III. Vlad, bilinen adıyla Kazıklı Voyvoda (, ) veya yaşadığı dönemde kullanımıyla Vlad Dracula (, ; 1428/1431 – 1476/1477), 1448'den ölümüne kadar üç kez Eflak Voyvodası olmuş Rumen komutan ve liderdi. Özellikle düşmanları olarak gördüğü, esir Osmanlı askerlerini ve Bulgar topraklarının Türk sakinlerini kazığa oturtarak öldürtmesi ile bilinir. Eflak tarihinin en önemli yöneticilerinden biri olarak görülür ve günümüzde Romanya'nın ulusal kahramanı olarak kabul edilir.

Vlad Dracula, kendi yönetimini eleştiren pek çok kişiyi kazığa oturtması ve kurbanların vücutları parçalanarak yapılan işkenceler halk ve askerler tarafından bilinmekteydi. Ardından halk ve askerler arasında Vlad Dracula'nın kurbanlarının kanını içtiğine dair kanıtlanmamış bir söylenti ortaya çıktı. Bu durum Bram Stoker'a ilham verdi ve kan içen vampir Drakula romanını yazmasını sağladı. Vlad Dracula "Drakula"  filmine konu olmakla birlikte günümüz vampir algısını da etkilemiştir.

Vlad, 1428 veya 1431 yılında, Eflak'ın hükümdarı olan Vlad Dracul'un ikinci oğlu olarak dünyaya geldi. Babasının Osmanlı karşısındaki yenilgisi ve zamanla devam eden kötü ilişkileri sonucu Vlad ve küçük kardeşi Radu, rehin olarak küçük yaşta başkent Edirne'ye getirildi. 1447'de Macaristan Valisi János Hunyadi Eflak'ı işgal etti ve Vlad'ın babası Vlad Dracul'u ve ağabeyi Mircea'ı öldürttü. Sonra Hunyadi, Vlad'ın ikinci dereceden kuzeni II. Vladislav'ı yeni voyvoda olarak atadı. Ekim 1448'de Hunyadi Osmanlılara karşı bir askerî harekât başlattı ve II. Vladislav da ona eşlik etti. Zamanla Vlad, Osmanlı'nın Eflak'taki birliklerinde sözü geçer bir kişi hâline geldi. Osmanlı birliklerini stratejik olarak yöneterek II. Vladislav'ı, birlikleriyle beraber Eflak dışına püskürttü. Vlad'ın askerî dehası Edirne'de de duyuldu; bu nedenle emrine daha çok Osmanlı askeri verildi. Ekim 1450'nin ortalarında Vlad, Osmanlı ve Rumen karışımı birlikler ile önce Moldovya, sonra Macar topraklarına girdi.

Macaristan ve Vladislav arasındaki ilişkiler kötüye gitmeye başlayınca Macaristan, Vlad ile anlaşma yaptı. 1456'da Vlad, Macaristan'ın da desteğiyle Eflak'ı tamamen kontrol altına aldı. Vladislav ise Vlad'a karşı başlattığı başarısız bir isyan sonrasında idam edilerek öldürüldü. Vlad, konumunu güçlendirmek için Eflak boyarları arasında bir tasfiye başlattı. Rakiplerini destekleyen Transilvanya Saksonları, gayrimeşru üvey kardeşi Keşiş Vlad, Vladislav'ın kardeşleri olan Dan ve Başarab Laiotă ile savaşa girdi. Savaşta Vlad, Sakson kasabalarını yağmalatıp yıktırdı ve gelecekte isminin tanınmasına vesile olacak, en sevdiği işkence türü olan kazığa oturtmayı, ilk defa buradaki kasaba sakinleri üzerinde gerçekleştirdi. Yanındaki vezirlere ve Eflak halkına korku salıp kendisine itaat etmelerini sağlamak için Vlad, tekerlekli platformlar üzerinde kazıklara oturttuğu yüzlerce sivil insanı Eflak'a doğru götürdü. Vlad'ın acımasız davranışlarını anlatan kitaplar, Almanca konuşulan topraklarda çok satanlar arasındaydı. Rusya'da Vlad hakkında popüler hikâyeler, merkezî hükûmetini sadece acımasız cezalar uygulayarak güçlendirdiği ve benzer bir görüşün 19. yüzyılda çoğu Rumen tarihçi tarafından benimsendiğini öne sürüyordu.

Vlad, 1463'ten 1475'e kadar Visegrád'da esaret altında tutuldu. Bu dönemde, yaptıklarına ilişkin anekdotlar Almanya ve İtalya'da yayılmaya başladı. 1475 yazında Boğdan prensi III. Stephen'ın isteği üzerine serbest bırakıldı. 1476'nın başlarında Corvinus'un ordusunda, Bosna'da Osmanlılara karşı tekrar savaştı. Macar ve Moldovalı birlikler, Vlad'ın kardeşi Radu'yu tahttan indiren Başarab Laiotă'yı zorlamasına yardım etti. Vlad'ın ölümü hakkında birçok rivayet bulunmaktadır ancak en kabul gören görüşe göre Vlad, Aralık 1476 ve Ocak 1477 tarihleri arasında 300 Rumen askeri ile birlikte Osmanlı ordusuna mağlup oldu ve kılıçla başı gövdesinden ayrılarak idam edildi. II. Mehmed'e Vlad'ın öldüğünü ispatlamak için Vlad'ın başı, Osmanlı birlikleri ile birlikte başkent İstanbul'a getirildi.

Gençliği

Osmanlılara yenilen Vlad'ın babası II. Vlad, onu ve kardeşi Radu'yu 1442 veya 1444 yılında rehin olarak Osmanlılara vermek zorunda kalmıştı. 1448 yılına kadar Osmanlıların elinde rehin olarak önce Kütahya'daki Eğrigöz Kalesi'nde ardından Tokat ve Edirne'de diğer beylik şehzadeleri ile birlikte yaşadı ve eğitim aldı. Birlikte eğitim aldığı kişilerin arasında Arnavut isyanının lideri olacak İskender Bey ve Fatih Sultan Mehmet olarak anılacak şehzade Mehmet de vardı. Birlikte Kur'an, Aristo mantığı, matematik ve Türkçe gibi dersler aldılar.

1448'de II. Kosova Muharebesi sonrasında Osmanlı desteğiyle Eflak'ın başına geçme girişiminde bulundu, ancak kısa bir süre sonra Macaristan tarafından desteklenen Eflak Voyvodası II. Vladislav tarafından yenilgiye uğratıldı ve Boğdan'a sürgüne gitti. Erdel Beyi János Hunyadi ("Hunyadi Yanoş") 1456'da Belgrad şehrini Osmanlı kuşatmasına karşı savunmaya giderken, daha önce başarısızlığını görmesine rağmen Vlad'ın komutasına güney Erdel'in savunmasını sağlaması için bir ordu verdi. Doğu savaş taktik ve stratejilerini bilen genç Eflak prensini değerlendirmek istiyordu. Vlad da Eflak üzerinde egemen olabilmek için Hunyadi'ye ihtiyacı olabileceğini düşünüyordu. II. Mehmed'in Belgrad kuşatması sırasında şehrin doğu kanadını savundu. Ardından emrine verilen orduyu fırsat bilip bundan yararlanan Vlad, Eflak'a bir sefer düzenledi ve II. Vladislav'ı öldürerek 22 Ağustos 1456 tarihinde III. Vlad adıyla Eflak voyvodası oldu.

Voyvodalık dönemi

Bu görevi 1456'dan 1462'ye değin sürdürdü. Bu tarihler arasında rakiplerini çeşitli yöntemlerle cezalandırdı ve idam etti; bu yöntemler arasında en ünlüsü olan "kazığa geçirme", ölümünden sonra kendisine "Kazıklı Vlad" (Vlad Ţepeş) adının verilmesine neden olacaktır. (Kazığa geçirilenlerin kanlarını fıçılarda toplatıp şarap gibi içtiğine dair söylentiler, daha sonra onun bir vampir olduğu efsanesine de neden olmuştur.)

11 Ağustos 1456 tarihinde ölen Macar Kralı János Hunyadi'nin büyük oğlu Ladislaus Hunyadi'nin de ölmesiyle küçük oğlu Matthias Corvinus, 24 Ocak 1458 tarihinde henüz 15'ini tamamlamadan Macaristan kralı seçildi. Vlad'ın bu dönemde onunla ilişkileri olumlu oldu.

Osmanlı'ya karşı

Voyvoda 1459 yılından itibaren Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na vergi ödemeyi reddetti ve Macaristan Krallığı'yla ittifak yaptı. Eflak gençlerinin Osmanlı Yeniçeri Ocağı'na gitmesini de engellemeye başladı. 1460–1461 yıllarında Tuna Nehri'ni geçerek Sırbistan'a ve Karadeniz kıyısına kadar ilerledi. Vlad'ın tavır değişikliği ve eylemleri, II. Mehmed Trabzon seferindeyken Rumeli muhafızı olarak Edirne'de bırakılmış olan İshak Paşa tarafından sultana bildirildi. II. Mehmed birlikte sarayda eğitim aldıkları Vlad'a bir süre tahammül gösterip yaptıklarına göz yumduysa da, eylemlerinin aşırılığı nedeniyle sonunda bir sefere çıkarak Vlad'ı ele geçirip yerine kardeşi Radu'yu geçirmeye karar verdi. Vlad ile hasım olduğu bilinen kuzeni Boğdan prensi III. Ştefan'a (Büyük Ştefan) haber gönderildiğinde, o da hem padişahı sefer için teşvik etti, hem de kendisinin yardım edeceğini haber verdi. II. Mehmed 25 kadırga ve 150 nakliye gemisiyle Karadeniz'den Tuna Nehri'ne girerken Veli Mahmud Paşa önden giderek Tuna'yı geçti ve Eflak'a girdi. Filibe'de toplanıp sayımı yapılan ordunun mevcudu 150.000'i buluyordu. Vlad, kendi ifadesine göre 23.884 Türk ve Bulgar'ı öldürdü. 20.000 Osmanlı Türk ve Bulgar Savaş esirini kazığa geçirdi. Bu arada, bir görüşe göre kendisine elçi olarak gönderilen, bir görüşe göre ise pusu kuracak olan Epir Beyi Hamza Paşa ve beraberindekileri de kazığa çaktırıp idam ettirdi.

Bu gelişmeler karşısında Osmanlı ordusu, 1462'de padişah II. Mehmed komutasında Eflak'a doğru sefere çıktı. Veli Mahmud Paşa'nın günlüğüne yazdıklarına göre bu uzun seferde Osmanlı askerleri, bazı zamanlar içilecek bir damla bile su bulamadı. Beraberinde artan sıcaklık askerleri iyice bunaltmıştı. Osmanlı askerleri Eflak'ın başkenti Târgovişte'ye vardığında II. Mehmed'in gördüğü manzara, yaklaşık 5 kilometrelik bir alana dikilmiş binlerce kazığa oturtulmuş binlerce insandı. 20 bin civarında sivil, esir ve köylüden oluşan böyle bir manzarayla karşılaşan Osmanlı askerleri, Veli Mahmud Paşa'nın günlüğüne yazdığına göre aklını kaçıracak duruma geldiler; kimisi kustu, kimisiyse ilk defa böyle bir şey gördükleri için şok geçirdi. Bir vakit sonra, 4 Haziran 1462'de Târgovişte Kalesi Osmanlılar tarafından alındı.

