The Ford Trimotor (also called the "Tri-Motor", and nicknamed the "Tin Goose") is an American three-engined transport aircraft. Production started in 1925 by the companies of Henry Ford and ended on June 7, 1933, after 199 had been made. It was designed for the civil aviation market, but also saw service with military units.

Design and development

In the early 1920s, Henry Ford, along with a group of 19 others including his son Edsel, invested in the Stout Metal Airplane Company. Stout, a bold and imaginative salesman, sent a mimeographed form letter to leading manufacturers, blithely asking for $1,000 and adding: "For your one thousand dollars you will get one definite promise:  Stout raised $20,000, including $1,000 each from Edsel and Henry Ford.

In 1925, Ford bought Stout and its aircraft designs. The single-engined Stout monoplane was turned into a trimotor, the Stout 3-AT with three Curtiss-Wright air-cooled radial engines. After a prototype was built and test-flown with poor results, the "4-AT" and "5-AT" emerged.

The Ford Trimotor using all-metal construction was not a revolutionary concept, but it was certainly more advanced than the standard construction techniques of the 1920s. The aircraft resembled the Fokker F.VII Trimotor (except for being all metal which Henry Ford claimed made it "the safest airliner around"). Its fuselage and wings followed a design pioneered by Junkers during World War I with the Junkers J.I and used postwar in a series of airliners starting with the Junkers F.13 low-wing monoplane of 1920 of which a number were exported to the US, the Junkers K 16 high-wing airliner of 1921, and the Junkers G 24 trimotor of 1924. All of these were constructed of aluminum alloy, which was corrugated for added stiffness, although the resulting drag reduced its overall performance. So similar were the designs that Junkers sued and won when Ford attempted to export an aircraft to Europe. In 1930, Ford countersued in Prague, and despite the possibility of anti-German sentiment, was decisively defeated a second time, with the court finding that Ford had infringed upon Junkers' patents.

Although designed primarily for passenger use, the Trimotor could be easily adapted for hauling cargo, since its seats in the fuselage could be removed. To increase cargo capacity, one unusual feature was the provision of "drop-down" cargo holds below the lower inner wing sections of the 5-AT version.

One 4-AT with Wright J-4 200-hp engines was built for the U.S. Army Air Corps as the C-3, and seven with Wright R-790-3 (235 hp) as C-3As. The latter were upgraded to Wright R-975-1 (J6-9) radials at 300 hp and redesignated C-9. Five 5-ATs were built as C-4s or C-4As.

The original (commercial production) 4-AT had three air-cooled Wright radial engines. It carried a crew of three: a pilot, a copilot, and a stewardess, as well as eight or nine passengers .  The later 5-AT had more powerful Pratt & Whitney engines. All models had an aluminum corrugated sheet-metal body and wings. Unlike many aircraft of this era, extending through World War II, its control surfaces (ailerons, elevators, and rudders) were not fabric covered, but were also made of corrugated metal. As was common for the time, its rudder and elevators were actuated by metal cables that were strung along the external surface of the aircraft. Engine gauges were also mounted externally, on the engines, to be read by the pilot while looking through the aircraft windshield. Another interesting feature was the use of the hand-operated "Johnny brake."

Like Ford cars and tractors, these Ford aircraft were well designed, relatively inexpensive, and reliable (for the era). The combination of a metal structure and simple systems led to their reputation for ruggedness. Rudimentary service could be accomplished "in the field" with ground crews able to work on engines using scaffolding and platforms. To fly into otherwise-inaccessible sites, the Ford Trimotor could be fitted with skis or floats.

The rapid development of aircraft at this time (the vastly superior Boeing 247 first flew at start of 1933), along with the death of his personal pilot, Harry J. Brooks, on a test flight, led to Henry Ford's losing interest in aviation. While Ford did not make a profit on its aircraft business, Henry Ford's reputation lent credibility to the infant aviation and airline industries, and Ford helped introduce many aspects of the modern aviation infrastructure, including paved runways, passenger terminals, hangars, airmail, and radio navigation.

In the late 1920s, the Ford Aircraft Division was reputedly the "largest manufacturer of commercial airplanes in the world." Alongside the Ford Trimotor, a new single-seat commuter aircraft, the Ford Flivver or "Sky Flivver" had been designed and flown in prototype form, but never entered series production.  The Trimotor was not to be Ford's last venture in aircraft production. During World War II, the largest aircraft manufacturing plant in the world was built at the Willow Run, Michigan plant, where Ford produced thousands of B-24 Liberator bombers under license from Consolidated Aircraft.

William Stout left the Metal Airplane division of the Ford Motor Company in 1930. He continued to operate the Stout Engineering Laboratory, producing various aircraft. In 1954, Stout purchased the rights to the Ford Trimotor in an attempt to produce new examples. A new company formed from this effort brought back two modern examples of the trimotor aircraft, renamed the Stout Bushmaster 2000, but even with improvements that had been incorporated, performance was judged inferior to modern designs.

Operational history

Production ran from  1926 and 1933 and 199 were built, including 79 4-ATs, and 117 5-ATs, plus some experimental craft. Well over 100 airlines of the world flew the Ford Trimotor. From mid-1927, the type was also flown on executive transportation duties by several commercial nonairline operators, including oil and manufacturing companies.

The impact of the Ford Trimotor on commercial aviation was immediate, as the design represented a "quantum leap over other airliners." Within a few months of its introduction, Transcontinental Air Transport was created to provide  coast-to-coast operation, capitalizing on the Trimotor's ability to provide reliable and, for the time, comfortable passenger service. While advertised as a transcontinental service, the airline had to rely on rail connections with a deluxe Pullman train that would be based in New York being the first part of the journey. Passengers then met a Trimotor in Port Columbus, Ohio, that would begin a hop across the continent ending at Waynoka, Oklahoma, where another train would take the passengers to Clovis, New Mexico, where the final journey would begin, again on a Trimotor, to end up at the Grand Central Air Terminal in Glendale, a few miles northeast of Los Angeles.  This demanding trip would be available for only a year before Transcontinental was merged into a combine with Western Air Service.

Ford Trimotors were also used extensively by Pan American Airways, for its first international scheduled flights from Key West to Havana, Cuba, in 1927. Eventually, Pan American extended service from North America and Cuba into Central and South America in the late 1920s and early 1930s. One of Latin America's earliest airlines, Cubana de Aviación, was the first to use the Ford Trimotor in Latin America, starting in 1930, for its domestic services.

The heyday for Ford's transport was relatively brief, lasting only until 1933, when more modern airliners began to appear. Rather than completely disappearing, the Trimotors gained an enviable reputation for durability with Ford ads in 1929 proclaiming, "No Ford plane has yet worn out in service." First being relegated to second- and third-tier airlines, the Trimotors continued to fly into the 1960s, with numerous examples being converted into cargo transports to further lengthen their careers, and when World War II began, the commercial versions were soon modified for military applications.

Some of the significant flights made by the Ford Trimotor in this period greatly enhanced the reputation of the type for strength and reliability. One example was Ford 4-AT Trimotor serial number 10, built in 1927. It flew in the United States and Mexico under registration number C-1077, and for several years in Canada under registration G-CARC. It had many notable accomplishments; it was flown by Charles Lindbergh and Amelia Earhart, among many others. It made the first commercial flight from the United States to Mexico City, as well as the first commercial flight over the Canadian Rockies. After damage on landing in 1936, it was grounded and remained for decades at Carcross, Yukon. In 1956, the wreck was salvaged and preserved, and in the mid-1980s, Greg Herrick took over C-1077 and began restoring it. As of 2006, C-1077 is in flying condition again, restored to its December 1927 appearance.

On November 27 and 28, 1929, Commander Richard E. Byrd (navigator), chief pilot Bernt Balchen, and two other crewmen, the copilot and the photographer, made the first flight above the geographic South Pole in a Ford Trimotor that Byrd named the Floyd Bennett. This was one of three aircraft taken on this polar expedition, with the other two being named The Stars and Stripes and The Virginian, replacing the Fokker Trimotors that Byrd previously used.

A Ford Trimotor was used for the flight of Elm Farm Ollie, the first cow to fly in an aircraft and to be milked mid-flight.

Franklin Roosevelt flew aboard a Ford Trimotor in 1932 during his presidential campaign in one of the first uses of an aircraft in an election, replacing the traditional "whistle stop" train trips.

A Ford Trimotor was used in a search for the lost flyers of the Sigizmund Levanevsky trans-polar flight in 1937. Movie stunt flyer Jimmie Mattern flew a specially modified Lockheed Electra along with fellow movie flyer, Garland Lincoln, flying a stripped-down Trimotor donated by the president of Superior Oil Company. With 1,800 gallons of avgas and 450 gallons of oil in the modified cabin, the Trimotor was intended to act as a "tanker" for the expedition. The Electra was able to transfer fuel in the air from the Trimotor, through a hose cast out the 4-AT's door. With the first aerial refueling test successful, the pair of pilots set out for Fairbanks, landing first at Burwash Landing, Yukon Territory, Canada, on August 15, 1937, but the Trimotor ran out of fuel and crashed in inclement weather the following day. The Trimotor was abandoned on the tundra.

One of the major uses of the Trimotor after it was superseded as a passenger aircraft by more modern aircraft like the Boeing 247 (1933) or the Douglas DC-2 (1934), then DC-3, was the carrying of heavy freight to mining operations in jungles and mountains. The Trimotor was employed for decades in this role.

In 1942, during the Battle of Bataan, a Trimotor was used in evacuations. The aircraft would haul 24 people nearly 500 miles a trip, twice daily. The aircraft was eventually strafed and destroyed by Japanese aircraft.

In postwar years, the Ford Trimotors continued in limited service with small, regional air carriers. Scenic Airways Ford Trimotor N414H was used for 65 years as a sightseeing aircraft flying over the Grand Canyon.

Variants

Ford designations
2-AT Pullman Stout's monoplane with a single  Liberty L-12 V-12 engine, developed into 3-AT. 11 Built.
3-AT Stout's tri-motor prototype with three  Wright J-4 Whirlwind radial engines. Outboard engines on wings, and nose engine mounted very low. One built.
4-AT Prototype with three  J-4 Whirlwinds, with outer engines below wings. Two pilots in open cockpit, and eight passengers given half-round windows. One built.
4-AT-A Production enclosed-cockpit version with rectangular windows with top corners rounded. 14 built.
4-AT-B 4-AT-Bs with three  Wright J-5 Whirlwind radials. Carried 12 passengers. 39 built.
4-AT-C 4-AT-B with nose engine replaced by a  Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp radial. One built.
4-AT-D 4-AT-Bs with lengthened  wings and fitted with various engines and other minor modifications. One built and two modified.
4-AT-E 4-AT-Bs with three  Wright J-6-9 Whirlwind nine-cylinder radials. 24 built with rectangular windows as used on 5-AT-A.
4-AT-F 4-AT-E but stressed for higher loads. One built.
5-AT-A 4-AT-E with longer  wing and fuselage with an extra window on each side, powered by three  Wasps. Carried 13 passengers. Three built.

5-AT-B 5-AT-A powered by  Wasp C-1 or SC-1 radials. Carried 15 passengers. 41 built.
5-AT-C Improved version with engine cowlings and wheel pants, similar to the Ford 5-AT-A. Carried 17 passengers. 51 built.
5-AT-CS 5-AT-C floatplane with twin Edo floats. One built.
5-AT-D Wings  higher for taller cabin, and weights increased. Powered by three  Wasp SC radials. 20 built.
5-AT-DS 5-AT-D floatplane with Edo floats. One built.
5-AT-E Version with outboard engines moved to wing leading edges. One 5-AT-C modified for tests, but converted back.
6-AT-A Economy 5-AT-A with reduced power, load and performance. Three  Wright J-6-9 Whirlwind radials. Three built.
6-AT-AS 6-AT-A floatplane with Edo floats. One modified.
7-AT-A 6-AT-A with  Pratt & Whitney Wasp radial in the nose.
8-AT 5-AT-C converted to single-engine freighter. Six different engines ranging from  installed. One built.
9-AT 4-AT-B with three  Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior radial engines. One built.
10-AT Project for larger aircraft with two engines above fuselage and two on wings. None built but developed into 12-AT and built as 14-AT as a trimotor.
11-AT 4-AT-E with three  Packard DR-980 Diesel radial engines. One built.
12-AT Project, development of 10-AT, not built.
13-A 5-AT-D with two  Wright J-6-9 Whirlwind radials, and a  Wright Cyclone radial in the nose. 1 built.

