The North East Line (NEL) is a high-capacity Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) line in Singapore. Operated by SBS Transit, the  line is the MRT's shortest. It runs from HarbourFront station in southern Singapore to Punggol station in the northeast, serving 16 stations via Chinatown, Little India, Serangoon and Hougang. Coloured purple on official maps, it is Singapore's third MRT line and the world's first fully-automated underground driverless heavy rail line.

The NEL was planned during the 1980s to alleviate traffic congestion on roads leading to the northeast suburbs of the country. However, the project was deemed inconsequential for a few years due to the lack of demand at the time. After the government's decision to eventually go ahead with the project at an estimated cost of , its alignment and stations were finalised in 1996 and construction began the year after. The line began operations on 20 June 2003. Two mid-line stations initially did not open with the rest of the line; Buangkok station opened on 15 January 2006, and Woodleigh station began operations on 20 June 2011. A one-station extension to Punggol Coast station, under construction, is expected to be completed in 2024.

The driverless line uses the moving-block Alstom Urbalis 300 CBTC signalling system. Three types of Alstom rolling stock – C751A, C751C and C851E – run on the NEL, which is powered by an overhead line. The NEL is Singapore's first Art-in-Transit line, with 18 artworks displayed across its 16 stations. The stations are wheelchair-accessible, and most of them are Civil Defence shelters designed to withstand airstrikes and chemical attacks.

History

Planning

The Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) first proposed an additional MRT line serving the northeastern areas of Punggol and Jalan Kayu in September 1984. In its preliminary studies, the Communications Ministry concluded that roads would be inadequate for projected traffic into the planned 21st-century housing estates. To minimise the impact on other development, the Ministry developed plans to determine which parcels of land would be needed for its construction. In December of that year, a British consultancy team consisting of Sir William Halcrow and Partners, Merz & McLellan and London Transport International was appointed by the MRTC to look into possible routes for the line.

In March 1986, the British consultants drew up a tentative route from Outram Park to Punggol. The line would connect to the existing MRT system at Dhoby Ghaut station and pass through Kandang Kerbau and Hougang, paralleling the major Serangoon and Upper Serangoon Roads. A branch line from Hougang to Jalan Kayu was also proposed. The segment of the line in the city would be underground, and the northern portion after Braddell Road would be elevated.

The MRTC, which approved the project in October 1986, proposed that the line link to Bishan Depot (which would maintain and service its trains). In February 1991, it was proposed to extend the line to Pulau Tekong via Pulau Ubin to serve future residential and industrial developments in the long-term plans for these islands.

Delay
Although the government approved the NEL "in principle" in January 1989, Communications Minister Yeo Ning Hong said that the line's construction was dependent on development in the northeast. The Woodlands extension, which cost S$1.35 billion (US$ billion), took precedence over the S$4.3 billion (US$ billion) NEL. According to Yeo's successor, Mah Bow Tan, there were firmer plans for development around the Woodlands extension, unlike in the northeast, where the low population meant that the NEL would not be as cost-effective. The four Members of Parliament (MPs) for the northeast called for the line to be built sooner, saying that there would be sufficient demand (given the area's population) and it would relieve traffic congestion.

Reviewing the line's feasibility, the Communications Ministry said in 1995 that the NEL  could be completed in 2002 if construction began promptly. It was projected to cost S$5 billion (US$ billion) and would operate at a loss of S$250 million (US$ million) during its first four years, with lower daily passenger numbers (240,000). The ministry recommended the construction of the NEL to the Cabinet, citing "wider benefits" such as reduced travelling time and reliance on cars.

Mah, engaging with grassroots leaders in October 1995, said that residents would have to be prepared to pay higher fares on the NEL to cover the line's cost and initial losses. His position was divisive; some leaders felt that it would be unfair to the residents, and others were confident that residents would be willing "to pay for a better quality of life". Increased fares for the entire network were also suggested, but Mah said that it would be more difficult to implement. He assured leaders that he would recommend construction of the line to the government.

A white paper released on 2 January 1996 said that the NEL would be built earlier to address congestion in the northeast corridor, which would also be relieved by express bus service. The government's announcement during a 19 January parliamentary debate on the report that it had decided to build the NEL "immediately" was greeted with applause.

Construction and opening

The 16 NEL stations and their locations were announced on 4 March 1996. Many residents and politicians welcomed the announcement, since the line was expected to relieve traffic congestion, improve transport in the northeast and stimulate development around the stations. Thirteen civil contracts for track work and construction of the stations, Sengkang Depot and associated tunnels were awarded for a total of S$2.8 billion (US$ billion). Sixteen more contracts related to electrical and mechanical work were awarded for a total of S$1 billion (US$ billion).

To construct the line,  of private land was acquired and  of government land was returned to the state. Several rental HDB blocks, private homes and shops were acquired, dismaying many affected residents. Those who had been asked to relocate in July 1996 requested more time to find new premises. Construction of the line began with a groundbreaking ceremony at Farrer Park station on 25 November 1997. On 20 May 1999, SBS Transit (then Singapore Bus Service) was appointed to operate the line along with the Sengkang and Punggol LRT systems. With bus operations in the area handed over from Trans-Island Bus Services (TIBS) to the newly-appointed operator, SBS controlled northeastern bus and rail service; this provided the inter-modal integration desired by the government.

Construction challenges on the line included diverting the Eu Tong Seng canal for construction of the Chinatown station, and avoiding flooding the tunnels and stations while boring tunnels under the Singapore River between the Clarke Quay and Dhoby Ghaut stations. At the Outram Park station, an arched roof of cement-filled steel pipes was laid underneath the EWL tunnels to minimise movement. Jet-grout arches were used to support the North-South line (NSL) tunnels when explosives were used to remove rock while tunnelling from Clarke Quay to Dhoby Ghaut. Roads around the line had to be temporarily diverted for construction.

When the 16 stations were announced, Potong Pasir (then named Sennett), Woodleigh and Punggol were planned to be built as shell stations due to lack of development around the station sites. It was later decided to build these stations in full as it would have been more costly to wait until later to complete the stations from the structural shells. In 1998, the timeline for Punggol station was moved up because of planned housing developments in the area. The decision not to build Sennett station generated political controversy, however, with claims by residents and opposition MP Chiam See Tong that the station would only open if the ruling People's Action Party (PAP) secured the constituency. In 2002, after a revised ridership study, the government decided to open the station with the other NEL stations due to projected developments around the site; the station also received its present name.

The NEL was initially expected to be completed by the end of 2002, with SBS staff trained in train maintenance and other technical aspects of the automated system. However, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) said in September 2002 that the line might be opened in April 2003 to allow sufficient time for testing. The line's systems were handed over to SBS Transit on 16 December, and the operator conducted further tests. The NEL's opening was delayed until June due to a glitch in the signalling system, however, with tests briefly handed over to the LTA. Since it had to bear the costs of maintenance and manpower, SBS Transit sought compensation from the government for the delay.

Except for two stations (Buangkok and Woodleigh), the NEL began operations on 20 June 2003. About 140,000 people rode the line on its opening day. The line's opening ceremony was held on 28 August. Although the NEL has experienced a few glitches since its opening, it has been reliable and generally well-received by commuters. The International Association of Public Transport called the NEL a model public-transport system for the future in July 2003, with other driverless systems planned around the world. SBS Transit reported in June 2004 that the line averaged one 15-minute delay every six weeks, compared to expected twice-a-week delays. Average daily ridership has risen to 174,000 in 2004, with highest at 268,000 during Lunar New Year celebrations on 3 January that year.

Opening of reserved stations

On 17 June 2003, SBS Transit announced that the Woodleigh and Buangkok stations would not open with the other NEL stations. Due to the lack of development, the operator said keeping the stations closed would reduce operating costs by S$2–3 million. Residents around the line were upset by the sudden decision to keep Buangkok station closed, since they had been assured by MPs and grassroots leaders that it would be opened.

The government initially stood by SBS Transit's decision to keep the station closed, planning to open it in 2006 when more residential flats would be in the area. The opening was further postponed to 2008, following projected housing-development plans for the area. After public pressure and promises by residents to use the station, SBS Transit announced at the end of 2005 that it would open the station on 15 January 2006.

The Buangkok station opened as scheduled "with much fanfare". Since its opening, however, the station averaged only 1,386 daily riders instead of the expected 6,000. Many residents still traveled to the adjacent Sengkang and Hougang stations due to their amenities. SBS Transit, after saying that it was still "too early to draw a conclusion" about ridership, remained committed to keeping the station open to serve future developments nearby.

