California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (California Polytechnic State University, Cal Poly, or Cal Poly San Luis Obispo) is a public university in San Luis Obispo County, adjacent to the city of San Luis Obispo. It is the oldest of three polytechnics in the California State University system.

The university is organized into six colleges offering 65 bachelor's and 39 master's degrees. Cal Poly San Luis Obispo primarily focuses on undergraduate education and as of fall 2020, Cal Poly had 21,447 undergraduate and 840 graduate students. The academic focus is on combining technical and professional curriculums with the arts and humanities. Most of the university's athletic teams participate in the Big West Conference. Cal Poly is eligible to be designated as an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander serving institution (AANAPISI).

History

Cal Poly San Luis Obispo was established as the California Polytechnic School in 1901 when Governor Henry T. Gage signed the California Polytechnic School Bill after a campaign by a journalist Myron Angel. The polytechnic school held its first classes on October 1, 1903, to 20 students, offering secondary level courses of study, which took three years to complete. The school continued to grow steadily, except during a period from the mid-1910s to the early 1920s when World War I led to drops in enrollment and drastic budget cuts forced fewer class offerings.

In 1924, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo was placed under the control of the California State Board of Education. At the height of the Great Depression, the cash-strapped state government discussed the prospect of converting Cal Poly into a state prison.  In 1933, the Board of Education changed Cal Poly San Luis Obispo into a two-year technical and vocational school. The institution began to offer Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1940, with the first baccalaureate exercises held in 1942. The school was renamed the California State Polytechnic College in 1947 to better reflect its higher education offerings, and in 1949, a Master of Arts degree in education was added.  In 1954, long after deciding to not turn Cal Poly into a state prison, the state government finally opened that prison at a separate site one mile (1.6 km) northwest of Cal Poly's campus. In 1960, control of Cal Poly San Luis Obispo and all other state colleges was transferred from the State Board of Education to an independent Board of Trustees, which later became the California State University system.

The college was authorized to offer Master of Science degrees in 1967, and from then to 1970, the school's curriculum was reorganized into different units, such as the School of Science and Math, the School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, and the School of Architecture. Cal Poly San Luis Obispo's FM radio station, KCPR,  began as a senior project in 1968. The California State Legislature changed the school's official name again in 1971 to California Polytechnic State University, and since the 1970s the university has seen steady enrollment growth and building construction.

Cal Poly San Luis Obispo celebrated its centennial in 2001 and kicked off a $225 million fundraising campaign, the largest fund-raising effort undertaken in CSU history. The Centennial Campaign raised over $264 million from over 81,000 donors, more than tripling the university's endowment from $43 million to over $140 million.

On May 3, 2017, Cal Poly received one of the largest gifts towards public education to be received in California from Cal Poly alumnus William L. and Linda Frost in the amount of $110 million.

Relationship with Cal Poly Pomona

Cal Poly Pomona began as a satellite campus of Cal Poly San Luis Obispo in 1938 when a completely equipped school and farm were donated by Charles Voorhis and his son Jerry Voorhis of Pasadena, California, and was initially called the Voorhis Unit. The W.K. Kellogg Foundation then donated an  horse ranch in Pomona, California to Cal Poly San Luis Obispo in 1949.  Located about one mile (1.6 km) from the Voorhis campus, the two became known as Cal Poly Kellogg-Voorhis. Cal Poly Kellogg-Voorhis broke off from Cal Poly in 1966, becoming the fully independent university, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona). Since 1949, the two campuses have cooperated on creating a float for the Rose Parade. Today, the long-running float program still boasts floats designed and constructed entirely by students year-round on both campuses.

1960 football team plane crash

On October 29, 1960, a chartered plane carrying the Cal Poly San Luis Obispo football team, hours after a loss to Bowling Green State University, crashed on takeoff at the Toledo Express Airport in Toledo, Ohio. Twenty-two of the 48 people on board were killed, including 16 players.

Female admissions

In 1903, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo opened as a coeducational school with 20 students enrolled, 16 new male students and 4 new female students. In 1929, California Governor C. C. Young banned women from studying at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo starting from 1930. It was not until 1956 when the institution once again began admitting female students. The university remains coeducational today, with women constituting 48.4% of the Fall 2018 total student population.

Directors and presidents

 Leroy Anderson, 1902–1907
 Leroy Burns Smith, 1908–1914
 Robert Weir Ryder, 1914–1921
 Nicholas Ricciardi, 1921–1924
 Margaret Chase (Acting), 1924
 Benjamin Ray Crandall, 1924–1933
 Julian A. McPhee, 1933–1966
 Dale W. Andrews (acting), 1966–1967
 Robert E. Kennedy, 1967–1979
 Warren J. Baker, 1979–2010
 Robert Glidden (Acting), 2010–2011
 Jeffrey D. Armstrong, 2011–present

Campus

Cal Poly has one of the largest college campuses in the United States. It owns 9,178 acres and is the second largest land-holding university in California. The lands are used for student education and include the main campus, two nearby agricultural lands, and two properties in Santa Cruz County. Part of the Cal Poly property is the Swanton Pacific Ranch, a  ranch located in Santa Cruz County, California, outside the town of Davenport. The ranch provides educational and research opportunities, encompasses rangeland, livestock, and forestry operations for the College of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental sciences, and fosters Cal Poly's Learn by Doing teaching philosophy of with emphasis on sustainable management of agricultural practices with a mix of laboratory experiments.

Expansion
The Cal Poly Master Plan calls to increase student population from approximately 17,000 students to 20,900 students by 2020–2021. To maintain the university's Learn by Doing philosophy and low class sizes, the master plan calls for an increase in classrooms, laboratories, and professors.

Recent construction
A dormitory style student community was completed in the summer of 2018.  Located at the corner of Slack Street and Grand Avenue, it consists of seven 3- to 5-story concrete framed freshman residence hall buildings with 1,475 beds and an adjacent four-level parking structure. Additional community space for the housing complex and the campus wrap the parking structure on three sides. These spaces include a small café, community room, game room, mail room, welcome center, offices, and maintenance shop. Site improvements include a large open space in the center of the project for activities and group events, volleyball and basketball courts, and outdoor gathering spaces at each building.

The Warren J. Baker Center for Science and Mathematics was dedicated November 1, 2013. It replaced the aging "spider" Science Building 52, built in the 1950s, with a new  structure. The $119 million, six-story building was made possible by voter-approved state education bonds and $18 million in private donations.  The Center adds new laboratories, classrooms, and offices for the physics, chemistry and soil science programs, as well as an open area and terraces for student study and meeting places. The top floor of the Center houses labs and offices for the school's Western Coatings Technologies Center and the Environmental Biotechnology Institute. It is the second largest and most technologically advanced structure on campus. In the space between the remaining wings of the old "Spider Building" and the new Center is Centennial Park, a landscaped central green.

Current and planned construction
A $20 million wine and viticulture center is projected to open in 2020.  The new $123 million Science and Agriculture Teaching and Research Complex is scheduled to open fall 2021; a renovation of The Robert E. Kennedy Library is expected to begin no sooner than January 2022 and cost $65 million.  In addition, the William and Linda Frost Center for Research and Innovation, a $124 million interdisciplinary research center, broke ground in May 2019.

Commuting
Campus parking is limited. In its most recent survey of available parking spaces on campus, the Cal Poly University Police reported 2,892 general purpose parking spaces, 3,492 dorm resident spaces, and 8,648 total spaces. In its facilities Master Plan, the university admits that while more parking spots will be added, the actual ratio of parking to students will decrease since enrollment is expected to increase sharply. To resolve the disparity, the Master Plan calls on the university to reduce the demand for individual vehicle parking. As part of that plan, the university has constructed additional dorms and has tried to make campus life more desirable. In addition, Cal Poly Commuter and Access Services has successfully promoted alternatives to commuting in single occupancy vehicles: in the past 10 years, bus use has more than doubled, and the use of bicycles has close to quadrupled.

Currently, there are over 6,500 bike rack spaces and 224 secure bike lockers available on campus; 57% of students and 33% of faculty/staff live within 5 miles of the Cal Poly campus, an easy bike commute. The city's SLO Transit bus system provides service to and from campus. Cal Poly financially supports SLO Transit with funding from parking citation revenue (not from state general funds nor from student tuition), so faculty, staff, and students ride for free. Bus service throughout the county is provided by SLO Regional Transit Authority. Discounted passes are available to the Cal Poly community.

Academics

Colleges

The university currently offers 65 bachelor's degrees, 39 master's degrees, 84 minors and 13 credentials in six colleges:
 College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences
 College of Architecture and Environmental Design
 Orfalea College of Business
 College of Engineering
 College of Liberal Arts
 College of Science and Mathematics

Bachelor's projects
All undergraduate students at Cal Poly are required to complete a senior project.  This requirement has been in place before the 1980s, and has set Cal Poly apart from other Cal State campuses. The senior project is intended to be a capstone experience for students receiving a baccalaureate degree by integrating theory and application from across a student's undergraduate educational experiences. The senior project consists of one or more of the following: a design or construction experience, an experiment, a self-guided study or research project, a presentation, a report based on an internship, co-op, or service learning experience, and/or a public portfolio display or performance.  Senior projects have often led to students obtaining jobs or recognition for their work. In July 2011, a company created from a Senior Project, Punchd, was acquired by Google. Jamba Juice, founded as "Juice Club", was inspired by the Senior Project idea but was founded after the founders had graduated. On campus towards Poly Canyon, a popular area known as 'Architecture Graveyard' has many architecture Senior Projects, including experimental structures and unconventional architecture.

Admissions

Enrolled Fall Freshman Statistics

Cal Poly's admissions process is "more selective" according to U.S. News & World Report.

For the class entering Fall 2019, 15,366 freshmen were accepted out of 54,072 applicants, a 28.4% acceptance rate, and 4,613 enrolled.  Fall 2019 entering students had an average GPA of 3.99; the middle 50% range of SAT scores was 620–700 for reading and writing, and 620–740 for math, while the ACT Composite range was 26–32.  Women constituted 50.5% of the incoming freshmen class, men 49.5%.

For Fall 2019 admitted transfer students, Cal Poly accepted 1,622 of 11,109 applicants, a 14.6% acceptance rate.

Cal Poly requires students to declare a major when applying for admission, and the university then admits the most competitive applicants within each major based on GPA and other factors. As a result, changing majors at the university is not guaranteed.  Each major has a specific change of major plan which includes required classes to be taken while maintaining a certain GPA (usually between 2.5 and 2.75) in order to be considered as a candidate.  In some cases, students wishing to change majors transfer to other universities.