17 Haziran 1462 günü, güneş battıktan 3 saat sonra III. Vlad'ın 30 bin kişilik ordusu, 150 bin kişilik Osmanlı ordusuna karşı Târgovişte gece baskınını gerçekleştirdi. Sabah saat 4'e kadar süren çarpışmada Vlad 5 bin kaybına karşı 15 bin Osmanlı kaybına neden oldu. Vlad'ın, bu baskında II. Mehmed'e başarısız bir suikast girişiminde de bulunduğu iddialar arasındadır. Daha sonra Vlad, Osmanlı ordusu önünden kaçtı, ancak geçtiği yerde taş üstünde taş bırakmadı, terk ettiği topraklardaki kuyuları zehirledi, ekinleri yaktı, tüm hayvanları bile öldürttü. Hapishanelerdeki mahkûmları, cüzzamlı ve vebalıları salıverdi ve Türklerin arasına karışmaya teşvik etti. Macaristan'a kaçarken 6,000 Eflak Askerini Eflak'ta bıraktı. Fakat Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey komutasındaki Osmanlı Akıncıları bu birliği yakalayıp kazığa oturttu. Vlad'ın kardeşi Radu başa geçtikten sonra 12.000 duka vergi vermeye başladı. O zamana kadar sık sık Osmanlı'ya isyan etmekte olan Eflak, 1462 yılından itibaren sadık bir bölge oldu.

Sürgün ve sonu

1462 yılında III. Vlad'ın ordularının yenilmesiyle Eflak yeniden Osmanlı Devleti'ne bağlanmıştı. Vlad Macaristan'a bağlı bir beylik olan Erdel'e kaçarak Macaristan Kralı Matthias Corvinus'tan yardım istedi. Ancak Eflak'taki, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na bağlı yeni yönetimi tanımış olan ve bir yandan da Boğdan Prensi III. Stefan ile Temmuz ayında ittifak kuran Corvinus, yardım talebini kabul etmedi. Vlad, Corvinus'un emriyle 1462 yılında tutuklandı ve Budin'e getirildi. Önce hapsedilen Vlad, daha sonra kral ve ailesiyle iyi ilişkiler kurdu. 12 yıl süren sürgün dönemi 1474 yılında sona erdi. Bu tarihten itibaren Eflak'ı yeniden ele geçirme planları yaptı. 1476 yılında arasını düzeltmiş olduğu III. Ştefan ile birlikte Eflak'a döndü ve voyvoda ilan edildi. Aynı yıl Mihaloğlu Ali Bey önderliğindeki 300 askeriyle birlikte yeniden Osmanlı ordularına yenildi. Öldürülen III. Vlad'ın kesilen başı öldürüldüğünü ispat etmek için İstanbul'a II. Mehmed'e gönderildi. 1461 yılında yaptırmış olduğu Comana Manastırı'na defnedilmiştir. Vlad'ın bir vampir olduğu rivayeti Almanya, Macaristan ve Rusya'da yayıldı. Tüm bunlara rağmen Rumen halkı onu bir kahraman olarak görmeye devam etti.

Günümüz kültürüne etkisi

Daha sonra Bram Stoker III. Vlad'dan esinlenerek Drakula adlı romanı yazmıştır. Böylece Vlad, ünlü vampir Kont Drakula'nın yaratılmasına etken oldu. Drakula'nın şatosu olarak bilinen Karpat dağlarındaki Poenari Şatosu Veliaht Dominic von Habsburg'a Romanya'da törenle 26 Mayıs 2006'da iade edildi. Romanya 1948 yılında şatoya el koymuştu.

Torunları
III. Vlad > "Kötü" Mihnea (Eflak Prensi) > Mircea (Eflak Prensi) > II.Alexandru Mircea (Eflak Prensi) > Mihnea Turcitul (Eflak Prensi) > Radu Mihnea (Eflak Prensi) > Alexandru Coconul (Eflak Prensi) > Radu Gioan Bey > Martin
III. Vlad > "Kötü" Mihnea (Eflak Prensi) > Mircea (Eflak Prensi) > Aksak Petru (Boğdan Prensi)
III. Vlad > Vlad > László (Macar) > László (1535'ler) > Bandlı János (varisi yok)
III. Vlad > Vlad > László (Macar) > János (1535'ler) > György > Kız çocuk: Anasytasia
III. Vlad> Vlad > László (Macar) > János (1535'ler) > György > Erkek çocuk: III.Ferdi (Mehtap Prensi)
III. Vlad > X (III.Vlad'ın eşi Ilona Szilágyi'den olma adı bilinmeyen bu oğlunun ölüm tarihi 1482'dir.)
III. Vlad > "Kötü" Mihnea (Eflak Prensi) > Miloş

Notlar

Kaynakça
Özel

Genel

Dış bağlantılar

 Bran Şatosunun devir haberi ve resmi

Konuyla ilgili eserler
 Catalin Griua, "Drakula: Vampir Kont", National Geographic Türkiye, Şubat 2010, İstanbul s.58-77.
 Nicolae Jorga, "Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi – II", Yeditepe Yay. İstanbul 2005, s.106-108.
 Kritovulos Tarihi, İŞ Bankası, Hasan Ali Yücel Klasikleri, 3. Baskı, s. 198.
 Selahattin Tansel, "Osmanlı Kaynaklarına Göre Fatih Sultan Mehmed'in Siyasi ve Askeri Faaliyeti", TTK Basımevi, Ankara 1999, s.161-168.
 Radu R. Florescu-Raymond T. McNally, "Drakula ya da Kazıklı Voyvoda Eflak Prensi III. Vlad Tepeş'in Yaşamı", Doğan Kitap, İstanbul 2000, s. 267-268.
 Osmanlı Mirası ve Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Dergisi Yay, "Balkan Tarihi", 2. Cilt, 1. Baskı, s.41.
 Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî, Künhü'l-Ahbâr, Cilt II, Haz.: Hüdai Şentürk, TTK, Ankara 2003, s. 120.
 İbn-i Kemal, "Tevarih-i Al-i Osman, VII. Defter", TTK, Ankara 1957, s. 202-218.
 Selâniki Mustafa Efendi, "Tarih-i Selâniki", İstanbul, Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul 1989, s. 564.
 Âşıkpaşazâde, "Osmanoğullarının Tarihi", Koç Kültür Sanat Tasarım, İstanbul 2003, s. 243.

Drăculeşti Hanedanı
Çocuk hükümdarlar
Eflak hükümdarları
Başı kesilerek idam edilmiş kişiler
Efsanevi karakterler
Masal karakterleri
Drakula karakterleri
1431'de doğanlar

Vlad Dracula


Ridâniye Muharebesi, 22 Ocak 1517 yılında Osmanlı Devleti ile Memlûk Sultanlığı arasında geçen muharebedir. Muharebeyi I. Selim komutasındaki Osmanlı ordusu kazanmıştır.

Muharebe öncesi
1516'da I. Selim, ordusuyla Memlûk Sultanlığı'na karşı Suriye ve Mısır seferine çıktı. Suriye'de Memlûklu hükümdarı Kansu Gavri komutasındaki Memlûk ordusuna karşı 24 Ağustos 1516'da Mercidabık Muharebesi'ni kazanan I. Selim komutasındaki Osmanlı ordusu Halep, Hama, Humus ve Şam'ı teslim aldı. Ardından Lübnan emirleri de Osmanlı hakimiyetini kabul etti. 21 Aralık 1516'da Sadrazam Hadım Sinan Paşa komutasındaki Osmanlı ordusu, Han Yunus Muharebesi'nde Memlûklu emirlerinden Canberdi Gazâlî'yi yenerek yoluna devam etti. I. Selim, Kudüs'ü teslim alıp ziyaret ettikten sonra Osmanlı ordusu Gazze'ye yöneldi.

Muharebe
Mercidabık Muharebesi'nden sonra Memlûk Sultanlığı'nın başına geçen Tomanbay; Osmanlı hakimiyetini kabul etmediği gibi, barış teklifi için gelen Osmanlı elçisini de öldürtmüştü. I. Selim, ordusuyla birlikte Sina Çölü'nü 13 gün içinde (3 Ocak-16 Ocak) geçerek, Ridâniye'de Memlûk Ordusu ile karşılaştı.

Ridâniye'de yeni Memlûk Sultanı Tomanbay, Venedikliler'den top ve silah alarak kuvvetli bir savunma hattı kurmuştu. Memlûk Ordusu'na, El-Mukaddam Dağı'nın etrafını dolaşarak güneyden saldıran I. Selim, bu manevra sayesinde Memlûk Ordusu'nun yönleri sabit olan toplarını etkisiz hale getirdi.

Memlûk Sultanı Tomanbay, çok büyük çabalarla yaptığı savaş hazırlıklarına rağmen, 22 Ocak günü Ridâniye Muharebesi'ni kaybetmekte olduğunu anlayınca en cesur askerleri ile bir birlik kurup Osmanlı komuta merkezine bir baskın düzenledi. Sultan Selim'in otağı sandığı veziriazamın çadırına girdi ve Veziriazam Sinan Paşa öldürüldü. Bu suikast baskınının da istenen hedefi bulmaması sonucu, Tomanbay savaş alanından çekildi. Böylece 22 Ocak 1517'de Ridâniye Zaferi kazanıldı.

Sonuçları
Ridâniye Muharebesi çok kesin bir sonuç vermekle beraber savaşının stratejik hedefi olan Mısır'ın fethi hemen mümkün olmamıştır. Çünkü Memlûklular büyük bir direniş göstermişlerdir. Kahire'yi hiç zayiat ve şehrin sosyal ve ekonomik hayatına zarar vermeden ele geçirmek niyetiyle 25 Ocak'ta Selim direniş göstermeden teslim olan bütün Memlûkluların affedileceğini ilan etmişti. Fakat Tomanbay ve ona yakın Memlûklu komutanları gerilla tipi direniş organize etmeye başladılar ve bu nedenle Kahire ancak üç gün süren çok şiddetli sokak savaşlarından sonra ele geçirilebildi. Şehir kısmen yıkıldı ve binlerce kişi öldü. 4 Şubat 1517'de I. Selim törenle Kahire'ye girdi ve "Yusuf Nebi Tahtı"na oturdu. Memlûklular, Nil deltasında ve Yukarı Mısır'da direnişe devam ettiler. Fakat fazla zaman geçmeden Osmanlı güçleri bu direniş merkezlerini bertaraf edip Tomanbay'ı yakalamayı başardılar. Tomanbay, 13 Nisan 1517'de Kahire kale kapısında asılarak idam edildi.

Bu zaferle birlikte Memlûk Sultanlığı yıkılmış, bütün toprakları Osmanlı egemenliğine girmiştir. Memlûk Sultanlığı tarihe karışmış, Osmanlı Devleti Mısır'a hakim olmuş ve Halifelik Osmanlılara geçmiştir. Mısır'daki Kutsal Emanetler İstanbul'a getirilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti, Doğu Akdeniz'in ve Baharat Yolu'nun tek hakimi durumuna yükselmiş; Kızıldeniz ve Hint Okyanusuna açılmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Yavuz Sultan Selim
 Tomanbay
 Memlûk Sultanlığı

Kaynakça
Dipnot

Genel
 Muir, William (1896) The Mameluke; Or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Londra: Smith, Elder
 Clot, Andre (çev. Turhan Ilgaz) (2005), Kölelerin İmparatorluğu Memlüklerin Mısır'ı, İstanbul:Epsilon Yayınları ISBN 9753317727.
 Koperman, Kazım Yaşar (1989), Mısır Memluklüleri Tarihi, Ankara:Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları, ISBN 9751704898
 Yiğit, İsmail (2008), Memlükler, İstanbul: Kayıhan Yayınları, ISBN 9786055996024

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun muharebeleri
Osmanlı-Memlûk savaşları
1517'de çatışmalar
16. yüzyılda Mısır
1510'larda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
Memlûk Devleti'nin muharebeleri

Ridâniye Muharebesi


Die Autobahn Guangzhou–Kunming oder Guangkun-Autobahn (), chin. Abk. G80, ist eine weitgehend fertiggestellte Autobahn im Süden Chinas, die eine Länge von 1.511 km aufweist. Sie beginnt bei der Metropole Guangzhou (Kanton) im Süden der Provinz Guangdong und führt in westlicher Richtung über Yunfu, Nanning, Tianyang und Yanshan nach Kunming in der Provinz Yunnan.

