Ewald Grothe (né le  à Nieheim) est un historien allemand. Depuis 2009, il est professeur adjoint à l' et depuis 2011 il dirige les  de la Fondation Friedrich-Naumann pour la liberté à Gummersbach.

Carrière scientifique
Ewald Grothe grandit dans la petite ville de Bredenborn dans l'arrondissement de Höxter. Après avoir été diplômé du lycée de la ville de Brakel, Grothe étudie l'histoire, le droit public et l'histoire du droit à l'Université Philippe de Marbourg à partir de 1981 et obtient une maîtrise. Il obtient son doctorat en 1994 avec Hellmut Seier avec une thèse sur l'histoire constitutionnelle de l'Électorat de Hesse dans les années 1830. Entre 1992 et 1995, il est membre de l'école doctorale « État médiéval et moderne ()" à l'Université Justus-Liebig de Gießen et de 1993 à 1995 assistant de recherche au "Centre de recherche Georg Büchner - Littérature et histoire du Vormärz" à l'Université de Marbourg. En 1995, il est transféré à l' en tant qu'assistant de recherche de . Il obtient son diplôme de professeur en 2003. En 2004, il est nommé professeur particulier à Wuppertal. Il enseigne également à l'Université de Cologne. En 2007/2008, il est maître de conférences à la Faculté des sciences sociales de l'Université de Cassel. De 2006 à 2010, il est directeur du programme doctoral « Intérêts sociaux et formation de la volonté politique. Cultures constitutionnelles dans un contexte historique » à l'Institut historique de l'. En 2009, il est nommé professeur adjoint à l'Université de Wuppertal.

En avril 2011, il est nommé pour succéder à  à la tête des archives du libéralisme à la Fondation Friedrich-Naumann pour la liberté à Gummersbach.

Activité de recherche
Grothe supervise des projets de publication pour le Landtag de Hesse, la , le , l' et le .

Les domaines de recherche de Grothes sont l'histoire constitutionnelle, l'histoire des sciences, l'histoire du libéralisme et l'histoire des idées politiques (conservatisme, libéralisme). En particulier, il fait des recherches sur l'historien constitutionnel Ernst Rudolf Huber, l'homme politique hessois , les frères Grimm et les scientifiques et hommes politiques libéraux , Ludwig Haas, Friedrich Naumann, Karl von Rotteck et Carl Theodor Welcker.

Prix
En 1995, Grothe remporte le  de la ville universitaire de Gießen pour sa thèse. De 2000 à 2002, il reçoit une bourse d'habilitation de la Fondation allemande pour la recherche et en 2010/2011 une bourse de recherche de la . Pour sa thèse d'habilitation, il reçoit une subvention d'impression du Fonds de promotion des sciences de la  en 2004.

Mandats scientifiques et adhésions
Grothe est membre de l'Association des historiens d'Allemagne et de la . De plus, il est

 depuis 1997 membre du Conseil Scientifique et depuis 2017 président de la  de Cassel,
 Membre scientifique depuis 2001 et membre du comité principal de la  à Marbourg,
 depuis 2006 membre de l',
 depuis 2011 membre fondateur du Centre interdisciplinaire d'édition et d'études documentaires de l',
 depuis 2011 Professeur de liaison de la Fondation Friedrich-Naumann pour la liberté à l'Université de Wuppertal,
 depuis 2012 membre du comité de sélection des boursiers de la Fondation Friedrich-Naumann pour la liberté,
 depuis 2011 fiduciaire et depuis 2020 membre du conseil d'administration de la fondation Wolf-Erich-Kellner pour l'attribution du ,
 depuis 2013 membre du comité consultatif de rédaction « protocoles des groupes parlementaires » de la ,
 depuis 2013 membre du conseil d'administration et depuis 2017 président de la section 6 (archives des parlements, partis politiques, fondations et associations) de l' ,
 depuis 2015 membre du conseil d'administration de l' à l',
 depuis 2017 membre du conseil d'administration de l' de l'Université par correspondance d'Hagen,
 depuis 2017 membre du comité des historiens de l'Union des historiens allemands ,
 depuis 2018 membre du conseil consultatif de la  à Stuttgart.

Activité éditoriale
Grothe est co-éditeur du Jahrbuch zur Liberalismus-Forschung depuis 2012 et du  depuis 2000.

Grothe est co-éditeur des Quellen zur Brüder Grimm-Forschung (depuis 2010) (en collaboration avec Rotraut Fischer) ainsi que du Veröffentlichungen des Dimitris-Tsatsos-Instituts für Europäische Verfassungswissenschaften (depuis 2015) (avec Arthur Benz).

Travaux

Monographies
 Verfassungsgebung und Verfassungskonflikt. Das Kurfürstentum Hessen in der ersten Ära Hassenpflug 1830–1837, , Berlin 1996 (= , Bd. 48)  (Zugleich: Marburg, Univ., Diss., 1994).
 Zwischen Geschichte und Recht. Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichtsschreibung 1900–1970, , München 2005 (= , Bd. 16)  (Zugleich: Wuppertal, Universität, Habilitationsschrift, 2003).

Éditions (éditeur, coéditeur ou collaborateur)
 Bearb. gemeinsam mit Hellmut Seier: Akten und Briefe aus den Anfängen der kurhessischen Verfassungszeit 1830–1837, hrsg. v. Hellmut Seier, Elwert, Marburg 1992 (= Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen, Bd. 48,4; Vorgeschichte und Geschichte des Parlamentarismus in Hessen, Bd. 8) .
 Hrsg.: Brüder Grimm. Briefwechsel mit Ludwig Hassenpflug (einschließlich der Briefwechsel zwischen Ludwig Hassenpflug und Dorothea Grimm, geb. Wild, Charlotte Hassenpflug, geb. Grimm, ihren Kindern und Amalie Hassenpflug). Brüder Grimm-Gesellschaft, Kassel/Berlin 2000  (= Brüder Grimm. Werke und Briefwechsel. Kasseler Ausgabe. Briefe, Bd. 2).
 Hrsg. gemeinsam mit Hartwig Brandt: Quellen zur Alltagsgeschichte der Deutschen 1815–1870, , Darmstadt 2005 (= Ausgewählte Quellen zur deutschen Geschichte der Neuzeit. Freiherr vom Stein-Gedächtnisausgabe, Reihe B, Bd. 44) .
 Bearb. gemeinsam mit Klaus Hassenpflug: Amalie Hassenpflug: Souvenirs d'enfance. De Vars et Guillestre aux frères Grimm. L'Emigration du Dauphiné en Hesse, , Guillestre/Kassel 2007 (= Cahiers Franco-Allemands, Heft 1) .
 Hrsg.: Ludwig Hassenpflug: Denkwürdigkeiten aus der Zeit des zweiten Ministeriums 1850–1855, , Marburg 2008 (= Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen, Bd. 48,11; Politische und parlamentarische Geschichte des Landes Hessen, Bd. 32) .
 Mitarbeit gemeinsam mit : Ludwig Hassenpflug: Jugenderinnerungen (1794 bis 1821), hrsg. v. Klaus Hassenpflug, Brüder Grimm-Gesellschaft, Kassel 2010 (= Quellen zur Brüder Grimm-Forschung, Bd. 4) .
 Hrsg.: Carl Schmitt – Ernst Rudolf Huber. Briefwechsel 1926–1981. Mit ergänzenden Materialien, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2014 .
 Hrsg. Die Abgeordneten der kurhessischen Ständeversammlungen 1830–1866, Historische Kommission für Hessen, Marburg 2016 (= Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen, Bd. 48, 13; Politische und parlamentarische Geschichte des Landes Hessen, Bd. 43) .
 Bearb. gemeinsam mit , Gundula Heinen: Walter Scheel: Unerhörte Reden. Hrsg. von Knut Bergmann, be.bra Verlag, Berlin 2021 .
 Bearb.: Wandel beginnt im Kopf. 50 Jahre Freiburger Thesen. Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit, Potsdam 2021 . Online auf der Webseite der Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit.

Volumes édités (éditeur resp. co-éditeur)
 gemeinsam mit : Kultur und Politik – Die Grimms, , Frankfurt a. M. 2003 , 2. Aufl. unter dem Titel: Die Grimms – Kultur und Politik, Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt a. M. 2008 .
 gemeinsam mit : Rheinbündischer Konstitutionalismus, Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt a. M. usw. 2007 (= Rechtshistorische Reihe, Bd. 350) .
 Konservative deutsche Politiker im 19. Jahrhundert. Wirken – Wirkung – Wahrnehmung, Historische Kommission für Hessen, Marburg 2010 (= Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen, Bd. 75) .
 gemeinsam mit Ulrich Sieg: Liberalismus als Feindbild, , Göttingen 2014 .
 Ernst Rudolf Huber. Staat – Verfassung – Geschichte, Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden 2015 (= Staatsverständnisse, Bd. 80) .
 gemeinsam mit Jürgen Frölich und : Liberalismus-Forschung nach 25 Jahren. Bilanz und Perspektiven, Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden 2016 .
 gemeinsam mit  und : Ludwig Haas. Ein deutscher Jude und Kämpfer für die Demokratie, Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf 2017 (= Beiträge zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien, Bd. 174) . Engl.: Ludwig Haas. A German Jew and Fighter for Democracy. Greytown (Neuseeland) 2020 .
 gemeinsam mit : Karl von Rotteck und Karl Theodor Welcker. Liberale Professoren, Politiker und Publizisten. Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden 2018 (= Staatsverständnisse, Bd. 108) .
 gemeinsam mit : Liberales Denken in der Krise der Weltkriegsepoche. Moritz Julius Bonn. Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2018 (= Staatsdiskurse, Bd. 36) .
 gemeinsam mit Susanne Ackermann und Jürgen Frölich: 50 Jahre Archiv des Liberalismus. Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit, Gummersbach 2018  (PDF; 8,8 MB).
 gemeinsam mit : Constitutional Moments. Erträge des Symposions des Dimitris-Tsatsos-Instituts für Europäische Verfassungswissenschaften, des Instituts für Geschichte und Biographie und des Archivs des Liberalismus der Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit am 13. und 14. April 2018 an der FernUniversität in Hagen. , Berlin 2020 (= Veröffentlichungen des Dimitris-Tsatsos-Instituts für Europäische Verfassungswissenschaften, Bd. 20) .
 gemeinsam mit Jürgen Frölich und Wolther von Kieseritzky: Fortschritt durch sozialen Liberalismus. Politik und Gesellschaft bei Friedrich Naumann. Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden 2021 (= Staatsverständnisse. Bd. 151) .

Bibliographie
 Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender 2018. 30. Ausgabe. Bd. 1: A–G, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2018 , S. 1169 f.

Liens externes

 Données personnelles sur le site Internet de la Fondation Friedrich Naumann pour la liberté
 Site Internet de la Bergische Universität Wuppertal
 Entrée sur Clio-online
 Entrée avec le plongeur de perles
 Site Web de l'Université de Cologne
 Ewald Grothe : Jeux Olympiques 1936. « Toute une entreprise politique » . Dans : Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . 22e Consulté le . .
 Philipp Gessler : Carl Schmitt et Ernst Rudolf Huber. Les avocats nazis et leur rôle après 1945 . Dans : Deutschlandfunk Kultur . . .

Références

Historien allemand
Professeur à l'université de Wuppertal
Professeur à l'université de Cologne
Étudiant de l'université de Marbourg
Naissance en février 1961
Naissance à Nieheim

Ewald Grothe


Transformers, Amerikalı oyuncak şirketi Hasbro ile Japon oyuncak şirketi Takara Tomy ortaklığında geliştirilen bir medya imtiyazıdır. Transformers; taşıtlar ve hayvanlar gibi farklı şekillere dönüşebilen, canlı ve duyguları olan robotların mücadelelerini konu alır. Bu mücadeleler çoğu zaman Autobot'lar ile Decepticon'lar arasındadır. Medya imtiyazı; oyuncaklardan, animasyon TV dizilerinden, çizgi romanlardan, video oyunlarından ve filmlerden oluşur.

Transformers imtiyazı, 1984 yılında Transformers oyuncaklarıyla başladı. Bunlar, oyuncak şirketi Takara'nın Diaclone ve Microman adlı farklı taşıtlara dönüşebilen oyuncak serilerinin Batı pazarlarına adapte edilmiş halleriydi. "1. Nesil" terimi hem The Transformers adlı ilk televizyon çizgi dizisini hem de aynı adı taşıyan çizgi romanları kapsar. "1. Nesil"in ardından "2. Nesil" çizgi romanları ve Beast Wars televizyon dizisi gibi devam materyalleri de üretilmiştir.