Woodleigh station, built near the former Bidadari cemetery, was scheduled to open seven or eight years after the rest of the line. In January 2011, The Straits Times reported that preparations for the station's opening had been ongoing since the second half of 2010; the newspaper speculated that the station would open in mid-2011 to serve new developments in the area. In a March parliamentary session, Transport Minister Raymond Lim confirmed that the station would open on 20 June 2011. SBS deployed several staff members to assist confused commuters who alighted at Woodleigh station instead of the adjacent Serangoon station. Others alighted to view the station's interior or try an alternative route from the station.

North East Line extension (NELe)

On 17 January 2013, transport minister Lui Tuck Yew announced a one-station extension of the NEL to serve upcoming developments in Punggol North. Although it was initially planned to extend the line by 2030, Second Minister for Transport Ng Chee Meng announced on 7 June 2017 that the  extension would be moved up to 2023 in conjunction with development plans for the area.

The contract for the extension was awarded to China State Construction Engineering Corporation Limited (Singapore Branch) in December, and construction began that month. Although tunneling was completed on 13 November 2020, transport minister Ong Ye Kung said at the tunnel breakthrough ceremony that the Punggol Coast station's completion would be delayed until 2024 due to delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Network and operations

Service

In 2022, the NEL had a daily ridership of 527,000. The line operates between 5:30am and 12:30am. On weekdays and Saturdays, the first train leaves Punggol (the northern terminus) at 5:42am; the last train leaves HarbourFront (the southern terminus) at 11:56pm. Trains run every 2.5 to 5 minutes, and the line's total travel time is 32 minutes.

The NEL initially had a higher fare than the North South and East West lines due to greater operating costs. On 30 December 2016, however, fares were lowered to match the other lines with a "purely distance-based approach". This revision, made after a fare review by the Public Transport Council, was intended to minimise commuter confusion.

The first line operated by SBS Transit, the NEL has been part of the New Rail Financing Framework (NRFF) since 2018. Previously, the operator (the owner of the rail assets) had to bear the cost of maintaining and upgrading trains and signalling. Under the NRFF, the Land Transport Authority and SBS Transit will share the profits and financial risks in operating the line and the LTA will take control of its operating assets on 1 April 2033. SBS Transit will operate the line under a 15-year licence which will expire on 31 March 2033.

Route
As its name implies, the fully-underground  NEL runs from Singapore's city centre to the northeastern parts of the island. The line begins from HarbourFront, where it interchanges with the Circle line. It then heads in a relatively north-east direction towards Outram Park, where it interchanges with the East West and Thomson–East Coast lines – the line's only direct interchange with both the former and latter. It then head under New Bridge Road towards Chinatown, where it interchanges with the Downtown line, and towards Clarke Quay. The line then passes underneath the Singapore River and Fort Canning Hill to Dhoby Ghaut, where it interchanges with the North South and Circle lines, and is the MRT network's first triple–line interchange station. It continues north to Little India under Bukit Timah Road, where it interchanges with the Downtown line. Following Race Course Road and Serangoon Road through Farrer Park and Boon Keng, it crosses the Whampoa and Kallang Rivers before reaching Potong Pasir.

The line then parallels Upper Serangoon Road through Potong Pasir, Woodleigh and Serangoon – the latter of which interchanges with the Circle line. After passing through Kovan, the line curves northwards, away from Upper Serangoon Road before reaching Hougang, where it would interchange with the Cross Island line by 2030. The line then runs along Hougang Avenue 6 and Sengkang Central towards Buangkok, before heading towards Sengkang and Punggol – both of which serve the Sengkang and Punggol LRT lines respectively (the latter of which would go on to serve as an interchange with the Cross Island line's Punggol extension upon completion by 2032) and are the only two stations on the line that are both above–ground and underground. The line would eventually head further north–east towards Punggol Coast in 2024, where the line would terminate. The line is coloured purple on official maps.

Stations
The line has 16 stations from HarbourFront to Punggol. Eight stations (eventually nine upon completion of Cross Island line) connect to other MRT/LRT lines. Punggol Coast, the seventeenth station on the line, is scheduled to open in 2024. A station designated "NE2", which was included in the 1991 master plan between HarbourFront and Outram Park, may be built if development warrants it.

Infrastructure

Rolling stock

The NEL's rolling stock has six-car electric multiple unit (EMU) trains, with four doors per side on each carriage, and can accommodate up to 1,920 passengers per trainset. Twenty-five first-generation Alstom Metropolis C751A trains were ordered, built in France by Alstom in 2000 and 2001. An additional 18 second-generation Alstom Metropolis C751C trains, an updated version of the C751A, were delivered to Singapore beginning in July 2014 and were built in Shanghai between 2014 and 2016. To increase the line extension's passenger capacity, an additional six third-generation Alstom Metropolis C851E trains were ordered. Built in Barcelona, the first trainset arrived in Singapore on 4 April 2021 and entered service on 28 July 2023.

The automatic trains are controlled by an operations control centre (OCC) at Sengkang Depot. The fleet's brake systems permit smooth, quiet stopping. Train speeds can reach . Safety features include closed-circuit television cameras for train interiors and a passenger emergency communications system which allows communication between passengers and the OCC. The trains have wide seats and dedicated space for wheelchair users.

The trains are made of fire-resistant materials and include  fire and smoke detectors and a fire barrier under its frame. They have a pair of beams (rail guards) which detect obstacles in the train's path; smaller debris is swept away, and the train automatically stops if the beams detect larger objects. A 1500V overhead catenary system (OCS) powers the trains, the MRT network's first electrical system of that type. The OCS provides a safer environment for maintenance workers on the tracks and is less expensive, with a smaller conductor. In an emergency when the train is stopped, the doors on both sides can be opened easily without electricity and ramps lower for passenger evacuation in the tunnels.

In 2019, the first-generation trains began undergoing a mid-life refurbishment which is scheduled for completion by the third quarter of 2024. Upgrades include the replacement of interior parts and the installation of a new condition-monitoring system which will monitor train performance. The first refurbished train re-entered service on 28 February 2022.

With the passenger trains, the NEL tunnels and tracks are maintained by a fleet of engineering trains. There are four types of engineering trains: the locomotive, for towing wagons with equipment; the heavy crane vehicle, for changing tracks; the multi-function vehicle, for detecting flaws on rails and in tunnels; and the rail-grinding machine, for grinding rails back into shape. The engineering trains are manufactured by Plasser & Theurer, Speno, and Harsco Rail. A new fleet of engineering trains has been supplied by CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive.

Depot

The Sengkang Depot, on Sengkang East Avenue between the Buangkok and Sengkang stations, is the service and storage area for NEL trains. Built by Hyundai Engineering and Construction for S$350 million (US$ million), the  depot includes the OCC which monitors the line's train and station operations.

The depot can accommodate up to 44 trains, with three additional stabling tracks being built for the NELe as of 2019. It also houses LRT trains for the Sengkang and Punggol LRT lines above the depot.

Its facilities include a four-storey administrative building, maintenance bays, a workshop and an automated warehouse. The depot's workshop has equipment which can raise an entire train for repairs, Singapore's first such workshop. Using the NEL's signalling system, train movement in the depot is mainly automatic. Staff members access the area via three dedicated tunnels for safety reasons.

The OCC also controls the equipment and systems of tunnels, stations, power substations and the depot, which are integrated into one terminal. The systems are managed by four or five rotating teams working around the clock. Alongside a training and software-development room, the OCC has a depot control centre to monitor and supervise its operations.

Signalling
The NEL is fully automatic, using Alstom's Urbalis 300 moving-block signalling system. The NEL is the world's first fully automated heavy-rail system. Its construction allowed the Land Transport Authority to explore, integrate and implement new and existing technology as part of its vision of a fully-automated system. The line's automatic train control (ATC) is based on Alstom's MASTRIA software, which also manages its automatic train protection (ATP) and automatic train operation (ATO) GoA 4 (UTO). The Urbalis system also includes a computer-based Interlocking system which controls the track switches and interfaces with the ATC and the data-management system. The DMS, monitored by station staff, oversees the signalling equipment, platform doors and trains.

The ATP system maintains a buffer between trains. The minimum permitted distance is , although the average distance between trains is at least . Using microwave technology,  the IAGO waveguide (Informatisation et Automatisation par Guide d'Onde or waveguide transmission line system for computer and automation applications) allows two-way communication between trains and monitors the trains' positions and movements. If a train enters the buffer, the ATP automatically adjusts the train's speed.

At least 500 computer systems control the NEL. In case of a glitch, backup systems would take over; the system would "go to sleep" if it experiences a severe malfunction. In the event of system failure, drivers would be deployed to manually operate the trains. The NEL maintains its "mean kilometres between failures" target of one million train-km ( train-miles). As part of an NEL refurbishment programme announced on 17 December 2018, parts of the power and signalling systems were serviced and new rail crossings and tracks installed.