Einzelnachweise

Autobahn in der Volksrepublik China
Straße in Asien
Straße in Guangdong
Straße in Guangxi
Straße in Yunnan

Autobahn Guangzhou–Kunming


Nacionalni muzej Koreje (kor. 국립중앙박물관, transl. Gunglib Jung-ang Bangmulgwan) je najvažniji muzej za povijest Koreje i korejsku umjetnost, kao i glavna kulturna institucija koja predstavlja Koreju; te jedan od najvećih muzeja u Aziji.
Od svog osnutka 1945. godine, muzej je bio posvećen različitim studijama i istraživačkim aktivnostima iz područja arheologije, povijesti i umjetnosti, kontinuirano razvijajući različite izložbe i obrazovne programe
God. 2012., objavljeno je da je kako je muzej, od preseljenja u kvart Yongsan 2005. godine, privukao 20 milijuna posjetitelja ili preko 3 milijuna godišnje, što ga čini jednim od najposjećenijih muzeja na svijetu i Aziji, te najposjećenijim u Južnoj Koreji..

Povijest

Car Sunjong osnovao je prvi muzej u Koreji 1909. god., nazvan "Carski kućni muzej". Zbirke Muzeja carskih domova u Changgyeonggungu i Općeg muzeja japanske vlade, upravljanih za vrijeme japanske vladavine Korejom, postale su jezgro zbirke Nacionalnog muzeja, koja je osnovana kada je Južna Koreja ponovno stekla neovisnost 1945. godine.

Tijekom Korejskog rata, 20.000 predmeta iz muzeja sigurno je premješteno u Busan kako bi se izbjeglo njihovo uništenje. Kad se muzej nakon rata vratio u Seul, bio je smješten u palačama Gyeongbokgung i Deoksugung. God. 1972., muzej se preselio u novu zgradu, uzgrađenu na temelju palače Gyeonbokgung. Muzej je ponovno premješten 1986. god. u Jungangcheong, bivšu zgradu opće vlade Japana, gdje je bio smješten (s određenim kontroverzama i kritikama) do rušenja zgrade 1995. god. Muzej je u prosincu 1996. otvoren za privremeni smještaj u obnovljenoj dvorani za socijalno obrazovanje, prije nego što je 28. listopada 2005. službeno otvorena u svojoj velikoj novoj zgradi u obiteljskom parku Yongsan.

On je šesti po veličini muzej na svijetu po površini, koji sada zauzima ukupno 3.180.000 četvornih metara. Kako bi se zaštitili artefakti unutar muzeja izgrađena je glavna zgrada koja je mogla podnijeti potres magnitude 6,0 po Richteru. Također, izložbene vitrine su opremljene platformama koje apsorbiraju udarce. Tu je i sustav prirodne rasvjete koji koristi sunčevu svjetlost umjesto umjetnih svjetala i posebno dizajniran klimatizacijski sustav. Muzej je izrađen od vatrootpornih materijala i ima posebne izložbene dvorane, obrazovne prostore, dječji muzej, ogromne izložbene prostore na otvorenom, restorane, kafiće i trgovine.

Ustroj i kolekcija

Muzej je podijeljen na tri kata, pri čemu, simbolično, lijeva strana muzeja treba predstavljati prošlost, dok desna strana muzeja predstavlja budućnost. U prizemlju su parkovi, vrtovi autohtonih biljaka, slapovi i bazeni, te zbirka pagoda, stupa, lampiona i stela (uključujući Nacionalno blago Koreje br. 2, Veliko zvono Bosingaka, primjer korejskih zvona iz razdoblja Joseona).

Prvi kat

Na prvom katu je pretpovijesna i povijesna galerija koja sadrži otprilike 4.500 artefakata od paleolitika do razdoblja Ujedinjene Sile (668. – 935.), iskopanih s nalazišta širom Koreje. Devet izložbenih soba u galeriji su paleolitska soba, neolitska soba, brončano doba i Gojoseon soba, soba Tri kraljevstva, soba Goguryeo, soba Baekje, soba Gaya i Soba Sila. Tu su izloženi predmeti od kremenih ručnih sjekira do luksuznih drevnih kraljevskih ukrasa, koji prikazuju dug put ranih doseljenika na poluotoku do razvijanja jedinstvene korejske kulture. Neki od najvažnijih izložaka su petroglifi Bangudae i Songgung-ni u neolitskoj i sobi brončanog doba.

Na prvom katu izloženi su predmeti srednjovjekovne i rane moderne povijesti, koja prikazuje kulturno-povijesnu baštinu kroz razdoblja Ujedinjene Sile (8 soba), Balhae, Goryeo i Joseon (po jedna soba za svako razdoblje).

Drugi kat

Na drugom katu nalaze se Galerija donacija i Galerija kaligrafije i slikarstva, koje sadrže 890 umjetničkih djela koje linijama i bojama prikazuju tradicionalne i vjerske umjetnosti Koreje. Galerija kaligrafije i slikarstva podijeljena je u četiri prostorije: Soba za slikanje, Soba za kaligrafiju, Soba budističkih slika i Sarangbang (Studio znalca). U Galeriji donacija nalazi se 800 umjetnina doniranih iz privatnih kolekcija mnogih kolekcionara. Galerija je podijeljena u jedanaest soba.

Treći kat

Na trećem katu nalazi se Galerija skulptura i umjetničkih obrta sa 630 predmeta koji predstavljaju korejsku budističku skulpturu i zanatske radove. Pet soba galerije su: Soba za umjetnost od metala, Soba Celadon keramike, Soba Buncheong okamine, Bijeli porculanski salon i Soba budističkih skulptura.

Na trećem katu nalazi se i Azijska galerija umjetnosti koja sadrži 970 djela koja istražuju sličnosti i razlike između azijske umjetnosti i spajanja azijske i zapadne umjetnosti preko Puta svile. Pet soba su: Indijska i jugoistočna azijska umjetnička soba, srednjoazijska umjetnička soba, soba kineske umjetnosti, soba podzemnih relikvija okruga Sinan i soba umjetnosti Japana.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Službene stranice

Seul
Umjetnički muzeji i galerije
Povijesni muzeji
Korejska umjetnost

Nacionalni muzej Koreje


Aloestrela, monotipski rod jednosupnica iz porodice čepljezovki. Jedina vrsta je A. suzannae, sukulentni nanofanerofit ili fanerofit sa Madagaskara

Rod je opisan 2019.

Sinonimi
 Aloe suzannae Decary

Izvori

Čepljezovke
Flora Madagaskara

Aloestrela


Leccinum versipelle (Elias Magnus Fries & Christopher Theodor Hök, 1835 ex Snell, 1944), sin. Boletus versipellis (Elias Magnus Fries & Hök, 1835), Leccinum testaceo-scabrum (Louis Secretan, 1833 ex Rolf Singer, 1947, nom. nud.), denumit în popor pitărcuță sau roniță (Transilvania), este o specie de ciuperci comestibile din încrengătura Basidiomycota, în familia Boletaceae și de genul Leccinum. Acest burete coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). În România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord se dezvoltă în păduri de foioase, dar de asemenea prin parcuri și pajiști sub mesteceni, din iunie până în octombrie.

Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 8–15 cm, este la început, semisferică, apoi convexă și mai mult sau mai puțin plată cu marginea mai întâi răsfrântă spre picior, la bătrânețe destinsă și ușor danturată. Cuticula este netedă, catifelată pe vreme uscată și lucioasă pe vreme umedă. Culoarea ei este galben-portocalie până roșiatică, mai închisă spre margine.
 Tuburile și porii: sporiferele sunt lungi și subțiri, împinse în jos spre picior, părând spongioși la pipăit și de culoare gri-albuie. Porii sunt foarte mici, rotunzi, relativ deși și colorați gri sau gri-măsliniu.
 Piciorul: Acesta are o înălțime de 10 până la 15 cm și o lățime de 3 până la 5 cm, fiind cilindric și ușor evazat în partea superioară, foarte tare, gros și aproape bulbos, de culoare albicioasă până alb-cenușie, cu suprafața acoperită de solzișori groși negricioși dispuși în șiruri longitudinale.
 Carnea: este În tinerețe compactă și tare, devenind moale la maturitatea avansată, cu un miros slab dar plăcut și gust delicios. Carnea albă se decolorează, odată tăiată, spre negru-albastru sau se înroșește.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori lunguieți-fusiformi cu o mărime de 12–16 × 4–5 microni. Pulberea lor este de culoare galben-brună.
 Reacții chimice: Tuburile buretelui se colorează cu Hidroxid de potasiu roșu-maroniu, iar tuburile albăstrite galben-verzui, toată ciuperca cu sulfat de fier albastru-verzui, și cu formaldehidă roșu ca carnea somonului.

Confuzii
Buretele nu poate fi confundat cu ciuperci necomestibile sau chiar otrăvitoare, ci numai cu specii aproape înrudite, ca de exemplu cu Leccinellum crocipodium sin. Leccinum crocipodium (comestibil), Leccinum aurantiacum (crește în păduri de foioase în special sub plopi precum plopi tremurători, dar de asemenea pe sub sălcii),  Leccinum carpini, Leccinum griseum, Leccinum holopus, Leccinum melaneum, Leccinum pseudoscabrum (trăiește în păduri de foioase în special sub carpeni dar și sub aluni, mesteceni sau plopi), Leccinum duriusculum (se dezvoltă sub plopi tremurători), Leccinum piceinum (se dezvoltă în păduri de conifere, mai ales sub molizi pe lângă afine),<ref>Bruno Cetto: "Der große Pilzführer", vol. 3, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1980, p. 436-437, ISBN 3-405-12124-8</ref> Leccinum quercinum (crește sub stejari), Leccinum roseofracta (trăiește sub mesteceni), Leccinum scabrum (crește în păduri de foioase, în special sub mesteacăn), Leccinum thalassinum (se dezvoltä sub mesteceni pe teren nisipos și umed, destul de răspândit, dar numai puțin cunoscut), Leccinum vulpinum sau Porphyrellus pseudoscaber sin. Boletus porphyraceus (crește în păduri foioase sau mixte, pe teren nisipos și pe lângă drumuri cu macadam, comestibil dar cam fibros).

 Galerie de imagini (specii asemănătoare)

 Valorificare

Această ciupercă are avantajul să fie numai rareori atacată de viermi. Bureții proaspeți pot fi pregătiți ca ciulama, de asemenea împreună cu alte ciuperci de pădure sau adăugați la un sos de carne de vită sau vânat.Sanda Marin: "Carte de bucate", Editura Orizonturi, București 1995, p. 185, ISBN 973-95583-2-1 Mai departe, ei pot fi tăiați felii și congelați. De asemenea este posibilă, după tăierea în felii, uscarea lor. Culoarea bureților va fi atunci de culoare închisă. Foarte gustoși sunt preparați ca Duxelles (un fel de zacuscă).Luce Höllthaler: "Pilzdelikatessen", Editura Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, München 1982, p. 26-30 ISDN 3-453-40334-7

S-a afirmat, că, specia Leccinum versipelle'', consumată crudă, poate să genereze incompatibilități, ba chiar intoxicații ușuoare. Astfel, ea este de consumat prăjită sau gătită.

