළමුවන වැඩ වැරීම සඳහා රටවල් 125ක් වෙතින් මිලියන 1.6 ක් සහභාගී වූහ. 2019 යුරෝපියානු පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණය පැවැත්වීම හා සමගාමී වන අයුරින් 2019 මැයි මාසයේදී පැවැත්වුණු දෙවැන්න, රටවල් 125 ක් තුල ඉසව් 1,600 කට වැඩි ගණනක් සහිතව පැවැත්විණි.  ගෝලීය වැඩ වැරීම් වල තෙවන ගොන්න පැවැත්වීමට නියමිතව ඇත්තේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සැප්තැම්බර් 20 සහ 27 දිනයන්හිදීය. ඒවා පැවැත්වෙන දින වකවානු නියම කර ඇත්තේ  එජා යෞවන දේශගුණය පිළිබඳ සම්මේලනය (21 සැප්තැම්බර්) සහ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ දේශගුණය පිළිබඳ ක්‍රියාකාරිත්ව සම්මේලන (23 සැප්තැම්බර්) පැවැත්වෙන වකවානු හා සමගාමී වන පරිදීය. සැප්තැම්බර් 27 යනු, පරිසරවේදී ව්‍යාපාරය ඇරඹීමේ ප්‍රධාන හේතු කාරකයක් වූ 1962 ග්‍රන්ථය සයිලන්ට් ස්ප්‍රිං ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කිරීමෙහි සංවත්සරයද වෙයි.

රට අනුව ක්‍රියාකාරිත්ව

ඇෆ්ගනිස්තානය
කාබුල්හී, යෞවනයන් දේශගුණ වෙනසට එරෙහිව ගමනෙහි යෙදුනේ හමුදා බලකායන්ගේ ආරක්ෂාව යටතේය. ඇෆ්ගනිස්තානයෙහි මහජන සෞඛ්‍ය අමාත්‍යාංශය ප්‍රකාශ කලේ  වාත දූෂණය නිසාවෙන් වාර්ෂිකව දහස් ගණනක් ඇෆ්ගනිස්තාන ජනයා මිය යන බවයි.

ඇන්ගෝලාව
50,000 සංඛ්‍යාවකට වඩා දරුවන් සහ යෞවනයන් පළමුවන වරට අගනුවර ලුවන්ඩාහී එක්රැස් වූයේ දේශගුණ වෙනස පිළිබඳ ව්‍යාපාරයට සහය පල කරනු සඳහාය.

මෙයද බලන්න
 දේශපාලනය හා රාජ්‍ය පාලනය පිළිබඳව 2019 වසර
 දේශගුණය වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ ව්‍යාපාරික ක්‍රියාකාරකම
 ලෝක  ශෝධන දිනය (21 සැප්තැම්බර් 2019)

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි

 ග්ලෝබල් ක්ලයිමෙට් ස්ට්‍රයික්
 ෆ්‍රයිඩේස්ෆොෆියුචර්

අප්‍රිකාව තුල 2019 වසර
ආසියාව තුල 2019 වසර
මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාව තුල 2019 වසර
අධ්‍යාපනය අරභයා 2019 වසර
යුරෝපය තුල 2019 වසර
උතුරු ඇමරිකාව තුල 2019 වසර
ඕෂනියාව තුල 2019 වසර
දකුණු ඇමරිකාව තුල 2019 වසර
පරිසරය අරභයා 2019 වසර
විරෝධතා අරභයා 2019 වසර
දේශගුණික වෙනස් වීම් සහ සමාජය
සෘජු ක්‍රියාමාර්ග
පරිසරය හා බැඳි විරෝධතා
ගෝලීය තාපනය
දැනට පවතින විරෝධතා
දේශගුණය පිළිබඳ වැඩ වැරීම්
ශිෂ්‍යයන්ගේ වැඩ වැරීම්


Split-brain or callosal syndrome is a type of disconnection syndrome when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to some degree. It is an association of symptoms produced by disruption of, or interference with, the connection between the hemispheres of the brain. The surgical operation to produce this condition (corpus callosotomy) involves transection of the corpus callosum, and is usually a last resort to treat refractory epilepsy. Initially, partial callosotomies are performed; if this operation does not succeed, a complete callosotomy is performed to mitigate the risk of accidental physical injury by reducing the severity and violence of epileptic seizures. Before using callosotomies, epilepsy is instead treated through pharmaceutical means. After surgery, neuropsychological assessments are often performed.

After the right and left brain are separated, each hemisphere will have its own separate perception, concepts, and impulses to act. Having two "brains" in one body can create some interesting dilemmas. When one split-brain patient dressed himself, he sometimes pulled his pants up with one hand (that side of his brain wanted to get dressed) and down with the other (this side did not). He also reported to have grabbed his wife with his left hand and shaken her violently, at which point his right hand came to her aid and grabbed the aggressive left hand. However, such conflicts are very rare. If a conflict arises, one hemisphere usually overrides the other.

When split-brain patients are shown an image only in the left half of each eye's visual field, they cannot vocally name what they have seen. This is because the image seen in the left visual field is sent only to the right side of the brain (see optic tract), and most people's speech-control center is on the left side of the brain. Communication between the two sides is inhibited, so the patient cannot say out loud the name of that which the right side of the brain is seeing. A similar effect occurs if a split-brain patient touches an object with only the left hand while receiving no visual cues in the right visual field; the patient will be unable to name the object, as each cerebral hemisphere of the primary somatosensory cortex only contains a tactile representation of the opposite side of the body. If the speech-control center is on the right side of the brain, the same effect can be achieved by presenting the image or object to only the right visual field or hand.

The same effect occurs for visual pairs and reasoning. For example, a patient with split brain is shown a picture of a chicken foot and a snowy field in separate visual fields and asked to choose from a list of words the best association with the pictures. The patient would choose a chicken to associate with the chicken foot and a shovel to associate with the snow; however, when asked to reason why the patient chose the shovel, the response would relate to the chicken (e.g. "the shovel is for cleaning out the chicken coop").

History

Early anatomists, such as Galen (129 – ) and Vesalius (1514–1564 CE), identified the corpus callosum. They generally described its function as a structure holding together the two halves of the brain. In 1784, Félix Vicq-d'Azyr described the corpus callosum as allowing communication between the two halves of the brain. He proposed that eliminating the corpus callosum would divide the brain into two independent parts. In 1892, Joseph Jules Dejerine reported symptoms in a person who had destruction of part of the corpus callosum (along with damage to the visual cortex: inability to read while retaining the ability to write, now referred to as pure alexia or as Dejerine syndrome. In 1908, Hugo Liepmann observed left-sided apraxia (a motor disorder of motor planning to perform tasks or movements) and agraphia (loss of the ability to communicate through writing) following a lesion in the corpus callosum.

