Lysozyme (, muramidase, N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase; systematic name peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase) is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. It is a glycoside hydrolase that catalyzes the following process:

 Hydrolysis of (1→4)-β-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrins

Peptidoglycan is the major component of gram-positive bacterial cell wall. This hydrolysis in turn compromises the integrity of bacterial cell walls causing lysis of the bacteria.

Lysozyme is abundant in secretions including tears, saliva, human milk, and mucus. It is also present in cytoplasmic granules of the macrophages and the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Large amounts of lysozyme can be found in egg white. C-type lysozymes are closely related to α-lactalbumin in sequence and structure, making them part of the same glycoside hydrolase family 22. In humans, the C-type lysozyme enzyme is encoded by the LYZ gene.

Hen egg white lysozyme is thermally stable, with a melting point reaching up to 72 °C at pH 5.0. However, lysozyme in human milk loses activity very quickly at that temperature. Hen egg white lysozyme maintains its activity in a large range of pH (6–9). Its isoelectric point is 11.35. The isoelectric point of human milk lysozyme is 10.5–11.

Function and mechanism

The enzyme functions by hydrolyzing glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycans. The enzyme can also break glycosidic bonds in chitin, although not as effectively as true chitinases.

Lysozyme's active site binds the peptidoglycan molecule in the prominent cleft between its two domains. It attacks peptidoglycans (found in the cell walls of bacteria, especially Gram-positive bacteria), its natural substrate, between N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and the fourth carbon atom of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG).

Shorter saccharides like tetrasaccharide have also shown to be viable substrates but via an intermediate with a longer chain. Chitin has also been shown to be a viable lysozyme substrate. Artificial substrates have also been developed and used in lysozyme.

Mechanism

Phillips
The Phillips mechanism proposed that the enzyme's catalytic power came from both steric strain on the bound substrate and electrostatic stabilization of an oxo-carbenium intermediate. From X-ray crystallographic data, Phillips proposed the active site of the enzyme, where a hexasaccharide binds. The lysozyme distorts the fourth sugar (in the D or -1 subsite) in the hexasaccharide into a half-chair conformation. In this stressed state, the glycosidic bond is more easily broken. An ionic intermediate containing an oxo-carbenium is created as a result of the glycosidic bond breaking. Thus distortion causing the substrate molecule to adopt a strained conformation similar to that of the transition state will lower the energy barrier of the reaction.

The proposed oxo-carbonium intermediate was speculated to be electrostatically stabilized by aspartate and glutamate residues in the active site by Arieh Warshel in 1978. The electrostatic stabilization argument was based on comparison to bulk water, the reorientation of water dipoles can cancel out the stabilizing energy of charge interaction. In Warshel's model, the enzyme acts as a super-solvent, which fixes the orientation of ion pairs and provides super-solvation (very good stabilization of ion pairs), and especially lower the energy when two ions are close to each other.

The rate-determining step (RDS) in this mechanism is related to formation of the oxo-carbenium intermediate. There were some contradictory results to indicate the exact RDS. By tracing the formation of product (p-nitrophenol), it was discovered that the RDS can change over different temperatures, which was a reason for those contradictory results. At a higher temperature the RDS is formation of glycosyl enzyme intermediate and at a lower temperature the breakdown of that intermediate.

Covalent mechanism

In an early debate in 1969, Dahlquist proposed a covalent mechanism for lysozyme based on kinetic isotope effect, but for a long time the ionic mechanism was more accepted. In 2001, a revised mechanism was proposed by Vocadlo via a covalent but not ionic intermediate. Evidence from ESI-MS analysis indicated a covalent intermediate. A 2-fluoro substituted substrate was used to lower the reaction rate and accumulate an intermediate for characterization. The amino acid side-chains glutamic acid 35 (Glu35) and aspartate 52 (Asp52) have been found to be critical to the activity of this enzyme. Glu35 acts as a proton donor to the glycosidic bond, cleaving the C-O bond in the substrate, whereas Asp52 acts as a nucleophile to generate a glycosyl enzyme intermediate. The Glu35 reacts with water to form hydroxyl ion, a stronger nucleophile than water, which then attacks the glycosyl enzyme intermediate, to give the product of hydrolysis and leaving the enzyme unchanged. This type of covalent mechanism for enzyme catalysis was first proposed by Koshland.

More recently, quantum mechanics/ molecular mechanics (QM/MM) molecular dynamics simulations have been using the crystal of HEWL and predict the existence of a covalent intermediate. Evidence for the ESI-MS and X-ray structures indicate the existence of covalent intermediate, but primarily rely on using a less active mutant or non-native substrate. Thus, QM/MM molecular dynamics provides the unique ability to directly investigate the mechanism of wild-type HEWL and native substrate. The calculations revealed that the covalent intermediate from the covalent mechanism is ~30 kcal/mol more stable than the ionic intermediate from the Phillips mechanism. These calculations demonstrate that the ionic intermediate is extremely energetically unfavorable and the covalent intermediates observed from experiments using less active mutant or non-native substrates provide useful insight into the mechanism of wild-type HEWL.

Inhibition
Imidazole derivatives can form a charge-transfer complex with some residues (in or outside active center) to achieve a competitive inhibition of lysozyme. In Gram-negative bacteria, the lipopolysaccharide acts as a non-competitive inhibitor by highly favored binding with lysozyme.

Non-enzymatic action
Despite that the muramidase activity of lysozyme has been supposed to play the key role for its antibacterial properties, evidence of its non-enzymatic action was also reported. For example, blocking the catalytic activity of lysozyme by mutation of critical amino acid in the active site (52-Asp -> 52-Ser) does not eliminate its antimicrobial activity. The lectin-like ability of lysozyme to recognize bacterial carbohydrate antigen without lytic activity was reported for tetrasaccharide related to lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Also, lysozyme interacts with antibodies and T-cell receptors.

Enzyme conformation changes
Lysozyme exhibits two conformations: an open active state and a closed inactive state. The catalytic relevance was examined with single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCN) field effect transistors (FETs), where a singular lysozyme was bound to the SWCN FET. Electronically monitoring the lysozyme showed two conformations, an open active site and a closed inactive site. In its active state lysozyme is able to processively hydrolyze its substrate, breaking on average 100 bonds at a rate of 15 per second. In order to bind a new substrate and move from the closed inactive state to the open active state requires two conformation step changes, while inactivation requires one step.

Superfamily
The conventional C-type lysozyme is part of a larger group of structurally and mechanistically related enzymes termed the lysozyme superfamily. This family unites GH22 C-type ("chicken") lysozymes with plant chitinase GH19, G-type ("goose") lysozyme GH23, V-type ("viral") lysozyme GH24 and the chitosanase GH46 families. The lysozyme-type nomenclature only reflects the source a type is originally isolated from and does not fully reflect the taxonomic distribution. For example, humans and many other mammals have two G-type lysozyme genes, LYG1 and LYG2.

Role in disease and therapy

Lysozyme is part of the innate immune system. Reduced lysozyme levels have been associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in newborns. Piglets fed with human lysozyme milk can recover from diarrheal disease caused by E. coli faster. The concentration of lysozyme in human milk is 1,600 to 3,000 times greater than the concentration in livestock milk. Human lysozyme is more active than hen egg white lysozyme. A transgenic line of goats (with a founder named "Artemis") were developed to produce milk with human lysozyme to protect children from diarrhea if they can't get the benefits of human breastfeeding.

Since lysozyme is a natural form of protection from Gram-positive pathogens like Bacillus and Streptococcus, it plays an important role in immunology of infants in human milk feeding. Whereas the skin is a protective barrier due to its dryness and acidity, the conjunctiva (membrane covering the eye) is, instead, protected by secreted enzymes, mainly lysozyme and defensin. However, when these protective barriers fail, conjunctivitis results.

In certain cancers (especially myelomonocytic leukemia) excessive production of lysozyme by cancer cells can lead to toxic levels of lysozyme in the blood.  High lysozyme blood levels can lead to kidney failure and low blood potassium, conditions that may improve or resolve with treatment of the primary malignancy.

Serum lysozyme is much less specific for diagnosis of sarcoidosis than serum angiotensin converting enzyme; however, since it is more sensitive, it is used as a marker of sarcoidosis disease activity and is suitable for disease monitoring in proven cases.

Chemical synthesis

The first chemical synthesis of a lysozyme protein was attempted by Prof. George W. Kenner and his group at the University of Liverpool in England. This was finally achieved in 2007 by Thomas Durek in Steve Kent's lab at the University of Chicago who made a synthetic functional lysozyme molecule.

Other applications
Lysozyme crystals have been used to grow other functional materials for catalysis and biomedical applications. Lysozyme is a commonly used enzyme for lysing gram positive bacteria. Due to the unique function of lysozyme in which it can digest the cell wall and causes osmotic shock (burst the cell by suddenly changing solute concentration around the cell and thus the osmotic pressure), lysozyme is commonly used in lab setting to release proteins from bacterium periplasm while the inner membrane remains sealed as vesicles called the spheroplast.

For example, E. coli can be lysed using lysozyme to free the contents of the periplasmic space. It is especially useful in lab setting for trying to collect the contents of the periplasm. Lysozyme treatment is optimal at particular temperatures, pH ranges, and salt concentrations. Lysozyme activity increases with increasing temperatures, up to 60 degrees Celsius, with a pH range of 6.0-7.0. The salts present also affect lysozyme treatment, where some assert inhibitory effects, and others promote lysis via lysozyme treatment. Sodium chloride induces lysis, but at high concentrations, it is an active inhibitor of lysis. Similar observations have been seen with the use of potassium salts. Slight variations are present due to differences in bacterial strains. A consequence of the use of lysozyme in extracting recombinant proteins for protein crystallization is that the crystal may be contaminated with units of lysozyme, producing a physiologically irrelevant combination. In fact, some proteins simply cannot crystalize without such contamination.

Furthermore, lysozyme can serve as a tool in the expression of toxic recombinant proteins. Expressing recombinant proteins in BL21(DE3) strains is typically accomplished by the T7-RNA-polymerase. Via IPTG induction, the UV-5 repressor is inhibited, leading to the transcription of the T7-RNA-polymerase and thereby of the protein of interest. Nonetheless, a basal level of the T7-RNA-polymerase is observable even without induction. T7 lysozyme acts as an inhibitor of the T7-RNA-polymerase. Newly invented strains, containing a helper plasmid (pLysS), constitutively co-express low levels of T7 lysozyme, providing high stringency and consistent expression of the toxic recombinant protein.

History

The antibacterial property of hen egg white, due to the lysozyme it contains, was first observed by Laschtschenko in 1909. The bacteria-killing activity of nasal mucus was demonstrated in 1922 by Alexander Fleming, the discoverer of penicillin, who coined the term "lysozyme". He is reported as saying: "As this substance has properties akin to those of ferments I have called it a 'Lysozyme'." Fleming went on to show that an enzymic substance was present in a wide variety of secretions and was capable of rapidly lysing (i.e. dissolving) different bacteria, particularly a yellow "coccus" that he studied".

Lysozyme was first crystallised by Edward Abraham in 1937, enabling the three-dimensional structure of hen egg white lysozyme to be described by David Chilton Phillips in 1965, when he obtained the first 2-ångström (200 pm) resolution model via X-ray crystallography. The structure was publicly presented at a Royal Institution lecture in 1965.
Lysozyme was the second protein structure and the first enzyme structure to be solved via X-ray diffraction methods, and the first enzyme to be fully sequenced that contains all twenty common amino acids.
As a result of Phillips' elucidation of the structure of lysozyme, it was also the first enzyme to have a detailed, specific mechanism suggested for its method of catalytic action. This work led Phillips to provide an explanation for how enzymes speed up a chemical reaction in terms of its physical structures. The original mechanism proposed by Phillips was more recently revised.

See also
 Egg allergy

References

External links

 Proteopedia.org HEW Lysozyme
 PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Lysozyme C.
 PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Hen egg white Lysozyme C.

EC 3.2.1
Immunology
E-number additives

Lysozyme


Cool Reader est un lecteur libre de livres numériques sous licence GPL v2 disponible pour Windows 32 bits, GNU/Linux et Android développé par Vadim Lopatim.