Birinci Nesil (1984–1992)

Birinci Nesil (G1) 1984 ve 1992 yılları arasındaki Transformers karakterleri için kullanılan bir terimdir. Transformers 1970'lerde Japonya'da bir oyuncak serisi olan Microman ve Diaclone'dan meydana geldi. Önceleri insan şeklinde değişik özellikli robotlarken sonradan her gün gördüğümüz araçlara, elektronik aletlere veya silahlara dönüşebilen robotlar olarak gösterildiler. Hasbro,Microman teknolojisiyle yakaladığı G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero oyuncak serisi başarısını, Takara firmasıyla iş birliği yaparak Diaclone oyuncaklarına da uyguladı. Ardından Hasbro Jim Shooter veDennis O'Neil ile anlaşarak, onlardan Transformers geçmişini anlatan bir hikâye yazmalarını istedi. Sonraları yazar Bob Budiansky Transformers karakterlerinin çoğunu yaratarak ve hepsine uygun birer hikâye yazarak birçok Diaclone oyuncağına karakter kazandırmıştır. G1'in ana konsepti Optimus Prime'ın,baş düşmanı Megatron'un ve en iyi askerlerinin kendilerine ait Ark ve Nemesis adlı uzay gemileiyle tarih öncesi Dünyaya düşmeleriyle oluşturuldu.
Transformers'ın televizyon kariyerinin başlaması da aynı tarihlere rastlar. Sunbow Productions tarafından TV serisi Budiansky'nin yarattığı hikâyelerle çelişiyordu, Sunbow'a göre Autobotlar yeni enerji kaynakları ararlarken kötü Decepticon'ların saldırısı sonucu dünyaya zorunlu iniş yapmak zorunda kalırlar. Marvel Autobotların Cybertron'a yaklaşan dev bir başıboş göktaşını yok ettiği şeklinde bir hikâye yarattı. Shockwave TV serilerinde Megatrona tamamen sadık, onun yokluğunda Cybertron'da kalarak onu stabil bir halde tutmakla görevli olarak gösterildi ama çizgi roman serilerinde Shockwave'in Decepticonlar'ın liderliğini ele geçirmeye çalıştığı anlatıldı. TV serisinin ikinci sezonunda iki bölüm halinde yayınlanan The Key to Vector Sigma bölümünde, kadim Vector Sigma bilgisayarı ile birlikte Yaradılış Matrix'ini (Transformers'a hayat veren yaşam kaynağı) ve onun koruyucusu Alpha Trion da izleyiciye tanıtıldı.Vıt vıt vıt sesi ise 2004 yılında çıkmıştır.

Dünya'ya geliş ve maceranın devamı
Cybertron'daki enerji kaynaklarının (energon adı verilmekteydi) tükenmeye başlaması ile, Optimus Prime bir grup Autobot ile  Elita'yı Cybertron'da bırakır ve adı Ark olan bir gemi ile yeni enerji kaynakları bulmak için yolculuğa çıkmaya karar verir. Bu yolculuk arifesinde Nemesis gemisinde olan Megatron'un güçlerinin saldırısına uğrayan gemi, ciddi hasar görerek içerisindeki Autobot ve Decepticon'lar ile yakınlardaki bir gezegen üzerindeki (Dünya) volkana düşerek orada  sıkışır. Bu çatışmadan 4 milyon yıl sonra (Dünya zamanı ile 1984 yılında) volkanın harekete geçmesi ile Optimus'un gemisinin bilgisayarı Teletraan 1 tekrar çalışmaya başlar ve o anda saldırı nedeni ile aynı gemide olan Decepticon'lar ile Autobot'lar tekrar aktive olarak dünyadaki savaşlarına başlarlar.

Megatron ve emrindeki Decepticon'lar dünya üzerindeki kaynakları, ihtiyaç duydukları energon'u üretmek amacı ile kullanmak isterken, Autobot'lar ise cybertron'daki direnişlerine devam etmekte ve bu konuda da bazı insanlardan yardım almaktadırlar. Witwicky ailesi fertleri ile yakın ilişkiler kuran ve bu aile ile birlikte Decepticon'lara karşı savaşan Autobotlar, Dünya'ya geldikten sonra, birçok yeni robot karakter kadroya eklenmiş, Autobotlar güçlü dinobotlar'ı ve aerialbotlar'ı üreterek yeni müttefikler elde ederken, Decepticonlar ise deli bir bilim insanı olan Dr. Arkeville ile işbirliği kurmuşlar, daha sonraları ise kendilerine Stunticon ve Combaticon isimli yeni robot müttefikerler üretmişlerdir.
2005 yılında, Dünya'daki büyük savaşın 20. yılında, Decepticon'ların autobot şehrine yaptığı büyük saldırı ile, her iki tarafta da önemli kayıplar yaşanmış, fakat Optimus Prime'ın kendini feda ederek gerçekleştirdiği plan ile Megatron ve emrindeki Decepticon'lar yenilgiye uğratılmış, ölen Optimus Prime'ın yerine Rodimus Prime geçmiştir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Transformers.com  - Resmi Hasbro Transformers Sitesi
 TFwiki.net: The Transformers Wiki  - Transformers Rehberi
 The Allspark
 Transformer Dünyası 2005 - (2005, Transformers: Film 'in çekim yılıdır)
 Seibertron
 Transformers Arşivi
 TFormers
 Lukis Bros. Transformers Collector Site  - Tüm karakterlerin bulunduğu bir koleksiyon sitesi.
 Transformers World - Bilgi,resimler,videolar,çizgi roman & fazlası...
 Blockbuster UK'de Transformers Tarihçesi
 Nicktropolis Transformers Oyunu

1984'te başlatılan medya imtiyazları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri animasyon televizyon dizileri

İmtiyazlarına göre bilimkurgu
Hasbro ürünleri
Kurgusal kuruluşlar
Kurgusal otomobiller
Kurgusal robotlar
Şekil değiştiren kurgusal karakterler

Transformers


Kvindegymnastikkens udvikling i Danmark er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1953 med instruktion og manuskript af Henning Ørnbak.

Handling
Rekonstruktion af de vigtigste øvelser i kvindegymnastikkens inden for de fire mest anvendte systemer i tiden fra 1865 til 1912: Erna Juel-Hansen, Paul Petersen, Pehr Henrik Ling og Elli Bjørkstens gymnastik. Optagelserne har fundet sted på N. Zahles Seminarium i København under ledelse af Sigrid Nutzhorn, der selv kender alle fire systemer.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1953

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Kvindegymnastikkens udvikling i Danmark


Le manuscrit 512 (en portugais : Manuscrito 512) est un manuscrit de dix pages à l'authenticité douteuse et d'auteur inconnu, qui relate la découverte par un groupe de bandeirantes en 1753 d'une « ville perdue » dans la province brésilienne (aujourd'hui État) de Bahia. Exhumé en 1839 à la Bibliothèque nationale du Brésil, où il est conservé à ce jour, ce document décrit des monuments et des artefacts d'apparence gréco-romaine qui auraient été découverts par le groupe dans une colonie abandonnée.

Le manuscrit est l'un des documents les plus célèbres de la collection de la Bibliothèque nationale et certains historiens brésiliens le considèrent comme « le plus grand mythe de l'archéologie nationale », tandis que d'autres louent son style d'écriture enlevé et pittoresque. Au cours des  et  siècles, le manuscrit 512 est l'objet d'intenses débats et suscite de nombreuses expéditions d'aventuriers et d'enquêteurs, notamment Richard Francis Burton, qui publie Highlands of Brazil en 1869, et Percy Fawcett, disparu lors d'une de ses expéditions à travers le Brésil intérieur, malgré plusieurs tentatives pour le retrouver

La « cité perdue » décrite dans le manuscrit a inspiré plusieurs articles, films et romans, comme As minas de prata (1865) de José Martiniano de Alencar, Les Mines du roi Salomon (1886) de Henry Rider Haggard, ou Le Monde perdu d'Arthur Conan Doyle (1912). Le personnage d'Indiana Jones a peut-être été inspiré par les événements entourant le colonel Fawcett.

L'accès au document original est restreint, mais une version numérisée est disponible en ligne.

Découverte

En 1839, le naturaliste Manuel Ferreira Lagos trouve par hasard le document, dont le titre complet est Relação histórica de huma oculta, e grande Povoação, antiguissima sem moradores, que se descubrio no anno de 1753 (« Relation historique d'une colonie occulte, grande et très ancienne sans habitants qui a été trouvé en l'an 1753 ») dans la collection de la bibliothèque. Il le présente à l'Institut historique et géographique brésilien, et le chanoine  en publie une copie complète dans le magazine de l'institut, Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, avec une préface faisant le lien avec un autre cas, celui de Roberio Dias, également connu sous le nom de « Muribeca », un bandeirante arrêté par la Couronne portugaise pour avoir refusé de donner des informations sur les mines de métaux précieux à Bahia, ce qui motiva de nombreuses expéditions dans la province.

Bien que l'auteur du Manuscrit 512 ne soit pas identifié, les membres de l'institut considère le récit comme authentique et ont l'espoir de trouver les ruines d'une civilisation avancée au Brésil, pays ayant récemment accédé à l'indépendance et cherchant alors à construire une identité nationale forte. À l'époque, des ruines de civilisations précolombiennes ont été découvertes en Amérique latine, comme à Palenque au Mexique et des fortifications à la frontière péruvienne, ce qui laisse espérer que des monuments similaires sont également cachés au Brésil. Les récits sur les roches portant des inscriptions prétendument précolombiennes sont monnaie courante depuis l'époque coloniale, comme par exemple, la pierre d'Ingá trouvée à Paraíba en 1598. Le manuscrit 512 fait prospérer la théorie selon laquelle une ancienne civilisation gréco-romaine aurait pu exister à une époque lointaine au Brésil.

En 1840, Ignacio Accioli Silva et A. Moncorvo, de Salvador, estiment que le récit de la ville perdue pourrait être authentique car, selon les explorateurs et certains anciens habitants, de grandes ruines peuplées d'indigènes et d'esclaves noirs en fuite sont mentionnés dans la tradition orale. L'historien Pedro Calmon souligne que les rumeurs sur ces ruines sont déjà populaires après la mort du bandeirante João Guimarães en 1766 et, dans les années 1840, sont fortement répandues, et mêlées à des histoires de refuges indigènes ou de quilombos dans les régions reculées de Bahia.

Entre 1841 et 1846, les recherches de la ville perdue parrainées par l'Institut historique et géographique brésilien sont menées par Benigno José de Carvalho dans la région montagneuse de la Chapada Diamantina. Les expéditions sont un échec, et l'engouement pour la ville mystérieuse fait place à la désillusion et au scepticisme. Une théorie de l'époque est que la cité perdue s'inspire des étranges formations rocheuses de la Chapada Diamantina ; Teodoro Sampaio, qui a parcouru la région entre 1879 et 1880, est convaincu que le récit du Manuscrit 512 est fictif et est une description poétique de la chaîne de montagnes.

Contenu

Certaines parties des pages du manuscrit sont en mauvais état, une partie du texte est manquante. Le texte semble être une transcription d'une œuvre originale perdue. Bien que le corps principal du document se présente comme un courrier personnel, le préambule donné par le transcripteur le décrit comme un rapport historique.

Un colonel portugais (dont le nom manque) et sa troupe sont attirés par la curiosité sur le site d'une impressionnante chaîne de montagnes. Par hasard, ils trouvent un chemin pour atteindre le sommet de la chaîne. Lorsqu'ils y parviennent, ils aperçoivent une colonie qu'ils confondent d'abord avec une ville côtière du Brésil. En s'en approchant, ils constatent son délabrement et son abandon. L'unique entrée de la ville est ornée d'une triple arche, semblable en apparence aux arcs de triomphe romains, sur laquelle figurent des inscriptions dans une langue inconnue. La place de la ville a un piédestal noir avec une statue d'un homme pointant la direction du nord, et un grand bâtiment à proximité est orné de reliefs et d'incrustations représentant des croix, des corneilles et autres motifs. La place comporte des « flèches romaines » (très probablement des obélisques) aux quatre coins. Le portique de la rue principale porte une sculpture en relief d'un personnage à moitié nu portant une couronne de laurier. Il se trouve une rivière à côté de la place et après l'avoir suivie, le groupe atteint une collection de puits de mine où ils trouvent des roches incrustées d'argent et d'autres inscriptions non déchiffrées. Quelque part à l'extérieur de la ville, ils découvrent un grand manoir de campagne qui comprend quinze maisons séparées entourant une grande pièce centrale (peut-être un atrium). Le groupe teste le sol près de la rivière, à la recherche de traces d'or qu'ils trouvent en abondance. L'auteur réfléchit sur l'état curieux de la ville abandonnée et donne une brève mention de la faune qui habite les ruines, décrivant des loups à crinière et des rats kangourous. Il est mentionné que João Antônio (le seul membre dont le nom est connu) a trouvé une pièce d'or dans l'une des maisons qu'ils ont fouillées, représentant un garçon agenouillé sur une face, et un arc, une flèche et une couronne sur l'autre.

Notes et références

Histoire du Brésil
Manuscrit du XVIIIe siècle

Manuscrit 512


FAEMA ist ein italienisches Unternehmen, das sich mit der Herstellung und dem Vertrieb von Espressomaschinen und Zubehör beschäftigt. FAEMA ist dabei ein Akronym für Fabbrica Apparecchiature Elettro Meccaniche e Affini (deutsch etwa "Fabrik für elektromechanische Geräte und Ähnliches"). Das Unternehmen wurde 1945 von Carlo Ernesto Valente in Mailand gegründet und wurde 1995 von der Gruppo Cimbali – einem der größten Mitbewerber – übernommen.

Geschichte und Technik
In den 1950er-Jahren begann FAEMA mit der Produktion von Kolbenmaschinen mit horizontalem Boiler, wie sie typisch für die damalige Zeit waren.