Station facilities
Every station has a passenger service centre (PSC) on its concourse. The PSCs are generally curved, unlike the boxier designs of those in older MRT stations. In addition to assisting passengers and checking and topping up their fare cards, the PSC staff monitors and controls the functions of connecting tunnels and communicates with the OCC at the depot. When a station is used as a civil-defence (CD) shelter, the PSC becomes the command centre.

Each NEL station is equipped with "energy-smart" Otis escalators connecting its levels. Their speed is reduced by half when not in use, reducing energy consumption and wear and tear. The Woodleigh station has one of the longest sets of escalators at . In addition to escalators, Dhoby Ghaut is the first MRT station with a set of  travellators which link the NEL and NSL platforms.

All NEL stations have lifts which provide step-free access to their platforms. Most of the lifts have glass doors, which improve appearance and enhance security. Each lift has a communications system, connected to the station's PSC. If a lift stalls during a station blackout, a battery-powered backup system provides lighting and ventilation for four hours.

Accessibility

In compliance with Singapore's Code on Barrier-Free Accessibility, NEL stations have wheelchair-friendly facilities. Each station has an entrance that was built with barrier-free access via lifts and ramps, in contrast to older stations on previous lines which are being retrofitted.

The NEL has the MRT's first tactile system. Consisting of tiles with raised rounded or elongated studs, the system intends to guide visually-impaired commuters through a station on a dedicated route from entrance to platforms. Station seats have armrests to assist those who have difficulty getting up.

These accessibility features were part of the recommendations of a Land Transport Authority working group set up to improve accessibility on the MRT network. Associations representing the disabled were also consulted. The group completed its findings in 1999; only some of its recommendations had been adopted by 2003, since station infrastructure was nearly completed by then.

Safety

Westinghouse supplied 768 pairs of platform screen doors (PSDs) to the NEL's original 16 stations. The PSDs are a safety barrier between passengers on platforms and trains. The PSDs enable climate control in a station, minimising the loss of cool air from the platforms and preventing warm air from entering the station from the tunnels. The Punggol Coast station's PSDs will be supplied by ST Engineering Electronics. The platforms have emergency-stop plungers (ESPs) to halt trains in an emergency.

More than 10,000 smoke and heat detectors are installed in the NEL's stations as part of the line's fire-alarm system. The alarm, which automatically alerts SBS Transit of any faults in the system, is integrated with the public address system; instead of alarm bells, pre-recorded messages would assist commuters in evacuating. In addition to the detectors, sprinkler and hose reel systems, dry riser pipeworks and an inert-gas system would contain a fire.

During a fire, escalators could be shut down remotely from the PSC and the fare gates opened for evacuation. The air-conditioning system would be shut down to minimise re-circulation of smoke. An installed "smoke curtain" system controls smoke movement, and automatic smoke-extraction fans remove any contained smoke.

Civil defence

All NEL stations except Dhoby Ghaut, Sengkang and Punggol are designated civil-defence (CD) shelters. Each CD station is designed to accommodate at least 7,500 people and withstand airstrikes and chemical attacks. Equipment essential for shelter operations is mounted on shock absorbers to prevent damage during a bombing. When electricity supply to the shelter is disrupted, backup generators are used.

During emergencies, large sliding doors would seal the entrances and the tunnel portals would be manually sealed by blast doors. The shelters have built-in decontamination chambers and dry toilets, with collection bins which would remove human waste from the shelter. The toilets are next to an exhaust ventilation outlet to remove odors.

Culture

Architecture

Each of the 16 NEL stations has a unique design which reflects its location. The HarbourFront station has a maritime theme, with an elliptical ship's-hull motif used for the ceiling and concourse entrances to the platforms. At Little India, the station walls' metal grills have leaf-shaped patterns similar to the door patterns of Hindu prayer rooms. The station's design was intended to reflect Indian traditions.

Station entrances use glass, allowing natural lighting during the day. Exit A of the Chinatown station has a transparent pavilion-style roof, which allows natural light and provides an unobstructed view of the shophouses along Pagoda Street. At Serangoon, each of its four triangular-shaped entrances is painted a different colour and enclosed in a cubic structure. Unlike at the other NEL stations, the entrances to Buangkok do not use glass; white Teflon sheets are supported by metal frames.

Dhoby Ghaut station is the MRT network's largest, and the five-level station is integrated with the twin-towered office complex Atrium@Orchard above it. The network's first such integration of an MRT station with a commercial development, it permits more efficient land use and improves access to public transport. The station's NEL platforms,  underground, are some of the MRT's deepest.

The four-level Sengkang station is an integrated hub, with Singapore's three public-transport modes – MRT, LRT and bus – serving the Sengkang area. The MRT/LRT station was the MRT network's first intermodal station for all three transport modes. In addition to its transport facilities, the station is integrated with the Compass Heights and Compass Point developments.

Designed by the 3HPArchitects and Farrells architectural firms, the Punggol station is integrated with the LRT station and the bus interchange. Its curved aluminium and stainless-steel cladding gives the station a futuristic look befitting the Punggol 21 developments. Covering  along Punggol Central to accommodate bus stops, taxi stands and passenger drop-off points along the road, the station is the NEL's longest.

Artworks
The line introduced the MRT's Art in Transit (AiT) programme, which showcases art in the network. Eighteen works by 19 artists are featured in its stations. Artists were selected by an art-review panel, which reviewed the artists' portfolios and managed conceptual development. Considered a "significant milestone" for public art in Singapore, AiT aims to enhance the riding experience. Unlike artwork in the original North–South and East–West Line (NSEWL) stations, the works must be integrated into a station's design and reflect the history and heritage of its surroundings.

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 North East Line (Official LTA website)
 North East Line (SBS Transit)

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) lines
Railway lines opened in 2003
2003 establishments in Singapore

North East MRT line


Ein automatischer Prüfplatz (APrPl) ist eine Funktion einer Ortsvermittlungsstelle eines Telefonnetzes, mit deren Hilfe ein beim Kunden anwesender Techniker bestimmte eigentlich von der Vermittlungsstelle durchgeführte Tests eines Telefonanschlusses bzw. Telefons durchführen kann, ohne dass dazu ein zweiter Kollege bei der Vermittlungsstelle tätig werden muss.
Dazu wird der automatische Prüfplatz vom zu prüfenden Anschluss aus angerufen, gefolgt von der Nummer des zu prüfenden Anschlusses. Im Falle von analogen Vermittlungsstellen erfolgen nach Auflegen des Hörers wenige Sekunden dauernde Messungen der Fremdspannung und der Isolation. Anschließend wird der Anschluss zurückgerufen und je nach Ergebnis mit unterschiedlichen Hörtönen quittiert. Im Anschluss können weitere Tests durchgeführt werden, um Sprechkreis und Nummernschalter zu überprüfen.
Im Falle digitaler Vermittlungsstellen können Tests beispielsweise der Tastatur und des Gebührenanzeigers durchgeführt werden.

Quelle

Weblinks

Vermittlungstechnik
Prüftechnik

Automatischer Prüfplatz


Aderus agnoscendus é uma espécie de Coleoptera da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por Maurice Pic em 1907.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita em Camarões.

Referências

agnoscendus
Insetos descritos em 1907
Espécies descritas por Maurice Pic

Aderus agnoscendus


An Oreobolus cleefii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni L.E.Moro. An Oreobolus cleefii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oreobolus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Oreobolus

Oreobolus cleefii


Kemankeş Ali Paşa (ö. 3 Nisan 1624) I. Mustafa'nin ikinci kez padişahlığının son döneminde ve IV. Murad saltanatının devlet idaresinin annesi Kösem Sultan'ın elinde olduğu ilk dönemlerinde 30 Ağustos 1623 - 3 Nisan 1624 tarihleri arasında yedi ay dört gün sadrazamlık yapmış bir Osmanlı devlet adamıdır.

Hayatı
Isparta civarlarında doğmuş Türk asıllıdır. Eğitimini Enderun'da yapmıştır. Saraydan çıkması vezirlik rütbesiyle beraber Bağdad Beylerbeyi görevi verilmesiyledir. Sonra Diyarbakır valiliği yapmıştır. Bu valilikten azledildikten sonra İstanbul'a dönmüş ve divanda dördüncü vezir olarak görev yapmaya devam etmiştir.