Formats gérés
Cool Reader permet de lire les livres numériques aux formats :
 FB2
 CHM
 DOC
 EPUB sans DRM
 HTML
  PRC/MOBI sans DRM
 PDB (Palm DataBase)
  RTF
 TCR
 TXT

Notes et références

Livre électronique
Logiciel utilitaire
Logiciel pour Linux
Logiciel pour Mac OS
Logiciel pour Windows
Logiciel pour Android
Logiciel pour iOS
Logiciel écrit en C
Logiciel écrit en C++
Logiciel libre sous licence GPL

Cool Reader


Antti Juhani Rinne (født 3. november 1962 i Helsinki) er en finsk socialdemokratisk politiker, der var Finlands statsminister fra juni til december 2019.

Rinne hører til Finlands Socialdemokratiske Parti og har været partiets leder siden 9. maj 2014. I perioden 2014-15 var han finansminister og vicestatsminister, og han har været medlem af Rigsdagen siden 2015. Ved rigsdagsvalget 14. april 2019 vandt Socialdemokraterne med Rinne i spidsen, og han kunne efter næsten to måneders forhandlinger indsættes som statsminister den 6. juni 2019 som leder af en centrum-venstre regering med ministre fra fem partier. 10. december samme år afløstes han af Sanna Marin.

Biografi
Rinne er uddannet jurist fra Helsinki Universitet. Han har virket som advokat og været formand for flere fagforeninger i perioden 2002 til 2014. I 2014 blev han formand for Socialdemokraterne, da han besejrede den siddende formand Jutta Urpilainen.

Under en ferie ved årsskiftet 2018-19 var Rinne med sin hustru på ferie i Spanien, men ved ankomsten blev han dårlig og blev indlagt på hospital, hvor han i første omgang blev diagnosticeret med en alvorlig lungebetændelse. Efterfølgende blev han transporteret tilbage til Finland, hvor nærmere undersøgelser viste, at han havde en forsnævret kranspulsåre, der krævede en ballonudvidelse. Ydermere blev han ramt af en bakterie under indlæggelsen i Spanien. Hele sygdomsforløbet varede et par måneder, hvorpå han dog fortsat ikke var helt rask, men han var dog i stand til at deltage i valgkampen.

Ved rigsdagsvalget i 2019 lykkedes Rinne at føre sit parti frem til at blive det største parti i Finland for første gang siden årtusindskiftet, dog kun med ét mandats forspring til det stærkt højreorienterede parti De Sande Finner. Han og Socialdemokraterne dannede efterfølgende regering med Centerpartiet, Grønt Forbund, Venstreforbundet og Svensk Folkeparti med Rinne selv som regeringsleder og statsminister. Efter blot 6 måneders regeringsførelse blev Rinne og hans regering den 3. december 2019 tvunget til at gå af, efter at uroligheder om overenskomster i det finske postvæsen, Posti, havde ført til strejker i flere sektorer. Rinnes afløser, den dengang 34-årige næstformand for Socialdemokratiet, Sanna Marin, blev godkendt som ny statsminister af Rigsdagen den 10. december 2019 og blev den yngste siddende regeringsleder i verden. Rinne fortsatte som formand for Finlands Socialdemokratiske Parti indtil september 2020.

Referencer

Statsministre fra Finland
Jurister fra Finland
Finansministre fra Finland
Personer fra Helsinki

Antti Rinne


Nightingale es un reproductor multimedia y explorador web totalmente libre y de código abierto. Nació como una bifurcación del reproductor Songbird debido al anuncio de los programadores de no continuar desarrollando futuras versiones para GNU/Linux. Al igual que Songbird, Nightingale está basado en la plataforma XULRunner de Mozilla con bibliotecas como GStreamer media framework y libtag que proveen de marcación de archivos multimedia y soporte para la reproducción, entre otros servicios. A diferencia de Songird, donde las distintas "máscaras" o "skins" tenían derechos de autor, los skins de Nightingale funcionan bajo licencia de software libre, específicamente las licencias GPLv2, con algunas porciones de las licencias MPL y BSD.

Actualmente Nightingale aún está en desarrollo, aunque se ha avanzado gracias a que nuevos desarrolladores se unieron al proyecto. El 15 de diciembre de 2011 se lanzó una versión preliminar basada en el código de Songbird 1.8.1.

Actualmente se encuentra en la versión 1.12 Final, lanzada el 16 de abril de 2013.

Características

 Compatibilidad multi-plataforma con GNU/Linux y Windows (x86, x86-64).
 Posibilidad de reproducir múltiples formatos de audio, como MP3, AAC, Ogg Vorbis, FLAC, Apple Lossless y WMA.
 Permite reproducir Apple FairPlay con codificación de audio en plataformas Windows y Mac a través de QuickTime (la autorización se lleva a cabo dentro de iTunes).
 Puede reproducir audio de Windows Media DRM en plataformas Windows
 Posee una interfase manipulable, pudiendo elegir entre varios Skins.
 Archivos multimedia alojados en páginas web se muestran como archivos reproducibles en Nightingale.
 Descarga de archivos MP3·
 Permite suscribir blogs MP3 como listas de reproducción.
 Permite el escaneo de archivos de audio y multimedia en el computador del usuario y los añade a una librería local.
 Una interfaz gráfica de usuario que es configurable y colapsable, similar al iTunes, además de poseer un modo de reproducción miniatura.
 Atajos de teclado y soporte para teclados multimedia.
 Integración a Last.fm vía plugin con opción de botones de Me Gusta/No me Gusta (Love/Hate).
 Permite editar y guardar metadatos.

Add-ons

Extensiones

Los usuarios pueden añadir características y aplicaciones instalando extensiones. Estas extensiones son similares a las que se usan en el navegador Firefox. Extensiones codificadas por la comunidad están disponibles en la página de extensiones de Nightingale.

Skins

Los skins en Nightingale son llamados "feathers" (plumas), y dan al usuario la habilidad de cambiar el aspecto del reproductor por medio de una extensión, la cual genera skins por defecto. Por medio del uso de CSS (y opcionalmente XUL) y programas de manipulación de imágenes como Photoshop o GIMP, los usuarios pueden editar sus propias "plumas".

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial del proyecto

Referencias

Reproductores de audio digital libres
Reproductores multimedia para macOS
Reproductores multimedia para Windows
Reproductores multimedia para Linux
Software multiplataforma
Software de 2011
Software de audio libre

Nightingale (software)


Costanzo Preve (Valenza Po, 14 Nisan 1943 - Torino, 23 Kasım 2013) İtalyan Marksist düşünür ve siyaset kuramcısı.

Biyografi
Costanzo Preve Torino, Paris ve Atina'da felsefe, siyaset bilimi ve antik ve çağdaş Yunanistan üzerine eğitim gördü. 1967'den 2002'ye kadar lise öğretmeni olarak görev yaptı ve önce İtalyan Komünist Partisi (PCI)'ndeydi daha sonra Democrazia Proletaria; 1975 kurulan ve PCI ve Hristiyan Demokratlar arasındaki "tarihi uzlaşma"ya karşı çıkan partiye yakın durdu. Berlin Duvarının 1989'da yıkılmasından sonra PCI'nın çözülmesini takiben Costanzo Preve geçmiş yıllardaki konumları hakkında eleştirel bir gözden geçirme kaleme aldı. Medyadan ABD emperyalizmine ve Siyonizme karşı duruşları nedeniyle büyük ilgi gören,  uluslararası solcu bir anti emperyalist eylemciler birliği olan Anti Emperyalist Kamp'''ın bazı kültürel etkinliklerinde yer aldı ve dersler verdi.

 Eserleri

 La classe operaia non va in paradiso: dal marxismo occidentale all'operaismo italiano (in AA.VV., Alla ricerca della produzione perduta). 1982, Dedalo
 Cosa possiamo chiedere al marxismo (in AA.VV., Il marxismo in mare aperto). 1983, Franco Angeli
 La filosofia imperfetta. Una proposta di ricostruzione del marxismo contemporaneo. 1984, Franco Angeli
 La teoria in pezzi. La dissoluzione del paradigma teorico operaista in Italia (1976-1983). 1984, Dedalo
 La ricostruzione del marxismo fra filosofia e scienza (in AA.VV., La cognizione della crisi. Saggi sul marxismo di Louis Althusser). 1986, Franco Angeli
 Vers une nouvelle alliance. Actualité et possibilités de développement de l'effort ontologique de Bloch et de Lukàcs (in AA.VV. Ernst Bloch et György Lukács. Un siècle après). 1986, Actes Sud [Verdinglichung und Utopie. 1987, Sendler]
 La rivoluzione teorica di Louis Althusser (in AA.VV., Il marxismo di Louis Althusser). 1987, Vallerini Editore
 Viewing Lukàcs from the 1980s. 1987, The University of Chicago Press
 La passione durevole. 1989, Vangelista
 La musa di Clio vestita di rosso (in AA.VV., Trasfromazione e persistenza. Saggi sulla storicità del capitalismo). 1990, Franco Angeli
 Il filo di Arianna. Quindici lezioni di filosofia marxista. 1990, Vangelista
 Il marxismo ed il problema teorico dell'eguaglianza oggi (in AA.VV., Egalite/Inegalite). 1990, QuattroVenti
 Il convitato di pietra. 1991, Vangelista
 L'assalto al cielo. Saggio su marxismo e individualismo. 1992, Vangelista
 Il pianeta rosso. Saggio su marxismo e universalismo. 1992, Vangelista
 L'ideologia Italiana. Saggio sulla storia delle idee marxiste in Italia. 1993, Vangelista
 The dream and the reality. The spiritual crisis of western Marxism (in AA.VV., Marxism and spirituality. An international anthology). 1993, Bengin and Gavey
 Il tempo della ricerca. Saggio sul moderno, il postmoderno e la fine della storia. 1993, Vangelista
 Louis Althusser. La lutte contre le sens commun dans le mouvement communiste "historique" au XX siècle (in AA.VV, Politique et philosophie dans l'œuvre de Louis Althusser). 1993, Presses Universitaires de France
 L'eguale libertà. Saggio sulla natura umana. 1994, Vangelista
 Oltre la gabbia d'acciaio. 1994, Vangelista, (+ Gianfranco La Grassa)
 Il teatro dell'assurdo (cronaca e storia dei recenti avvenimenti italiani), 1995, Punto rosso, (+ Gianfranco La Grassa)
 Una teoria nuova per una diversa strategia politica, 1995, Punto rosso, (+ Gianfranco La Grassa)
 Un elogio della filosofia. 1996, Punto Rosso
 La fine di una teoria. Il collasso del marxismo storico del Novecento. 1996, Unicopli, (+ Gianfranco La Grassa)
 Il comunismo storico novecentesco (1917-1991). 1997, Punto Rosso
 Nichilismo Verità Storia. Un manifesto filosofico della fine del XX secolo. 1997, CRT, (+ Massimo Bontempelli)
 Gesù uomo nella storia, Dio nel pensiero. 1997, CRT, (+ Massimo Bontempelli)
 Il crepuscolo della profezia comunista. A 150 anni dal "Manifesto". 1998, CRT
 L'alba del Sessantotto. Una interpretazione filosofica. 1998, CRT
 Marxismo, Filosofia, Verità. 1998, CRT
 Destra e sinistra. La natura inservibile di due categorie tradizionali. 1998, CRT
 La questione nazionale alle soglie del XXI secolo. 1998, CRT
 Le stagioni del nichilismo. Un'analisi filosofica ed una prognosi storica. 1998, CRT
 Individui liberati, comunità solidali. Sulla questione della società degli individui. 1998, CRT
 Contro il capitalismo, oltre il comunismo. Riflessioni su di una eredità storica e su un futuro possibile. 1998, CRT
 La fine dell'Urss. Dalla transizione mancata alla dissoluzione reale. 1999, CRT
 Il ritorno del clero. La questione degli intellettuali oggi. 1999, CRT
 Le avventure dell'ateismo. Religione e materialismo oggi. 1999, CRT
 Un nuovo manifesto filosofico. Prospettive inedite e orizzonti convincenti per il pensiero. 1999, CRT, (+ Andrea Cavazzini)
 Hegel Marx Heidegger. Un percorso nella filosofia contemporanea. 1999, CRT
 Scienza, politica, filosofia. Un'interpretazione filosofica del Novecento. 1999, CRT
 I secoli difficili. Introduzione al pensiero filosofico dell'Ottocento e del Novecento. 1999, CRT
 L'educazione filosofica. Memoria del passato - Compito del presente - Sfida del futuro. 2000, CRT
 Il bombardamento etico. Saggio sull'interventismo umanitario, l'embargo terapeutico e la menzogna evidente. 2000, CRT
 Marxismo e filosofia. Note, riflessioni e alcune novità. 2002, CRT
 Un secolo di marxismo. Idee e ideologie. 2003, CRT
 Le contraddizioni di Norberto Bobbio. Per una critica del bobbianesimo cerimoniale. 2004, CRT
 Marx inattuale. Eredità e prospettiva. 2004, Bollati Boringhieri
 Verità filosofica e critica sociale. Religione, filosofia, marxismo. 2004, CRT
 Dove va la destra? Dove va la sinistra? (+ Giano Accame). 2004, Edizioni Settimo Sigillo
 Comunitarismo Filosofia Politica. 2004, Noctua
 L'ideocrazia imperiale americana. 2004, Edizioni Settimo Sigillo
 Filosofia del presente. 2004, Edizioni Settimo Sigillo
 Filosofia e Geopolitica. 2005, Edizioni all'insegna del Veltro, (introduction by Tiberio Graziani)
 Del buon uso dell'universalismo. 2005, Edizioni Settimo Sigillo, (introduction by Carlo Gambescia)
 Dialoghi sul presente. Alienazione, globalizzazione, Destra/Sinistra, atei devoti. Per un pensiero ribelle (+ Alain de Benoist and Giuseppe Giaccio). 2005 Controcorrente
 Marx e gli antichi greci. 2005, Petite Plaisance, (+Luca Grecchi)
 Il popolo al potere. Il problema della democrazia nei suoi aspetti storici e filosofici. 2006, Arianna Editrice, (introduction by Giuseppe Giaccio)
 Verità e relativismo. Religione, scienza, filosofia e politica nell'epoca della globalizzazione. 2006, Alpina (introduction by Franco Cardini)
 Elogio del comunitarismo. 2006, Controcorrente
 Il paradosso De Benoist. 2006, Edizioni Settimo Sigillo, (introduction by Carlo Gambescia)
 Storia della dialettica. 2006, Petite Plaisance
 Storia critica del marxismo. 2007, Edizioni Città del Sole, (introduction by André Tosel)
 Storia dell'etica. 2007, Petite Plaisance
 Hegel antiutilitarista. 2007, Edizioni Settimo Sigillo, (introduction by Carlo Gambescia)
 Storia del Materialismo. 2007, Petite Plaisance
 Una approssimazione al pensiero di Karl Marx. Tra materialismo e idealismo. 2007, Il Prato (introduction by Diego Fusaro)
 Ripensare Marx. Filosofia, Idealismo, Materialismo. 2007, Editrice Ermes
 Un trotzkismo capitalistico? Ipotesi sociologico-religiosa dei Neocons americani e dei loro seguaci europei (in AA.VV., Neocons. L'ideologia neoconservatrice e le sfide della storia). 2007, Il Cerchio
 Alla ricerca della speranza perduta. 2008, Settimo Sigillo, (+ Luigi Tedeschi)
 La quarta guerra mondiale''. 2008, Edizioni all'insegna del Veltro