Rankings

According to U.S. News & World Reports 2024"Best Regional Universities West Rankings," Cal Poly is ranked first overall in the western United States out of 127 regional schools whose highest degree is a Master's, first in "Top Public Schools", first in "Best Colleges for Veterans", first in "Most Innovative Schools", 2 for "Best Undergraduate Teaching", 18 best value school, 46 in Undergraduate Research/Creative Projects and tied for 97th in "Top Performers on Social Mobility." The same report ranked the College of Engineering seventh out of 220 public and private undergraduate engineering schools in the U.S. where doctorates are not offered with national program rankings of:

Civil Engineering: first
Computer Engineering: first
Mechanical Engineering: second
Electrical Engineering: second
Aerospace Engineering: second

According to U.S. News & World Report'''s 2022 "Best Regional Universities West Rankings," Cal Poly is ranked second overall in the western United States out of 127 regional schools whose highest degree is a Master's, first in "Top Public Schools", first in "Best Colleges for Veterans", first in "Most Innovative Schools", third for "Best Undergraduate Teaching", 32 best value school, 46 in Undergraduate Research/Creative Projects and tied for 94th in "Top Performers on Social Mobility." The same report ranked the College of Engineering seventh out of 220 public and private undergraduate engineering schools in the U.S. where doctorates are not offered with national program rankings of:

Civil Engineering: second
Electrical Engineering: second
Computer Engineering: second
Mechanical Engineering: second

According to U.S. News & World Reports 2021 "Best Regional Universities West Rankings," Cal Poly is ranked 3rd overall in the western United States out of 127 regional schools whose highest degree is a Master's, first in "Top Public Schools", first in "Best Colleges for Veterans", tied for first in "Most Innovative Schools", second for "Best Undergraduate Teaching",  and tied for 96th in "Top Performers on Social Mobility". The same report ranked the College of Engineering eighth out of 220 public and private undergraduate engineering schools in the U.S. where doctorates are not offered with national program rankings of:

Industrial Engineering/Manufacturing: first
Civil Engineering: second
Electrical Engineering: second
Computer Engineering: second
Aerospace Engineering: second
Mechanical Engineering: third
Biomedical Engineering: thirdWashington Monthly ranked Cal Poly 26th out of 614 schools in the U.S. "National Universities – Masters" category in 2020 based on its contribution to the public good in three broad categories: social mobility, research, and service.Money magazine ranked Cal Poly 51st in the country out of 739 schools evaluated for its 2020 "Best Colleges for Your Money" edition and 33rd in its list of the 50 best public schools in the U.S.

Cal Poly ranked 40th in the U.S. for in-state students in PayScale 2019 "Best Value Colleges", which ranked 2,006 colleges and universities for return on investment (ROI).  According to PayScale's projections, Cal Poly has a 20-year net return on investment of $716,000. This ROI is the 2nd highest in the California State University system and is higher than all of the University of California schools except UC Berkeley.

In 2019, Forbes magazine rated Cal Poly 115th out of the 650 best private and public colleges, universities and service academies in America. In 2008, the first year of the list, Cal Poly was ranked 369th out of 569.

For 2019, Kiplinger ranked Cal Poly 19th out of the top 174 best-value public colleges and universities in the nation, and 3rd in California.

In the 2019 edition of "America's Best Architecture & Design Schools" published by the architecture and design journal DesignIntelligence, Cal Poly was ranked the No. 3 most admired undergraduate architecture program in the nation.  The landscape architecture program was ranked 6th most admired in the country and 1st in the Western region.

Cal Poly's Orfalea College of Business was ranked 59th among U.S. undergraduate business colleges in Bloomberg Businessweek's 2016 list (the latest).

Financial

Tuition
Due to continued reductions in state funding, Fall 2011 fees for the average student reached approximately $2,600 per quarter. For comparison, the Spring 2002 fees for the average student were $760 per quarter.  While total yearly fees for an in-state student were just $2,976 in 2002, students entering in fall 2011 faced an annual fee of over $7,900.

Of the students enrolled in fall 2014, 61.6% of undergraduates and 70.0% of first-time freshmen received some form of financial aid in 2014–15. The amount of financial aid awarded in 2014–15 totaled $151.5 million, of which 64.3% came from federal funds, 11.9% came from state funds and 17.5% came from institutional funds. Loans comprised 55.6% of the financial aid, 31.2% came in the form of grants, and 10.2% in scholarships.

Endowment
Cal Poly's endowment more than tripled during its Centennial Campaign from $43.1 million to $140.1 million. Growth is attributed to gifts and prudent stewardship. However, since 2007, the university's endowment has fluctuated dramatically, going from $181.7 million in 2007 to $130.9 million in 2009, before rebounding to $227.7 million in 2019, the 301st largest of 785 colleges and universities in the United States and Canada.

Student life

Residence halls
Cal Poly's on-campus student housing of 6,239 spaces is the largest student housing program in the California State University system. Cal Poly housed 35.9% of fall 2015 undergraduates in 28 dorms on campus, and 98.7% of first-time freshmen lived on campus. In addition, 28.7% of Cal Poly sophomores lived on campus in fall 2015.

There are five distinct groups of residence halls on the Cal Poly campus. The five North Mountain halls, constructed in the 1950s, are the oldest on campus still used for residential purposes. The six "red-brick" halls were completed shortly afterward in 1959. The Sierra Madre and Yosemite halls were finished by 1968, and the Cerro Vista Apartments were completed in 2003. The Poly Canyon Village housing complex, with a similar style as the Cerro Vista apartments, was completed in 2009 at a cost of $300 million, making it the California State University system's largest construction project to date. In 2018, Cal Poly opened the seven-building complex yakʔitʸutʸu dorms on the site of the old Grand Avenue surface parking lot. In addition to being state-of-the-art living spaces, the yakʔitʸutʸu  residence halls serve to honor the heritage and culture of the Indigenous People of San Luis Obispo County, the yak titʸu titʸu yak tiłhini, Northern Chumash tribe.

Each of the residence halls represent a different living community on campus. The six red-brick halls are the Living-Learning Program halls for the different colleges of Cal Poly. The five North Mountain halls are organizationally a part of the engineering Living-Learning Program. The Sierra Madre and Yosemite halls are the First-Year Connection Program halls and focus on freshman-oriented transition programs.  All buildings house students of all majors.  The Cerro Vista Apartments is the Transitions community for first-year and second-year students. Poly Canyon Village is the Sophomore Success Program community, which is open to primarily to sophomores, but also juniors and seniors, and helps students transition into independent living.

Greek life

Greek organizations have been at Cal Poly since 1949. The Greek community consists of three governing councils at Cal Poly: United Sorority and Fraternity Council (USFC), Interfraternity Council (IFC), and Panhellenic Association (PHA). Cal Poly also offers Greek organizations based on academic fields of study.

Week of Welcome orientation program
The Week of Welcome program, more commonly known as "WOW", serves as a volunteer-based orientation program for new students during the first week after move-in during the beginning of the school year in September. Its purpose is to introduce students to the campus and the community and prepare them for a successful college career. Freshmen are placed in a group with 10–12 other new students while transfer students are in groups of 40–60; each group is led by two current Cal Poly student orientation leaders.  The "WOW" groups participate in an array of orientation events in addition to activities both on and off campus. In 2010, the awareness section of the program won the 2010 National Orientation Directors Association (NODAC) Media & Publications Showcase Award in the Emerging Technologies. The awareness section was entirely developed by student volunteers. The program started in 1956 and is now the largest volunteer orientation program in the nation.

Cal Poly Recreation Center

The Cal Poly Recreation Center is the on-campus student recreation center.

Clubs and independent student organizations
Cal Poly has many recognized clubs and independent student organizations operating on campus. Included are over 150 groups, including, among many others, cultural clubs and exchanges, mathematics and science clubs, improv and sketch comedy clubs, religious and atheistic groups, service organizations, engineering research and development clubs, professional development organizations, a perennial Rose Parade Float design program, LGBTQ+ and Multicultural groups, competitive and social athletic teams, and academic honors clubs. Engineering clubs and independent student organizations on campus include Prove Lab, PolySat, CubeSat, and QL+.

Racial and economic diversity of student body

, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo has the least racially diverse student population of all California State University and University of California campuses.  On a national scale, however, Cal Poly is ranked 240 out of 2,475 colleges and is considered "highly diverse" by collegefactual.com.  President Armstrong has been working to increase the percentage of non-white students on campus, with the share of white students in the university student body decreasing from 63% to 55%. The City of San Luis Obispo is 84.5% white. About 84.2% of the students attending California Polytechnic State University – San Luis Obispo come from within California.

The Los Angeles Times reported that the university "was ranked one of the nation's worst serving institutions for Latino student success."

The Education Trust lists the university as an "Engine of Inequality" because "very few students come from working-class and low-income families." It is one of 20 public institutions in the U.S. with this negative distinction.

 Relations with local community
Though generally regarded as a positive for the area due to the economic impact, Cal Poly has received criticism for both the behavior of students upsetting the community, and the effects on local housing market. Parties and gatherings have gotten wilder due to an increased student body size and social media presence, leading to the university being named the #9 party school in California by Niche. In 2017, the median home price in San Luis Obispo was $530,000. In May 2018, Zillow estimated that the median home value has increased to $694,027. While the city has been building hundreds of single family housing on the south end of town, large areas of the north end in older neighborhoods have been converted to rental student housing because of a major increase in the number of students admitted to and attending the university and the lack of university supplied housing. The university is currently building housing on campus to attempt to house up to 65% of students and plans to cap enrollment at 25,000, meaning that 11,250 students must find off-campus housing. This has created an affordability crisis for the city itself, as most apartments that would generally be occupied by lower income families and individuals are now occupied solely by Cal Poly students, reducing supply and pushing low-income residents outside of the city. Approximately 27% of the residents live below the poverty line, a similar percentage to Cleveland, Ohio.

Athletics

Cal Poly fields 21 varsity sports (10 for men and 11 for women) and participates in the NCAA's Division I.

Cal Poly is a member of the Big West Conference, except for football, wrestling, women's indoor track & field and both swimming and diving teams (none of which are sponsored by the Big West). Cal Poly's football team competes in the Big Sky Conference; the wrestling team is a member of the Pac-12 Conference; indoor track & field is independent; and swimming and diving competes in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.

Prior to joining Division I in 1994, the school won 35 NCAA Division II national team championships and competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). Cal Poly has two mascots. The character represented in costume or cartoon is named Musty the Mustang. The live mascot, a living mustang, is named Chase, after Margaret Chase, the university's second president.

Cal Poly also offers various non-varsity (club) sports. The Mustangs play college rugby in the California Conference of Division 1-A. The Mustangs are often ranked in the Top 25 nationwide, and their rugby sevens team has been ranked as high as No. 7. The Mustangs finished No. 8 in the nation at the 2011 USA Rugby Sevens Collegiate National Championships, and 12th at the 2012 competition.

The Battle for the Golden Horseshoe is an annual rivalry college football game played between the UC Davis Aggies and the Cal Poly Mustangs. Cal Poly has The Mustang Marching Band of over 200 students who play at football, basketball and volleyball games.

 Incidents and controversies

 Poly Royal Riots

On April 29, 1990, San Luis Obispo police responded to a call of a bicyclist down at around 11pm. The activity drew heavily intoxicated crowds that began to get unruly. After unsuccessfully attempting to disperse the crowd, a mob began looting the nearby Campus Bottle Shoppe. The next day, dumpsters were set on fire during more rioting and 127 people were arrested.

 Disappearance of Kristin Smart

On May 25, 1996, Cal Poly student Kristin Smart disappeared without a trace after a birthday party. The university and sheriff's department have been investigating leads, including excavating the land around the Cal Poly "P" on an adjoining hill. In 2017, the excavation of the area surrounding was completed with articles found; however, the sheriff's department has not yet released its findings. On April 13, 2021, Paul Flores and his father, Ruben Flores, were arrested and taken into custody in suspicion of Smart's disappearance. Their homes were searched, and investigators found numerous "items of interest".
On October 18, 2022, a jury found Paul Flores guilty of murder, and his father, Ruben Flores, not guilty.

 Crops House incident

In 2008, a university-owned house (known as Crops House) where agriculture students were given subsidized lodging in exchange for work on the school's farms hosted a Halloween party with decorations including a noose.  A sign was also posted which read: "No niggers," along with a similar slur against gays. At a later date, the house displayed a Confederate flag tacked above the entrance to the house while a large Confederate flag laid painted on a table in front of the house.
This became a First Amendment free speech issue, with the university initially not evicting the students.