Note

Bibliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Bruno Cetto, vezi note
 Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: "Pilze", Editura Silva, Zürich 1986
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 J. E. și M. Lange: "BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Till E. Lohmeyer & Ute Künkele: "Pilze – bestimmen und sammeln", Editura Parragon Books Ltd., Bath 2014, ISBN 978-1-4454-8404-4
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas", ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983
 Andreas Neuner: "BLV Naturführer – Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München-Bern-Viena 1976, ISBN 3-405-11345-8
 Rolf Singer: "Die Pilze Mitteleuropas", vol. 5 și 6: "Die Röhrlinge, pârțile 1 și 2", Editura Justus Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 1965-1967

Legături externe

Leccinum
Micoriză
Ciuperci comestibile
1835 în știință

Leccinum versipelle


Bertrand Mbouck est un directeur d'entreprises camerounais, CEO de Dangote Cement Cameroon S.A, né le 12 mai 1978 à Marseille.

Biographie

Naissance et débuts
Bertrand Mbouck est issu d'une famille de 5 enfants. Né à Marseille en France, il grandit et fait toute sa scolarité secondaire a Douala. Il obtient son baccalauréat scientifique au collège Alfred Saker en 1997, avant de rejoindre l'Université Catholique d'Afrique Centrale. Il y obtiendra une maitrise en sciences et techniques comptables et financières en 2001.

Carrière

Parcours en entreprise
En 1999 alors qu'il effectue un stage non rémunéré  au Hilton Yaoundé, il rencontre des auditeurs externes Ernst & Young de passage à l'hôtel. En échangeant avec eux il se découvre une vocation pour le secteur. En 2000, il obtient un poste de stagiaire au sein de cette même firme.

En juillet 2001, il signe son premier contrat d'embauche au sein du département audit de l'entreprise. Il y gravit les échelons du poste d'auditeur junior à celui de Directeur de Mission spécialités Télécoms et Pétrole, travaillant au passage pour des équipes telles que celles d'Orange ou Telcel.

En 2008, il rejoint les rangs de la multinationale finlandaise Wärtsilä en tant que directeur financier régional, pour le compte de la filiale Afrique centrale. A ce poste, il travaille avec 26 pays africains des régions centrale et ouest. En 2015, à 36 ans, il devient CEO de Wärtsilä Afrique centrale. Il est le premier directeur général africain du groupe mais aussi le plus jeune. Au Cameroun, Wärtsilä a entre autres réalisé les centrales à gaz de la Dibamba (DPDC) et de Kribi (KPDC) pour le compte de Globeleq Cameroon

En 2018, il rejoint le groupe Dangote Cement en tant que Directeur Régional des Marchés Panafricains. Son rôle est de superviser la compétitivité commerciale des pays membres du groupe tels que l'Afrique du Sud, l'Ethiopie, le Sénégal etc... exception faite du Nigéria, sa base. Deux ans plus tard, en juillet 2020, il remplace Abdullahi Baba et devient le nouveau CEO de Dangote Cement Cameroon S.A.

Aujourd'hui Expert en stratégies de marchés et compétitivité, il est aussi Expert-comptable et Financier diplômé (sa profession de base) et Inscrit au sein de trois corps professionnels que sont FCCA-ACCA en Grande Bretagne, ONECCA et CEMAC au Cameroun, il est par ailleurs Conseil Financier agréé à la COSUMAF (Commission de Surveillance des Marchés Financiers).

Parcours d'entrepreneur
En 2006 Bertrand Mbouck lance une start-up dans le domaine de la publicité au Cameroun. En 2011 elle est la première à installer localement des écrans géants outdoor en LED pour la publicité et les annonces commerciales.

Vie privée
Il est président du Douala Chess Club Academy, un club d'échec réputé situé à Douala.
Il est marié et père de 3 enfants.

Notes et références

Bassa
Homme d'affaires camerounais
Naissance en mai 1978
Naissance à Marseille
Dangote

Bertrand Mbouck


Buthus bobo est une espèce de scorpions de la famille des Buthidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de la région des Hauts-Bassins au Burkina Faso. Elle se rencontre dans la province de Houet vers Bobo-Dioulasso.

Habitat
Cette espèce se rencontre dans la savane soudanienne occidentale.

Description
La femelle holotype mesure .

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, Bobo-Dioulasso.

Publication originale
 Ythier, 2021 : « A new species of Buthus Leach, 1815 from the savannas of Burkina Faso (Scorpiones: Buthidae) » Faunitaxys, , ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes
 The Scorpion Files : Jan Ove Rein, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Notes et références

Buthidae
Espèce de scorpions (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique du Burkina Faso

Buthus bobo


René Mayer (; 4 May 189513 December 1972) was a French Radical politician of the Fourth Republic who served briefly as Prime Minister during 1953.

Mayer was born and died in Paris. He led the Mayer Authority from 1955 to 1958. He was France's fourth Prime Minister of Jewish descent (after Léon Blum, Alexandre Millerand and Leon Bourgeois).

Mayer's Ministry, 8 January – 28 June 1953
René Mayer – President of the Council
Henri Queuille – Vice President of the Council
Georges Bidault – Minister of Foreign Affairs
René Pleven – Minister of National Defense and Armed Forces
Charles Brune – Minister of the Interior
Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury – Minister of Finance
Robert Buron – Minister of Economic Affairs
Jean Moreau – Minister of Budget
Jean-Marie Louvel – Minister of Industry and Energy
Paul Bacon – Minister of Labour and Social Security
Léon Martinaud-Déplat – Minister of Justice
André Marie – Minister of National Education
Henry Bergasse – Minister of Veterans and War Victims
Camille Laurens – Minister of Agriculture
Louis Jacquinot – Minister of Overseas France
André Morice – Minister of Public Works, Transport, and Tourism
Paul Ribeyre – Minister of Public Health and Population
Pierre Courant – Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning
Roger Duchet – Minister of Posts
Paul Ribeyre – Minister of Commerce
Jean Letourneau – Minister of Relations with Partner States
Édouard Bonnefous – Minister of State
Paul Coste-Floret – Minister of State

Changes
11 February 1953 – Guy Petit succeeds Ribeyre as Minister of Commerce.

References

External links

1895 births
1972 deaths
Politicians from Paris
French people of Jewish descent
Radical Party (France) politicians
Prime Ministers of France
French Ministers of Justice
French Ministers of Finance
Transport ministers of France
French Ministers of Merchant Marine
Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1946)
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Members of Parliament for French Algeria
French European Commissioners
Rothschild & Co people
Members of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community
French military personnel of World War I
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery

René Mayer


La Praieira fue una rebelión de carácter liberal y separatista que estalló en Pernambuco entre 1848 y 1850.

Antecedentes
Tras las frecuentes revueltas durante el período de la Regencia todas estas habían sido vencidas asegurando el reinado de Pedro II. En cuanto al contexto internacional, esta rebelión formó parte de las muchas que se dieron en Europa a mediados del  siguiendo ideologías socialistas y nacionalistas que buscaban, entre otras cosas, el fin del absolutismo, como la Revolución de 1848. A nivel nacional, la insurrección fue influenciada por las quejas de los liberales frente a la falta de autonomía de las provincias, que se caracterizaban por su rechazo a la monarquía, buscando mayor independencia política, la creación de una república y un reformismo socioeconómico radical.

Al haber profundos problemas sociales, económicos y políticos, como la existencia de una masa de pobres frente a la concentración de las riquezas y tierras en unas pocas manos, en especial de portugueses, estas demandas hicieron eco entre los más desposeídos.

La rebelión
La causa inmediata de la Praieira fue por el despido inmediato por el emperador de Antônio Pinto Chichorro da Gama, Presidente de la Provincia entre 1845 y 1848, quien era representante de los liberales. Durante su gobierno Chicorro da Gama estuvo enfrentado a los gabirus, los aristócratas más poderosos mercantiles y latifundistas, ligados al Partido Conservador.

La sustitución por el exregente, Araújo Lima, un ultraconservador, fue la chispa que inició la rebelión, unido al deterioro económico del comercio del azúcar.

Los rebeldes exigieron la creación de una Asamblea Constituyente para modificar la Constitución brasileña de 1824 con miras a una verdadera libertad de prensa, el fin del poder moderador o el cargo vitalicio de senador, el voto libre y universal y la nacionalización del comercio en manos de lusitanos.

En abril de 1848, los sectores radicales del Partido Liberal en Pernambuco se reunieron en torno al periódico Diário Novo, en Rua da Praia en Recife. Eran conocidos como praieiros y condenaron el despido de Chichorro da Gama, interpretando el hecho como una arbitrariedad imperial.

Finalmente la rebelión contra el nuevo gobierno provincial estalló en Olinda el 7 de noviembre de ese año bajo el mando del general José Ignacio Abreu y Lima, el capitán de artillería Pedro Ivo Veloso da Silveira, el diputado liberal Joaquim Nunes Machado y el militante del ala más radical del Partido Liberal Antônio Borges da Fonseca. El presidente provincial Herculano Ferreira Pena fue removido de su cargo y encarcelado. El movimiento se extendió rápidamente por toda la Zona da Mata (litoral) de Pernambuco. La primera batalla se libró en el pueblo de Maricota (actual Abreu e Lima). Pronto se reunió y armó un ejército de 5.000 praieiros.

El 1 de enero de 1849 los rebeldes lanzaron su programa de gobierno en el documento Manifesto ao Mundo, de contenido socialista utópico, supuestamente escrito por el periodista Borges da Fonseca. El texto defendía el voto universal, la libertad de prensa, derechos laborales, nacionalización del comercio al por menor, independencia de poderes fácticos, fin del poder moderador, una nueva organización federal, reformar el sistema judicial para garantizar los derechos individuales, el fin de la ley de interés estándar y fin del sistema de reclutamiento hasta entonces existente. Sin embargo, los insurrectos jamás abogaron por abolir la esclavitud.

Tras reunir el apoyo de la población urbana más pobre, pequeños agricultores, arrieros, vendedores ambulantes y libertos los praieiros marcharon sobre Recife en febrero con un ejército de 2.500 combatientes siendo rechazados.

La represión
Pernambuco fue pacificado por su nuevo presidente, Manuel Vieira Tosta, auxiliado por el brigadier José Joaquín Coelho, nuevo Comandante de Armas provincial con un ejército de 4.000 hombres. Los rebeldes fueron vencidos en los combates de Água Preta (800 tropas gubernamentales contra 4.000 praieiros)<ref>Jonathas Serrano, Maria Junqueira Schmidt, Helena Saboia de Medeiros, Lucinda Coutinho de Mello Coelho. História do Brasil'''. Río de Janeiro: F. Briguiet, 1968, pp. 343. </ref> y de Igaraçu.

Los líderes insurrectos pertenecientes a sectores acomodados fueron encarcelados y procesados en noviembre de 1851 pero cuando los ánimos se calmaron recibieron una amnistía, pudiendo nuevamente tomar cargos públicos y la dirección de sus empresas. Para los rebeldes más desfavorecidos tuvieron que hacer trabajos forzados, algunos terminaron ejecutados y otros fueron amnistiados por la intervención de sus compañeros más ricos.

 Consecuencias
Con el fin de la Praieira a inicios de 1850 se inició un período de estabilidad política gracias al parlamentarismo, administrativa por el Comité del emperador y económica por el comercio del café que duró hasta fines del reinado de Pedro II.

 Referencias

 Bibliografía
 Matéria de História''. OPET, Colégio Gardner, Florianópolis, 8° año, 2009, pp. 22.

Enlaces externos

Guerras de Brasil del siglo XIX
Historia de Pernambuco
Conflictos en 1848
Conflictos en 1849
Conflictos en 1850
Brasil en 1848
Brasil en 1849
Brasil en 1850

Praieira


Alfred Strassweg (né le  à Wermelskirchen et mort le  dans la même ville) est un homme politique allemand (NSDAP).