Eylül 1623'te I. Mustafa'nın ikinci padişahlık döneminde Mere Hüseyin Paşa'nın kendisine karşı çıkan ulema ve kapıkulu askerine karşı dengesiz davranışları yüzünden ortaya çıkan bir sipahi ayaklanmasında, isyancıların sadrazam konağına yürümeleri üzerine sadrazamın kaçması ve sadrazamlıktan ayrılmasından sonra sadrazam oldu. Yeni sadrazam olarak İstanbul'da olan keşmekeş ve I. Mustafa'nın dengesiz tutumları dolayısıyla ortaya çıkan sorunları halletmenin padişahın tahttan indirilmesi ile mümkün olacağı önerisini vezirler, Şeyhülislam Zekeriyazade Yahya Efendi gibi yüksek rütbeli ulema ve kapıkulu ocağı ağaları ile konuştu. Başkentte 1,5 yıldan beri asayiş temin edilememişti; Rumeli ve Anadolu'daki valiler merkez fermanlarına kulak asmamakta ve yarı özerk hareket etmekteydiler. Fakat yeni sultanın tahta çıkarılışı kapıkulu askerine verilecek 2-3 milyon altın değerinde cülus bahşişi için finansman temin etmesini gerekiyordu. I. Mustafa'nın annesi olan Valide Sultan oğlunun dengesizliği dolayısıyla bir padişahın yapması gereken bütün işleri yüklenip kendi yapmaktaydı. Ulemadan bir heyetin Valide Sultan'la görüşüp danışması ve ondan alacakları yanıtlara göre padişaha karşı alınacak tedbirler tavsiye etmeleri kabul edildi. Valide Sultan oğlunun tahttan indirilmesine aleyhtar olmakla beraber, ülkenin bulunduğu güç durumdan haberdar olduğu için "Hali sizce de malum" diye bir yanıt verdi. Ama oğlunun hal edildikten sonra öldürülmemesi için de güvence istedi. Devlet ricali I. Mustafa'nin halledilmesine karar verdi. Yapılan hazırlıklardan sonra 9 Eylül 1623'te I. Mustafa tahttan indirildi.  10 Eylül'de sabık padişah I. Mustafa eski kafes dairesine kapatıldı; annesi Eski Saray'a gönderildi ve 12 yaşında çocuk olan IV. Murat tahta geçirildi.

Bu padişah değişikliğinin ortaya çıkardığı cûlus akçesi ödemesi sorununu Kemankeş Kara Ali Paşa'nin çözmesi gerekti. 1617'den beridir 6 yılda 4 defa sultan cûlusu yapıldığı ve her seferinde kapıkulu askerine cülus akçesi ödenmesi gerektiği için Hazine tamtakırdı. Sadrazam Ocak ağalarıyla konuşarak onlara kapıkulu askerine  cûlus akçesi verilmemesini kabul ettirdi ve Ocak ağalarının bu konuda sözlerini aldı. (Fakat sonradan bu sözden cayıp IV. Murat'ın ilk saltanat yıllarında problemler çıkardılar.)

Sadrazamın böylece istiklali arttı ve başına buyruk bir devlet yönetimi uygulamaya koyuldu. Kendine rakip olarak gördüğü eski sadrazamlar olan Damat Halil Paşa ile Gürcü Hadim Mehmed Paşa'ları ortadan kaldırmak için onların Anadolu'da isyancı olan Abaza Mehmet Paşa'yı desteklediklerini ileri sürdü. Tam buna dayanan icraata başlayacakken, Bağdat'ta hakimiyeti eline alan "Bekir Subaşı" olayı çıktı ve İran Bağdat'ı eline geçirdi. Fakat Sadrazam bu olayı ve sonucunu devlet ricalinden ve IV. Murat'a taht naibi olan Kösem Sultan'dan gizledi. I. Mustafa'nın halinde çok önemli rol oynayan ve sadrazamı gayet ince bir ifade ile rüşvet almaktan menetmek isteyen  Şeyhülislam Zekariyazade Yahya Efendi'yi ise onun Mere Hüseyin Paşa ile ittifak yaparak Mustafa'nın halledilmesine engel olmakla suçlayıp onun şeyhülislamlıktan azledilmesini sağladı.  Diğer taraftan rüşvet almakta ve irtikap yapmada çok ileri gittiği söylentileri İstanbul'a yaygın hale geldi.

Sonunda aleyhtarları bunları vesile göstererek taht naibi olan Kösem Sultan'ı sadrazamın azledilmesi gereğine inandırdılar. Onun oğlu IV. Murat'ı yönlendirmesi ile Sadrazam'ın azil edilmesine karar verildi. 3 Nisan 1624 günü Sadrazam Kemankeş Kara Ali Paşa saraya davet olundu. Orada sadrazamlıktan azledilerek boğulmak suretiyle idam edildi.

Cesedi Divanyolu üzerinde bulunan Eski Ali Paşa Camii mezarlığında gömülüdür.

Değerlendirme
Uzunçarşılı onu şöyle değerlendirir:
Kendisi vakarlı, işbilir bir hükûmet başkanı (idi)... kendisine rakip vezirleri birer bahane ile haps ve nfefi ve katlettirmek (istemişti)... irtikab ve irtişada pek ileri gitmişti.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, (1954) Osmanlı Tarihi III. Cilt, 2. Kısım , XVI. Yüzyıl Ortalarından XVII. Yüzyıl Sonuna kadar), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Altıncı Baskı 2011 ISBN 978-975-16-0010)  say.387-391.
 Danişmend, İsmail Hâmi (1971), Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı,  İstanbul:Türkiye Yayınevi.
 Tektaş, Nazım. (2009), Sadrâzamlar - Osmanlı'da İkinci Adam Saltanatı. İstanbul:Çatı Kitapları. ISBN 9789758845000
 Buz, Ayhan, (2009) Osmanlı Sadrazamları, İstanbul: Neden Kitap, ISBN978-975-254-278-5

1624 yılında ölenler
Osmanlı sadrazamları
İdam edilmiş Osmanlılar
İstanbul'da ölenler
İstanbul'da defnedilenler
Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler

Kemankeş Kara Ali Paşa


An Paspalum trichophyllum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jan Theodoor Henrard. An Paspalum trichophyllum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paspalum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paspalum

Paspalum trichophyllum


Alvaradoa lewisii  é uma espécie de planta dicotiledônea descrita por Howard e Proctor. Alvaradoa lewisii faz parte do gênero Alvaradoa e da família Picramniaceae.

Referências

Alvaradoa

Alvaradoa lewisii


L'occupation russe de l'oblast de Zaporijjia est une occupation militaire en cours, qui a commencé le 24 février 2022, lorsque les forces russes ont envahi l'Ukraine et ont commencé à capturer des parties de l'oblast de Zaporijjia. Le 26 février, la ville de Berdiansk est passée sous contrôle russe, suivie de la victoire russe à Melitopol le  mars. Les forces russes ont également assiégé et capturé la ville d'Enerhodar, qui abrite la Centrale nucléaire de Zaporijjia, qui est passée sous contrôle russe le 4 mars.

Le 27 septembre 2022, à la suite des référendums de 2022 en Ukraine occupée, les autorités d'occupation déclarent l'indépendance de l'oblast sous le nom d'oblast de Zaporojié. Celle-ci est reconnue deux jours plus tard par la Russie. L'État auto-proclamé cesse d'exister le 30 septembre, lorsqu'il est annexé au sein de la Russie en même temps que les autres territoires occupés.

Occupation

Berdiansk
Le 26 février 2022, les troupes russes capturent le port ainsi que l'aéroport de Berdiansk. Le lendemain, l'armée russe prend le contrôle total de la ville.

À partir du 14 mars, le port est utilisé comme hub logistique par les Russes pour soutenir leur offensive dans le sud de l'Ukraine et notamment le siège de Marioupol. Le 21 mars, le média russes Zvezda a rapporté l'arrivée de transports amphibies à Berdiansk. Un officier de la marine russe l'a décrit comme « un événement historique qui ouvrira des possibilités logistiques à la Marine de la mer Noire ».

Le 24 mars, les forces ukrainiennes ont lancé une frappe aérienne contre le Saratov, qui a été détruit et coulé, et l'un des deux ont subi des dégâts mais ont pu quitter le port. À l'époque, il s'agissait de la perte navale la plus lourde subie par la Russie lors de l'invasion et de l'un des succès les plus importants de l'Ukraine.

Melitopol
Le  mars 2022, peu après la prise de la ville, les citoyens de Melitopol ont organisé une manifestation de rue contre l'occupation militaire de la ville. Les manifestants ont défilé et ont utilisé leurs corps pour bloquer un convoi de véhicules militaires russes.