 Blackface incident

In 2018, the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity was suspended following a photo surfacing that showed a student wearing blackface. In response to further protests, President Armstrong suspended all Greek Life on campus indefinitely. This was followed with protests during Open House events for incoming freshmen. On May 4, 2018, President Armstrong announced yet another blackface incident that was mocking the prior incident. The incident is being investigated by the state.

Administrative organization

Four administrative divisions
The university is organized administratively into four divisions: Academic Affairs, Student Affairs, Administration and Finance, and University Advancement. The academic division is organized into six colleges, each with its own dean. Academic Affairs also includes the Library, Research and Graduate Programs, and Information Technology Services.

Cal Poly Corporation
The Cal Poly Corporation is a public-benefit, nonprofit corporation and university auxiliary. It provides commercial services, fiscal services, and key support services to assist and promote the educational mission of Cal Poly and the California State University System (CSU). The Corporation engages only in those activities ancillary to state operation that are requested by Cal Poly's president and approved by the CSU. The corporation was founded in 1940 and was known as the Cal Poly Foundation until February 1, 2006.

Cal Poly Foundation
The Cal Poly Foundation is an auxiliary organization and IRC 501(c)(3) public charity that accepts and administers tax deductible gifts to the university. The Cal Poly Foundation leads campus philanthropic activity by supporting fundraising activities and investing and managing the campus endowments.

Cal Poly Extended Education
The Cal Poly Extended Education provides access to degree, certificate, and professional development programs and services of the university to the citizens of San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Monterey Counties and through distance learning technologies to students across the country.

Associated Students Inc.
The Associated Students Inc. (ASI) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation owned and operated by Cal Poly student leaders. ASI has an annual operating budget in excess of $12 million. ASI provides co-curricular experiences for students, faculty, and staff, including events, speakers, concerts, intramural sports, fitness programs, aquatics, outdoor adventure trips, craft center enrichment courses, club services, and child development. ASI manages the University Union, Recreation Center, Sports Complex, and Children's Center, totaling more than  of campus facilities.

Alumni Association
The Cal Poly Alumni Association seeks to engage and serve alumni, to foster a lifelong connection between the university and its alumni, and to foster goodwill and support for the university.  The association includes 15 regional and special interest chapters.

Notable alumni

Cal Poly has more than 150,000 alumni with the majority located in San Luis Obispo, Santa Clara and Los Angeles counties.

Notable alumni include:
 Tory Bruno, CEO of ULA
 Gregory Chamitoff, NASA astronaut
 Danding Cojuangco, former chairman and CEO of San Miguel Corporation
 Robert "Hoot" Gibson, NASA astronaut
 Victor Glover, NASA astronaut
 Noel Lee, founder of Monster Cable
 Abel Maldonado, former California Lt. Governor
 John Madden, NFL Hall of Fame coach and broadcaster
 Farzad Nazem, Chief Technology Officer of Yahoo
 Devin Nunes, former U.S. Representative
 David Nwaba, shooting guard for the Houston Rockets
 Peter Oppenheimer, former Chief Financial Officer of Apple Inc.
 Burt Rutan, aerospace pioneer
 M. Ward, musician
 Ozzie Smith, Baseball Hall of Fame Major League Baseball player
 Rick Sturckow, NASA Astronaut
 William Swanson, former CEO of Raytheon
 "Weird Al" Yankovic, comedic musician who recorded his first song in a bathroom at the school
 Mike Krukow, Major League Baseball player, current San Francisco Giants broadcaster. Was a pitcher on the Mustangs baseball team in the early 1970s, still holds the school record for career earned run average.

Demographics

The United States Census Bureau, has designated the campus as a separate census-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes, under the name California Polytechnic State University. It first appeared as a CDP in the 2020 Census with a population of 8,583.

2020 censusNote: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.''

See also
 California Master Plan for Higher Education
 Leaning Pine Arboretum, north campus

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

 Cal Poly Athletics website

San Luis Obispo
California Polytechnic State University
San Luis Obispo, California
Universities and colleges in San Luis Obispo County, California
Technological universities in the United States
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Buildings and structures in San Luis Obispo, California
1901 establishments in California
Universities and colleges established in 1901


Adenopatia este o maladie care constă în creșterea în volum a ganglionilor limfatici.
Cauza poate fi: inflamatorie, infecțioasă sau tumorală.
Se poate manifesta prin durere sau/și prin febră.

Localizări mai frecvente: părțile laterale ale gâtului, zona axilară, deasupra claviculei sau zona inghinală.
Poate fi de mai multe feluri: infecțioasă (acută sau cronică, localizată sau generalizată), alergică, imunologică sau malignă.

Tratamentul vizează boala de bază.
Astfel, infecțiile sunt tratate cu antibiotice, antiinflamatoare, antipiretice.
Maladiile imunologice au terapii specifice, iar tratamentul cancerului va implica, după tipul tumorii, rezecție chirurgicală, chimioterapie sau radioterapie.

Inflamații
Sistemul limfatic

Adenopatie


Henri Julien Félix Rousseau (21 Mayıs 1844 - 2 Eylül 1910), naif veya primitif üslupta resimler yapan Fransız post-empresyonist ressam. Mesleği yüzünden Le Douanier (gümrük memuru) olarak da bilinir. Rousseau hayatı boyunca alaya alınmasına karşın, ölümünden sonra, yüksek sanat değeri taşıyan resimler yapmış ve kendi kendini eğitmiş bir dâhi olarak kabul edilmiştir.

Geçmişi

Ressam, bir muslukçunun oğlu olarak Loire Vadisi'ndeki Laval'da dünyaya geldi. Laval Lisesi'ne devam eden Rousseau, babası borçlandıktan ve evlerine el konulduktan sonra ebeveynleri şehri terk edince okulda yatılı okumaya başladı. Lisede bazı derslerde başarısız olsa da müzik ve resim derslerinde ödüller kazandı. Bir avukat için çalışıp hukuk öğrenmeye başlayan ressam, yalancı şahitlik yapmaya kalkınca 1863 yılından başlayarak dört yıl boyunca orduya hizmet etti. Babasının ölümünden sonra, Rousseau dul annesine bakmak için 1868 yılında Paris'e taşındı ve devlet memuru oldu. Aynı yıl ilk eşi Clemence Boitard ile evlendi. Doğan çocuklarından hayatta kalan yalnızca Julia oldu.1871 yılında, terfi alarak vergi tahsildarı oldu. Ciddi olarak resim yapmaya kırklı yaşlarının başında başladı, 49 yaşında da işinden emekli olarak sanatına yoğunlaştı. Karısı 1888 yılında ölünce tekrar evlendi.

Doğadan başka kimseden bir şey öğrenmediğini açıklayan Rousseau, sonraları iki okullu ressam olan Félix Auguste-Clément ve Jean-Léon Gérôme'dan tavsiyeler aldığını itiraf etti. Gene de kendi kendini eğitmiş, naif veya primitif bir ressam olarak kabul edilir.

Resimleri
Resim eğitimi almadan resim yapmaya başlayan Henri Rousseau, Paris'in sanat müzelerindeki resimleri referans alarak çalışmaya başlamıştır. Kentin doğa tarih müzeleri ve botanik bahçeleri eskizlerinin hazırlamasında sanatçıya ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Hiçbir zaman Fransa'yı terk etmemiş veya bir vahşi orman görmemiş olmasına rağmen, en ünlü resimleri vahşi orman resimleridir. Sevenlerinin iddia ettiği gibi, askerdeyken Fransa-Meksika savaşına katılmış olduğu gerçek değildir. Resimli kitaplardan, botanik bahçelerden ve doldurulmuş vahşi hayvanlardan ilham almıştır. Fransa'nın Meksika işgalinden gelen askerlerle de ordudayken tanışmış ve onların karşılaştığı tropik hayat hikâyelerini dinlemiştir. Eleştirmen Arsène Alexandre'a sık sık gittiği Jardin des Plantes'ı (Bitki Bahçesi) şu şekilde anlatmıştır: "Seralara girip egzotik diyarların yabancı bitkilerini gördüğümde, sanki bir rüyaya girmiş gibi oluyorum."

Egzotik manzaralarla beraber şehri ve banliyölerinin ufak topoğrafik resimlerini de yapmıştır.

"Manzaralı portre" adını verdiği bir tür geliştirmiş olduğunu iddia etmiştir; bu resimlerde şehrin en sevdiği yer gibi bir yerin manzarasını çiziyor, sonra da manzaranın önüne birinin portresini yapıyordu.

Eleştiriler ve övgüler
Rousseau'nun donuk, görünüşte çocuksu olan tarzını eleştiren çoktu; resimleri insanları dehşete düşürmüş, Rousseau alaya alınmıştı. Aşırı marifetli olmasına karşın, eğitimli sanatçıların onu cahil gördüğünden habersizdi. Her zaman halkın beğenisini kazanmaya çalışmış, ama başarılı olamamıştır. Çoğu gözlemci bir çocuk gibi resim yaptığını söylemişse de, çalışmalarına bakılırsa kendi tekniğini ilerletmiş olduğu görülebilir.

1886'dan itibaren resimleri Salon des Indépendants'da düzenli olarak sergiledi. Çalışmaları çok göz önünde bulunmasa da, yıllar geçtikçe takipçileri de arttı. Tropik Fırtınada bir Kaplan (Şaşkın!) isimli tablosu 1891 yılında sergilendi; genç ressam Félix Valotton şu satırları yazdığında Rousseau ilk ciddi eleştirisini aldı: "Kaplanın avını şaşırttığı ifadeyi kaçırmayın; bu, resmin başlangıcı ve sonudur." Ancak Rousseau, vahşi ormanlara ancak 10 yıl sonra dönecekti.

1893 yılında, Rousseau 1910 yılındaki ölümüne kadar Montparnasse'da yaşadığı ve çalıştığı bir stüdyoya taşınmıştır. 1897 yılında en ünlü resimlerinden olan La Bohémienne endormieyi (Uyuyan Çingene) yapmıştır.

1905 yılında Antilopun Üzerine Atlayan Aç Aslan adlı büyük vahşi orman resmini yapmış ve Salon des Indépendants'da, o zamanın Henri Matisse gibi genç avangart ressamlarının eserleriyle birlikte sergilemiştir. Bu sergide Fovist resmin ilk örneklerinin sergilendiği kabul edilmektedir. Belki de bu isme ilham kaynağı olan bir eleştirmenin "fauves" (vahşiler) sözü, Rousseau'nun bu resmi için söylenmiştir.

1907 yılında ressam Robert Delauney'in annesi Delauney Kontesi Berthe, Rousseau'nun Yılan Oynatıcısını yapmasını istedi.

Pablo Picasso, bir Rousseau resminin üzeri boyanıp tuval olarak kullanmak üzere satıldığını gördüğnde Rousseau'nun dehasını fark etmiş ve onunla tanışmaya gitmiştir. Picasso, 1908 yılında stüdyosu Le Bateau-Lavoir'''da Rousseau'nun onuruna yarı ciddi, yarı burlesk bir ziyafet vermiştir.

Rousseau 1893 yılında emekli olduktan sonra, kirasını ödemek için yarı-zamanlı işlerde çalışmış ve sokaklarda keman çalmıştır. Kısa bir süreliğine Le petit journalde çalışmış, resimlerinden bazıları dergiye kapak olmuştur.