20. yüzyılda İtalyan siyasetçiler
21. yüzyılda İtalyan siyasetçiler
1943 doğumlular
2013 yılında ölenler
İtalyan ateistler

Costanzo Preve


Padişah (Farsça: پادشاه), bazı İslam hükümdarları tarafından kullanılan ve yücelik belirten unvan. Farsça bir sözcük olup "şahların en büyüğü" manasına gelmektedir. Esasen İslamiyet öncesi İran'da hüküm süren Sasani hükümdarlarının sıfatı iken daha sonra Osmanlı hükümdarları ve Delhi sultanları tarafından benimsenmiştir. Hindistan'da bazı bölgesel İslam hükümdarları (örneğin Maysor hükümdarı Tipu Sultan) ile Afganistan'daki Dürraniler de "padişah" unvanını kullanmıştır.

Sözcüğün aslı Eski Farsça olup bey, efendi, muktedir anlamına gelen "pāti" ve hükümdar anlamına gelen "şāh" kelimelerinden oluşur.

Osmanlıda padişahlık
Osmanlı hükümdarları padişah unvanını 1421'de devletin başına geçen II. Murat'tan itibaren kullanmaya başlamışlardır. II. Murat dönemine dek "sultan" unvanını kullanan Osmanlı padişahları ayrıca halife, hakan ve kayser unvanlarını da kullanmışlardır. Bu unvanlardan padişah İran geleneğine, sultan ve halife Arap-İslam geleneğine, hakan eski Türk geleneğine, kayser ise Rum geleneğine işaret etmekte ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun eski İran, Abbasi, Türk ve Rum imparatorluklarının varisi olma iddialarının altını çizmektedir.

Padişahlık hem halife hem de sultan makamlarını ihtiva eden unvandır. Kanun-ı Esasî'de Osmanlı hükümdarı sadece padişah unvanıyla tanımlanmış ve diğer unvanları kanun metninde yer almamıştır. Padişahın hak ve yetkileri Kanun-ı Esasî'nin 3, 7, 27, 29, 35, 44, 45, 46, 54, 60, 64, 101, 105 ve 113. maddelerinde tanımlanmıştır.

Padişahlık makamı Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'nin 1 Kasım 1922 tarihli anayasa değişikliğiyle lağvedilmiştir.

Etek ve saçak öpme adeti
Abbasiler'den Osmanlılara geçen bir adet olan saçak ve etek öpme adeti V. Mehmed döneminde terk edilmiştir. Özellikle bayramlaşma merasimlerinde tüm devlet erkanı padişahın eteğini veya tahtının saçağını öperdi. Devletin ilk yıllarında etek öpmek adet iken son zamanlara doğru bu adetin yerini saçak öpmek almıştır. Saçak öpmek "eteğiniz o kadar mübarektir ki ona dokunmak haddim değildir" manasına gelmektedir.

Kaynakça

Afgan unvanları
Monarşi
Türk unvanları
Soyluluk unvanları

Padişah


نادي أولسان هيونداي هورانج-أي لكرة القدم (الهانغول: 울산 현대 FC) هو نادي رياضي كوري جنوبي لكرة القدم من اولسان. وأحد فرق الدوري الكوري (K League).

نبذة
تأسس النادي في عام 1983 من قبل مجموعة هيونداي حقق الفريق أول لقب له في دوري كوريا الجنوبية في عام 1996، واصل الفريق تقديم مستويات جيدة في الدوري إلا انه غاب عن تحقيق اللقب حتى عام 2005 حيث تمكن من احراز بطولة الدوري للمرة الثانية في تاريخه.

اللاعبون

بطولات النادي الأسيوية

حقق نادي أولسان دوري أبطال أسيا مرتين الأولى سنة 2012 بعد تغلبه في النهائي على الأهلي السعودي بنتيجة 3-0 والثانية سنة 2020 بعد تغلبه في النهائي على برسبوليس الإيراني بنتيجة 1-2

الإنجازات

 الدوري الكوري الجنوبي

 البطل (3): 1996، 2005، 2022
 الوصيف (10): 1988، 1991، 1998، 2002، 2003، 2011، 2013، 2019، 2020، 2021.

 كأس الاتحاد الكوري الجنوبي

 البطل (1): 2017
 الوصيف (3): 1998، 2018، 2020

 البطل (5): 1986، 1995، 1998، 2007، 2011
 الوصيف (3): 1993، 2002، 2005

 البطل (1): 2006

طالع أيضا
 اتحاد كوريا الجنوبية لكرة القدم
 دوري أبطال آسيا 2009

موقع خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للنادي

مصادر

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1983
أندية كي ليغ كلاسيك
الرياضة في ألسان
تأسيسات سنة 1983 في كوريا الجنوبية
نادي ألسان هيونداي

أولسان هيونداي


Barney Kessel (October 17, 1923 – May 6, 2004) was an American jazz guitarist. Known in particular for his knowledge of chords and inversions and chord-based melodies, he was a member of many prominent jazz groups as well as a "first call" guitarist for studio, film, and television recording sessions. Kessel was a member of the group of session musicians informally known as the Wrecking Crew.

Biography

Kessel was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma in 1923 to a Jewish family. Kessel's father was an immigrant from Hungary who owned a shoe shop. His only formal musical study was three months of guitar lessons at the age of 12. He began his career as a teenager touring with local dance bands. When he was 16, he started playing with the Oklahoma A&M band, Hal Price & the Varsitonians. The band members nicknamed him "Fruitcake" because he practiced up to 16 hours a day. Kessel gained attention because of his youth and being the only white musician playing in all African American bands at black clubs.

In the early 1940s, he moved to Los Angeles, where for one year he was a member of the Chico Marx big band. He appeared in the film Jammin' the Blues, which featured Lester Young. Soon after, he played in the bands of Charlie Barnet and Artie Shaw. During the day, he worked as a studio musician and at night played jazz in clubs. In 1947, he recorded with Charlie Parker. He worked in Jazz at the Philharmonic and for one year in the early 1950s he was a member of the Oscar Peterson trio. After leaving the trio, he recorded several solo albums for Contemporary. He recorded a series of albums with Ray Brown and Shelly Manne as The Poll Winners because the three of them often won polls conducted by Metronome and DownBeat magazines. He was the guitarist on the album Julie Is Her Name (1955) by Julie London, which includes the standard "Cry Me a River", selling a million copies and demonstrated Kessel's chordal approach to guitar.

During the 1960s, Kessel worked for Columbia Pictures and was a member of a band of session musicians known as The Wrecking Crew. At one point, after a two and a half hour session to record a one-chord song, "The Beat Goes On," Kessel is reported to have stood up and proclaimed, "Never have so many played so little for so much." He recorded with pop acts such as The Monkees and The Beach Boys and with jazz musicians Sonny Rollins and Art Tatum. Kessel played the iconic opening notes of the acclaimed Beach Boys' Pet Sounds album, on the track "Wouldn't It Be Nice." He played a 12-string hybrid mando-guitar, plugged directly into the recording console, at Brian Wilson's request. Kessel eventually left studio work to concentrate on his jazz career both onstage and on records. Along with solo work, he formed the ensemble Great Guitars with Charlie Byrd and Herb Ellis.

Kessel was rated the No. 1 guitarist in Esquire, DownBeat, and Playboy magazine polls between 1947 and 1960.

From 1957 to 1958, Kay Musical Instrument Company manufactured the Kay Barney Kessel signature series guitars (models "Pro", "Artist" and "Jazz Special").

From 1961 to 1974, Gibson Guitars manufactured the Barney Kessel artist signature guitars in Standard and Custom models.

Personal life
Kessel was married to Gail Genovia Farmer in the 50s and 60s and they had two sons, Dan and David. He was then married to Betty Jane (BJ) Baker for 16 years. The couple divorced in 1980. His third marriage to Joanne (Jo) Kessel lasted 10 years, and he was married to his fourth wife, Phyllis Kessel, for 12 years. Kessel's sons Dan Kessel (died Feb 2021) and David Kessel became record producers and session musicians, working with Phil Spector, John Lennon, Cher, Leonard Cohen, The Ramones, Blondie, The Go-Go's and others.

Death
Kessel was in poor health after suffering a stroke in 1992. He died from a brain tumor at his home in San Diego, California, on May 6, 2004, at the age of 80.