Le 10 mars, la directrice du Musée d'histoire locale de Melitopol, Leila Ibragimova, a été arrêtée à son domicile par les forces russes et détenue dans un lieu inconnu. Un jour plus tard, le maire de Melitopol, Ivan Fedorov, a été enlevé par les troupes russes pour avoir refusé de coopérer avec elles et avoir continué à arborer un drapeau ukrainien dans son bureau. Les autorités russes n'ont pas commenté la disparition de Fedorov, mais le bureau du procureur de la République populaire de Louhansk, État séparatiste soutenu par la Russie, l'a accusé d'« activités terroristes ».

Le 12 mars, l'administration régionale de l'oblast de Zaporijjia a déclaré que l'ancienne conseillère et membre du Bloc d'opposition, Galina Danilchenko, avait été nommée maire par intérim. Pendant ce temps, des centaines de personnes ont participé à une manifestation devant la mairie de Melitopol pour exiger la libération de Fedorov. Olga Gaysumova, chef de l'ONG « Société de conscience de Melitopol » et organisatrice de manifestations locales contre les forces russes, a été arrêtée.

Le 13 mars, le conseil municipal de Melitopol déclare que « les troupes d'occupation de la fédération de Russie tentent de créer illégalement une administration d'occupation de la ville de Melitopol ». Il demande à la procureure générale d'Ukraine, Iryna Venediktova, d'ouvrir une enquête préliminaire sur Danilchenko et son parti, le Bloc d'opposition, pour trahison. Ukrayinska Pravda a rapporté que l'armée russe avait enlevé le président du conseil de district de Melitopol, Serhiy Priyma, et avait tenté d'enlever le secrétaire du conseil municipal, Roman Romanov. Pendant ce temps, des véhicules militaires russes ont été aperçus annonçant via des haut-parleurs que les rassemblements et les manifestations avaient été interdits et qu'un couvre-feu était imposé de 18h00 à 06h00.

Le 14 mars, Ukrayinska Pravda rapporte que les forces russes avaient empêché de nouvelles manifestations en bloquant la place centrale de Melitopol. Il a également affirmé que « deux militants ont été enlevés et emmenés dans une direction inconnue ».

Le 16 mars, Fedorov est libéré de captivité. Certains responsables ukrainiens affirment qu'il avait été libéré lors d'une « opération spéciale ». L'attachée de presse de Zelensky Daria Zarivna a cependant affirmé plus tard qu'il avait été échangé contre neuf conscrits russes capturés par les forces ukrainiennes.

Le 23 mars 2022, le maire Fedorov signale que la ville rencontre des problèmes de nourriture, de médicaments et d'approvisionnement en carburant, tandis que l'armée russe saisit des entreprises, intimide la population locale et détient plusieurs journalistes en garde à vue.

Le 22 avril 2022, le maire de Melitopol affirme que plus de  russes avaient été tués par des partisans lors de l'occupation de la ville.

Le 13 décembre 2022, l'état-major général des forces armées ukrainiennes signale que les forces russes de Melitopol forcent les résidents à obtenir des passeports russes et à passer de la monnaie ukrainienne au rouble russe. Selon le rapport, les forces russes tentent également d'encourager les habitants à collaborer en augmentant l'aide aux retraités et en augmentant les salaires de ceux qui acceptent de travailler dans des institutions établies en Russie.

Enerhodar
Le 4 mars, la ville d'Enerhodar et la Centrale nucléaire de Zaporijjia passent sous une occupation militaire russe.

Oleksandr Starukh, le gouverneur de l'oblast de Zaporijjia, a déclaré le 5 mars que les forces russes avaient quitté la ville après l'avoir pillée et que la situation dans la ville était entièrement sous le contrôle des autorités locales. Cependant, Orlov a nié le rapport et a déclaré que les forces russes occupaient toujours le périmètre de la ville et de la centrale électrique, les autorités locales gérant toujours la ville. L'administration militaire ukrainienne pour le sud-est confirme le 7 mars qu'Enerhodar est sous le contrôle des forces russes.

Le 6 mars, l'AIEA publie une déclaration indiquant que les forces russes s'ingèrent dans les opérations de la centrale, indiquant que « toute action de la direction de la centrale - y compris les mesures liées au fonctionnement technique des six réacteurs - nécessite l'approbation préalable du commandant russe », et déclarant en outre que « les forces russes sur le site ont coupé certains réseaux mobiles et Internet afin que des informations fiables du site ne puissent pas être obtenues par les voies de communication normales ». Le 9 mars, Herman Galushchenko, ministre ukrainien de l'Énergie, affirme que les forces russes retenaient en otage les travailleurs de la centrale électrique et en avaient forcé plusieurs à réaliser des vidéos de propagande.

Le 18 août 2023, une puissante explosion s'est produite dans le bureau du chef de la police d'Enerhodar, faisant plusieurs blessés.

Contrôle des villes dans l'oblast

Le 29 septembre 2022, conformément à l'annonce des résultats aux référendums, Vladimir Poutine signe des décrets reconnaissant l'indépendance des régions de Kherson et de Zaporijjia. Le 30 septembre, le président russe prononce l'annexion de ces dernières ainsi que des républiques populaires de Donetsk et de Lougansk. L'annexion est formalisée le 5 octobre.

Politique et administration

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 République populaire de Donetsk
 République populaire de Lougansk
 Occupation russe de la république autonome de Crimée
 Occupation russe de l'oblast de Kharkiv
 Occupation russe de l'oblast de Soumy
 Occupation russe de l'oblast de Kherson
 Occupation russe de l'oblast de Mykolaïv

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Z
Oblast de Zaporijjia
2022 en Ukraine
Février 2022
Mars 2022
Avril 2022
Oblast de Zaporijjia
État non-membre de l'ONU
Zaporojie
Zaporojie, Oblast
Division administrative fondée en 2022

Occupation russe de l'oblast de Zaporijjia


The term romance (, , , , , , ) has a centuries-long history. Applied to narrative ballads in Spain, it came to be used by the 18th century for simple lyrical pieces not only for voice, but also for instruments alone. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that "generally it implies a specially personal or tender quality".

Instrumental music bearing the title "Romance"
Typically, a Classical piece or movement called a "Romance" is in three, meaning three beats in the bar
 Beethoven: two violin romances (Romanzen) for violin and orchestra, No. 1 G major, Op. 40; No. 2 in F major, Op. 50 take the form of a loose theme and variations
 Johannes Brahms: Romanze in F major for piano, Op. 118, No. 5 (1893)
 Max Bruch: "Romance for Viola and Orchestra in F"
 Arthur Butterworth: Romanza for horn and string quartet with double bass ad libitum (or piano), Op. 12 (1951)
 Antonín Dvořák: Romance in F minor for violin and orchestra, Op. 11 (1873/1877)
 Edward Elgar:
Romance for bassoon and orchestra, Op. 62 (1910)
Enigma Variation XIII (Romanza: Moderato)
 Edvard Grieg: String Quartet No. 1 in G minor, Op. 27 (1878), second movement
 Erich Wolfgang Korngold: Romance from Concerto for violin and orchestra, second movement
 Miguel Llobet: Romanza
 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Romanze from Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, the second movement; Piano Concerto No. 20, second movement
 Joseph Haydn: "Romance: Allegretto" from Symphony No. 85 in B, "La Reine," the second movement
 Romanza (Paganini-Ponce)
 Camille Saint-Saëns:
 Romance in D-flat major for flute and piano (or orchestra), Op. 37 (1871)
 Romance in D major for cello and orchestra, Op. 51 (1877)
 Clara Schumann: Drei Romanzen for violin and piano, Op. 22 (1853)
 Robert Schumann: Drei Romanzen (for piano), Op. 28 (1839)
 Robert Schumann: Drei Romanzen (for oboe or violin and piano), Op. 94 (1849)
 Dmitri Shostakovich: Romance from The Gadfly Suite
 Jean Sibelius: Romances for piano Op 24, Nos. 2, 5, and 9; Op. 78, No. 2
 Johan Svendsen: Romance for violin and orchestra, Op. 26 (1881)
 Ralph Vaughan Williams: Romanza, in his Tuba Concerto (1954), and Romance for viola and piano (unknown)
 Anonymous: "Romance/Romanza" for the classical guitar, known variously as Spanish Romance, Romance D'Amour, etc.

Mozart subtitled the second movement of his piano concerto no. 20 in D minor (K.466) "Romanze" and the second movement of his third horn concerto "Romance".

Liszt wrote a Romance in E minor in 1842 in Moscow.

Robert Schumann was particularly fond of the title for lyrical piano pieces.

Georges Bizet's "Je crois entendre encore" from The Pearl Fishers (1863) is labelled a romance in the score.

