Cara Carleton "Carly" Fiorina (; née Sneed; born September 6, 1954) is an American businesswoman and politician, known primarily for her tenure as chief executive officer (CEO) of Hewlett-Packard (HP) from 1999 to 2005. Fiorina was the first woman to lead a Fortune Top-20 company.

In 2002, Fiorina oversaw what was then the largest technology sector merger in history, in which HP acquired rival personal computer manufacturer, Compaq. The transaction made HP the world's largest seller of personal computers. HP subsequently laid off 30,000 U.S. employees. Nonetheless, the number of employees exceeded the pre-merger figure and grew to 150,000 during her tenure. In February 2005, she was forced to resign as CEO and chair following a boardroom disagreement. She subsequently served as Chair of the philanthropic organization Good360.

Fiorina ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate in 2010 and the Republican presidential nomination in 2016. Fiorina was an adviser to Republican Senator John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign. In 2010, she won the Republican nomination for the United States Senate in California, but lost the general election to incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer. Fiorina was a candidate in the 2016 Republican presidential primary, and was for seven days the vice-presidential running mate of Ted Cruz until he suspended his campaign. In 2020, Fiorina endorsed the presidential campaign of Democrat Joe Biden.

Early life and education
Cara Carleton Sneed was born on September 6, 1954, in Austin, Texas, the daughter of Madelon Montross (née Juergens) and Joseph Tyree Sneed III. The name "Carleton", from which "Carly" is derived, has been used in every generation of the Sneed family since the Civil War. At the time of her birth, Fiorina's father was a professor at the University of Texas School of Law. He would later become dean of Duke University School of Law, Deputy U.S. Attorney General, and judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Her mother was an abstract painter. She is mainly of English and German ancestry, and was raised Episcopalian. Her paternal great-great-great-grandfather, Joseph P. Sneed, was a Methodist minister and educator in Texas. Her paternal great-great-great-great-uncle built the Constantine Sneed House in Brentwood, Tennessee, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Carly was a Brownie but did not become a Girl Scout due to her family's frequent moves. She attended Channing School, in London.  She later attended five different high schools, including one in Ghana, graduating from Charles E. Jordan High School in Durham, North Carolina. At one time she aspired to be a classical pianist. She received a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy and medieval history at Stanford University, in 1976. During her summers, she worked as a secretary for Kelly Services. She attended the UCLA School of Law in 1976, but dropped out after one semester. She worked as a receptionist for six months at a real estate firm, Marcus & Millichap, moving up to a broker position. When she married in 1977, she and her husband moved to Bologna, Italy, where he was doing graduate work; there she did English tutoring to Italian businessmen.

In 1980, Fiorina received a Master of Business Administration, in marketing, from the Robert H. Smith School of Business at the University of Maryland, College Park. In 1989 she obtained a Master of Science degree in management from the MIT Sloan School of Management, under the Sloan Fellows program.

Business career

AT&T and Lucent

In 1980, Fiorina joined AT&T as a management trainee, selling telephone services to big federal agencies. In 1990, she became the company's first female officer as senior vice president overseeing the company's hardware and systems division, eventually heading its North American operations.

In 1995, Fiorina led corporate operations for Lucent Technologies, Inc., a spin-off from AT&T of its Western Electric and Bell Labs divisions into a new company.  In that capacity, she reported to Lucent chief executive Henry B. Schacht. She played a key role in planning and implementing the 1996 initial public offering of a successful stock and company launch strategy.  The spin-off became one of the most successful IPOs in U.S. history, raising 3 billion.

Later in 1996, Fiorina was appointed president of Lucent's consumer products sector. In 1997, she was named group president for Lucent's 19 billion global service-provider business, overseeing marketing and sales for the company's largest customer segment. That year, Fiorina chaired a 2.5 billion joint venture between Lucent's consumer communications and Royal Philips Electronics, under the name Philips Consumer Communications (PCC). In the edition of October 12, 1998, of Fortune magazine, Fiorina was named "The Most Powerful Woman in American Business".

Lucent added 22,000 jobs and revenues grew from US$19 billion to US$38 billion and the company's market share increased in every region for every product. According to Fortune magazine,  Lucent increased sales by lending money to their own customers, writing that "In a neat bit of accounting magic, money from the loans began to appear on Lucent's income statement as new revenue while the dicey debt got stashed on its balance sheet as an allegedly solid asset". Lucent's stock price grew 10-fold.

Hewlett-Packard (HP)

Hiring

In July 1999, Hewlett-Packard Company named Fiorina chief executive officer, succeeding Lewis Platt and prevailing over the internal candidate Ann Livermore. Matthew Boyle of Fortune magazine said of Fiorina's hiring as HP's first woman CEO that, "Carly Fiorina didn't just break the glass ceiling, she obliterated it, as the first woman to lead a FORTUNE 20 company."

Writing in Fortune magazine in August 2015, Jeffrey Sonnenfeld described the hiring as  the result of "a dysfunctional HP board committee, filled with its own poisoned politics, hired her with no CEO experience, nor interviews with the full board." Fiorina received a larger signing offer than any of her predecessors, including: 65 million in restricted stock to compensate her for the Lucent stock and options she left behind, a 3 million signing bonus, a 1 million annual salary (plus a 1.25–3.75 million annual bonus), 36,000 in mortgage assistance, a relocation allowance, and permission (and encouragement) to use company planes for personal affairs. Fortune also named her the most powerful woman in America for five consecutive years.

Separating Agilent Technologies from HP and proposed PWC acquisition
Although the decision to spin off the company's analytical instruments division pre-dated her arrival, one of her first major responsibilities as chief executive was overseeing the separation of the unit into the stand-alone Agilent Technologies. Fiorina proposed the acquisition of the technology services arm of PricewaterhouseCoopers for almost 14 billion, but withdrew the bid after a lackluster reception from Wall Street. Following the collapse of the dot-com bubble, the PwC consulting arm was acquired by IBM for less than 4 billion.  HP later acquired Electronic Data Systems, another technology services company, which some considered a validation of Fiorina's strategy.

Compaq merger
In early September 2001, in the wake of the bursting of the Tech Bubble, Fiorina announced the acquisition of PC maker Compaq with 25 billion in stock, which, at the time, was the second largest producer of personal computers, after Dell.  HP stock traded down by 30% on the news of the merger. The Compaq merger created the world's largest personal computer manufacturer in terms of units shipped.

Fiorina was frequently at odds with HP's board of directors, and she had to fight with the board for the merger.  Walter Hewlett (the son of company co-founder William Hewlett) was a source of particularly strong opposition. Hewlett originally voted with the other board members to approve the Compaq deal, but he later changed his mind.  He launched a proxy fight against Fiorina's efforts which Fiorina won with a  "razor-thin margin" of 51.4% of the shareholders, with the institutional shareholders providing the bulk of the support. Fiorina was supported in the proxy battle by other board members, including Richard Hackborn, Philip M. Condit, George A. Keyworth, II, and Robert Knowling. Fiorina proceeded to reorganize HP and merge the parts of it that she kept with Compaq.

The merger was met initially with almost universal skepticism. The February 7, 2005, issue of Fortune described her merger plan as "failing" and the prognosis as "doubtful". Business professor Robert Burgelman and former HP executive vice president, Webb McKinney, who led HP's post-merger integration team, analyzed the merger and concluded that it was ultimately successful. In 2008, former acting CEO of Compaq Ben Rosen stated that although Fiorina lacked the skills to run the merged company, her successors made it work. HP was able to integrate Compaq's operations and emerge as the world's largest seller of personal computers. The industry soon fell into decline, leading to further difficulties for the company. HP eventually wrote off 1.2 billion from the acquisition as the personal computer market declined. Looking back, a 2011 The New York Times article described it as "one of the more questionable deals of the time."

Allegations of sales to Iran despite sanctions

In 1997, prior to Fiorina's joining the company, HP's Dutch subsidiary formed a partnership with a company in Dubai, Redington Gulf, which sold HP's products in Iran. Under Fiorina's leadership at HP, the company sold millions of dollars worth of printers and computer products to Iran through the foreign subsidiary, while U.S. export sanctions were in effect. After the story was initially reported by The Boston Globe in 2008, the SEC sent a letter of inquiry to HP, who responded that products worth 120 million were sold in fiscal 2008 arguing that the sales did not violate export sanctions because they were made through a foreign subsidiary. According to former officials who worked on sanctions, HP was using a loophole by routing their sales through a foreign subsidiary. HP ended its relationship with Redington Gulf after the SEC inquiry.

Providing HP servers to the NSA
In a September 2015 interview with Michael Isikoff, Fiorina said that, in the weeks following the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001, she received a phone call from Michael Hayden, then the director of the National Security Agency, asking her assistance in providing HP computer servers to the NSA for expanded surveillance. Hayden confirmed that he had made the request for HP servers as part of Stellar Wind, a 2001–2007 NSA warrantless surveillance program, but the details were not revealed to Fiorina at the time. Fiorina "acknowledged she complied with Hayden's request, redirecting trucks of HP computer servers that were on their way to retail stores from a warehouse in Tennessee to the Washington Beltway, where they were escorted by NSA security" to the agency's Fort Meade headquarters. In 2015, Fiorina said: "I felt it was my duty to help, and so we did," adding, "They were ramping up a whole set of programs and needed a lot of data crunching capability to try and monitor a whole set of threats. ... What I knew at the time was our nation had been attacked." Hayden also requested that Fiorina provide advice to the agency "on how the CIA could maintain its undercover espionage mission in a culture of increasing government leaks and demands for greater public accountability and openness." According to Fiorina, she advised the agency to be "as transparent as possible, about as much as possible".

Changes to HP culture
Fiorina's predecessor at HP had pushed for an outsider to replace him because he believed that the company had become complacent and that consensus-driven decision making was inhibiting the company's growth.  Fiorina instituted three major changes shortly after her arrival: replacing profit sharing with bonuses awarded if the company met financial expectations, a reduction in operating units from 83 to 12, and  consolidating back-office functions.

Fiorina faced a backlash among HP employees and the tech community for her leading role in the demise of HP's egalitarian "The HP Way" work culture and guiding philosophy, which she felt hindered innovation. Because of changes to HP's culture, and requests for voluntary pay cuts to prevent layoffs (subsequently followed by the largest layoffs in HP's history), employee satisfaction surveys at HPpreviously among the highest in Americarevealed "widespread unhappiness" and distrust, and Fiorina was sometimes booed at company meetings and attacked on HP's electronic bulletin board.

According to The Fiscal Times, Fiorina and others have argued that she "laid the groundwork for some of HP's progress under her successors", and that she shook the culture at HP so that it could compete in the Internet Age.

iPod+HP

In January 2004, Fiorina announced an agreement with Apple founder Steve Jobs for the iPod+HPa co-branded iPod sold through HP's retail channels. As part of the agreement, HP was forbidden from selling a competitor to the iPod until August 2006 and HP agreed to pre-install iTunes on every computer sold. Two days before Fiorina announced the HP+iPod, Jobs announced a new product, the iPod mini, catching Fiorina off guard. HP did not sell the newer versions of the iPod in a timely fashion, leaving them to sell an outdated device for several months. In addition, Apple began selling its own iPods through the same retail channels. As a result, at the peak of the program, iPod+HP sales represented only a small portion of total iPod sales. In July 2005, soon after Fiorina resigned as CEO, her successor Mark Hurd ended HP's agreement with Apple, within days of taking office, a "highly symbolic decision" that was well-received as a return to innovation by HP.

Steven Levy, writing in 2015 on the agreement, wrote that "Steve Jobs blithely mugged her and HP's shareholders. By getting Fiorina to adopt the iPod as HP's music player, Jobs had effectively gotten his [iTunes] software installed on millions of computers for free, stifled his main competitor, and gotten a company that prided itself on invention to declare that Apple was a superior inventor. And he lost nothing ..."

Layoffs
In January 2001, HP laid off 1,700 marketing employees. In June 2001, Fiorina asked employees to either take pay cuts or use their allotted vacation time to cut additional costs, resulting in more than 80,000 people signing up and saving HP 130 million. Despite these efforts from employees, in July Fiorina announced that 6,000 jobs would be cut, the biggest reduction in the company's 64-year history, but those cuts would not actually occur until after the Compaq merger was announced. In September 2001, Fiorina said she intended to cut an additional 15,000 jobs in the event of a merger with Compaq.

In all, Fiorina laid off 30,000 U.S. employees. According to PolitiFact, those 30,000 layoffs were "as a result of the merger with Compaq...."  By 2004 the number of HP employees was about the same as the pre-merger total of HP and Compaq combined, and that 2004 number included roughly 8,000 employees of other companies acquired by HP since 2001.  Altogether, under Fiorina's leadership, HP had a net gain of employees, including employees from mergers as well as hires in countries outside the United States.