Discography

As leader
 Barney Kessel (Contemporary, 1954)
 To Swing or Not to Swing (Contemporary, 1955)
 Kessel Plays Standards (Contemporary, 1956)
 Easy Like (Contemporary, 1956)
 Music to Listen to Barney Kessel By (Contemporary, 1957)
 The Poll Winners with Shelly Manne, Ray Brown (Contemporary, 1957)
 The Poll Winners Ride Again! with Shelly Manne, Ray Brown (Contemporary, 1958)
 Modern Jazz Performances from Bizet's Opera Carmen (Contemporary, 1959)
 Some Like It Hot (Contemporary, 1959)
 Poll Winners Three! with Shelly Manne, Ray Brown (Contemporary, 1960)
 Exploring the Scene! with Shelly Manne, Ray Brown (Contemporary, 1960)
 Bossa Nova Plus Big Band (Reprise, 1961)
 El Tigre with Harold Land (Charlie Parker, 1962)
 Let's Cook! (Contemporary, 1962)
 Breakfast At Tiffany's (Reprise, 1962)
 Barney Kessel's Swingin' Party (Contemporary, 1963)
 Contemporary Latin Rhythms (Reprise, 1963)
 On Fire (Emerald, 1965)
 Kessel's Kit (RCA Victor, 1969)
 Reflections in Rome (RCA Victor, 1969)
 Hair Is Beautiful (Atlantic, 1969)
 Feeling Free (Contemporary, 1969)
 What's New... Barney Kessel? (Mercury, 1969)
 Guitarra (RCA Camden, 1970)
 Swinging Easy! (Black Lion, 1971)
 I Remember Django with Stephane Grappelli (Black Lion, 1971)
 Limehouse Blues with Stephane Grappelli (Freedom, 1972)
 Summertime in Montreux (Black Lion, 1973)
 Easy Moments with Carlos Pes (Gemelli, 1973)
 Two Way Conversation with Red Mitchell (Sonet, 1974)
 Barney (& Friends) Plays Kessel (Concord Jazz, 1975)
 Just Friends (Sonet, 1975)
 Blue Soul (Black Lion, 1975)
 Great Guitars with Charlie Byrd, Herb Ellis (Concord Jazz, 1975)
 The Poll Winners: Straight Ahead with Ray Brown, Shelly Manne (Contemporary, 1975)
 Poor Butterfly with Herb Ellis (Concord Jazz, 1977)
 Soaring (Concord Jazz, 1977)
 Live at Sometime (Trio, 1977)
 A Tribute to the Great Hollywood Stars with Junko Mine (Trio, 1977)
 By Myself (Victor, 1977)
 Great Guitars at the Winery with Charlie Byrd, Herb Ellis (Concord Jazz, 1980)
 Jellybeans with Bob Maize & Jimmie Smith (Concord Jazz, 1981)
 Solo (Concord Jazz, 1983)
 Great Guitars at Charlie's Georgetown (Concord Jazz, 1983)
 Spontaneous Combustion with Monty Alexander (Contemporary, 1987)
 Red Hot and Blues (Contemporary, 1988)
 Autumn Leaves (Black Lion, 1989)
 Great Guitars Live with Charlie Byrd, Herb Ellis (Concord 2001)
 Live at the Jazz Mill 1954 (Modern Harmonic, 2016)
 Live at the Jazz Mill 1954 Vol. 2 (Modern Harmonic, 2018)

As sideman

With The Beach Boys
 The Beach Boys Today! (Capitol Records, 1965)
 Pet Sounds (Capitol Records, 1966)

With Benny Carter
 Alone Together (Norgran, 1955)
 Cosmopolite (Norgran, 1956)
 Jazz Giant (Contemporary, 1958)
 Aspects (United Artists, 1959)

With The Coasters
 Riot in Cell Block Number 9 (Spark Records, 1954)
 One Kiss Led to Another (Atco, 1956)
 Down in Mexico (Atco, 1956)
 Young Blood (Atco, 1957)
 Searchin' (Atco, 1957)

With Sam Cooke
 Night Beat (RCA Victor, 1963)
 Ain't That Good News (RCA, 1964)

With Buddy DeFranco
 Generalissimo (Verve, 1959)
 Live Date (Verve, 1959)
 Bravura (Verve, 1959)
 Wailers (Verve, 1960)

With Harry Edison
 Sweets (Clef, 1956)
 Gee Baby, Ain't I Good to You (Verve, 1957)

With Billie Holiday
 Billie Holiday Sings (Clef, 1952)
 Billie Holiday (Clef, 1953)
 Billie Holiday (Clef, 1954)
 Billie Holiday at JATP (Clef, 1954)
 Music for Torching (Clef, 1956)
 Velvet Mood (Clef, 1956)
 Lady Sings the Blues (Clef, 1956)
 Body and Soul (Verve, 1957)
 Songs for Distingué Lovers (Verve, 1957)
 All or Nothing at All (Verve, 1958)

With Peggy Lee
 I Like Men! (Capitol, 1959)
 Then Was Then – Now Is Now! (Capitol, 1965)

With Anita O'Day
 This Is Anita (Verve, 1956)
 Pick Yourself Up with Anita O'Day (Verve, 1957)
 Anita Sings the Winners (Verve, 1958)
 Anita O'Day Swings Cole Porter with Billy May (Verve, 1959)
 Trav'lin' Light (Verve, 1961)

With Oscar Peterson
 The Oscar Peterson Quartet  (Verve, 1955)
 Romance: The Vocal Styling of Oscar Peterson (Verve, 1956)

With Shorty Rogers
 Martians Come Back! (Atlantic, 1956)
 Way Up There (Atlantic, 1957)
 Chances Are It Swings (RCA Victor, 1958)
 The Wizard of Oz and Other Harold Arlen Songs (RCA Victor, 1959)

With Pete Rugolo
 Out on a Limb (EmArcy, 1956)
 An Adventure in Sound: Reeds in Hi-Fi (Mercury, 1958)
 An Adventure in Sound: Brass in Hi-Fi (Mercury, 1958)

With Sonny & Cher
 Look at Us (Atco Records, 1965)
 In Case You're in Love (Atlantic Records, 1967)

With others
 Georgie Auld, In the Land of Hi-Fi with Georgie Auld and His Orchestra (EmArcy, 1955)
 Louis Bellson, Skin Deep (Norgran, 1953)
 Chet Baker, Albert's House (Beverly Hills, 1969)
 Cher, All I Really Want to Do (EMI Records, 1965)
 Buddy Collette, Man of Many Parts (Contemporary, 1956)
 Sonny Criss, Go Man (Imperial, 1956)
 Bobby Day, Rockin' With Robbin (Class, 1959)
 Sylvia Telles, Sylvia Telles U.S.A. (Philips, 1961)
 Dion DiMucci, Born to Be with You (Collectables, 1975)
 Roy Eldridge, Dale's Wail (Clef, 1953)
 Ella Fitzgerald, Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Songbook  (Verve, 1956)
 Wardell Gray, Dexter Gordon, Sonny Criss, Jazz Concert West Coast (Savoy, 1956)
 Hampton Hawes, Four! (Contemporary, 1958)
 Woody Herman, Songs for Hip Lovers (Verve, 1957)
 Milt Jackson, Ballads & Blues (Atlantic, 1956)
 Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich, The Drum Battle (Verve, 1960)
 Julie London, Julie Is Her Name (Liberty, 1955)
 Oliver Nelson, Soulful Brass (Impulse!, 1968)
 Art Pepper and Zoot Sims, Art 'n' Zoot (Pablo, 1995)
 Jane Powell, Can't We Be Friends? (Verve, 1956)
 Sonny Rollins, Sonny Rollins and the Contemporary Leaders (Contemporary, 1958)
 Evie Sands, Any Way That You Want Me (Rev-Ola, 1970)
 Ike & Tina Turner, River Deep – Mountain High (A&M, 1966)
 Joe Williams, With Love (Temponic, 1972)

Bibliography

References

External links

Barney Kessel Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection (1999)
Barney Kessel Signature Phrases & Analysis

1923 births
2004 deaths
20th-century American guitarists
American jazz guitarists
American music arrangers
American session musicians
Bebop guitarists
Deaths from cancer in California
Concord Records artists
Contemporary Records artists
Cool jazz guitarists
Deaths from brain cancer in the United States
Jazz musicians from Oklahoma
People from Muskogee, Oklahoma
The Wrecking Crew (music) members
West Coast jazz guitarists
American male guitarists
Mainstream jazz guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Great Guitars (band) members
Black Lion Records artists
Sonet Records artists
Savoy Records artists
RCA Records artists
Oscar Peterson Trio members

Barney Kessel


حبيبتي والمطر هو ألبوم غنائي للفنان العراقي كاظم الساهر من إنتاج شركة روتانا صدر عام 1999. يحتوي الألبوم على تسعة أغاني جميعها من ألحان كاظم الساهر، وصدر فيديو كليب لأغنيتين من الألبوم وهما  (قولي أحبك) و(أكرهها) من إخراج محسن أحمد.

الفيديو كليب
نشر الفيديو كليب الأول لأغنية «قولي أحبك» في عام 1999 من إخراج محسن أحمد وتم تصوير الكليب بالعاصمة روما في إيطاليا، وتظهر فيه أهم معالم إيطاليا، حيث قام القيصر بتصوير الفيديو في أهم المناطق الحيوية بإيطاليا برفقة 100 فتاة وهنَّ يلبسن فساتين الزفاف وكاظم يقف بينهن ويرقصون معاً. الفيديو لاقى إعجاب الكثيرين وتخطى 28 مليون مشاهدة على يوتيوب. وفي 2018 تم إستضافة كاظم في برنامج «كاربول كاريكي» بالعربي وخلال الحلقة، تم تنظيم حفل زفاف للقيصر بعد انتشار خبر خطوبته من سارة المقني، وكانت الزفّة على طريقة فيديو كليب أغنية «قولي أحبك»، حيث تمت الاستعانة بـ20 فتاة، وهنَّ يلبسن فساتين الزفاف والساهر يقف بينهن.

وفي 1999 نشر الفيديو كليب الثاني لأغنية «أكرهها» من إخراج محسن أحمد وتصوير عاطف المهدي ومونتاج شريف غزت ومساعد التصوير وفنانة المكياج كانا إيطاليين، تم تصوير الكليب في مدينة البندقية في إيطاليا وفريق التصوير كان مصغراً جداً وتم تصوير بكاميرا محمولة على الكتف وذلك لعدم وجود تصريح للتصوير، دامت عملية تعديل الألوان أربعة أيام وتمت بالقاهرة بأحدث المعدات التقنية، أعتمد المخرج التقنية البسيطة في التصوير حيث تم تصوير الكليب على إضاءة الطبيعة وإستغرق التصوير يومين مع كاظم ويوم واحد مع الموديل فاطمة الزهراء بناصر وكان عدد ساعات التصوير 14 ساعة، الفيديو الكليب من إنتاج إيه آر تي والمنتج المنفذ شركة روتانا للصوتيات والمرئيات. فاز الكليب بجائزة أفضل فيديو كليب في مهرجان الأغنية المصورة بالإسكندرية عام 1999.

قائمة الأغاني

قائمة العاملين على الألبوم
 غناء وتلحين: كاظم الساهر
 التوزيع الموسيقي وقيادة الأوكسترا: د.فتح الله أحمد وإبراهيم الراديو
 الإشراف الموسيقي: كاظم الساهر ود.فتح الله أحمد
 حقوق النشر الصوتية: روتانا
 حقوق النشر: إيمي للموسيقى العربية
 شركة الإنتاج: روتانا
 الناشر: إيمي للموسيقى العربية

مراجع

ألبومات 1999
ألبومات خليجية
ألبومات كاظم الساهر

حبيبتي والمطر


Meurtres à Mulhouse est un téléfilm français de la collection Meurtres à..., coécrit par Jérôme Amory et François Guérin et réalisé par Delphine Lemoine. Ce téléfilm a été diffusé pour la première fois en France le  sur France 3.

Synopsis
En enquêtant sur un crime commis dans une ancienne mine de potasse de Mulhouse (dont la victime est Marie, chercheuse dans un laboratoire pharmaceutique de pointe), la Lieutenante de gendarmerie Sandra Bauer, avec son coéquipier le Major Laurent Bourbon, en vient à soupçonner la compagne de la victime : Emilie Kern. Or cette dernière est aussi l'avocate qui avait privé Sandra de la garde de son fils lors de son divorce. Mais pour l'inculper, Sandra va devoir faire face à son frère Frédéric Bauer qui n'est autre que l'avocat et associé de sa principale suspecte. Au cours de cette enquête qui va rapidement faire écho à la mystérieuse légende de Saint-Nicolas, Sandra et son frère seront amenés à collaborer bon gré mal gré mais surtout à renouer avec un passé tragique : la disparition trois ans plus tôt, de leur neveu Bastien, alors âgé de 9 ans.

Fiche technique
 Réalisation : Delphine Lemoine
 Scénario et dialogue : Jérôme Amory et François Guérin
 Société de production : Ping & Pong Productions, en coproduction avec France Télévisions, AT Production, La RTBF, TV5 Monde, Radio Télévision Suisse, la région Région Grand Est et Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération, les films du kiosque et le Centre National du Cinéma et de l'Image Animée
 Productrice : Dominique Guérin
 Directeur de production : Ludovic Eyrolle
 Chef Opérateur : Bruno Privat
 Musique : Maïdi Roth et Franck Pilant
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue originale : français
 Genre : policier
 Durée : 90 minutes
 Date de première diffusion :
  :  sur France 3

Distribution

 Mélanie Maudran : Sandra Bauer
 François-David Cardonnel : Frédéric Bauer
 Nicolas Van Beveren : Laurent Bourbon
 Madi Belem : Loïc Cimier
 Natalia Dontcheva : Natacha Nowak
 Aurore Erguy : Emilie Kern
 Catherine Arditi : Babcia
 Willy Rovelli : Jasper Schmitt, le médecin légiste
 Erick Deshors : Commandant Beautrin
 Charlotte Valandrey : Karen Bauer
 Jean-François Vlérick : Nicolas Fonge
 Philippe Ohrel : Bernard Pajot

Audience
  : 4,8 millions de téléspectateurs (première diffusion) (24,4% de part d'audience). L'audience consolidée arrive à 5,4 millions (25,4% de part d'audience).