Henri Rousseau, 2 Eylül 1910 günü Paris'te Necker Hastanesi'nde ölmüştür. Cimetière de Bagneux'deki cenazesine yedi arkadaşı katılmıştır: ressam Paul Signac ve Manuel Ortiz de Zárate, Robert Delaunay ve karısı Sonia Delaunay, heykeltıraş Constantin Brancusi, Rousseau'nun ev sahibi Armand Queval ve Brancusi'nin yaptığı mezartaşına şu satırları kazıyan Guillaume Apollinaire:Selam sanaKibar Rousseau kulak ver bizeDelaunay ve karısı, Bay Queval ve benCennet kapılarından bavullarımız vergisiz geçsinBiz de sana boya ve tuval getirelimSen de vaktini bu gerçek evrendeHoşça resim yaparak geçirirsinBir zamanlar resmimi yaptığın gibiYıldızlara bakarken''

Bıraktıkları

New York Times sanat eleştirmeni Roberta Smith, Rousseau'nun çalışmalarının Picasso'yla başlayarak Léger, Max Beckmann ve sürrealistlere büyük bir ilham kaynağı olduğunu söylemiştir. "Örneğin Beckmann'ın inanılmaz otoportreleri Rousseau'nun yaptığı Pierre Loti portresinin kaba saba, yoğun üslubundan gelmektedir," diye yazmıştır.

Sergiler
1911 yılında Salon des Indépendants'da Rousseau'nun çalışmalarından oluşan bir retrospektif sergisi yapılmıştır. Resimleri aynı zamanda ilk Blaue Reiter sergisinde de gösterilmiştir.

Çalışmalarından oluşan iki büyük müze sergisi 1984-85 yıllarında Paris'te Grand Palais'de ve New York Modern Sanat Müzesi'nde ve 2001'de Almanya'da Tübingen'de yapılmıştır.

Resimlerinden oluşan büyük bir sergi Kasım 2005'ten itibaren dört ay boyunca "Henri Rousseau: Paris'te Vahşi Ormanlar" adıyla Londra'da Tate Modern'de ve Paris'te Musée d'Orsay'de sergilenmiştir. Rousseau'nun 49 resminden oluşan sergi, 17 Temmuz-15 Ekim 2006 tarihleri arasında da Washington Millî Sanat Müzesi'nde sergilenmiştir.

Rousseau'nun resimlerinden oluşan bir koleksiyon 15 Mart-19 Haziran 2006 arasında Paris Grand Palais'de sergilenmiştir.

2007'de Rousseau'nun 60 resmi, Eczacıbaşı Sanal Müzesi'nde sergilenmeye başlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

1844 doğumlular
1910 yılında ölenler
19. yüzyıl Fransız ressamları
20. yüzyıl Fransız ressamları
Naif sanat
Paris'te defnedilenler

Henri Rousseau


An Rhynchospora fallax in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hendrik Uittien. An Rhynchospora fallax in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhynchospora, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rhynchospora

Rhynchospora fallax


Priča o Glennu Milleru (izvorni naziv The Glenn Miller Story) američki je film iz 1954. godine u kome je predstavljena romansirana biografija Glenna Millera. Glavne uloge tumače James Stewart i June Allyson, a u mnogim ulogama čuveni džez-glazbenici predstavljaju sebe. Redatelj je Anthony Mann po scenariju Valentinea Daviesa i Oscara Brodneyja, a producent filma je Aaron Rosenberg. Film je ispunjen Millerovim uspješnicama koje su godinama bile u vrhu glazbenih ljestvica.

Kontekst

Glenn Miller je čuveni američki trombonist, skladatelj, aranžer i vođa džez-orkestra iz razdoblja prije i za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata. S najviše prodanih ploča i s najviše uspješnica u glazbenim ljestvicama u 1930-ima, njegov je orkestar dugo godina bio vodeći jazz-orkestar u SAD-u.

Miller je prepoznao važnost glazbe u propagandnom ratu, kao sredstva za dizanje morala svojih i obaranje morala neprijateljskih vojnika. Njegove su skladbe podsjećale njegove sunarodnike na domovinu, a protivničkim trupama predstavljale američki način života. Tako je na primjer skladbu Colea Portera Begin the Beguine (započni beguine) Miller s Irene Manning snimio sa stihovima na njemačkom jeziku.

Sadržaj
Film opisuje razdoblje Millerovog života od početka profesionalnog bavljenja glazbom (oko 1926.) do smrti 1944. godine.

Priča počinje oko 1926. godine u Los Angelesu. Miller je glazbenik koji jedva sastavlja kraj s krajem. Stoga često u zalagaonici W. Kranza zalaže svoj trombon i otkupljuje ga kad zaradi neki novac. Kranz jednom prilikom obavještava Millera i njegovog najboljeg prijatelja Chummyja da Ben Pollack traži glazbenike za svoj orkestar. Miller dobiva angažman i otkupljuje trombon, a usto kupuje i bisernu ogrlicu za rođendan svoje ljubavi s koledža kojoj se nije javljao 2 godine. S Polackom ide na turneju po Americi. Kad je nastupao u Denveru, javlja se svojoj ljubavi Helen i provode jedan dan zajedno.

U New Yorku Miller napušta Polacka, s namjerom da osnuje svoj band. Međutim i u New Yorku tavori (i zalaže svoj trombon), sve dok mu agent Don Haynes ne nađe angažman u kazalištu. Zove Helen da dođe u New York da se vjenčaju i ona prihvaća, bez obzira na to što je dvije godine bila zaručena za drugog. Nakon vjenčanja, ona skrbi o Glennovim financijama, te uspijeva uštedjeti dovoljno novaca za osnutak banda. Koncert u Bostonu u dvorani Sija Schribmana otkazan je, ali u bandu to nisu znali te su se uputili u Boston. Na putu je Helen pobacila zbog iscrpljenosti i prevezena je u bolnicu, gdje saznaje da više ne može imati djecu. Si Schribman ju posjećuje u bolnici i obećava da će band dobiti novi termin. Glenn koristi tu priliku da stvori veći orkestar i da izvodi svoje aranžmane, te da konačno pronađe "svoj zvuk". Počinje dugogodišnji uspjeh orkestra.

Glenn i Helen usvajaju sina, zatim i kćer. Helen je suglasna s Glennovim planom da se pridruži prekomorskim trupama kao vođa orkestra američkog zrakoplovstva. Na smotri trupa u čast generala Arnolda, Miller umjesto tradicionalnog vojnog marša izvodi skladbu The St. Louis blues march (Marš "St. Louis blues"). Pukovnik Spaulding je bijesan zbog sramoćenja pred generalom Arnoldom i želi Millera uputiti na disciplinski postupak, ali ulazi general Arnold i čestita Milleru, navodeći kako je Millerova glazba odlična za moral. Miller odlazi u London i daje priredbe koje i BBC prenosi... Sredinom prosinca 1944. ukrcava se na zrakoplov za put u Pariz, gdje treba izvesti božićnu predstavu. Pred Božić 1944. godine general Arnold javlja Helen da je Glenn nestao.

Uloge
Redoslijed uloga naveden je kako se javlja u uvodnoj špici.

Glavne uloge
 James Stewart kao Glenn Miller
 June Allyson kao Helen Burger (Miller)
 Harry (naveden kao Henry) Morgan kao Chummy MacGregor
 Charles Drake kao Don Haynes
 George Tobias kao Si Schribman
 Barton MacLane kao general Arnold
 Sig Rumann kao Kranz
 Irving Bacon kao Mr. Miller
 James Bell kao Mr. Burger
 Kathleen Lockhart kao gospođa Miller
 Katherine (navedena kao Katharine) Warren kao gospođa Burger

Gostujuće uloge
(predstavljaju sami sebe)

Ostale uloge
U uvodnoj i završnoj špici filma nisu navedene 33 ostale uloge, koje su popisane u Katalogu Američkog filmskog instituta (uncredited).

Glazba
Joseph Gershenson je glazbeni direktor, a Henry Mancini je adaptirao glazbu.

Glazbene numere
(navedene prema popisu u IMDB-u)
 Basin Street Blues, autor: Spencer Williams, izvođači: Louis Armstrong i Gene Krupa
 Over the Rainbow, glazba: Harold Arlen, stihovi: E.Y. Harburg
 I Know Why (and So Do You), glazba: Harry Warren, stihovi: Lyrics Mack Gordon
 String of Pearls, glazba: Jerry Gray, stihovi: Edgar De Lange
 Pennsylvania 6-5000, glazba: Jerry Gray, stihovi Carl Sigman
 Tuxedo Junction, glazba: Erskine Hawkins, William Johnson i Julian Dash, stihovi: Buddy Feyne
 St. Louis Blues, autor: W.C. Handy, aranžman: Glenn Miller
 In the Mood, glazba: Joe Garland, stihovi: Andy Razaf i Wingy Manone
 Chattanooga Choo Choo, glazba: Harry Warren, stihovi: Mack Gordon
 American Patrol, glazba: F.W. Meacham
 Little Brown Jug, autor: Joseph Winner
 Too Little Time, autor: Henry Mancini
 At Last, autor: Harry Warren
 Moonlight Serenade, glazba: Glenn Miller, stihovi: Mitchell Parish
 Good Night, Ladies, tradicionalna
 Santa Lucia, glazba: Teodoro Cottrau
 Svadbeni marš iz opere "Lohengrin" Richarda Wagnera
 Bidin' My Time, glazba: George Gershwin, stihovi: Ira Gershwin
 Elmer's Tune, glazba: Elmer Albrecht
 Adios, glazba: Enric Madriguera
 National Emblem, standardni marš SAD-a, glazba: Edwin Eugene Bagley
 God Rest Ye, Merry Gentlemen, tradicionalna
 Deck the Halls with Boughs of Holly, tradicionalna

Izvori
 Detalji filma The Glenn Miller Story u katalogu Američkog filmskog instituta, catalog.afi.com  (pristupljeno: 22. lipnja 2020.)
 Pregledna verziji za ispis kataloga Američkog filmskog instituta  (pristupljeno: 22. lipnja 2020.)
 The Benny Goodman Story u bazi filmova IMDb  (pristupljeno: 18. lipnja 2020.)
 Mann, Anthony. Hrvatska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje. Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 2020. (pristupljeno: 22. lipnja 2020.)
 Mann, Anthony. Filmska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje. Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 2019. (pristupljeno: 22. lipnja 2020.)
 Stewart, James. Filmska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje. Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 2019. (pristupljeno: 22. lipnja 2020.)
 Allyson, June. Filmska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje. Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, 2019. (pristupljeno: 22. lipnja 2020.)
 beguine, natuknica na Hrvatskom jezičnom portalu, hjp.znanje.hr (pristupljeno: 22. lipnja 2020.)

Američki filmovi 1950-ih
Glazbeni filmovi

Priča o Glennu Milleru (1954.)


Politian es el título del único drama conocido del escritor estadounidense Edgar Allan Poe; comenzado en 1835, nunca se completó.

La obra es una versión ficcionalizada de un acontecimiento verdadero: el asesinato de Solomon P. Sharp por Jereboam O. Beauchamp en Kentucky, en 1825.
La llamada "Tragedia de Kentucky" fue conocida en todo el país, y se hicieron distintas representaciones de la misma. El autor, sin embargo, decidió ambientar su versión en la Roma del . Poe escribió la obra cuando trabajaba en el periódico Southern Literary Messenger, y se sabe que en ese tiempo sufrió una grave crisis personal. La primera entrega de Politian fue publicada en dicho diario en diciembre de 1835, con el título de "Scenes from an Unpublished Drama" ("Escenas de un drama inédito"). Una segunda entrega fue publicada en enero de 1836, pero el drama quedaría inacabado.

Politian no recibió críticas buenas. Este fracaso parece ser que alentó al autor a dejar de escribir obras largas para centrarse en los relatos breves.