According to Vaddiparti et al. (2021), the first surgical cuts to the corpus callosum, partial corpus callosotomy, were made by neurosurgeon Walter Dandy in order to access and to remove tumors in the pineal gland. In 1936, Dandy described three cases in which he cut the corpus callosum from its posterior (towards the back of the head) across about two thirds of its width. He described these cuts as "bloodless" and that "no symptoms follow[ed] [the] .. division" of the corpus callosum. He concluded that his operations "dispose ... of the extravagant claims to function of the corpus callosum" (p. 40).

Prior to the 1960s, research on people with certain brain injuries led to the notion that there is a "language center" only in the left hemisphere of the brain. For example, people with lesions in two specific areas of the left hemisphere lost their ability to talk, to read, and to understand speech. Roger Sperry and his colleagues pioneered research showing that creating another lesion (done to relieve otherwise untreatable epilepsy), in the connections between the left and right hemispheres, revealed that the right hemisphere can allow people to read, to understand speech, and to say some simple words. Research over the next twenty years showed that the disconnected right hemisphere is superior to the disconnected left hemisphere in allowing people to understand spatial information (such as maps), music, and emotions, whereas the disconnected left hemisphere is superior in allowing analytical thinking, talking, reading, and understanding speech. This research led to a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for Sperry in 1981.

Sperry's initial colleagues included his Caltech PhD students, Michael Gazzaniga and Jerre Levy. Even though Sperry is considered the founder of split-brain research, Gazzaniga's clear summaries of their collaborative work are consistently cited in psychology texts. In Sperry and Gazzaniga's "The Split Brain in Man" experiment published in Scientific American in 1967 they attempted to explore the extent to which two halves of the human brain were able to function independently and whether or not they had separate and unique abilities. They wanted to examine how perceptual and intellectual skills were affected in someone with a split brain. At Caltech, Gazzaniga worked with Sperry on the effects of split-brain surgery on perception, vision and other brain functions. The surgery, which was a treatment for severe epilepsy, involved severing the corpus callosum, which carries signals between the left-brain hemisphere, the seat of speech and analytical capacity, and the right-brain hemisphere, which helps recognize visual patterns. At the time this article was written, only ten patients had undergone the surgery to sever their corpus callosum (corpus callosotomy). Four of these patients had consented to participate in Sperry and Gazzaniga's research. After the corpus callosum severing, all four participants' personality, intelligence, and emotions appeared to be unaffected. However, the testing done by Sperry and Gazzaniga showed the subjects demonstrated unusual mental abilities. The researchers created different types of tests to analyze the range of cognitive capabilities of the split-brain subjects. These included tests of their visual stimulation abilities, a tactile stimulation situation, and a test that involved both visual and tactile information.

Visual test

The first test started with a board that had a horizontal row of lights. The subject was told to sit in front of the board and stare at a point in the middle of the lights, then the bulbs would flash across both the right and left visual fields. When the patients were asked to describe afterward what they saw, they said that only the lights on the right side of the board had lit up. Next, when Sperry and Gazzaniga flashed the lights on the right side of the board on the subjects left side of their visual field, they claimed not to have seen any lights at all. When the experimenters conducted the test again, they asked the subjects to point to the lights that lit up. Although subjects had only reported seeing the lights flash on the right, they actually pointed to all the lights in both visual fields. This showed that both brain hemispheres had seen the lights and were equally competent in visual perception. The subjects did not say they saw the lights when they flashed in the left visual field even though they did see them because the center for speech is located in the brain's left hemisphere. This test supports the idea that in order to say one has seen something, the region of the brain associated with speech must be able to communicate with areas of the brain that process the visual information.

Tactile test

In a second experiment, Sperry and Gazzaniga placed a small object in the subject's right or left hand, without the subject being able to see (or hear) it. When the object was placed in the right hand, the isolated left hemisphere perceived the object and could easily describe and name it. However, when the object was placed in the left hand, the isolated right hemisphere could not name or describe the object. Questioning this result, the researchers found that the subjects could later match it from several similar objects; tactile sensations limited to the right hemisphere were accurately perceived but could not be verbalized. This further demonstrated the apparent location (or lateralization) of language functions in the left hemisphere.

Combination of both tests

In the last test the experimenters combined both the tactile and visual test. They presented subjects with a picture of an object to only their right hemisphere, and subjects were unable to name it or describe it. There were no verbal responses to the picture at all. If the subject however was able to reach under the screen with their left hand to touch various objects, they were able to pick the one that had been shown in the picture. The subjects were also reported to be able to pick out objects that were related to the picture presented, if that object was not under the screen.

Sperry and Gazzaniga went on to conduct other tests to shed light on the language processing abilities of the right hemisphere as well as auditory and emotional reactions as well. The significance of the findings of these tests by Sperry and Gazzaniga was extremely telling and important to the psychology world. Their findings showed that the two halves of the brain have numerous functions and specialized skills. They concluded that each hemisphere really has its own functions. One's left hemisphere of the brain is thought to be better at writing, speaking, mathematical calculation, reading, and is the primary area for language. The right hemisphere is seen to possess capabilities for problem solving, recognizing faces, symbolic reasoning, art, and spatial relationships.

Roger Sperry continued this line of research up until his death in 1994. Michael Gazzaniga continues to research the split brain. Their findings have been rarely critiqued and disputed; however, a popular belief that some people are more "right-brained" or "left-brained" has developed. In the mid-1980s Jarre Levy, a psychobiologist at the University of Chicago, was at the forefront of scientists who wanted to dispel the notion we have two functioning brains. She believes that because each hemisphere has separate functions that they must integrate their abilities instead of separating them. Levy also claims that no human activity uses only one side of the brain. In 1998 a French study by Hommet and Billiard was published that questioned Sperry and Gazzaniga's study that severing the corpus callosum actually divides the hemispheres of the brain. They found that children born without a corpus callosum demonstrated that information was being transmitted between hemispheres, and concluded that subcortical connections must be present in these children with this rare brain malformation. They are unclear about whether these connections are present in split-brain patients though. Another study by Parsons, Gabrieli, Phelps, and Gazzaniga in 1998 demonstrated that split-brain patients may commonly perceive the world differently from the rest of us. Their study suggested that communication between brain hemispheres is necessary for imaging or simulating in your mind the movements of others.  Morin's research on inner speech in 2001 suggested that an alternative for interpretation of commissurotomy according to which split-brain patients exhibit two uneven streams of self-awareness: a "complete" one in the left hemisphere and a "primitive" one in the right hemisphere.