14-AT Similar to 10-AT and 12-AT, 1 built but not flown, was to have carried 32 passengers.

United States military designations

United States Army Air Corps
XC-3 One 4-AT-A evaluated by the USAAC.
C-3 4-AT-A redesignated from XC-3 following evaluation
C-3A 4-AT-E with three  Wright R-790-3 Whirlwind radials. Seven built, all converted to C-9 standard.
C-4 One 4-AT-B for evaluation.

C-4A 5-AT-D, with three  Pratt & Whitney R-1340-11 Wasp radials. Four built
C-4B Single C-4A re-engined with three  R-1340-7 Wasps.
C-9 Redesignation of C-3As fitted with  Wright R-975-1 Whirlwind radials
XB-906 5-AT-D modified into bomber with three  Wasps for United States Army Air Corps. One built.

US Navy and US Marines
XJR-1 One 4-AT-A evaluated by the United States Navy
JR-2 U.S. Marine Corps 4-AT-E transport, with three Wright J-6-9 engines. Two built, redesignated RR-2 in 1931.
JR-3 5-AT-C for U.S. Navy (one) and U.S. Marine Corps (two). Three built.

RR-1 XJR-1 redesignated in 1931.
RR-2 JR-2 redesignated in 1931.
RR-3 JR-3 redesignated in 1931.
RR-4 Single 5-AT-C for Navy.
RR-5 4-AT-Ds, one each for the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marines.

Operators

Civil operators

SACO
SCADTA

BYN Co.(British Yukon Navigation Company) CF-AZB flew in the Yukon from April 1936 until damaged in August 1940.

 China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) operated at least three 5-ATs

Cubana

Czechoslovak Airlines

Dominicana de Aviación, Dominican Republic airline flew Ford Trimotors in the early 1930s.

Mexicana

First CLASSA, then LAPE, after Iberia

American Airways
Eastern Air Transport
Grand Canyon Airlines
Island Airlines, Bass Islands, Ohio
Maddux Air Lines
Northwest Airways
Pan American Airways
Southwest Air Fast Express (S.A.F.E.way)
Star Air Service
Texaco
Transcontinental Air Transport
Transcontinental & Western Air (TWA)
United Air Lines
Wien Air Alaska

AVENSA

Military operators

Royal Australian Air Force
No. 24 Squadron RAAF

Royal Canadian Air Force operated a single 6-AT-A/6-AT-AS.

Colombian Air Force

Spanish Republican Air Force

Royal Air Force
No. 271 Squadron RAF operated a single 5-AT-D during 1940.

United States Army Air Corps
United States Marine Corps
United States Navy

Accidents and incidents
 On March 17, 1929, a Colonial Western Airways 4-AT-B Tri-Motor, NC7683, suffered a double engine failure during its initial climb after takeoff from Newark Airport in Newark, New Jersey. It failed to gain height and crashed into a railroad freight car loaded with sand, killing 14 of the 15 people on board the aircraft. At the time, it was the deadliest airplane accident in American history.
 On April 21, 1929, a Maddux Air Lines 5-AT-B Tri-Motor, NC9636, collided with a United States Army Air Service (USAAS) Boeing PW-9D fighter, 28-037, over San Diego; all six on board both aircraft died. The pilot of the Boeing PW-9D was performing stunts and then attempted to pass in front of the airliner, but misjudged the speed of the Maddux aircraft and his aircraft struck the cockpit of the Ford Tri-Motor.
 On September 3, 1929, a Transcontinental Air Transport 5-AT-B Tri-Motor, NC9649, named City of San Francisco, crashed into Mount Taylor near Grants, New Mexico in a thunderstorm; all eight people on board died.
 On January 19, 1930, a Maddux Air Lines 5-AT-C Tri-Motor, NC9689, operating as Flight 7, crashed near Oceanside, California due to adverse weather conditions, killing all 16 on board.
 On January 24, 1933, a Pacific Air Transport Ford Trimotor on a cargo flight crashed on takeoff, killing 2 out of the 3 occupants on board.
 On June 24, 1935, a Tri-Motor 5-AT-B of SACO (Servicio Aéreo Colombiano), registered F-31, collided with a Tri-Motor of SCADTA (Sociedad Colombo-Alemana de Transportes Aéreos), registered C-31, at Olaya Herrera Airfield near Medellín, Colombia; of the 20 on board both aircraft, only three passengers survived. Among the dead was the tango singer Carlos Gardel.

Surviving aircraft
As of 2011, there are 18 Ford Trimotors in existence, eight of which have current FAA airworthiness certificates.

Airworthy

 C/N:10 tail number: NC1077 (4-AT-B, September 1927) "NC1077, G-CARC Niagara" Currently owned by Greg Herrick's Yellowstone Aviation. Oldest flying Trimotor, C/N (Construction Number) 10. It is based at the Golden Wings Museum, near Minneapolis, Minnesota, US. This aircraft featured in the 2009 film Amelia (a biopic of aviator Amelia Earhart).
 C/N:42 tail number: NC9610 (Formerly NC7684) (4-AT-B, September 1928) Currently owned by Yankee Air Force, based in Belleville, Michigan, US.
 C/N:55 tail number: NC9612 (4-AT-E, 1929) The "City of Richmond" Originally owned by: Mamer Flying Service, Spokane, WA. Currently owned by: Scott Glover, Mid America Flight Museum. It is based in Mt. Pleasant, Texas, US.
 C/N:69 tail number: NC8407 (4-AT-E, 1929) Originally owned by: Eastern Air Transport Currently owned by: The Experimental Aircraft Association is based at the EAA AirVenture Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, US. It tours the United States performing at airshows and other aviation events.
 C/N:8 tail number: NC9645 (5-AT-B, 1928) "City of Wichita/City of Port Clinton" Currently owned by: Liberty Aviation Museum. It is dressed in Transcontinental Air Transport livery. It is based at the Erie-Ottawa International Airport in Port Clinton, Ohio, US. It was previously owned by Evergreen Vintage Aircraft, Inc., and previously based at the Evergreen Aviation Museum, McMinnville, Oregon, US.
 C/N:34 tail number: N9651 (5-AT-B, 1929) - The "City of Philadelphia" Originally owned by: Trans Continental Air Transport. Currently owned by: Kermit Weeks. It is based at Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida, US. This aircraft has made many film appearances, including Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.
 C/N:58 tail number: NC8419 (5-AT-C, 1929) Originally owned by: Northwest Airlines. Currently owned by: Kalamazoo Aviation History Museum. Based at The Air Zoo in Kalamazoo, Michigan, US. The airplane combined several 5-AT airframes, one of which served with five carriers before being used by the United States Forest Service between 1951 and 1959. The original crashed and burned on August 4, 1959, while landing at a remote strip in the Nez Perce National Forest, killing two smokejumpers.
 C/N:74 tail number: N414H (5-AT-C, 1928) Originally owned by: Ford Motor Co. Previously owned by Sopwith, Ltd. It was based at Valle Airport in Valle, Arizona, US. It was used in 2008 and 2009 for flight instruction and type ratings. It is now based at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon, US.

On static display
 C/N:15 tail number: NX4542 (4-AT-B, 1928) Richard E. Byrd's South Pole aircraft. Originally owned by: Ford Motor Company. Currently owned by: Henry Ford Museum. It is on display at The Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan, USA.
 C/N:46 tail number: NC7861 (4-AT-B, Unknown) Originally owned by: Union Electric, St. Louis. Currently owned by: National Museum of Naval Aviation Pensacola, Florida, USA. Displayed as Navy RR-5 serial A-9206.
 C/N:11 tail number: NC9637 (5-AT-B,1929) Originally owned by: Pan Am. Currently owned by: the San Diego Air & Space Museum in San Diego, California, USA.
 C/N:39 tail number: NC9683 (5-AT-B, 1929) Originally owned by: American Airlines. Currently owned by: The Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum. in Washington, D.C.
 C/N:60 tail number: none - ex-RAAF (5-AT-C, 1929) Originally owned by: Ford Motor Company; in England. Currently owned by: Papua New Guinea National Museum and Art Gallery. Possible rebuild.

Under restoration
 C/N:38 tail number: N7584 (4-AT-B, January 1928) Originally owned by: Robertson Aircraft, St Louis. Currently owned by: Kermit Weeks. It was badly damaged in Florida by hurricane Andrew, in the fall of 1992. Currently Located: Vicksburg, Michigan, USA.
 C/N:58 tail number: NC9642 (4-AT-E, January 1929) Originally owned by: Mohawk Airways, NY. Currently owned by: Maurice Hovius' Hov-aire, Inc. Possible rebuild. Sale reported. Currently Located: Vicksburg, Michigan, USA.
 C/N:62 tail number: NC8400 (4-AT-E, January 1929) Originally owned by: Mohawk Airways, NY. Currently owned by: Maurice Hovius' Hov-aire, Inc. Possible rebuild. Currently Located: Vicksburg, Michigan, USA.
 C/N:65 tail number: NC8403 (4-AT-E, May 1929) The "Ptarmigan II"  Originally owned by: Mamer Flying Service. Currently owned by Alaska Aviation Heritage Museum. Possible restoration. As of February 10, 2005, currently Located at Golden Wings Museum near Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
 C/N:13 tail number: NC9667 (5-AT-B, 1929) The "AN-AAR" Originally owned by Southwest Air Fast Express (S.A.F.E.way). Currently owned by: Maurice Hovius' Hov-aire, Inc. This is a restoration project undertaken by the "Tin Goose Chapter", EAA 1247, in Port Clinton, Ohio, USA.

From 1954 onwards, efforts were made to modernize the Trimotor as the Stout Bushmaster 2000. Saddled with financial, management and marketing problems, only two examples were completed with a third fuselage started but never completed.

Specifications (Ford 4-AT-E Trimotor)

Notable appearances in media

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography
 Andrade, John. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909.  Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland Counties Publications, 1979. .
 Barth, Jack E. "Talkback". Air Enthusiast, No. 10, July–September 1979, p. 79.

 Head, Jeanine M. and William S. Pretzer. Henry Ford: A Pictorial Biography. Dearborn, Michigan: Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village, 1990. No ISBN.

 Larkins, William T. The Ford Tri-Motor, 1926–1992. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 1992. .

 March, Daniel L. British Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1998. .
 O'Callaghan, Timothy J. The Aviation Legacy of Henry & Edsel Ford. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Proctor Publications, 2002. .
 O'Leary, Michael. "When Fords Ruled the Sky (Part Two)". Air Classics, Volume 42, No. 5, May 2006.
 Winchester, Jim, ed. "Ford Trimotor". Civil Aircraft (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2004. .
 Wynne, H. Hugh. The Motion Picture Stunt Pilots and Hollywood's Classic Aviation Movies. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., 1987. .

Further reading

 Weiss, David A. The Saga of the Tin Goose: The Story of the Ford Trimotor. Brooklyn, New York: Cumberland Enterprises, Incorporated, 1996. .
 Litwak, Jerry: 'Skinning a Tin Goose ... the hard way'. Pages 251 and 252 of 'Air International' magazine, May, 1978 describe the rebuilding of Scenic Airway's Tin Goose 5AT, owned by John Seibold, after it groundlooped in Nevada on February 6, 1977. Per the article, it was supposedly ready to fly again by late 1978.

External links

 Ford Trimotor "a tribute to the Ford Tri-Motor", and contains facts, pictures, bibliography and more.
 EAA's Ford Trimotor 4AT-E virtual tour detailing the entire aircraft
 "The Tin Goose Lives up to Her Name" (pilot report), Budd Davisson,  June 1986, Air Progress, Vol.45, No. 5, transcribed at Airbum.com

Aircraft first flown in 1926
Trimotor
High-wing aircraft
Trimotors
1920s United States airliners
1920s United States military transport aircraft

Ford Trimotor


Amoeba is a distributed operating system developed by Andrew S. Tanenbaum and others at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. The aim of the Amoeba project was to build a timesharing system that makes an entire network of computers appear to the user as a single machine.  Development at the Vrije Universiteit was stopped: the source code of the latest version (5.3) was last modified on 30 July 1996.

The Python programming language was originally developed for this platform.