1961 brachte FAEMA die E61 auf den Markt, die von Ernesto Valente entwickelt wurde. Sie wurde nach der Sonnenfinsternis im Jahr 1961 (italienisch: Eclisse 1961) benannt. Die E61 brachte damals viele Innovationen mit sich und setzt bis heute Standards. Die E61 setzte erstmals eine mechanische Drehschieberpumpe ein, die einen Wasserdruck von neun Bar lieferte. Da FAEMA dabei ein Wärmetauschrohr einbaute, das durch den Dampfboiler verläuft und so das Wasser erhitzt, war es möglich, kaltes Wasser durch die Drehschieberpumpe zu führen. Das heiße Wasser gelangt dann über einen Diffusionblock in die ebenfalls neu konstruierte Brühgruppe, der zur Temperierung mit warmem Wasser durchströmt wird. Die E61 wurde, nachdem sie bis 1966 produziert wurde, von den Modellen E64 und E66 abgelöst.

Der große Erfolg der E61 führte dazu, dass alle Brühgruppen mit dem gleichen Prinzip als E61 bezeichnet werden, auch solche die von anderen Herstellern gebaut werden. In den 1990er Jahren begann eine Renaissance der Brühgruppe. Zum 40-jährigen Jubiläum im Jahr 2001 wurde die Faema E61 als E61 Jubile und E61 Legend modifiziert wieder in Produktion genommen und wird bis heute produziert.

Radsport
Das Unternehmen sponserte das Team Faema von 1955 bis 1962 und das Team Faemino-Faema, das Team um Eddy Merckx, von 1968 bis 1970 als Hauptsponsor, 1962 bis 1963 das Team Flandria-Faema und 1978 bis 1979 das Team Bianchi-Faema als Co-Sponsor.

Siehe auch
 Elektra
 Gaggia
 La Pavoni
 Mahlkönig

Weblinks
 faema.com

Einzelnachweise

Produzierendes Unternehmen (Mailand)
Maschinen- und Gerätehersteller
Kaffeezubehör
Binasco
Gegründet 1945

FAEMA


Holland & Knight LLP is an American multinational law firm with nearly 2000 lawyers across 40 offices in the United States, Europe, Latin America, and North Africa.  Headquartered in Tampa, Florida, the firm provides representation in litigation, business, real estate, construction law, intellectual property and governmental law. It is the 19th largest law firm in the world by attorney count and the 26th biggest by revenue. Holland & Knight specializes in representing major Fortune 50 companies and corporations globally.

Office locations
Holland & Knight has offices in Algeria, Colombia, Mexico, the United Kingdom and the United States.

History

Predecessor firms
The Knight firm was founded in 1889 in Tampa, Florida. The Holland firm was established in 1919 in Polk County, Florida. In 1968, the two merged to form Holland & Knight.

Major Principals
   Spessard Holland received a law degree from  the University of Florida Law School in 1916; in addition to his work as a lawyer, he was Governor of Florida (1941–1945) and U.S. Senator from Florida (1946–1971). He  practiced law until his death in November 1971.

Peter O. Knight graduated from Valparaiso University Law School in 1884 In addition to his work as a lawyer, he served in the Florida Legislature and founded both TECO Energy and a major bank.  He died in 1946.

Chesterfield Smith was managing partner of the combined firm until 1983. He was president of The Florida Bar in 1964-65 and president of the American Bar Association (ABA) in 1973-74. He served as Chairman of the Florida Constitutional Revision Commission.

Selected moments
 1889 : Peter O. Knight established his practice
 1919: Senator Spessard Holland established his practice
 1969: Two Florida practices merge to create Holland & Knight LLP
 1982: Opened first office outside of Florida in Washington, D.C.
 1994: Established presence in Atlanta, GA
 1997: Entered New York and San Francisco markets by acquiring Haight Gardner Poor & Havens
 1998: Opened joint venture with a Mexico City law firm, opened Boston office
 2000: Opened Midwest office in Chicago and second West Coast office in Los Angeles
 2001: Pacific Northwest presence with an office in Portland, OR
 2004: Expanded overseas into Beijing, China
 2014: Expanded overseas into Africa with office opening in Algeria

Community commitment

Political contributions
According to OpenSecrets, Holland & Knight was one of the top law firms contributing to federal candidates during the 2012 election cycle, donating $1.19 million, 59% to Democrats.  By comparison, during that same period Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld donated $2.56 million, 66% to Democrats, while oil conglomerate ExxonMobil donated $2.66 million, 88% to Republicans.  Since 1990, Holland & Knight has contributed $10.47 million to federal campaigns, and spent over $1 million on lobbying since 2001.

Pro bono work
Holland & Knight has taken on pro-bono work for some notable clients, including:

 Wilbert Rideau, a prisoner who spent 44 years in jail until he was freed through a jury verdict
 Haitian victims of torture, arbitrary detention, extrajudicial killing, and crimes against humanity for whom the firm obtained a $4.3 million federal jury verdict
 Mohammed Al Rehaief, an Iraqi lawyer who, with his family, helped rescue POW Jessica Lynch in Iraq
 African-American survivors of Rosewood, a town destroyed in 1923 by white neighbors
 Prisoners with HIV/AIDS in Alabama facing life-threatening conditions and treatment
 Death row inmates experiencing unconstitutional conditions of confinement in Mississippi

Charitable work
Charitable giving is managed and coordinated by the Holland & Knight Charitable Foundation (GuideStar Profile), which was established as a 501(c)(3) public charity in 1996. The foundation underwrites several programs that support education, including the Opening Doors for Children reading program, the Holocaust Remembrance Project national essay contest, Young Native Writers Essay Contest for Native American high school students, and the Dream Scholarship Essay Contest designed to honor the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Prior winners of the Young Native Writers Essay Contest were featured in Indian Country Today.

Awards
 The firm received national first-tier rankings in the 2013 U.S. News – Best Lawyers Best Law Firms guide in 22 practice areas.
 More than 130 Holland & Knight attorneys were named in the Chambers USA 2013 guide.
 Corporate Counsel magazine named Holland & Knight a "2012 Go-To Law Firm" for the top 500 U.S. companies.
 Holland & Knight ranks among the top-performing law firms that provide superior client service, according to 2013 BTI Consulting Group's annual survey of corporate counsel and C-level executives.
 Holland & Knight was named one of the world's top trademark law firms in the World Trademark Review 1000 – The Definitive Guide to Trademark Legal Services.
 Directors & Boards magazine ranked Holland & Knight the nation's top law firm for dealing with director liability issues.
 The firm was named the Law Firm of the Year in the Washington, D.C., area by the Greater Washington Commercial Association of Realtors three times in the past five years.
 Former Congressman Gerry Sikorski, Richard Gold, and Kathryn Hazeem Lehman were recognized by The Hill as Washington, D.C.'s Top Lobbyists.

Diversity

 Working Mother magazine and Flex-Time Lawyers named Holland & Knight one of 50 "2012 Best Law Firms for Women".
 The firm earned Gold Standard Certification from The Women in Law Empowerment Forum (WILEF) p.
 The firm ranked third in The American Lawyer magazine's 2012 Diversity Scorecard for the number of Hispanic attorneys.
 The firm was awarded the "Michael K. Reese Quality of Life Award" by The Florida Bar Young Lawyers Division.

See also
Fisher Potter Hodas
Broad and Cassel

References

External links

Chambers and Partners Firm Profile

Law firms established in 1968
Law firms based in Florida
1968 establishments in Florida

Holland & Knight


رانتشو كوردوفا  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة ساكرامينتو، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 1 يوليو، 2003.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لرانتشو كوردوفا في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان رانتشو كوردوفا 55,060 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 20,407 أسرة وعدد العائلات 13,546 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 21,584 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 66.66% من البيض و11.34% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.95% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و8.24% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.54% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و5.72% من الأعراق الأخرى و6.54% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و12.90% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 20,407 أسرة كانت نسبة 38.2% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 44.1% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 16.7% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 5.6% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 33.6% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 25.5% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 6.3% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.68، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.22.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 31.9 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 28.3% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 10.2% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 31.7% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 19.3% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 9.7% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 95.7 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 92.5 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 35,781 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 37,492 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 32,321 دولارًا مقابل 27,460 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 15,484 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 16% من العائلات ونسبة 18.3% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 26.5% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 6.9% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان رانتشو كوردوفا 64,776 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 23,448 أسرة وعدد العائلات 15,767 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 25,479 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 60.40% من البيض و10.13% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و1.03% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و12.09% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.86% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و8.52% من الأعراق الأخرى و6.98% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و19.67% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 23,448 أسرة كانت نسبة 37.2% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 44.9% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 16.3% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 6.1% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 32.8% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 24.8% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 6.8% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.75، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.30.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 33.1 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 26.3% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 9.9% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 30.1% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 23.4% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 10.2% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 48.9% ذكور و51.1% إناث.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1955
تأسيسات سنة 1955 في كاليفورنيا
مدن كاليفورنيا
مدن في مقاطعة ساكرامينتو (كاليفورنيا)
مجتمعات أوكرانيون في الولايات المتحدة

رانتشو كوردوفا (كاليفورنيا)


فلهلم فيين (13 يناير 1864- 30 أغسطس 1928)  هو فلهلم كارل فيرنر أوتو فريتز فرانز فيين، فيزيائي ألماني حائز على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء سنة 1911 عن انجازاته في مجال الإشعاع الحراري للجسم الأسود وصياغته لقانون معروف باسمه وهو قانون فين للإزاحة، عندما استخدم في عام 1893 نظريات عن الحرارة والكهرومغناطيسية للاستدلال على قانون فين للإزاحة، والذي يحسب الانبعاثات من الجسم الأسود عند أي درجة حرارة بالنسبة إلى الانبعاثات عند درجة حرارة مرجعية.

وقد صاغ أيضًا تعبيرًا صحيحًا لإشعاع الجسم الأسود في نطاق فوتون الغاز. واستندت حججه على فكرة التبادل ثابت الحرارة، وكان له دور فعال في صياغة ميكانيكا الكم.

حياته

ولد فييين في مدينة فيشهاوسن من مقاطعة بروسيا (بريمورك الروسية حاليًا) عام 1864، وهو ابن كارل أحد ملاك الأراضي. انتقل مع عائلته عام 1866 إلى درخستين في راسترنبورغ. بدأ دراسته عام 1879 في مدينة راستنبرغ ثم انتقل ال هايدلبرغ. في عام 1882 التحق بجامعة غوتنغن، وجامعة برلين. وفي سنة 1883، عمل في مختبرات هرمان فون هلمهولتز. وفي سنة 1886، حصل على الدكتوراه عن أبحاثه في مجال انكسار أشعة الضوء على المعادن وتأثير الأسطح المختلفة على ألوان الضوء المنعكس. وفي سنة 1896 درّس في جامعة آخن للتكنولوجيا، وفي سنة 1900، خلف العالم الشهير فيلهلم كونراد رونتغن في جامعة ورزبورغ.

وفي عام 1896 توصل فين الي قانون تجريبي عن توزيع إشعاع الجسم الأسود، سمي في وقت لاحق بقانون فين للإزاحة، وكان ماكس بلانك زميلاً لفيين وكان لا يعتقد في القوانين التجريبية، ولذلك وباستخدام الكهرومغناطيسية والديناميكا الحرارية اقترح الأساس النظري لقانون فيين، والذي أصبح قانون فيين- بلانك. ومع ذلك، كان قانون فيين صالح فقط عند الترددات العالية، ولم يستطع التعامل مع الإشعاع عند ترددات منخفضة. ثم قام العالم بلانك بتصحيح النظرية، واقترح ما يسمى الآن بقانون بلانك، والذي أدي إلى تطوير نظرية الكم. ومع ذلك، فإن صياغة فين للقانون التجريبي (λ max T = ثابت)، والمسمي قانون فين للأزاحة، صحيحة وما زالت مفيدة، حيث أنه يربط بين الطول الموجي المنبعث من الجسم (λ max)، ودرجة حرارة الجسم (T).

وفي عام 1900، في أعقاب أعمال تشارلز جورج فريدريك سيرل افترض أن كتلة المادة برمتها هي من أصل كهرومغناطيسي، واقترح الصيغة (m=(4/3)E/c2) للعلاقة بين الكتلة والطاقة الكهرومغناطيسية. وخلال دراسته لتيارات الغاز المؤين توصل فيين في عام 1898 إلى جسيمات موجبة الشحنة تساوي في كتلتها كتلة ذرة الهيدروجين، بهذا العمل وضع فين الأساس للطيف الكتلي، ثم قام العالم طومسون بتعديل ما توصل اليه فيين وأجريت تجارب أخرى في عام 1913، ثم توصل ارنست رذرفورد في عام 1919 إلي قبول جسيمات فيين وأطلق عليها اسم البروتونات.

توفي فيين في ميونخ في 30 أغسطس سنة 1928م.

اقرأ أيضا

 قانون فين للإزاحة

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من مقاطعة بروسيا
أعضاء النيشان البافاري الماكسيميلياني للعلوم والفن
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة فورتسبورغ
أعضاء هيئة تدريس الجامعة التقنية الراينية الفستفالية
ألمان نالوا جائزة نوبل
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء
خريجو جامعة غوتنغن
خريجو جامعة هومبولت في برلين
فيزيائيو القرن 19 م
فيزيائيو القرن 20
فيزيائيون ألمان
فيزيائيون ألمان في القرن 20
فيزيائيون نظريون
مخترعون ألمان
مواليد 1864
وفيات 1928
فيزيائيون ألمان في القرن 19

فلهلم فيين


Paweł Fajdek (Świebodzice, 4. lipnja 1989.)  poljski atletičar u disciplini bacanje kladiva

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
IAAF-ov profil

Poljski bacači kladiva

Paweł Fajdek


La  est l'une des trois circonscriptions législatives que compte la préfecture de Miyazaki au Japon. Cette circonscription comptait  électeurs en date du .