In 1999, when Fiorina became CEO of HP, the company had 84,800 employees.  After the merger with Compaq, the company had a total of 145,000 employees worldwide.  At the time of her resignation in 2005, after HP had acquired several other companies, HP had about 150,000 employees.

Forced resignation
HP's revenue doubled and the rate of patent filings increased due to mergers with Compaq and other companies during Fiorina's stint as CEO. In addition, HP's cash flow increased by 40%, to around $6.8 billion.  However, the company underperformed by a number of other metrics: there were no gains in HP's net income despite a 70% gain in net income of the S&P 500 over this period; the company's debt rose from 4.25 billion to 6.75 billion; and its stock price fell by 50%, exceeding declines in the S&P 500 Information Technology Sector index and the NASDAQ. By contrast, stock prices for IBM and Dell fell by  27.5% and 3% respectively during this time.  The Compaq acquisition was not as transformative as Fiorina and the board had envisioned: in the merger proxy, they had forecasted that the PC division of the merged entities would generate an operating margin of 3.0% in 2003, while the actual figure was 0.1% in that year and 0.9% in 2004.

In 2004, HP fell dramatically short of its predicted third-quarter earnings, and Fiorina fired three executives during a 5 AM telephone call. In early January 2005, the Hewlett-Packard board of directors discussed with Fiorina a list of issues that the board had regarding the company's performance and disappointing earning reports.  The board proposed a plan to shift her authority to HP division heads, which Fiorina resisted strongly. A week after the meeting, the confidential plan was leaked to The Wall Street Journal. According to BusinessWeek'''s Ben Elgin, directors were also concerned about the board's inability to work effectively with Fiorina.

Less than a month later, the board brought back Tom Perkins and forced Fiorina to resign as chair and chief executive officer of the company.  The company's stock jumped 6.9 percent on news of her departure, adding almost three billion dollars to the value of HP in a single day.

In her book Tough Choices, she referred to board members' behavior as "amateurish and immature".  Larry Sonsini, who investigated the leak related to Fiorina's forced resignation, described the board in his report to Fiorina as being "dysfunctional."

On May 13, 2008, HP, under then-Chief Executive Mark Hurd, confirmed that it had reached a deal to buy Electronic Data Systems, the largest since the Compaq purchase. The price was a reported $12.6 billion. At the time of the announcement, Loren Steffy of The Houston Chronicle suggested that the EDS acquisition after Fiorina's tenure was evidence that her failed plan to acquire part of Pricewaterhouse Coopers was justified.

Under the company's agreement with Fiorina, which was characterized as a golden parachute by Time magazine, and Yahoo! Finance, Fiorina received a severance package valued at 21 million, which consisted of 2.5 times her annual salary plus bonus and the balance from accelerated vesting of stock options.
According to Fortune magazine, Fiorina collected over 100 million in compensation during her short tenure at HP.

Business leadership image
In 2003, Fiorina was named by Fortune Magazine the most powerful woman in business, a position she held for five years. In 2004, she was included in the Time 100 ranking of "most influential people in the world today" and named tenth on the Forbes list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women. In 2005, The Wall Street Journal described Fiorina as the epitome of "an alluring, controversial new breed of chief executive officers who combine grand visions with charismatic but self-centered and demanding styles". The same year, Wharton School of Business professor Michael Useem opined, "Fiorina scored high on leadership style, but she failed to execute strategy".

Following her forced resignation from HP, several commentators ranked Fiorina as one of the worst American (or tech) CEOs of all time.  In 2008, InfoWorld grouped her with a list of products and ideas that flopped, declaring that her tenure as CEO of HP was the sixth worst tech flop of all time, and characterizing her as the "anti-Steve Jobs" for reversing the goodwill of "geeks" and alienating existing customers. During Fiorina's tenure as CEO, HP leased or purchased five planes, including two Gulfstream IVs, to replace four aging aircraft, only one of which had the range to fly overseas. One Gulfstream IV, acquired at a cost of 30 million and available for Fiorina's "exclusive" use, became a rallying point among HP employees who complained of Fiorina's expensive self-promotion and top-down managerial style during a time of company layoffs. Jeffrey Sonnenfeld of Yale School of Management said in August 2015 that problems with Fiorina's leadership style were what caused HP to lose half its value during her tenure.

Others have defended her business leadership decisions and viewed the Compaq merger as successful over the long term.Zapler, Mike.  "Analysts: Carly Fiorina long on vision, fell short on execution at HP", San Jose Mercury News (April 20, 2010).Brilliant, or Blunder? A Rashomon Roundtable on Carly Fiorina's Compaq Acquisition, Bloomberg News (May 4, 2015).

Transition of career and public persona

Autobiography
In October 2006, Fiorina published an autobiography entitled Tough Choices, about her career and her views on issues, what constitutes a leader, how women can thrive in business, and the role technology will continue to play in reshaping the world. A review by NPR Books noted that "The book covers Fiorina's rise and fall as America's most powerful female executive."

Earlier books by others about Fiorina's role in the merger at HP included: Backfire, (2003) by Peter Burrows, and Perfect Enough: Carly Fiorina and the Reinvention of Hewlett-Packard, (2003), by George Anders.  A 2003 review by The New York Times of these books said, "Two new books about the deal and its main championHewlett-Packard's chair and chief executive officer, Carly Fiorinashow that there is much investors can glean immediately from this merger."

Other organizational involvement
In October 2007, Fiorina signed with the Fox Business Network as a business commentator.

After resigning from HP, Fiorina served on the board  of Revolution Health Group and computer security company Cybertrust in 2005.  In 2006, she became a member of the board of directors for chip maker Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), but resigned from that board on November 30, 2009, with the company saying this was "because she planned to devote her full time and energy" to her Senate campaign.  She had attended 17% of the TSMC directors' meetings in 2009 and 20% of TSMC directors' meetings in 2008. She served as a member of the MIT Corporation from 2004 to 2012. She was a member of the Foundation Board of the World Economic Forum (WEF) in 2005.   She is an honorary fellow of the London Business School. In July 2012, Governor Bob McDonnell of Virginia appointed her to the James Madison University Board of Visitors. In 2015, Fiorina received an honorary degree and delivered the commencement address at Southern New Hampshire University.

Fiorina is the chair and CEO of Carly Fiorina Enterprises, a business and charitable foundation. A spokesperson described Fiorina Enterprises as "...a nonprofit enterprise that helped Fiorina structure speaking engagements and appearances while providing the public with information about her activities..." The San Francisco Chronicle reported that, as of July 2009, she had "never registered her Carly Fiorina Enterprises to conduct business in California, either with the California secretary of state or the clerk of Santa Clara County, where Fiorina lives."

Nonprofit work

Good360
In April 2012, Fiorina became chair of Good360, a 501(c)(3) nonpartisan nonprofit organization in Alexandria, Virginia, which helps companies donate excess merchandise to charities. Good360 has been consistently ranked by Forbes magazine as one of the top 10 most efficient charities, and ranked as the 33rd largest charity in the United States. Good360 is "the largest product donation marketplace in the world. We help companies take excess inventory and then distribute that excess inventory to 37,000 vetted charities around this country."

In September 2014, Fiorina led an effort by Good360 to get American corporations "to help combat the Ebola virus in West Africa – by donating specific items." She left the organization when she declared her presidential candidacy in 2015.

One Woman Initiative

Fiorina served as Fund Chair of One Woman Initiative (OWI), a partnership between the private sector and government agencies, including the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United States Department of State (DoS). OWI describes itself as "An International Women's Empowerment Fund" that seeks to "support existing initiatives in Muslim majority countries and countries with large Muslim populations" and "focus on key empowerment issues including entrepreneurship, political leadership, and the rule of law."  OWI said it would raise funds in order to give grants to achieve these objectives, with contributions managed through a separate section 501(c)(3) designated organization.

In June 2009, USAID announced that OWI grants totaling over 500,000 had been made to grassroots organizations in Azerbaijan, Egypt, India, Pakistan, and the Philippines.

Opportunity International

On February 14, 2013, Opportunity International announced a partnership with Fiorina and OWI to provide financial resources, education and training to two million women living in poverty.  Fiorina was referred to as Global Ambassador to Opportunity International. On May 4, 2015, Opportunity International announced that Fiorina was resigning from the Board after the announcement of her presidential candidacy.

Fiorina Foundation
Fiorina is the chair and CEO of the Fiorina Foundation, a charity that has donated to causes including Care-a-Van for Kids, a transportation program to aid seriously ill children, and the African Leadership Academy, an educational institution in South Africa.  The foundation 'enables corporations, spokeswomen entrepreneurs and philanthropists alike to address some of the world's most challenging issues,' according to Fiorina's Web site, carlyfiorina.com."

The San Francisco Chronicle reported that "Records also show that her Fiorina Foundation has never registered with the Internal Revenue Service or the state attorney general's charitable trust division, which tax-exempt charities are required to do. A spokeswoman commented that "Fiorina and her staff believed the foundation was not required to file with the IRS because it accepted no outside contributions and donated only her personal wealth to worthy causes."

Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
In 2017, Fiorina joined the board of trustees for the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. In December 2020, she was elected the chair of the board of trustees.

Political career
Fiorina has never held public office, but said that her status as an outsider is a positive attribute, given that in her opinion, professional politicians have failed to deliver to the American people, stating in an interview with Fox News in 2015 that "82% of the American people now think we need people from outside the professional political class to serve in public office."

Republican National Committee fundraising chair and 2008 campaign
In 2006, Fiorina worked as an advisor for Republican Senator John McCain's presidential campaign. The New York Times noted that while she did not want to run, she was an executive who could possibly become a candidate for president. On March 7, 2008, Fiorina was named fundraising chair for the Republican National Committee's "Victory" initiative. She was reportedly a "point person" for the McCain campaign on issues related to business and economic affairs. Fiorina's severance package from Hewlett-Packard in 2005 was viewed by some as a political liability during the campaign. Referring to the McCain campaign, Newsweek described Fiorina as "the most prominent surrogate on economics issues in any of the major campaigns."

Earlier that day, she defended the selection of Sarah Palin as McCain's running mate and said that Palin was being subjected to sexist attacks, a charge she repeated a few days later in response to one of the Saturday Night Live parodies of Sarah Palin.

When asked during a radio interview on September 15, 2008, whether she thought Palin had the experience to run a major company like Hewlett-Packard, Fiorina answered "No, I don't.  But that's not what she's running for. Running a corporation is a different set of things." When questioned about her answer, she answered, "I don't think John McCain could run a major corporation." Fiorina further said that none of the candidates on either ticket had the experience to run a major corporation. After media coverage of Fiorina's comments, she "disappeared from public view" and planned television appearances were cancelled, although she continued to chair the party's fundraising committee. Responding to Barack Obama's victory over Hillary Clinton in the Democratic Primary, Fiorina sought to attract more women to the Republican camp by praising Clinton's effort.

 Vice presidential campaign speculation
In early 2008, she was referred to in media sources as a potential vice presidential candidate, In discussing the possibility of Fiorina becoming McCain's running mate, political analyst Stuart Rothenberg pointed out her potential downside, stating that she "is rather easy to sketch out" because she would "become a talking point for Democrats" who would focus on Fiorina's generous severance package from when she had left HP and her management style. Rothenberg concluded that Fiorina was "like a dream come true" for Democratic opposition researchers.

Defense Business Board and Central Intelligence Agency
Fiorina performed unpaid service on the Defense Business Board, which looked at staffing issues, among others, at The Pentagon.

Fiorina spent two years leading the Central Intelligence Agency's External Advisory Board, from 2007 to 2009, and became chair of that board, when the board was first created in 2007 by then-CIA director Michael Hayden during the George W. Bush administration.

2010 U.S. Senate candidacy for California

On November 4, 2009, Fiorina formally announced her candidacy in the 2010 Senate election in a bid to unseat incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer. Fiorina's campaign in the Republican primary for that seat received a number of endorsements, including one from Sarah Palin in the form of a Facebook note. Her campaign ad about Republican rival Tom Campbell featuring a "Demon Sheep"created by Fiorina advertising consultant Fred Davis IIIgenerated largely negative international publicity. After the ad went viral, the California Democratic Party created a parody of the ad depicting Fiorina herself as a demon sheep.

On June 8, 2010, Fiorina won the Republican primary election for the Senate with over 50 percent of the vote, beating Campbell and State Assemblyman Chuck DeVore.