Overview
The goal of the Amoeba project was to construct an operating system for networks of computers that would present the network to the user as if it were a single machine. An Amoeba network consists of a number of workstations connected to a "pool" of processors, and executing a program from a terminal causes it to run on any of the available processors, with the operating system providing load balancing. Unlike the contemporary Sprite, Amoeba does not support process migration.
The workstations would typically function as networked terminals only. Aside from workstations and processors, additional machines operate as servers for files, directory services, TCP/IP communications etc.

Amoeba is a microkernel-based operating system. It offers multithreaded programs and a remote procedure call (RPC) mechanism for communication between threads, potentially across the network; even kernel-threads use this RPC mechanism for communication. Each thread is assigned a 48-bit number called its "port", which serves as its unique, network-wide "address" for communication.

The user interface and APIs of Amoeba were modeled after Unix and compliance with the POSIX standard was partially implemented; some of the Unix emulation code consists of utilities ported over from Tanenbaum's other operating system, MINIX. Early versions used a "homebrew" window system, which the Amoeba authors considered "faster ... in our view, cleaner ... smaller and much easier to understand", but version 4.0 uses the X Window System (and allows X terminals as terminals).
The system uses FLIP as a network protocol.

See also
 Distributed computing
 Multikernel
 Plan 9 from Bell Labs

References

External links
 Amoeba home page (static page, ftp links are dead)
 FSD-Amoeba page at Sourceforge (file downloads give 403 errors)
 ArchiveOS mirror of Amoeba 5.3

Microkernel-based operating systems
Distributed computing architecture
Distributed operating systems
Computer science in the Netherlands
Information technology in the Netherlands
Microkernels

Amoeba (operating system)


Néa Mesimvría, en , est un village du dème de Chalkidóna, district régional de Thessalonique, en Macédoine-Centrale, Grèce.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du village s'élève à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Macédoine-Centrale

Néa Mesimvría


Efva Maria Kristina Lilja (født 1956 i Huskvarna, Sverige) er en svensk kunstner og professor i koreografi, der arbejder med forestillinger, billedkunst, film og tekst.

Siden 1980'erne har Efva Lilja taget del af en kritisk udvikling af den kulturpolitiske retning både i Sverige og udlandet. Hun har promoveret, udviklet og initieret kunstnerisk forskning inden for dans og koreografi.

Biografi
Efva Lilja fik sin professionelle uddannelse på Balettakademien, og på University of Dance (nu ) i Stockholm, hvor hun blev færdiguddannet i 1980. Hendes efterfølgende træning fandt sted på Royal Academy of Dance i England, i Frankrig og USA. I 1980-1981 studerede hun på Merce Cunningham Dance Foundation i New York, hvor hun også tog  klasser med Robert Ellis Dunn og workshops på Columbia University.

Hun debuterede som koreograf i 1982. I 1985 startede hun E. L. D., et dansekompagni hvor hun var kunstnerisk leder i tyve år. Igennem E. L. D. etablerede Lilja en ny måde at arbejde med dansekunsten på i Sverige. I 2006 blev E. L. D. til  Weld, en uafhængig platform for eksperimenterende processer og vidensproduktion, med Anna Koch som kunstnerisk leder.

Mellem 2006 og 2013 var hun Vice-Kansler for DOCH i Stockholm. I 2016 blev hun kunstnerisk leder for Dansehallerne i København.Dansehallerne

Værk
I samarbejde med andre kunstnere har Lilja skabt banebrydende værker som er blevet udført i mere end 35 lande på store scener, små intime spillesteder, på tv, i film, i skoler og i alternative kunst forum. I 1994 producerede hun Entre Nr Espaces efter kommission fra Centre Georges Pompidou i Paris. Hun producerede En Blid Skåret i 2000 og ELDSTAD i 2003 for det Svenske Museum for Moderne Kunst. I 2001 producerede hun Den Lysende Drøm Ild til Guggenheim Museet i Bilbao.

Priser og legater
Lilja har modtaget en række priser og legater for sine kunstneriske præstationer. Hun blev udnævnt til æresmedlem af det Internationale Center for Kulturelle Forbindelser i 1999, og i 2000 modtog hun Prix D'ASSITEJ og i 2009 blev hun tildelt S:t Erik Medallion i anledning af hendes kunstneriske resultater af Byen Stockholm.

Bibliografi
 Words on Dance (Stockholm: ELD, 2003). OCLC 186486762
 Helene (Stockholm ELD, 2004) OCLC 486955096

 Dance – For Better, For Worse (Stockholm: ELD, 2004). OCLC 495481428

  Movement as the Memory of the Body (University College of Dance, Committee for Artistic Research and Development, 2006) OCLC 185258300
 Do You Get What I'm Not Saying – on dance as a subversive declaration of love (Lund Ellerströms, 2012). OCLC 918238688
 100 exercises for a choreographer and other survivors (Lund Ellerströms, 2012). OCLC 993538470
 DOCH 1963-2013 (DOCH School of Dance and Circus, Stockholm University of the Arts, 2013) OCLC 940869795
 Breaking the mould (DOCH School of Dance and Circus, Stockholm University of the Arts, 2014). OCLC 943900536
 Art, research, empowerment : on the artist as researcher (Stockholm Regeringskansliet, 2015). OCLC 915580398
 Choreographing the day : leaving the night alone : an apology for dance (Lund Ellerströms Förlag, 2017). OCLC 1006982000

Kunstnerisk Forskning
I 2003 blev Lilja udnævnt til professor ved DOCH. Mellem 2002 og 2004 forskede hun på Dance in a Frozen Landscape, et projekt der tog sit udgangspunkt i en to-måneders ekspedition til Nordpolen, hvor hun udforskede sine evner til at danse under ekstreme omstændigheder. Mellem 2003 og 2006 arbejdede hun med sit projekt Movement as The Memory of The Body, præsenteret gennem tre forestillinger: The Memory, (2003), Using The Eye In The Middle Of The Head (2004) og Smiling At Death (2005). Hun er involveret i både nationale og internationale organisationer for kunstneres muligheder til at udføre forskning, f.eks. Society for Artistic Research (SAR) og Europa League of Institutes of the Arts (ELIA). Hun er også foredragsholder og i 2006-2013 var hun Vice-Kansler for Universitetet i Dans og Cirkus (DOCH) i Stockholm.

Arkiv
Supplerende biografiske oplysninger og en komplet liste over værk kan findes på Efva Liljas web site, i den Svenske Nationale Encyklopædi, og andre opslagsværk. Oplysninger kan også findes i arkiverne på det svenske Dansmuseet, og i arkivet på Kungliga Biblioteket i Sverige (Kungliga Biblioteket, Enheten för handskrifter, kartor och bilder. Acc.nr 2009/20).

Referencer

 Efva Liljas web site

Koreografer fra Sverige

Efva Lilja


Haşim Kılıç (d. 13 Mart 1950, Çiçekdağı, Kırşehir), 2007 - 2015 yılları arası Anayasa Mahkemesi Başkanlığı yapmış olan Türk hukukçu.

İlkokul, ortaokul ve liseyi Yozgat'ta okuduktan sonra 1968 yılında Eskişehir İktisadi ve Ticari İlimler Akademisine girdi ve 1972 yılında mezun oldu. 1974 yılında Sayıştay Başkanlığı'nda denetçi yardımcısı olarak göreve başladı. Denetçi, başdenetçi unvanlarını aldıktan sonra 1985 yılında Sayıştay üyeliğine, beş yıl süren üyelikten sonra da 1990 yılında Turgut Özal tarafından Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasa Mahkemesi üyeliğine seçildi. Anayasa Mahkemesinin 7 Aralık 1999 günkü toplantısında, açık bulunan Anayasa Mahkemesi Başkanvekilliğine seçildi. 7 Aralık 2003 tarihinde yeniden Anayasa Mahkemesi Başkanvekilliğine seçildi. 22 Ekim 2007'de Tülay Tuğcu'nun yaş haddinden emekliye ayrılmasıyla boşalan Anayasa Mahkemesi Başkanlığına seçildi. 10 Şubat 2015 tarihinde, yaş haddinden emekliliğine 1 ay kala kendi isteğiyle emekli olmuştur.

Kaynakça

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasa Mahkemesi eski üyeleri
Türkiye Sayıştay üyeleri
1950 doğumlular
Türk ekonomistler
Türk bürokratlar
Türk hâkimler
Yaşayan insanlar
Çiçekdağı doğumlular

Haşim Kılıç


An Eragrostis kuschelii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Skottsberg. An Eragrostis kuschelii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Desventurados Is.. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis kuschelii


Stephen John "Steve" Linford (born 12 December 1956) is a British entrepreneur and anti-spam campaigner best known for founding The Spamhaus Project.

Linford was born in London, England, in 1956. His family moved to Rome, Italy, where Steve attended St. George's British International School. After leaving college to pursue a music career, Linford made his living writing music and playing with Italian, German and English rock groups. For a number of years he was under contract to Italy's 'GM' record label and worked on film music with composer Ennio Morricone In the early 1980s he became involved in concert production. When artists including Pink Floyd and Michael Jackson toured Italy, Linford served as their Production Manager.

As computers began to be used in the music industry, Linford developed an interest in computer technology. In 1986 he moved to England, where he set up a software company whose flagship product was a file-searching program called UltraFind for the Apple Macintosh similar to, but predating by many years, Apple's Sherlock. With the arrival of the Internet Linford refocused the company in 1996 as an internet technologies company called Ultradesign Internet, around which he built a server hosting network called UXN.

Finding that his customers were being harassed with junk emails, he sought ways to stop the problem and in doing so became an anti-spam campaigner. In 1998 he founded Spamhaus.

With the support of the internet's major networks, Spamhaus started a real-time spam-blacklisting database which was then used by internet service providers, governments and military networks to block billions of junk and virus emails from reaching internet users and this activity made Linford a target for cyber-criminals whose operations were crippled by Spamhaus. He received death threats from criminal spam gangs around the world, many of which were posted online.

Today his project's technologies are used by an estimated three-quarters of the world's internet networks and serve over 3.1 billion email users.

In 2005 Linford left England and currently resides in the Principality of Andorra. He is CEO of the Spamhaus organisation, a group of several companies based in the UK and Andorra  working in communications filter technology and cybersecurity.

Awards
In 2003 the New York Times dedicated the front page of its Business section to an article about Steve Linford. Since then he has spoken on spam and cybersecurity at government hearings, the European Parliament and the UN. In 2003 he was named as one of the technical industry's 'Top 50 Agenda Setters' by Silicon Magazine. In 2004 he was given the Internet Hero Award by the British ISP Association ISPA. In 2005 he was nominated for Outstanding Contribution to the UK Technology Industry.

References

English computer scientists
Living people
1956 births

Steve Linford


O Campeonato Pan-Americano de Ginástica Artística de 2023 será realizado em Medellín, Colômbia, de 26 a 29 de maio de 2023. A competição foi organizada pela Federação Colombiana de Ginástica e pela Liga Antioquena de Ginástica sob a supervisão da União Pan-Americana de Ginástica, e aprovada pela Federação Internacional de Ginástica. O evento servirá como qualificação para os Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023 em Santiago, no Chile.

Calendário de competição

Resumo de medalhas

Medalhistas

Quadro de medalhas

Geral

Masculino

Feminino

Resultados

Masculino

Individual geral

Solo

Cavalo com alças

Argolas

Salto

Barras paralelas

Barra fixa

Feminino

Equipes

Individual geral

Salto

Barras assimétricas

Trave

Solo

Nações participantes

Qualificação para o Campeonato Mundial
As duas melhores equipes masculinas e femininas ainda não classificadas conseguiram vagas para o Campeonato Mundial de Ginástica Artística de 2023 em Antuérpia, Bélgica. No masculino, as equipes da Colômbia e do Canadá classificaram uma equipe completa. Além disso, Isaac Nuñez (México), Joel Alvarez (Chile), Andres Perez (Porto Rico), Santiago Mayol (Argentina), Rodrigo Gómez (México) e Diorges Escobar Olmo (Cuba) ganharam vagas individuais. No feminino, México e Argentina classificaram uma equipe completa. Além disso, Sydney Barros (Porto Rico), Olivia Mafes-Kelly (Barbados), Karla Navas (Panamá), Ginna Escobar (Colômbia), Alais Perea (Equador), Lynnzee Brown (Haiti), Makarena Pinto (Chile), Yiseth Valenzuela (Colômbia), Franchesca Santi (Chile), Lana Herrera (Panamá) e Ana Karina Mendez (Peru) ganharam vagas individuais.