Description géographique

La troisième circonscription de la préfecture de Miyazaki regroupe les villes de Miyakonojō, Nichinan et Kobayashi, Kushima et Ebino ainsi que les districts de Kitamorokata et Nishimorokata.

Députés

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chambre des représentants du Japon

Circonscription législative au Japon

Troisième circonscription de la préfecture de Miyazaki


O canal Fightbox é um canal de televisão por assinatura mundial único que apresenta uma compilação dos melhores desportos de combate de todo o mundo em um único canal.

O Canal é de propriadade da SPI International, está disponível em muitos países, na "Europa'' é o continente onde mais atrai o canal.

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História
Este canal foi fundado em 2012.

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An Nervilia lilacea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henri Lucien Jumelle ngan Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie. An Nervilia lilacea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Nervilia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Nervilia

Nervilia lilacea


Rota, Cádiz, İspanya'nın 17 özerk bölgesinden, ülkenin güneybatı köşesinde en fazla nüfusa sahip Endülüs otonom bölgesinin 8 eyaletinden biri olan Cádiz'a bağlı 44 belediyeden biridir. 2002 yılında yapılan nüfus sayımlarına göre Rota, Cádiz belediyesinin nüfusu 26.257 kişidir.

Dış bağlantılar
 rota.com.es - Rota, Andalucia (Spain) On-line since 1999! News, premiere informations, pictures, weather, etc. into Spanish, English.
  VillaDeRota.com
 U.S. Naval Station Rota, Spain website
 U.S. Naval Hospital Rota, Spain website

Cádiz belediyeleri
Costa Noroeste de Cádiz İlçesi'nin belediyeleri

Rota, Cádiz


Gormley () is an Irish surname. It is derived from the Gaelic Ó Goirmleadhaigh meaning 'descendant of Gormghal'. The main sept of the clan originated in Tyrconnell (present day County Donegal) and then spread into Tyrone. The Ulster branch of the clan were chiefs of the Cenél Moain and originated in what is now the barony of Raphoe in East Donegal, an area known in Gaelic times as Tír Moain. The common ancestor and progenitor of these Gormleys was Moain son of Muireadach, son of Eoghan, son of Niall of the Nine Hostages.

Different septs and spellings
In the Annals of the Four Masters and in the Topographical Poems of O'Dugan and O'Heerin, the name is spelt Ó Goirmleadhaigh; the Annals of Loch Cé write it Ó Gormshuil and Ó Gormshuiligh: the editor (William Hennessy) writing in 1871 states that the latter was then anglicised O'Gormooly, but Gormley is universal today. The name means "blue spearman".

In the Partry Mountains of County Mayo in the West of Ireland is found a sept also called Gormley, Gormaly and Gormilly. The Irish form of this family's name is Ó Goirmghialla or possibly Ó Gormghaille, both Irish forms meaning "blue hostage". They were chiefs of this area along with the Darcy or Dorcey family. The present parish of Ballyovey, also called the parish of Party, shows the location of this ancient territory in Mayo. In the area of Lough Key, County Roscommon, we find families of the name (O') Gormaly or Gormally. O'Donovan says that these are quite distinct from the O'Gormleys of County Tyrone and that the Irish form of this name is Ó Garmghaile. It is likely that this family is of the same stock as the Mayo sept, but it is unclear if both are related to the main sept of Ulster.

In seventeenth century records they are found both as O'Gormley and Mac Gormley, located chiefly in counties Armagh and Londonderry in modern-day Northern Ireland, but also in County Roscommon and County Westmeath, Republic of Ireland. Gormleys today are chiefly found in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, and surrounding areas.

Notable Gormleys
 Andrew Gormley, American drummer for the band Rorschach
 Antony Gormley (born 1950), British sculptor
 Beatrice Gormley, American children's writer
 Bob Gormley (born 1918), former U.S. soccer forward
 Brandon Gormley (born 1992), Canadian ice hockey player
 Charles Gormley (1937–2005), Scottish film director
 Conor Gormley (born 1980), Gaelic footballer from Carrickmore in County Tyrone
 Eddie Gormley (born 1968), former Irish football player
 Enda Gormley (born 1966), Irish Gaelic footballer
 Francis Gormley, Irish politician
 Jody Gormley, former Gaelic footballer for Tyrone, and London
 Joe Gormley (disambiguation), several people
 John Gormley (born 1959), Irish Green party politician
 John Kenneth Gormley (born 1957), Canadian broadcaster and former politician
 Joseph L. Gormley (1914–2004), chief of chemistry and toxicology for the FBI
 Ken Gormley, President of Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 Ken Gormley, bass player from Australian band The Cruel Sea
 Kiera Gormley, Irish model
 Mark Gormley, singer-songwriter from Pensacola, Florida
 Mary Gormley, Irish beauty contestant
 Niall Gormley, Gaelic footballer in County Tyrone
 Paddy Gormley (1916–2001), Irish nationalist politician
 Phil Gormley (born 1963), former Chief Constable of Police Scotland
 Rowan Gormley (born 1962), South African-born entrepreneur
 Tad Gormley (1884–1965), former head of the New Orleans Gymnastics Club and Amateur Athletic Union
 Tom Gormley (1916–1984), politician in County Tyrone, served in the House of Commons of Northern Ireland
 Tom Gormley, American professional football player
 Tony Gormley (1962–1987), member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA)
 William T. Gormley, professor of Government at Georgetown University

References

External links
  Origins of the Gormleys

Surnames
Surnames of Irish origin
Irish families

Gormley


ليو بيرتوس ، من مواليد 20 ديسمبر 1981، لاعب كرة قدم نيوزلندي.

يلعب مع نادي ويلينغتون فينيكس.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب نيوزلندا لكرة القدم في عام 2003.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الهند
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية نيوزيلنديون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية نيوزيلنديون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في أستراليا
أجنحة كرة قدم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون نيوزيلنديون مغتربون في المملكة المتحدة
رياضيون نيوزيلنديون مغتربون في أستراليا
رياضيون نيوزيلنديون مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو الدوري الأسترالي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الهندي للمحترفين
لاعبو الدوري الوطني (كرة القدم الإنجليزية)
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو دوري السوبر الهندي
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كأس القارات 2009
لاعبو كأس أوقيانوسيا للأمم 2004
لاعبو كأس أوقيانوسيا للأمم 2008
لاعبو كأس أوقيانوسيا للأمم 2012
لاعبو كرة صالات رجالية نيوزيلنديون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الهند
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في أستراليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم نيوزيلنديون
لاعبو كرة قدم نيوزيلنديون مغتربون
لاعبو منتخب نيوزيلندا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي إيست بنغال
لاعبو نادي بارنسلي
لاعبو نادي بارو
لاعبو نادي برث غلوري
لاعبو نادي تشستر سيتي
لاعبو نادي روتشدیل
لاعبو نادي سكاربورو
لاعبو نادي يورك سيتي
لاعبو نورث إيست يونايتد
لاعبو ويلينجتون أوليمبك إيه إف سي
لاعبو ويلينغتون فينيكس
مواليد 1981
مواليد في ويلينغتون
نيوزيلنديون من أصل يوناني

ليو بيرتوس


Akiva Daniel Schaffer (Berkeley, California; 1 de diciembre de 1977) es un escritor estadounidense para Saturday Night Live, un director de cine, compositor, y miembro de The Lonely Island, un grupo de comedia que tuvo éxito en Internet, que incluye al miembro de SNL Andy Samberg y a Jorma Taccone.

Se especializó en cine en la Universidad de California en Santa Cruz.

Carrera

Akiva dirige, coescribe, y edita la mayoría de los cortometrajes de Saturday Night Live. Fue el director de "Lazy Sunday", "I Just Had Sex", "Natalie's Rap", "Dick in a Box", "Peyton Manning for the United Way", "Iran So Far", "Jizz in My Pants", "Boombox" y cantó con Samberg y T-Pain en "I'm on a Boat".

También cantó en "The Creep" con Samberg y Taccone.

En Internet, Schaffer dirigió The 'Bu, de The Lonely Island, que fue una parodia de The OC. Schaffer también contribuyó en varias producciones de Channel 101 como parte de The Lonely Island. Schaffer ha dirigido cuatro vídeos musicales para la banda We Are Scientists y uno para Eagles of Death Metal. Schaffer también dirigió y actuó en la película Hot Rod, protagonizada por Andy Samberg, Jorma Taccone, Bill Hader, Danny McBride, Isla Fisher, Ian McShane y Sissy Spacek. Schaffer estuvo en un hiato de SNL desde enero hasta marzo de 2007 para hacer un trabajo con Jonah Hill, Jason Segel y Jason Schwartzman. Otras canciones incluyen "Jack Sparrow" en el álbum de The Lonely Island Turtleneck & Chain.
Después de coescribir en los Premios MTV Movie por dos años con Lonely Island, Schaffer regresó en 2009 para ayudar a coproducir el show que era conducido por Andy Samberg.

En 2012 dirigió la comedia The Watch, con Ben Stiller, Vince Vaughn y Jonah Hill.

En 2022 dirigió la película Live Action de 'Chip N' Dale' que fue estrenada directamente en Disney plus y que cuenta con las voces en versión original de Andy Samberg, John Mulaney, J.K. Simmons y Seth Rogen entre otras.

Premios

En 2007, Schaffer ganó un premio Emmy por su participación en la producción de "Dick in a Box". Estuvo nominado a un Emmy por la canción "Motherlover".

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actores de cine de Estados Unidos
Actores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Directores de cine de Estados Unidos
Actores de California
Humoristas de Estados Unidos
Directores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Guionistas de Estados Unidos

Akiva Schaffer


Henutsen var en oldegyptisk dronning, der tilhørte det fjerde dynasti. Hun var datter af faraoen Sneferu og levede omkring 2600-2500 f.v.t. Hun blev dronning, da hun giftede sig med sin ældre halvbror, Khufu, kendt under sit hellenske navn Keops.

Henutsens pyramide kaldes G 1c og ligger lige sydøst for Keops' store pyramide i Giza Nekropolis.

Dronninger af Egypten

Henutsen


Le biais géographique sur Wikipédia est une inégalité dans la distribution de son contenu par rapport à l'association géographique des sujets d'articles. C'est un élément de critique de Wikipédia, en plus d'autres préjugés, tels que les biais de genre, les biais raciaux ou les biais idéologiques. La recherche montre que malgré des différences considérables de cette distribution selon la langue de Wikipédia, il existe une tendance commune vers plus de contenu lié aux États-Unis et à l'Europe de l'Ouest et moins d'informations sur certaines régions du reste du monde.

Analyse
Plusieurs études sur la géographie d'Internet et Wikipédia ont été publiées par les membres de l'Oxford Internet Institute (OII).

Un article de 2009 de Mark Graham de l'OII dans The Guardian présentait une carte du monde codée par des couleurs illustrant la disparité entre le nombre d'articles Wikipédia géomarqués (dans toutes les langues) pour les pays du Nord et du Sud. Graham écrit :Presque tout le continent africain est géographiquement mal représenté dans Wikipédia. De manière remarquable, il y a plus d'articles Wikipédia écrits sur l'Antarctique que sur tous les 53 pays d'Afrique sauf un (ou peut-être plus étonnant, il y a plus d'articles Wikipédia écrits sur les lieux fictifs de la Terre du Milieu et du Disque-Monde que sur de nombreux pays d'Afrique, d'Asie, et les Amériques).Une analyse de 2010 des wikipédiens par nombre de contributions montre que l'Asie, continent le plus peuplé, n'est représentée que dans 16,67% des éditions. L'Afrique (6,35 %) et l'Amérique du Sud (2,58 %) sont également sous-représentées. Une étude réalisée en 2011 par l'OII a révélé que 84 % des articles géolocalisés se trouvaient en Europe ou en Amérique du Nord, et que l'Antarctique comptait plus d'entrées que n'importe quel pays d'Afrique ou d'Amérique du Sud. Selon Adama Sanneh, le fondateur de l'initiative WikiAfrica Education, à partir de 2021, il y a plus d'articles sur la Wikipédia anglophone sur Paris que sur l'Afrique.

En 2011, une répartition par langues (arabe, arabe égyptien, anglais, français, hébreu, persan, swahili) a été rapportée par l'OII. Graham a signalé des modèles inattendus dans les distributions. Par exemple, Wikipédia en swahili contient un nombre inhabituel d'articles géolocalisés en Turquie. Graham explique cela et des artefacts similaires par des éditeurs dédiés créant de nombreuses ébauches d'articles dans les domaines qui les intéressent

En 2015. l'OII fait toujours état d'une répartition géographique très inégale des contributions à Wikipédia. On constate notamment que les contributeurs des pays à faible revenu contribuent au déséquilibre géographique en écrivant davantage sur les pays à revenu élevé que sur les leurs.