Tournage
Le tournage utilise comme décors les paysages de Mulhouse, son agglomération, ses environs, le Massif des Vosges et la route des Crètes.

Sélection
 Sélection au Festival du film de Colmar 2021.
 Présentation du film au cinéma Bel-Air de Mulhouse, le 6 septembre 2021, avec les élus de l'agglomération de Mulhouse et de la Région Grand Est.

Notes et références

 https://www.lefilmfrancais.com/index.php?option=com_papyrus&view=article&id=153772

Liens externes

Téléfilm se déroulant dans le Grand Est
Téléfilm tourné dans le Grand Est
Téléfilm policier
Mulhouse
Téléfilm français des années 2020
Téléfilm diffusé en 2021

Meurtres à Mulhouse


Der Begriff Axiomenschema bezeichnet in der Mathematischen Logik eine metasprachliche Konstruktionsvorschrift zur Darstellung von erststufigen Axiomensystemen, die nicht durch eine endliche Anzahl von Axiomen angegeben werden können oder angegeben werden sollen.

Ein derartiges Axiomensystem muss nicht als eine unendliche Menge aufgefasst werden.
Es muss aber entscheidbar sein, ob ein gegebener Ausdruck ein Axiom des Systems ist.

Begriff
Ein Axiomenschema (Plural: Axiomenschemata) wird durch eine rekursive Definition beschrieben.
Die zu erzeugenden Axiome werden in der Rekursionsvorschrift durch Formeln gegeben, in denen (ein oder mehrere) metasprachliche Platzhalter (Schema-Variablen) vorkommen.
Da die Schema-Variablen in vielen Fällen über Formeln (bzw. über Terme etc.) variieren, wird die Rekursion dabei auch oft über den (rekursiven) Aufbau der Formeln geführt. In der Praxis ist mitunter die eigentliche Rekursion nicht ganz treffend auch als intuitive Ersetzung etc. formuliert.

Eine Theorie, die ein endliches Axiomensystem besitzt, wird endlich axiomatisierbar genannt.
Diese Axiomensysteme werden in der Regel als eleganter empfunden, selbst wenn mitunter Beweise in ihnen weniger elegant sind.

Beispiele
Bekannte Axiomenschemata sind:
 Das Induktionsschema der erststufigen Formulierung der Peano-Axiome, die ein wohlbekanntes Axiomensystem für die Arithmetik der natürlichen Zahlen bilden.
 Das Ersetzungsschema des Axiomensystems ZFC der Mengenlehre.

Da weder das Ersetzungsschema von ZFC noch das Induktionsschema der Peano-Arithmetik durch eine endliche Anzahl von Axiomen ersetzt werden können, sind beide zugehörige Theorien nicht endlich axiomatisierbar.

Ersetzbarkeit
Die ebenfalls erststufige Von-Neumann-Bernays-Gödel-Mengenlehre (NBG) spricht generell über Klassen.
Es muss in NBG angegeben werden, wenn über eine Menge und nicht allgemein über eine Klasse geredet wird.
In ZFC und NBG sind über Mengen die gleichen Aussagen beweisbar, trotzdem besitzt NBG aber ein endliches Axiomensystem.
Die Axiomenschemata von ZFC sind gewissermaßen in Formulierungen mit geeigneten Klassen verlagert worden.

Innerhalb der Prädikatenlogik zweiter Stufe sind Axiomenschemata eliminierbar, wenn die vorkommenden Schema-Variablen wesentlich Platzhalter für (ein- oder mehrstellige) Relationen sind.
Die Prädikatenlogik höherer Stufe erlaubt Quantifizierung über Relationen.
Allerdings gelten (Satz von Lindström) in einer Prädikatenlogik höherer Stufe, die ausdrucksfähiger als die Prädikatenlogik erster Stufe ist, nicht zugleich der Kompaktheitssatz und der Satz von Löwenheim-Skolem.

Literatur

Mathematische Logik
Logik

Axiomenschema


Gilles Vigneault  (; born 27 October 1928) is a Canadian poet, publisher, singer-songwriter, and Quebec nationalist and sovereigntist. Two of his songs are considered by many to be Quebec's unofficial anthems: "Mon pays" and "Gens du pays", and his line Mon pays ce n'est pas un pays, c'est l'hiver (My country is not a country, it is winter, from "Mon Pays") became a proverb in Quebec. Vigneault is a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec, Knight of the Legion of Honour, and Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

Life and career
Vigneault was born in Natashquan, in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec.

He started writing poetry during his studies at the seminary in Rimouski, and by the 1950s was publishing poems and writing songs for other performers. In 1959, he founded the publishing house Les Éditions de l'Arc to distribute his publications. His first collection, Étraves, was published in 1959.

In 1960, Vigneault made his singing debut at the L'Arlequin club in Quebec City, followed by a successful Montreal concert later that year. In 1962, he recorded his first album, Gilles Vigneault, and received the Grand Prix du Disque from Montreal radio station CKAC. His reputation grew in Quebec and beyond with the success of his song "Mon Pays", from the soundtrack of the NFB film The Snow Has Melted on the Manicouagan (La neige a fondu sur la Manicouagan) in 1965.

Vigneault's reputation as a songwriter and performer continued to spread and he became popular not only in Quebec, but also in English Canada and Europe. He performed in major Canadian concert halls, including Montreal's Place des Arts, the National Arts Centre in Ottawa, and at Toronto's Massey Hall. In Europe, he toured in France, Switzerland, Poland, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

The mid-1970s saw Vigneault's participation in several major events. On 13 August 1974, 130,000 spectators came together on the Plains of Abraham for the Superfrancofête, where Vigneault participated in a historic concert alongside Félix Leclerc and Robert Charlebois. The concert was recorded and released as the album . At the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day concert "Les 5 Jean-Baptistes" on Montreal's Mount Royal on 24 June 1976, Gilles Vigneault performed together with Robert Charlebois, , Jean-Pierre Ferland, and Yvon Deschamps. This concert was recorded and released as 1 fois 5, which later received the Grand Prix du Disque (the Charles Cros award).

Vigneault's political views have remained strongly in favour of national sovereignty for Quebec. During the 2014 Quebec general election campaign, he supported the Parti Québécois.

The main subjects of Vigneault's writing are Quebec and its people, as well as human relationships, love, and everyday life. Vigneault is also concerned with environmental issues and has written songs and tales for children.

His childhood reminiscences about his upbringing were filmed by Michel Moreau for the 1993 documentary film A Childhood in Natashquan (Une enfance à Natashquan).

Family
Gilles Vigneault has seven children: Michel, Louis, François (a poet and lyricist), Pascale, Guillaume (a novelist), Jessica (a pianist and singer), and Benjamin (a percussionist).

Discography (partial)

Honours
Honorary doctorates:
 Trent University (1975)
 Université du Québec à Rimouski (1979)
 Université de Montréal (1981)
 York University (1985)
 Carleton University (2017)

Awards and honours:
 Prix Félix-Leclerc for the song "Mon pays" (1965)
 Governor General's Award for French language poetry or drama (1965)
 Prix de musique Calixa-Lavallée (1966)
 Grand Prix du Disque of the Charles Cros Academy, Paris (in 1970 for Du milieu du pont, in 1984 for two recordings for children: Les Quatre saisons de Piquot and Quelques pas dans l'univers d'Éviola and in 1990)
 Molson Prize (1982)
 Prix Denise-Pelletier conferred by the Quebec government (1983)
 Médaille Jacques-Blanchet (1987)
 Grande médaille de la chanson française-Vermeil medal (1988)
 Governor General's Performing Arts Award - Lifetime Artistic Achievement (1993)
 Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame (2006)

He is a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec (2000), Knight of the Légion d'honneur (1986), and Officier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1990).

Several cultural institutions and streets in Quebec and France bear the name of Gilles Vigneault:
 The library of the Rimouski Community college (La Bibliothèque Gilles-Vigneault)
 École Gilles-Vigneault (Montreal, Quebec)
 École Gilles-Vigneault de Marseille (Marseille, France)
 Rue Gilles-Vigneault (Blainville, Quebec)
 Rue Gilles-Vigneault (Rimouski, Quebec)
 Rue Gilles-Vigneault (Granby, Quebec)
 Rue Gilles Vigneault (Saint-Charles-Borromée, Québec)

See also

 List of Quebec musicians
 List of poets
 Music of Quebec
 Culture of Quebec

References

Further reading

External links

 Gilles Vigneault chante son pays – Archives de Radio-Canada (French)
  Pendant que Gilles Vigneault at Radio-Canada
  Gilles Vigneault at Québec Info Musique

1928 births
20th-century Canadian poets
Canadian male poets
Living people
Grand Officers of the National Order of Quebec
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Songwriters from Quebec
French Quebecers
French-language singers of Canada
Canadian expatriates in France
Singers from Quebec
Prix Denise-Pelletier winners
Columbia Records artists
Canadian poets in French
Writers from Quebec
20th-century Canadian male writers
Université Laval alumni
Quebec sovereigntists
Governor General's Award winners
20th-century Canadian songwriters
21st-century Canadian songwriters

Gilles Vigneault


Maria Amalia Anna Josephina Antonia Justina Augusta Xaveria Aloysia Johanna Nepomucena Magdalena Walpurgis Katharina de Saxonia (n. 26 septembrie 1757, Dresda – d. 20 aprilie 1831, Neuburg an der Donau) a fost o Prințesă saxonă pe linia albertină a Casei Wettin și Contesă prin căsătoria cu Contele Palatin de Zweibrücken.

Biografie

Maria Amalie a fost al șaselea copil și cea mai mare fiică din căsătoria Electorului Friedrich Christian (1722–1763) cu Maria Antonia de Bavaria (1724–1780), fiica regelui  Carol al VII-lea. Frații ei au fost, regii saxoni Frederic Augustus I și Anton. A fost verișoară cu regii Ludovic al XVI-lea al Franței și Carol al IV-lea al Spaniei precum și cu împărăteasă Maria Louisa a Spaniei.

Maria Amalie s-a căsătorit la 12 februarie 1774 în Dresda cu Contele Palatin Karl al II-lea August de Birkenfeld-Bischweiler (1746–1795).

Urmași
Din căsătoria ei cu Karl August, Maria Amalie a avut un fiu:
 Karl August Friedrich (1776–1784), Prinț Palatin de Zweibrücken

Arbore genelogic

Literatură
 Christian von Stramberg, Anton Joseph Weidenbach: Denkwürdiger und Nützlicher Rheinischer Antiquarius. Das Rheinufer von Coblenz bis zur Mündung der Nahe, Band 8 (= Band 7, Teil 2), Koblenz 1859, S. 684. Digitalisat
 Verzeichnis der sämmtlichen Bücher, welche sich in der von der höchstseeligen Frau Herzogin von Pfalzzweibrücken ... zurückgelassen Bibliothek zu Neuburg befinden., Neuburg a. d. Donau 1833. Digitalisat der BSB

Legături externe

Prinți saxoni
Nașteri în 1757
Decese în 1831

Maria Amalia de Saxonia (1757–1831)


Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines; Or, How I Flew from London to Paris in 25 Hours and 11 Minutes is a 1965 British epic period comedy film that satirizes the early years of aviation. Directed and co-written by Ken Annakin, the film stars an international ensemble cast, including Stuart Whitman, Sarah Miles, Robert Morley, Terry-Thomas, James Fox, Red Skelton, Benny Hill, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Gert Fröbe and Alberto Sordi.

Based on a screenplay entitled Flying Crazy, the fictional account is set in 1910, when English press magnate Lord Rawnsley offers £10,000 () to the winner of the Daily Post air race from London to Paris to prove that Britain is "number one in the air".

Plot
A brief narration outlines man's first attempts to fly since the Stone Age inspired by a bird's flight, seen with footage from the silent film era, and man being represented by a "test pilot" (Red Skelton) encountering periodic misfortune in his attempts.