Giuseppe Verdi's "Celeste Aida" from Aida (1871) is labelled romanza.

Franz Lehar's "Wie einen Rosenknospe" from "The Merry Widow" is labelled "Romance".

Works with voice parts
Lieder by Franz Schubert:
  114, "Romanze" ['Ein Fräulein klagt' im finstern Turm'] for voice and piano (1814; 2 versions)
 D 144, "Romanze" ['In der Väter Hallen ruhte'] for voice and piano (1816, sketch)
 D 222, "Lieb Minna" ['Schwüler Hauch weht mir herüber'] for voice and piano (1815, also appears as "Lieb Minna. Romanze")
 D 907, "Romanze des Richard Löwenherz" ['Großer Taten tat der Ritter fern im heiligen Lande viel'] for voice and piano (1826?, two versions, 2nd version is Op. 86)
 "Romanze", No. 3b of Schubert's Rosamunde
 Wilhelm Killmayer: Romanzen (1954)

Romances sans paroles

So many composers in the French tradition wrote Romances sans paroles, "Romances without words", from the 1840s onwards that the radical poet Paul Verlaine in turn published a collection of his impressionistic poems as Romances sans paroles (1874).

Russian romance

During the 19th century Alexander Alyabyev (1787–1851), Alexander Varlamov (1801–48) and Alexander Gurilyov (1803–58) developed the French variety of the romance as a sentimental category of Russian art song. Black Eyes is perhaps the best known example. Among other notable examples of the Russian Romance are Shine, Shine, My Star and Along the Long Road.

British singer Marc Almond is the only Western artist to receive acclaim in Western Europe as well as in Russia for singing English versions of Russian romances and Russian chanson on his albums Heart on Snow and Orpheus in Exile.

Notes

References
  Henri Gougelot, La Romance française sous la Révolution et l'Empire : choix de textes musicaux (Melun:Legrand & Fils, 1937) [2nd ed., 1943]
  Henri Gougelot, Catalogue des romances françaises parues sous la Révolution et l'Empire, les recueils de romances (Melun:Legrand & Fils, 1937)
Russian romances on YouTube

External links
Romance from l'Art du facteur d'orgues, played by Jean-Luc Perrot, Dom Bedos de Celles on the organ François-Henri Clicquot, Souvigny
Romances at The LiederNet Archive

Classical music styles

Romance (music)


عبد اللطيف مبارك  شغال جيست سيرفيس شاعر مصري ، ولد بالسويس عام 1964 عضو باتحاد كتاب مصر و عضو باتحاد الكتاب العرب على الإنترنت. ، يكتب الشعر بالفصحى والعامية المصرية ، حصل على ليسانس الحقوق من جامعة عين شمس. يعتبر من أهم الشعراء في حقبة الثمانينات ونشرت أشعاره في العديد من الدوريات الأدبية في مصر والوطن العربي منها العربي (مجلة)،مجلة الكويت،أخبار الأدب،جريدة الجمهورية،الأهرام،الثقافة الجديدة (مجلة). فاز بدرع التميز والإبداع من اتحاد الإعلاميين العرب يناير 2015

أعماله
 ديوان أحاسيس وأصداء بالفصحى عن دار الصفوة للطباعة والنشر 1994.
 ديوان همسات البحر عن وزارة الثقافة فرع محافظة البحر الأحمر 1997.
 ديوان قراية تانية للجسد عن إقليم وسط وجنوب الصعيد الثقافي 2001.
 ديوان نوبة عطش عن المجلس الأعلى للثقافة 2007.
 ديوان بتجرب تاني تموت عن إقليم وسط وجنوب الصعيد الثقافى ودار وعد للطباعة والنشر 2016.
 ديوان قبس من جمر 2018

أغاني لمسرحيات
 كتابة الأغاني لمسرحية (لا أرى لا أسمع) لبهيج إسماعيل الهيئة العامة لقصور الثقافة.
 كتابة الأغاني لمسرحية الأستاذ لسعد الدين وهبة الهيئة العامة لقصور الثقافة.

أغانى أفلام تسجيلية
 كتابة الأغاني لفيلم تسجيلىبعنوان (متحف محمد عيد)ألحان وغناء الفنان أكرم مراد إخراج ياسر مفضل لشبكة تليفزيون النيل
 كتابة الأغاني لفيلم تسجيلىبعنوان بحيرة ناصر ألحان وغناء الفنان أكرم مراد إخراج ياسر مفضل لشبكة تليفزيون النيل

أغانى لمطربين ومطربات

 أغنية أمان... أمان ألحان وغناء الفنان أشرف السركى
 أغنية متعشمنيش ألحان وغناء دكتور رائد زاهر
 أغنية الله يقدرك من ألحان سامر عادل غناء وليد البشير
 أغنية الحبايب إللى غابو من ألحان سامر عادل غناء وليد البشير
 أغنية اوقات..أوقات من ألحان وغناء سامر عادل
 أغنية مواعيد من ألحان حسام مبروك
 أغنية تقفلنى منك من ألحان عهدى شاكر
 أغنية يا أمّه يا مصر من ألحان حسام مبروك
 أغنية عشق الحياة من ألحان حسام مبروك
 أغنية وشوش الناس من ألحان فريز فراج
 أغنية قلبك عليه من ألحان أسامة سعد
 أغنية بديتها بكذبة من ألحان أسامة سعد
 أغنية عشقنا خلاص من ألحان سامر عادل
 أغنية أنا قلبى أخضر ألحان سامر عادل غناء سعيد الطويل
 أغنية هيه الفرص ألحان أحمد عادل
 أغنية لما بحبك ألحان سامرعادل

مراجع

 الشاعر عبد اللطيف مبارك في الموسوعة العالمية للشعر العربى
 الشاعر عبد اللطيف مبارك في ديوان العرب
 الشاعر عبد اللطيف مبارك في موقع الشعر
 الشاعر عبد اللطيف مبارك في موقع أبيات
 الشاعر في موقع شطر آداب الأدبى
 الشاعر عبد اللطيف مبارك جريدة المساء
 في موقع شعراء
 عبد اللطيف مبارك في موقع poetrysoup حساء الشعر
 في موقع صياد القصيد بالإنجليزى ة
 في موقع شعراءوقصائد بالإنجليزى ة
 في موقع سلطة الشعر بالإنجليزية
بوابة الشعر

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من السويس
خريجو جامعة عين شمس
سياسيو حزب المصريين الأحرار
شعر عربي
شعراء العصر الحديث
شعراء القرن 21
شعراء رومانسيون
شعراء شعبيون مصريون
شعراء عرب
شعراء عرب حسب الجنسية
شعراء عرب حسب العصر
شعراء مسلمون
شعراء مصريون
شعراء مصريون في القرن 20
كتاب أدب أطفال مصريون
كتاب سيناريو مصريون
كتاب في القرن 20
كتاب في القرن 21
مصريون أصولهم من الجزيرة العربية
مواليد 1384 هـ
مواليد 1964
مواليد في مصر
ناشرون في القرن 20
نسويون إسلاميون

عبد اللطيف مبارك


ක්‍රිස්තියානු ඒකත්වය පැළුදු විම් (		ට එළඹීම)  අරමුණු 4 වන සියවස පෙරාතුවයි. මෙම ආගම්භේදය කවදා සිදු බවට සාක්ෂි නොමැත. 1204 දි කොන්ස්තන්තිනෝ පල්ලියට පහර දිමේ අතරතුරදි සිදුවු සංකීර්ණ අවස්ථාවන් සහුහයක කාරණාව හේතු කොටගෙන මෙය සිදු විය මෙම මතය (Schim)		 ට තුඩුදුන් අවස්ථාවන්හි දේවධර්මය සම්බන්ධ නොවේ. මෙම දේවඡර්සවට සංස්කෘතික දේශපානකි හා බොහොම වෙස්වීම් රාශියක් මිශ්‍රවේ. මෙම මතභේදයන් කට්නය එඑකිනෙකාට සැසදිම ඉතා අසම්පුර්ණය. පල්ලියේ නැගෙනහිර හා බටරි ප්‍රදේශයන් ecumenical concil			  සකට ගෞරව දැක්වුහ. ඔවුන් එකත්වයට පත් වුයේ ද එකම ක්‍රිස්තු ධර්මයකය.