Politian fue escrito en verso blanco, y se inspiró en las tragedias del reinado de Jacobo I de Inglaterra y VI de Escocia. Como muchos de los cuentos de Poe, Politian se plantea la inevitabilidad de la muerte y lo que ocurre cuando la vida se acaba. En la obra, el personaje de Politian propone un pacto de suicidio a un huérfano llamado Lalage, de modo que ambos puedan encontrarse en la otra vida.

El personaje del título toma su nombre de Angelo Poliziano, un poeta y erudito humanista italiano del .

Notas

Referencias
Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8154-1038-7
Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. ISBN 0-06-092331-8
Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe, A to Z. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001. ISBN 0-8160-4161-X
Thomas, Dwight & David K. Jackson. The Poe Log: A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe 1809–1849. New York: G. K. Hall & Co., 1987. ISBN 0-7838-1401-1

Enlaces externos

 Text of Scenes From Politian
 "Poe's Politian and the Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy" by William J. Kimball, from Poe Studies (1971)

Obras de Edgar Allan Poe
Libros inacabados

Politian


آلي خارق (باليابانية: スーパーロボット وبالإنجليزية: Super Robot) هو وصف يعبر عن نوعية آلي الميكا العملاق الذي يظهر في قصص المانغا أو في مسلسلات الأنمي. يتميز الآلي الخارق بامتلاكه ترسانة من الأسلحة الخارقة، والتي تعتمد بفكرتها على الخيال. بعض الآليين الخارقين لديهم القدرة على التشكل من صورة إلى آخرى (مثل دايموس) أو التشكل عن طريق اتحاد آليين – أو مركبتين - أو أكثر معا (مثل غيتا روبو وخماسي). يتحكم بالآلي الخارق ملاح - شاب (أو فتاة) غالبا وصاحب جرأة وإقدام - من قمرة للقيادة تكون موجودة داخل الآلي، والملاح يكون مثل الآلي على الأكثر؛ ذو خلفية تاريخية، وقد تكون أسطورية يشوبها بعض الغموض.

يقابل تصنيف الآلي الخارق للميكا تصنيف الآلي الواقعي.

العرض الأول
فكرة التحكم بالآلي العملاق من قبل بطل شاب قد ظهرت أول ما ظهرت في عام 1956 من خلال الآلي آيرون مان 28، وهو الذي يعرفه العالم العربي من خلال مسلسل رعد العملاق، والذي كان الأخير إعادة لتصنيع للأول في عام 1980، ويشار هنا إلى أن آيرون مان 28 – أو كما يعرف في الولايات المتحدة باسم جيجانتور – كان يتم التحكم به من خلال جهاز التحكم عن بعد.

أول أنمي قدم وصف الآلي الخارق ووضع المعايير له هو مازنجر زد الذي ألفه جو ناجاي عام 1972، ويكمن الاختلاف الرئيس بين مازنجر زد وآيرون مان 28 هو أن الأول كان ملاحه - كوجي كابوتو - يتولى قيادته من الداخل وبالتحديد من منطقة الرأس، أما آيرون مان 28 فكان ملاحه الشاب - شوتارو كانيدا يتحكم به عن بعد وليس من داخله. وأصبحت فكرة التحكم بالآلي من داخله من قبل الملاح هي إحدى معايير تصنيف الآلي الخارق، وجدير بالذكر أن مسلسل مازنجر زد بأفكاره وملحمته عموما لاق نجاحا منقطع النظير داخل اليابان وخارجها، وهو ما حدا بكثير من الدول لتترجمه إلى لغاتها وكان للغة العربية النصيب من الترجمة إليها.

آليون خارقون
مصطلحات أنمي ومانغا

آلي خارق


St. Brictius ist eine Pfarrkirche in Schöppingen, einer Gemeinde im westlichen Münsterland im Nordwesten des Bundeslands Nordrhein-Westfalen.

Geschichte

In den Sachsenkriegen (772–804) eroberten die Heere Karls des Großen unter anderem das Münsterland. In Abständen von Tagesmärschen wurden militärische Stützpunkte an "Königshöfen" errichtet und darauf Kirchen erbaut, die Zentren der Missionierung werden sollten. Sie wurden fränkischen Heiligen geweiht – so in Schöppingen dem heiligen Brictius von Tours und Nachfolger des Hl. Martin (397–444). Dies geschah etwa zwischen 785 und 792. In dieser Zeit begann die Missionierung des Münsterlandes durch den Hl. Liudger.

Die Schöppinger Kirche wurde auf einer eroberten sächsischen Fliehburg erbaut, an deren Fuß eine Quelle, die "Welle", entspringt, die Gerichtsort und vielleicht auch Kultstätte war. Die erste Kirche war circa 8 × 15 Meter groß und wahrscheinlich schon aus Stein gebaut. Als Liudger am 30. März 805 zum ersten Bischof von Münster geweiht wurde, wurde die Schöppinger Taufkirche Pfarrkirche. Zum ersten Mal wird sie in der Kaiserurkunde vom 7. Juni 838 erwähnt, in der Kaiser Ludwig der Fromme die Kirchen zu Reni (Rheine), Wateringas (Wettringen) und Stochheim im Gau Scopingus (Schöppingen) dem Kloster Herford schenkte.

Um 1100 baute man die Kirche neu. Aus dieser Zeit steht noch der mächtige Turm, der um 1230 um ein Glockengeschoss aufgestockt wurde und seine heutige Form mit zwei Treppengiebeln erhielt. Um 1390 erbaute man außerhalb der karolingischen Kirchenburg die Stadt Schöppingen mit Wall und Graben, zwei Toren und zentral gelegenem Rathaus. Die Kirche lag nun außerhalb des befestigten Ortes. In der "Münsterischen Stiftsfehde" brannte sie am 30. April 1453 ab, bis auf den Turm und die Umfassungsmauern – Brandspuren finden sich noch heute am Turm. Die Kirche wurde als zweischiffige, gotische Hallenkirche wieder aufgebaut, wobei der Hauptaltar genau an der Stelle des alten Hauptaltars wieder seinen Platz fand.

Im Spanisch-Niederländischen Krieg (1566–1609) und dem anschließenden Dreißigjährigen Krieg (1618–1648) ist Schöppingen stark zerstört worden. Die Kirche war verwüstet und unbrauchbar. Bei der Wiederherstellung übertünchte man die Wandgemälde der Apostel und Propheten sowie die Gewölbemalerei (erst 1930 wiederentdeckt). Das Altarbild des "Meister des Schöppinger Altars" wurde an die nördliche Seitenwand gehängt, es hieß jetzt das "Bild vom bitteren Leiden Jesu". Ein großer barocker Hochaltar und zwei Seitenaltäre wurden aufgestellt (entfernt 1876 bzw. 1923).

Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde beschlossen, die Kirche abzureißen und durch eine neogotische Kirche mit 75 Meter hohem Turm zu ersetzen. Entwürfe sind im Pfarrarchiv erhalten, das Geld war schon erspart – als der Erste Weltkrieg ausbrach und den Plan vereitelte. In der Inflationszeit musste man sich mit einer Erweiterung begnügen, und so wurde 1923–26 die bis dahin noch stehende nördliche Seitenwand des romanischen Vorgängerbaus abgerissen und das nördliche, sehr breite Seitenschiff an die bisherige Kirche angebaut, um möglichst viel Platz zu schaffen. Gleichzeitig gestaltete man die Kirche im Inneren völlig neu: Das Altarbild wurde in einen neuen reichgeschnitzten, bis ins Gewölbe reichenden Hochaltar eingefügt. Die bald darauf wiederentdeckten Wand- und Gewölbemalereien wurden freigelegt und restauriert.

Nach der Liturgiereform des 2. Vatikanischen Konzils wurde 1964–66 das Innere wieder völlig umgestaltet: Man stellte einen neuen Altar, Ambo, Tabernakel und Priestersitz auf, das Altarbild erhielt eine neue schlichte Aufstellung. Zur 1150-Jahr-Feier im Jahr 1988 wurden Inneres und Äußeres der Kirche restauriert.

Namenspatron: Brictius
Der heilige Brictius lebte um 400 nach Christus in Tours in der römischen Provinz Gallien. Er wurde 397 Nachfolger des heiligen Martin (der mit dem Mantel) als Bischof von Tours. 30 Jahre später wurde er beschuldigt, Vater eines unehelichen Kindes zu sein. Als Beweis für seine Unschuld sollte er glühende Kohlen in seinem Mantel zum Grabe seines Vorgängers Martin tragen. Er überstand die Prüfung unbeschadet. Brictius starb als nach 47 Jahren als Bischoff 444 nach Christus.

Vor der Kirche
Mutter Gottes an der Linde (Gertrud Büscher-Eilert, 1948). Der Brunnen mit der Pumpe stellt die Begegnung Jesu mit den Samaritern dar. Er erinnert an das ewige Leben, das Jesus durch Glauben und Taufe schenkt. Das Labyrinth zeigt, dass unser Leben ein Weg zu Gott mit Windungen, Wirrungen und Sackgassen ist. Über dem Nordportal ist die Paradies-Erzählung, über dem Südportal Jesus als guter Hirte dargestellt.

Innere Architektur
Im Westen führen zwei Stufen hinab in die Taufkapelle. Der spätgotische Chorraum von 1509–1512 hat ein flaches Gewölbe auf hohen starken Säulen. Das 1923–1926 erbaute breite nördliche Seitenschiff ist an die spätgotische Architektur der Kirche angepasst.

Ausstattung

Taufstein
In der Mitte der Taufkapelle steht der schlichte Taufstein aus dem 15. Jahrhundert, der um 1830 überarbeitet wurde. Den Bronzedeckel mit der Darstellung des Fischfangs schuf Hubert Teschlade aus Nienberge 1953.

Malerei
Im zweiten Joch des Mittelschiffs ist noch Gewölbemalerei aus der Erbauungszeit der Kirche erhalten. Im Gewölbe über den Chorstufen ist St. Brictius dargestellt. Im Chorhaupt steht Christus als Schmerzensmann genau über dem Altarbild.

Altar
Der Altar wurde 2003 von Karl Matthäus Winter aus Limburg geschaffen. Auf dem umlaufenden Fries sind sieben alttestamentarische Ereignisse dargestellt.

Wandtabernakel
Ebenfalls von Karl Matthäus Winter geschaffen wurde das Wandtabernakel. Es zeigt die Selbstoffenbarung Gottes am brennenden Dornbusch.

Osterleuchter
Der Osterleuchter vor dem Chorgestühl ist ein Werk von Johann Pechau aus Köln von 1986. Auf dem Leuchterfuß sind Adam und Eva und der Sündenfall im Paradies und darunter die Symbole der Laster dargestellt. Oben wachsen Ähren, Trauben und Osterblumen dem Licht entgegen. Der Engel weist auf das leere Grab und das Leinentuch. Das Lamm Gottes erinnert an den Opfertod Christi.

Sakristeitür
Die Sakristeitür stammt noch aus der Zeit der Erbauung des Chorraumes (1509–1512). Der schmiedeeiserne Griff zeigt ein Nilpferd.

Apostelzyklus
Der gemalte Apostelzyklus ist nirgendwo so vollständig wie in Schöppingen und einzigartig in Norddeutschland. Die 12 Apostel stehen zu zweit in gemalten Nischen den Altarraum. Jeder trägt außer seinem Attribut ein Schriftband mit einem der 12 Glaubensartikel.

Die Reihe beginnt mit dem Apostel Paulus, dem Patron des Bistums und des Domes in Münster. Die Reihenfolge ist entsprechend dem zugeordneten Glaubensartikel gewählt. Über den Aposteln schauen die Halbbildnisse von Propheten und Patriarchen von einer Galerie. Inschriften darüber beziehen sich auf den darunter stehenden Glaubensartikel.