In 1910, just seven years after the first heavier-than-air flight, aircraft are fragile and unreliable contraptions, piloted by "intrepid birdmen". Pompous British newspaper magnate Lord Rawnsley (Robert Morley) forbids his would-be aviatrix daughter, ardent suffragette Patricia (Sarah Miles), to fly. Aviator Richard Mays (James Fox), a young army officer and (at least in his own eyes) Patricia's fiancé, conceives the idea of an air race from London to Paris to advance the cause of British aviation and his career. With Patricia's support, he persuades Lord Rawnsley to sponsor the race as a publicity stunt for his newspaper.

Rawnsley, who takes full credit for the idea, announces the event to the press, and invitations are sent to leading aviators all over the world. Dozens of participants arrive at the airfield at the "Brookley" Motor Racing Track, where the fliers make practice runs in the days prior to the race. During this time, a wildly mixed international assembly of aviators begins rubbing shoulders with each other, most of them conforming to national stereotypes: The by-the-book Prussian officer Colonel Manfred von Holstein (Gert Fröbe), who becomes the victim of Frenchman Pierre Dubois' (Jean-Pierre Cassel) various pranks; the impetuous Italian Count Emilio Ponticelli (Alberto Sordi), who buys various aircraft from designer Harry Popperwell (Tony Hancock) and wrecks them in test flights; the unscrupulous British baronet Sir Percy Ware-Armitage (Terry-Thomas), aided by his bullied servant, Courtney (Eric Sykes); and the rugged American cowboy Orvil Newton (Stuart Whitman) who falls for Patricia, forming a love triangle with her and Mays.

As the teams test their aircraft in the days before the race, Newton gets caught in the rigging of Sir Percy's plane, which crashes in the nearby sewage farm. Newton later stops the German's aircraft after its tail breaks off and runs out of control. This leads to Patricia falling for him even more and Mays to become more jealous. At a celebration in Brighton, Mays confronts Newton, sparking a fierce rivalry between them for Patricia's hand, just before Japan's official contestant, naval officer Yamamoto, arrives at the airfield.

As Yamamoto is officially greeted, Patricia convinces Newton to take her flying and they race back to the airfield, followed by Mays and her father, who are intent on stopping them. Not long after taking off, one of the struts on Newton's plane breaks, and Patricia has to fly the plane while Newton repairs it with his belt. When Newton lands, Lord Rawnsley throws him out of the race. Patricia apologizes to Newton, and Rawnsley gives in after she threatens to start an international incident. Meanwhile, Holstein, insulted by the French team's mockery, challenges Dubois to a duel. Dubois agrees, and opts for gas balloons and blunderbusses as his weapons of choice. Both balloons and their pilots end up in the filthy waters of the adjacent sewage farm.

At the party the night before the race, Sir Percy sabotages Yamamoto and Newton's planes, and Rumpelstoss, the German pilot, is incapacitated by a laxative meant for Yamamoto. As the competitors take off the next day, with Holstein standing in for Rumpelstoss, Yamamoto's aircraft crashes and he remains pinned in the wreck as a fireman is hesitant to give him a knife to cut himself free due to fears that he will commit seppuku. Fuel blockages and other technical mishaps additionally hamper the fliers, until most of them safely arrive at Dover, their checkpoint before the final flight across the English Channel.

That night, Sir Percy cheats by having his aircraft taken across by boat, but is delayed by excited locals when he arrives. The other contestants fly across the Channel in the morning, but Holstein, unfortunately, loses his manual and falls into the sea. Sir Percy gets his comeuppance when he becomes disoriented by the smoke from a locomotive between Calais and Paris, causing him to jam his landing gear between two of the train cars. As he runs along the top trying to get the driver's attention, the train passes through a tunnel, wrecking his aircraft.

Coming into Paris, Ponticelli's plane catches fire, and Newton detours to rescue him as Mays is landing, winning for Britain. Mays recognises Newton's heroism and shares the glory and the prize with him, while Ponticelli agrees to give up flying for his family. The only other successful aviator is Dubois, completing his race for France. Patricia finally chooses Newton, breaking the love triangle. Their kiss is interrupted by a strange noise: they and the others at the field look up to see a flyover by six English Electric Lightning jet fighters, as the time period leaps forward to the "present" (1965).

Outlined are the still-persisting hazards of modern flying despite today's advanced technology, as a night-time civilian flight across the English Channel is cancelled owing to heavy fog. One of the delayed passengers (Skelton) gets the idea of learning to fly under his own power, perpetuating man's pioneering spirit.

Cast

 Stuart Whitman as Orvil Newton
 Sarah Miles as Patricia Rawnsley
 James Fox as Richard Mays
 Alberto Sordi as Count Emilio Ponticelli
 Robert Morley as Lord Rawnsley
 Gert Fröbe as Colonel Manfred von Holstein
 Jean-Pierre Cassel as Pierre Dubois
 Irina Demick as Brigitte/Ingrid/Marlene/Françoise/Yvette/Betty
 Red Skelton as Neanderthal Man, Roman birdman, Middle Ages inventor, Victorian-era pilot, Rocket pack inventor, Modern airline passenger
 Terry-Thomas as Sir Percy Ware-Armitage
 Eric Sykes as Courtney
 Benny Hill as Fire Chief Perkins
 Yūjirō Ishihara as Yamamoto
 Dame Flora Robson as Mother Superior
 Karl Michael Vogler as Captain Rumpelstoss
 Sam Wanamaker as George Gruber
 Tony Hancock as Harry Popperwell
 Eric Barker as French Postman
 Maurice Denham as Trawler Skipper
 Fred Emney as Colonel
 Gordon Jackson as MacDougal
 Davy Kaye as Jean, Chief mechanic for Pierre Dubois
 John Le Mesurier as French Painter
 Jeremy Lloyd as Lieutenant Parsons
 Zena Marshall as Countess Sophia Ponticelli
 Millicent Martin as Air Hostess
 Eric Pohlmann as Italian Mayor
 Marjorie Rhodes as Waitress
 Norman Rossington as Assistant Fire Chief/also mechanic in cheque cap for Mays's Antoinette(non-speaking)
 Willie Rushton as Tremayne Gascoyne
 Graham Stark as Fireman
 Jimmy Thompson as Photographer
 Michael Trubshawe as Niven, Lord Rawnsley's aide
 Cicely Courtneidge as Colonel's Wife
 Ronnie Stevens as Reporter
 Ferdy Mayne as French Official
 Vernon Dobtcheff as French Team Member
 James Robertson Justice as the voice of the narrator

Production

Origins
Director Ken Annakin had been interested in aviation from his early years when pioneering aviator Sir Alan Cobham took him up in a flight in a biplane. Later in the Second World War, Annakin had served in the RAF when he had begun his career in film documentaries. In 1963, with co-writer Jack Davies, Annakin had been working on an adventure film about transatlantic flights when the producer's bankruptcy aborted the production. Fresh from his role as director of the British exterior segments in The Longest Day (1962), Annakin suggested an event from early aviation to Darryl F. Zanuck, his producer on The Longest Day.

Zanuck financed an epic faithful to the era, with a £100,000 stake, deciding on the name, Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines after Elmo Williams, managing director of 20th Century Fox in Europe, told him his wife Lorraine Williams had written an opening for a song that Annakin complained would "seal the fate of the movie":Those magnificent men in their flying machines,They go up, Tiddley up, up,They go down, Tiddley down, down. After being put to music by Ron Goodwin, the "Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines" song was released as a single in 1965 on the Stateside label (SS 422), together with an accompanying soundtrack album (SL 10136).

An international cast plays the array of contestants with the film opening with a brief, comic prologue on the history of flight, narrated by James Robertson Justice and featuring American comedian Red Skelton. In a series of silent blackout vignettes that incorporate stock footage of unsuccessful attempts at early aircraft, Skelton depicted a recurring character whose adventures span the centuries. The early aviation history sequence that begins the film is followed by a whimsical animated opening credit sequence drawn by caricaturist Ronald Searle, accompanied by the title song.

Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines ... concludes with an epilogue in a fogbound 1960s London airport when cancellation of flights to Paris is announced. The narrator remarks that today a jet makes the trip in seven minutes, but "it can take longer". One frustrated passenger (Skelton, again) starts wing-flapping motions with his arms, and the scene morphs into the animation from the title sequence for the closing credits. This was Skelton's final feature film appearance; he was in Europe filming the 1964–65 season of his television series, The Red Skelton Show.

One of the features of the film was British and international character actors who enlivened the foibles of each contestant's nationality. The entertainment comes from the dialogue and characterisations and the aerial stunts, with heroism and gentlemanly conduct. British comedy actors of the day, Benny Hill, Eric Sykes, Terry-Thomas and Tony Hancock, among others, provided madcap misadventures. While Terry-Thomas had a substantial leading role as a "bounder", Hill, Sykes and Hancock played lesser cameos. Although Hancock had broken his leg off-set, two days into filming, Annakin wrote his infirmity into the story, and his leg bound in a cast figured in a number of scenes.

In a recurring gag suggested by Zanuck, Irina Demick plays a series of flirts who are all pursued by the French pilot. First, she is Brigitte (French), then Ingrid (Swedish), Marlene (German), Françoise (Belgian), Yvette (Bulgarian), and finally, Betty (British).

Another aspect was the fluid writing and directing with Annakin and Davies feeding off each other. They had worked together on Very Important Person (1961), The Fast Lady (1962) and Crooks Anonymous (1962). Annakin and Davies continued to develop the script with zany interpretations. When the German character played by Gert Fröbe contemplates piloting his country's entry, he climbs into the cockpit and retrieves a manual. Annakin and Davies devised a quip on the spot, having him read out: "No. 1. Sit down." Although a comedy, elements of Annakin's documentary background were evident with authentic sets, props and costumes. More than 2,000 extras out in authentic costumes were in the climactic race launch which was combined with entrants in the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run being invited on set as part of their 1964 annual run, an unexpected coup in gaining numerous period vehicles to dress the set.

A troublesome on-set distraction occurred when the two lead actors, Stuart Whitman and Sarah Miles, fell out early in the production. Director Ken Annakin commented that it began with an ill-timed pass by Whitman. (Whitman was married at the time, although he would divorce in 1966.) Miles "hated his guts" and rarely deigned to speak to him afterward unless the interaction was required by the script. Annakin employed a variety of manipulations to ensure the production still proceeded smoothly. The stars made peace with each other after on-set filming concluded; their interactions were civil during final re-takes of scenes and voice-overs.

The film played in cinemas as the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union hit a new gear. For its first audiences the film's depiction of an international flight competition taking place in an earlier, lower-tech era offered a fun-house mirror reflection of contemporary adventures by Space Age pioneers.

Casting
Stuart Whitman, the American lead, was selected over the first choice, Dick Van Dyke, whose agents never contacted him about the offer. Irina Demick was rumored to be romantically involved with Darryl F. Zanuck, who had campaigned for her casting.

Character actor Michael Trubshawe and David Niven served together in the Highland Light Infantry during the Second World War; they made it a point to refer to uncredited characters in their films as "Trubshawe" or "Niven" as an inside joke.

Japanese actor Yūjirō Ishihara was dubbed due to his accent. Ishihara was dubbed by James Villiers.

Locations
The film used period accurate, life-size working aeroplane models and replicas to create an early 20th century airfield, the 'Brookley Motor Racing Track' (fashioned after Brooklands where early automotive racing and aviators shared the facilities for testing). All Brookley's associated trappings of structures, aircraft and vehicles (including a rare 1907 Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost, subsequently estimated to be worth 50 million dollars) were part of the exterior set at Booker Airfield, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, England.

The completed set featured a windmill as a lookout tower as well as serving as a restaurant (the "Old Mill Cafe"). A circular, banked track was also built and featured in a runaway motorcycle sequence in the film. In addition, the field adjacent to the windmill was used as the location for a number of aerial close-up shots of the pilots. Hangars were constructed in rows, bearing the names of real and fictional manufacturers: A.V. Roe & Co., Bristol: The British and Colonial Aeroplane Company, Humber, three Sopwith hangars, Vickers and Ware-Armitage Manufacturing Co (a British in-joke, as Armitage Ware was the UK's largest manufacturer of toilets and urinals). A grandstand was added for spectators.

When the production was unable to obtain rights to film main sequences over Paris, models of the aircraft and a miniature Parisian set played a prominent role in sequences depicting Paris. A mock-up of Calais was also constructed. Interior and studio sets at Pinewood Studios were used for bluescreen and special effects while exterior and interior footage of Rawnsley's Manor House were shot at Pinewood Studios in Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire. Other principal photography used location shooting in Kent at Dover Castle, along with The White Cliffs of Dover and Dover beach. In the scene where the aircraft start near Dover to pursue the race, modern ferries were visible in one harbour.