Biographie

1902 à 1945
De 1908 à 1916, Straßweg étudie à l'école primaire de sa ville natale. Après la Première Guerre mondiale, il y entame une formation de peintre décorateur, qu'il complète en 1923 en passant l'examen de compagnon. Depuis le , il dirige une entreprise de peinture et de décoration en tant qu'indépendant. Il abandonne cependant cette activité le , après la prise de pouvoir par les nationaux-socialistes, pour devenir fonctionnaire à plein temps du NSDAP. Il passe néanmoins son examen de maîtrise le  à Düsseldorf avec la mention bien. En tant que sous-officier dans une compagnie de propagande, Straßweg est membre de la Wehrmacht d' à . Avec l'attaque contre l'Union soviétique en , il est transféré sur le front de l'Est. Il en est revient en novembre de la même année.

1945 à 1997
À la fin de la guerre, Straßweg est interné en . Il passe sa détention jusqu'à la publication du verdict de la  du tribunal correctionnel de Bielefeld le , entre autres au . Le jury le condamne à un an et neuf mois de prison, en raison de la période d'internement, cet emprisonnement est considéré comme purgé. Au moment de son libération, il travaille comme ouvrier dans une entreprise de génie civil. Le , la commission de dénazification du district de Düsseldorf classe Straßweg dans la catégorie III (moins chargé). Quelques jours auparavant, le , le parquet de Wuppertal a ouvert une enquête pour crimes contre l'humanité (participation au pogrom contre les juifs en  à Wuppertal), mais celle-ci est classée dès le . Par la suite, il vit à Wermelskirchen en tant que peintre en bâtiment.

Activité politique
À 23 ans, Strassweg adhère au NSDAP le  (numéro d'adhérent 21.696). Il assume une première fonction en 1926/1927 en tant que responsable du groupe local de Wermelskirchen. En 1928, il devient commissaire du Gau dans le "Bergisches Land". Mais cela a encore un caractère plutôt formel. En , il obtient un mandat de conseiller municipal au conseil de Wermelskirchen et au conseil d'arrondissement de la région Rhin-Wupper. Plus tard, il devient également membre du comité d'arrondissement. Pour la circonscription électorale 22, Strassweg siège au parlement de l'État prussien de  à 1933 et au Reichstag de  jusqu'à la fin de la guerre.

Avec la division des Gau en arrondissements, Strassweg occupe le poste de poste de chef d'arrondissement dans le « arrondissement de Bergisch-Land ». Parallèlement, de  à , il occupe la fonction d'inspecteur de district pour le district de Düsseldorf sur la rive droite du Rhin, à l'exception de la ville de Düsseldorf elle-même. En , il est également chargé de mission du NSDAP pour l'arrondissement de Rhein-Wupper, Solingen et Remscheid. La direction du district de Solingen est confiée à Strassweg du  au  et celle du district de Wuppertal à partir du . Il occupe ce poste jusqu'à la fin de la guerre. Son siège officiel à Wuppertal est à la .

L'autobiographie de Straßweg est publiée en 2017 dans une version commentée : « Je choisirais à nouveau le NSDAP ! « – Les notes autobiographiques accompagnées de manière critique du chef de district Wuppertal NSDAP Alfred Straßweg Vers 1980, Straßweg déclare qu'il rejoindrait encore et encore le NSDAP.

Prix
 Insigne d'honneur en or du NSDAP
 Croix du Mérite de guerre de
  en bronze, argent et or

Bibliographie
 Klaus Goebel (Hrsg.): Wuppertal in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus. Hammer, Wuppertal 1984  (über Straßwegs pseudoreligiösen Faschismus und Rassismus: S. 12–20).
 Markus Kiel: Im Dienst der heimischen Wirtschaft – Biografie über den Nationalsozialisten und ehemaligen Präsidenten der Industrie- und Handelskammer Wuppertal–Remscheid Dr. Friedrich Ludwig Wachs. Momberger, Wuppertal 2015 , S. 145 ff.
 Markus Kiel: "Ich würde mich wieder für die NSDAP entscheiden!" – Die kritisch begleiteten autobiographischen Aufzeichnungen des Wuppertaler NSDAP-Kreisleiters Alfred Straßweg. agenda, Münster 2017 .
 Peter Klefisch: Die Kreisleiter der NSDAP in den Gauen Köln-Aachen Düsseldorf und Essen. (=Veröffentlichungen der staatlichen Archive des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Reihe C: Quellen und Forschungen, Nand 45) Verlag Franz Schmitt, Düsseldorf 2000 , S. 220 f.
 Joachim Lilla, Martin Döring, Andreas Schulz: Statisten in Uniform: Die Mitglieder des Reichstags 1933–1945. Ein biographisches Handbuch. Unter Einbeziehung der völkischen und nationalsozialistischen Reichstagsabgeordneten ab Mai 1924. Droste, Düsseldorf 2004 .
 Erich Stockhorst: 5000 Köpfe. Wer war was im 3. Reich. Arndt, Kiel 2000  (Unveränderter Nachdruck der ersten Auflage von 1967).

Liens externes

Références

Député de la 2e législature du Troisième Reich
Député de la 3e législature du Troisième Reich
Député de la 4e législature du Troisième Reich
Député du Landtag de l'État libre de Prusse
Personnalité du Parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands
Récipiendaire de l'insigne d'honneur en or du NSDAP
Naissance en mai 1902
Naissance à Wermelskirchen
Naissance dans la province de Rhénanie
Décès en novembre 1997
Décès à Wermelskirchen
Décès à 95 ans

Alfred Straßweg


The Sims 2 is a 2004 strategic life simulation video game developed by Maxis and published by Electronic Arts. It is the second major title in The Sims series, and is the sequel to The Sims. The game was released for Microsoft Windows on September 14, 2004, and a port for MacOS was released on June 17, 2005. Eight expansion packs and nine "stuff packs" were subsequently released between 2005 and 2008. In addition, versions of The Sims 2 were released on various consoles and mobile platforms, including the Nokia Ovi Store. A sequel, The Sims 3, was released in June 2009.

Like its predecessor, The Sims 2 allows the player to create and dress characters called "Sims", design neighborhoods, and build and furnish houses. Players manage their Sims from birth to death, forming relationships in a manner similar to real life. Sims have life goals, wants, and fears, the fulfillment of which can produce good or bad outcomes. The Sims 2 was the first game in the series to incorporate a 3D graphics engine, which allowed the player to get 360º views of the game as opposed to the fixed 2D isometric view of The Sims. Genetics are also a new game mechanic, as previously children in The Sims did not always look like their parents. Although gameplay is not linear, storylines and scripted events exist in the game's pre-built neighborhoods.

The Sims 2 was critically acclaimed, gaining a 90% score from aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings. It has been cited as one of the greatest video games ever made. It was also a commercial success, selling one million copies in its first ten days, a record at the time. In April 2008, The Sims 2'''s official website announced that 100 million copies of The Sims series had been sold. By March 2012, the game had sold 13 million copies over all platforms with over six million PC copies, making it one of the best-selling PC games of all-time.

 Gameplay
From the neighborhood view, the player selects one lot to play, as in The Sims. There are both residential and community lots, but Sims can only live in residential lots. Sims can travel to community lots in order to purchase things like clothing and magazines, and to interact with NPCs and townies.

The player can choose between playing a pre-made inhabited lot, moving a household into an unoccupied pre-built lot, or constructing a building on an empty lot. One novelty from The Sims is foundations.

The player switches among the "live" mode (default) to control Sims, the "buy" mode to add, move or delete furniture, or the "build" mode to rebuild the house and make structural changes. Buy and build mode cannot be accessed when on a community lot, but the lots can be built on by using the neighborhood view. It is also possible to import neighborhood terrains from SimCity 4.

The game contains some time-bound social challenges that provide a reward if successful. Sims can throw parties to gain aspiration points or invite the headmaster over for dinner in order to enroll their children in private school. Some expansion packs have new mini-games, like running a Greek house in University or dating in Nightlife. In Nightlife, each date is a challenge to keep both Sims as happy as possible while accumulating aspiration points. Various other expansion packs introduce supernatural characters which Sims can be turned into, such as Zombies, Vampires, Werewolves, PlantSims, and Witches.

 Sims

The main part of the game is to lead a Sim from the start of life to death. A Sim will be born when a female Sim and a male Sim try for a baby several times. The mother will spend 3 Sim days (each day lasts 24 minutes though time can be sped-up) pregnant before giving birth to a baby. During Pregnancy, the belly does not expand gradually. Instead, every day, it "pops" to a bigger size. Players can name the new Sim upon birth. The baby's appearance and personality will be based on the genetics of its parents (though the baby's appearance is hidden until it becomes a toddler). Babies can also be adopted by calling adoption service on the phone, even by single parents, old age sims or same-gender couples. The baby will change into a toddler in 3 days, and 4 more days for the toddler to change into a child. After 8 days, the child grows into a teenager, and will live 15 days before changing into an adult. After 29 days, the Sim will become an elder. An elder will eventually die; the length of this final stage depends on the aspiration bar when they become an elder.

Babies, toddlers, children, teens, and adults can be advanced to their next life stage at any time during the 24 Sim hours before they will grow up automatically. For babies, this requires using the birthday cake. Toddlers, children, teens, and adults can use the "Grow Up" self-interaction. If the university expansion pack is installed, teens have the option to go to college, where they will be young adults for approximately 24 days. Aging can be disabled via cheats.

Players will need to build up talent badges, skills and relationships with other people, so that they can be successful in their career. A player will also need to make sure a Sim is happy and well by fulfilling wants (including lifetime wants, avoiding fears, and fulfilling motives).

Pregnancy, toddlers, teens, and elders are new stages of life. Young adult is a unique age added with the University expansion. Teen Sims will become young adults once they are moved to a university, and will be adults once they leave campus, regardless of the reason.

 Create-a-Sim

In The Sims 2, Create a Family is entered by clicking the "Families" button in the lower left-hand corner of the neighborhood view, then clicking the large "Create New Family" button. Clicking the button labeled "Create A Sim" will expand a tab which has the "Create a Sim" and "Make a Child" icons. "Make a Child" will be grayed out unless the family contains an adult male and adult female. Clicking the "Create a Sim" icon will generate a random adult Sim, who may be male or female which can be edited by the player.

As opposed to The Sims, any age besides baby or young adult (which must be made in the University Create a Student) may be created. Instead of having to choose from already finished faces which include hair, it is now possible to alter the facial structure (e.g. widening the nose, thinning the lips, elongating the chin, etc.) and choose any hairstyle to go with it. Different eye colors and an additional skin tone is available for the Sims as well. If Sims are older than a child, their aspiration and turn-ons/offs (Nightlife or later) may be determined. There are ten personality traits which are: sloppy, neat, shy, outgoing, lazy, active, serious, playful, grouchy, and nice but only 25 personality points which can be assigned to those traits. However, in The Sims 2, all personality points must be assigned. Additionally, there are twelve pre-set personalities, one for each zodiac sign. A zodiac sign will be set which matches the personality the player has selected for the Sim. A sim also has one of eight Aspirations which is a lifetime goal that strongly influences their Wants and Fears which are: Grow Up (Only for Toddler and Child Sims.), Romance, Family, Knowledge, Popularity, Fortune, Pleasure (Nightlife or later), and the Grilled Cheese aspiration (Nightlife or later, can only be set as a Sim's main aspiration if they use the ReNuYuSenso Orb machine and it malfunctions).The Sims 2 also comes with The Sims 2 Body Shop, which enables users to create custom genetics, make-up, clothes, and Sims, with the help of third-party tools, such as Microsoft Paint, Paint.NET, Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, and SimPE.