Die Wandmalereien wurden nach 1512 durch einen noch nicht identifizierten Meister geschaffen.

Flügelaltar des Meisters des Schöppinger Altars

Berühmtestes Stück der Ausstattung der St.-Brictius-Kirche ist der gemalte Flügelaltar des ungenannten Meisters von Schöppingen, eines der bedeutendsten Werke der spätgotischen Malerei Westfalens. Der "Meister von Schöppingen" verzichtete bei der Gestaltung des Flügelaltares auf die sonst üblichen Heiligengeschichten und konzentrierte sich auf den Kern der christlichen Verkündigung. Er fasst die beiden Hauptereignisse der Heilsgeschichte zu jeweils einer Ansicht zusammen: Die Menschwerdung (Verkündigung und Geburt) auf den Außenseiten der geschlossenen Altarflügel und die Erlösung (Leidensgeschichte, Kreuzigung, Auferstehung, Himmelfahrt, Geistsendung) auf Mitteltafel und Innenseiten der Altarflügel. Weil es sich jeweils um ein einziges "Ereignis" handelt, malte er die Szenen als erster nicht als Einzelbilder, sondern durchlaufend. Der Schöppinger Altar hat also keine Festtags- und Werktagsseite wie alle anderen Altarbilder seiner Zeit und vor ihm, sondern zwei Ansichten entsprechend dem Weihnachts- und Osterfestkreis.

Gabelkreuz
In linken Seitenschiff hängt das große Gabelkreuz mit dem Gekreuzigten in Überlebensgröße. Es wurde um 1460 geschaffen. Die erhaltene ursprüngliche Bemalung zeigt bläuliche Adern und Blutstropfen auf der fahlen Haut. Auf dem Kopf trägt Christus eine echte Dornenkrone. Die Form des Kreuzes weist auf das Kreuz als Baum des Lebens hin. 500 Jahre lang wurde das Kreuz bis 1960 bei Prozessionen durch die Gemeinde getragen.

Kreuzweg
An der rechten Seitenwand laden die 14 Stationen zum Betrachten ein. Die Bilder wurden 1890 auf Leinwand gemalt und 1779 erworben. Die 12. Station "Jesus stirbt am Kreuz" wurde wahrscheinlich um 1570 für das Kloster Kleinburlo geschaffen. Ein 15. Kreuzwegstation ist eine Alabasterarbeit. Schöpfer des Werkes ist vermutlich Gerhard Gröninger (um 1620).

Passionsreliefs
Im Seitenchor sind drei Passionsreliefs aus Bildstöcken eingelassen. Zwei stammen von Bernd Meiring (1631–1703), das mittlere ist aus dem 16. Jahrhundert.

Madonna mit Strahlenkranz
Sie befindet sich an der vorderen Säule rechts und ist ein Werk aus 1480/90. Das Zepter in ihrer rechten Hand ist eine moderne Ergänzung, der Strahlenkranz wurde im 17. Jahrhundert hinzugefügt. In der Mondsichel zu Füßen der Maria ist ein gotischer Vierpass mit einer Kreuzigungsdarstellung in Emaille eingefügt, der vor 1300 entstanden ist.

Sonstiges
Chorgestühl von 1788
Ambo von 2003
Pietà in der Taufkapelle von 1680

Orgel
Schon im 15. Jahrhundert ist in Schöppingen eine Orgel nachweisbar. Die heutige Orgel ist ein Werk von Paul und Dieter Ott aus Göttingen. Sie entstand 1981–83, 41 Register und 2915 Pfeifen. Mit ihrem Klang orientiert sie sich an der westfälischen Orgelbautradition des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts.

Glocken
Salvator-Glocke von 1517 – Ton Des, 149 cm Durchmesser, ca. 1900 kg
Inschriften:
"Vivos voco, mortus plango, fulgura frango" – Die Lebenden rufe ich, die Toten beklage ich, Blitze breche ich
"Salvator is min name min gheluit si gode bequaim
de lebendighen roep ick den doden beschrei ick
hagel un donder verstuer ick
henricus de tremona me facit anno xv'xvii"
(Heinrich von Dortmund schuf mich im Jahre 1517)

Marien-Glocke von 1684 – Ton Es, 133 cm Durchmesser, ca. 1250 kg

Brictius-Glocke von 1948 – Ton F, 121 cm Durchmesser, 1047 kg

Paulus-Glocke von 1977 – Ton AS, 98 cm Durchmesser, 650 kg
Inschrift:
Vocor paVLVs
apeLLo pIos pIgros peCCatores
Deo eXhortante per Me

Mein Name ist Paulus, ich rufe die Frommen,
die Säumigen und die Sünder
Gott mahnt durch mich!

Petrus-Glocke von 1977 – Ton B, 87 cm Durchmesser, 420 kg

Josef-Glocke, 1948 erworben – Ton f, 54 cm Durchmesser, 103 kg

Folgende Melodien läuten die Glocken:
"Gloria in excelsis deo": Paulus, Brictius, Maria, Salvator
"Te deum": Brictius, Paulus, Petrus
"Salve regina": Salvator, Brictius, Paulus, Petrus

Trivia
In der Kirchengemeinde St. Brictius wird in der Fronleichnamsprozession noch der Brauch des Torstentragens gepflegt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Internetseite der Pfarrgemeinde

Baudenkmal in Schöppingen
Brictiuskirche
Kirchengebäude in Schöppingen
Schöppingen, St. Brictius
Schoppingen
Quellheiligtum
Schöppingen

St. Brictius (Schöppingen)


An Pelexia phallocallosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ruy José Válka Alves. An Pelexia phallocallosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pelexia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pelexia

Pelexia phallocallosa


Caleb Burwell Rowan Kennerly (* 1829 in White Post, Virginia; † 6. Februar 1861 auf See im Pazifik vor Baja California) war ein US-amerikanischer Arzt und Naturforscher. Er nahm an drei von der Regierung finanzierten Expeditionen teil, der Pacific Railroad Survey (1853–1854), der United States Mexican Boundary Survey (1854–1855) und der Northwest Boundary Survey (1857–1861). Diese Forschungsreisen trugen in hohem Maße zur Vergrößerung der naturgeschichtlichen Sammlung der Smithsonian Institution bei, woran Kennerly großen Anteil hatte.

Biographie
Caleb B. R. Kennerly wurde 1829 als Sohn von Ann Susan Carnegy und Pfarrer Thomas Kennerly in White Post in Virginia im Haus der Familie geboren. Er wuchs auf im Greenway Court, einem Landsitz etwa zwei Kilometer südlich von White Post. In Carlisle in Pennsylvania besuchte er das Dickinson College, wo Spencer Fullerton Baird Professor für  Naturgeschichte war. Baird führte dort biologische Exkursionen durch und weckte dadurch sein Interesse für die Ornithologie. 1849 machte er am Dickinson College seinen Abschluss als Bachelor of Arts und wechselte an die University of Pennsylvania zum Studium der Medizin. Dort erhielt er 1852 seinen Doktortitel (M.D.).

Kennerly hielt zeit seines Lebens den Kontakt mit Baird aufrecht, der 1850 als Berater zur Smithsonian Institution kam. Baird vermittelte Kennerly als Teilnehmer der von der US-Regierung finanzierten Pacific Railroad Survey (1853–1854). Bei dieser und auch den folgenden Expeditionen, an denen Kennerly teilnahm, fungierte er als Arzt und Naturforscher. Bei der Pacific Railroad Survey ging es um die Untersuchung  des Geländes für den Bau einer Eisenbahnverbindung entlang des 35. Breitengrads von Arkansas zur Mojave-Wüste. Von 1857 bis 1859 nahm Kennerly an der United States and Mexican Boundary Survey teil, bei der es neben der Festlegung des Grenzverlaufs auch um die Erforschung der Natur im Grenzgebiet ging. Anschließend war er Teilnehmer der Northwestern Boundary Survey (1857–1861), bei der die Grenze zwischen dem Washington-Territorium und dem heutigen Kanada, das zur damaligen Zeit britisches Staatsgebiet war, kartografiert wurde. Auch bei dieser Expedition lag ein Schwerpunkt auf der Erforschung der Natur.

Auf der Heimreise von der Northwestern Boundary Survey, die über den Isthmus von Panama führen sollte, starb Kennerly vier Tage nach dem Ablegen in San Francisco am 6. Februar 1861 an einer plötzlichen Hirnerkrankung und wurde auf See bestattet. Er wurde 32 Jahre alt. Nach seiner Heimkehr nach Virginia hatte er vorgehabt zu heiraten.

Wirken
Kennerly leistete große Beiträge zur Erforschung der damals kaum bekannten Natur im Westen der Vereinigten Staaten. Sein Mentor Baird, mit dem er während der Expeditionen in Briefkontakt stand, würdigte ihn 1961 im Smithsonian Annual Report:

Er trug insbesondere viel zur ichthyologischen Sammlung der Smithsonian Institution bei. Viele von ihm gesammelte Exemplare waren Basis für  Erstbeschreibungen von Charles Frédéric Girard oder George Suckley, letzterer wurde nach dem Tod Kennerlys mit der Aufarbeitung des verbliebenen von ihm gesammelten Materials betraut. Girard widmete ihm 1856 mit Moxostoma kennerlii (heute Erimyzon sucetta) eine Saugkarpfenart, Suckley benannte 1861 mit Salmo kennerlyi (heute Oncorhynchus nerka) eine Lachsart nach ihm. Kennerly beschrieb als erster die nordamerikanische Unterart des Schwarzseglers (Cypseloides niger borealis), den er 1858 an der Küste des Puget Sound im heutigen US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Washington beobachtete. Er konnte ein Exemplar dieses Seglers sammeln, der zunächst für eine neue Art gehalten wurde.

Einzelnachweise

Naturforscher
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1829
Gestorben 1861
Mann

Caleb Burwell Rowan Kennerly


Forbidden Hours é um filme mudo de drama romântico americano de 1928 dirigido por Harry Beaumont como um veículo para a estrela mexicana Ramon Novarro. Foi o segundo de quatro filmes a emparelhar Novarro com a protagonista Renée Adorée.

Elenco

Enredo
Situado no fictício reino europeu de Balanca, o príncipe Michael IV está sendo coagido, por seus conselheiros, a se casar com uma jovem de sangue real. No entanto, ele se apaixonou por um camponês.

Filmes de romance dos Estados Unidos
Filmes mudos dos Estados Unidos
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1928

Forbidden Hours


Das Gebiet Drumlin Biblis ist ein mit Verordnung vom 18. Juli 1938 des Landkreises Überlingen als untere Naturschutzbehörde ausgewiesenes Landschaftsschutzgebiet (LSG-Nummer 4.35.028) im Bereich der baden-württembergischen Stadt Überlingen im Bodenseekreis in Deutschland.

Lage
Das 15 Hektar große Landschaftsschutzgebiet Drumlin Biblis gehört naturräumlich zum Linzgau. Es erstreckt sich südlich des Überlinger Ortsteils Nesselwangen bis zur Kreisstraße 7786 und östlich der B31 neu auf einer Höhe von rund 580 bis

Geologie
In der Würm-Eiszeit, vor etwa 20.000 Jahren, prägte der Rhein-Vorlandgletscher das Gebiet nördlich des Bodensees. Die Drumlins stellen hier heute die typische Geländeform der Endmoränenlandschaft dar.

Schutzzweck
Wesentlicher Schutzzweck ist die Erhaltung des durch die Eiszeit geschaffenen eindrucksvollen Hügels (Drumlin).