The location where Sir Percy's aircraft lands on a train is the now closed line from Bedford to Hitchin. The tunnel into which they fly is the Old Warden Tunnel near the village of the same name in Bedfordshire; the tunnel had only recently been closed, and in the panning shot through the railway cutting, the cooling towers of the now-demolished Goldington power station can be seen. The locomotive is former Highland Railway Jones Goods Class No 103. About 1910, French Railways built duplicates of a Highland Railway Class "The Castles" which were a passenger version of the Jones Goods.

The Royal Air Force base at the village of Henlow, RAF Henlow, was another Bedfordshire location used for filming.

The opening shot of the film is of The Long Walk leading to Windsor Castle filmed in Windsor, Berkshire, England.

Don Sharp shot second unit with flying and stunts.

Principal photography
The film was photographed in 65 mm Todd-AO (which produces a 70 mm print once the sound tracks are added) by Christopher Challis. The head technical consultant during planning was Air Commodore Allen H. Wheeler from the Royal Air Force. Wheeler had previously restored a 1910-era Blériot with his son, and provided invaluable assistance in the restoration and recreation of period aircraft for the film.

The camera platforms included a modified Citroën sedan, camera trucks, helicopters and a flying rig constructed by Dick Parker. Parker had built it for model sequences in Strategic Air Command (1955). The rig consisted of two construction cranes and a hydraulically operated device to tilt and position a model, along with 200 ft (61 m) of cables. Parker's rig allowed actors to sit inside full-scale models suspended 50 ft (15 m) above the ground, yet provide safety and realism for staged flying sequences, with the sky realistically in the background. A further hydraulic platform did away with matte shots of aircraft in flight. The platform was large enough to mount an aircraft and Parker or stunt pilots could manipulate its controls for realistic bluescreen sequences. Composite photography was used when scenes called for difficult shots; these were completed at Pinewood Studios. Some shots were created with rudimentary cockpits and noses grafted to an Alouette helicopter. One scene over Paris was staged with small models when Paris refused an overflight. However, for the majority of flying scenes, full-scale flying aircraft were employed.

Aircraft
The film includes reproductions of 1910-era aircraft, including a triplane, monoplanes, biplanes and also Horatio Phillips's 20-winged multiplane from 1904. Wheeler insisted on authentic materials but allowed the use of modern engines and modifications necessary to ensure safety. Of 20 types built in 1964 at £5,000 each, six could fly, flown by six stunt pilots and maintained by 14 mechanics. The race take-off scene where seven aircraft are in the air at once included a composite addition of one aircraft. Flying conditions were monitored carefully, with aerial scenes filmed before 10 am or in early evening when the air was least turbulent, as the replicas, true to the originals, were flimsy, and control, especially in the lateral plane, tended to be marginal. When weather conditions were poor, interiors or other incidental sequences were shot instead. Wheeler eventually served not only as the technical adviser but also as the aerial supervisor throughout the production, and, later wrote a comprehensive background account of the film and the replicas that were constructed to portray period aircraft.

The following competitors were listed:
 Richard Mays: Antoinette IV (Aircraft number 8: flying replica)
 Sir Percy Ware-Armitage: Avro Triplane IV (Aircraft number 12: flying replica)
 Orvil Newton: Bristol Boxkite, nicknamed "The Phoenix Flyer" and inaccurately referred to as a Curtiss (Aircraft number 7: flying replica)
 Lieutenant Parsons: Picat Dubreuil nicknamed "HMS Victory" (Aircraft number 4)
 Harry Popperwell: Dixon Nipper "Little Fiddler" (Aircraft number 5)
 Colonel Manfred von Holstein and Captain Rumpelstoss: Eardley Billing Tractor Biplane (Aircraft number 11: flying replica)
 Mr Wallace: Edwards Rhomboidal (Aircraft number 14)
 Charles Wade: (Aircraft number unknown)
 Mr Yamamoto: Japanese Eardley Billing Tractor Biplane (Aircraft number 1: duplicate flying replica)
 Count Emilio Ponticelli: Philips Multiplane, Passat Ornithopter, Lee-Richards Annular Biplane and Vickers 22 Monoplane (Aircraft number 2: flying replica)
 Henri Monteux: (Aircraft number unknown)
 Pierre Dubois: Santos-Dumont Demoiselle (Aircraft number 9: flying replica)
 Mr Mac Dougall: Blackburn Monoplane nicknamed "Wake up Scotland" (Aircraft number 6: original vintage aircraft)
 Harry Walton (no number assigned).

While each aircraft was an accurate reproduction, some "impersonated" other types. For instance, The Phoenix Flyer was a Bristol Boxkite built by F.G. Miles Engineering Co. at Ford, Sussex, representing a Curtiss biplane of 1910 vintage. Annakin had apparently expressed a desire to have a Wright Flyer in the film. The Bristol (a British derivative of the French 1909 Farman biplane) was chosen instead, because it shared a common general layout with a Wright or Curtiss pusher biplane of the era, and had an excellent reputation for tractability. For the impersonation, the replica had "The Phoenix Flyer" painted on its outer rudder surfaces and was also called a "Gruber-Newton Flyer" adding the name of its primary backer to the nomenclature; although the American pilot character, Orvil Newton inaccurately describes his aircraft to Patricia Rawnsley as a "Curtiss with an Anzani engine."

F. G. Miles, chiefly responsible for its design and manufacture, built the replica Bristol Boxkite with the original standard twin rudder installation and powered the replica with a Rolls-Royce-manufactured version of the 65 hp Continental A65. In the course of testing, Wheeler had a third rudder inserted between the other two (some original Boxkites also had this fitting) to improve directional control, and substituted a more powerful 90 hp Rolls-Royce C90 that still barely delivered the power of the original 50 hp Gnome rotary at the power settings used for the Boxkite. The replica achieved a 45 mph top speed. The Boxkite was tractable, however, and the scene in the film when the aircraft loses a pair of main wheels just after take off but lands smoothly, was repeated 20 times for the cameras. In the penultimate flying scene, a stuntman was carried in the Boxkite's undercarriage and carried out a fall and roll (the stunt had to be repeated to match the principal actor's roll and revival). Slapstick stunts on the ground and in the air were a major element and often the directors requested repeated stunts; the stuntmen were more than accommodating; it meant more pay.

The Eardley Billing Tractor Biplane replica flown by David Watson appeared in two guises, in more or less authentic form, impersonating an early German tractor biplane, and also as the Japanese pilot's mount, modified with boxkite-like side curtains over the interplane struts, a covered fuselage, and colourful "oriental" decorations.

In addition to the flying aircraft, several unsuccessful aircraft of the period were represented by non-flying replicasincluding contraptions such as an ornithopter (the Passat Ornithopter) flown by the Italian contender, the Walton Edwards Rhomboidal, Picat Dubreuil, Philips Multiplane and the Little Fiddler (a canard, or tail-first design). Several of the "non-flying" types flew with the help of "movie magic". The Lee Richards Annular Biplane with circular wings (built by Denton Partners on Woodley Aerodrome, near Reading) was "flown on wires" during the filming.

The flying replicas were specifically chosen to be different enough that an ordinary audience member could distinguish them. They were all types reputed to have flown well, in or about 1910. In most cases this worked well, but there were a few surprises, adding to an accurate historical reassessment of the aircraft concerned. For example, in its early form, the replica of the Santos-Dumont Demoiselle, a forerunner of today's ultralight aircraft, was unable to leave the ground except in short hops. Extending the wingspan and fitting a more powerful Ardem 50 hp engine produced only marginal improvement. When Doug Bianchi and the Personal Planes production staff who constructed the replica consulted with Allen Wheeler, he recalled that the Demoiselle's designer and first pilot, Alberto Santos-Dumont was a very short, slightly built man. A suitably small pilot, Joan Hughes, a wartime member of the Air Transport Auxiliary who was the Airways Flying Club chief instructor, was hired. With the reduced payload, the diminutive Demoiselle flew very well, and Hughes proved a consummate stunt flyer, able to undertake exacting manoeuvres.

In 1960, Bianchi had created a one-off Vickers 22 (Blériot type) Monoplane, using Vickers Company drawings intended for the Vickers Flying Club in 1910. 20th Century Fox purchased the completed replica although it required a new engine and modifications including replacing the wooden fuselage structure with welded steel tubing as well as incorporating ailerons instead of wing-warping. The Vickers 22 became the final type used by the Italian contestant. Sometime after the film wrapped, the Vickers was sold to a buyer in New Zealand. It is believed to have flown once, at Wellington Airport in the hands of Keith Trillo, a test pilot involved in a number of aircraft certification programmes, and is now at the Southward Car Museum, Otaihanga, New Zealand.

Peter Hillwood of Hampshire Aero Club constructed an Avro Triplane Mk IV, using drawings provided by Geoffrey Verdon Roe, son of A.V. Roe, the designer. The construction of the triplane followed A.V. Roe's specifications and was the only replica that utilised wing-warping successfully. With a more powerful 90 hp Cirrus II replacing the 35 hp Green engine that was in the original design, the Avro Triplane proved to be a lively performer even with a stuntman dangling from the fuselage.

The Antoinette IV film model closely replicated the slim, graceful monoplane that was very nearly the first aircraft to fly the English Channel, in the hands of Hubert Latham, and won several prizes in early competitions. When the Hants and Sussex Aviation Company from Portsmouth Aerodrome undertook its construction, the company followed the original structural specifications carefully, although an out-of-period de Havilland Gypsy I engine was used. The Antoinette's wing structure proved, however, to be dangerously flexible, and lateral control was very poor, even after the wing bracing was reinforced with extra wires, and the original wing-warping was replaced with ailerons (hinged on the rear spar rather than from the trailing edge, as in the original Antoinette). Nonetheless, even in its final configuration the Antoinette was marginal in terms of stability and lateral control and great care had to be taken during its flying sequences, most flights being straight "hops".

The realism and the attention to detail in the replicas of vintage machines are a major contributor to the enjoyment of the film, and although a few of the "flying" stunts were achieved through the use of models and cleverly disguised wires, most aerial scenes featured actual flying aircraft. The few genuine vintage aircraft used included a Deperdussin used as set dressing, and the flyable 1912 Blackburn Monoplane "D" (the oldest genuine British aircraft still flying), belonged to the Shuttleworth Trust based at Old Warden, Bedfordshire. When the filming was completed, the "1910 Bristol Boxkite" and the "1911 Roe IV Triplane" were retained in the Shuttleworth Collection, Both replicas are still in flyable condition, albeit flying with different engines. For his role in promoting the film, the non-flying "Passat Ornithopter" was given to aircraft restorer and preservationist, Cole Palen who displayed it at his Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome, New York, where it is still on display.

Despite the reliance on flying stunts and their inherent danger, the one near-tragedy occurred on the ground when a stunt went wrong. Stuntman Ken Buckle inadvertently turned the throttle to full on a runaway motorbike and sidecar, launching himself through the retaining wall on the sloped Brookley racing track and crashing into the adjoining cesspool, off-camera. Thinking quickly, the special effects man on the other side of the wall saw the motorbike hurtling towards him and set off the accompanying explosion, creating a realistic waterspout. Lucky to escape with only facial bruises and a dislocated collarbone, as he struggled to his feet, Buckle apologised for having messed up, but the shot "was in the can".

During the promotional junkets accompanying the film in 1965, a number of the vintage aircraft and film replicas used in the production were flown in both the United Kingdom and the United States. The pilots who had been part of the aerial team readily agreed to accompany the promotional tour to have a chance to fly these aircraft again.

Reception

Critical
Those Magnificent Men In their Flying Machines ...  had its Royal World Premiere on 3 June 1965 at the Astoria Theatre in the West End of London in the presence of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Contemporary reviews judged Those Magnificent Men In their Flying Machines ... as "good fun." In The New York Times, Bosley Crowther thought it "a funny picture, highly colorful, and it does move". Variety felt similarly: "As fanciful and nostalgic a piece of clever picture-making as has hit the screen in recent years, this backward look into the pioneer days of aviation, when most planes were built with spit and bailing wire, is a warming entertainment experience." When the film turned up on television for the first time in 1969, TV Guide summed up most critical reviews: "Good, clean fun, with fast and furious action, good cinematography, crisp dialogue, wonderful planes, and a host of some of the funniest people in movies in the cast."