A Los Angeles Times search of public records indicated Fiorina had failed to vote in most elections. Fiorina responded: "I'm a lifelong registered Republican but I haven't always voted, and I will provide no excuse for it. You know, people die for the right to vote. And there are many, many Californians and Americans who exercise that civic duty on a regular basis. I didn't. Shame on me."

The Los Angeles Times noted that Fiorina had conservative positions on certain social issues. She personally opposed abortion, except in cases of rape, incest, or endangerment of the mother's life.  As a private citizen, she stated that she voted for Proposition 8, which defined marriage as a union between one man and one woman. Following an August 4, 2010, federal court ruling that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional, Fiorina expressed disagreement with the ruling, saying that California voters spoke clearly against same-sex unions when a majority approved the proposition in 2008. She stated that she opposed litmus tests for Supreme Court nominations and did not favor a federal "personhood" amendment. Fiorina had called global warming a "serious issue" but said that the science surrounding it is inconclusive, saying "I think we should have the courage to examine the science on an ongoing basis." In a campaign ad, Fiorina likened Boxer's concerns over global warming to worrying about "the weather." Fiorina accepted contributions from the coal industry as well as Koch Industries. Fiorina opposed the cap-and-trade legislation supported by Boxer, and thought efforts to control greenhouse gases would cost 3 million jobs and are "massively destructive".

In financial disclosures, Fiorina identified her net worth at between 30 million and 120 million, and by October 22, Fiorina had contributed a total of 6.5 million to her own race.

Sarah Palin was set to appear at a GOP fundraiser two weeks ahead of the November 2 election, but neither Meg Whitman (the Republican nominee for Governor of California) nor Fiorina – both big-name Republicans –  planned to attend. The prediction was that Palin's primary endorsement would jeopardize her general election candidacy.

Boxer won the general election, defeating Fiorina 52.2% to 42.2%.

"Unlocking Potential Project" PAC
Fiorina  launched and developed a political action committee (PAC) known as "Up-Project" (short for "Unlocking Potential Project") from 2011 to 2014.  The stated mission of the organization was "...to engage women with new messages and new messengers by focusing on personal interactions with voters and going beyond the traditional methods of identifying, persuading and turning-out voters..."  In November 2014, The Washington Post reported that "Helping Fiorina chart her political future are consultants Frank Sadler, who once worked for Koch Industries, and Stephen DeMaura, a strategist who heads Americans for Job Security, a pro-business advocacy group in Virginia"; The Up-Project website lists Fiorina as chair.

American Conservative Union Foundation and CPAC

On October 1, 2013, Al Cardenas, chair of the American Conservative Union (ACU), appointed Fiorina as chair of the American Conservative Union Foundation (ACUF), the ACU's educational arm. The ACU is a conservative 501(c)(4) organization, while the ACUF is its affiliated 501(c)(3) foundation, which organizes the annual Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC).

Fiorina was co-chair of CPAC 2014, making a speech at the conference. At CPAC 2015, Fiorina again made a speech at the conference. It was speculated that Fiorina would announce her candidacy for the Republican nomination for president in that speech, but Fiorina did not, instead making her official announcement months later, on May 4, 2015, in a television and promotional video, therein repeating her talking points from CPAC and including an attack on Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton.

Fiorina resigned as ACU Foundation chair in early 2015.

U.S. presidential campaign, 2016

Fiorina ruled out running for the U.S. Senate in 2016, but refused to rule out running for president in 2016 or Governor of California in 2018. In November 2014, The Washington Post reported that Fiorina was "actively exploring" a run for president. Her business background and status as the only CEO and the only woman in a "sea of suited men" were mentioned as positives, though Republican strategists pointed to her poor 2010 Senate performance, unpaid campaign debt, and dismissal from HP as "considerable challenges" to her prospects. In March 2015, Fiorina said on Fox News Sunday that there was a "higher than 90% chance" that she would run for president in 2016.

On May 4, 2015, Fiorina announced her candidacy during an interview on Good Morning America, with George Stephanopoulos. Fiorina entered the race with immediate criticism of Hillary Clinton. It was reported that the GOP saw Fiorina as "the tip of the spear" in its attack of the Clinton campaign because she was uniquely positioned to isolate her criticisms of Clinton from claims of gender bias.

Shortly after Fiorina announced her entry into the 2016 presidential race, in a replay of her 2010 senatorial race, the social media and editorial outlets questioned her tenure as HP's CEO as a basis for her run for president, focusing around US job cuts and offshoring that Fiorina directed during her tenure at HP, and contrasting it with the high compensation bonuses she received from the company. Campaign Manager, Sarah Isgur Flores, deflected the job cut criticism saying, Fiorina "worked hard to save as many jobs as possible."

On August 6, Fiorina participated in Fox News's first GOP debate. Failing to qualify for one of the Fox News prime-time debate slots, she was relegated to the debate airing earlier the same day. Fiorina's performance led news sources to conclude she had won the early debate. Following the debate, several pundits correctly predicted that her polling numbers would surge. On August 9, Fiorina reported an uptick in fundraising support. In an online poll by NBC and SurveyMonkey on August 10, Fiorina came in fourth of the seventeen Republican contenders with 8% of the sampled Republican primary voters saying they would support her in a primary or a caucus, a gain in support of six points from previous polling data. At another debate in September, hosted by CNN, Fiorina misrepresented a Planned Parenthood sting video, describing a grisly scene which was not in the video. She was sharply criticized for this in the media; the gaffe consumed much of the post-debate coverage. Planned Parenthood responded that she had lied, saying it was "not the first time Carly Fiorina has lied." PolitiFact chief editor Angie Drobnic Holan mentioned this particular lie in a December 2015 comparison of the presidential candidates with regard to their truthfulness. In the comparison, Fiorina scored 50% falsehood, the sixth worst performance.The National Review pointed out her role as foil to Hillary Clinton, saying "Carly Fiorina is no doubt getting attention because of her unique background, but more and more people are staying to listen because she has something fresh to say", and that "Fiorina also seems to relish the role of being the most pointed critic of Hillary Clinton.... She contrasts her background as a 'problem solver' with Clinton's record as a professional politician." The Nation commented, "With so-called women's issues poised to play an unprecedented role in the upcoming election, Republicans need someone who can troll Hillary Clinton without seeming sexist." Meg Whitman, then CEO of Hewlett-Packard, stated that in her opinion Fiorina was not qualified to be President of the United States, stating that a business background is important but that having worked in government is also important, and that "it's very difficult for your first role in politics to be President of the United States".

As part of her financial disclosures related to her candidacy, Fiorina reported a net worth of 59 million, with 12 million in income in 2013. International Business Times estimates Fiorina's net worth between 30 million and 120 million.

Her performances in early debates for the Republican primary nomination, particularly her rebukes of front-runner Donald Trump in the September 16, 2015, debate, earned her a significant spike in the polls from 3% to 15% post-debate,Jeremy W. Peters – "Carly Fiorina Gains Traction in Debate, Helping G.O.P. Reach Out to Women", The New York Times, September 17, 2015. Retrieved September 17, 2015 but her polling numbers dropped to 4% by October, and to 3% in December.
On February 10, due to weak results in the Iowa and New Hampshire primaries, Fiorina announced that her campaign was suspended. On March 9, 2016, Fiorina endorsed Texas Senator Ted Cruz for President, saying she was "horrified" by Donald Trump, and that Cruz was the only candidate that could stop him.

Vice presidential campaign and aftermath
On April 27, 2016, Cruz announced that, if he were selected as the party's presidential nominee, he would choose Fiorina as his vice presidential running mate, but after losing the Indiana primary six days later, he suspended his campaign, making her vice-presidential candidacy the shortest in modern American history.

Fiorina received one electoral college vote for vice president from a faithless elector in Texas. Following Trump's election, Fiorina was considered for the position of Director of National Intelligence during the 2016 transition period. In 2020, Fiorina endorsed Joe Biden's presidential campaign due to her disapproval of President Donald Trump.

Political positions
When she first entered politics as a Senate candidate in November 2009, Carly Fiorina was "considered to be a moderate Republican with little history on social issues" and her views changed during her run for Senate and her run for President in 2016. In 2017, she has described herself as conservative. In 2020, Fiorina announced that she would vote for Joe Biden for President. FiveThirtyEight, a non-partisan organization which analyzes candidates' positions and conducts polling, considered Fiorina to be within the moderate and establishment wings of the GOP.

 Social issues
Fiorina is anti-abortion. She expressed support for legislation to ban abortions 20 weeks after fertilization, with an exception for cases of rape, incest, or danger to the life of the mother. In 2010, she said that Roe v. Wade was settled law, but later reversed that position. Fiorina supported overturning Roe v. Wade, the 1973 Supreme Court ruling that legalized abortion in the United States, allowing states to set their own abortion policies. She does support embryonic stem-cell research if the embryos were not created for that purpose.

In a February 2015 speech, Fiorina acknowledged the scientific consensus that climate change is real and caused by human activity, but expressed skepticism that government can affect the issue, and has "implied that targeting the coal industry will not solve the problem".

Fiorina said in May 2015 that "drug addiction shouldn't be criminalized" and cited "decriminalizing drug addiction and drug use" as an example of a successful reform. Fiorina opposes the legalization of marijuana, but says that she believes in states' rights, and that as president she will not enforce the federal ban on marijuana in Colorado, where voters have legalized marijuana as a matter of state law.

While running for president, Fiorina has been a critic of the Common Core State Standards.Carly Fiorina, How to Fix Our Broken Education System? Give Every Parent and Student a Choice and a Chance , Iowa Republican (July 22, 2015). In September 2015, Fiorina said: "No Child Left Behind, Race to the Top, Common Core – they're all big, bureaucratic programs that are failing our nation." This was a reversal of her position on federal education policies during her 2010 campaign for U.S. Senate from California.Alyson Klein, Huckabee, Carson, Fiorina Join GOP Presidential Race, Education Week (May 5, 2015) ("Fiorina's position on Common Core has also, umm, 'evolved.' As an ultimately unsuccessful Senate candidate in 2010, Fiorina praised the Obama administration's Race to the Top programwhich encouraged the adoption of Common Coreon her campaign website. Without mentioning Common Core by name specifically, she lauded the program for championing 'internationally benchmarked' standards and assessments that help prepare students for the 21st-century job market. But more recently, she has tweaked others in the GOP field, especially former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush, for their support of the standards...").  In that campaign, Fiorina issued a position paper in which she "strongly advocated for metric-based accountability in schools" and "praised No Child Left Behind as setting high standards, and Race to the Top for using internationally-benchmarked measures."

In California, Fiorina supported the DREAM Act, which would allow children brought to the U.S. by their parents when they were under the age of 16 to secure permanent U.S. residency and a path to citizenship, if they graduate from college or serve in the armed forces.

Carly Fiorina opposed same-sex marriage, but supported civil unions. She later said that she hoped the nation would support Obergefell v. Hodges, the decision legalizing same-sex marriage, and also respect individuals' consciences. In November 2009, during a The Wall Street Journal interview, Fiorina said that she voted in favor of Proposition 8, a California ballot proposition that banned same-sex marriage in that state. During the 2010 United States Senate election in California, Fiorina was endorsed by GOProud, a gay conservative organization.  In 2010, Fiorina stated that she supported the Defense of Marriage Act, but also supported civil unions. She supported the repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell. In 2015, Fiorina reaffirmed her support for civil unions with the same government benefits accorded to married persons. She does not support a constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage. In 2017, Fiorina headlined the 40th anniversary of Log Cabin Republicans, a political action committee which supports LGBT rights. In her address, she said, "Everyone has to be free to be who they are."

Fiorina believes employers should decide whether they should provide paid maternity leave to their employees and it should not be mandated by the government, noting that some companies in the private sector are already doing so.  She also pointed out that HP, while she was CEO, offered paid maternity leave.

Foreign and military policy

Fiorina has criticized the international nuclear agreement with Iran, saying that Iran is "at the heart" of evil in the Middle East; that the agreement is a "flawed deal"; and that "there is a lot of reason to be suspicious" of it. Fiorina also suggested that verification provisions in the agreement were insufficient and that approval of the agreement by the international community and the U.S.'s negotiating partners was suspect because Russia and China have an interest in gaining access to Iran's economy and the European Union "has negotiated, frankly, a number of weak deals." Fiorina opposes the normalization of U.S.-Cuba relations, telling Hugh Hewitt that if elected she would close the U.S. embassy in Havana.

In a January 2015 discussion with an Iowa political blogger, Fiorina said of the Chinese: "They're not terribly imaginative. They're not entrepreneurial. They don't innovate. That's why they're stealing our intellectual property." Fiorina supports keeping the Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba open. In September 2015, Fiorina "offered a vigorous defense of CIA waterboarding," a tactic used by the United States during the George W. Bush-era War on Terror. Fiorina's interest in national security issues led to her name being floated for the position of Director of National Intelligence by Donald Trump during the 2016 transition period.