Ver também
 Campeonato Pan-Americano de Ginástica Rítmica de 2023
 Campeonato Pan-Americano de Ginástica de Trampolim e Tumbling de 2023

Referências

Ligações externas
 Página oficial no site da Liga Antioqueña de Gimnasia

2023
Pan-Americano
Torneios de qualificação para os Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023
Pan-Americano
Desporto na Colômbia em 2023


Johann Büchel (* 10. Mai 1869 in Ruggell; † 16. Mai 1930 ebenda) war ein liechtensteinischer Politiker (VP).

Biografie
Johann Büchel wurde 1869 als Sohn des Vieharztes Ulrich Büchel geboren. Er war Bürger der Gemeinde Ruggell und arbeitete als Sticker, Maurer und Landwirt. Von 1906 bis 1912 gehörte er dem Ruggeller Gemeinderat an. Von 1921 bis 1930 war er Gemeindevorsteher von Ruggell. Des Weiteren sass er für die Volkspartei (VP) von 1922 bis 1926 als Abgeordneter im Landtag des Fürstentums Liechtenstein und fungierte in dieser Zeit von 1922 bis 1924 als Vizepräsident.

Büchel war verheiratet und hatte acht Kinder, sieben Söhne und eine Tochter.

Literatur
 Paul Vogt: 125 Jahre Landtag. Hrsg. vom Landtag des Fürstentums Liechtenstein. Vaduz 1987 2. Auflage, S. 152

Weblinks

 Nachruf in den Liechtensteiner Nachrichten, 20. Mai 1930

Landtagsabgeordneter (Liechtenstein)
Gemeindevorsteher (Ruggell)
Mitglied der Christlich-sozialen Volkspartei (Liechtenstein)
Liechtensteiner
Geboren 1869
Gestorben 1930
Mann

Johann Büchel (Politiker)


NGC 7756 je zvijezda u zviježđu Ribama.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7756
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7756 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7756 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7750 - 7799

7756

NGC 7756


Edmund Hansen kan henvise til flere personer:

 Edmund H. Hansen (1894-1962) – amerikansk lydingeniør
 Edmund Hansen (cykelrytter) (1900-1995) – dansk olympisk cykelrytter
 Edmund Hansen (arkitekt) (1914-2006) – dansk arkitekt

Edmund Hansen


سيرجيو بيرناردو ألميرون  الشهير باسم سيرجيو ألميرون (مواليد 7 نوفمبر 1980 في روساريو - الأرجنتين) لاعب كرة قدم أرجنتيني يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى باري الإيطالي منذ 2009 في مركز الوسط المحوري .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في موناكو
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون أرجنتينيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون أرجنتينيون مغتربون في موناكو
رياضيون من روساريو
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو أودينيزي
لاعبو إمبولي
لاعبو باري
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الأرجنتيني
لاعبو فيورنتينا
لاعبو كرة قدم أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أرجنتينيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في موناكو
لاعبو كرة قدم من روساريو
لاعبو موناكو
لاعبو نادي كاتانيا
لاعبو نيولز أولد بويز
لاعبو هيلاس فيرونا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو يوفنتوس
مواليد 1980
مواليد في سانتا في

سيرجيو بيرناردو ألميرون


Noel Gay (15 July 1898 – 4 March 1954) was born Reginald Moxon Armitage. He also used the name Stanley Hill professionally. He was a successful British composer of popular music of the 1930s and 1940s whose output comprised 45 songs as well as the music for 28 films and 26 London shows. Sheridan Morley has commented that he was "the closest Britain ever came to a local Irving Berlin". He is best known for the musical, Me and My Girl.

Early life
Armitage was born in Wakefield, Yorkshire, England. He was educated at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School before obtaining a scholarship at the age of 15 to attend the Royal College of Music in London, after which he attended university. A precocious talent, he had deputised for the choirmaster of Wakefield Cathedral from the age of eight, becoming honorary deputy organist at twelve. He had become music director and organist at St. Anne's Church in London's Soho district by the age of eighteen, prior a brief period of military service during the First World War and then studied at Christ's College, Cambridge.

Career
Whilst at Cambridge, Armitage's interest in religious music and composition declined as that in musical comedy grew. He began writing popular songs, using the stage name Noel Gay. According to Morley the name was derived "from a sign he read on a London bus in 1924: 'NOEL Coward and Maisie GAY in a new revue'." His pseudonym of Stanley Hill was used from time to time for his more sentimental work. After contributing to revues such as Stop Press he was commissioned to write the entire score and lyrics for André Charlot's 1926 revue. His next show was Clowns in Clover, which starred Cicely Courtneidge and Jack Hulbert, a husband-and-wife team of the time.

Gay's career blossomed due to his talent for writing catchy, popular melodies in styles ranging from music hall to operetta.

His most famous show, for which he contributed the music but not the lyrics, was Me and My Girl. This originally opened in 1937 at the Victoria Palace Theatre, London and, after a shaky start, gained popularity when the BBC broadcast it live on radio on 13 January 1938. It starred Lupino Lane as Bill Snibson and it ran for 1,646 performances despite being bombed out of two theatres. The "showstopper" in that work was "The Lambeth Walk" which has the distinction of being the only popular song to be the subject of a leader in The Times. In October 1938 one of its leaders read "While dictators rage and statesmen talk, all Europe dances – to 'The Lambeth Walk'." The show was revived in 1952 and again in 1984, when the book was revised by Stephen Fry and came to include some of Gay's own songs. The latter production ran for eight years, initially at the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester and then at the Adelphi Theatre in London, before going on tour throughout Britain and transferring to Broadway.

Gay went on to write songs for revues by The Crazy Gang, and for star artists like Gracie Fields, Flanagan and Allen and George Formby, as well as penning popular World War II songs such as "Run, Rabbit, Run" (with lyrics by Ralph Butler). He wrote two songs for the 1938 comedy film Save a Little Sunshine.

After the war, his musical output diminished and he concentrated more on production, in part because of increasing deafness and also because the fashion for cheerful Cockney-themed songs was on the wane.

He had created Noel Gay Music in 1938 as a business vehicle. It now forms a part of the Noel Gay Organisation which includes divisions for television and theatre and is a significant British showbusiness agency, under the day-to-day control of his family.

His son, Richard Armitage, set up the Noel Gay Artists agency and became an influential talent agent.

He died from cancer on 4 March 1954.

Shows
Gay contributed to numerous shows, almost all of them musical comedies or revues. Grove Music Online lists the following, except where the genre is stated as uncertain or as pantomime:

Songs
Among Noel Gay's songs were the following, sourced from US Library of Congress copyright catalogues and the catalogue of the National Library of Australia as indicated.

Some of his songs featured in the film Overlord

Bibliography
Dickinson, Stephen (1999). Marigold: The Music of Billy Mayerl. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ganzl, Kurt (1986). The British Musical Theatre. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

References

1898 births
1954 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
English musical theatre composers
English male composers
Musicians from Wakefield
Musicians from Yorkshire
People educated at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield
20th-century English composers
20th-century British male musicians

Noel Gay


Cette page présente les albums musicaux numéro 1 chaque semaine en 2019 au Billboard 200, le classement officiel des ventes d'albums aux États-Unis établi par le magazine Billboard. Les cinq meilleures ventes annuelles sont également listées.

Classement hebdomadaire

Classement annuel
Les 5 meilleures ventes d'albums de l'année aux États-Unis selon Billboard :

 Billie Eilish - When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?
 Ariane Grande - Thank U, Next
 Lady Gaga et Bradley Cooper - A Star Is Born
 Taylor Swift - Lover
 Post Malone - Beerbongs & Bentleys

Article connexe
 Liste des titres musicaux numéro un aux États-Unis en 2019

Notes et références

Lien externe
Classement des albums sur Billboard.com

États-Unis
2019 aux États-Unis

Liste des albums musicaux numéro un au Billboard 200 en 2019


Millî Gazete, 12 Ocak 1973 tarihinde İstanbul'un Cağaloğlu semtinde kiralık bir binada Hasan Aksay tarafından yayın hayatına başladı. Kendi matbaası olmadığı için baskısını bir süre diğer gazetelerin tesislerinde sürdürdü.

1978 yılında Topkapı'da kendi tesislerini kurarak yayınına buradan devam etti. 1999 yılında Bahçelievler'deki tesislerine taşınan gazete yayınını hâlen 40.000 metrekarelik arazi üzerine kurulmuş olan bu tesislerden sürdürmektedir.

Kurucu ve yeni kadroları

Millî Gazeteyi çıkaran gazeteciler ve yazarlar şunlardır:

 Genel Müdür ve Baş Makale yazarı: Adana Milletvekili Hasan Aksay
 Şirket Yönetim Kurulu: Milletvekili Oğuzhan Asiltürk, Tüccar Sabri Özpala, Tüccar Bahattin Çarhoğlu
 Genel Yayın Müdürü/Yazı İşleri Müdürü: Muzaffer Deligöz
 Teknik Müdür: Erdoğan Atak
 Haber Müdürü: Agâh Güçlü
 Ressam ve resimli tefrikalar: Gürbüz Azak
 Fotoğraf ve çeşitli tefrikalar: Atılay Gülen ve yardımcısı Ahmet Farsakoğlu
 Tashih: Ahmet Semiz
 Spor Müdürü: Sefa Yakınoğlu
 Arşiv: Avni Ateş
 1. sayfada Katre/Şiir: Maraş Senatörü Tevfik Paksu
 2. Sayfa Köşe yazısı: Oltaya Takılanlar: Mehmet Cemal Çiftcigüzeli

4 Mayıs 1973'te Necip Fazıl Kısakürek yazılarına başladı.İlk Yazarlar': Prof. Dr. Necmettin Erbakan, Prof. Dr. Sabahattin Zaim, Prof. Dr. Saffet Solak, Prof. Dr. Osman Turan, Osman Yüksel Serdengeçti, Süleyman Arif Emre, Hulusi Özkul, Şule Yüksel Şenler, Abdülkadir Kocamanoğlu, Ali Oğuz, Ahmet İhsan Genç, Mustafa Müftüoğlu, A. Hikmet Güner, Bekir Sadak, Sezai Karakoç, Prof. Dr. Nevzat Yalçıntaş, Prof. Dr. Asaf Ataseven, Prof. Dr. Ayhan Songar, Prof. Dr. Ahmet Suphi Fırat, Abdullah Öztemiz Hacıtahiroğlu, Akif İnan, Cahit Zarifoğlu, Rasim Özdenören, Alaattin Özdenören, Erdem Bayazıt, Cevat Ülger, Durali Yılmaz, Sedat Yenigün, İsmet Özel ve diğerleri

Gazete yazarları
Mehmet Şevket Eygi, Gülay Pınarbaşı, Ali Haydar Haksal, Mustafa Yıldırım, Mevlüt Özcan, Mine Alpay Gün, Elif Örs, Mehmet Biten, Hüseyin Goncagül, Mustafa Topaloğlu, Zeki Ceyhan, Mahmut Toptaş, Reşat Nuri Erol, Abdülkadir Özkan, Prof.Dr.Oya Akgönenç, Süleyman Arif Emre, Selahattin Toprak, Nedim Odabaş, Prof. Dr. Arif Ersoy, Adnan Öksüz, Ahmet Kayır, İlhami Yetiş, Akif Edip, Bekir Gündoğar, Burak Kıllıoğlu, Cafer Keklikçi, Cevat Akkanat, Davut Şahin, Doğan Bekin, Dr. İhsan Alperen, Ebubekir Gülüm, Fatma Tuncer, Hüseyin Altınalan, İsmail Okutan, İbrahim Veli, İsmail Hakkı Akkiraz, İsmail Kıllıoğlu, K. Mete Tiryaki, Mehmet Kurtoğlu, Mustafa Özcan,Mustafa Zahid Ergün, Mustafa Miyasoğlu, Necmettin Bilal, Nedim Odabaş, Osman Aytekin, Prof.Dr.Ata Atun, Prof.Dr.Burhanettin Can, Sadrettin Karaduman, Şakir Tarım, Uğur Civelek, Dr. Necmettin Çalışkan, Hüseyin Akın .