 Social interactions
There are several new social interactions introduced in The Sims 2. These new social interactions can create memories and can be related to certain age groups. Social interactions can come up in the Wants and Fears panel and can be dependent on the Sim's personality and aspiration. Sims with certain personalities may not want to complete certain social interactions.
Influence
Influencing social interactions are introduced in the University expansion pack. A Sim is able to influence another Sim to complete a social interaction or a chore. Sims gain influence points by completing Wants and can lose influence points by completing Fears. The size of the influence bar depends on the number of friends the Sim has. It also can grow in size with business perks from the Open for Business expansion pack. Influence was also in the Nightlife expansion but added nothing.
Chemistry
The Nightlife expansion pack introduced a new feature, Turn-Ons and Turn-Offs. Teenagers and older are able to choose their turn-ons and turn-offs. These and other factors such as aspiration and personality, determine the chemistry that one Sim has with another in the form of lightning bolts. Sims can have up to 3 lightning bolts with another Sim. The higher the chemistry is that a Sim has with another Sim, the greater the chance for social interactions to be accepted. New turn-ons and turn-offs are introduced with the Bon Voyage expansion pack.
Fury
Fury is introduced in the Nightlife expansion pack and occurs when one Sim gets angry at another. During this time relationships with the Sim who is furious are harder to build. Also, the Sim who is furious may pick a fight or vandalize the home lot of the Sim they are furious with. Fury can be caused by another Sim burgling the Sim's house, getting fined after calling emergency services when there was no emergency, fighting, cheating on (the cheater or the Sim that was cheated with, often both), and more.
Reputation
Reputation, which is found in the previous Sims game The Urbz: Sims in the City is reintroduced in the Apartment Life expansion pack. A Sim gains reputation by interacting with other Sims on community lots. Sims with higher reputations are more likely to gain perks such as free objects and job promotions.

 Careers
There are 25 careers (counting all expansion packs) that come with the game that require skills and a certain number of friends in order for promotion. Each career track has ten levels. Success in these careers unlocks career rewards and higher salaries plus bonuses. Sims also receive chance cards. Correct answers to these chance cards creates rewards for Sims while incorrect answers could cause a Sim to lose its job. Nightlife and Apartment Life allow Sims to gain promotions through social interactions with other Sims.

 Neighborhoods The Sims 2 ships with three pre-made worlds, known as neighborhoods for the player to explore, all with a specific theme and storylines. These worlds are Pleasantview, a continuation of the playable neighborhood from The Sims, featuring many of the same families, such as the Goths and the Pleasants – Strangetown, a small desert town themed around the supernatural, with aliens, mad scientists and haunted graveyards. The final neighborhood, Veronaville, is a European-themed town based on the works of William Shakespeare, with its central plot being a loose, modern retelling of Romeo and Juliet. Aside from these pre-made neighborhoods, players can create and populate towns of their own, using built-in presets, or create their own entirely using SimCity 4, since SimCity 4 maps are compatible with The Sims 2.

Expansion packs also add several new neighborhoods, such as University towns, a shopping district, a Downtown area and several vacation destinations. Seasons adds a fully-fledged neighborhood, a rural small town called Riverblossom Hills, Free Time adds a hobby-themed town named Desiderata Valley, while Apartment Life adds Belladonna Cove, a bigger, more metropolitan area featuring apartments and high-rises.

 Comparison to The Sims
Graphically, The Sims 2 is more detailed than The Sims and lets players view its world in full 3D. This is a change from earlier Sim games, such as SimCity 2000, which used dimetric projection and fixed resolutions, as the camera was in The Sims. In The Sims, Sims are 3D meshes, but The Sims 2 introduces far more detail in mesh quality, texture quality, and animation capability. A Sim's facial features are customizable and unique, and Sims can smile, frown, and blink. The player can adjust a Sim's features in the in-game Create-a-Sim tool; for example, noses can be made to be very large or very small. Texturing is achieved through use of raster images, though it appears more lifelike.The Sims 2 characters pass through seven life stages — babies, toddlers, children, teenagers, young adults (only with University), adults, and elders — with eventual death of old age, while babies in The Sims only become children before ceasing to age further. The aspiration system (described above) is also new to The Sims 2. Sims can become pregnant and produce babies that take on genetic characteristics of their parents, such as eye color, hair color, facial structure, and personality traits as opposed to The Sims, in which the baby would take on random appearance and personality. Genetics play a major role in the game, and as such, dominant and recessive genes play a larger role than they did in the original game. A player can also aspire to have a Sim abducted by aliens. Males then have the chance to become impregnated and produce after three Sim days a half-alien child.

Some of the other additions to gameplay are career rewards, a week cycle, the cleaning skill (which was a hidden skill in The Sims), a variety of meals (depending on time of day), exercise clothing, body shape affected by diet and exercise, and houses built on foundations. Cutscenes were another new feature in The Sims 2. There are cutscenes featuring first kiss, woohoo, child birth, alien abductions, also going to college and graduating in The Sims 2: University.

 Development
Preliminary development on The Sims 2 began in late 2000 following the release of The Sims. EA Games announced on May 5, 2003, that the Maxis studio had begun development on The Sims 2. A teaser trailer was provided on The Sims: Makin' Magic CD, released October 2003, which was later uploaded to websites all over the Internet. The game was first shown at E3 in Los Angeles, California on May 13, 2003.

The development team decided that the core qualities that drew people to The Sims were that it was easily relatable to most people, gave players the freedom to be creative, had an irrerevent sense of humor, and featured open-ended gameplay, and set out to build upon these aspects in the sequel. The move to 3D graphics was considered essential in getting players of the first game to upgrade. The dev team considered adding "thirst" and "stress" needs, but reconsidered after feedback from players showed that they were growing tired of maintaining their Sims' basic needs. Instead, the team focused on using the existing needs to differentiate the different life stages; for example, teenage Sims have a higher need for social interaction. Custom content was also considered an essential part of The Sims' popularity; to incentivize its creation, the team ensured that installing and managing user-made content was as smooth as possible. Will Wright stated that the reception to the expansion packs for the first game helped the team to decide which features to include in the base game, citing community lots as an example.

On December 15, 2012, Electronic Arts announced that the official website would be shut down on January 14, 2013. It is now no longer possible to download content from the official site, create exchanges, or participate in the official forum communities.

On July 16, 2014, Electronic Arts announced the end of support for The Sims 2. As a response The Sims 2: Ultimate Collection was released at the same time as a limited time offer. The game became available for free download from Origin exclusively following an announcement by EA that they would no longer be supporting the game. This offer ended at 10:00 PDT July 31, 2014.

On August 7, 2014, Aspyr Media released The Sims 2: Super Collection as digital download exclusively available at the Mac App Store; the game was updated for OS X Mavericks, 4K and Retina. This compilation only includes the first six expansion packs and the first three stuff packs. Aspyr stated they were unable to include the remaining packs for the game due to licensing conflicts with EA. Like the Ultimate Collection, no new updates on when the remaining packs will be released separately or as a single add-on to the Super Collection have emerged.

 Music
Mark Mothersbaugh composed the build mode, buy mode, Create a Sim, neighborhood music, and main theme of The Sims 2. The game also features original "Simlish"-language songs on the radio, provided by Jerry Martin, The Humble Brothers, Kirk Casey, and others.

In later expansion and stuffpacks, well-known recording artists provided "Simlish" versions of their songs for the in-game radio stations, including Depeche Mode, Kajagoogoo, Lily Allen, Datarock, Plain White T's, and Katy Perry, among others. "Pressure" by Paramore, "Don't Cha" by The Pussycat Dolls, "Good Day" by Tally Hall, and "Like Light to the Flies" by Trivium were among the songs re-recorded by their original artists in Simlish for the console version of The Sims 2.

 Reception and legacy The Sims 2 received widespread critical acclaim. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, The Sims 2 has an average score of 90 based on 61 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". The game also received the Editor's Choice Award from IGN and GameSpy upon final review of the finished product. The Sims 2 had a successful E3. From 71 online reviews, the average score was 90 out of 100. Seven of those sources awarded the game a 100-out-of-100 score. X-Play gave the game a 4/5. Computer Gaming World awarded the game as their 2004 "Strategy Game of the Year (General)", beating out RollerCoaster Tycoon 3, The Political Machine, and Silent Storm. During the 8th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences awarded The Sims 2 with "Simulation Game of the Year", along with a nomination for "Outstanding Innovation in Computer Gaming".The Sims creator, Will Wright, was recognized by being nominated at the Billboard Digital Entertainment Awards for Visionary and Game Developer. The game was also nominated for two international awards in 2005. The Mac version of the game won an Apple Design Award in 2006. Computer Games Magazine named The Sims 2 the sixth-best computer game of 2004. The editors wrote that it is "more of a game and less of a dollhouse [than The Sims], but it remains a celebration of the beauty of the mundane." It also won the magazine's "Best Voice Acting" award.The Sims 2 was an instant commercial success, selling a then-record one million copies in its first ten days. The game sold 4.5 million units within its first year, and 7 million by October 2006. It received a "Double Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom. It received a "Double Platinum" award from the Asociación Española de Distribuidores y Editores de Software de Entretenimiento (aDeSe), for more than 160,000 sales in Spain during its first 12 months.

As of March 2012, The Sims 2 had sold 13 million units across all platforms with at least six million units on PC, making it one of the best-selling PC games of all-time.
The 2016 World Video Game Hall of Fame Inductees announced that 200 million copies of The Sims series had been sold, becoming one of the top best-selling video game franchises of all time.

Even after subsequent Sims installments, The Sims 2 still has an active fanbase. To this day, the game has a large modding community, with new user-created content being continually uploaded to fansites such as Mod The Sims and Sim-themed blogs hosted on Tumblr (nicknamed "Simblrs.")

 Controversy The Sims 2s malleable content and open-ended customization have led to controversy on the subject of pay sites. Custom content is distributed through independent websites, some of which charge for downloading materials. Charging money for custom content is considered a violation of the game's EULA, which prohibits the commercial use of Electronic Arts' intellectual property.

On July 22, 2005, Florida attorney Jack Thompson alleged that Electronic Arts and The Sims 2 promoted nudity through the use of a mod or a cheat code. The claim was made that pubic hair, labia and other genital details were visible once the "blur" (the pixelation that occurs when a Sim is using the toilet or is naked in the game) was removed. Electronic Arts executive Jeff Brown said in an interview with GameSpot:

Prior to Thompson's statement, there was an enterable code which allowed to modify the size (including to zero) of pixelation accessible from the console menu. Shortly after the statement, subsequent patches and expansion packs removed the "intProp censorGridSize" code; this code had been left over from the beta testing stage of the original game and had not been intended for a public audience.

 Editions, compilations, and add-ons

Many Sims games have been ported to Mac OS X by Aspyr. The Sims 2 has been ported to video game consoles including the PlayStation 2,  Xbox, Nintendo DS, and GameCube.

 Mac OS X
Mac OS X ports of the base game, the first six expansion packs, and the first three Stuff Packs have been released by Aspyr Media. The port for the base game was announced on October 19, 2004. The Sims 2 had reached beta status on March 1, 2005, and was released on June 17 the same year. It was, at release, compatible with Mac OS X Panther and above on PowerPC Macintosh systems. The Sims 2 Body Shop was also available for Mac OS X. Aspyr Media released The Sims 2 with all ported expansions and stuff packs as The Sims™2: Super Collection for Intel Macs in 2014. The game is available for purchase on the Mac App Store for OS X 10.9 Mavericks and above.