 Economic and fiscal Issues
Fiorina was critical of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) health care reform legislation during the debate in 2009 that led to the act's passage.  Fiorina has supported repealing the ACA during both her 2010 Senate run in California,Frank Bruni, Carly Fiorina Means Business, New York Times Magazine (June 2, 2010) ("[D]uring this campaign, [Fiorina] has assiduously courted the right, calling for the repeal of health care reform"). and in her 2015 presidential campaign.Sahil Kapur, Carly Fiorina's Obamacare Replacement Plan Hasn't Fared Well With House Republicans, Bloomberg Politics (May 4, 2015). Fiorina has called the law "deeply flawed" and a "vast legislative overreach." Fiorina supports an individual mandate that would require individuals to carry "high-deductible 'catastrophic care' insurance plans and use federal dollars to subsidize state-based high-risk pools to provide care for those who otherwise cannot afford it."

Fiorina has stated that "there is no constitutional role for the federal government to be setting minimum wages"Steve Benen, Carly Fiorina sees minimum wage as unconstitutional, MSNBC (October 29, 2015). and that the minimum wage "is a classic example of a policy that is best carried out in the states" because economic conditions in New Hampshire vary significantly from more expensive economic conditions in Los Angeles or New York. Florina also believes that raising the federal minimum wage would "hurt those who are looking for entry-level jobs".

Fiorina opposes net neutrality rules adopted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and has said she would "roll back" that policy: "Regulation over innovation is a really bad role for government."Charlotte Alter, Carly Fiorina Says She Would 'Roll Back' Net Neutrality Rules, Time (May 5, 2015). Fiorina has repeatedly criticized the rules, arguing that "the FCC just issuedwithout anyone commenting on it or anyone voting on it400 pages of new regulations over the Internet. It's not good, it's not helpful."

Fiorina "generally believes that reducing government regulations helps to spur the economy". She has condemned the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, saying in April 2015 that "We should get rid of Dodd-Frank and start again." Fiorina has been questioned by some in the media for stating that not "a single regulation has ever been repealed." Glenn Kessler of The Washington Post said that, "Important parts of the economy have been deregulated in recent decades. While the repeal of a specific rule is relatively rare, there are certainly examples."

Fiorina favors lowering tax rates, simplifying the tax code, and closing loopholes that she says mostly benefit wealthy taxpayers.  Florina has said "the government needs to take in less tax money, not more." During her 2010 Senate campaign, Fiorina "called for eliminating the estate tax and capital gains taxes for investments in small businesses, and lowering marginal tax rates." Fiorina opposes proposals to increase the federal gas tax or state gas taxes in order to fund the Highway Trust Fund, asserting in a February 2015 The Wall Street Journal op-ed that "Any gas tax hike, big or small, will harm American families and hurt economic growth." Fiorina opposed the federal stimulus package of 2009 intended to create short-term job growth and invest in infrastructure, education, health, and renewable energy, calling it a waste of taxpayer money. Fiorina has said she would cut the pay of federal workers and base their compensation on performance.  She also advocates zero-based budgeting for the federal budget, which would start the annual budgeting process for each department from a baseline of zero.

Fiorina favors expanding the H-1B visa program. Writing in opposition to proposals she considered protectionist in a 2004 The Wall Street Journal op-ed, Fiorina said that while "America is the most innovative country," it would not remain so if the country were to "run away from the reality of the global economy." Fiorina said to Congress in 2004: "There is no job that is America's God-given right anymore.  We have to compete for jobs as a nation."

Personal life

Fiorina (then Cara Carleton Sneed) married Todd Bartlem, a Stanford classmate, in June 1977. They divorced in 1984.  In 1981, she was introduced to AT&T executive Frank Fiorina, who told her on their third date that she would one day be running the company. She married him in 1985; it was the second marriage for both. Fiorina has said that they wanted to have children together but "that wasn't God's plan". Frank Fiorina took early retirement from AT&T in 1998 at age 48 to travel with and support his wife in her career.

Frank Fiorina had two daughters, Traci and Lori Ann, from his first marriage. Their mother, Patricia, was awarded custody of both children following the divorce. Carly helped her husband with raising his daughters. Lori Ann struggled with alcoholism, prescription drug addiction and bulimia. She died in 2009 at age 35.

In February 2009, Fiorina was diagnosed with stage II breast cancer. She underwent a double mastectomy at Stanford Hospital in March 2009, followed by chemotherapy, which caused her to temporarily lose her hair, and later radiation therapy. She was given "an excellent prognosis for a full recovery."  In late 2009, during her campaign for the United States Senate seat held by Barbara Boxer, Fiorina humorously told a group of supporters: "I have to say that after chemotherapy, Barbara Boxer just isn't that scary anymore."

According to the financial disclosures filed by Fiorina's campaign in June 2015, she and her husband have a combined net worth of $59 million. Fiorina has released the income tax returns that she and her husband jointly filed in 2013 and 2012; in those years, the Fiorinas reported income of almost $2 million and $1.3 million, respectively.

Fiorina and her husband live in a home in the Washington, D.C., suburb of Mason Neck, Virginia, overlooking the Potomac River.Nancy Cook, Carly Fiorina's Audacious Sales Pitch, National Journal (February 13, 2015). The house and grounds were valued at $6.6 million in 2015. At the time of the 2010 Senate election, Fiorina and her husband lived in Los Altos Hills, California, a San Francisco Bay area suburb.Scott Gold, Fiorina presents a sharp contrast in images, Los Angeles Times (October 22, 2015). Between 2005 and 2012, Fiorina and her husband also owned a condominium in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, where they lived for roughly half the year; they sold the condo for $5.3 million.Mary Clare Glover, Luxury Homes: September 2005: Tech star Carly Fiorina buys $3.6-million condo, Washingtonian (September 1, 2005).Yuki Noguchi, Fiorina Uses Book Tour to Recast Her Image: Fiorina hasn't ruled out politics, The Washington Post (October 14, 2006).

Discussing her religious faith, Fiorina said that she is Christian. Specifically, she said that "she was raised Episcopalian but is not a regular churchgoer."

See also
 Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016

References

Bibliography
 Anders, George (2003). Perfect Enough: Carly Fiorina and the Reinvention of Hewlett-Packard. New York: Penguin Group, 2003. .
 Burrows, Peter. Backfire: Carly Fiorina's High-Stakes Battle for the Soul of Hewlett-Packard. Wiley, 2003. .
 Fiorina, Carly (2006). Tough Choices: A Memoir. Portfolio Hardcover, 2006. hardcover: , abridged audiobook:
 Fiorina, Carly (2015). Rising to the Challenge: My Leadership Journey'', Penguin Group (Sentinel), .

External links

 Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets

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20th-century American businesswomen
20th-century American businesspeople
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21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women writers
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American nonprofit chief executives
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
American technology chief executives
American women business executives
AT&T people
Businesspeople from California
American telecommunications industry businesspeople
California Republicans
Female candidates for President of the United States
Female candidates for Vice President of the United States
Former Anglicans
Hewlett-Packard people
Living people
MIT Sloan Fellows
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
Politicians from Austin, Texas
Businesspeople from Austin, Texas
People from Santa Clara County, California
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Texas Republicans
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2016 United States vice-presidential candidates
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Silicon Valley people

Carly Fiorina


Karl Bürgler CSsR (* 4. November 1943 in Illgau) ist ein Schweizer Ordensgeistlicher und emeritierter Apostolischer Vikar von Reyes.

Leben
Karl Bürgler trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Redemptoristen bei und empfing am 18. Mai 1973 die Priesterweihe. Er ging anschließend in die Mission.

Papst Johannes Paul II. bestellte ihn am 24. Januar 1997 zum Apostolischen Koadjutorvikar von Reyes und Titularbischof von Sinnipsa. Die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm Roger-Émile Aubry CSsR, der Apostolische Vikar von Reyes, am 11. April desselben Jahres; Mitkonsekratoren waren Edmundo Luis Flavio Abastoflor Montero, Erzbischof von La Paz, und Julio Terrazas Sandoval CSsR, Erzbischof von Santa Cruz de la Sierra.

Mit der Emeritierung Roger-Émile Aubrys CSsR am 1. Mai 1999 folgte er ihm als Apostolischer Vikar von Reyes nach.

Papst Franziskus nahm am 18. Februar 2019 seinen altersbedingten Rücktritt an.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Titularbischof
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Katholischer Missionar
Redemptorist
Schweizer
Geboren 1943
Mann
Person des Christentums (Bolivien)
Departamento Beni
Römisch-katholische Kirche in Bolivien

Karl Bürgler


Rønne Plantage er en skov i Danmark. Den ligger i Region Hovedstaden, på øen Bornholm.

Kilder

Skove i Bornholms Regionskommune

Rønne Plantage


Karl Jónsson (1135 – 1213) fue un escaldo de Islandia, escritor y poeta benedictino del monasterio de Þingeyrar al norte de la isla. Es el autor de la saga de Sverre, que cita los hechos más relevantes del reinado de Sverre Sigurdsson (r. 1177–1202) de Noruega y es la principal fuente de información de ese periodo de la historia de Noruega.

Se desconocen los vínculos familiares de Karl, pero hay indicios que su padre pudo ser Jón svarti Þorvarðsson (Jón el Negro, m. 1150). Como abad del monasterio (1169 – 1181), tomó a Kári Runólfsson como su asistente y en 1185 Karl viajó a Noruega, donde estuvo al servicio de la corte de Sverre I hasta 1188. Kári Runólfsson murió en 1187 y posiblemente ocupó de nuevo su responsabilidad como abad de Þingeyrar a su regreso a Islandia en 1188, por lo menos hasta 1200. En 1207 hay registros de un nuevo abad, Karl había dejado su ministerio poco antes y murió entre 1212 y 1213.

En los días de Karl el monasterio benedictino de Þingeyrar era un centro literario importante, y con el abad también compartieron espacio los monjes y escritores Oddr Snorrason y Gunnlaugr Leifsson.

A lo largo de los siglos Karl Jónsson fue subestimado pero a todas luces influenció en su tiempo y se considera actualmente un genio de la literatura medieval.

Referencias

Fuentes
 Páll Eggert Ólason: Íslenskar æviskrár III.
 Þorleifur Hauksson: Formáli Sverris sögu. Íslensk fornrit XXX, bls. xxii-xxiv.

Escritores de Islandia
Poetas del siglo XIII
Poetas escaldos
Benedictinos de Islandia
Poetas del siglo XII
Islandeses del siglo XII
Islandeses del siglo XIII
Monjes cristianos del siglo XII
Monjes cristianos del siglo XIII

Karl Jónsson


An Einstein ring, also known as an Einstein–Chwolson ring or Chwolson ring (named for Orest Chwolson), is created when light from a galaxy or star passes by a massive object en route to the Earth. Due to gravitational lensing, the light is diverted, making it seem to come from different places. If source, lens, and observer are all in perfect alignment (syzygy), the light appears as a ring.

Introduction
Gravitational lensing is predicted by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity.  Instead of light from a source traveling in a straight line (in three dimensions), it is bent by the presence of a massive body, which distorts spacetime. An Einstein Ring is a special case of gravitational lensing, caused by the exact alignment of the source, lens, and observer. This results in symmetry around the lens, causing a ring-like structure.

The size of an Einstein ring is given by the Einstein radius. In radians, it is

where

  is the gravitational constant,
  is the mass of the lens,
  is the speed of light,
  is the angular diameter distance to the lens,
  is the angular diameter distance to the source, and
  is the angular diameter distance between the lens and the source.

Over cosmological distances  in general.

History

The bending of light by a gravitational body was predicted by Albert Einstein in 1912, a few years before the publication of general relativity in 1916 (Renn et al. 1997). The ring effect was first mentioned in the academic literature by Orest Khvolson in a short article in 1924, in which he mentioned the "halo effect" of gravitation when the source, lens, and observer are in near-perfect alignment. Einstein remarked upon this effect in 1936 in a paper prompted by a letter by a Czech engineer, R W Mandl, but stated

(In this statement, β is the Einstein Radius currently denoted by  as in the expression above.) However, Einstein was only considering the chance of observing Einstein rings produced by stars, which is low – the chance of observing those produced by larger lenses such as galaxies or black holes is higher since the angular size of an Einstein ring increases with the mass of the lens.

The first complete Einstein ring, designated B1938+666, was discovered by collaboration between astronomers at the University of Manchester and NASA's Hubble Space Telescope in 1998.