Hemispheric specialization

The two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are linked by the corpus callosum, through which they communicate and coordinate actions and decisions. Communication and coordination between the two hemispheres is essential because each hemisphere has some separate functions. The right hemisphere of the cortex excels at nonverbal and spatial tasks, whereas the left hemisphere is more dominant in verbal tasks, such as speaking and writing. The right hemisphere controls the primary sensory functions of the left side of the body. In a cognitive sense the right hemisphere is responsible for recognizing objects and timing, and in an emotional sense it is responsible for empathy, humour and depression. On the other hand, the left hemisphere controls the primary sensory functions of the right side of the body and is responsible for scientific and maths skills, and logic. The extent of specialised brain function by an area remains under investigation. It is claimed that the difference between the two hemispheres is that the left hemisphere is "analytic" or "logical" while the right hemisphere is "holistic" or "intuitive". Many simple tasks, especially comprehension of inputs, require functions that are specific to both the right and left hemispheres and together form a one direction systematised way of creating an output through the communication and coordination that occurs between hemispheres.

Role of the corpus callosum

The corpus callosum is a structure in the brain along the longitudinal fissure that facilitates much of the communication between the two hemispheres. This structure is composed of white matter: millions of axons that have their dendrites and terminal boutons projecting in both the right and left hemisphere. However, there is evidence that the corpus callosum may also have some inhibitory functions. Post-mortem research on human and monkey brains shows that the corpus callosum is functionally organised. This organisation results in modality-specific regions of the corpus callosum that are responsible for the transfer of different types of information. Research has revealed that the anterior midbody transfers motor information, the posterior midbody transfers somatosensory information, the isthmus transfers auditory information and the splenium transfers visual information. Although much of the interhemispheric transfer occurs at the corpus callosum, there are trace amounts of transfer via subcortical pathways.

Studies of the effects on the visual pathway on split-brained patients has revealed that there is a redundancy gain (the ability of target detection to benefit from multiple copies of the target) in simple reaction time. In a simple response to visual stimuli, split-brained patients experience a faster reaction time to bilateral stimuli than predicted by model. A model proposed by Iacoboni et al. suggests split-brained patients experience asynchronous activity that causes a stronger signal, and thus a decreased reaction time. Iacoboni also suggests there exists dual attention in split-brained patients, which is implying that each cerebral hemisphere has its own attentional system. An alternative approach taken by Reuter-Lorenz et al. suggests that enhanced redundancy gain in the split brain is primarily due to a slowing of responses to unilateral stimuli, rather than a speeding of responses to bilateral ones. It is important to note that the simple reaction time in split-brained patients, even with enhanced redundancy gain, is slower than the reaction time of normal adults.

Functional plasticity

Following a stroke or other injury to the brain, functional deficiencies are common. The deficits are expected to be in areas related to the part of the brain that has been damaged; if a stroke has occurred in the motor cortex, deficits may include paralysis, abnormal posture, or abnormal movement synergies. Significant recovery occurs during the first several weeks after the injury. However, recovery is generally thought not to continue past 6 months. If a specific region of the brain is injured or destroyed, its functions can sometimes be transferred and taken over by a neighbouring region. There is little functional plasticity observed in partial and complete callosotomies; however, much more plasticity can be seen in infant patients receiving a hemispherectomy, which suggests that the opposite hemisphere can adapt some functions typically performed by its opposite pair. In a study done by Anderson, it proved a correlation between the severity of the injury, the age of the individual and their cognitive performance. It was evident that there was more neuroplasticity in older children, even if their injury was extremely severe, than infants who suffered moderate brain injury. In some incidents of any moderate to severe brain injury, it mostly causes developmental impairments and in some of the most severe injuries it can cause a profound impact on their development that can lead to long-term cognitive effects. In the aging brain, it is extremely uncommon for neuroplasticity to occur; "olfactory bulb and hippocampus are two regions of the mammalian brain in which mutations preventing adult neurogenesis were never beneficial, or simply never occurred" (Anderson, 2005).

Corpus callosotomy

Corpus callosotomy is a surgical procedure that sections the corpus callosum, resulting in either the partial or complete disconnection between the two hemispheres. It is typically used as a last resort measure in treatment of intractable epilepsy. The modern procedure typically involves only the anterior third of the corpus callosum; however, if the epileptic seizures continue, the following third is lesioned prior to the remaining third if the seizures persist. This results in a complete callosotomy in which most of the information transfer between hemispheres is lost.

Due to the functional mapping of the corpus callosum, a partial callosotomy has less detrimental effects because it leaves parts of the corpus callosum intact. There is little functional plasticity observed in partial and complete callosotomies on adults, the most neuroplasticity is seen in young children but not in infants.

It is known that when the corpus callosum is severed during an experimental procedure, the experimenter can ask each side of the brain the same question and receive two different answers. When the experimenter asks the right visual field/left hemisphere what they see the participant will respond verbally, whereas if the experimenter asks the left visual field/right hemisphere what they see the participant will not be able to respond verbally but will pick up the appropriate object with their left hand.

Memory

It is known that the right and the left hemisphere have different functions when it comes to memory. The right hemisphere is better at recognizing objects and faces, recalling knowledge that the individual has already learned, or recalling images already seen. The left hemisphere is better at mental manipulation, language production, and semantic priming but was more susceptible to memory confusion than the right hemisphere. The main issue for individuals that have undergone a callosotomy is that because the function of memory is split into two major systems, the individual is more likely to become confused between knowledge they already know and information that they have only inferred.

In tests, memory in either hemisphere of split-brained patients is generally lower than normal, though better than in patients with amnesia, suggesting that the forebrain commissures are important for the formation of some kinds of memory. This suggests that posterior callosal sections that include the hippocampal commissures cause a mild memory deficit (in standardised free-field testing) involving recognition.

Control

In general, split-brained patients behave in a coordinated, purposeful and consistent manner, despite the independent, parallel, usually different and occasionally conflicting processing of the same information from the environment by the two disconnected hemispheres. When two hemispheres receive competing stimuli at the same time, the response mode tends to determine which hemisphere controls behaviour.

Often, split-brained patients are indistinguishable from normal adults. This is due to the compensatory phenomena; split-brained patients progressively acquire a variety of strategies to get around their interhemispheric transfer deficits. One issue that can happen with their body control is that one side of the body is doing the opposite of the other side called the intermanual effect.

Attention

Experiments on covert orienting of spatial attention using the Posner paradigm confirm the existence of two different attentional systems in the two hemispheres. The right hemisphere was found superior to the left hemisphere on modified versions of spatial relations tests and in locations testing, whereas the left hemisphere was more object based. The components of mental imagery are differentially specialised: the right hemisphere was found superior for mental rotation, the left hemisphere superior for image generation. It was also found that the right hemisphere paid more attention to landmarks and scenes whereas the left hemisphere paid more attention to exemplars of categories.