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Millî Gazete resmî web sitesi

Millî Görüş
Türkiye gazeteleri
Türkçe gazeteler
İstanbul gazeteleri
1973'te kurulan yayınlar
Türkiye'de yayımlanan günlük gazeteler
Dini gazeteler

Millî Gazete


Buttermilk Channel is a small tidal strait in Upper New York Bay in New York City, approximately  long and  wide, separating Governors Island from Brooklyn. The channel is marked by a number of navigation aids (green cans no. 5 and 7 at the northeast entrance, and green gong no. 1, marking low water off the tip of Governors Island).  Tidal currents on the channel are rather strong.

History
Origins of the name are uncertain but it is alleged to be a reference to the dairy farmers who used to cross this channel by boat to sell their milk in Manhattan markets. Some people believe that the channel got its name because crossing it was so rough that the farmers' milk was churned into butter by the time they reached Manhattan. According to another legend, before the channel was dredged to accommodate cargo ships, cows were walked across it at low tide to graze on Governors Island. In his newspaper articles about Brooklyn history, Walt Whitman wrote of a time "as late as the Revolutionary War (when) cattle were driven across from Brooklyn, over what is now Buttermilk Channel, to Governor's Island." In the bitter volcanic winter of 1817—the volcanic winter following the "Year Without a Summer"—when the thermometer dropped to , the waters of the Upper Bay froze so hard that horse-drawn sleighs were driven across Buttermilk Channel to Governors Island.

On the Brooklyn side, modern development started in the 1840s, when the Atlantic Basin and docks, and the "Erie Basin" were started. The former is now the Red Hook Container Port, the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal, and the Red Hook stop of the NYC Ferry SB route while the latter is now the site of the Brooklyn IKEA.

In 1902, the channel was dredged extensively by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Subsequent modifications were made in 1913, 1935 and 1962. With current charted depths of , Buttermilk Channel is still a busy shipping lane offering the most convenient access to the Brooklyn waterfront. Until the late 20th century the primary user of the channel was the U.S. Coast Guard, which had a local headquarters on Governors Island.

In April 2015, the Army Corps of Engineers issued a Request for Proposals for additional maintenance dredging of Buttermilk Channel. The channel was fully dredged in fiscal year 2016.

See also
Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary

References

Red Hook Gowanus Historical Guide (Brooklyn Historical Society, 2000)

Straits of New York County, New York
Straits of Kings County, New York
Port of New York and New Jersey

Buttermilk Channel


Achnopogon virgatus, biljna vrsta iz porodice glavočika. Endem je iz venezuelske države Bolivar.

Vrsta je opisana 1957.

Izvori

Stifftioideae
Flora Venezuele

Achnopogon virgatus


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu:

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

 22. srpnja  Mladen Ibler, hrvatski liječnik anesteziolog (* )

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Medicina u 2017.


Ivy Quainoo (* 25. August 1992 in Berlin) ist eine deutsche Popsängerin und Schauspielerin ghanaischer Abstammung. Im Februar 2012 gewann sie die erste Staffel der Gesangs-Castingshow The Voice of Germany.

Leben
Ivy Quainoo wurde in Berlin-Neukölln als Tochter eines Ghanaers, der die Familie noch vor ihrer Geburt verließ, und einer Ghanaerin geboren. Sie wuchs gemeinsam mit ihrer älteren Schwester bei der Mutter in Neukölln auf. Bis zur siebten Klasse besuchte Quainoo eine Neuköllner Schule, wechselte dann auf die Schiller-Oberschule in Berlin-Charlottenburg, wo sie 2011 ihr Abitur ablegte. Gegen Ende ihrer Schulzeit besuchte Quainoo zwei Jahre lang die Bühnenkunstschule in Berlin-Kreuzberg. 2015 besuchte sie die "American Academy of Dramatic Arts.", eine Schauspielschule in New York City.

Karriere

The Voice of Germany 2012
Nach dem Abitur bewarb sich Quainoo bei der deutschen Gesangs-Castingshow The Voice of Germany. Dort entschied sie sich für die Gruppe, die von Sascha Vollmer und Alec Völkel, den beiden Frontmännern der Band The BossHoss, gecoacht wurde. In den Liveshows der Sendung wurde Quainoo als einzige Teilnehmerin der Fernsehsendung jedes Mal durch die Zuschauer weitergewählt. In der Finalshow am 10. Februar 2012 erhielt sie 33,65 % der kombinierten Stimmen aus Telefonvoting und Anzahl der Song-Downloads, womit sie die drei weiteren Finalkandidaten hinter sich ließ.

Weiterer Werdegang

Wenige Wochen nach dem Finale trat Ivy Quainoo unter anderem in den Fernsehsendungen Harald Schmidt Show und Verstehen Sie Spaß? auf, um ihre Single Do You Like What You See vorzustellen. Am 2. März 2012 erschien ihr erstes Album Ivy. Nach der Veröffentlichung war Quainoo auf Radiotour und trat in der Musikshow The Dome auf. Am
22. März war sie bei der Echoverleihung 2012 zu Gast und sang mit Aura Dione, Ina Müller, Caro Emerald und Dionne Bromfield zu Ehren von Amy Winehouse den Song Valerie.

Beim ProSieben Promiboxen stellte Quainoo ihre neue Single You Got Me vor, die sie auch bei der Duftstars-Verleihung und im Sat1-Frühstücksfernsehen sang. Das dazugehörige Musikvideo wurde in Kopenhagen gedreht und am 18. Mai veröffentlicht. 2012 spielte sie auf ihrer Deutschlandtour Konzerte in Hamburg, Berlin, Leipzig, München, Stuttgart und Frankfurt am Main.

Am 7. Juni 2012 trat Quainoo beim Finale von Germany's Next Topmodel auf und sang ihre Single Break Away. Am 15. Juli 2012 trat sie auf dem Bluetone-Festival in Straubing auf.

Für die Komödie Mann tut was Mann kann veröffentlichte Quainoo am 11. Oktober 2012 den Titelsong "Men Do What They Can" zeitgleich zum Kinostart. Für die Mini-Serie Die Tore der Welt nahm sie mit Stanfour den Song Who You Are auf.
Am 16. November 2012 veröffentlichte Quainoo ihr Album Ivy als "Deluxe Gold Edition". In der zweiten Liveshow der 2. Staffel von The Voice of Germany am 23. November 2012 trug sie ihren Song Who You Are vor.

Am 21. März 2013 gewann Quainoo den Echo in der Kategorie Beste Künstlerin Rock/Pop-National.

Am 6. September 2013 erschien Quainoos erste Singleauskopplung Wildfires (Light it Up) aus ihrem zweiten Album. Diesen Song sang sie in der Fernsehsendung Schlag den Raab. Das gleichnamige Album Wildfires erschien am 27. September 2013. Dieses stellte sie unter anderem in der Fernsehsendung Promi Big Brother und bei der Preisverleihung der Goldenen Henne vor. Im Oktober 2013 begleitete Quainoo Olly Murs als Special Guest auf seiner Deutschlandtour und erhielt im Rahmen der Radio 7 Charity-Night den Musikpreis in der Kategorie "Newcomer National 2013".

Am 29. November 2013 veröffentlichte sie ihre zweite Single Atomic, die sie zum Auftakt der Liveshows zur dritten Staffel von The Voice of Germany sang.

Rund zwei Jahre später, im November 2015, veröffentlichte sie bei Youtube und Soundcloud eine Cover-Version des Titels Mirrors von Justin Timberlake aus dem Jahr 2013. Mitte November 2017 spielte sie drei Clubkonzerte in Hamburg, Köln und Berlin.

Am 22. Februar 2018 nahm sie an der Fernsehshow Unser Lied für Lissabon, dem deutschen Vorentscheid zum Eurovision Song Contest 2018, teil.

Schauspielkarriere
Während ihres Studiums gastierte sie an mehreren renommierten Theatern in den USA, darunter am Theater for the New City. Ihr Schauspieldebüt gab Quainoo 2022 in dem ARD-Fernsehfilm Familienerbe. 2020 hätte sie in dem Theaterstück Harry Potter und das verwunschene Kind mitwirken sollen. Jedoch musste die Premiere wegen der Corona-Pandemie abgesagt werden.

Seit Oktober 2022 ist Quainoo als Eliza Hamilton in dem Musical Hamilton am Operettenhaus in Hamburg zu sehen.

2023 hatte sie einen kurzen Auftritt in dem Actionfilm John Wick: Kapitel 4 sowie eine Nebenrolle als Jenny in der Disney+-Fernsehserie Sam – Ein Sachse.

Sonstiges
Für die Organisation Ich will Europa und den Automobilhersteller Volkswagen drehte Ivy Quainoo Werbespots. Seit Februar 2013 ist sie die neue Botschafterin der Schulkampagne Gemeinsam für Afrika. Im Juli 2013 lief Quainoo auf der Berlin Fashion Week für Rebekka Ruétz über den Laufsteg.

2021 war Quainoo Mitglied der deutschen Jury beim Eurovision Song Contest.

Filmografie
 2022: Familienerbe (Fernsehfilm)
 2022: SOKO Leipzig (Fernsehserie, Episode 23x06 Zwischen den Zeilen)
 2023: John Wick: Kapitel 4 (John Wick: Chapter 4)
 2023: Sam – Ein Sachse (Fernsehserie, 3 Episoden)
 2023: Girl You Know It's True (Kinofilm)

Diskografie

Alben

Singles

Auszeichnungen für Musikverkäufe

Tourneen
Solotour
 2012: Ivy Quainoo Tour
 2014: Wildfires Live Tour
 2017: Ivy Quainoo Live2017

Special Guest
 2013: Right Place, Right Time Tour

Auszeichnungen und Nominierungen

|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#eeeeee"| 2012
| Napster-Fanpreis
| rowspan="2"| Ivy Quainoo
| Musiker
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| Wild And Young Award
| Beste Durchstarterin (Bronze)
|
|-
| Do You Like What You See
|Beste Single
|
|-
| Ivy
|Bestes Album
|
|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="#eeeeee"| 2013
| rowspan="2"| Echo
| rowspan="4"| Ivy Quainoo
| Künstlerin Rock/Pop National
|
|-
| Bester Newcomer National
|
|-
| Napster-Fanpreis
| Musiker
|
|-
| Radiopreis Sieben
| Beste Newcomerin 2013
|
|}

Weblinks

 Quainoos Webpräsenz auf facebook
 the-voice-of-germany.de: Ivy Quainoo
 Twitter-Account von Ivy Quainoo

Einzelnachweise

Popsänger
Sieger einer Castingshow
Teilnehmer an The Voice of Germany
Teilnehmer an der deutschen Vorentscheidung zum Eurovision Song Contest
Echo-Pop-Preisträger
Deutscher
Geboren 1992
Frau

Ivy Quainoo


Yuan Sijun () este un jucător chinez de snooker.

A disputat o semifinală la Openul Gibraltarului în 2019 unde a pierdut la Stuart Bingham. Nu a realizat breakul maxim niciodată. În aprilie 2019, se afla pe poziția 51 mondială.

Se antrenează și locuiește în Anglia la Sheffield conform World Snooker.

Note

Nașteri în 2000
Nașteri pe 29 mai
Jucători de snooker
Oameni în viață
Sportivi chinezi

Yuan Sijun


جون براون ، هو مناضل أمريكي في سبيل حرية العبيد ولد في ولاية كونيتيكت في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في عائلة مؤلفة من 16 ولد. وقد تشبع منذ طفولته بمبادئ معاداة العبودية. كاد أن يصبح قسيسا بروتستانتيا، لكنه تخلى، في آخر لحظة عن هذه الفكرة، وراح ينتقل في ولايات أمريكا مزاولا مهنا عديدة سائقا، أو عاملا، أو مزارعا، أو تاجر صوف. حملته مهنته الأخيرة إلى أوروبا. لكنه لم يستقر يها طويلا. وعندما عاد إلى الولايات المتحدة سكن في نيويورك مع جماعة من السود. ومنذ ذلك الوقت أصبحت فكرة العبودية تستحوذ على تفكيره، فراح يعمل علانية على مكافحة التمييز العنصري وعلى ضمان العدالة للسود.