Une étude réalisée en 2016 par David Laniado et Marc Miquel Ribé confirme empiriquement que l'identité culturelle est un facteur de motivation inconscient important pour les contributeurs de Wikipédia affectant leurs travaux dans des domaines pouvant être associés à leur identité, en particulier dans les catégories Wikipédia « Culture » et « Géographie ». Une conclusion similaire avait été tirée en 2010 par Hecht et Gergle : les Wikipédiens ont tendance à travailler sur des sujets liés aux lieux proches. Laniado et Ribé suggèrent que pour surmonter le déséquilibre résultant des identités culturelles, Wikipédia doit promouvoir des éditeurs de Wikipédia de différentes langues pour propager leurs identités culturelles dans d'autres Wikipédias. À cette fin, les outils de traduction et de recommandation d'articles développés par la Wikimedia Foundation peuvent être utiles en offrant des options pour sélectionner un contenu préférentiel en fonction des mots-clés liés à l'identité culturelle.

Voir aussi

 Liste des pays par nombre d'internautes

Références

Bibliographie

 Les références suivantes se trouvent dans l'article de Beytía :
 Graham, M., Hogan, B., Straumann, RK & Medhat, A. Géographies inégales des informations générées par les utilisateurs : modèles de pauvreté informationnelle croissante. Annales de l'Association des géographes américains, 104, 746-764 (2014).
 Il a été résumé dans un article de Joseph Stromberg « Le problème de géographie de Wikipédia : Il y a plus d'articles sur l'Antarctique que sur l'Égypte », Vox.com 14 septembre 2014
 Graham, M. Géographies de l'information et géographies de l'information. Nouvelles géographies (2015).
 Roll, U. et al. Utilisation des pages vues de Wikipedia pour explorer l'importance culturelle des reptiles mondiaux. Conservation biologique, 204, 42–50 (2016).
 Overell, SE & Rüger, S. Vision du monde selon Wikipedia : Sommes-nous tous des petits Steinberg ? Journal of Computational Science, 2, 193–197 (2011).
 Graham, M., Hale, SA & Stephens, M. Géographies de la connaissance mondiale. (2011).
 Graham, M., De Sabbata, S. & Zook, MA Vers une étude des géographies de l'information : des augmentations (im)mutables et une cartographie des géographies de l'information. Géo : Géographie et environnement, 2, 88–105 (2015).

géographique
Controverse sur Wikipédia

Biais géographique sur Wikipédia


Agkistrodon piscivorus eru eitruð slanga frá suðausturhluta Norður-Ameríku.

Tilvísanir

Slöngur
Eiturslöngur

Agkistrodon piscivorus


2. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska u sezoni 2013./14. je predstavljala drugi stupanj županijske lige u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji, te ligu petog ranga hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva. Sudjelovalo je devet klubova, a prvak je bio Tekstilac iz Sinja.

Sustav natjecanja
Devet klubova je igralo trokružnim liga-sustavom (27 kola, 24 utakmice po klubu).

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

Izvori:

Poveznice
 Nogometni savez Županije Splitsko-dalmatinske
 2. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska
 1. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska 2013./14.

Izvori
 braconline.com JADRAN NA KONCU DRUGI , objavljeno 6. lipnja 2014., pristupljeno 9. listopada 2017.

2013-14
Splitsko-dalmatinska-2

2. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska 2013./14.


Nahija Al-Malikiyah je nahija u okrugu Al-Malikiyah, u sirijskoj pokrajini Al-Hasakah. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), nahija je imala 112.000 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Al-Malikiyah.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Al-Hasakah

Al-Malikiyah (nahija)


Battlecry Under a Wintersun debitantski je album kanadskog heavy metal sastava 3 Inches of Blood. Album je objavljen 2. ožujka 2002. godine, a objavila ga je diskografska kuća Teenage Rampage.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Izvori

Albumi sastava 3 Inches of Blood
Albumi iz 2002.

Battlecry Under a Wintersun


I. M. Ștefan, pseudonimul lui Alexandru Sergiu Sragher, (n. 1 februarie 1922, București – d. 22 octombrie 1992, București) a fost un prozator și traducător român. A publicat mai multe articole și cărți cu tematică științifică și știițifico-fantastică.

Biografie
S-a născut la București într-o familie de etnie evreiască; era fiul agronomului Henri Sragher și al Iuliei (n. Mandel). A absolvit școala primară la București, apoi liceul teoretic evreiesc (Liceul Graur) în 1941, după care a urmat Colegiul "M. Onescu" al comunității evreiești și Facultatea de Litere și Filosofie a Universității din București (absolvită în 1946). A debutat ca publicist cu un articol despre André Malraux în Studentul român (1946), unde a fost secretar de redacție în anii 1947-1948. A lucrat ca redactor la Jurnalul de dimineață (1946-1947), la Agerpres (1948-1950) și la Editura Tehnică (1950-1951), șef al Serviciului de presă al Ministerului Construcțiilor (1951-1961), funcționar la Centrul de Documentare pentru Construcții și Arhitectură (1961-1969) și redactor al revistei Magazin istoric (1969-1973).

La începutul anilor 1950 s-a consacrat activității literare, devenind câțiva ani mai târziu membru al Uniunii Scriitorilor din România.

Activitatea literar-științifică
A debutat editorial cu fantezia pentru copii Călătorie în Univers (1953), apoi a publicat volume de proză de aventuri, fantastică sau SF, printre care Drum printre aștri (1954) și Robinsoni pe planeta oceanelor (1958), ambele în colaborare cu Radu Nor, O întîmplare în împărăția zăpezilor (1959), Ultimul alb (1962), Lumina purpurie (1964), Cântecul Cibenei (1966), Omul cu o mie de chipuri (1968), Naufragiații (1973), Viața începe la Milogu (1980) ș.a. Drum printre aștri (1954), scris în colaborare cu Radu Nor, este considerat primul roman științifico-fantastic românesc care a apărut după cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial, în timp ce "O întîmplare în împărăția zăpezilor" (1959) este prima povestire științifico-fantastică pentru copii apărută în aceași perioadă. Apariția romanului Ultimul alb (1962) a marcat o orientare a lui I.M. Ștefan către analiza moral-psihologică a personajelor, această tendință fiind prezentă și în nuvela "Oglinda răsturnată" (1962).

Literatura sa beletristică este o combinație de proză de aventuri și SF, contribuind la popularizarea științifică, dar și, potrivit unor critici postcomuniști, la inseminarea ideologică a ideilor materialiste comuniste. În acest ultim sens, criticul Ion Istrate citează romanele Sahariana: povestire din era atomică (1956) și Ultimul alb (1962) printre scrierile de tip realist socialist ale obsedantului deceniu. Literatura de aventuri științifico-fantastice a lui I.M. Ștefan este, în opinia criticului Mihai Iovănel, modestă și aservită ideologiei realist socialiste. Autorul descrie în cărțile sale, într-o manieră de inspirație sovietică, o societate a viitorului idealizată potrivit ideologiei marxiste (în Sahariana), expediții civilizatoare ale unor astronauți pământeni (în Drum printre aștri și Robinsoni pe planeta oceanelor), mobilizarea omenirii în fața unui atentat extraterestru asupra Terrei (în Lumina purpurie), conflictul între oameni și roboți (în Cântecul Cibenei) sau producerea unui aliment revoluționar care să rezolve problemele de alimentație ale omenirii (în P.G.-7 luptă contra cronometru), criticând apartheidul și colonialismul (în Ultimul alb). Conflictele din cărțile sale opun uneori personaje cutezătoare și cu un spirit constructiv și personaje cu un spirit negativist, în concordanță cu problemele ideologice ale epocii construcției socialismului.

În paralel cu romanele și povestirile S.F., I.M. Ștefan a publicat, de asemenea, sub pseudonimele Sergiu Stănescu, Al. Sergiu, S. Alex. și M. Ștefan, mai multe articole și cărți de popularizare tehnico-științifică și istorică (Vecina noastră, Luna, "Semnele cerești" și tălmăcirea lor adevărată, Adevărul despre năluciri, Focul viu. Pagini din istoria invențiilor și a descoperirilor românești, Sub semnul Minervei. Femei de seamă din trecutul românesc, Ghidul Cosmosului ș.a), precum și literatură de aventuri pentru adolescenți (Misiune specială, Viața începe la Milogu), a tradus, împreună cu Elena Andrei, cărți din limba germană și a prefațat mai multe cărți.

Scrierile lui I.M. Ștefan au stârnit un interes ridicat în rândul cititorilor de la epoca apariției lor. Spre exemplu, poetul și traducătorul Mihu Dragomir (cititor avid de literatură SF) afirma că romanul Lumina purpurie (1964), pe care l-a citit în manuscris, "confirmă încă o dată calitățile lui [I.M. Ștefan - n.n.] de pionier în acest domeniu... Prin oricîte perturbări va avea să treacă planeta noastră în destinul ei cosmic, oamenii vor reuși să păstreze intacte cuceririle civilizației și culturii", subliniind că prezentarea "oamenilor-șerpi" este unul dintre meritele principale ale cărții. Au existat și contestatari precum criticul și istoricul literar Anton Cosma care aprecia că, în ciuda activității literare relativ bogate a lui I.M. Ștefan, opera acestuia are un nivel literar modest, dând ca exemplu romanul Drum printre aștri (1954), foarte apreciat de public, "în ciuda naivităților și simplismului textului". Mai apreciate au fost scrierile de popularizare a științei, narațiuni de tip ziaristic cu descrieri judicioase. Astfel, criticul literar Zoe Dumitrescu-Bușulenga, care a prefațat volumul Eminescu și universul științei (1989), aprecia "deplina obiectivitate [a lui I.M. Ștefan - n.n.], strădania păstrării unei cumpene (în sens eminescian) drepte în tratarea extrem de spinosului subiect".

Opera

Literatură științifico-fantastică
 Drum printre aștri, roman SF, în colab. cu Radu Nor, Ed. Tineretului, București, 1954 (ed. a II-a revăzută, Ed. Tineretului, București, 1956; ed. a III-a, Ed. Tineretului, București, 1959);
 Sahariana: povestire din era atomică, roman SF, în colab. cu Max Solomon, în CPSF, nr. 21-24, 1956;
 Taina prințului Semempsis, nuvelă SF, în colab. cu Radu Nor, în CPSF, nr. 55, 1957;
 Robinsoni pe planeta oceanelor, roman SF, în colab. cu Radu Nor, Ed. Tineretului, București, 1958;
 Enigma tunelului. Reclama parfumată, nuvele SF, în CPSF, nr. 130-131, 1960;
 Ultimul alb, roman SF, Ed. Tineretului, Colecția SF, București, 1962;
 Oglinda răsturnată, nuvelă SF, în CPSF, nr. 189, 1962;
 Lumina purpurie, roman SF, în CPSF, nr. 239-242, 1964;
 Meduza verde, nuvelă SF, în CPSF, nr. 259-260, 1965;
 Cîntecul Cibenei, roman SF, Ed. Tineretului, București, 1966;
 P.G. 7 luptă contracronometru, roman SF, în CPSF, nr. 405-410, 1971;
 Naufragiații, nuvele fantastice, Ed. Cartea Românească, București, 1973 [în sumar: "Regăsirea lumii pierdute", "Zumzetul lui Otahi" și "Fascinația din ape"].

Literatură de aventuri pentru adolescenți
 O întîmplare în împărăția zăpezilor, nuvelă de aventuri, Ed. Tineretului, București, 1959;
 Misiune specială, roman de aventuri, în Colecția Clubul temerarilor, nr. 12-13, Ed. Tineretului, București, 1966;
 Omul cu o mie de chipuri, roman de aventuri, în Colecția Clubul temerarilor, nr. 50-51, Ed. Tineretului, București, 1968;
 Viața începe la Milogu, roman, Ed. Albatros, București, 1980.