රෝමයේ අගනුවර ලෙස කොන්ස්තන්තිනෝපල් පත් කිරීම රෝමය හා කොන්ස්තන්තිනොපල් අතර අවිශ්වාසයට එහා ඊජිප්තුවට පත්විය. එම කාලයේදි දේශපාලනික හේතුන් මත රෝමය ලෙසියෙන් ඊඒෂ්‍යාවට පත්විය. සමාදන ප්‍රතිසම්පාදනය හදුනා ගැනීමටද රෝමය ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළහ. නමුත් මෙම අමනාපයට තුඩුදුන් කාරණාව වුයේ බටහිර ප්‍රදේශය ජර්මානුවන් විසින් අක්‍රමණය නකිරීම නිසාය. මධ්‍යධරී සුම්‍රද්‍ර තීරය ඉස්ලාම් ආගම ව්‍යාප්ත වීමත් සංමග මෙය තවදුටත් ලෝකයන් දෙකක් බවට පත්විය. 600 දී පමණ නැගනෙහිර මැදපෙරදිග ග්‍රිකය හා බටහිර ලතිනය අතර ප්‍රමාණය අනතුරැදායක විය.

රෝමයේ බිෂෝප් පදවිය හා ශුද්ධ වු අත්මයේ ගමන මෙහි බරපතල කාරණා විය. මේවා, phoyius's patriarchate 					  හි ප්‍රථමයෙන් විවෘතව සාකද්ඡා කළේය.
	5 වනසියවසේදි පමණ 																			 මෙය තහවුරැ කරනු ලැබුවේ 					 මතය. කෙසේ වුවත් රෝය නම විශිෂ්ටත්වය (ස්වාධිපත්‍ය සම්බන්ධයෙන්) ගැන තේරැම් කර ඇතිව ක්‍රිස්තියානු සභාව අකහැර දැමු‍ෙව්ය. 11 වන සියවසේ ග්‍රොගරියන් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කාලයේදී මේ සදහා ක්‍රමයක් ප්‍රකාශ ඉදිරිපත් කෙරැනේය. නැගෙනහිර ක්‍රිස්තියානි සභාව බිෂෝප්වරැන්ගේ බලය ගැන ද හා එම ශුචද්ධ සභා දෙකෙහි විරැද්ධත්වය පිළිබද රෝම වරැන්ගේ තෙරැම් ගැනීම නිරික්ෂණය කරනු ලැබුවේය.

	මෙම ශුද්ධ සභාවන් පිළිබද විවිධත්ව මතභේද				 සමථයකට පත් කිරීමටතුඩු දෙනු ලැබේ. ශාන්ති පීතර්ට තම රාජාණ්ඩු කුම වල හිමිකම ගැන රෝමය බල කළේය. මෙය නැගනහිර යුරෝපය ගත මැද පෙරදිග සම්ප්‍රදායික ගෝත්‍රකනායකයන් විසින් දැන නොසිටිය. ඔවුන් ශාන්ත පීතර්ගේ බිෂෝප් පදවියථ පුද්ගලිකව වරප්‍රසාදයක් නොවීය. සියළුම බිෂෝප්වරැ ජේසුස් වහන්සේ ක්‍රිස්තුන් වහන්සේ බව කිව යුතු විය. නැගෙනහිර ක්‍රිස්තියානි සභාවන් 		 ට ප්‍රමිඛතාවය ලබා දුනි. මෙහි පළුවන්නා වුයේ පාප් වහන්සේය.

	නැගෙනහිර යුරෝපයේ හා මැදපෙරදිග අනෙක් උත්පෝනය වුයේ, ශුද්ධ ආත්මයේ ගමන ගැන බටහිර අර්ථ කථනයයි. බටහිර විහ්වාසයවට මෙය සම්බන්ධ විය. මුල් යුගවල ජීවන දර්ශනය/ විශ්වාස මෙම වැකිය අන්තර්ගත නොවීය.

නැගෙනහිර හා බටහිර අතර ක්‍රිස්තුධර්මයේ ඉතිහාසය ගොඩනැගීම පිළිබද සං‍ෂේපනය


Shojae Khalilzadeh (Bahnemir, 14 de maio de 1989) é um futebolista iraniano que atua como zagueiro. Atualmente, defende o Al-Ahli.

Carreira internacional
Khalilzadeh foi convocado para a seleção iraniana em 2012 por Carlos Queiroz. Fez sua estreia em uma vitória por 6–1 contra a seleção do Tajiquistão.

Depois de sete anos de ausência na seleção, durante o comando de Queiroz e Marc Wilmots, Khalilzadeh foi convocado pelo novo técnico Dragan Skočić em 2020 para um amistoso contra o Uzbequistão e a Bósnia e Herzegovina, e para ajudar em uma situação difícil, após o fracasso na Copa da Ásia de 2019 e duas derrotas consecutivas para Bahrein e Iraque na segunda rodada das eliminatórias para a Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2022. Os iranianos terminaram na liderança da fase de grupos, onde venceram todas as quatro partidas restantes para se classificar para a Copa da Ásia de 2023 e a rodada final da Copa do Mundo.

Títulos
Persepolis
 Iran Pro League: 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20

Futebolistas do Irão
Jogadores da Seleção Iraniana de Futebol
Futebolistas do Persepolis F.C.
Futebolistas do Sepahan SC
Futebolistas do Tractor Sazi Tabriz F.C
Futebolistas do Al-Rayyan Sports Club
Futebolistas do Al-Ahli Sports Club
Jogadores da Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2022

Shojae Khalilzadeh


Langøya kan henvise til følgende norske øer:
 Langøya (Re) – ø i Holmestrandfjorden i Ytre Oslofjord. Øen ligger i Re kommune i Vestfold fylke.
 Langøya i Bamble – ø i Langesundsfjorden. Øen ligger Bamble kommune i Telemark fylke.
 Langøya (Vesterålen) – ø i øgruppen Vesterålen i Norland fylke.

Se også:
 Langøyene – ø i Bunnefjorden i Oslofjorden. Øen ligger Nesodden kommune i Akershus fylke.
 Langøy (Kragerø) – ø i Kragerø kommune i Telemark fylke.

Langøya


Bitka kod Petrovaradina bila je bitka kršćanskih snaga protiv osmanskih napadača. Zbila se 5. kolovoza 1716. godine. Bio je to zadnji veliki napad Turaka na ove prostore. Oko 150.000 osmanskih vojnika pod vodstvom Damad Ali-paše napalo je ove prostore. Dočekalo ih je 90.000 kršćanskih vojnika pod vodstvom Eugena Savojskog. Odbili su osmanski napad i strahovito ih porazili. Nakon bitke nije zastalo, jer osmanska granica ipak je i dalje bila blizu.

Bitka je bila važna povijesna prijelomnica. Premda je Osmansko Carstvo bilo na uzmaku i prisiljeno već duže vremena na obrambena djelovanja, ova bitka nije bila tek jedna u toj fazi. Pobjedom u ovoj bitci Osmansko Carstvo moglo je preokrenuti tijek ratovanja. Osvajanjem Petrovaradina ostvarili bi im se preduvjeti za ponovnog pokušaja osvajanja Budima, Pešte, Beča, Zagreba i Praga.

1716. je veliki vezir Damat Ali-paša okupio 150.000 osmanskih vojnika kod Beograda. U jezgri vojske bilo je 40.000 janjičara, 20.000 spahija i 10.000 Tatara, zajedno s nešto odmetničke kuručkog konjaništva. Kod Zemuna su prešli Savu koncem srpnja i došli na desnu obalu Dunava prema Srijemskim Karlovcima, na habsburškom teritoriju. Tatari, Moldavci i kuruci ušli su u Transilvaniju, ali transilvanske snage nisu bile protivnik po mjeri Tatarima.

Zapovjednik kršćanskih snaga princ Eugen Savojski odlučio je sraziti se s osmanskim snagama kod Petrovaradina. Dao je izgraditi utvrđenog logora unutar petrovaradinske tvrđave i ondje smjestio carsku vojsku od 83.300 vojnika koji su bili u maršu iz stožera u Futogu. U tvrđavi je bio garnizon od 8000 vojnika. U austrijskoj vojsci bili su hrvatsko i ugarsko pješaštvo te konjaničke regimente od oko 42.000 ljudi, pogranični vojnici iz Vojvodine i pomoćne snage iz Württemberga.