Case studies of split-brain patients

Patient WJ

Patient WJ was the first patient to undergo a full corpus callosotomy in 1962, after experiencing fifteen years of convulsions resulting from grand mal seizures. He was a World War II paratrooper who was injured at 30 years old during a bombing raid jump over the Netherlands, and again in a prison camp following his first injury. After returning home, he began to suffer from blackouts in which he would not remember what he was doing or where, and how or when he got there. At age 37, he suffered his first generalised convulsion. One of his worst episodes occurred in 1953, when he suffered a series of convulsions lasting for many days. During these convulsions, his left side would go numb and he would recover quickly, but after the series of convulsions, he never regained complete feeling on his left side.

Before his surgery, both hemispheres functioned and interacted normally, his sensory and motor functions were normal aside from slight hypoesthesia, and he could correctly identify and understand visual stimuli presented to both sides of his visual field. During his surgery in 1962, his surgeons determined that no massa intermedia had developed, and he had undergone atrophy in the part of the right frontal lobe exposed during the procedure. His operation was a success, in that it led to decreases in the frequency and intensity of his seizures.

Patient JW

Funnell et al. (2007) tested patient JW some time before June 2006. They described JW as

Funnell et al.'s (2007) experiments were to determine each of JW's hemisphere's ability to perform simple addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. For example, in one experiment, on each trial, they presented an arithmetic problem in the center of the screen for 1 second, followed by a central cross hair JW was to look at. After 1 more second, Funnell et al. presented a number to one or the other hemisphere/visual field for 150 ms—too fast for JW to move his eyes. Randomly in half the trials, the number was the correct answer; in the other half of the trials it was the incorrect answer. With the hand on the same side as the number, JW pressed one key if the number was correct and another key if the number was incorrect.

Funnell et al.'s results were that performance of the left hemisphere was highly accurate (around 95%)—much better than performance of the right hemisphere, which was at chance for subtraction, multiplication, and division. Nevertheless the right hemisphere showed better than chance performance for addition (around 58%).

Turk et al. (2002) tested hemispheric differences in JW's recognition of himself and of familiar faces. They used faces that were composites of JW's face and Dr. Michael Gazzaniga's face. Composites ranged from 100% JW, through 50% JW and 50% Gazzaniga, to 100% Gazzaniga. JW pressed keys to say whether a presented face looked like him or Gazzaniga. Turk et al.concluded there are cortical networks in the left hemisphere that play an important role in self-recognition.

Patient VP

Patient VP is a woman who underwent a two-stage callosotomy in 1979 at the age of 27. Although the callosotomy was reported to be complete, follow-up MRI in 1984 revealed spared fibers in the rostrum and splenium. The spared rostral fibers constituted approximately 1.8% of the total cross-sectional area of the corpus callosum and the spared splenial fibers constituted approximately 1% of the area. VP's postsurgery intelligence and memory quotients were within normal limits.

One of the experiments involving VP attempted to investigate systematically the types of visual information that could be transferred via VP's spared splenial fibers. The first experiment was designed to assess VP's ability to make between-field perceptual judgements about simultaneously presented pairs of stimuli. The stimuli were presented in varying positions with respect to the horizontal and vertical midline with VP's vision fixated on a central crosshair. The judgements were based on differences in colour, shape or size. The testing procedure was the same for all three types of stimuli; after presentation of each pair, VP verbally responded "yes" if the two items in the pair were identical and "no" if they were not. The results show that there was no perceptual transfer for colour, size or shape with binomial tests showing that VP's accuracy was not greater than chance.

A second experiment involving VP attempted to investigate what aspects of words transferred between the two hemispheres. The set up was similar to the previous experiment, with VP's vision fixated on a central cross hair. A word pair was presented with one word on each side of the cross-hair for 150 ms. The words presented were in one of four categories: words that looked and sounded like rhymes (e.g. tire and fire), words that looked as if they should rhyme but did not (e.g. cough and dough), words that did not look as if they should rhyme but did (e.g. bake and ache), and words that neither looked nor sounded like rhymes (e.g. keys and fort). After presentation of each word pair, VP responded "yes" if the two words rhymed and "no" if they did not. VP's performance was above chance and she was able to distinguish among the different conditions. When the word pairs did not sound like rhymes, VP was able to say accurately that the words did not rhyme, regardless of whether or not they looked as if they should rhyme. When the words did rhyme, VP was more likely to say they rhymed, particularly if the words also looked as if they should rhyme.

Although VP showed no evidence for transfer of colour, shape or size, there was evidence for transfer of word information. This is consistent with the speculation that the transfer of word information involves fibres in the ventroposterior region of the splenium—the same region in which V.P. had callosal sparing. V.P. is able to integrate words presented to both visual fields, creating a concept that is not suggested by either word. For example, she combines "head" and "stone" to form the integrated concept of a tombstone.

Kim Peek

Kim Peek was arguably the most well-known savant. He was born on November 11, 1951, with an enlarged head, sac-like protrusions of the brain and the membranes that cover it through openings in the skull, a malformed cerebellum, and without a corpus callosum, an anterior commissure, or a posterior commissure. He was able to memorize over 9,000 books, and information from approximately 15 subject areas. These include: world/American history, sports, movies, geography, actors and actresses, the Bible, church history, literature, classical music, area codes/zip codes of the United States, television stations serving these areas, and step by step directions within any major U.S. city. Despite these abilities, he had an IQ of 87, was diagnosed as autistic, was unable to button his shirt, and had difficulties performing everyday tasks. The missing structures of his brain have yet to be linked to his increased abilities, but they can be linked to his ability to read pages of a book in 8–10 seconds. He was able to view the left page of a book with his left visual field and the right page of a book with his right visual fields so he could read both pages simultaneously. He also had developed language areas in both hemispheres, something very uncommon in split-brain patients. Language is processed in areas of the left temporal lobe, and involves a contralateral transfer of information before the brain can process what is being read. In Peek's case, there was no transfer ability—this is what led to his development of language centers in each hemisphere. Many believe this is the reason behind his extremely fast reading capabilities.

Although Peek did not undergo corpus callosotomy, he is considered a natural split-brain patient and is critical to understanding the importance of the corpus callosum. Kim Peek died in 2009.

See also
 Lateralization of brain function
 Left brain interpreter
 Confabulation
 Brain asymmetry
 Dual consciousness
 Divided consciousness
 Bicameral mentality
 Alien hand syndrome
 Society of Mind
 Parallel computing
 Laterality
 Mind–body problem
 Philosophy of mind
 Theory of mind
 Ideomotor phenomenon
 Cognitive Neuroscience
 Agenesis of the corpus callosum
 Of Two Minds (book)

References

Neurosurgical procedures
Brain
Brain asymmetry
Cerebrum
Corpus callosum
Consciousness

Split-brain


Elektra: Assassina é uma minissérie em oito edições publicada entre 1986 e 1987 pelo selo Epic Comics, pertencente à Marvel Comics. Foi escrita por Frank Miller e desenhada por Bill Sienkiewicz. A revista satiriza a violência, política e clichês dos quadrinhos, como ninjas e ciborgues.