Lucrări de popularizare a științei și tehnicii

 Călătorie în Univers. Fantezie astronomică pentru copii, Ed. Tineretului, București, 1953;
 Pietre cerești, planete mici și aștri cu coadă. Despre meteoriți, asteroizi și comete, București, 1956;
 Vecina noastră, Luna, Colecția Societății pentru Răspîndirea Științei și Culturii (S.R.S.C.), Ed. Tehnică, București, 1957 (ed. a II-a revăzută și adăugită, Colecția Societății pentru Răspîndirea Științei și Culturii (S.R.S.C.), Ed. Tehnică, 1960);
 Din tainele cerului, Ed. Tineretului, București, 1958;
 "Semnele cerești" și tălmăcirea lor adevărată, Colecția Societății pentru Răspîndirea Științei și Culturii (S.R.S.C.), Ed. Tehnică, București, 1959 (ed. a II-a, 1961; ed. a III-a, 1966);
 Știința privește spre viitor. Din istoria și practica previziunii științifice în domeniul științelor naturii, Ed. Tineretului, București, 1960;
 Adevărul despre năluciri, Colecția Societății pentru Răspîndirea Științei și Culturii (S.R.S.C.), nr. 382, Ed. Tehnică, București, 1961;
 Cîte stele sunt pe cer?, Col. Cunoștințe folositoare, Consiliul pentru răspândirea cunoștințelor cultural-științifice, București, 1962;
 La poarta marilor enigme, Ed. Științifică, București, 1963;
 Pietre din cer, Ed. Științifică, București, 1963;
 Focul viu. Pagini din istoria invențiilor și descoperirilor românești, în colab. cu Dinu Moroianu, Ed. Științifică, București, 1963;
 Familia Soarelui, Ed. Științifică, București, 1965;
 Din istoria tehnicii românești, București, 1968;
 Pasiunea științei. Oameni și momente din istoria contemporană a științei și tehnicii românești, în colab. cu Dinu Moroianu, Editura didactică și pedagogică, București, 1968;
 Momente și figuri din istoria astronomiei românești, în colab. cu V. Ionescu-Vlăsceanu, Ed. Științifică, București, 1968;
 Copilăria și tinerețea unor savanți și inventatori români, Ed. Didactică și Pedagogică, București, 1970;
 Viitorul Terrei – mit și prognoză, București, 1971;
 Prietenul stelelor. Locotenent-colonel aviator Constantin Căpităneanu, Colecția Fii ai neamului românesc, Ed. Militară, București, 1971;
 Un vis împlinit. Locotenentul aviator Gheorghe Stîlpeanu, în colab. cu col. Constantin Gh. Ivan, Ed. Militară, București, 1973;
 Ana Ipătescu, Ed. Militară, București, 1975;
 Sub semnul Minervei. Femei de seamă din trecutul românesc, în colab. cu V. Firoiu, Ed. Politică, București, 1975;
 Maeștrii ingeniozității românești, în colab. cu Dinu Moroianu, Ed. Didactică și Pedagogică, București, 1976;
 De la Podul Mogoșoaiei la Calea Victoriei: din cronica anilor 1877-1878, Ed. Facla, Timișoara, 1977;
 Ceasuri de răscruce. Din cronica dramatică a unor momente hotărîtoare pentru Unirea Principatelor, Ed. Eminescu, București, 1980;
 Ghidul Cosmosului, vol. I-II, în colab. cu Ion Corvin Sîngeorzan, Colecția Biblioteca pentru toți, Ed. Minerva, București, 1980;
 Și ei au fost copii. Din copilăria unor savanți și inventatori români, Ed. Ion Creangă, București, 1981;
 Scurtă istorie a creației științifice și tehnice românești, în colab. cu Edmond Nicolau, Ed. Albatros, București, 1981;
 Oameni și fapte de neuitat. Din tradiția științifică și tehnică românească, Uniunea Tineretului Comunist, București, 1983;
 100 de... oameni de știință și inventatori români, în colab. cu Edmond Nicolau, Ed. Ion Creangă, București, 1986;
 Eminescu și universul științei, prefață de Zoe Dumitrescu-Bușulenga, Ed. Junimea, Iași, 1989;
 Alexandru Ciurcu - inventatorul, ziaristul, omul, Col. Testimonia, Editura Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1989. ISBN 973-35-0050-X

Traduceri
 Stefan Zweig, Orele astrale ale omenirii. Miniaturi istorice, Ed. Univers, București, 1973 (ed. a II-a, Ed. Muzicală, București, 1976; ed. a III-a, Ed. Muzicală, București, 1978);
 Hermann Kant, Nu vreau să fiu ministru, roman, în colab. cu Elena Andrei, cuvânt înainte și note de I.M. Ștefan, ED. Univers, București, 1973;
 Janheinz Jahn, Istoria literaturii neoafricane. O introducere, în colab. cu Elena Andrei, studiu introductiv și note de I.M. Ștefan, Ed. Univers, București, 1975;
 Kurd Lasswitz, "Cum l-a răpit diavolul pe profesor", în Odiseea marțiană. Maeștrii anticipației clasice, antologie de Ion Hobana, Ed. Minerva, București, 1975;
 Wilhelm Dilthey, Trăire și poezie: Lessing; Goethe; Novalis; Hölderlin, în colab. cu Elena Andrei, pref. de Marian Popa, Ed. Univers, București, 1977;
 ***, Penda, fata cu ochii ca stelele. Antologie de proză scurtă negro-africană, trad. și note în colab. cu Elena Andrei, antologare și cuvânt înainte de I.M. Ștefan, Ed. Univers, București, 1978;
 Herbert W. Franke, Rețeaua gîndurilor, roman SF, în colab. cu Elena Andrei, prefață ("Herbert Franke și literatura științifico-fantastică germană") de I.M. Ștefan, Ed. Univers, București, 1979;
 Walter Weller, Tot felul de întîmplări nemaipomenite, povestiri, Ed. Univers, București, 1983.

Studii
 "Idei precursoare și realizări prioritare în știința din România contemporană", în Studii, anul XXXIV, nr. 9, 1981, pp. 1–24.

Note

Bibliografie
 Aurel Sasu (ed.), Dicționarul biografic al literaturii române, vol. II, Editura Paralela 45, Pitești, 2004, pp. 667–668.

Lectură suplimentară
 Alexandru Mironov, "Marțienii stelelor căzătoare - Necrolog I.M. Ștefan", 1992

Nașteri în 1922
Decese în 1992
Prozatori români
Traducători români
Români cunoscuți sub pseudonimele folosite
Scriitori de popularizare a științei

I. M. Ștefan


Serra Negra es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. Es uno de los 11 municipios paulistas considerados estancias hidrominerales por el Estado de São Paulo, por cumplir determinados requisitos definidos por Ley Estatal. Tal status garantiza a esos municipios un presupuesto mayor por parte del Estado para la promoción del turismo regional.

Iglesia Católica
El municipio pertenece a la Diócesis de Amparo.

Posee las iglesias de Nuestra Señora del Rosário y São Francisco de Assis.

Geografía
Se localiza a una latitud 22º36'44" sur y a una longitud 46º42'02" oeste, estando a una altitud de 925 metros. Su población estimada en 2008 era de 25.741 habitantes. Posee un área de 203,010 km².

Hidrografía
 Arroyo de Sierra Negra

Carreteras
 SP-105
 SP-360

Administración
 Prefecto: Antônio Luigi Ítalo Franchi (2009/2012)
 Viceprefecto: Felipe Amadeu Pinto de la Fonseca (2009/2012)
 Presidente de la cámara: Juan Pablo Corsetti Ferraresso (2009/2010)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de São Paulo

Serra Negra (São Paulo)


is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Akira Toriyama. It was serialized in Shueisha's anthology magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1980 to 1984, with the chapters collected into 18 tankōbon volumes. The series follows the humorous adventures of the little girl robot Arale Norimaki, her creator Senbei Norimaki, and the other residents of the bizarre Penguin Village.

The manga was adapted into an anime television series by Toei Animation that ran on Fuji TV from 1981 to 1986 for 243 episodes. A remake series was created thirteen years after the manga ended, consisting of 74 episodes that were broadcast from 1997 to 1999. The series has also spawned several novels, video games and eleven animated films.

Dr. Slump launched Toriyama's career. It was awarded the Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen and shōjo manga in 1981 and has sold over 35 million copies in Japan. The manga was released in North America by Viz Media from 2004 to 2009. Discotek Media released the first five films in North America in 2014. In 2021, Tubi announced their acquisition of the 1997 TV anime.

Plot

Dr. Slump is set in , a place where humans co-exist with all sorts of anthropomorphic animals and other objects. In this village lives Senbei Norimaki, an inventor. In the first chapter, he builds what he hopes will be the world's most perfect little girl robot, named Arale Norimaki. However, she turns out to be in severe need of eyeglasses. She is also very naïve, and in later issues she has adventures such as bringing a huge bear home, having mistaken it for a pet. To Senbei's credit, she does have super-strength. In general, the manga focuses on Arale's misunderstandings of humanity and Senbei's inventions, rivalries, and romantic misadventures. In the middle of the series, a recurring villain named Dr. Mashirito appears as a rival to Senbei.

Humor
Dr. Slump is filled with puns and toilet humor, and parodies of both Japanese and American culture. For example, one of the recurring characters is Suppaman, a short, fat, pompous buffoon who changes into a Superman-like alter-ego by eating a sour-tasting ("suppai" in Japanese) umeboshi. Unlike Superman, Suppaman cannot fly, and instead pretends to fly by lying belly down on a skateboard and scooting through the streets. Also, one of the village's policemen wears a Star Wars-style stormtrooper helmet, just as in the American movies. Toriyama himself has been portrayed as a bird (the "tori" in his last name means "bird", hence the name of his production studio Bird Studio), although it has been suggested (by himself even) that he actually based the design of Senbei on himself. In addition, other real-life people make appearances as well, such as Toriyama's editor (Kazuhiko Torishima), assistants, wife, his colleague friends (such as Masakazu Katsura) and others.

Production
With Toriyama a newcomer to manga and his editor Kazuhiko Torishima still relatively new at his job as well, the two worked for 18 months with Torishima rejecting all the author's ideas until the first draft of Dr. Slump. One of these rejected works, , served as a basis for Dr. Slump. After his 1979 one-shot Tomato the Cutesy Gumshoe saw some popularity, Toriyama decided to create another manga with a female lead character and that became Dr. Slump. Toriyama drew several short omake included in the Dr. Slump tankōbon volumes that supposedly depict actual events on the production of the series, although, as they are often humorous, the level of truthfulness to them is uncertain. In one, he claimed that when he told Torishima that he wanted to make a manga about a doctor, the editor told him to add a robot. Toriyama originally wanted a very large robot, but as it would not fit in the panels, he instead made it small. When Torishima rejected that idea, he made the robot a girl, knowing Torishima would find her "cute". He also stated that Senbei was supposed to be the main character, but his editor told him to make it Arale instead, which Toriyama agrees turned out better. The act of having Senbei and Midori get married came from having nothing else to draw that week, and it happened quickly because he does not like romance. He went on to state that Torishima does enjoy romance, and that the relationships of Arale and Obotchaman, Akane and Tsukutsun, and Taro and Tsururin were all Torishima's ideas.

Toriyama did not expect Dr. Slump to last long, as even before it debuted Torishima was asking him what he would draw for his next series. However, it lasted for roughly five years. When Toriyama began Dr. Slump, he worked at home, where he lived with his parents, and had one assistant who worked one day a week. Toriyama has said several times that he typically would not have any ideas for the story for that week's chapter, but would think up something as soon as Torishima called asking. He thought up each week's story as he drew and sent the rough draft to Torishima at Weekly Shōnen Jump headquarters in Tokyo by air courier from Nagoya Airport. After getting the approval of his editor, he began by drawing the lines that stick out of the frames, then the frames themselves, before using a g-pen to draw clear crisp lines at roughly one page an hour. After he had around eight pages finished, his assistant  (also known as ) came over, although Toriyama stated he only allowed him to color. For color pages, Toriyama first drew them with permanent ink and used water-soluble color pens, before touching up with a wet brush. Later in serialization (around volume 13, as stated in volume 18),  became his assistant when Hiswashi started his own series, although Hiswashi occasionally still helped out, as did Toriyama's wife when they were close to a deadline.

In 2016, Torishima said that although Dr. Slump was very successful, having debuted at number two in the magazine's reader rankings, Toriyama wanted to stop it after about six months. He explained that because it was a self-contained comedy each week, if something did not work, the author had to change everything. Torishima said that because it was a top-ranking series, would regularly sell a million copies, and had an anime about to begin, Jump and Shueisha would not allow it to end. However, Torishima claimed the magazine's chief editor told him that if they could come up with something more interesting and successful then they could. In order to have time to discuss new ideas they had to adjust the weekly schedule, finishing a Dr. Slump chapter in five days instead of seven. Toriyama stated that one of the conditions he agreed to that allowed him to end the popular Dr. Slump, was that he start his next series relatively soon after. He began Dragon Ball roughly three months later.

In his own words, Toriyama described the scenery of Dr. Slump as having an "American West Coast" feel. Torishima recalled that when he asked Toriyama why he drew relatively sparse backgrounds, his reply was simply that it was easier that way. However, Toriyama has stated that he was particular about the art, working more hours on it than he would later on Dragon Ball. In an actual chapter of Dr. Slump, where Toriyama and Matsuyama appear, it was revealed that Matsuyama draws most of the backgrounds and houses. Toriyama often used colored paper, a technique fairly common in design, but less-so in manga. He stated that the tournament-type events, such as the Penguin Village Grand Prix and the kick the can contest, were popular with readers and inspired the Tenkaichi Budōkai in Dragon Ball.

Torishima described the Dr. Slump anime as unsuccessful in his opinion because it did not loyally follow the manga. He said this was because it was the first time the Weekly Shōnen Jump team had to manage an anime based on one of their manga and its creative process, explaining that, if something went wrong, it was too late to change because it was already animated.

Media

Manga

Akira Toriyama's Dr. Slump was originally serialized in the shōnen manga anthology Weekly Shōnen Jump from issue No. 5/6 on February 4, 1980, to No. 39 on September 10, 1984. Its 236 individual chapters were collected into 18 tankōbon volumes by publisher Shueisha under the Jump Comics imprint. It was reassembled as a 9-volume aizōban edition in 1990, a 9-volume bunkoban edition in 1995, and a 15-volume kanzenban edition in 2006. Viz Media licensed the series for North America in 2004, and published the first volume on March 3, 2005 with translation done by Alexander O. Smith and some censorship. All 18 original volumes have been released in North America as of May 5, 2009.