Siehe auch
 Siehe auch → Liste der Schutzgebiete im Bodenseekreis

Weblinks
 Schutzgebietsteckbrief, Datenauswertebogen und Karte des LSG "Drumlin Biblis" bei der Landesanstalt für Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz Baden-Württemberg (LUBW)

Einzelnachweise

Landschaftsschutzgebiet im Bodenseekreis
Schutzgebiet in Überlingen
Drumlin
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Schutzgebiet im Hegau

Drumlin Biblis


Roman Weidenfeller (fæddur 6. ágúst 1980 í Diez, Rheinland-Pfalz) er  Þýskur fyrrverandi knattspyrnumaður, sem spilaði sem markvörður. Hann lék fyrir þýska félagið Borussia Dortmund á árunum 2002 til 2018.
Hann spilaði líka fyrir Þýska landsliðið á árunum 2013 til 2015 og átti meðal annars þátt í að tryggja þeim heimsmeistaratitilinn á HM 2014 í Brasilíu.

Tilvísanir
Heimasíða, roman-weidenfeller.de
Roman Weidenfeller, worldfootball.net (á enskum)
Roman Weidenfeller , fifa.com (á enskum)

Heimildir

Weidenfeller, Roman
Fólk fætt árið 1980

Roman Weidenfeller


Kimberly Elise (Mineápolis, 17 de abril de 1967) es una actriz de cine y televisión. Es conocida por su papel en películas como Set It Off, Beloved, John Q, Diary of a Mad Black Woman y For Colored Girls.

Vida personal
Elise nació como Kimberly Elise Trammel en Minneapolis, Minnesota, hija de Erma Jean, maestra, y Marvin Trammel. Tiene tres hermanos. Elise estudió cine y actuación en la Universidad de Minnesota. Estuvo casada con Maurice Oldham desde 1989 hasta 2005; tienen dos hijos, Ajableu Oldham y Butterfly Oldham.

Filmografía
Set It Off (1996)
The Ditchdigger's Daughters (1997)
Beloved (1998)
The Loretta Claiborne Story (2000)
Bait (2000)
Bojangles (2001)
John Q (2002)
Woman Thou Art Loosed (2004)
The Manchurian Candidate (2004)
Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)
Pride (2007)
The Great Debaters (2007)
Gifted Hands: The Ben Carson Story (2009)
For Colored Girls (2010)
The Marriage Lover (2013)
Back to School Mom (2015)
Almost Christmas (2016)
Death Wish (2018)

Televisión
Newton's Apple (1995)
In the House (1995)
The Twilight (2003)
Girlfriends (2003) (2 episodios)
Soul Food (2002-2003)
Close to Home (2005-2007)
Private Practice (2007) (1 episodio)
Masters of Science Fiction (2007)
Grey's Anatomy (2009)
Gossip Girl (2011-2012)

Referencias

Alumnado de la Universidad de Minnesota
Actrices de cine de Estados Unidos
Actrices de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actrices afroamericanas
Actrices de Minnesota
Actrices afroestadounidenses
Nacidos en Minneapolis

Kimberly Elise


කාබනික අපද්‍රව්‍ය සහ අපද්‍රව්‍ය වල අන්තර්ගත කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය දවලීම සිදුකරන්නා වූ අපද්‍රව්‍ය කළමණාකරණ ක්‍රමවේදය ඉන්සිනරේට්කිරීම () නම්වේ.

තාක්‍ෂණික ක්‍රම

මතවාද

ඉන්සිනරේට්කිරීම

ඉන්සිනරේට්කිරීම


بوليرو، رقصة إسبانيا القومية. أدخلها في عام 1780 «سباستيان زريزو أو كريزو».

وهي رقصة مراكشية الأصل تشبه الفاندانغو، تقع من نوبتين إلى أربع، أو من ثلاث نوبات إلى أربع، لراقص واحد أو إثنين وتصحبها الصناجات والقيثارة وأصوات الراقصين. تجري موسيقى رافيل المسماة «بوليرو» علي هذا الإيقاع.

مراجع

أنماط موسيقية إسبانية
أنواع موسيقى القرن 18
أنواع موسيقى القرن 19
رقص مبني على الموسيقى الكلاسيكية
رقصات شعبية
رقصات

بوليرو (رقصة)


A tentativa de golpe no Sudão de setembro de 2021 foi uma tentativa de golpe contra o Conselho de Soberania do Sudão na terça-feira, 21 de setembro de 2021.

De acordo com relatos da mídia, pelo menos 40 militares foram presos na madrugada da terça-feira, 21 de setembro de 2021. Um porta-voz do governo disse que eles incluíam "resquícios do extinto regime", referindo-se a ex-funcionários do governo do presidente Omar al-Bashir e membros das forças armadas do país.

Evento
O primeiro-ministro sudanês, Abdalla Hamdok, revelou durante um discurso que a tentativa de golpe foi em grande parte organizada por partidários do líder deposto Omar al-Bashir. Ele acrescentou que os envolvidos no golpe fracassado não eram apenas militares, mas também civis. De acordo com algumas autoridades sudanesas, os soldados tentaram assumir o controle de um prédio da mídia estatal em Omdurman, mas foram posteriormente impedidos e presos. Houve relatos de tiros perto de uma base militar que abrigava uma divisão de tanques em Omdurman durante as primeiras horas do incidente, de acordo com a BBC. As forças de segurança fecharam a principal ponte que conectava a capital Cartum a Omdurman.

Prisões

Dezenas de soldados que participaram da tentativa de golpe de estado foram presos. Todos eram considerados lealistas de al-Bashir, de acordo com o ministro da Informação do Sudão, Hamza Balul. Enquanto isso, buscas e investigações ainda estavam em andamento para outros envolvidos.

Rescaldo
Após a tentativa de golpe, manifestantes se reuniram em Cartum para denunciar o golpe, que acreditam ser um obstáculo para garantir a paz no país. O exército sudanês conseguiu assumir o controle das áreas que os golpistas tentaram capturar, segundo a Al Jazeera.

Consequências políticas

Apesar de não ter ameaçado à ordem existente e ter sido facilmente desarmado, o golpe se provou um combustível para a tensão entre a ala civil e a ala militar do governo sudanês, ambos passaram à usar o incidente para aumentar seus respectivos capitais políticos e deslegitimar o outro - a ala civil usou o acontecimento como demonstração da falta de compromisso dos militares com uma real transição democrática, já os militares transformaram o caso numa prova da falha dos civis de efetivar um governo de transição. A tentativa de golpe  fragilizou portanto o consenso nacional em torno do processo de transição.

A manifestações convocadas pela ala civil do Conselho Soberano contra a ameaça de um regime militar conseguiram mobilizar em torno de vinto mil pessoas, colocando pressão sobre os militares. O ministro Abdalla Hamdok  aproveitou a ocasião para pressionar por uma reestruturação das forças militares e de segurança. O general Abdel Fattah al-Burhan rejeitou a proposta apontando a ausência de fundos para uma reestruturação. Para alguns observadores, isso demonstrou a influência decadênte da ala civil, consequência das disputas internas à coalização .

Apesar disso, a ala civil continuou sendo favorecido por organizações internacionais, que reiteraram o apoio ao acordo de transição democrática. A ala militar também sofre de fraturas internas, como os grupos lealistas à al-Bachir e as dificuldades de integração nacional de algumas forças, possuem, porém, maior unidade que a coalização civil, e tem buscado aumentar sua base política em oposição à Força para a Liberdade e Mudança.

Golpe de outubro

Outro golpe foi lançado pelas forças militares em 24 de outubro de 2021, que resultou na prisão de pelo menos cinco figuras importantes do governo sudanês. Interrupções generalizadas da Internet também foram relatadas.

Reações internacionais
O Secretário-Geral da ONU, António Guterres, criticou a tentativa de golpe e exortou todas as partes a manterem o foco na transição, a fim de garantir a estabilidade política.

Política do Sudão
Conflitos em 2021
Golpes de Estado no Sudão
Revolução Sudanesa
2021 no Sudão

Tentativa de golpe de Estado no Sudão em setembro de 2021


Julian Baumgartlinger (n. 2 ianuarie 1988, Salzburg, Austria) este un fotbalist austriac, care în prezent joacă la Bayer Leverkusen în Bundesliga pe postul de mijlocaș.

Cariera de jucător
Baumgartlinger a început să joace fotbal la vârsta de cinci ani la clubul local USC Mattsee. În 2001, el a plecat din Austria pentru a juca la academia de tineret a TSV 1860 München. Acolo a avut o evoluție bună și a fost chemat la echipa de seniori în 2007. După ce a jucat în 13 meciuri,  mai mult din poziție de rezervă, în sezoanele 2007-2008 și 2008-2009, a acceptat o ofertă de a se întoarce în țara sa natală de la FK Austria Viena.

În Viena a avut parte de doi ani cu succes, devenind un titular constant și al echipei naționale de seniori. Acesta a fost urmărit și de către clubul din Bundesliga, 1. FSV Mainz 05, care l-a cumpărat ulterior pentru 1.100.000 de euro.

Cariera internațională
Baumgartlinger a devenit în 2009 căpitan al echipei naționale de tineret. La data de 9 septembrie 2009, a debutat la echipa de seniori într-un meci din preliminariile Campionatului Mondial din 2010 într-un meci împotriva României. El a marcat primul său gol pe 3 iunie 2014 într-un meci amical contra Republicii Cehe, care s-a terminat cu victoria Austriei cu scorul de 2-1.

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1988
Fotbaliști austrieci
Fotbaliști ai Bayer Leverkusen

Julian Baumgartlinger


El Instituto Estatal Electoral de Aguascalientes es el organismo público responsable de organizar las elecciones a nivel local de Gobernador, Diputados y Ayuntamientos. También es el encargado de llevar a cabo los procesos de educación ciudadana tendientes a garantizar el ejercicio constitucional del derecho al voto el día de la jornada electoral, bajo los términos que rigen las leyes en la materia electoral. Se encuentra dotado de personalidad jurídica y patrimonio propio; es profesional en su desempeño, goza de autonomía en su funcionamiento e independencia en sus decisiones. Sus principios rectores son: certeza, legalidad, imparcialidad, independencia, máxima publicidad, definitividad y objetividad.

Objetivos del Instituto

 Contribuir al desarrollo de la vida democrática del estado.
 Preservar el fortalecimiento del régimen de partidos políticos así como la promoción de la figura de candidaturas independientes;
 Asegurar a los ciudadanos el ejercicio de los derechos político-electorales y de participación ciudadana.
 Garantizar la celebración periódica y pacífica de las elecciones para renovar a los integrantes del Poder Ejecutivo, Legislativo y Ayuntamientos.
 Garantizar el adecuado desarrollo de los procedimientos previstos, en la Ley de Participación Ciudadana del Estado de Aguascalientes, así como en el Reglamento respectivo que para tal efecto emita el Consejo;
 Velar por la autenticidad y efectividad del sufragio universal, libre, secreto, directo, personal e intransferible;
 Ejercer la función de oficialía respecto hechos exclusivamente de naturaleza electoral;
 Llevar a cabo la promoción del voto, la educación cívico-electoral, y coadyuvar a la difusión de la cultura democrática,
 Prevenir, atender, sancionar y en su caso erradicar la violencia política de género dentro del ámbito de sus atribuciones.

Introducción
La democracia y el sistema político en México experimentaron una importante transformación en agosto de 1990, como resultado de las reformas realizadas a la Constitución en materia electoral. Ese año, el Congreso de la Unión expidió el Código de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales que institucionalizó los procesos democráticos para renovar los cargos públicos por medio de elecciones. Gracias a esta legislación, se creó el Instituto Federal Electoral en octubre de ese mismo año; el IFE, hoy INE  fue diseñado como un ente autónomo, ciudadano e imparcial, provisto de los recursos técnicos necesarios para administrar los procesos electorales, ofreciendo certeza, transparencia y legalidad.