A minissérie foi indicada ao Eisner Awards de melhor série finita. A primeira edição brasileira, publicada em 1988 pela editora Abril, ganhou o Troféu HQ Mix de melhor minissérie estrangeira em 1989.

Obras ganhadoras do Troféu HQ Mix
Minisséries da Marvel Comics
Títulos da Epic Comics
Revistas em quadrinhos de Frank Miller
Demolidor
Quadrinhos para adultos

Elektra: Assassina


L'édition 1999 du tournoi de Washington s'est déroulée du 16 au  sur dur et fait partie de la catégorie International Series Gold. Andre Agassi remporte l'épreuve en simple et Justin Gimelstob et Sébastien Lareau celle en double.

Résultats en simple

Parcours

Tableau final

Premiers tours

Haut du tableau

Bas du tableau

Résultats en double

Parcours

Tableau

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Saison 1999 de l'ATP
 Tournoi de tennis de Washington

Liens externes
  Site officiel du tournoi

Washington
ATP 1999
Tennis aux États-Unis en 1999
Tennis en août 1999

Tournoi de tennis de Washington (ATP 1999)


An Tillandsia sinuosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Tillandsia sinuosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo harani ha karat-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tillandsia

Tillandsia sinuosa


Salata bulgărească, denumită în Bulgaria și Macedonia salată Șopska (în bulgară, macedoneană și sârbă, Шопска салата; în bosniacă și croată, Šopska salata; în albaneză, Salat Shope), este o salată rece frecvent pregătită în Bulgaria și răspândită în toată Peninsula Balcanică, precum și în Europa Centrală. Este făcută din roșii, castraveți, ceapă (posibil și ceapă verde), ardei cruzi sau copți, brânză telemea și pătrunjel.

Legumele sunt de regulă tăiate cubulețe și sărate, apoi asezonate cu puțin ulei de floarea soarelui sau de măsline, ocazional completat cu oțet. Adăugarea oțetului contribuie însă cu un gust acru pe care îl conferă și roșiile. În restaurante, acest dressing este oferit separat, pentru ca clientul să și-l compună după gust. În cele din urmă, legumele sunt acoperite cu un strat gros de telemea rasă sau tăiată cubulețe. Această salată este adesea consumată ca aperitiv, cu .

Deși numele salatei vine de la al regiunii denumite Șopluk, în realitate ea a fost inventată în anii 1960, pentru a promova turismul. Este un produs al socialismului timpuriu în Bulgaria, singura din cinci sau șase rețete care s-a păstrat. La acea vreme, maeștrii culinari de la  au inventat și salata dobrogeană, macedoneană, tracă și altele câteva cu nume similare, asociate diferitelor regiuni etnografice ale țării. Dintre toate, numai salata Șopska se mai prepară. Ea a fost aprobată drept simbol culinar național în anii 1970 și 1980. Din Bulgaria, ea s-a răspândit în practica culinară din țările vecine. Întrucât regiunea etnică și istorică Șopluk este împărțită între Bulgaria, Serbia și Macedonia, bucătarii din Macedonia și Serbia au început apoi să conteste originea bulgărească a salatei. Este răspândită în România sub denumirea de salată bulgărească. În 2014, aceasta s-a distins ca cel mai cunoscut fel de mâncare bulgărească din Europa, și cel mai popular dintr-o inițiativă a Parlamentului European denumită A Taste of Europe.

Note

Bucătăria bulgărească
Bucătăria sârbă

Salată bulgărească


Moreno ramirezi est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Prodidomidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de la province de Misiones en Argentine.

Description
Le mâle holotype mesure  et la femelle

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite par Platnick, Shadab et Sorkin en 2005.

Elle est nommée en l'honneur de Martín J. Ramírez.

Publication originale
 Platnick, Shadab & Sorkin, 2005 : « On the Chilean spiders of the family Prodidomidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea), with a revision of the genus Moreno Mello-Leitão. » American Museum novitates, ,  (texte intégral)..

Liens externes

Notes et références

Prodidomidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique d'Argentine

Moreno ramirezi


Aurelia aurita (de asemenea, numită luna jeleu, luna meduză,meduza comună, sau meduza farfurie) este o specie foarte studiată din genul Aurelia. Toate speciile din gen sunt strâns legate, și este dificil să se identifice Aurelia medusae fără eșantioane genetice; cele mai multe dintre cele ce urmează se aplică în mod egal pentru toate speciile din gen.

Meduza este translucidă, de obicei, aproximativ 25 în diametru, și poate fi recunoscută cu cele patru gonade în formă de potcoavă, ușor de văzut prin partea de sus a clopotului. Se hrănește prin colectarea de plancton și moluște cu tentaculele sale, aducându-le mai apoi în corpul său pentru digestie. Este capabilă doar de mișcare limitată, și eventual se mișcă cu curenții de apă.
Trăiește de asemenea in apă rece. De aceea mulți o mai numesc și Meduza de apă rece.

Distribuția
Genul Aurelia este găsit în cele mai multe dintre oceanele lumii, de la tropice spre nord,la latitudinea 70°N și până la 40°S. Specia Aurelia aurita este găsită de-a lungul părții de est a coastei Atlantice a Europei de Nord și de vest coastei Atlantice a Americii de Nord în New England și Estul Canadei. În general, Aurelia poate fi găsită în estuare și porturi.

Referințe

Scyphozoa

Aurelia aurita


غاي رو  (18 أكتوبر 1938 في كولمار) لاعب ومدرب فرنسي معتزل .

النشأة
ولد غاي رو في 18 أكتوبر 1938 بمدينة كولمار . في سنة 1940 تم أسر مارسيل رو والد غاي رو أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية . نتيجة لذلك قررت والدة غاي رو أخذ وليدها والانتقال إلى منزل والدها موريس لوري في مدينة أبويجني . في 18 أكتوبر 1943 دخل غاي رو المدرسة في سن الخامسة في صف السيدة تينتوريير ثم انتقل إلى صف السيد تينتوريير . في 14 يوليو 1944 نظم السيد تينتوريير مباراة كروية بين الجنود الإنجليز والجنود الفرنسيين تحت مراقبة الجنود الالمان . ومن خلال هذه المباراة شاهد غاي رو أول مباراة لمنتخب فرنسا . فيما بين 1945 و1947 بدأ الصبي غاي رو يلعب الكرة مع أقرانه في مدينة أبويجني (خصوصا مع الأخوين شيبيارد) . لقد كان يتم استخدام شجرتي بلوط في الساحة الخلفية للمدينة على هيئة مرمى . في البداية كانوا يلعبون بكرة مطاط ثم تم استبدالها بكرة قدم حقيقية . في سنة 1947 تعرضت والدة غاي رو إلى مرض شديد أدى إلى إصابتها بالشلل النصفي . في ظل مرض الأم وغياب الأب بسبب الأسر فإن غاي رو عاش طفولة تعيسة في كنف جده .