There have apparently not been any observations of a star forming an Einstein ring with another star, but there is a 45% chance of this happening in early May, 2028 when Alpha Centauri A passes between us and a distant red star.

Known Einstein rings

Hundreds of gravitational lenses are currently known. About half a dozen of them are partial Einstein rings with diameters up to an arcsecond, although as either the mass distribution of the lenses is not perfectly axially symmetrical, or the source, lens, and observer are not perfectly aligned, we have yet to see a perfect Einstein ring. Most rings have been discovered in the radio range. The degree of completeness needed for an image seen through a gravitational lens to qualify as an Einstein ring is yet to be defined.

The first Einstein ring was discovered by Hewitt et al. (1988), who observed the radio source MG1131+0456 using the Very Large Array. This observation saw a quasar lensed by a nearer galaxy into two separate but very similar images of the same object, the images stretched round the lens into an almost complete ring. These dual images are another possible effect of the source, lens, and observer not being perfectly aligned.

The first complete Einstein ring to be discovered was B1938+666, which was found by King et al. (1998) via optical follow-up with the Hubble Space Telescope of a gravitational lens imaged with MERLIN. The galaxy causing the lens at B1938+666 is an ancient elliptical galaxy, and the image we see through the lens is a dark dwarf satellite galaxy, which we would otherwise not be able to see with current technology.

In 2005, the combined power of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) with the Hubble Space Telescope was used in the Sloan Lens ACS (SLACS) Survey to find 19 new gravitational lenses, 8 of which showed Einstein rings, these are the 8 shown in the adjacent image. As of 2009, this survey has found 85 confirmed gravitational lenses but there is not yet a number for how many show Einstein rings. This survey is responsible for most of the recent discoveries of Einstein rings in the optical range, following are some examples which were found:

FOR J0332-3557, discovered by Remi Cabanac et al. in 2005, notable for its high redshift which allows us to use it to make observations about the early universe.
The "Cosmic Horseshoe" is a partial Einstein ring which was observed through the gravitational lens of LRG 3-757, a distinctively large Luminous Red Galaxy. It was discovered in 2007 by V. Belokurov et al.
SDSSJ0946+1006, the "double Einstein ring" was discovered by Raphael Gavazzi and Tomasso Treu in 2008, notable for the presence of multiple rings observed through the same gravitational lens, the significance of which is explained in the next section on extra rings.
Another example is the radio/X-Ray Einstein ring around PKS 1830-211, which is unusually strong in radio. It was discovered in X-Ray by Varsha Gupta et al. at the Chandra X-Ray observatory It is also notable for being the first case of a quasar being lensed by an almost face-on spiral galaxy.

Galaxy MG1654+1346 features a radio ring. The image in the ring is that of a quasar radio lobe, discovered in 1989 by G.Langston et al.

In June 2023, a team of astronomers led by Justin Spilker announced their discovery of an Einstein ring of distant galaxy rich in organic molecules (aromatic hydrocarbons).

Extra rings

Using the Hubble Space Telescope, a double ring has been found by Raphael Gavazzi of the STScI and Tommaso Treu of the University of California, Santa Barbara. This arises from the light from three galaxies at distances of 3, 6, and 11 billion light years. Such rings help in understanding the distribution of dark matter, dark energy, the nature of distant galaxies, and the curvature of the universe. The odds of finding such a double ring around a massive galaxy are 1 in 10,000. Sampling 50 suitable double rings would provide astronomers with a more accurate measurement of the dark matter content of the universe and the equation of state of the dark energy to within 10 percent precision.

Simulation
Below in the Gallery section is a simulation depicting a zoom on a Schwarzschild black hole in the plane of the Milky Way between us and the centre of the galaxy. The first Einstein ring is the most distorted region of the picture and shows the galactic disc. The zoom then reveals a series of 4 extra rings, increasingly thinner and closer to the black hole shadow. They are multiple images of the galactic disk. The first and third correspond to points which are behind the black hole (from the observer's position) and correspond here to the bright yellow region of the galactic disc (close to the galactic center), whereas the second and fourth correspond to images of objects which are behind the observer, which appear bluer, since the corresponding part of the galactic disc is thinner and hence dimmer here.

Gallery

See also

 Einstein Cross
 Einstein radius
 SN Refsdal

References

Journals

  (refers to FOR J0332-3357)
  (The first paper to propose rings)
  (The famous Einstein Ring paper)

News

  (refers to FOR J0332-3357)

Further reading

Effects of gravitation
Ring
Optical phenomena
Gravitational lensing

Einstein ring


Agrilus incredulus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Curletti, em 2005.

Referências

incredulus

Agrilus incredulus


Jacobus Polius (* 1588/89 in Zülpich; † 6. Juni 1656 in Köln) war ein deutscher Ordensoberer und Geschichtsschreiber.

Polius wurde als Sohn des Wildbannschreibers Johann Pool geboren. Er wurde Guardian (Ordensoberer) des Franziskanerklosters Bethanien in Düren, heute Marienkirche. Außerdem war er Dürens erster Geschichtsschreiber. Später war er Chronist der Kölner Franziskaner-Ordensprovinz.

Nach Jacobus Polius wurde in seiner Heimatstadt 1889 die Poliusstraße benannt.

Quellen
 Josef Geuenich: Die Dürener Straßennamen, Düren 1965, herausgegeben von der Stadt Düren und dem Dürener Geschichtsverein

Polius
Person (Düren)
Geboren 1588
Gestorben 1656
Mann

Jacobus Polius


La U.S. Route 1 o Ruta Federal 1 (abreviada US 1) es una autopista federal ubicada en el estado de Rhode Island. La autopista inicia en el Sur desde la  hacia el Norte en la . La autopista tiene una longitud de 91,7 km (57 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las carreteras estatales, las carreteras interestatales, la U.S. Route 1 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Rhode Island por sus siglas en inglés RIDOT.

Cruces
La U.S. Route 1 es atravesada principalmente por la  en South Kingstown en North Kingstown en East Greenwich en Warwick en Cranston en Providence en Providence.

U.S. Route 1A

La U.S. Route 1A es una ruta federal de  de longitud]. Funciona como un anillo periférico de Providence y Pawtucket, en la cual la US 1 la atraviesa. La US 1A es una ruta más larga que la U.S. Route 1 que la rodea.

La US 1A no debe ser confundida con la Ruta de Rhode Island 1A. En Rhode Island, la US 1A existe en segmentos entre Warwick y Pawtucket.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial del RIDOT
 Lista de ciudades servidas por autopistas federales}
 Lista de Autopistas por estado en AARoads.com

Carreteras federales de Rhode Island
Condado de Kent
Condado de Washington
Condado de Providence

U.S. Route 1 (Rhode Island)


دويلعة منطقة تتبع لحي الشاغور وهي حي شعبي من أحياء مدينة دمشق يقع إلى الجنوب الشرقي منها ويرتبط بريف دمشق بمدينة جرمانا ومخيمها وحي كشكول من الشرق والجنوب الشرقي وباب شرقي من الغرب والغوطة مع حي جوبر من الشمال. أغلب سكانه هم من المنطقة الجنوبية من سوريا من محافظتي درعا والقنيطرة ومن بعض المحافظات الأخرى .

المهن المتداولة
 التجارة: حيث تمتد الأسواق بطول المنطقة وعرضها وتشكل حركة تجارية نشطة جداً . أهم أسواقها سوق للملبوسات (كشكول ) سوق للخرداوات في حي الكباس كما يوجد عدة أسواق للسلع الغذائية والخضراوات
 الصناعة: هناك العديد من المنشآت الصناعية والمعامل وتكثر محال صيانة العربات حيث يعتبر حي الكباس المركز الصناعي للمنطقة
 الزراعة: كانت مدينة دويلعة عبارة عن قرية صغيرة وتُحيط بها بساتين المزارعين من أبناء المدينة إلا أن مع التوسع العمراني والسكاني اختفت هذه المهنة تقريباً.

بعض أسماء أحياء وشوارع دويلعة

 شارع كشكول
 حي الطبالة.
 حي الكباس.
 شارع أبو عطاف.
 حي الوحدة.
 موقف أبو هاني.
 حارة حلوة وصغيرة.

اماكن دينية في المنطقة
 جامع وثانوية الهدى الشرعية - الدويلعة - محافظة دمشق
 جامع البراء
 جامع إبراهيم الخليل
 جامع عمر بن الخطاب
 كنيسة القديس مار الياس الحي - الطبالة - محافظة دمشق
 كنيسة يسوع العامل - الدويلعة - محافظة دمشق
 كنيسة القديس بولس الرسول - الطبالة - محافظة دمشق
 كنيسة القديس يوسف - الطبالة - محافظة دمشق
 كنيسة إبراهيم الخليل - الدويلعة - محافظة دمشق

مراجع

أحياء دمشق
محافظة دمشق
مخيمات اللاجئين الفلسطينيين في سوريا

دويلعة


ميو إيرينو (入野自由 إيرينو ميو) هو ممثل ياباني ولد في 19 فبراير 1988 في طوكيو.

أدواره في الأنمي

مسلسلات أنمي تلفزيونية
 تسوباسا كرونيكل - شاوران
 كوباتو. - شاوران
 آيشيلد 21 - سينا كوباياكاوا
 دي إن إنجل - دايسكي نيوا
 MADLAX - كريس
 داركر ذان بلاك: المقاول الأسود - هي (أيام الطفولة)
 البدلة المتنقلة جاندام 00 - ساجي كروسرود
 كوروزوكا - كوؤن
 فانتوم: ريكوييم فور ذا فانتوم - ريجي أزوما/زفاي
 وولفز راين - هاس
 دي جرايمان - نارين
 كروس جيم - كو كيتامورا
 أسورا كراين - توموهارو ناتسومي
 أمناء المكتبة المقاتلون: كتاب بانتورا - كوليو تونيس
 أولينسيس الفضي - توكيتو آيزاوا
 الرمية الكبرى: بطولة الصيف - كو كاواشيما
 شيكاباني هيمي: أكا - تاكاتو
 حفيد نوراريهيون - توساكامارو
 حفيد نوراريهيون: عاصمة العفاريت - توساكامارو
 أسطورة الأبطال الأسطوريين - فيول فوكل
 أوكامي-سان و رفاقها السبعة - ريوشي مورينو
 رغم كل ذلك, البلدة تدور - هيرويوكي سانادا
 ستار درايفر - ناتسوؤو كوموري
 نحن ما زلنا لا نعرف اسم الزهرة التي رأيناها ذلك اليوم - جينتان
 إير جير - نوي
 تايغر آند باني - آيزاك
 فتاة الأمواج و فتى الشباب - ماكوتو نيوا
 الأرجوحة الطائرة - يوتا تسودا
 سيكريد سفن - ماكوتو كاغامي
 أن-غو - سيغين هايامي
 ناروتو شيبودن - ميناتو ناميكازي (أيام الطفولة)، ياغورا/الميزوكاجي الرابع
 الخليلة الغامضة X - أكيرا تسوباكي
 تسوريتاما - هارو
 فيت/زيرو - كيريتسوغو إميا (أيام الطفولة)
 سلسلة مونوغاتاري الموسم الثاني - إيبيسود
 أواريمونوغاتاري - إيبيسود
 هيوكا - جيرو سوغيمورا
 كارنفال - يوتاكا
 المعركة الحديدية بي بليد - عقاب أبو وشاح
 بيردي الخارقة ديكود - تسوتومو سينكاوا
 بيردي الخارقة ديكود:02 - تسوتومو سينكاوا
 كابتن إيرث - دايتشي ماناتسو
 هايكيو!! - كوشي سوغاوارا
 هايكيو!! الموسم الثاني - كوشي سوغاوارا
 هايكيو!! ثانوية كاراسونو في مواجهة أكاديمية شيراتوريزاوا - كوشي سوغاوارا
 سيراف النهاية - يويتشيرو هياكويا
 سيراف النهاية: معركة ناغويا - يويتشيرو هياكويا
 أسوماتسو-سان - تودوماتسو، كادوماتسو، تودوكو، تودومي
 موب سايكو 100 - ريتسو كاغياما
 موب سايكو 100 II - ريتسو كاغياما
 فافنر في السماء الزرقاء - كويو كاسوغاي
 فافنر في السماء الزرقاء EXODUS - كويو كاسوغاي
 تشيهايافورو 2 - أكيهيرو تسوكوبا
 يوغي ZEXAL - أسترال، الرقم 96
 كارول آند تيوزداي - رودي
 بلاتينوم إيند - ميراي كاكيهاشي