After Dr. Slump ended in 1984, its characters returned for an extended cameo in Toriyama's next series Dragon Ball, in which Arale and Son Goku briefly team up to defeat General Blue during the Red Ribbon Army storyline. A Dr. Slump follow-up manga was written by Takao Koyama and illustrated by Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru, with supervision by Toriyama. It was serialized in V Jump from February 21, 1993, to September 1996 under the title . It was collected into four tankōbon volumes.

To promote the release of the first Dr. Slump - Arale-chan anime DVD box set, Akira Toriyama illustrated a special one-shot colored spin-off manga titled  published in the April 2007 issue of Monthly Shōnen Jump. The story centers around an evil counterpart of Arale created by Dr. Mashirito Jr., named Abale.

Anime

The Dr. Slump manga was adapted into two separate anime television series by Toei Animation, both of which aired on Fuji TV. The first, , ran from April 8, 1981, to February 19, 1986, and spanned 243 episodes. The second anime, simply titled , ran from November 26, 1997, to September 22, 1999, and lasted seventy-four episodes.

The first anime was released on home video for the first time in 2007, remastered, in two 22-disc DVD sets;  on March 23, which contains the first 120 episodes, and  on September 14, which contains the remainder. Likewise, the second series was released the following year as Slump the Box 90's on March 21. The first anime was then released in twenty 2-disc sets (the last was 3-disc) of roughly twelve episodes each, titled Slump the Collection; the first three sets on October 9, 2008, the next five on November 28, the next six on December 21, and the last six on January 30, 2009. The first episode of the original anime was adapted into English by Harmony Gold USA in 1984, but the pilot was never picked up. Characters from Dr. Slump also prominently feature in the 69th episode of Dragon Ball Super, "Goku vs. Arale! An Off-the-Wall Battle Spells the End of the Earth?"

In February 2021, American streaming service Tubi announced their acquisition of the Dr. Slump TV anime for release with English subtitles.

Films

Toei has also created eleven animated films based on Dr. Slump, beginning with Hello! Wonder Island on July 18, 1981. They continued to produce one film a year until 1985; "Hoyoyo!" Space Adventure on July 10, 1982, Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo! The Great Race Around the World on March 13, 1983, Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo! The Secret of Nanaba Castle on December 22, 1984, and Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo! The City of Dreams, Mechapolis on July 13, 1985.

In 1993, Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: N-cha! Clear Skies Over Penguin Village and Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: N-cha! From Penguin Village with Love were released on March 6 and July 10 respectively. In 1994, Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo!! Follow the Rescued Shark... and Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: N-cha!! Excited Heart of Summer Vacation were released on March 12 and July 9 respectively. On March 6, 1999, Arale's Surprise Burn was produced.

Toriyama's 2007 one-shot was adapted into a five-minute short titled Dr. Slump: Dr. Mashirito and Abale-chan that was shown alongside the theatrically released One Piece Movie: The Desert Princess and the Pirates: Adventures in Alabasta. In 2008, all eleven films were released in a remastered DVD box set titled Slump the Box Movies on September 21. Discotek Media acquired the first five Dr. Slump films for release in North America and released in a two-disc DVD box set in Japanese with English subtitles on July 29, 2014.

Video games
A series of three Dr. Slump - Arale-chan video games called ,  and , by Animest were released as Game & Watch clones in 1982. A Dr. Slump video game was released in 1983 for the Arcadia 2001.  was released for the NEC PC-6001 in 1984 by Enix. An action game, simply titled , for the PlayStation based on the second television series was released on March 18, 1999, by Bandai.  was released on October 30, 2008, for the Nintendo DS. Arale appears in the 1988 Famicom game Famicom Jump: Hero Retsuden. In the Nintendo DS game Jump Super Stars, Arale and Dr. Mashirito are player characters, while Senbei appears as a support character. They both return in the sequel Jump Ultimate Stars, where Senbei, Midori, Gatchan, Obotchaman and Unchi-kun are support characters. Arale appears as a playable character in J-Stars Victory VS, with Penguin Village as a featured stage.

Arale appears in several Dragon Ball video games as well. She and several other Dr. Slump characters appear in Dragon Ball: Daimaō Fukkatsu, she alone is a hidden battle in Dragon Ball 3: Goku Den, and she and Senbei briefly appear in Dragon Ball Z: Super Goku Den — Totsugeki-Hen. Arale is a playable character, and Penguin Village is a playable map, in Dragon Ball Z: Sparking! Meteor for the PlayStation 2 and Wii. In the PS2 game Super Dragon Ball Z, Suppaman appears in the background of the city level; after breaking the porta-potty, Suppaman will roll off on his skateboard. Arale can also be unlocked as a playable character in Dragon Ball: World's Greatest Adventure for the Wii, Dragon Ball DS 2: Charge! Red Ribbon Army for the DS, and Dragon Ball Fusions for the Nintendo 3DS. Finally, she, along with Gatchan and Senbei Norimaki, appear as non-playable characters in the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows game Dragon Ball Z: Kakarot, as does Penguin Village.

Puyopuyo!! Quest features the event as part of the Dr. Slump franchise: Dr. Slump Arale-chan Festival, from July 15 to 21, 2019.

Other media
There have been several light novels based on Dr. Slump. The first two,  released in July 1981 and  released in April 1982, were written by Masaki Tsuji, who also wrote for the anime adaptation. A novel written by Shun'ichi Yukimuro and based on the second movie was released on July 15, 1982.  and , released on October 1989 and June 27, 1997, respectively, are original works written by Genichiro Takahashi, but draw from the world of Dr. Slump.

A radio drama adaptation was broadcast at around the same time the anime was airing. Arale was voiced by Yuko Hara, keyboardist of the popular rock band Southern All Stars.

In 2014, two commercials featuring Dr. Slump were created by Toei for Suzuki. The commercials advertise the car manufacturer's Kei SUV Hustler and include new acting from Mami Koyama as Arale and Kumiko Nishihara as Gatchan.

In celebration of the anime adaptation's 35th anniversary, the Dr. Slump - Arale-chan N'Cha! Best album containing music from the series was released on June 1, 2016.

Reception
As of 2008, the collected volumes of Dr. Slump had sold over 35 million copies in Japan alone. Only a year after its debut, the series was awarded the 1981 Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen and shōjo manga. Viz Media's North American release of the first volume of Dr. Slump was nominated for the 2005 Quill Award in the Graphic Novel category. The first anime adaptation of Dr. Slump was also popular, holding the coveted Saturday 6pm timeslot for five years. With a 36.9% average household rating, its December 16, 1981, episode is the third most watched anime since the television ratings group Video Research began keeping track on September 26, 1977. In 1982, it was voted the 13th Favorite Anime in Japanese magazine Animages fourth annual Anime Grand Prix. In 2001, Animage ranked it number 48 on its list of the Top 100 Anime. TV Asahi released two Top 100 Anime lists in 2005, in the web poll Dr. Slump ranked number 34, while a nationwide poll of multiple age groups named it number 29. The following year, a list created from polling 100 celebrities had it in the 25th position. A running gag in Dr. Slump that utilizes feces has been reported as an inspiration for the Pile of Poo emoji. Ian Jones-Quartey, a former producer of the American animated series Steven Universe and creator of OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes, is a fan of Dragon Ball and Dr. Slump, and uses Toriyama's vehicle designs as reference for his own. He also stated that "We're all big Toriyama fans on [Steven Universe], which kind of shows a bit."

Mike Toole of Anime News Network called Dr. Slump "the greatest manga of all time", filled with "parody, gags, and fart jokes that everyone from toddlers to grandparents can enjoy together". Jason Thompson referred to Dr. Slump as the best series Toriyama has created, claiming it is better drawn and more creative than Dragon Ball. He also reports that it is considered "the last non-manufactured hit" by many in the Japanese manga industry, particularity among Weekly Shōnen Jump titles. In their review, Publishers Weekly stated "Toriyama has created his own demented sitcom, and his fantastic imagination and comic invention never let up", "The [English] translation is a bit flat, but the uncommonly good storytelling more than makes up for it." Eduardo M. Chavez of Mania Entertainment summarized Dr. Slump as a "quirky slap-stick comedy entirely based in fantasy." He thinks that while Toriyama's usual art style uses "SD" characters, Dr. Slump also shows hints that he can draw realistic. He noted that "little nuances", particularity puns, are lost in translation from Japanese to English and expressed disdain for Viz's censorship, saying it took away from the honesty of the series. Chavez feels that what the characters do never crosses the line into inappropriate; "The jokes might not be wholesome, but they are genuinely funny and harmless"; and went on to say that the series fills the void for "all ages manga" in bookstores and libraries.

Reviewing the first five movies, Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network summarized Dr. Slump as "random silly adventures [...] delivered with a lot of surreal nonsense humor, only the most basic sense of continuity, and not a whiff of substance or seriousness." He felt that much of the humor comes simply from the visuals; stating that the vintage hand-done art and animation provide a "warmth" and "raises Slump's visuals above" other anime. However, he called the background music "non-descript" and stated that the films are only for viewers who are familiar with the series, as they provide no exposition.

References

External links

1980 manga
1981 anime television series debuts
1997 anime television series debuts
2007 manga
Akira Toriyama
Comedy anime and manga
Science fiction comedy
Fuji TV original programming
Japanese animated films
Manga adapted into films
Science fiction anime and manga
Shōnen manga
Shueisha franchises
Shueisha manga
Shunsuke Kikuchi
Toei Animation television
Viz Media manga
Winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen manga

Dr. Slump


Povijest trovanja drugi je EP hrvatskog black metal-sastava Pogavranjen. Sastav je samostalno objavio EP 22. rujna 2012. godine.

O albumu
Album je bio objavljen u CD i digitalnoj inačici, od kojih je prva ograničena na 100 primjeraka te se međusobno razlikuju po naslovnicama. CD inačica također sadrži i pjesmu "Tragedija u vapnu" koja nije prisutna na digitalnoj inačici.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Pogavranjen
Lümfa – gitara, bas-gitara
Glaatz – bubnjevi
Stid – bubnjevi, snimanje
Vradžbinar Nerast – vokali

Ostalo osoblje
Vedran Brlečić-Brle – produkcija, miksanje, mastering

Izvori

EP
Albumi iz 2012.
Albumi sastava Pogavranjen

Povijest trovanja


දිවුල්, විටමින්, කැල්සියම්, පොස්පරස්, තන්තු, ප්‍රෝටීන හා යකඩ වැනි පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථවලින් අනූන ය. දිවුල් ආහාරයට ගැනීමෙන් ආහාර ජීරණ පද්ධතිය හා සම්බන්ධ ගැටලු සමනය වේ. එහි ඇති සංඝටක, මළබද්ධය දුරු කිරීමට සමත් වෙනවා මෙන් ම, බඩෙහි ඇති වන රිදීම්, අපහසුතා දුරු කරයි. එසේ ම එයට පාචනය, මළබද්ධය ආදී රෝග තත්ත්ව සුව කිරීමේ හැකියාව ද ඇත. එය ප්‍රති දිලීරකයක් ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරමින්, ආහාර ජීරණ පද්ධතියට ආරක්ෂාව ලබා දෙයි.

දිවුල් අනුභවයෙන්,රුධිරය පිරිසුදු කිරීමේ විශේෂ හැකියාවක් පවතී. දිවුල් හා සීනි උණු වතුරෙන් දිය කර පානය කිරීම, ඒ සඳහා යෝග්‍ය බව සැලකේ. දිවුල් මඟින් රුධිරය පිරිසුදු වනවා මෙන් ම, රුධිරය අපිරිසුදු වීමෙන් ශරීරයට සිදු විය හැකි හානි ද වළක්වයි. දිවුල් ශාකයේ මුල්, කණ ආශ්‍රිත වේදනා හා රෝග සඳහා ඖෂධයක් ලෙස භාවිත කළ හැකි ය. දිවුල් ශාකයේ කඳෙන් හා අතුවලින්, ගම් වැනි ද්‍රව්‍යයක් වෑස්සෙයි. එය දියවැඩියාව පාලනය සඳහා යෝග්‍ය ය. දිවුල් ශාකයේ කොළ ශ්වසන පද්ධතිය ආශ්‍රිත ගැටලු සඳහා සුදුසු ය. දිර්ඝ කාලීනව පවතින සෙම්ප්‍රතිශ්‍යාව, ඒ ආශ්‍රිත වෙනත් රෝග, උගුරේ වේදනාව මෙන් ම කැස්ස සඳහා ද දිවුල් කොළ භාවිත කරයි. මෙය, පලතුරක් ලෙස අහාරයට ගැනීමෙන්, ශරීරයේ ජවය වැඩි වේ. දිවුල් මදය ග්‍රෑම් 100 තුළ, කැලරි 140 ක් පමණ අන්තර්ගතව ඇත. එය ශරීරයේ ශක්තිය සඳහා යෝග්‍ය වේ. ශරීරයේ පරිවෘත්තීය ක්‍රියා ඉක්මන් කරවීමේ හැකියාවක් ද දිවුල් සතු ය.