فيما بين سنة 1947 و1950 عاد غاي رو إلى منطقة ألزاس المحررة في كنف صديق مقرب للوالدين ثم انتقل للعيش مع عرابه في مدينة كولمار . في خلال ثلاث سنوات عشق غاي رو نادي كولمار عشقا جنونيا ووافق على أن يكون حامل للكرات أثناء تدريبات النادي . قرر في أوقات فراغه المشاركة في اللعب مع نادي سانت مارتن للناشئين . في سنة 1950 عاد غاي رو إلى مدينة أبويجني حيث أسس مع أصدقائه ناديا أسماه نادي إيتويل (الساحل) . خاض النادي العديد من المباريات الودية وعلى مدار سنة كاملة لم يتعرض النادي لأي خسارة . شارك في سباق الدراجات الهوائية الهواة والذي نظمه الأسطورة جان بويريير وكان دوما يحتل مؤخرة الترتيب ! في أثناء المباريات التي يشارك فيها أثناء اليوم المدرسي كان يقوم بدور اللاعب والمدرب في آن معا وبالتالي فإنه دخل مجال التدريب وهو في عمر 12 سنة . بالإضافة إلى لعبة كرة القدم فإن غاي رو مارس ألعاب كرة الطائرة، كرة السلة، كرة اليد، ألعاب القوى، والتزلج على الثلج .

المسيرة الرياضية لاعباً
في سنة 1952 بعدما شاهده أحد الطلاب في السنة النهائية من مرحلة الثانوية قرر أن يجعله ينضم إلى نادي أوكسير تحت قيادة المدرب بيير جروسجان وهو ما تم بالفعل . في سنة 1955 حضر غاي رو أول مباراة دولية لمنتخب فرنسا وكانت أمام منتخب يوغوسلافيا (صربيا حاليا) والتي أقيمت في مدينة كولومب . يذكر أنه انتقل إلى مدينة كولومب على دراجة هوائية ! في سنة 1956 حمل غاي رو شارة قيادة نادي أوكسير للناشئين وتم اختياره ثاني أفضل لاعب في دوري الناشئين . في سنة 1957 وعندما أكمل غاي رو عامه التاسع عشر حصل على شهادة من معهد UFOLEP الرياضي .

انتقل إلى نادي ليموج لينضم إلى صديق الطفولة بيير فلاميون (الذي أصبح لاحقا أحد أهم لاعبي نادي تروا) . ونظرا لوجود العديد من اللاعبين المميزين في النادي فإنه تقرر إعارته إلى نادي بويتييرز لمدة موسم واحد . ثم قرر غاي رو ترك نادي أوكسير والالتحاق بمعهد لتخريج مدربي كرة قدم في عاصمة النمسا فيينا . في سنة 1958 بعد عودته من النمسا رفض التوقيع على أول عقد احترافي في مسيرته الرياضية كلاعب لأنه كان سيرتبط بنادي ليموج حتى يصل عمره إلى 35 سنة (حسب قوانين الاحتراف القديمة) وبالتالي فقد قرر اللعب في نادي الهواة .

فيما بين 1958 و1960 درس غاي رو في جامعة المدينة وحصل على شهادة الدبلوم في تخصص الفيزياء والكيمياء . درس تخصص القانون وإدارة الأعمال ولكن بدون أن يحصل على شهادة جامعة وقد كان رئيسا لنادي طلبة العلوم . في سنة 1960 حصل غاي رو على بعثة رياضية يستطيع من خلالها التدرب مع لاعبي نادي كريستال بالاس الإنجليزي (في أيام مجده الغابر) والاحتكاك بهم والاستفادة من خبراتهم المتراكمة . وكانت فترة البعثة شهر واحد فقط .

المسيرة الرياضية مدرباً
في سنة 1961 قرر غاي رو أن يتقدم بطلب رسمي إلى نادي أوكسير من أجل أن يحوز على وظيفة مدرب للنادي الأول . من الأسباب التي ساقها من أجل قبول طلبه هي : الدقة في الإعداد، تحفيز اللاعبين على تحقيق الأفضل، تغيير وقت التدريب إلى فترة الظهر، النواحي المالية تعتمد على مدى إخلاص اللاعب في التدريبات . وعندما تم طرح هذا الموضوع للتصويت في اجتماع لمجلس إدارة النادي صوت 6 أعضاء ضد هذا القرار بينما صوت 4 أعضاء وكان من بينهم رئيس النادي جان جارناولت مع هذا القرار واستطاع جارناولت بنفوذه أن يتخذ قرار خطير غير من مجرى تاريخ النادي والكرة الفرنسية والأوروبية بتعيين غاي رو مدربا لنادي أوكسير الأول وهو لم يتجاوز الثالثة والعشرين من العمر وبراتب شهري يبلغ 600 فرنك فرنسي . في الفترة من 1962 و1964 أدى غاي رو خدمة التجنيد الإلزامية في ألمانيا . في خلال السنتين التي قضاهما هناك استطاع قيادة نادي الجنود الفرنسيين إلى التتويج ببطولة دوري الجنود 1962 والذي أقيمت مباراته النهائية في مدينة ترير . وشارك في بطولة الدوري العديد من الجنود من مختلف دول العالم . في 1 يناير 1963 على الرغم من أن هذا اليوم هو عيد رأس السنة الميلادية إلا أنه صدم بوصول خبر وفاة والدته المريضة وهو في ألمانيا . ولكن بعد عدة أشهر دخل جاري رو قفص الزوجية الذهبي .

في سنة 1964 عاد غاي رو إلى ناديه أوكسير بعد انتهاء فترة التجنيد الإلزامي في ألمانيا . قام غاي رو بإجراء تدريبات غير عادية للاعبي النادي من أجل رفع اللياقة البدنية . ومن هذه الأساليب الجري لفترة خمس ساعات ونصف الساعة من دون توقف في الغابة . في سنة 1965 عانى غاي رو من بعض المتاعب الصحية والتي أدت إلى استئصال إحدى كليتيه . في شهر نوفمبر من نفس السنة أصبح غاي رو والدا للمرة الأولى في حياته حيث أنجبت زوجته ولدا أسماه فرانسيس . في سنة 1966 قرر غاي رو للمرة الأولى في حياته حضور بعض مباريات بطولة كأس العالم والتي أقيمت في إنجلترا في شهر أغسطس . وافق غاي رو على كتابة مقالات عن البطولة لصالح جريدة يون ريبابليكان الفرنسية لتمويل جزء من مصاريف الرحلة .