أوفا أنمي
 تسوباسا طوكيو ريفيليشن - شاوران
 تسوباسا شونرايكي - شاوران
 إكس إكس إكس هوليك: شونموكي - شاوران
 فتاة الثقافة: ميموار - كونوها إينوي
 سينت سيا: ذا لوست كانفاس - توكوسا
 إير جير: الأجنحة السوداء و غابة النوم Break on the sky - كازوما ميكورا

أفلام أنمي
 تسوباسا كرونيكل: أميرة بلد أقفاص الطيور - شاوران
 إكس إكس إكس هوليك: حلم ليلة منتصف الصيف - شاوران
 المخطوفة - اكو
 فتاة الثقافة - كونوها إينوي
 فيلم البدلة المتنقلة جاندام 00: أ ويكينينغ أوف ذا تريلبليزر - ساجي كروسرود
 سلسلة أفلام توا نو كوؤن
 توا نو كوؤن: الفصل الأول «البتلة الرغوية» - تاكاو
 توا نو كوؤن: الفصل الثاني «رقصة الفوضى» - تاكاو
 توا نو كوؤن: الفصل الثالث «عقوبة الأوهام» - تاكاو
 توا نو كوؤن: الفصل الرابع «القلق القرمزي» - تاكاو
 توا نو كوؤن: الفصل الخامس «عودة القاهر» - تاكاو
 توا نو كوؤن: الفصل السادس «الأبد الأبدي» - تاكاو
 سلسلة أفلام كود غياس: أكيتو المنفي
 كود غياس: أكيتو المنفي: الفصل الأول «وصول التنين» - أكيتو هيوغا
 كود غياس: أكيتو المنفي: الفصل الثاني «انقسام التنين» - أكيتو هيوغا
 حديقة الكلمات - تاكاو أكيزوكي
 سلسلة أفلام كيزومونوغاتاري
 كيزومونوغاتاري الفصل الثاني: نيكّيتسو - إيبيسود
 صوت صامت - شويا إيشيدا.
 لوبين الثالث ضد المحقق كونان: الفيلم - إميليو باريتي
 فيلم أسوماتسو-سان - تودوماتسو

أدواره في ألعاب الفيديو
 سلسلة كينغدوم هارتس
 كينغدوم هارتس - سورا
 كينغدوم هارتس تشين أوف ميموريز - سورا
 كينغدوم هارتس II - سورا
 كينغدوم هارتس 358/2 دايز - سورا
 كينغدوم هارتس كودد - سورا
 كينغدوم هارتس بيرث باي سليب - فانيتاس، سورا
 كينغدوم هارتس 3D: دريم دروب ديستانس - سورا، فانيتاس
 ناروتو شيبودن: ألتيميت نينجا ستورم ريفولوشن - ياغورا
 ناروتو شيبودن: ألتيميت نينجا ستورم 4 - ياغورا
 هايكيو!! رابط! طلة القمة!! - كوشي سوغاوارا
 هايكيو!! كروس تيم ماتش! - كوشي سوغاوارا

أدواره في الدبلجة اليابانية
 جونو - بولي
 غلي - سام إيفانز

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من سكوير إنكس
أعلام نينتندو
مغنو بوب يابانيون
ممثلو أداء صوتي يابانيون
ممثلو ألعاب فيديو يابانيون
ممثلون أطفال ذكور يابانيون
ممثلون من طوكيو
ممثلون يابانيون في القرن 20
ممثلون يابانيون في القرن 21
مواليد 1988
مواليد في طوكيو

ميو إيرينو


مايكروسوفت بينغ  واختصارًا وهو الاسم السابق: بينغ  (سابقًا:إم إس إن سيرش MSN Search ثم ويندوز لايف سيرش ثم لايف سيرش Live Search)؛ هو محرك بحث أعلن عنه تحت اسم (محرك القرار)، طور تحت اسم بالعربية: كومو وإنجليزية: kumo, هو محرك بحث في ويب لشركة مايكروسوفت، صمم لمنافسة رواد هذا المجال جوجل وياهو!، تم الإفصاح عنه من قبل ستيف بالمر الرئيس التنفيذي السابق في مايكروسوفت في 28 مايو 2009 في مؤتمر All Things D في سان دييغو، بينغ هو بديل لايف سيرش Live Search، بدأ عمله بالكامل في 3 يونيو 2009.

أبرز التغييرات كانت في إضافة اقتراحات البحث أثناء الكتابة باسم لوحة التصفح على الطرف الأيسر من نتائج البحث، وهي تشابه ميزة جوجل (بحوث ذات علاقة) وهي مبنية على تقنية دلالية Semantic technology من باور-سيت، التي اشترتها مايكروسوفت في 2008.

أعلنت شركة مايكروسوفت في 7 فبراير 2023 عن إصدار جديد من محرك البحث مايكروسوفت بينغ والذي يحتوي على إصدار محدّث من تقنية الذكاء الاصطناعي الذي يقوم عليها تطبيق الدردشة شات جي بي تي.

أبرز الميّزات كانت في إضافته الى شريط المهام في ويندوز 11، مما يجعله أكثر سهولة في الوصول. وقدرته على التحدث والإجابة بطريقة طبيعية ومفهومة، وقدرته على تحليل المحتوى وإظهار نتائج بحث ذات صلة حسب السياق والمقصود، وقدرته على توليد محتوى إبداعي مثل الشعر والقصص والاغاني. بالإضافة الى إمكانية طرح الأسئلة المعقدة والحصول على إجابات مفصلة.

أصل الكلمة

كلمة بينغ هي محاكاة صوتية، فهي تمثل صوت الوصول أو النهاية، كصوت المصعد عند وصوله، أكدت مايكروسوفت على «أن الاسم مميز، قصير، وسهل الإملاء، ويعمل بشكل جيد حول العالم كعنوان URL»، وأن الناس ستتذكر الصوت «حال الاكتشاف أو اتخاذ القرار». ستيف بالمر كشف لمجلة وايرد بأن ما أوحى له الاسم هو شخصية تشاندلر بينغ في مسلسل فريندز الأمريكي.

كي لو، رئيس خدمات مايكروسوفت على ويب، صرح أيضا بأن اسم المحرك الرسمي في اللغة الصينية هو bì yìng (الصينية المبسطة: 必应; الصينية التقليدية: 必應) ويعني حرفيا «مؤكد للاستجابة بالفعل» أو بالمعنى «مؤكد للإجابة بالفعل».

كان الاسم وقت تطويره وتجربته على يد موظفي مايكروسوفت كومو، المشتق من كلمة يابانية بمعنى عنكبوت وسحاب أيضا، ما يوحي بكونه محرك بحث يقتنص (كالعنكبوت) مصادر الإنترنت ليضيفها إلى قاعدة بياناته، وأيضا إشارة إلى الحوسبة السحابية.

التاريخ

إم إس إن سيرش

كان إم إس إن سيرش MSN Search محاولة مايكروسوفت لتوفير محرك بحث وفهرسة وأداة تحديث للفهرسة، أطلق في خريف 1998 واستخدم نتائج بحثه من موقع إنكتومي (الذي يتبع حاليا شركة ياهوو!)، ثم استخدم محرك ألتافيستا كبديل، بعد ذلك، طورت مايكروسوفت محركها الخاص، الذي بدأ نسخته التجريبية في نوفمبر 2004 لينطلق بعد ذلك بعام، محرك البحث بالصور كان يستمد نتائجه من طرف ثالث هو بيكسيرش. هذه الخدمة بدأت بتوفير نتائجها لبوابات بحث أخرى لدعم موقعها في السوق.

ويندوز لايف سيرش

انطلقت أول نسخة من ويندوز لايف سيرش Windows Live Search في 8 مارس 2006، فيما انطلقت نسختها النهائية في 11 سبتمبر 2006 لتحل بديلا عن إم إس إن سيرش، قدم محرك البحث عدة خدمات تشمل البحث في ويب، الأخبار، الصور، سطح المكتب (البحث المحلي في جهاز المستخدم)، المواقع المحلية، ومايكروسوفت إنكارتا (موسوعة مايكروسوفت). هدف المحرك لجعل 5.2 مليار استعلام بحث شهري «أكثر فائدة بتقديم المستخدمين الوصول المتقدم للمعلومات وإجابات أكثر دقة على تساؤلاتهم». توجد قائمة إعدادات لتغيير محرك البحث الافتراضي في متصفح إنترنت إكسبلورر.

بالتحويل من إم إس إن سيرش إلى ويندوز لايف سيرش أوقفت مايكروسوفت استخدام موقع بيكسيرش كمحرك بحث الصور، وبدأت تقدم محركها الخاص المستمد من برامجها.

لايف سيرش

في 21 مارس 2007، أعلنت مايكروسوفت أن عمليات تطوير محرك البحث ستنفصل عن عائلة خدمات ويندوز لايف، وتعيد تسمية المحرك إلى لايف سيرش Live Search، الذي أدمج إلى قسم Live Search and Ad Platform بقيادة ساتيا ناديلا، وبذلك اعتبر المحرك جزءا مع مايكروسوفت آدسنتر.

تم تنفيذ سلسلة من إعادة التنظيم في محرك بحث مايكروسوفت باسمه الجديد، في 23 مايو 2008 أعلنت الشركة قطع الاستمرار في لايف سيرش بوكس Live Search Books (محرك البحوث المكتبية) ولايف سيرش أكاديميك Live Search Academic (محرك البحوث الأكاديمية) ودمج كافة نتائجهما مع نتائج البحث الاعتيادية، وكنتيجة لذلك تم إقفال برنامج لايف سيرش بوكس ببلشر Live Search Books Publisher، بعدها بقليل، قطع الاستمرار في ويندوز لايف إكسبو Windows Live Expo في 31 يوليو 2008، وكذلك الأمر مع لايف سيرش ماكروس Live Search Macros، لايف برودكت أبلود Live Product Upload.

أدركت مايكروسوفت أنه قد تحدث قضية في العلامات التجارية طالما استمرت كلمة «لايف»، وكمجهود للتفرد بهوية خاصة لخدمات البحث من الشركة، تم الاستبدال باسم بينغ في 3 يونيو 2009.

نموذج لغة أوبن أيه آي
بينغ شات هو نموذج لغوي اصطناعي يستخدم تقنية شات جي بي تي للتحدث مع المستخدمين، حيث يمكن له البحث عن المعلومات والإجابة على الأسئلة والتفاعل مع التغذية الراجعة والاقتراحات. ويمكن له مساعدتك في كتابة الشعر والقصص أو مشاركة الأفكار. يمكن الوصول إلى بينغ شات من خلال تطبيقات إيدج وبينغ وسكايب على أنظمة التشغيل ويندوز، وآي أو إس، وأندرويد.

يستخدم بينغ الجديد الذكاء الاصطناعي وأوبن أيه آي وMicrosoft Prometheus لفهم اللغة الطبيعية وتوليد الاجابات بناء على البيانات الفعلية، كما يُستخدم Prometheus -وهو نموذج لغوي خاص من مايكروسوفت- لتسريع التطبيقات باستخدام أجهزة قابلة للبرمجة في مراكز البيانات، كما أنه يوفر تجربة جديدة للمستخدم تسهّل التصفح والتعلم على شبكة الانترنت. يساعد هذا المزيج على الحصول على نتائج أكثر صلة وسرعة واستهدافًا مع تحسين الأمان.

خدمات البحث

إضافة للبحث في صفحات ويب، يقدم بينغ الخدمات التالية:

خدمات أصحاب المواقع

يمكن لأصحاب المواقع إدارة عملية تحديث فهرسة مواقعهم من خلال بينغ ويبماستر سنتر، بالإضافة لذلك يمكن إرسال محتويات إلى بينغ بالطرق التالية:
 بينغ لوكل لستينغ سنتر Bing Local Listing Center: يسمح للمؤسسات التجارية إضافة قوائمهم التجارية إلى بينغ مابس وبينغ لوكل.
 سوب-بوكس أون إم إس إن فيديو Soapbox on MSN Video: يتيح للمستخدم رفع مقاطع فيديو للبحث من خلال بينغ فيديو.

خدمات الجوال

يسمح بينغ موبايل للمستخدمين بإجراء البحث من على أجهزتهم المحمولة، إما بواسطة متصفح الجهاز أو برنامج خاص بمكن تنزيله، تتيح مايكروسوفت الاتصال بالخط المجاني 1-800-BING-411 (من اليمين لليسار) للمساعدة.

أشرطة الأدوات والعدد

أشرطة الأدوات

سيعمل كلا من ويندوز لايف توولبار وإم إس إن توولبار مع بينغ لتوفير أسهل الطرق للوصول لنتائج بحث بينغ.