في عام 1855 انتقل مع بعض أولاده إلى ولاية كانساس حيث كانت الحرب الأهلية قائمة بين مؤيدي العبودية ومعارضيها. وأصبح منذ ذلك الوقت قائدا لمجموعة حرب عصابات. وبعد مقتل خمسة من معارضي العبودية وطد العزم على الثأر لهم. وبالفعل توجه في ليلة 24، 25 أيار-مايو 1856 إلى مخيم على ضفاف بوتاواتومي  وأمام سبعة شهود عيان، قتل، بالفأس، خمسة رجال من المشتيه فيهم، ومنذ ذلك الحين سمي «الكابتين جون براون دي إوزاواتومي».

في عام 1858 شن هجوما على أحد الأمكنة في ولاية ميسوري، وحرر عددا من العبيد وأرسلهم إلى كندا. كان براون في ذلك الوقت ينتمي إلى التنظيم السري «ريلرود»  الذي كان يهدف إلى إعانة العبيد الفارين. في عام 1858 دعا، في مدينة «شاتام»، في كندا، إلى مؤتمر ضم عددا من السود والبيض حيث سن دستور تحرريا وانتخب قائدا أعلى لحكومة وهمية. في عام 1859 هاجم، مع عشرين عنصر، قاعدة عسكرية فيديرالية في فيرجينيا، ظنا منه أن العبيد سيثورون. وقد استطاع في هجومه ذاك أن يصمد مدة يومين، بعد أن احتجز ستين شخصا كرهائن. لكنه ما بث أن جرح وأسر بعد أن قتل عشرة من رجاله، بينهم اثنان من أبنائه.
جرت له محاكمة وحكم عليه بالشنق.

اعتبر جون براون بطلا ورمزا للتحرر بفضل كتابات بعض المثقفين الذين أعلوا من شأنه أمثال ر.و. إمرسون، وهـ.د. تورو نارايانغانغ.

نشأته
وُلد جون براون في 9 مايو عام 1800 في تورينغتون في كونيتيكت. كان الولد الرابع لأوين براون (1771-1856) وروث ميلز (1772- 1808) وحفيد الكابتن جون براون (1728-1776). تتبع براون أصله إلى مذهب التطهيرية الإنجليزي في القرن السابع عشر.

انتقلت عائلته في عام 1805 إلى مدينة هدسن في أوهايو، حيث افتتح أوين براون مدبغة، توجد علامة تاريخية في مكان منزلهم. كانت مدينة هدسن مركزًا لنشاط مكافحة العبودية، وشارك أوين في ذلك النشاط بشكل كبير، إذ قدم ملاذًا آمنًا للهاربين من شركة السكك الحديدية تحت الأرض. لم يكن هناك مدرسة ثانوية في هدسون في ذلك الوقت لذلك درس جون في مدرسة إليزور رايت (والد العالم اليزور رايت الشهير) في تلمادغ القريبة.

تزوج براون في عام 1820 من ديانث لوسك. ولد طفلهم الأول جون جونيور بعد 13 شهرًا من زواجهم. سعى براون وعائلته في عام 1825 لإيجاد موقع أكثر أمانًا (للعبيد الهاربين) وانتقلوا إلى نيو ريتشموند في بنسلفانيا، حيث اشترى 200 فدان (81 هكتار) من الأراضي. قام بتجهيز ثمنها وشيد مقصورة وحظيرة وورشة دباغة مع غرفة سرية لإخفاء العبيد الهاربين. أُدرج مكان مدبغة جون برازن في السجل الوطني للأماكن التاريخية في عام 1978. ساعد براون في هروب نحو 2500 من العبيد. ويفترض أنّ براون قد ساعد عددًا أقل من العبيد الهاربين عندما عاش في بلدة هدسن.

وظف خلال العام الأول 15 رجلًا للدباغة، كسب براون المال من تربية الماشية. ساعد في إنشاء مكتب بريد ومدرسة. أدار براون خلال هذه الفترة مشروعًا تجاريًا بين الولايات تضمن إنتاج الماشية والجلود جنبًا إلى جنب مع قريبه سيث تومبسون من ولاية أوهايو الشرقية.

توفي أحد أبنائه في عام 1831. أصيب براون بالمرض وبدأت معاناته تراكم عليه ديونًا كبيرة. توفيت زوجته ديانث في صيف عام 1832 بعد وقت قصير من وفاة ابنه حديث الولادة، وتركته مع الأطفال جون جونيور وجيسون وأوين وروث. (لم ينجُ ثلاثة من أطفالهم حتى بلوغهم سن الرشد). تزوج براون من ماري آن داي البالغة من العمر 16 عامًا (15 أبريل 1817 - 1 مايو 1884) في 14 يونيو 1833، وهي من مقاطعة واشنطن في نيويورك. أنجبا 13 طفلاً، بقي منهم على قيد الحياة عند وفاة جون براون: سالمون وآني وسارة وإلين.

نقل براون عائلته إلى فرانكلين ميلز في أوهايو في عام 1836. اقترض هناك المال لشراء الأراضي في المنطقة وبناء وتشغيل معمل دباغة على طول نهر كوياهوغا بالشراكة مع زيناس كينت. عانى من خسائر مالية كبيرة في الأزمة الاقتصادية لعام 1839 التي أصابت الولايات الغربية بأذى أشد مما عانت منه في ذعر عام 1837. كان العديد من رجال الأعمال مثل براون يثقون بشدة في سندات الائتمان والدولة وقد دفعوا ثمن تلك الثقة غاليًا. سجن براون عندما حاول الاحتفاظ بملكية مزرعة من خلال رفض مطالبات المالك الجديد. قام بالعديد من المحاولات لتطوير جهوده التجارية المختلفة في محاولة لتسديد ديونه. قام أيضًا بتربية الخيول والأغنام جنبًا إلى جنب مع دباغة الجلود وتجارة الماشية.

سنوات التحول في سبرينغفيلد في ماساتشوستس
انتقل براون وشريكه في العمل سايمون بيركنز في عام 1846 إلى مدينة سبرينغفيلد في ماساتشوستس. وجد براون مجتمعًا قادته من البيض من أهم رجال الكنائس في المجتمع ورجال الأعمال الأثرياء والسياسيين ذوي الشعبية ورجال القانون المحليين ومدير النشر في إحدى الصحف الأكثر شهرة في البلاد وكانوا جميعهم مساهمين وداعمين لحركة مكافحة العبودية. تمثلت نية براون وبيركنز في تمثيل مصالح مزارعي الصوف في أوهايو ضد مصالح مصنعي الصوف في نيو إنجلاند.

أسس مؤيدو التحرر من العبودية الأمريكيون من أصل أفريقي في المدينة قبل عامين من وصول براون إلى سبرينغفيلد في عام 1844 كنيسة سانفورد ستريت الحرة (تعرف الآن باسم كنيسة القديس يوحنا) والتي أصبحت واحدة من أبرز معالم الولايات المتحدة لإلقاء خطب إلغاء العبودية. كان براون أبرشيًا في الكنيسة الحرة منذ عام 1846 وحتى غادر سبرينغفيلد في عام 1850، حيث حضر محاضرات لإلغاء العبودية أُلقيت من قبل أمثال فريدريك دوغلاس وسوجورنر تروث. أمضى دوغلاس في عام 1847 ليلة يتحدث مع براون بعد خطابه في الكنيسة الحرة، شارك براون خلال وجوده في سبرينغفيلد في تحويل المدينة إلى مركز رئيسي لنشاط إلغاء العبودية، وإحدى أكثر المحطات أمانًا وأهمها على السكك الحديدية تحت الأرض.

تعلم براون الكثير عن النخبة التجارية في ماساتشوستس. واعتبر هذه المعرفة لعنة في البداية لكنه أثبت أنها نعمة بالنسبة لنشاطاته اللاحقة في كانساس وفي هاربرز فيري.

تفاجأ رجال مجتمع الأعمال عندما طلب منهم براون تغيير ممارستهم المربحة للغاية والمتمثلة في بيع الصوف ذي الجودة المنخفضة بشكل جماعي بأسعار زهيدة. وثق بهم براون بسذاجة في البداية، لكنه سرعان ما أدرك أنهم مصممون على الحفاظ على سيطرتهم في تحديد الأسعار. كان مزارعو الأغنام أيضًا في وادي نهر كونيتيكت على مشارف سبرينغفيلد غير منظمين إلى حد كبير ومترددين في تغيير أساليب الإنتاج الخاصة بهم لتلبية المعايير الأعلى. اشتكى براون وغيره من مزارعي الصوف في مزارع أوهايو من أن ممارسات المزارعين في وادي نهر كونيتيكت تخفض جميع أسعار الصوف الأمريكي في الخارج. بذل براون جهدًا للتغلب على نخب تجارة الصوف من خلال السعي إلى التحالف مع الشركات المصنعة الأوروبية. شعر براون في النهاية بخيبة أمل عندما علم أنَّ أوروبا فضلت شراء صوف ماساتشوستس الغربية بكميات كبيرة وأسعار زهيدة. ثم سافر براون إلى إنجلترا للبحث عن سعر أعلى لصوف سبرينغفيلد. كانت الرحلة كارثية إذ تكبدت الشركة خسارة قدرها 40000 دولار، تحمل بيركنز العبء الأكبر منها. أغلقت الشركة بسبب هذه المحنة في أواخر عام 1849. بقيت الدعاوى القضائية لاحقًا بين براون وشريكه لعدة سنوات أخرى.

أقرّت الولايات المتحدة قانون العبيد الهاربين قبل أن يغادر براون سبرينغفيلد في عام 1850، وهو قانون فرض على السلطات في الدول الأخرى المساعدة في إرجاع العبيد الهاربين وفرض عقوبات على الذين ساعدوا في هروبهم. أسس براون جماعة لمنع أسر العبيد رداً على ذلك سماها الجلعاديين. جاء الاسم من الكتاب المقدس حيث كان جبل جلعاد هو المكان الذي تجمع فيه أشجع الإسرائيليين لمواجهة العدو. أسس براون المجموعة بالكلمات التالية: «لا شيء يعطي الشعب الأمريكي الشجاعة الشخصية. سيكون عدد السود عشرة أضعاف عدد البيض» بهدف حماية العبيد الذين هربوا إلى سبرينغفيلد، منذ تأسيس براون لمجموعة الجلعاديين لم يُعاد أي شخص إلى العبودية من سبرينغفيلد. أعطى براون كرسيًا هزازًا إلى والدة العامل الأسود توماس كبادرة عن المودة.

مزرعته في نيويورك
سمع براون في عام 1848 عن منح جيريت سميث جبال أديرونداك للرجال السود الفقراء، وقرر نقل أسرته إلى هناك لإنشاء مزرعة حيث تمكن من تقديم التوجيه والمساعدة إلى السود الذين كانوا يحاولون إقامة جمعيات في المنطقة. اشترى جزءًا من أراضي سميث في بلدة نورث إلبا في نيويورك (بالقرب من ليك بلاسيد) مقابل دولار واحد للفدان (2 دولار للهكتار)، وقضى عامين هناك. أخذت زوجته جثته هناك لدفنها بعد إعدامه، دُفن 12 شخصًا من المتعاونين معه في مقبرة جماعية هناك. أصبحت مزرعة جون براون ملكا لولاية نيويورك منذ عام 1895 وهي الآن معلم تاريخي وطني.

حراكه في كانساس
دخلت مقاطعة كانساس في خضم حرب أهلية على مستوى الولاية من عام 1854 إلى عام 1860، بين القوات المؤيدة للعبودية والقوات المناهضة لها، ويشار إليها بفترة نزيف كانساس. كان على الناخبين في كانساس أن يحسموا القضية، لكن لم يتضح هوية هؤلاء الناخبين، إذ حدث تزوير واسع النطاق في التصويت لصالح القوات المؤيدة للعبودية، كما أكد تحقيق في الكونجرس.

بوتاواتومي
كان براون ومستوطنو فري ستيت متفائلين بإمكانيتهم ضم كانساس إلى الاتحاد كولاية خالية من العبودية. بدأ الناشطون المؤيدون للعبودية بعد ذوبان ثلوج الشتاء في عام 1856، حملة للاستيلاء على كانساس بشروطهم الخاصة. تأثر براون بشكل خاص بإقالة لورانس، مركز النشاط المناهض للعبودية في كانساس، في 21 مايو 1856. دمرت جماعة يقودها شريف من ليكومبتون التي تعد مركز النشاط المؤيد للعبودية في كانساس، صحيفتين مناهضتين للعبودية وفندق فري ستيت. قُتل رجل همجي من الحدود فقط. كما أدى ضرب بريستون بروكس في 22 مايو للسناتور المناهض للعبودية تشارلز سومنر في مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي إلى تأجيج غضب براون.