في سنة 1970 توج نادي أوكسير بطلا لدوري منطقة بورغوندي وبالتالي تأهل إلى دوري الدرجة الثالثة للهواة . في سنة 1974 استطاع غاي رو قيادة نادي أوكسير للتعادل مع نادي سانت إتيان للهواة 1/1 في آخر أيام البطولة مما جعله يحتل المركز الرابع خلف البطل ليون ، سانت ايتيان، ومرسيليا وبالتالي فقد صعد إلى بطولة دوري الدرجة الثانية للمحترفين . في سنة 1978 حضر غاي رو نهائيات بطولة كأس العالم التي أقيمت في الأرجنتين . وبعد انتهاء البطولة وقبل العودة إلى فرنسا قرر السفر إلى الجارة البرازيل من أجل حضور تدريبات نادي فلامينغو الشهير من أجل اكتساب المزيد من الخبرة . وافق غاي رو على أن يكون المستشار الرياضي للفيلم السينمائي الرياضي مساعدة الرأس والذي قام بدور البطولة فيه الممثل الفرنسي الشهير جان-جاك أناود . في سنة 1979 شاهد ملايين الفرنسيين لأول مرة نادي أوكسير عبر جهاز التلفزيون ومن على مدرجات ملعب حديقة الأمراء وهو يخوض المباراة النهائية لبطولة كأس فرنسا والتي خسرها من نادي نانت العريق 1/4 .

التأهل إلى الدرجة الأولى
في سنة 1980 توج نادي أوكسير بطلا لبطولة دوري الدرجة الثانية وبالتالي قاد غاي رو ناديا للانتقال إلى دوري الدرجة الأولى دوري المشاهير والأضواء . نتيجة للدور الكبير الذي قام به غاي رو في السنوات الماضية فقد تقرر تعيينه مديرا عاما في النادي . في 24 يوليو 1980 شارك نادي أوكسير في أول مباراة رسمية له في بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى على ملعب نادي طولون وفي مواجهة نادي باستيا والذي كان يقضي فترة عقوبة اللعب خارج ملعبه وانتهت المباراة بخسارة نادي أوكسير 0/2 . في سنة 1981 تعرض غاي رو إلى صدمة عاطفية عنيفة إثر وفاة جده موريس لوري والذي كان مرتبطا به أشد الارتباط نتيجة تنشئته له والعلاقة القريبة التي كانت بينهما . في سنة 1984 اختارت قناة TF1 للمرة الأولى غاي رو ليكون معلقا على مباريات نهائيات بطولة كأس الأمم الأوروبية التي أقيمت في فرنسا .

في 19 سبتمبر 1984 شارك نادي أوكسير تحت قيادة غاي رو في أول مباراة قارية له وكانت أمام نادي سبورتنغ لشبونة البرتغالي على ملعب الأخير وانتهت بخسارة النادي الفرنسي 0/2 . في سنة 1986 في شهر ديسمبر تم اختيار غاي رو أفضل مدرب في فرنسا . في سنة 1988 في شهر ديسمبر تم اختيار غاي رو أفضل مدرب في فرنسا . في مارس 1993 نشر غاي رو أول كتاب من تأليفه بعنوان كرة القدم . في 20 أبريل 1993 خسر نادي أوكسير في الدور النصف النهائي من بطولة كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي على يد نادي بروسيا دورتموند الألماني بركلات الجزاء الترجيحية بعد التعادل في مجموع المباراتين 2/2 وبالتالي فشل في التأهل إلى المباراة النهائية .

في 14 مايو 1994 قاد غاي رو نادي أوكسير لتحقيق واحدة من أكبر البطولات في فرنسا وهي بطولة كأس فرنسا واحتفل بهذه المناسبة مع ابنه . في مارس 1996 قام غاي رو بتأدية أول إعلان تجاري في حياته وهو الإعلان عن سماد زراعي يطلق عليه باب . في 4 مايو 1996 حقق غاي رو مع نادي أوكسير بطولة كأس فرنسا للمرة الثانية في تاريخ النادي . في 11 مايو 1996 بانتهاء مباراة نادي أوكسير مع نادي غينغان بالتعادل فإن غاي رو حقق مع ناديه بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى الفرنسي للمرة الأولى في تاريخهما . وأيضا جمع بين بطولتي كأس فرنسا ودوري الدرجة الأولى . في 11 سبتمبر 1996 شارك غاي رو مع نادي أوكسير في بطولة دوري أبطال أوروبا للمرة الأولى وخاض اللقاء الأول في مواجهة نادي أياكس أمستردام الهولندي وخسر بهدف نظيف . في 8 ديسمبر 1996 اختير غاي رو أفضل مدرب على مستوى القارة الأوروبية . اختارت مجلة فرانس فوتبول الفرنسية الشهيرة غاي رو أفضل مدرب للسنة في فرنسا . في يونيو ويوليو 1998 قام غاي رو بالتعليق على مباريات نهائيات كأس العالم التي أقيمت في فرنسا لصالح القناة التلفزيونية TF1 ومحطة الإذاعة Europe1 .

في يوليو 1998 بعدما قرر إيمي جاكيه اعتزال مهنة التدريب إثر قيادته منتخب فرنسا للفوز ببطولة كأس العالم تم ترشيح غاي رو من ضمن عدة أسماء لخلافة جاكيه . تم تجديد عقد غاي رو مع نادي أوكسير لمدة ثلاث سنوات . في 22 نوفمبر 1999 قلد رئيس الجمهورية الفرنسية السابق جاك شيراك وسام الشرف لغاي رو على إثر انجازاته الكبيرة في الكرة الفرنسية بشكل عام ونادي أوكسير بشكل خاص . في 2 مايو 2000 أعلن غاي رو عبر القناة التلفزيونية TF1 أنه سيعتزل مهنة التدريب في نهاية الموسم الحالي ومنصبه سيكون مفتوحا للجميع للتنافس عليه . في 13 مايو 2000 قاد غاي رو للمرة الأخيرة نادي أوكسير أمام نادي نانسي خسر 0/2 وبذلك احتل النادي المركز الثامن وتأهل للمشاركة في بطولة كأس انترتوتو . في مايو 2000 أدى إعلان تجاري لجهاز موبايل . أصدر كتاب جديد يتناول سيرته الذاتية بعنوان (التدريب حياتي) . في 19 مارس 2001 قدم غاي رو استقالته من رئاسة اتحاد المدربين الفرنسية التقنية الوطنية والتي كان يرأسها منذ سنة 1990 إثر خلاف حاد مع ريموند دومينيك (مدرب منتخب فرنسا الحالي) .