العدد

بينغ غادغيت هو عدة Gadget لويندوز سايدبار Windows Sidebar يتيح للمستخدم البحث السريع من خلاله، توجد عدة أخرى هي بينغ مابس غادغيت Bing Maps Gadget تعرض حالات الطريق مباشرة باستخدام بينغ مابس، لكن الميزة مقتصرة حاليا على بعض المدن الأمريكية.

الترويج

لايف سيرش

ارتبطت مايكروسوفت مع بعض المواقع لترويج محرك بحثها، من بين تلك المواقع: أمازون Amazon، سيرش آند غيف Search and Give، لايف سيرش كلوب Live Search Club، بيغ سناب سيرش Big Snap Search، لايف سيرش سيرشبيرك! Live Search SearchPerks!.

بينغ

سيتم رصد 80 إلى 100 مليون دولار أمريكي للترويج في التلفزيون، المطبوعات، والراديو، انشترت تقارير بأن الإعلانات لن تتم عن طريق التنافس مع جوجل وياهوو! مباشرة بالاسم، بل بالتركيز على مميزات بينغ الفريدة في البحث.

انظر أيضا

 ويندوز لايف
 بحث جوجل
 ياهوو!
 دك دك جو

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

تأسيسات سنة 2009 في الولايات المتحدة
محركات بحث
مواقع مايكروسوفت
مواقع ويب أسست في 2009
مواقع ويب أمريكية
مواقع ويب تعكس ويكيبيديا
مواقع ويب متعددة اللغات
بينغ

مايكروسوفت بينغ


Six ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Narcissus after the Narcissus of mythology, or after the Narcissi flowers.

  was a 20-gun post ship launched in 1781 and wrecked in 1796.
  was a 32-gun fifth-rate frigate launched in 1801, converted to a convict ship after 1823, and sold 1837.
 A 28-gun sixth-rate Narcissus of 601 tons was ordered in 1846 but cancelled in 1848.
 A 50-gun fourth-rate Narcissus of 1,996 tons was ordered in 1849 and cancelled in 1857.
  was a wooden-hulled screw frigate in service from 1859 to 1883.
  was an armoured cruiser launched in 1886 and sold in 1906.
  was an  sloop in use from 1915 to 1922.
  was a  launched in 1941 and sold 1946.

Royal Navy ship names

HMS Narcissus


شركة الدار العقارية هي شركة تطوير العقارية في إمارة أبوظبي، الإمارات العربية المتحدة. تأسست عام 2004
تم تداول أسهمها في سوق أبو ظبي للأوراق المالية وأغلب أسهمها مملوكة لكل من شركة مبادلة للاستثمار وجهاز أبوظبي للاستثمار
 ويعتبر مقر شركة الدار العقارية أول مبنى دائري في منطقة الشرق الأوسط يقع في منطقة الراحة التي تعتبر إحدى مشاريعها الكبرى في أبو ظبي.
قامت الشركة بتطوير العديد من المشاريع الكبرى في إمارة أبو ظبي مثل شاطئ الراحة وحدائق الراحة وجزيرة ياس التي تتضمن حلبة مرسى ياس وعالم فيراري وفندق ياس مارينا وعدة مشاريع أخرى. يعود تاريخ تأسيس الشركة لعام 2004
 وفي 2013 تم دمجها مع شركة صروح العقارية في مارس 2018 شركة الدار العقارية تعلن عن شراكة إستراتيجية مع شركة إعمار في دبي.

بتاريخ 2020 صنفت كأكبر شركة عقارات في الإمارات العربية المتحدة بقيمة سوقية قدرت بـ 19.97 مليار درهم إماراتي بعد إرتفاع أسهمها بنسبة 15 في المئة.

المشاريع

مشاريع نفذت
أهم المشاريع التي نفذتها الشركة:
 مشروع أبراج البوابة وبرج القوس بجزيرة الريم مشروع سكني عدد المساكن يقدر بـ 3,533 وحدة وتبلغ مساحته 465,870 متراً مربعاً.
 مشروع الاتحاد بلازا بمدينة خليفة بمساحته تقدر 132,116 متراً مربعاً، يتمثل في مشروع سكني عدد المساكن يقدر بـ 789 وحدة.
 مشروع البطين بارك بشاطئ الراحة يتمثل في مشروع سكني عدد المساكن يقدر عدد المساكن بـ 359 وحدة وبمساحة تقدر بـ 102,491 متراً مربعاً.
 مشروع البندر بشاطئ الراحة مشروع سكني يقدر عدد المساكن بـ 511 وحدة.
 مشروع الريانة بجانب نادي أبوظبي للغولف يقدر عدد الوحدات السكنية بـ 1,537 وحدة بإجمالي مساحة أرضية تقدر بـ 212,933 متراً مربعاً.
 مشروع الزينة بشاطئ الراحة وهو مشروع سكني يقدر عدد الوحدات 1,221 وحدة.
 مشروع السلع بالمنطقة الغربية لأبوظبي وهو مشروع سكني يقدر عدد الوحدات 448 وحدة وبإجمالي مساحة أرضية تقدر بـ 215,488 متراً مربعاً.
 مشروع الغريبة وهو مشروع سكني يقدر بـ 1,022 فيلا.* مشروع الفلاح مشروع سكني بشرق مطار أبوظبي الدولي بعدد وحدات سكنية تقدر بـ 4869 وحدة وبمساحة مساحة 12.5 مليون متر مربع.
 مشروع القرم بموقع الطريق الساحلي بإجمالي مساحة أرضية 90,415.46 متر مربع وعدد الوحدات السكنية 73 وحدة.
 مشروع القوس في أبراج البوابة بجزيرة الريم يضم 991 وحدة سكنية.
 مشروع المركز التجاري العالمي يقع بشارع خليفة بن زايد الأول بمدينة أبوظبي بمساحة تقدر 226,295 متراً مربعاً.
 مشروع المنيرة بشاطئ الراحة وهو مشروع سكني بعدد 1,445 وحدة سكنية.
 مشروع المنيرة بشاطئ الراحة وهو مشروع سكني بعدد 233 وحدة سكنية.
 مشروع برج تالا بجزيرة الريم - مرينا سكوير بإجمالي مساحة أرضية 10,461 متراً مربعاً و375 شقة.
 مشروع برج محمد بن راشد بشارع خليفة بن زايد الأول بعدد 474 وحدة سكنية.
 مشروع برجي صن أند سكاي بجزيرة الريم بإجمالي مساحة أرضية 243,068.74 مترٍ مربعٍ، و1,154 وحدة سكنية.
 مشروع جزيرة اللؤلؤ تقع على بعد 500 متر من كورنيش أبوظبي وتقدر مشاحة المشروع الإجمالية بت 5,026,984 متراً مربعاً.
 مشروع حدائق الجولف يقع موازٍ لملعب أبوظبي للغولف وبإجمالي مساحة أرضية 140,000 متر مربع وبعدد 395 وحدة سكنية.
 مشروع مُجمَّع أنسام السكني بالجانب الغربي لجزيرة ياس عدد الوحدات السكنية بالمرحلة الأولى 547 وحدة بعدد مباني 12 بناية.
 مشروع ذا بردجز.
 مشروع ويست ياس يقع بجزيرة ياس وهو مسروع سكني يقدر بـ 1017 وحدة سكنية.
 مشروع الريمان يقع بالشامخة، بمدينة أبوظبي عدد أراضي سكنية 786.
 مشروع مُجمَّع المريف يقع بمدينة خليفة عدد الوحدات السكنية 281 وحدة.
 مشروع وطني هو مجمع سكني بمدينة خليفة بـ 2,548 وحدة سكنية على مساحة 254,033 متراً مربعاً.
 مشروع مجمع ابوظبي للطيران مجمع سكني بـ 60 فيلا.
 مشروع وحدات البنتهاوس.
 مشروع قرية العيون تقع بالقرب من نادي العين الرياضي على مساحة إجمالية 46,200 متر مربع و148 وحدة سكنية.
 مشروع ساس النخل يقع بأم النار، بالقرب من نادي أبوظبي للغولف بعدد وحدات سكنية تقدر بـ 588 وحدة على مساحة إجمالية 170,926 متراً مربعاً.
 مشروع قرية الخالدية بمدينة أبو ظبي المساحة الأرضية الإجمالية 43,394 متراً مربعاً وبعدد 150 وحدة سكنية.

مشاريع قيد التنفيذ
 مشروع تطوير شاطئ الراحة الذي تبلغ مساحته 5.2 مليون متر مربع.
 مشروع تطوير حدائق الراحة بمساحة 1.06 مليون متر مربع.
 مشروع تطوير منطقة القرم الذي تبلغ مساحتع 1.8 مليون متر مربع.
 مشروع إعادة تطوير السوق المركزي بمساحة 63.000 متر مربع.
 مشروع جزيرة ياس ويتضمن حلبة مرسى ياس، فندق مرسى ياس، وعالم فيراري.

احصائيات

روابط خارجية

 موقع الشركة الرسمي

انظر أيضا

 شركة دار الأركان للتطوير العقاري
 الشركة العقارية السعودية

المراجع

تأسيسات سنة 2004 في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
شركات إماراتية أسست في 2004
شركات أسست في 2001
شركات عقارية إماراتية
شركات مدرجة في سوق أبوظبي للأوراق المالية
شركات مقرها في أبو ظبي

شركة الدار العقارية


2. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska u sezoni 2020./21. predstavlja 2. stupanj županijske lige u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji, te ligu petog stupnja hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.  U natjecanju sudjeluje 11 klubova, a prvak je postao "Trogir 1912".

Sustav natjecanja
Jedanaest klubova igra dvokružnim ligaškim sustavom (22 kola).

Sudionici
 Adriatic – Split
 Čaporice-Trilj – Čaporice, Trilj
 Dalmatinac – Split
 Glavice 1991 – Glavice, Sinj
 Jadran – Supetar
 HBDNK Mosor – Sveti Jure – Žrnovnica, Split
  Mosor – Žrnovnica, Split
 Tekstilac – Sinj
 Trilj-2001 – Trilj
 Trogir 1912 – Trogir
 Vrlika – Vrlika

Ljestvica

Rezultati
''Ažurirano: 21. lipnja 2021.  (do 22. kola)

Najbolji strijelci
Izvori:

Strijelci 10 i više pogodaka:

 ''Ažurirano: 21. lipnja 2021.

Unutarnje poveznice
 2. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska
 1. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska 2020./21.
 Hvarska liga 2020./21.

Vanjske poveznice
 Nogometni savez Županije Splitsko-dalmatinske
 nszsd.hr, 2. ŽNL
 facebook.com, 1. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinske županije
 sportnet.hr forum, 1. i 2. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinske županije
 dalmatinskinogomet.hr

Izvori

 nszsd.hr, Službeni glasnik - "Balun"
  sofascore.com, 2. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska
  rsssf.com, Hrvatska 2020./21., 6. stupanj (2. ŽNL)
 dalmatinskinogomet.hr, SPLITSKO-DALMATINSKA ŽNL
 nszsd.hr, "Balun" - službeno glasilo NSŽSD, broj 16 (PROPOZICIJE NATJECANJA DRUGE ŽUPANIJSKE NOGOMETNE LIGE ZA NATJECATELJSKU GODINU 2020./21), objavljeno 2. rujna 2020., preuzeto 16. rujna 2020.
 nszsd.hr, "Balun" - službeno glasilo NSŽSD, broj 28 (2. ŽNL - 22. kolo, konačna ljestvica popis strijelaca), objavljeno 10. lipnja 2021., preuzeto 21. lipnja 2021.
 ferata.hr, Druga ŽNL: Kraj sezone za županijske ligaše, objavljeno 6. lipnja 2021., pristupljeno 21. lipnja 2021.

2020-21
Splitsko-dalmatinska-2

2. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska 2020./21.


Legal tender is a form of currency

Legal Tender may refer to:
Legal Tender, novel in the Rosato & Associates series
Legal Tender (film), a 1991 film
"Legal Tender" (song)
A series of restaurants in the historic Pflueger General Merchandise Store and Annex Saloon building

Legal Tender


Der Weißensee und Steinatal ist ein ehemaliges Naturschutzgebiet in der niedersächsischen Kleinstadt Bad Sachsa im Landkreis Göttingen.

Allgemeines
Das ehemalige Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG BR 046 ist 73 Hektar groß. Es war Bestandteil des FFH-Gebietes "Gipskarstgebiet bei Bad Sachsa". Südwestlich schließt es an das ehemalige Naturschutzgebiet "Steingrabental – Mackenröder Wald" an. Das ehemalige Naturschutzgebiet grenzte vielfach an das Landschaftsschutzgebiet "Harz". Das Gebiet stand seit dem 16. August 1982 unter Naturschutz. Im Februar 2021 ging es im neu ausgewiesenen Naturschutzgebiet "Gipskarstgebiet bei Bad Sachsa" auf. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde war der Landkreis Göttingen.