كتب بنيامين فرانكلين سترينغفيلو المؤيد للعبودية، من سكواتر سوفرين، أن «[القوات المؤيدة للعبودية] عازمة على صد هذا الغزو الشمالي، وجعل ولاية كانساس ولاية عبودية، ولو اضطُر الأمر تغطية أنهارنا بدماء ضحاياها، وأن تكون جثث الإبطاليّون كثيرة في الإقليم بحيث تتسبب في انتشار المرض والمرض، فلن نتراجع عن هدفنا». كان براون غاضبًا من عنف القوات المؤيدة للعبودية وما رآه من رد فعل ضعيف وجبان من قبل المناهضين للعبودية ومستوطني فري ستيت، والذين وصفهم «بالجبناء أو الأسوأ من ذلك».

وقعت مجزرة بوتاواتومي ليلة 24 مايو وصباح 25 مايو 1856. أُخذ براون ومجموعة من المستوطنين المناهضين للعبودية من منازلهم، وقتلوا خمسة من «صيادي العبيد المحترفين ومؤيدي العبودية المتشددين» من المستوطنين شمال بوتاواتومي كريك، في مقاطعة فرانكلين في كانساس.

حصلت ثمان عمليات قتل في إقليم كانساس قبل عامين من مذبحة بوتاواتومي كريك، وعزيت إلى سياسات العبودية، ولكن لم يحدث أي منها على مقربة من المذبحة. كانت المذبحة بمثابة فتيل في خزان وقود، عجّل بالفترة الأكثر دموية في تاريخ «نزيف كانساس»، فترة ثلاثة أشهر من الغارات الانتقامية والمعارك التي قتل فيها 29 شخصًا.

بالميرا وأوساواتومي
قامت قوة من الميزوريين بقيادة الكابتن هنري كلاي بات في عام 1856، بالقبض على جون جونيور وجيسون، ودمرت منزل عائلة براون، وشاركت لاحقًا في إقالة لورانس. نجح جون براون وتسعة من أتباعه مع عشرين رجلاً محليًا في معركة بلاك جاك في 2 يونيو، في الدفاع عن مستوطنة فري ستيت في بالميرا في كانساس، ضد هجوم بات. أُسر بات و22 من رجاله، ونُقلوا إلى معسكر براون بعد القبض عليهم، وحصلوا على كل الطعام الذي استطاع براون أن يقدمه.

أجبر براون بات على توقيع معاهدة، مبادلة حرية بات ورجاله بالإفراج الموعود عن ابني براون المأسورين. أطلق براون سراح بات للكولونيل إدوين سمنر، لكنه غضب عندما اكتشف أن الإفراج عن أبنائه سيتأخر حتى سبتمبر.

عبرت سرية مؤلفة من أكثر من 300 من سكان ميزوري بقيادة الجنرال جون دبليو ريد في أغسطس إلى كانساس وتوجهت نحو أوساواتومي، عازمة على تدمير مستوطنات فري ستيت هناك، ثم زحفوا إلى توبيكا ولورنس.

قُتل فريدريك نجل براون وجاره ديفيد غاريسون في ضواحي أوساواتومي بإطلاق النار صباح 30 أغسطس عام 1856. رتّب براون الذي فاق ورجاله أعدادهم بأكثر من سبعة إلى واحد، رجاله البالغ عددهم 38 وراء دفاعات طبيعية على طول الطريق أطلقوا النار متخفين، وتمكنوا من قتل ما لا يقل عن 20 من رجال ريد وجرح 40 آخرين.

أعاد ريد تجميع صفوفه، وأمر رجاله بالنزول والاندفاع في الغابة. تفرقت مجموعة براون الصغيرة وهربت عبر نهر ماريه دي سيجن. قتل أحد رجال براون أثناء الانسحاب وأسر أربعة. اختبأ براون ورجاله الناجون في الغابة المجاورة، بينما نهب الميزوريون أوساواتومي وحرقوها. أدت شجاعة براون وحنكته العسكرية في مواجهة الصعاب الساحقة إلى جعله محط اهتمام وطني، وجعلته بطلاً للعديد من الإبطاليّين في الشمال، على الرغم من هزيمته.

دخل براون في 7 سبتمبر إلى لورانس للقاء قادة فري ستيت والمساعدة في التحصين ضد أي هجوم مخيف. غزا ما لا يقل عن 2700 من الميزوريين المؤيدين للعبودية ولاية كانساس مرة أخرى، واشتبكوا بالقرب من لورانس في 14 سبتمبر. استعد براون للمعركة، لكنهم تجنبوا العنف الخطير عندما أمر حاكم كانساس الجديد، جون دبليو جيري، الأطراف المتحاربة بنزع سلاحها وحلها، وعرض الرأفة على المقاتلين السابقين من كلا الجانبين. استغل براون السلام الهش وغادر كانساس مع ثلاثة من أبنائه لجمع الأموال من المؤيدين في الشمال.

غارة هاربرز فيري

خطط براون
تعود خطط براون لشن هجوم كبير على العبودية الأمريكية إلى ما لا يقل عن 20 عامًا قبل الغارة. أمضى السنوات ما بين 1842 و1849 في تصفية شؤون أعماله، واستقر وعائلته في مجتمع الزنوج في تمبكتو في نيويورك، ونظم تخيليًا غارة ضد العبودية، من شأنها توجيه ضربة كبيرة ضد نظام العبودية بأكمله، وتهريب العبيد من المزارع الجنوبية.

جاء عن فريدريك دوغلاس: «يثبت تصريحه الخاص، بأنه كان يفكر في توجيه ضربة جريئة من أجل حرية العبيد لعشر سنوات، أنه قد عزم على مساره الحالي قبل وقت طويل من أن تطأ أقدامه أو أبناؤه كانساس». ورد حسب جيمس ريدباث، أول كاتب سيرة ذاتية له: «اعتز سرًا بفكرة كونه قائد تمرد عبودية لثلاثين عامًا: موسى الأمريكي، الذي اصطفته القدرة الكلية لقيادة الأمم المستعبدة في ولاياتنا الجنوبية إلى الحرية».

كان براون حريصًا بشأن من تحدث إليه، إذ قال إرميا أندرسون، أحد المشاركين في الغارة: «كان الزعيم براون حريصًا على إبقاء خططه بعيدًا عن متناول رجاله»، وقد صرح أون، الناجي الوحيد من بين أبناء براون الثلاثة أنه «لم تُنشر خطة جون براون بالكامل، على ما أعتقد».

ناقش خططه مطولًا، لأكثر من يوم، مع فريدريك دوغلاس، محاولًا دون جدوى إقناع دوغلاس القائد الأسود، بمرافقته إلى هاربرز فيري (التي اعتقد دوغلاس أنها مهمة انتحارية لا يمكن أن تنجح).

اعتقد براون أنه «يمكن لقلة من الرجال الذين هم على حق، ومعرفة أنهم على حق، أن يقلبوا ملكًا جبارًا. يمكن لخمسين رجلاً، أو عشرين، في جبال ألغيني أن يمزقوا العبودية إلى أشلاء في غضون عامين». كما قال لاحقًا بعد فشل الغارة: «كنت، كما أعتقد الآن، اجامل نفسي عبثًا أنه بدون إراقة الكثير من الدماء [من خلال أن يبدأ التمرد المفترض بهاربرز فيري] قد [تنتهي العبودية]».

وصلات خارجية

مصادر
 موسوعة السياسة، المؤسسة العربية للدراسات والنشر، الطبعة الثالثة، الجزء الأول ص 509.

انظر أيضا
 الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية
 رق
 روزا باركس
 كوخ العم توم

مراجع

فلاحون أمريكيون في القرن 19
أبرشانيون أمريكيون
أشخاص أعدموا من قبل فرجينيا بالشنق
أشخاص أعدموا من كونيتيكت
أشخاص من آكرون
أشخاص من أوساواتومي
أشخاص من تورينغتون (كونيتيكت)
أشخاص من كينت (أوهايو)
أشخاص من مقاطعة كروفورد (بنسيلفانيا)
أصول الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية
أمريكيون في إعدامات القرن 19
أمريكيون من أصل إنجليزي
أمريكيون من أصل هولندي
أمريكيون من أصل ويلزي
أمريكيون مناهضون للعبودية
الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية
إعدامات القرن 19 في الولايات المتحدة
ثوريون
ثوريون أمريكيون
خيانة في الولايات المتحدة
عبودية
فلاحون أمريكيون
تراث شعبي أمريكي
متمردون أمريكيون
متمردون في القرن 19
مدراء مكاتب بريد أمريكيون
مسيحيون مناهضون للعبودية
معدومون بتهمة الخيانة
مواليد 1800
مواليد في تورينغتون (كونيتيكت)
نزاعات في 1859
نزيف كانساس
وفيات 1859
وفيات في تشارلز تاون
أشخاص أعدموا في تشارلز تاون

جون براون


Passion er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1994 instrueret af Christian Grønvall efter eget manuskript.

Handling
København 1910. En pige får breve fra en afrejst kæreste? En lille film, der handler om ikke at kunne få det, man gerne vil have.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1994
Danske film omhandlende København i 1900-tallet

Passion (eksperimentalfilm)


An Philodendron edmundoi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Graziela Maciel Barroso. An Philodendron edmundoi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Philodendron, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Philodendron

Philodendron edmundoi


Le dème de Chiliochóra, en  / Dímos Chiliochoríon, est un ancien dème du district régional de Messénie, en Grèce. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème de Pylos-Nestor.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème dans le Péloponnèse
Ancien dème en Grèce
Messénie

Dème de Chiliochóra


An Orchis macra in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Lindley. An Orchis macra in nahilalakip ha genus nga Orchis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Orchis

Orchis macra


الإضبارة بشكل عام هو نوع من الحاوية تضم مستندات وأوراق مع بعضها البعض بهدف تنظيمها وحمايتها.

في علم الحاسوب يستخدم هذا المصطلح في أنظمة ملفات الحاسوب. لغرض جمع عدة ملفات في مكان واحدة لترتيبها.
وهو يلون بلون أصفر كما هو معتاد في نظام ويندوز.

انظر أيضًا
 مجلد مانيلا
 حافظات عرض

المراجع

أدوات مكتبية
قرطاسية
منتجات ورقية
نظم تشغيل

إضبارة


Sugar Daddy Live es un álbum en vivo de Melvins. Fue lanzado el 31 de mayo de 2011. Las canciones fueron tomadas de la gira que la banda realizó en 2008, la mayoría de las pistas son de los últimos tres álbumes de estudio.

Descripción
Es un documento de la última transformación del grupo, con el añadido de Coady Willis acompañando a Dale Crover en una segunda batería. Las canciones suenan más potentes que en las versiones en estudio, con las percusiones como arma para encadenarlas en sutiles transiciones. Y, aunque predomina el repertorio reciente, también se permiten retomar unos pocos clásicos de su pasado, como "Eye Flyes", "Tipping The Lion" o la final "Boris", precedida de una versión a capela y batería de "The Star Spangled Banner", que parece cantada por un coro de borrachos.

Lista de canciones

Personal
Buzz Osborne - Guitarra, voz
Dale Crover - Batería
Jared Warren - Bajo
Coady Willis - Batería
Mackie Osborne - Diseño, Ilustración
John Golden - Masterizador
Ben Clark y Jane Adams - Fotógrafos
Toshi Kasai - Grabación

Véase también
 Discografía de Melvins

Referencias

Melvins
Álbumes de Ipecac Recordings
Álbumes de 2011
Álbumes de Melvins
Álbumes en inglés

Sugar Daddy Live


Arna Station (Arna stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Bergensbanen, der ligger i bydelen Arna i Bergen i Norge. Stationen består af flere spor, en øperron med stationsbygning og adgang via en gangtunnel samt en busterminal. Desuden ligger der en godsterminal på stationsområdet.

Stationen betjenes af alle fjerntog og lokaltog, herunder en del der kun kører mellem Bergen og Arna. Med en rejsetid på kun syv minutter gennem Ulrikentunnelen udgør stationen en vigtig del af forbindelsen mellem bydelen og Bergens centrum.