في 19 مايو 2001 غادر دانييل رولاند نادي أوكسير وتم تعيين غاي مكانه لتدريب نادي أوكسير . في 23 نوفمبر 2001 خضع غاي رو لعمليتين جراحيتين عاجلتين في القلب بينما قاد مساعده ألان فيارد نادي أوكسير مكانه . في 14 سبتمبر 2002 حطم غاي رو الرقم القياسي المسجل باسم قادر فيرود في عدد المباريات التي أشرف فيها على تدريب نادي في بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى . وتم الاحتفال بهذا الإنجاز أثناء مباراة ناديي أوكسير وسوشو . في 31 مايو 2003 قاد غاي رو نادي أوكسير للفوز ببطولة كأس فرنسا للمرة الثالثة في تاريخهما . في 4 يونيو 2005 قاد غاي رو نادي أوكسير للفوز ببطولة كأس فرنسا للمرة الرابعة في تاريخهما . وبالتالي فإنه عاد الرقم القياسي المسجل باسم المدرب أندريه تشيوفا الذي قاد نادي ليل لتحقيق نفس البطولة أربع مرات في حقبة الخمسينات . في 5 يونيو 2005 أعلن غاي رو رسميا على القناة التلفزيونية Telefoot اعتزال مهنة التدريب نهائيا . في يونيو 2005 تم تعيين جاك سانتيني ليخلف غاي رو الذي أمضى في نادي أوكسير 44 سنة أي أكثر من نصف عمره . في يوليو 2005 وقع غاي رو على عقد يربطه بالقناة التلفزيونية Canal+ للتعليق على مباريات بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى الفرنسي . تم تعيين غاي رو مستشارا لتدريبات ومباريات بطولة دوري الناشئين الفرنسي . في 16 مايو 2006 أقيمت مباراة تكريمية لغاي رو حضرها أبرز اللاعبين النجوم الذين أشرف على تدريبهم وهم إريك كانتونا ، بازيل بولي، وجان مارك فيريري . في 18 مايو 2006 أصدر الصحفي الفرنسي الشهير دومينيك جريماولت كتابا أسماه (الذكريات التي كانت بيننا) وتحدث فيها عن علاقته بغاي رو ونادي أوكسير .

في يونيو 2007 إثر استقالة فرانسيس جيلوت وافق غاي رو على العرض الرسمي المقدم من نادي لنس لتدريب النادي ووقع على عقد يمتد موسمين . في 25 أغسطس 2007 إثر تعرض نادي لنس لتعادلين سلبيين وخسارتين آخرها أمام نادي ستراسبورغ الصاعد بنتيجة 1/2 وعاد غاي رو للإعلان مجددا عن اعتزاله نهائيا مهنة التدريب .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من كولمار
فارس وسام جوقة الشرف
لاعبو أوكسير
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من ألزاس
لاعبو نادي ليموج
مدربو كرة قدم فرنسيون
مدربو نادي أوكسير
مدربو نادي لانس
مواليد 1938
مواليد في كولمار
مدربو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو ملعب بواتيفين

غاي رو


Raquel Partnoy (Rosario, Argentina, 1932) es una pintora, poeta, ensayista argentina. Estudió en una escuela de arte en su ciudad natal, pero fue después de que ella se casó que se mudó a la ciudad portuaria del sur bonaerense, de Bahía Blanca, en 1954. Asistió por varios años al taller de Buenos Aires del influyente pintor argentino y profesor Demetrio Urruchúa.

En 1965, realizó su primera muestra en la "Galería Van Riel", y continuó pintando y organizando exposiciones en diversos lugares de Buenos Aires y otras ciudadees de su país hasta 1994, cuando se mudó a Estados Unidos, afincándose en Washington D. C. donde continuó su carrera artística. Ante una invitación de la Embajada de Argentina en Washington D.C, Partnoy exhibió sus series "Mujeres del Tango" y  "Tango: Inner Landscapes", en 1997 y en 2003, donde interpretó a historias que se encuentran en letras de tango, tales como las de las jóvenes mujeres discriminadas y menospreciadas por la sociedad. También ha hecho muestras individuales en: Museo Judío Nacional B'nai Brith Klutznick, Goucher College, y el Studio Gallery de Washington.

A través de sus series de pinturas "Sobreviviendo al Genocidio (Surviving Genocide)" que fue mostrada por primera vez en su muestra de la Martin Luther King, Jr. Library de Washington D. C., en 2003, Partnoy representó sus experiencias de su familia durante la dictadura cívico-militar en Argentina, de 1976 a 1983, donde 30.000 sujetos fueron y fueron asesinados y desaparecidos por dicho terrorismo de Estado. El 12 de enero de 1977, su hija Alicia Partnoy, y su nieta de dieciocho meses de edad, fueron secuestradas por integrantes de irregulares del Ejército Argentino, y desapareció por tres meses y medio. Durante ese periodo, la tuvieron clandestinamente prisionera en el centro clandestino de detención La Escuelita en cercanías de la ciudad sureña bonaerense de Bahía Blanca. Luego de ese periodo tenebroso, fue "blanqueada" y fue encarcelada por un total de tres años en diferentes establecimientos carcelarios. Además el ensayo de Raquel Partnoy sobre su propia muestra "Sobreviviendo al Genocidio", y las imágenes de sus pinturas sobre tales acontecimientos, fueron publicados en «The Jewish Diaspora in Latin American and the Caribbean: Fragments os Memory (La Diáspora Judía en América Latina y el Caribe: fragmentos de memoria)», de , de la editorial Sussex Academic Press, RU, 2005

Ha sido la ilustradora de The Little School: Tales of Disappearance and Survival, de la coautoría de su hermana y de la dominicano-estadounidense Julia Álvarez.

Algunas publicaciones
 . 2005. Volando bajito. Editor Red Hen Press, 83 pp. ISBN 1-59709-002-6

 --------------------. 2003. Landscapes, cityscapes, humanscapes. Editor District of Columbia. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Library & R. Partnoy, 16 pp.

 --------------------. 1998. The little school: tales of disappearance & survival. Midnight Editions Series. Debut literature. 2ª edición ilustrada, reimpresa de Cleis Press, 136 pp. ISBN 1-57344-029-9

 --------------------. 1992. Revenge of the apple. Traducido por Alicia Partnoy. Edición ilustrada de Cleis Press, 99 pp. ISBN	093941662X

 --------------------. 1988a. You can't drown the fire: Latin American women writing in exile. Editor Cleis, 258 pp. ISBN 0-939416-16-6

 . 1988b. Okulcuk. Editor Bibliotek, 135 pp.

 . 1986. The little school: tales of disappearance & survival in Argentina. Edición ilustrada dE Cleis Press, 136 pp. ISBN 0-939416-07-7

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 La autora en Facebook
 Raquel Partnoy
 Descripción de algunas obras de la autora

Artistas plásticos de Rosario
Ensayistas de Argentina
Escritores en español del siglo XXI
Escritores en español del siglo XX
Judíos de Argentina
Poetas de Argentina del siglo XX
Poetas de Argentina del siglo XXI
Poetas de la provincia de Santa Fe
Poetisas de Argentina
Pintores de Argentina del siglo XX
Pintores de Argentina del siglo XXI
Argentinas del siglo XX
Argentinas del siglo XXI

Raquel Partnoy