දිවුල් යනු ප්‍රෝටීනවලින් සමන්විත,මාංශපේශිවල ශක්තිමත් බව වැඩි කරන පලතුරකි. එසේ ම, වකුගඩුවල සෞඛ්‍යමත් බව සඳහා මෙන් ම, අක්මාවේ සුවතාව සඳහා ද යෝග්‍ය පලතුරකි. බීටා කැරෝටින තයමින් මෙන් ම, රයිබෝප්ලේවින් ද අඩංගු දිවුල්, සර්ප දෂ්ඨනය සඳහා ප්‍රතිකාරයකි. එය, මැලේරියාව වැනි රෝගවලින් ආරක්ෂා වීමට ද උදවු වේ. දිවුල් ආහාරයට ගැනීමෙන්, පිළිකා ඇති වීමේ අවදානම අවම වේ. එහෙත්, දිවුල් වැඩි වශයෙන් ආහාරයට ගැනීම, සමහර විටෙක අහාර ජීර්ණය සඳහා අහිතකර ලෙස බලපෑ හැකි ය. එසේ ම, තයිරොයිඩ් ගැටලු ඇති පුද්ගලයන් සඳහා දිවුල් සුදුසු නැත.

විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය ස්වභාවය හා ව්‍යාප්තිය

දිවුල් යනු උණුසුම් දේශගුණයක් සහිත ප්‍රදේශ වල හොඳින් වැවෙන ශාකයක් ලෙස හැඳින්විය හැකි අතර එහි සැකැස්ම ද උණුසුම් දේශගුණයකට අනුවර්තනය වී ඇති ආකාරයක් දකින්නට ලැබෙනවා. එනම් එම ශාකයේ කඳ තද ගතියකින් යුතු වෙනවා මෙන්ම කටු සහිත වෙනවා. තවද එහි කොලද ඉතා කුඩා වෙනවා. ඒවා වියලි දේශගුණයකට ආවේණික ලක්ෂණ ලෙස හඳුන්වන්නට පුළුවන් වෙනවා. මෙලෙස හඳුනා ගත හැකි දිවුල් ශාකයේ උද්භිත විද්‍යාත්මක නාමය වන්නේ Limonia acidissima යන්නයි. මෙම දිවුල් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාවේ wood-apple යන නාමයෙන් හැඳින්වුවද එය තවත් නම් කිහිපයකින් හඳුන්වනු දකින්නට හැකි වෙනවා. එනම් එය අලින්ගේ ප්‍රියතම පලතුරක් වන නිසා elephant-apple යන නමින් ද monkey-fruit ආදී වශයෙන් හැඳින්වේ. මෙය ඉන්දියාවට ආවේණික ශාකයක් ලෙස හඳුනා ගත හැකි වන අතර එය ශ්‍රී ලංකාව, තායිලන්තය, හා දකුණු ආසියාව ආශ්‍රිත ප්‍රදේශයේ දී දැක ගැනීමට හැකියාව ලැබෙනවා.

ඉන්දියාව තුළ දිවුල් සඳහා වසර 4000 ක පමණ අතීතයක් ඇතැයි සැලකෙනවා. දිවුල් ගසක් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අඩි 30ක පමණ උසට වැඩෙන අතර දිවුල් ගෙඩියක් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සෙන්ටිමීටර 5-9 පමණ විශ්කම්භයකින් යුක්ත වෙනවා. එම දිවුල් ගෙඩියේ වටේට පිහිටා ඇති ආවරණය ඉතාමත් ඝන වන අතර එයින් ඇතුලත මදය දුඹුරු පැහැති වෙනවා මෙන්ම සුදු පැහැති දිවුල් බීජ එම මදය තුළ දැකගැනීමට හැකි වෙනවා. දිවුල් ගසෙහි ආහාරයට ගන්නා කොටස වන්නේ එම මදය වන අතර එය මදය පමණක් ද, රසවත් පානයක් ලෙස ද, ජෑම් ලෙස සකසා ද අහාරය සඳහා භාවිතා කරනු දකින්නට පිළිවන් වෙනවා.

ඖෂධීය හා පෝෂණ ගුණ

මෙලෙස දිවුල් ශාකය පිලිබඳව හඳුනා ගැනීමට හැකි වන අතර එහි ඇති පෝෂණ ගුණය පිලිබඳව සලකා බලන විට එය විටමින්, කැල්සියම්, පොස්පරස්, තන්තු, ප්‍රෝටීන හා යකඩ වනි පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථවලින් අනූන වෙනවා.

මෙම දිවුල් සතු ඖෂධීය ගුණය හා පෝෂණ ගුණය පිලිබඳව සලකා බලන විට ඒවා මේ ආකාරයෙන් හඳුනා ගැනීමට හැකියාව ලැබෙනවා. මෙම දිවුල් ආහාරයට ගැනීමෙන් ආහාර ජීරණ පද්ධතිය හා සම්බන්ධ ගැටළු සමනය කිරීමට හැකි වෙනවා. එනම් එහි ඇති සංඝටකයන් මලබද්දය දුරු කිරීමට සමත් වෙනවා මෙන්ම බඩෙහි ඇති වන රිදීම්, අපහසුතාවයන්ද දුරු කරවනවා. එසේම එයට පාචනය, මලබද්ධය ආදී රෝග තත්ත්ව සුව කිරීමේ හැකියාවක්ද පවතිනවා. එය ප්‍රති දිලීරකයක් ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරමින් ආහාර ජීරණ පද්ධතියට ආරක්ෂාවක්ද ලබා දෙනවා.

එසේම මෙම දිවුල් සතුව අපගේ රුධිරය පිරිසිදු කිරීමේ විශේෂ හැකියාවක්ද පවතිනවා. එහිදී දිවුල් හා සීනි උණු වතුරින් දිය කර පානය කිරීම ඒ සඳහා යෝග්‍ය බව සැලකෙනවා. තවද එමගින් රුධිරය පිරිසිදු වනවා මෙන්ම රුධිරය අපිරිසිදු වීමෙන් ශරීරයට සිදු විය හැකි හානියද වළක්වනවා. එසේම මෙම දිවුල් ශාකයේ මුල්, කණ ආශ්‍රිත වේදනාවන් හා රෝග සඳහා ඖෂධයක් ලෙස භාවිතා කළ හැකි වෙනවා. එමෙන්ම දිවුල් ශාකයේ කඳෙන් හා අතු වලින් ගම් වැනි ද්‍රව්‍යයක් වෑස්සෙනු දකින්නට හැකි වෙනවා. එය දියවැඩියාව පාලනය සඳහා යහපත් වෙනවා. තවද දිවුල් ශාකයේ කොළ ශ්වසන පද්ධතිය ආශ්‍රිත ගැටළු සඳහා යෝග්‍ය වෙනවා. එනම් දිර්ගකාලිනව පවතින සෙම්ප්‍රතිශ්‍යාව සඳහා ද, ඒ ආශ්‍රිත වෙනත් රෝග සඳහාද, උගුරේ වේදනාව සදහා මෙන්ම කැස්ස සඳහා මෙම දිවුල් කොළ යෝග්‍ය වෙනවා. එසේම මෙම දිවුල් පළතුරක් ලෙස අහාරයට ගැනීම ශරීරයේ ජවය වැඩි කිරීමට සමත් වෙනවා. එනම් දිවුල් මදය ග්‍රෑම් 100 තුල කැලරි 140 ක් පමණ ඇති අතර එය ශරීරයේ ශක්තිය සඳහා යෝග්‍ය වෙනවා. එසේම එයට ශරීරයේ පරිවෘර්ත්තිය ක්‍රියාවන් ඉක්මන් කරවීමේ හැකියාවක් පවතිනවා. එසේම දිවුල් යනු ප්‍රෝටීන වලින් සමන්විත පලතුරක් වනවා මෙන්ම එය මාංශපේශි වල ශක්තිමත් බවද වැඩි කරනවා. එසේම දිවුල් වකුගඩු වල සෞඛ්‍යමත් බව සදහා මෙන්ම අක්මාවේ සෞඛ්‍යය සඳහා යෝග්‍ය පළතුරක් වෙනවා. එනම් එහි බීටා කරෝටින අඩංගු වන අතර එය අක්මාවේ සෞඛ්‍ය සඳහා යෝග්‍ය වෙනවා. එසේම එහි තයමින් මෙන්ම රයිබෝප්ලේවින් ද අඩංගු වෙනවා. එසේම දිවුල් සර්ප දෂ්ඨනය සදහා ප්‍රතිකාරයක් වනවා මෙන්ම මැලේරියාව වැනි රෝග වලින් ආරක්ෂා වීමට ද උදව් වෙනවා. එසේම මෙම දිවුල් ආහාරයට ගැනීමෙන් පිළිකා ඇති වීමේ අවදානම අවම වන බවද සැලකෙනවා.

මේ ආකාරයට මෙහි ඖෂධීය ගුණ හඳුනා ගත හැකි වන අතර දිවුල් වැඩි වශයෙන් ආහාරයට ගැනීම සමහර විටෙක අහාර ජීර්ණය සඳහා අහිතකර ලෙස බලපෑ හැකියි. එසේම තයිරොයිඩ් හා ගැටළු ඇති පුද්ගලයන් සදහා දිවුල් ආහාරයට ගැනීම සුදුසු වන්නේ ද නැහැ.

ආර්ථිකමය වාසි

මෙම දිවුල් පිලිබඳව සලකා බලන විට එය ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ද වැදගත් වෙනවා. එනම් පලතුරක් ලෙසද, දිවුල් ගෙඩියෙහි කටුවෙන් විසිතුරු බඩු නිපදවීම සඳහාද, සුවඳ විලවුන් වර්ග සඳහාද ආදී ප්‍රයෝජන රැසක් හඳුනා ගත හැකි වෙනවා. එසේම අරාබි රටවල දිවුල් කඳෙන් වැස්සෙන ගම් වැනි ද්‍රව්‍ය ගම් සඳහා ආදේශකයක් ලෙසද, දියසායම් සඳහාද, තීන්ත සදහා ආදී වශයෙන් යොදා ගන්නවා.

මේ ආකාරයට ඖෂධීය ගුණයෙන් සපිරි පළතුරක් ලෙස මෙන්ම අපේ රටේ හොඳින් වැවෙන පලතුරක් ලෙස දිවුල් හඳුනා ගැනීමට පුළුවන් වෙනවා.

ගැලරිය

මූලාශ්‍ර

 Germplasm Resources Information Network: Limonia
 Germplasm Resources Information Network: Limonia acidissima
 Flora of Pakistan: genus page, species page
 The Wood Apple
 Pandanus Database
 https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/fruit/health-benefits-of-wood-apple-or-bel-fruit.html
 https://drhealthbenefits.com/food-bevarages/fruits/health-benefits-of-wood-apple
 http://www.home-remedies-for-you.com/herbs/wood-apple.html
 https://migrationology.com/wood-apple-fruit

පලතුරු - ශ්‍රී ලංකා
පලතුරු
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ශාක

දිවුල්


Masahiro Shimoda (født 10. februar 1967) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller og træner.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Fujita Industries og Kyoto Shiko.

Han har tidligere trænet YSCC Yokohama og Renofa Yamaguchi FC.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan
Fodboldtrænere fra Japan

Masahiro Shimoda


El giróscopo de estructura vibrante es un tipo de giroscopio que funciona de manera similar a los halterios presentes en algunos insectos. El principio físico subyacente es que un objeto vibrante tiende a continuar vibrando en el mismo plano que gira su apoyo. En la literatura de ingeniería, este tipo de dispositivos se conocen como "giroscopio de vibración de Coriolis", debido a que a medida que el plano de oscilación gira, la respuesta detectada por el transductor resulta del término de Coriolis presente en sus ecuaciones de movimiento ("fuerza de Coriolis").

Los giroscopios de estructura vibrante son más simples - y económicos, que los giroscopios de rotación convencionales. Los dispositivos de estado sólido que usan este principio son un tipo económico de indicadores de posición.

Teoría de Operación
Considerar dos masas de prueba vibrando en el mismo plano a una frecuencia . De acuerdo al efecto Coriolis,se induce una aceleración a las masas igual a , donde  es la velocidad y  es la frecuencia angular de la rotación. La velocidad en el plano de las masas de prueba está dada por: , si la posición en el plano está dada por . El movimiento fuera del plano , inducido por la rotación sería:

donde
 es la masa de la masa de prueba,
 es la constante de elasticidad en la dirección del plano,
 es la magnitud del vector de rotación en el plano de rotación de la masa de prueba.

Implementaciones
El principio ha permitido la construcción de diversos tipos de giroscopios entre los que se destacan:

 Giroscopios piezoeléctricos.
 Giroscopios de resonador hemisférico, también conocidos como Resonadores de Vaso de Vino.
 Giroscopios de rueda vibrante.
 Giroscopio de Sistemas microelectromecánicos (MEMS)

Aplicaciones
Los giroscopios de estructura vibrante se utilizan en:
 Orientación aérea.
 Estabilización de vehículos terrestres
 Sistemas de entretenimiento.
 Fotografía
 Aeromodelismo

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Memorias del Taller Anual de Giroscopios de Estado Sólido (en inglés)(Realizado del 19 al 21 de mayo de 2008. Yalta, Ucrania). - Kiev-Járkov. ATS de Ucrania. 2009. - ISBN 978-976-02-5248-6.
 Silicon Sensing - Case Study: Segway HT
 Apostolyuk V. Teoría y diseño de giroscopios vibrantes micromecánicos (en inglés)
 Prandi L., Antonello R., Oboe R., y Biganzoli F. Automatic Mode-Matching in MEMS Vibrating Gyroscopes Using Extremum Seeking Control //IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2009. Vol.56. - P.3880-3891..

Giroscopios

Giróscopo de estructura vibrante