En los siguientes años, los estados el país adaptaron sus respectivas leyes y en Aguascalientes, se expidió la Ley Electoral del Estado el 29 de mayo de 1991. El 7 de marzo de 1992 se instaló la Comisión Estatal Electoral, el primer organismo electoral de carácter local en Aguascalientes, con la encomienda de organizar las elecciones de Gobernador, Diputados  y Ayuntamientos.

Comisión Estatal Electoral (1992-1995)
La Ley Electoral del Estado de Aguascalientes dispuso que las elecciones locales se organizarían bajo la tutela de la Comisión Estatal Electoral, que debutó en la vida política estatal en 1992, año en que se renovaron la Gubernatura, el Congreso del Estado y los once Ayuntamientos, responsabilidad pública entonces compartida con los poderes Ejecutivo y Legislativo. Dicha comisión fue integrada con los representantes de los entonces seis partidos políticos -PRI, PARM, PRD, PPS, PFCRN y PAN-;  dos representantes de la LIV Legislatura, un representante del Ayuntamiento de Aguascalientes y otro de los Ayuntamientos del interior, y uno más en representación de la Junta Local Ejecutiva del IFE.

En el ejercicio de sus funciones, la Comisión Estatal Electoral integró 18 Comisiones Distritales Electorales y 11 Comités Municipales en abril de ese año, los cuales quedaron conformados por un presidente, un secretario, ocho comisionados ciudadanos y un representante del IFE, de conformidad con la Ley Electoral vigente.

La Comisión Estatal Electoral permaneció vigente hasta el 15 de enero de 1995, cuando se modificó la Ley Electoral. Entre los principales puntos a destacar de dicha reforma, se encuentran la facultad del Congreso de erigirse en Colegio Electoral sólo para calificar la elección de Gobernador, la integración del Congreso por diputados uninominales y de representación proporcional, la fecha de instalación del Congreso y la integración de los Ayuntamientos por regidores de mayoría relativa y de representación proporcional. Adicionalmente, se revisaron dos artículos relativos a las facultades y obligaciones del gobernador en torno a los procesos electorales, y los requisitos para ser regidor del ayuntamiento. Derivado de esa misma reforma, la Comisión se transformó en Consejo Estatal Electoral, organismo público de carácter temporal; ciudadanizado, imparcial y autónomo en su funcionamiento e independiente en sus decisiones, con personalidad jurídica y patrimonio propios.

Consejo Estatal Electoral (1995-2000)

El 6 de marzo de 1995, se expidió el decreto número 158 por el que se designó por unanimidad a siete consejeros ciudadanos, un consejero del Poder Ejecutivo, un secretario técnico, dos representantes del Poder Legislativo, un representante del IFE y un representante por cada uno de los partidos políticos, para conformar el Consejo Estatal Electoral. En ese mismo año se integró el Tribunal Local Electoral, siendo aprobada su composición por unanimidad del Congreso. Bajo esa tesitura, se dio inicio a los trabajos relativos al proceso electoral de 1995, en el que se renovaron el Congreso y los Ayuntamientos del Estado.

La Ley Electoral del Estado fue reformada el 26 de enero de 1998, año en que se vivió por primera vez la alternancia en la gubernatura de Aguascalientes. Los Consejeros Ciudadanos que tuvieron a su cargo este proceso electoral fueron nombrados por el Congreso del Estado, de entre las propuestas que presentaron los propios diputados. Los consejeros representantes de los partidos políticos fueron designados por éstos, mientras que el secretario técnico resultó de una terna presentada por el consejero presidente. El Consejo quedó formalmente instalado en la sesión que se llevó a cabo el día 10 de marzo.

Instituto Estatal Electoral

2000 - 2015

El Instituto Estatal Electoral (IEE) fue constituido en el año 2000 en virtud de las reformas a la Constitución local por las que se expidió el Código Electoral del Estado de Aguascalientes, publicadas en el Periódico Oficial el 31 de octubre de ese mismo año. Su órgano máximo de decisión es el Consejo General, integrado por siete consejeros ciudadanos, de los cuales uno es su presidente, un consejero representante de cada uno de los partidos políticos acreditados y  un secretario técnico. Un vocal del IFE podía asistir a sus sesiones.

A diferencia del otrora Consejo, el IEE adquirió un carácter permanente, conservando su autonomía en cuanto a funcionamiento e independencia en la toma de decisiones, con la consigna de organizar elecciones eficientes y apegadas a derecho, así como aumentar la participación ciudadana. El organismo como tal se estrenó en 2001, año en que los aguascalentenses acudieron a las urnas para elegir diputados locales y miembros de Ayuntamientos. En 2002, el Congreso del Estado en ejercicio su facultad de designación de los nuevos integrantes del Consejo General del Instituto Estatal Electoral, lo cual fue publicado en el Periódico Oficial del Estado, en fecha 11 de marzo de 2002.

El Código Electoral fue nuevamente reformado en 2003, las modificaciones que aparecieron en el Periódico Oficial del Estado el 1 de octubre, tenían como propósito profesionalizar y hacer operable el funcionamiento del Instituto Estatal Electoral, con miras al proceso electoral que se llevó a cabo en el año de 2004, en el cual se renovaron los cargos de Gobernador Constitucional del Estado, los integrantes del H. Congreso del Estado y los miembros de los once Ayuntamientos.

El Consejo General del Instituto Estatal Electoral fue renovado una vez más en marzo de 2006 por el Legislativo. Debido a la inequidad poblacional en los distritos electorales uninominales, ese año el Consejo General tuvo la encomienda de revisar y configurar la delimitación de los Distritos Electorales Uninominales, actividad que se llevó a cabo durante los primeros meses del año en cita. En Sesión Extraordinaria celebrada el 10 de julio de ese mismo año, el Consejo General del Instituto Estatal Electoral aprobó los nuevos límites territoriales de las demarcaciones.

El 15 de enero de 2007 el Consejo General declaró el inicio del proceso electoral en el que se renovaron los diputados y miembros de los Ayuntamientos, proceso que se vivió de manera tranquila y ordenada en beneficio de la ciudadanía.

La conformación del Consejo General del Instituto Estatal Electoral fue nuevamente reestructurada en 2009, para quedar integrado por cinco Consejeros Electorales electos por el voto de la mayoría calificada de los integrantes del Congreso del Estado, según el Decreto 259 publicado el 19 de junio de 2009 en el Periódico Oficial del Estado, el cual reformó los artículos 18, 21, 22, 95 y 299 del Código Electoral del Estado de Aguascalientes. También se determinó que la duración del cargo fuera de tres años, no obstante, por única ocasión, el Consejo General, que habría de entrar en funciones lo haría desde marzo de 2010.

Tras las reformas a la legislación electoral, en Sesión Extraordinaria el Consejo General declaró el 1 de diciembre de 2010 el inicio del Proceso Electoral 2009 - 2010, que condujo a la renovación del Gobierno, el Congreso y  los 11 Ayuntamientos. Con el proceso en marcha, el 14 de marzo de 2010 se instalaron en sus cargos los entonces Consejeros Electorales, quienes condujeron el resto del proceso comicial en el que por segunda ocasión se vivió la alternancia en la gubernatura del Estado de Aguascalientes.

El 12 de diciembre de 2012, el Consejo General del IEE declaró el inicio del Proceso Electoral Local 2012 – 2013. El día 7 de julio se relevaron los once Ayuntamientos -Presidencia Municipal, Regidurías y Sindicaturas- y el Congreso del Estado, conformado por 18 diputados de mayoría relativa y nueve de representación proporcional. En total fueron elegidos 136 cargos propietarios durante la jornada electoral local del año 2013.

2015 - Actualidad

Tras un intenso debate en el que se discutió, entre otras cuestiones, si debía eliminarse a los órganos electorales locales y conservar solamente a la autoridad federal, o bien, si se debían fortalecer las atribuciones de las autoridades de los estados, el Congreso de la Unión aprobó la reforma constitucional en materia político-electoral en la que se estableció la creación de un Organismo Público Local Electoral (OPLE) en cada entidad federativa, integrado por siete Consejeros designados por el nuevo Instituto Nacional Electoral.

El Decreto publicado el 10 de febrero de 2014 en el Diario Oficial de la Federación disponía, que los Consejeros en funciones debían permanecer en sus encargos hasta que el INE realizara una nueva designación. Derivado de lo anterior, los integrantes del Consejo General del Instituto Estatal Electoral de Aguascalientes nombrados en 2010 por el Congreso del Estado, y que habrían de mantenerse en funciones hasta marzo de 2014, permanecieron en sus encargos hasta septiembre de 2015.

El 28 de julio de 2014 cobró vigencia la reforma a la Constitución Política del Estado de Aguascalientes en materia político-electoral con el objeto de estandarizar el ordenamiento local con la Constitución Federal, con la publicación del Decreto 69  en el Periódico Oficial del Estado. A diferencia de lo sucedido en distintas entidades federativas, el Congreso determinó que el Organismo Público Local Electoral conservara la denominación previamente establecida, por lo que a pesar de modificarse buena parte de sus facultades y atribuciones, la autoridad comicial en el Estado continuó llamándose Instituto Estatal Electoral.

No sería sino hasta el año 2015, cuando el INE emitiera la convocatoria para ocupar las Consejerías de los OPLES. Producto de un procedimiento de designación inédito, que incluyó entre otras, las etapas de examen de conocimientos, elaboración de un ensayo presencial, así como entrevista con los consejeros del Instituto Nacional Electoral. El 2 de septiembre de 2015, en Sesión Extraordinaria del máximo órgano administrativo en materia electoral en el país, se realizó la designación de los Consejeros Electorales del Instituto Estatal Electoral del Estado de Aguascalientes, quienes realizarían su sesión extraordinaria solemne de instalación apenas dos días después.

El 19 de julio de 2018, el INE emitió la convocatoria para relevar a tres consejeros integrantes del Instituto Estatal Electoral (IEE) de Aguascalientes para un periodo de siete años, así como de otros 12 estados del país. El 1 de noviembre de 2018, en Sesión con carácter de Extraordinaria Solemne, se llevó a cabo la toma de protesta de los nuevos Consejeros Electorales.

El 10 de octubre de ese mismo año y en pleno proceso de renovación, el Consejo General del Instituto Estatal Electoral emitió la declaratoria de inicio del Proceso Electoral Local 2018-2019, donde la ciudadanía residente del Estado de Aguascalientes acudió el 2 de junio a ejercer su derecho al voto para renovar los once Ayuntamientos.

Conformación del Consejo General del Instituto Estatal Electoral de Aguascalientes

Referencias

Organismos electorales de México
Política de Aguascalientes

Instituto Estatal Electoral (Aguascalientes)


Ring of Gyges er íslensk framsækin þungarokkssveit sem stofnuð var árið 2013. Sveitin er undir áhrifum framsækins rokks frá 8. áratug 20. aldar.

Meðlimir
Helgi Jónsson - Söngur og gítar
Guðjón Sveinsson - Gítar og söngur
Þorsteinn Ýmir Ásgeirsson - Bassi
Einar Merlin Cortes - Trommur
Gísli Þór Ingólfsson - Hljómborð

Verk

Breiðskífur
Beyond the Night Sky (2017)
Metamorphosis (2023)

Stuttskífur
Ramblings of Madmen (2015)

Íslenskar þungarokkshljómsveitir

Ring of Gyges