 Consoles
The console versions of The Sims 2 featured local splitscreen multiplayer, a story mode and an option to control game characters directly, as opposed to queuing options as is traditional Sims gameplay. However, in this video game, unlike in the Windows PC and Mac OS X versions, you cannot have children, nor can you age, but you are only adults (excluding elders), even though you can get married. You must earn aspiration points to unlock rewards by filling up your "goals" which will also be needed to complete story mode. Story mode is a sequence of multiple levels along with developed storylines which each character asks you to fulfill wants that pertain to their story. There is also a sandbox mode where you can live in a preset family or build your own.

 Handhelds
The three handheld versions of the game are completely different among themselves, unlike the home console versions of the game which are virtually identical to each other. All three handheld versions take on more of a linear storyline.

 Game Boy Advance

The Game Boy Advance version of The Sims 2 takes place in Strangetown, and shares a similar GUI to its predecessors (The Sims Bustin' Out and The Urbz). Players are guided through a goal-oriented game based on the reality television concept in which partitions of the game are divided into "episodes". Characters from the previous handheld sims games also appeared.

 Nintendo DS
The Nintendo DS version of The Sims 2 begins with the player's car breaking down in Strangetown. Upon arriving, an anonymous donor grants the player the deed to a hotel which can be operated and customized at the player's discretion. The player's job is to bring life back into Strangetown by encouraging people to come to the hotel, which players can do by upgrading it and making the guests happy. There are several ways in which a player can make Strangetown a nicer place, but is up to the player to find them. Unlike most games in the Sim series, this one takes place in real-time.

 PlayStation Portable
The PlayStation Portable version of the game is played in third person, much like the Nintendo DS version. The game contains elements of role-playing games and has more of a solid storyline the player is required to navigate through in order to unlock most of the things available in the other versions. The option to build your own home is replaced by a pre-built home where you can customize the furniture and decor. Conversations and jobs are carried out via a mini-game function. The player's character does not age, nor are they able to marry or have children, but they can have a significant other and "WooHoo". Relationships are mainly used for the point of solving goals, though a close friend may move in with the player after progressing in the game. When the player completes a goal their sanity meter, represented as a Plumbob, will fill up slightly and if the player actively doesn't complete their goals the sanity meter will rapidly deplete until the player is hospitalised or abducted by aliens. The player can also earn "Sanity Points" by completing goals which they can use to unlock special perks. Another feature unique to this, and the Nintendo DS, version are "Secrets" which the player can find scattered around Strangetown or by socialising with characters.

The game begins with the player's character driving through the Strangetown desert, presumably the "Road to Nowhere" in their car, when suddenly a flying green diamond (Also known as the Plumbob, the marker and logo of the Sims games) flies past the player and causes them to lose control of, and damage, their car. Fortunately, the player finds a gas station. The player takes their car into the garage. At that point the player takes control. The player is introduced to a vehicle mechanic named Oscar who, after a brief tutorial in teaching the player how to talk to NPC Sims, informs the player their car will only take a short while to fix.

The player is then free to roam around the gas station, and after being introduced to some more NPCs, including Bella Goth, who claims to be abducted by aliens, completing tasks and being taught the basic objective of the game which is "Secret Hunting" for the store clerk. The player then exits the shop only to find the garage around the back has completely disappeared along with Oscar and their car, with only the foundation of the garage remaining. The only thing left from the disappearance is a cell phone, which the player answers and a man named Doctor Dominic Newlow offers the player a job, requiring him or her to get a ride into town and find a place to stay.

The player informs Police Deputy Duncan about the situation who replies that he can do nothing about it and suggests the player find a place to stay. After having bought Bella's house for pocket change and getting donuts for Deputy Duncan (which happen to have been found in the trash), the player finally gets a lift into Strangetown's Paradise Place, only to find more tasks and mysteries.

 Expansion packs The Sims 2 expansion packs provide additional game features and items. Eight expansion packs were released throughout the game's lifecycle. The Sims 2: Apartment Life is the final expansion pack for The Sims 2.

 Stuff packs
Stuff packs are add-ons that intend to add only new items (usually in the amount of 60) to the base game. However, some releases include certain gameplay elements introduced in previous expansion packs. There are ten total stuff packs. However, The Sims 2: Holiday Party Pack served as the pilot release for this line of products, which were called "booster packs". After the success of the pilot release, EA named the releases "stuff packs" and launched the line with The Sims 2: Family Fun Stuff. The Sims 2: Mansion & Garden Stuff is the final stuff pack for The Sims 2.

 Core game editions

 Expansion-only compilations
Compilations of expansion packs and stuff packs without the core game have also been released.

 Downloadable content

 Pre-order content
Most of expansion packs and stuff packs were released with pre-order items. This game content was redeemable at the official site using a code supplied by the retailer from which the player purchased, each retailer was often associated with an exclusive download. A total of 60 pre-order items were released.

 The Sims 2 Store
The Sims 2 Store was an online store where players of The Sims 2 for PC could purchase and download content for their game online for additional fees. It offered objects, clothing, skins, and hairstyles that are both exclusive to the store and also come from earlier expansion and stuff packs.

It also had featured seven exclusive item collections that could only be found in the store. The store used a point system that players can purchase. It was opened from July 2008 to March 31, 2011, as a beta version limited to the United States and Canada. To download, players must install The Sims 2 Store Edition and the EA Download Manager. The exclusive collections were "Cubic", "Art Deco", "Spooky", "Castle", "Asian Fusion", "Art Nouveaulicious" and "Oh Baby", including a total of 471 items.

Since the closure of The Sims 2 Store on March 31, 2011, The Sims 2: Store Edition and the savegame cannot be used with The Sims 2: Ultimate Collection.

Third-party toolsSimPE is an open-source utility for The Sims 2 that allows editing of Sims' characteristics, relationships and careers. It also allows the creation of objects. As the tool is intended for use by experienced modders, the SimPE interface is not considered intuitive and users risk corrupting the game files. TS2 Enhancer'', developed by Rick Halle, is a commercial utility for editing characters and neighborhoods, but has since fallen into disuse.

Notes

References

External links

 Archived official website
 The Sims 2 at MobyGames
 The Sims 2 on The Sims Wiki

2004 video games
Electronic Arts games
Game Boy Advance games
Life simulation games
GameCube games
Nintendo DS games
MacOS games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
EyeToy games
Social simulation video games
The Sims
Video games scored by Jerry Martin
Video games scored by Kevin Manthei
Video games scored by Silas Hite
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video games with expansion packs
Windows games
Xbox games
Split-screen multiplayer games
Aspyr games
Alien abduction in video games
Video games about ghosts
Obscenity controversies in video games
Video games about personifications of death
Video games with alternative versions
Video games with custom soundtrack support
Video games scored by Mark Mothersbaugh
Video games set in hotels
J2ME games
Video games developed in the United States
Amaze Entertainment games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Sandbox games

The Sims 2


أوبونتو ستوديو  مشتقة رسمية لتوزيعة أوبونتو معدّة لإنتاج الوسائط المتعددة. تم إصدار النسخة الأولى منها، المبنية على أوبونتو 7.04 في 10 مايو ، 2007.

المزايا

النواة معدلة للاستخدام الكثيف للصوتيات والمرئيات والرسوميات. يشمل أوبونتو ستوديو أيضا سمة ذات لون أزرق على أسود، بخلاف سمة أوبونتو ذات اللون البني والبرتقالي.

البرامج المدمجة

التصميم الرسومي

 Blender - برنامج تصميم وتحريك ثلاثي الأبعاد
 Agave - مصمم مخططات لونية
 Enblend - برنامج تركيب صور
 فونت فورج - برنامج تحرير محارف (خطوط)
 برنامج جنو لمعالجة الصور - برنامج تحرير رسوم بشكل نقطي
 Hugin - برنامج ربط صور وإنشاء صور التصوير بالمدى الديناميكي العالي
 إنكسكيب - برنامج لتحرير الصور المتجهية (المعتمدة على الأشعة)
 Synfig - برنامج لتحرير الصور المتجهية والتحريك المعتمد على خط الزمن
 سكريبوس - برنامج لإنشاء المنشورات

التثبيت

حاليا لا يوجد قرص مدمج حي، وبالتالي لا مُثبت ذو واجهة رسومية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يبلغ حجم صورة القرص 1.1 غيغابايت، وهذا أكبر من أن يوضع في قرص مدمج؛ لذا يتم تثبيت أوبونتو ستوديو من دي في دي. يمكن أيضا تثبيته عن طريق الإنترنت باستخدام أبت-جت.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 موقع أوبونتو ستوديو الرسمي
 تطبيقات أوبونتو ستيديو
 ويكي أوبونتو

توزيعات لينكس
مشتقات أوبونتو

أوبونتو ستوديو


Sylvester Carmel Magro OFM (Rabat, Malta, 14 de fevereiro de 1941 - Msida, 20 de janeiro de 2018) foi um ministro maltês e vigário apostólico de Benghazi.

Sylvester Carmel Magro entrou na ordem franciscana em 1957, estudou filosofia e teologia no seminário franciscano de Rabat e foi ordenado sacerdote em 26 de março de 1966. Prosseguiu seus estudos na Pontifícia Universidade Antonianum, no Colégio Religioso Franciscano de Roma e na Pontifícia Universidade Lateranense de Roma, onde se doutorou em dogmática e em teologia pastoral. Ele voltou para Malta e inicialmente lecionou no seminário franciscano. Em 1982 tornou-se pároco da Igreja do Sagrado Coração de Jesus em Sliema. Em 1988 ingressou na Missão Franciscana da Província de Milão na Líbia e em 1991 assumiu a direção da Província de Malta. Em 1991, tornou-se vigário geral sob o comando de Giovanni Innocenzo Martinelli e foi capelão das comunidades de língua maltesa e inglesa na Líbia.

Em 10 de março de 1997, o Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo Titular de Saldae e o nomeou Vigário Apostólico de Benghazi. O Núncio Apostólico na Líbia, Dom José Sebastián Laboa Gallego, o consagrou em 11 de maio do mesmo ano; Co-consagrantes foram o Arcebispo de Malta, Joseph Mercieca, e o Vigário Apostólico de Trípoli, Giovanni Innocenzo Martinelli OFM.

O Papa Francisco aceitou sua aposentadoria em 14 de fevereiro de 2016.

Ver também

Bispos católicos da Líbia

Sylvester Carmel Magro


La península Aristizábal es un accidente geográfico costero ubicado en el departamento Escalante de la provincia del Chubut (Patagonia Argentina).

Se encuentra al sur de la pequeña localidad de bahía Bustamante y a 100 kilómetros al noreste de la ciudad de Comodoro Rivadavia. Forma parte del golfo San Jorge y su costa norte delimita la caleta Malaspina, además se encuentran hacia el norte las islas Vernaci, al este se hallan las islas Coco y Aristizábal. En el extremo sudeste se halla el cabo Aristizábal, donde se encuentra un faro del mismo nombre.

En general todo el tramo costero de la península Aristizábal posee caractarísticas similares que se resumen como un litoral de rocas porfiritas, con presencia de acantilado en algunos tramos y playas de rodados volcaníticos de tamaño grava a gravilla y la presencia de depósitos medanosos de amplia distribución. En general, la vegetación es rala y muy pobre.

El nombre de esta península fue impuesto por Juan Antonio Gutiérrez de la Concha en honor al oficial de la marina española del  Gabriel de Aristizábal, quien participó de la expedición Malaspina.

En 2008 se creó el Parque Interjurisdiccional Marino Costero Patagonia Austral, el cual incluye a la península Aristizábal.