At 85 characters, Those Magnificent Men ... was the longest-titled film to be nominated for an Academy Award until the 2021 nominations of Borat Subsequent Moviefilm: Delivery of Prodigious Bribe to American Regime for Make Benefit Once Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan.

Box-office
At over two hours, Those Magnificent Men In their Flying Machines ... (most cinemas abbreviated the full title, and it was eventually re-released with the shorter title) was treated as a major production, one of three full-length 70 mm Todd-AO Fox releases in 1965 with an intermission and musical interlude part of the original screenings. The film was initially an exclusive roadshow presentation where customers needed reserved seats purchased ahead of time. It was an immediate box-office success, out-grossing the similar car-race comedy The Great Race (1965). It stood up well against the slightly earlier It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963).

According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $15,300,000 in worldwide rentals to break even and made $29,950,000. In the United States, the film earned $14,000,000 in rentals, becoming the fourth highest-grossing film of 1965. By September 1970, it had earned Fox an estimated profit of $10,683,000.

Awards and nominations

Pseudo-sequel
The success of the film prompted Annakin to write (again with Jack Davies) and direct another race film, Monte Carlo or Bust! (1969), this time involving vintage cars, with the story set around the Monte Carlo Rally. Ron Goodwin composed the music for both films.

See also
Aéro-Club de France
Gordon Bennett Aviation Trophy
Comedy epic films

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Annakin, Ken. So You Wanna Be a Director? Sheffield, UK: Tomahawk Press, 2001. .
 Burke, John. Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines or How I Flew from London to Paris in 25 hours 11 minutes. New York: Pocket Cardinal, Pocket Books, 1965.
 Carlson, Mark. Flying on Film: A Century of Aviation in the Movies, 1912–2012. Duncan, Oklahoma: BearManor Media, 2012. .
 Edgerton, David. "England and the Aeroplane: Militarism, Modernity and Machines". Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2013
 Ellis, Ken. "Evenin' All." Flypast No. 284, April 2005.
 Hallion, Richard P. Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age from Antiquity through the First World War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. .
 Hardwick, Jack and Ed Schnepf. "A Viewer's Guide to Aviation Movies". The Making of the Great Aviation Films, General Aviation Series, Volume 2, 1989.
 Hodgens, R.M. "Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines or How I Flew from London to Paris in Twenty-Five Hours and Eleven Minutes." Film Quarterly October 1965, Vol. 19, No. 1, p. 63.
 Lee, Walt. Reference Guide to Fantastic Films: Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror. Los Angeles, California: Chelsea-Lee Books, 1974. .
 McCann, Graham. Bounder!: The Biography of Terry-Thomas. London: Arum Press, 2009. .
 Miles, Sarah. Serves Me Right. London: Macmillan, 1994. .
 Munn, Mike. Great Epic Films: The Stories Behind the Scenes. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1983. .
 Novick, Jeremy. Benny Hill: King Lear. London, Carlton Books, 2002. .
 Those Magnificent Men In their Flying Machines (1965) DVD (Including bonus features on the background of the film.) 20th Century Fox, 2004.
 Those Magnificent Men In their Flying Machines (1965) VHS Tape. 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 1969.
 Searle, Ronald, Bill Richardson and Allen Andrews. Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines: Or How I Flew from London to Paris in 25 Hours 11 Minutes. New York: Dennis Dobson/ W.W. Norton, 1965.
 Solomon, Aubrey. Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1989. .
 Temple, Julian C. Wings Over WoodleyThe Story of Miles Aircraft and the Adwest Group. Bourne End, Bucks, UK: Aston Publications, 1987. .
 Wheeler, Allen H. Building Aeroplanes for "Those Magnificent Men.". London: G.T. Foulis, 1965.

External links

1960s adventure comedy films
1965 films
20th Century Fox films
British adventure comedy films
British aviation films
Films about aviators
Films about competitions
Films directed by Ken Annakin
Films scored by Ron Goodwin
Films set in 1910
Films set in England
Films set in France
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
1965 comedy films
1960s English-language films
1960s British films

Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines


Cetatea Belogradcik (în , Belogradchishka krepost), cunoscută și sub numele de Kaleto (Калето, "cetatea" din turcă kale), este o cetate antică situată pe pantele nordice ale Munților Balcani, în apropierea orașului Belogradcik, aflat în nord-vestul Bulgariei, și este principala atracție culturală și istorică turistică a orașului, atrăgând împreună cu Stâncile de la Belogradcik fluxul principal de turiști în regiune. Aceasta este una dintre cele mai bine conservate cetăți din Bulgaria și un monument cultural de importanță națională.

Cetatea are ziduri sunt de peste 2 m grosime în fundație și ajung până la 12 m înălțime. Există trei curți separate și fortificate și ce sunt legate între ele prin porți. Cetatea are o suprafață totală de 10.210 mp. Cetatea Belogradcik a fost reconstruită pentru a deveni, mai târziu, un monument cultural important. Este gestionată de muzeul de istorie local.

Istoria
Cetatea inițială a fost construită în timpul când regiunea făcea parte din Imperiul roman. Formațiunile de stânci din zonă au servit ca o protecție naturală, zidurile fortificate fiind practic construite numai în nord-vest și sud-est. Curtea este înconjurată de stânci de până la 70 m înălțime din celelalte părți.

Inițial, Cetatea Belogradcik a fost folosită pentru supraveghere și nu strict pentru apărare. Țarul bulgar al Vidinului Ivan Strațimir a extins vechea fortăreață în secolul al XIV-lea, construind garnizoane fortificate în fața stâncilor existente. În timpul domniei lui Strațimir, cetatea Belogradcik a devenit una dintre cele mai importante cetăți din regiune, imediat după cetatea Baba Vida aflată în Vidin.

În timpul cuceririi otomane a Bulgariei, cetatea a fost capturată de turci în 1396. Turcii au fost forțați să se extindă, din cauza acțiunilor intensificate ale haiducilor și insurgenților din regiune.

Schimbări considerabile s-au făcut la începutul secolului al XIX-lea. Aceste modificări au fost tipice pentru arhitectura castelelor otomane din acea perioada, realizându-se și o completă reorganizare, precum și o extindere a castelului. Elementele tipice europene au fost adăugate cetății Belogradcik de către inginerii francezi și italieni, care au participat în extindere.

Cetatea a avut un rol important în suprimarea otomană a Revoltei de la Belogradcik din 1850. Ultima oară, a fost folosită în timpul războiului sârbo-bulgar din 1885.

Galerie

Referințe

Legături externe
 Site-ul de informații pentru Belogradcik

Monumente din Bulgaria
Regiunea Vidin

Cetatea Belogradcik


Agrilus convexus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kerremans, 1900.

Referências

convexus

Agrilus convexus


Cogito is a philosophical magazine published by Nefeli publications (Athens, Greece) and a member of the Eurozine network. It was founded in 2004 with the intention of making philosophy accessible to the lay reader without compromising it through oversimplification. Cogito is therefore an attempt to approach everyday issues and themes through a philosophically rigorous lens. Contributors, most of them professional philosophers but also academics from a variety of disciplines, as well as writers, consider such varied topics as colors, taste, gardens, cinema, desire and love, art and aesthetics, and logical paradoxes. Each issue, consisting of a number of articles, is dedicated to a different topic: privacy, intelligence both natural and artificial, applied ethics, history and narrative, friendship. Each issue further presents a philosopher to its readers. In the past, subjects of this 'philosophical library' have included Plato, Wittgenstein, J.S. Mill, and Kant.

References

External links

2004 establishments in Greece
Annual magazines
Magazines published in Greece
Greek-language magazines
Magazines established in 2004
Mass media in Athens
Philosophy magazines

Cogito (magazine)


Enrique de Vicente Martín (Aranda de Duero, 16 de septiembre de 1950) es un sociólogo, periodista y escritor español. Es colaborador habitual desde hace décadas en programas de televisión y radio, revistas y otros medios dedicados a lo misterioso y lo paranormal en España. Fue fundador y director de la revista Año/Cero hasta 2015, año en que anunció que dejaría esa labor. En la actualidad es colaborador de Cuarto Milenio y Horizonte. También es vicepresidente de la Sociedad Española de Parapsicología.

Biografía
Nacido en Aranda de Duero, se graduó por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Después de graduarse, se trasladó a Utrecht para asistir a un seminario sobre parapsicología. En 1980 ingresó en la Parapsychological Association, compartiendo sus opiniones con otros estudiosos de la parapsicología. En 1990 fundó la revista Año/Cero junto con Javier Sierra, de la que fue director hasta el año 2015.

Desde hace años colabora en programas radiofónicos de índole esotérica y de misterio, como Viaje a lo desconocido y Milenio 3 (Cadena SER), y en programas de televisión, como Cuarto milenio (Cuatro).

Opiniones controvertidas
Enrique de Vicente ha reflejado su opinión desde el prisma de lo paranormal sobre múltiples asuntos, provocando la crítica de que dichas opiniones carecen de base científica. Tras el accidente del tren Alvia ocurrido en Angrois el 24 de julio de 2013, en una entrevista en el diario Deia, afirmó que pudo ser por «el incremento de radiación cósmica que llega a la tierra y que provoca grandes alteraciones y perturbaciones en el sol».

Publicaciones
 Claves ocultas del Código da Vinci, 2006
 Los poderes ocultos de la mente, 2006
 Claves ocultas de El Símbolo Perdido, 2009

Referencias

Parapsicólogos de España
Nacidos en Aranda de Duero

Enrique de Vicente


Maureen Macmillan (* 9. Februar 1943 in Oban) ist eine schottische Politikerin und Mitglied der Labour Party.

Macmillan besuchte die Oban High School, studierte dann Englisch an der Universität Edinburgh und schloss als Master ab. Nachdem sie ihre Lehrbefugnis erhalten hatte, war sie lange Jahre als Lehrerin tätig, unter anderem an der Millburn Academy in Inverness.

Politischer Werdegang
Erstmals trat Macmillan bei den Schottischen Parlamentswahlen 1999 zu nationalen Wahlen an. Hierbei bewarb sie sich nicht um das Direktmandat eines Wahlkreises, sondern um eines der sieben zu vergebenden Mandate der Wahlregion Highlands and Islands. Auf der Regionalwahlliste der Labour Party nahm sie den zweiten Rang ein und zog infolge des Wahlergebnisses als eine von drei Kandidaten der Labour Party für Highlands and Islands in das neugeschaffene Schottische Parlament ein. Bei den Parlamentswahlen 2003 folgte sie auf Donnie Munro als Bewerberin um das Direktmandat des Wahlkreises Ross, Skye and Inverness West. Der Mandatsinhaber John Farquhar Munro von den Liberal Democrats gewann jedoch die Wahl und Macmillan erhielt nur die dritthöchste Stimmenanzahl. Sie verteidigte jedoch ihr Mandat der Wahlregion. Zu den Parlamentswahlen 2007 wollte Macmillan zunächst nicht mehr antreten, kandidierte dann jedoch abermals für Ross, Skye and Inverness West. Ein weiteres Mal erhielt sie nur die dritthöchste Stimmenanzahl und schied damit aus dem Schottischen Parlament aus.

Weblinks
 Informationen auf den Seiten des Schottischen Parlaments

Einzelnachweise

Abgeordneter im Schottischen Parlament
Mitglied der Scottish Labour Party
Schotte
Brite
Frau
Geboren 1943
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)

Maureen Macmillan


تجارة المعاوضة شكل حديث من أشكال المقايضة، حيث يتفق بلد معين على قبول كمية من السلع والبضائع من بلد آخر ثان، مقابل حصول البلد الثاني على سلعة مبادلة معادلة للسلع المستوردة من البلد الأول، بحيث لا تتأثر موازين المدفوعات لكلا البلدين بهذا التبادل التجاري.

مصادر

 القاموس الاقتصادي - تأليف حسن النجفي - مطبعة الإدارة المحلية - بغداد - 1977م - صفحة 71.

ائتمان مصرفي
إفلاس
قانون تشريعي
مصطلحات تجارية
مصطلحات قانونية

تجارة المعاوضة


الرحمات هي إحدى قرى ولاية قبلي وتتبع إداريا معتمدية قبلي الجنوبية. وهي تقع على الطريق التي تربط بين مدينتي قبلي ودوز.
 يشتغل أهلها خاصة بفلاحة التمور، ويشاركهم في ملكية واحتها البعض من سكان مدينة قبلي.

قرى ولاية قبلي

الرحمات