Stationen åbnede 1. august 1964, da banen blev omlagt, i forbindelse med at Ulrikentunnelen og Arnanipa (tunnel) blev taget i brug. Stationen ligger mellem åbningerne på de to tunneller. Stationen erstattede en ældre station af samme navn fra 1883 på den gamle strækning. Den gamle station betjenes nu af veterantog som en del af Gamle Vossebanen.

Arna Station skal opgraderes i forbindelse med etableringen af Nye Ulriken tunnel, der kommer til at gå parallelt med den nuværende tunnel. For at øge kapaciteten mellem Arna og Bergen skal der foretages betydelige ændringer på Arna station. Hele projektet forventes færdiggjort med dobbeltspor i 2014, men med en delvis åbning i 2022.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Stationer på Bergensbanen
Etableret i 1964
Jernbanestationer i Bergen

Arna Station


Lorisoidea er en overfamilie af nataktive primater, der lever i Afrika og Asien og omfatter galagoer og lorier. De er beslægtede med lemurerne fra Madagaskar og er undertiden inkluderet i infraordnen Lemuriformes, eller undertiden i deres egen infraorden, Lorisiformes.

Klassifikation
Lorisoidea deles i to familier:
 Orden Primates
 Underorden Strepsirrhini
 Infraorden †Adapiformes
 Infraorden Lemuriformes
 Overfamilie Lemuroidea: lemurer
 Overfamilie Lorisoidea
 Familie Lorisidae: lorier og pottoer
 Familie Galagidae: galagoer
 Underorden Haplorhini: spøgelsesaber og aber

Kilder og noter

Fodnoter

Noter

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Lorisoidea


Silas Weir Mitchell (født 30. september 1970 i Philadelphia i Pennsylvania) er en amerikansk skuespiller som er mest kendt for at spille forstyrrede og ustabile karakterer. Han har haft gæsteroller i tv-serier som CSI: Miami, 24, My Name Is Earl og Prison Break. Han har også spillet i filmene Rat Race og The Whole Ten Yards. Han spiller også i tv-serien Grimm.

Filmografi
 The Patriot (1998)
 Inferno (1999)
 Ti fod under (2004)

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Tv-skuespillere fra USA
24 Timer-skuespillere
Skuespillere fra Pennsylvania
Personer fra Philadelphia

Silas Weir Mitchell


Articles with hCards

මොහාන් මුණසිංහ ශ්‍රී ලාංකික භෞතික විද්‍යාඥයෙක්, ඉංජිනේරුවෙක් සහ ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයෙක් වන අතර බලශක්තිය, ජල සම්පත්, තිරසාර සංවර්ධනය සහ දේශගුණික විපර්යාස කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කරයි. ඔහු 2021 බ්ලූ ප්ලැනට් ත්‍යාගලාභියා වූ අතර, එක්සත් ජනපදයේ හිටපු උප ජනාධිපති අල් ගෝර් සමඟ 2007 නොබෙල් සාම ත්‍යාගය බෙදාගත් දේශගුණික විපර්යාස පිළිබඳ අන්තර් රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලයේ (IPCC) උප සභාපතිවරයා විය. මුණසිංහ සංවර්ධනය සඳහා වූ මුණසිංහ ආයතනයේ ආරම්භක සභාපතිවරයා වේ. ඔහු 1980 සිට ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජයේ ගෞරවනීය ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ උපදේශකයෙකු ලෙස ද කටයුතු කර ඇත.

අධ්‍යාපනය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උපන් මහාචාර්ය මුණසිංහ අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබුවේ කොළඹ රාජකීය විද්‍යාලයේය. ඔහු 1967 දී ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ ශාස්ත්‍රවේදී (ගෞරව) උපාධියක් ලබා ගත් අතර පසුව කේම්බ්‍රිජ් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයෙන් MA උපාධියක් ලබා ගත්තේය. ඉන් පසුව ඔහු 1970 දී මැසචුසෙට්ස් තාක්ෂණ ආයතනයෙන් විදුලි ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ SM සහ PE උපාධියක් ලබා ගත්තේය. 1973 දී McGill විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙන් ඝන රාජ්‍ය භෞතික විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ ආචාර්ය උපාධියක් සහ 1975 දී Concordia විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙන් සංවර්ධන ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ ශාස්ත්‍රපති උපාධියක් ලබා ඇත. ඔහු ගෞරව ආචාර්ය උපාධි, ගෞරවනීය ආචාර්ය උපාධි කිහිපයක් ලබා ඇත.

වෘත්තීය
1982 සිට 1987 දක්වා ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජනාධිපතිවරයාගේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ උපදේශක (බලශක්ති හා තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ) ලෙස ජාතික බලශක්ති උපාය මාර්ග සහ පරිගණක ප්‍රතිපත්තිය සැකසීමට සහ ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමට සහාය විය. ඔහු පරිගණක හා තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණ කවුන්සිලයේ (CINTEC) ආරම්භක සභාපතිවරයා වූ අතර ජාතික විදුලි සංදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය තීරණය කළ ජනාධිපති කොමිසමේ සේවය කළේය. මෙම කාලසීමාව තුළ ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ස්වභාවික සම්පත්, බලශක්ති සහ විද්‍යා අධිකාරියේ අධ්‍යක්ෂ මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු ලෙසද කටයුතු කළේය. ආණ්ඩුකාර, ආතර් ක්ලාක් නවීන තාක්ෂණ මධ්‍යස්ථානය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව; සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකා බලශක්ති කළමනාකරුවන්ගේ සංගමයේ නිර්මාතෘ-සභාපති. ඔහු 1988 හි ආරම්භයේ සිට දේශගුණික විපර්යාස පිළිබඳ අන්තර් රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලයට සම්බන්ධ වූ අතර ඔස්ලෝ හි ජාත්‍යන්තර ජල ඇකඩමියේ කුලපති ලෙස සේවය කර ඇත. 1990 සිට 1992 දක්වා මුණසිංහ එක්සත් ජනපද ජනාධිපතිගේ පරිසර තත්ත්ව පිළිබඳ කවුන්සිලයේ (PCEQ) උපදේශකවරයා විය. 2002 දක්වා ඔහු ලෝක බැංකුවේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ කළමනාකරුවෙකු/උපදේශකයෙකු විය.

ශාස්ත්‍රාලිකයෙකු ලෙස, ඔහු පීකිං විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ කීර්තිමත් ආරාධිත මහාචාර්යවරයෙකු ලෙසත්, ටෝකියෝ හි එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ බාහිර මහාචාර්යවරයෙකු ලෙසත් සේවය කරයි. මීට පෙර, ඔහු මැන්චෙස්ටර් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ තිරසාර පරිභෝජන ආයතනයේ තිරසාර සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යක්ෂ ජනරාල් සහ මහාචාර්යවරයා සහ බ්‍රසීලයේ පැරා ෆෙඩරල් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ වේල් තිරසාර සංවර්ධන ආයතනයේ ආයතනයේ මහාචාර්යවරයා විය. ඔහු ග්‍රීන් ක්‍රොස් ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් හි අධ්‍යක්ෂ මණ්ඩලයේ ද සේවය කළ අතර රෝම සමාජයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි. ඔහු පොත් 120 කට අධික ප්‍රමාණයක් සහ සඟරා ලිපි 400 කට අධික ප්‍රමාණයක් කර්තෘ හෝ සම-කර්තෘ කර ඇත. 1992 රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ හි පැවති පෘථිවි සමුළුවේදී සංවර්ධනය වඩාත් තිරසාර කිරීම සඳහා තිරසාර රාමුව යෝජනා කිරීම සහ වඩාත් මෑතකදී එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සහස්‍ර පරිභෝජන ඉලක්ක යෝජනා කිරීම සඳහා ඔහු පුළුල් ලෙස පිළිගැනේ. ඔහු Technische Universität Darmstadt හි ආරාධිත මහාචාර්යවරයා ලෙස සිටියේය.

සම්මාන සහ ගෞරව
ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇති ප්‍රධාන සම්මාන සහ ගෞරව මහාචාර්ය මුණසිංහට ලැබී ඇත;

 Blue Planet ත්‍යාගලාභී (2021)
 ප්‍රංශ ලෙජියන් ඔෆ් ඔනර් (2017) නිලධාරියා
 Eminence in Engineering Award 2014 - ඉංජිනේරු වෘත්තියට සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සහ ලොව පුරා තිරසාර සංවර්ධනය සඳහා සුවිශේෂී දායකත්වයක් ලබා දීම සඳහා ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉහළම ඉංජිනේරු ආයතනය වන ඉංජිනේරු ආයතනය විසින් පිරිනමන ඉහළම ත්‍යාගය.
 මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට කළ සේවය වෙනුවෙන් Anita Garibaldi රන් පදක්කම (බ්‍රසීල රජය, 2007)
 මනුෂ්‍යත්වය, සාමය සහ සංවර්ධනය සඳහා වූ සර්වෝදය සම්මානය (2007)
 2007 නොබෙල් සාම ත්‍යාගය (2007) බෙදාගත් දේශගුණික විපර්යාස පිළිබඳ අන්තර් රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලයේ (IPCC) උප සභාපති
 සහස්‍ර පරිසර පද්ධති තක්සේරුවට (2006) දායකත්වය වෙනුවෙන් පරිසරය සඳහා වන Zayed ජාත්‍යන්තර ත්‍යාගය (අනෙකුත් කතුවරුන් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධව)
 බලශක්තිය, ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව සහ පරිසරය සඳහා වූ සුවිශේෂී දායකත්වය සඳහා බංග්ලාදේශයේ ස්වාධීන විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සාමාජිකත්වයේ නියෝගය (ගෞරවය) (බංග්ලාදේශය, 2005)
 ප්‍රධාන වෘත්තීය ආයතන 16කින් විශිෂ්ට ජීවිත කාලීන ජයග්‍රහණ සම්මානය (ශ්‍රී ලංකාව, 2003)
 USAEE වෙතින් බලශක්ති පර්යේෂණ සඳහා අද්විතීය සහ නව්‍ය දායකත්වය සඳහා ඇඩෙල්මන්-ෆ්‍රැන්කල් ත්‍යාගය (එක්සත් ජනපදය, 2003)
 Int වෙතින් තිරසාර සංවර්ධනය සඳහා සුවිශේෂී දායකත්වය සඳහා හරිත සම්මානය. පරිසර මාධ්‍යවේදීන්ගේ සම්මේලනය (1998)
 1994 ලෝක ජල සම්මේලනයේදී (අබුඩාබි, 1994) පිරිනමන ලද තිරසාර ජල සම්පත් කළමනාකරණය සඳහා ජාත්‍යන්තර හොඳම නිබන්ධන සම්මානය සහ පදක්කම.
 Int වෙතින් බලශක්ති ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව සඳහා කැපී පෙනෙන දායකත්වය සඳහා සම්මානය . සහකාර බලශක්ති ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයින්ගේ (එක්සත් ජනපදය, 1986)
 ජාත්‍යන්තර සිංහ සමාජ වෙතින් විශිෂ්ට විද්‍යාත්මක ජයග්‍රහණ සඳහා සිංහ රන් පදක්කම (ශ්‍රී ලංකාව, 1985)
 Albert M. Grass Prize (MIT, US, 1968)
 JW Beauchamp ත්‍යාගය (IET, UK, 1966)

යොමු කිරීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 MIND – Munasinghe Institute for Development – පුද්ගලික, ලාභ නොලබන සංවිධානයක්, ලොව පුරා තිරසාර සංවර්ධන ගැටලු ආමන්ත්‍රණය කරන විද්වතුන්ගේ සහ වෘත්තිකයින්ගේ ප්‍රජාවන් පෝෂණය කිරීමේ ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කිරීම සඳහා පිහිටුවා ඇති අතර ආර්ථික, පාරිසරික සම්මුතියකින් තොරව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සහ වෙනත් තැන්වල මෙම ඉලක්කය සපුරා ගැනීමේ ශක්‍ය ක්‍රම ගවේෂණය කරයි. සහ සමාජ සංස්කෘතික අඛණ්ඩතාව.
 IPCC - දේශගුණික විපර්යාස පිළිබඳ අන්තර් රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලය
 පුද්ගලික වෙබ් අඩවිය
Year of birth missing (living people)
ජීවමාන ජනයා

මොහාන් මුණසිංහ