Referencias

Cabos de la provincia de Chubut (Atlántico)
Geografía del departamento Escalante
Penínsulas de la provincia de Chubut

Península Aristizábal


An Renanthera elongata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Ludwig von Blume, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John Lindley. An Renanthera elongata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Renanthera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Renanthera

Renanthera elongata


Robert Klein (born February 8, 1942) is an American stand-up comedian, singer, and actor. He is known for his appearances on stage and screen. He has released four standup comedy specials: A Child of the 50s (1973), Mind Over Matter (1974), New Teeth (1975), and Let's Not Make Love (1990). The first two albums received Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album nominations. Klein hosted Saturday Night Live in its first season in 1975 and again in 1978. Klein made his Broadway debut in the 1966 production of The Apple Tree opposite Alan Alda. He earned a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical nomination for his performance in Neil Simon's musical comedy They're Playing Our Song (1979).

He is known for his film roles in The Owl and the Pussycat (1970), Mixed Nuts (1994), One Fine Day (1996), Primary Colors (1998), The Safety of Objects (2001), Two Weeks Notice (2002), How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days (2003), and Reign Over Me (2007). He is also known for his recurring television roles in Law & Order: SVU (2009-2012), The Good Wife (2013-2014), Madam Secretary (2014) and Will & Grace (2018-2019). He has received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his specials, Child in his 50's (2001), and Unfair and Unbalanced (2010). He was profiled in the Starz documentary Robert Klein Still Can't Stop His Leg (2016).

Early life
Klein was born in the Bronx, the son of Frieda (née Moskowitz) and Benjamin Klein, and was raised in a "prototypical 1950s Bronx Jewish" environment, the grandson of Hungarian-Jewish immigrants who arrived in the USA early in the 20th century. He has an older sister, Rhoda.

After graduating from DeWitt Clinton High School, Klein had planned to study medicine; however, he changed his mind during his studies at Alfred University, deciding to go into acting instead.

While studying at the Yale Drama School, Klein learned about an opportunity to audition for The Second City. In a piece he wrote for the improvisational troupe's book, Klein recalled sitting in a room full of other hopefuls, including Fred Willard. Klein's audition consisted of an improvisation set with Willard about two guys in a nightclub, which was successful enough to get Klein and Willard hired by Second City. In the spring of 1965, Klein was chosen as a member of Second City. When he returned to New York City a year later, he was cast by Mike Nichols in the Broadway musical The Apple Tree.

Career

Early work
Klein's first major appearance was as host of the 1970 summer replacement television series Comedy Tonight, on which were introduced many of the routines that in the next few years would be released on record albums. His extensive routines about the Watergate scandal made him highly popular in the 1970s. In 1974, he appeared in an episode of Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers.

Klein starred in HBO's first stand-up comedy special in 1975 during the cable channel's early broadcast days and has continued to appear in several more one-man shows which have typically concluded with his "I can't stop my leg" routine. On November 15, 1975, during Season 1, and again in Season 3, on January 28, 1978, Klein hosted Saturday Night Live. His skits included Tough Director in 1975, Nick The Lounge Singer Sings Star Wars Theme in 1978 and The Olympia Restaurant: Cheeseburger, Chips and Pepsi in 1978.

In 1979, Klein starred in Neil Simon's musical comedy They're Playing Our Song opposite Lucie Arnaz. He received a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical nomination.

In 1985, he starred in the "Wordplay" segment of The Twilight Zone, which cast him against type in a dramatic role. In 1986, Klein had his own late-night talk show, Robert Klein Time, which ran on the USA Network until 1988. The following year, Klein hosted Monty Python Live at Aspen, a reunion and tribute show for the five surviving members of the British comedy troupe, in a special that appeared on HBO in 1998.

Comedy albums
Klein has released four comedy albums, A Child of the Fifties (1973), Mind Over Matter (1974), New Teeth (1975), and Let's Not Make Love (1990). The first two albums received Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album nominations.

In A Child of the Fifties (1973, Brut/Buddah Records), shown as Child of the 50s (on the cover), Klein talks about his life as a child in the 1950s: about air raid drills, Johnny Mathis music, showing off condoms while at the high school dance, the high school lunch ladies, Senator Joseph McCarthy, Governor W. Averell Harriman (of New York), meeting Yankee stars, the Yankees losing the World Series, and much more. He also goes into other things that he has observed in his life, such as substitute teaching, 1970s FM radio disc jockeys, late-night delis, and annoying commercials (e.g., Geritol).  He also performed two songs that he wrote himself: "Fabulous '50s" and "Middle Class, Educated Blues."

His next album, Mind Over Matter (1974), included extensive discussion of the Watergate scandal and another song—the title track—about a kid who turned to humor to become popular.

Klein's follow-up album, New Teeth (1975, Epic/CBS Records), featured the comedian's on-stage work on tracks such as "Mother Isn't Always Right" and his transposition of George Carlin's "Seven Words You Can't Say On Television," titled "Six Clean Words You Can Say Anywhere," with studio-recorded material such as "Continental Steel" and "On the Bayou."

Klein responded to the end of the sexual revolution with his 1990 album, Let's Not Make Love, which contained many of the same routines as his 1984 HBO special Child of the '50s, Man of the '80s and his 1986 special Robert Klein on Broadway.

Film and television
Klein has appeared in such films as The Owl and the Pussycat (1970), Hooper (1978), The Last Unicorn (1982), Radioland Murders (1994), One Fine Day (1996), Primary Colors (1998), The Safety of Objects (2001), Two Weeks Notice (2002), How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days (2003), and Ira and Abby (2006). Klein had a recurring role in the TV drama series Sisters. In the 1970s, he hosted Saturday Night Live twice. He also appeared as a guest star in the animated series Duckman, in the NBC sitcom Family Ties, and on the CBS sitcom The King of Queens.

In 2005 he launched The Amorous Busboy of Decatur Avenue, his 8th HBO Special

In March 2007, Klein once again collaborated with Adam Sandler (after appearing in Mixed Nuts) in Reign Over Me, and in September 2007 released a new DVD compilation of his eight live HBO specials, entitled Robert Klein: The HBO Specials 1975–2005. Klein starred in The Mysteries of Laura, a crime dramedy on NBC starring Debra Messing. In this series he played the father of the show's main character, Laura. He appeared alongside Messing again in the relaunched version of her sitcom Will & Grace, playing the father of her character, Grace Adler. In 2014, Klein played the Canadian Ambassador on Madam Secretary. Klein played the Mayor of New York City in Sharknado 2: The Second One (2014) and Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No! (2015).

On 29 January 2018, producers announced that Klein would be playing Grace Adler's father Martin in the NBC revival of Will and Grace replacing Alan Arkin. Klein has authored an autobiography, The Amorous Busboy of Decatur Avenue: A Child of the Fifties Looks Back (2006).

Personal life
Klein is divorced from opera singer Brenda Boozer. They have a son, Alexander Stuart Klein, who goes by Allie Klein and performs standup comedy.

Influence
Klein has named Lenny Bruce, Jonathan Winters, and Rodney Dangerfield as comedy influences.

Jerry Seinfeld has stated Klein's influences on him stating "He was The Beatles of Comedy to me." Various comedians including Bill Maher, Billy Crystal, Richard Lewis, and Jay Leno, all have also cited Klein as a comedic influence.

Filmography

Film

Source: Internet Movie Database and Turner Classic Movies

Television
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" style=""|Year
! scope="col" style=""|Title
! scope="col" style=""|Role
! scope="col" style=""|Notes
|-
|1973
! scope="row"| Love, American Style
| Michael
| Epiosde: "Love and the End of the Line"
|-
|1974
! scope="row"|Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers
| Mike Moran
| Episode: "Moran's the Man"
|-
|1975-1978
! scope="row"|Saturday Night Live
| Host / Himself
| 2 episodes
|-
|1977
! scope="row"|Visions
|Rebbe
| Episode: "A Secret Space"
|-
|1985
! scope="row"|George Burns Comedy Week
|Jay Miller
| Episode: "Death Benefits"
|-
|1985
! scope="row"|The Twilight Zone
| Bill Lowery
| Episode: "Wordplay"
|-
|1986
! scope="row"|Comedy Factory
| Robert Morgan
| Episode: "Father's Day"
|-
|1988
! scope="row"|Family Ties
|Roger Erdman
|Episode: "The Boys Next Door"
|-
|1989
! scope="row"|Murder, She Wrote
|Barney Drake
|Episode: "Trevor Hudson's Legacy"
|-
|1989
! scope="row"|Trying Times
|Buddy Amber
|Episode: "A Good Life"
|-
|1990
! scope="row"|Midnight Caller
|Ryder
|Episode: "Ryder on the Storm"
|-
|1993
! scope="row"|Law & Order
|Rick Mason
|Episode: "Sweeps"
|-
|1993
! scope="row"|Frasier
|Gary
|Voice; Episode: "The Crucible"
|-
|1996
! scope="row"|Grace Under Fire
| Fred Mullens / Ron
| 2 episodes
|-
| 1996
! scope="row"| Sisters
| Albert Barker
| 25 episodes
|-
|1997
! scope="row"| Duckman
| Uncle Mo Dorkin
| 2 episodes
|-
| 1998
! scope="row"|Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist
| Robert
| Episode: "Old Man"
|-
|1999
! scope="row"|Mad About You
|Stan Freitus
| Episode: "Farmer Buchman"
|-
|1999
! scope="row"|Cosby
| Jack
| Episode: "A Very Nice Dance"
|-
|1999
! scope="row"|The King of Queens
|Bruce Degner
|Episode: "Sparing Carrie"
|-
|2001
! scope="row"|Oz
|Robert Klein
|Episode: "Conversions"
|-
|2001
! scope="row"|Bob Patterson
|Landau
|6 episodes
|-
|2004
! scope="row"|The Stones
|Stan Stone
| 7 episodes
|-
|2008
! scope="row"|Life on Mars
|Elliott Casso
|Episode: "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadows"
|-
|2008-2010
! scope="row"|Heartland
| Dwayne Trent
| 2 episodes
|-
|2009-2012
! scope="row"|Law and Order: SVU
|Dwight Stannich
|4 epsides
|-
|2013
! scope="row"|Royal Pains
| Bert
| Episode: "Hammertime"
|-
|2013-2014
! scope="row"|The Good Wife
|Lyle Pollard
| 2 episodes
|-
|2014
! scope="row"|Madam Secretary
| Amb. Lester Clark
| Episode: "Blame Canada"
|-
|2014
! scope="row"|Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee
|Himself
|Episode: "Opera Pimp"
|-
|2014
! scope="row"|Whoopi Goldberg Presents Moms Mabley
|Self
|Documentary
|-
|2014-2016
! scope="row"|The Mysteries of Laura
|Leo Diamond
|5 episodes
|-
|2014
! scope="row"|Sharknado 2: The Second One
| The Mayor
| Television movie
|-
|2015
! scope="row"|Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!
|Mayor of New York
|Television movie
|-
|2015
! scope="row"|The Seventies
|Self
|Episode: "Television Gets Real"
|-
|2016
! scope="row"|Robert Klein Still Can't Stop His Leg"
|Self
| Starz Documentary
|-
|2018-2019
! scope="row"|Will & Grace|Martin Adler
| 4 episodes
|-
|2022
! scope="row"|George Carlin's American Dream| Self
| HBO Documentary
|-
|}

Source Internet Movie Database and TV Guide''

Theatre

Comedy specials

Discography

Albums

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Robert Klein Biography from aish.com

1942 births
Living people
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American male actors
Alfred University alumni
American male actors
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male stage actors
American stand-up comedians
Comedians from New York (state)
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
Epic Records artists
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American male comedians
Jewish male comedians
Entertainers from the Bronx
People from Briarcliff Manor, New York
David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University alumni

Robert Klein