Beschreibung
Das ehemalige Naturschutzgebiet liegt südwestlich von Bad Sachsa im Süden des Naturparks Harz. Es handelt sich um einen Ausschnitt der Gipskarstlandschaft des Südharzes mit karstmorphologischen und hydrogeologischen Besonderheiten wie Dolinen, Karstquellen und Bachschwinden sowie das Tal der Steina (auch Steinaer Bach) von der Brücke der Südharzstrecke bis nach Nüxei.

Der Bereich des Weißensees wird von einem Becken mit mehreren Stillgewässern geprägt. Der östliche Bereich wird überwiegend von einem naturnahen Seggen-Buchenwald mit Eiben- und Elsbeerenvorkommen sowie einer gut ausgeprägte Krautschicht bestanden, in dem sich der namensgebende Weißensee, ein Karstsee mit stark schwankendem Wasserstand, befindet. Im Norden befindet sich die Fitzmühle (auch als Pfützmühle bezeichnet), eine nach Westen exponierte Gipssteilwand, aus der ein Höhlenbach, der Fitzmühlenbach, austritt. Nordöstlich dieser Steilwand befindet sich außerhalb des ehemaligen Naturschutzgebietes ein Gipssteinbruch. Im südlichen Bereich des ehemaligen Naturschutzgebietes befindet sich mit dem Nixsee (auch als Nixteich bezeichnet) eine Polje mit einer Schwinde. Ein Teil wird vom Nusssee (bzw. Nussteich), einem künstlich aufgestauten, ehemaligen Fischteich, in den von Norden kommend der Fitzmühlenbach mündet, eingenommen. Entlang dieses Baches befanden sich zum Zeitpunkt der Ausweisung des Naturschutzgebietes drei weitere Fischteiche, die mittlerweile zurückgebaut und das Gebiet renaturiert sind. Eine weitere Besonderheit des Gebietes sind die östlich von Nüxei liegenden Dolinen, in denen sich ein Feuchtgebiet entwickelt hat. Der übrige Bereich wird von Grünland und Ackerflächen eingenommen.

Das westlich liegende Steinatal wird von einem temporär trockenfallenden Bachbett mit mehreren Versickerungsstellen geprägt. Der Bachlauf der Steina wird von einem naturnahen Auwald begleitet.

Der Karstwanderweg Südharz verläuft im Norden am Rande des ehemaligen Naturschutzgebietes.

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliges Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Göttingen
Geographie (Bad Sachsa)
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa

Weißensee und Steinatal


d'Alexandrie est un  patriarche copte d'Alexandrie de 704 à 729

Contexte
Après les trois années de vacance du patriarcat qui suivent le décès de ,  occupe le siège du  au

Notes et références

Patriarche d'Alexandrie
Décès en 729
Patriarche du VIIIe siècle
Personnalité du haut Moyen Âge par nom

Alexandre II d'Alexandrie (Copte)


Jette (tidligere Jette-Saint-Pierre /Sint-Pieters-Jette) er én af 19 kommuner i Bruxelles-regionen i Belgien. Det er en tosproglig kommune.

Jette ligger mod nordvest i hovedstadsregionen. De omliggende kommuner er Bruxelles, Molenbeek-Saint-Jean/Sint-Jans-Molenbeek, Koekelberg og Ganshoren, og udenfor regionen kommenerne Asse og Wemmel i Flandern.

Selv om kommunen har overvejende bybebyggelse, har den nogle skove og store parkanlæg (Poelbos, Laarbeekbos, Dielegem, Kong Balduin-parken). I Kong Balduin-parken ligger det store Hellig Kors-klosteret.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Officielt websted

Kommuner i Belgien

Jette


Agrilus ribbei é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kiesenwetter in Kraatz & Kiesenwetter, 1879.

Referências

ribbei
Insetos descritos em 1879

Agrilus ribbei


Joseph Hermann Hertz bzw. Joseph Herman Hertz (* 25. September 1872 in Rebrin, Königreich Ungarn; † 14. Januar 1946 in London) war von 1913 bis zu seinem Tod Oberrabbiner der Vereinigten jüdischen Gemeinden des britischen Commonwealth.

Leben und Werk
Joseph Hertz, Sohn eines Rabbiners, kam im Alter von zwölf Jahren in die USA, wo er 1894 der erste Absolvent des Jewish Theological Seminary of America wurde. Nach einer zweijährigen Tätigkeit als Rabbiner in Syracuse wurde er 1896 zum Rabbiner der Gemeinde von Witwatersrand bei Johannesburg in Südafrika ernannt. Nachdem er sich öffentlich gegen die Diskriminierung der Ausländer und der religiösen Minderheiten durch die Buren aussprach, wurde er von 1899 bis 1901 deportiert, kehrte jedoch am Ende des Burenkrieges in sein Amt zurück. 1911 wurde er Rabbiner der orthodoxen Gemeinde Orach Chaim in New York.

1913 wurde er als Nachfolger von Hermann Adler zum Oberrabbiner von Großbritannien gewählt. In dieser Funktion, die er bis zu seinem Tode innehatte, sah er sich zahlreichen unlösbaren Schwierigkeiten ausgesetzt: Dieser Zeitraum umspannte zwei Weltkriege, den Holocaust und nicht zuletzt im Jahre 1940 die Zerstörung der Großen Synagoge von London, wo er amtierte, durch deutsche Luftangriffe. Zusammen mit Chaim Weizmann, dem Central British Fund for German Jewry (CBF), dem Germany Emergency Committee der Quäker und anderen war er daran beteiligt, die Zustimmung der britischen Regierung für die Aktion Kindertransport zu erlangen.

Abgesehen von seiner Promotionsarbeit über das ethische System des Religionsphilosophen James Martineau sind die meisten seiner Schriften in einem populärwissenschaftlichen Stil gehalten, füllten jedoch eine tief empfundene Lücke. Sie wurden hunderttausendfach nachgedruckt und in zahlreiche Sprachen übersetzt. Seine Kommentare zum Pentateuch und zum Gebetbuch sind bis heute in Gebrauch.

Öffentliches Wirken
Als Vertreter des orthodoxen Judentums bekämpfte Joseph Hertz das Reformjudentum, unterstützte jedoch den Zionismus und beeinflusste auf diese Weise die Verhandlungen, die 1917 zur Unterzeichnung der Balfour-Deklaration führten. Zudem beeinflusste er die öffentliche Meinung durch gelegentliche Leserbriefe in der Londoner Times. Ein Beispiel dafür ist sein Leserbrief vom 28. Mai 1917, als er sich gegen den Angriff auf den Zionismus durch zwei führende Vertreter des britischen Judentums, Claude J.G. Montefiore und David Lindo Alexander, aussprach.

In den 1920er Jahren wandte sich Hertz an führende jüdische und christliche Geistliche, um die geplante Einführung des Weltkalenders durch den Völkerbund zu bekämpfen. Stein des Anstoßes bei dieser Kalenderreform war dabei die beabsichtigte Einführung einer Acht-Tage-Woche einmal oder zweimal pro Jahr, was dazu geführt hätte, dass der jüdische Sabbat bzw. der christliche Sonntag auf unterschiedliche Wochentage gefallen wären.

Hertz war Mitglied des Board of Governors der Hebräischen Universität Jerusalem, Präsident der jüdischen Friedensgesellschaft, Mitarbeiter der Jewish Encyclopedia, der Encyclopaedia Britannica und wirkte als Mitglied des Board of Translators of the American-Jewish Bible Version 1903 – 1906 an der amerikanisch-jüdischen Bibelübersetzung mit. 1942 gründete er gemeinsam mit dem Erzbischof von Canterbury William Temple den Council of Christians and Jews. 1943 wurde er als erster britischer Rabbiner zum Companion of Honour ernannt.

Werke

 The ethical System of James Martineau, 1894
 Bachya, the Jewish Thomas a Kempis, 1898
 The Jew in South-Africa, 1905
 The Book of Jewish Thoughts, 2. Aufl. 1920. Deutsch unter dem Titel Jüdische Gedanken und Gedanken über das Judentum, übersetzt von Rosalie Perles, 1924
 The Pentateuch and the Haftorahs (5 Bände), 1929–1936
 Sermons, Adresses and Studies (3 Bände), 1938
 The Prayer Book, 1942–1945
 Pentateuch und Haftaroth: hebräischer Text und deutsche Übersetzung, 5 Bände, mit Kommentar von Joseph Herman Hertz, Morascha, Basel 1984

Literatur
 Encyclopaedia Judaica, Siebenter Band, S. 1213–1214. Berlin 1932
 Encyclopaedia Judaica, Second Edition, Bd. 9, S. 48–49

Weblinks
 Vorwort zum Soncino Talmud (engl.)
 Sabbath, Festival and Fast in Judaism
 Office of the Chief Rabbi:  – Informationen zu Joseph Herman Hertz 1913 – 1946 (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Großrabbiner (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Orthodoxes Judentum
Mitglied des Order of the Companions of Honour
Person (Religion, Südafrika)
Judentum in Südafrika
Person des Judentums (Vereinigte Staaten)
Geboren 1872
Gestorben 1946
Mann

Joseph Hertz


Le tert-butylate de cuivre() est un composé chimique de formule . Il se présente sous la forme d'un solide blanc qui se sublime facilement. Il est utilisé comme réactif dans la synthèse d'autres organocuprates.

Ce composé a été obtenu pour la première fois par métathèse de tert-butylate de lithium  et de chlorure de cuivre(I) CuCl. Il forme un octamère par alcoolyse du mésityle de cuivre :
8  + 8 HOBu-t ⟶ 8  + .

Notes et références

Alcoolate

Tert-Butylate de cuivre(I)


A ocupação russa da região de Zaporíjia é uma ocupação militar em andamento, que começou em 24 de fevereiro de 2022, quando as forças russas invadiram a Ucrânia e começaram a capturar partes da Oblast de Zaporíjia. Em 26 de fevereiro, a cidade de Berdiansk ficou sob controle russo, seguida pela vitória russa em Melitopol em 1 de março. As forças russas também sitiaram e capturaram a cidade de Enerhodar, onde fica a Usina Nuclear de Zaporíjia, que ficou sob controle russo em 4 de março. A capital da Oblast de Zaporíjia, Zaporíjia, não foi tomada pelo exército russo e permanece sob controle ucraniano.

Em maio, o governo russo começou a oferecer passaportes russos aos habitantes da região. Em julho, emitiu um decreto que estendia as  à Oblast de Zaporíjia e incluía a deportação para a Rússia como punição. Em setembro, as forças de ocupação realizaram referendos amplamente contestados nas áreas ocupadas da Oblast de Zaporíjia e da Oblast de Kherson para que as oblasts se juntassem à Federação Russa. Em 27 de setembro, autoridades russas afirmaram que o referendo da Oblast de Zaporíjia foi aprovado, com 93,11% dos eleitores a favor de se juntar à Federação Russa. A Rússia assinou um tratado de adesão com a administração russa da região em 30 de setembro de 2022. A Rússia anexou a Oblast de Kherson em 30 de setembro de 2022, incluindo partes da oblast que não controlava na época. A Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas (AGNU) posteriormente aprovou uma resolução pedindo aos países que não reconhecessem o que descreveu como uma "tentativa ilegal de anexação" e exigiu que a Rússia "retirasse imediata, completa e incondicionalmente".

A força de ocupação instalada pelos russos foi inicialmente chamada de "administração militar-civil de Zaporojie". Seu nome foi alterado para "Oblast de Zaporojie" após a anexação russa. "Zaporojie" é o equivalente russo de "Zaporíjia". Devido à incapacidade da Rússia de exercer sua autoridade sobre a cidade de Zaporíjia, que é legalmente reconhecida como a capital da oblast, Melitopol assumiu o papel de sede administrativa do regime russo instalado na região. Em março de 2023, Melitopol se tornou a capital oficial da Oblast de Zaporíjia depois que o chefe interino da Oblast ocupada pela Rússia, Yevhen Balytskyi, assinou um decreto sobre a mudança da capital para a cidade de Melitopol.

Ocupação

Divisões administrativas
De acordo com a administração da ocupação, a Administração Militar-Civil de Zaporíjia está dividida em cinco raions, incluindo o raion de Berdiansk, o raion de Melitopol, o raion de Polohy, o raion de Vasylivka e o raion de Zaporíjia.

Ocupação russa da Ucrânia
Ofensiva no sul da Ucrânia
Berdiansk
Melitopol

Ocupação russa da região de Zaporíjia