2. kolovoza izbile su prve čarke između carskih i osmanskog konjaništva. Veliki vezir je odmah rasporedio 30.000 janjičara naspram carskih položaja. Iskopali su sapove i počeli granatirati tvrđavu.
Osmanska vojska je pristigla 3. kolovoza 1716. pred zidine Petrovaradina i opsjela ga.
Austrijska vojska, pod zapovjedništvom princa Eugena Savojskog jutra 5. kolovoza odgovorila je izlaskom izvan utvrde. Jezgra je tek prešla Dunav preko dva pontonska mosta nakon što su se ulogorili.
Današnje procjene govore da su osmanske snage navalile s oko 150.000 vojnika, u kojima je bilo i oko 10.000 krimskih Tatara. Nasuprot njih je bila kršćanska carska vojska imala je oko 65.000 vojnika, a s pomoćnim postrojbama "narodne milicije" ukupno je imala oko 90.000 vojnika. Iako uz mnogobrojne vojnike, okončana je u svega nekoliko sati. Napredna vojna saznanja kršćanske civilizacije pobijedila su zaostale vojne nauke jedne orijentalne vojske koja je zaostala na zasadama fanatizma i pljačke pograničnih područja. Princ Eugen razdvojio je osmansko pješaštvo od konjaništva. Carsko konjaništvo je na lijevom krilu potisnulo osmanske spahije konjanike u močvaru koje je tu izgubilo mobilnost. Prepušteni sebi našli su se janjičari u središtu koje je napalo carsko konjaništvo. Razbijena osmanska vojska uspaničila se i pošla povlačiti. Povlačenje je bilo u rasulu. Da bi spriječio raspad svojih vojnih crta osobno se u borbu uključio sami veliki vezir. U jednom trenutku bitke pogodila ga je topovskakugla.  Bitka je bila gotova već poslije 11 sati.

Ishod bitke također je odredio buduće događaje. Poraz nije bio tek neuspjeli napad, nego je bio strahovit. Zbog težine poraza, Osmanlije bi dugo trebalo za ponovo prikupiti toliko za rat sposobne vojske, uvježbanih vojnika, a zaostajanje u sve skupljoj vojnoj tehnologiji dostupnoj samo na Zapadu osiromašeno orijentalno carstvo više nije moglo nadoknaditi. Osmanlijama je Eugen Savojski trajno je zatvorio mogućnost ponovnog osmanlijskog osvajanja ugarskog i hrvatskog Podunavlja.

Bitka se odvila na širokom prostoru oko svetišta Gospe Tekijske upravo na dan Gospe Snježne. Kršćanski zapovjednik princ Eugen mnogo je štovao Mati Božju i u toj je činjenici vidio nedvojben znak Gospine potpore. Uvjeren da je Gospinim zagovorom izvojevana pobjeda nad osvajačem, u znak zahvalnosti darovao je ondašnjoj kapelici Bezgrješnog začeća Blažene Djevice Marije sliku Bogorodice s djetetom – Isusom u naručju, koju je dotada kao svetinju nosio u ratne pohode i pred njom zazivao pomoć s neba za svoju vojsku. Od tada je Snježnoj Gospi posvećena crkva na Tekijama, koja se nalazila na samom poprištu bitke.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Vojna povijest Bitka kod Petrovaradina 1716. godine
Hrvatska nezavisna lista Održan kolokvij "Bitka kod Petrovaradina 1716. i njeno značenje za povijest Hrvata u Vojvodini"
YouTube Tomislav Žigmanov-Bitka kod Petrovaradina njeno značenje za povijest Hrvata u Vojvodini
YouTube Dr. sc. Robert Skenderović-Bitka kod Petrovaradina njeno značenje za povijest Hrvata u Vojvodini

Petrovaradin
Austrijske bitke
Mađarske bitke
Osmanske bitke
Petrovaradin
Povijest Srbije
Habsburško-turski ratovi
Hrvatsko-turski ratovi (nakon 1527.)

Bitka kod Petrovaradina 1716.


Deutsche Meisterschaften im Ski-Orientierungslauf werden seit 2000 ausgetragen.

In der DDR fanden bereits von 1953 an Meisterschaften im Ski-Orientierungslauf statt.

Austragungsorte

Herren

Klassik/Lang

Kurz/Mittel

Damen

Klassik/Lang

Kurz/Mittel

Siehe auch
 Deutsche Orientierungslaufmeisterschaft

Weblinks
 OL-Archiv Deutschlands
 Deutsche Meisterschaften im Ski-Orientierungslauf orientierungslauf.de
 DM-Ergebnisse bis 2003 auf sport-komplett.de

Einzelnachweise

Deutsche Meisterschaft
Ski-Orientierungslaufwettbewerb
Wintersport (Deutschland)

Deutsche Ski-Orientierungslaufmeisterschaft


Sabriel is a fantasy novel by Garth Nix, first published in 1995. It is the first in his Old Kingdom series, followed by Lirael, Abhorsen, Clariel, Goldenhand, and Terciel and Elinor.

Plot introduction
The novel is set in two neighbouring fictional countries: To the South lies Ancelstierre, which has a technology level and society similar to that of early-20th century Australia, and to the North lies the Old Kingdom, where both Free magic and Charter Magic exist—a fact officially denied by the government of Ancelstierre and disbelieved by most of Ancelstierre's inhabitants. A wall separates the two countries. Near the border some magic crosses the Wall, especially on days when the wind is blowing out of the Old Kingdom. Since the fall of the Royal Family, dangerous entities roam, ranging from the undead to powerful sorcerers and Free Magic elementals.

These living Dead are raised by Necromancers, diviners of the dead who roam the Old Kingdom or live in Death, using Hands to do their bidding. To remedy the problem of dangerous living dead, a necromancer under the title of Abhorsen uses a bandolier of Bells and a sword to put the dead to rest. At the time of Sabriel, it is her father Terciel who has the job of putting the dead to rest in the Old Kingdom, especially difficult since a new evil is rising.

When the current Abhorsen is overcome by one such evil and beyond the Seventh Gate, he sends his bells (the primary tools of a necromancer and used in various ways to control the Dead) and sword to his daughter Sabriel via an undead messenger bound and under his control.  Sabriel is at an Ancelstierre school for girls to remain out of reach of those who might try to strike at her father through her and end the Abhorsen bloodline. The bound undead is also attempting to speak, but she must enter death in order to make out the words. She is instructed by her father (speaking through the undead messenger in Death) to return to the Old Kingdom to take on the role of Abhorsen and stop Kerrigor's return to Life. While in Death obtaining her father's guidance, she narrowly avoids a fatal altercation with a Lesser Dead.

Plot summary
The book opens with Sabriel raising a freshly killed rabbit from death. She is a young girl attending Wyverly College, an all-female boarding school in Ancelstierre. An undead creature enters the dormitory where Sabriel lives and frightens all of the girls. Sabriel, however, notices it is holding a satchel and is attempting to speak. She enters Death to see what it is and notices strings attached to it passing over the waterfall of the First Gate; a sign that the creature is under the control of a necromancer further in Death. It is very weak, but Sabriel makes out that it is a messenger bound by her father who is past the Seventh Gate of Death. She is instructed by her father (through the messenger) that she is to take on the role of Abhorsen and defeat Kerrigor (a powerful Free Magic necromancer) who is attempting to make his way back into Life to break the Charter which binds the Free Magic and thus destroy the Charter of the Old Kingdom. She retrieves the satchel which contains the Abhorsen's bandelier of bells, the Abhorsen's sword and a map of the Old Kingdom.

Having left her school, Sabriel crosses the Wall using papers given to her by her father. Her destination is Abhorsen's House, the home of her father.  Near the wall, she meets a southern colonel and his troops.  The soldiers are using brute force to stop hordes of Shadow Hands from dismantling the Wall and crossing over. The areas near the Wall are being evacuated and only those who are inhabitants of the Old Kingdom are allowed the cross.

As she continues her journey, Sabriel becomes aware that she is being stalked by a Mordicant, a powerful Dead creature. She is able to outrun the creature and reach the safety of Abhorsen's House, which is located on an island in the center of the river. (The Dead cannot cross fast and deep running water.)

Inside Abhorsen's house, Sabriel is able to rest and obtain food and other supplies, as well as armor. She also meets Mogget, a Free Magic construct who takes the form of a small white cat, wearing a collar with a powerful binding spell on it and a miniature Saraneth hanging from it. Mogget insists on accompanying her on her journey to find her father. Later, they look out over the walls surrounding the house and discover the Dead attempting to build a bridge. Sabriel performs a ritual to summon a flood of water and then flees the house by Paperwing (a magically propelled plane-like structure.) While in the air, Sabriel and Mogget are attacked by the Dead, and Sabriel loosens Mogget's collar to avoid a fatal crash. They fall into a sinkhole, where Mogget, in his unbound form, attempts to murder Sabriel. However, she is able to bind him anew with a ring given to her for that purpose.

The next day, Sabriel and Mogget walk through a tunnel to another sinkhole, which Mogget determines to be Holehallow, the historical burial place of the royal family. Each king is buried in a boat. Sabriel discovers that the figurehead on one of the boats is not a wooden carving but an actual man, who has been imprisoned in that form for two hundred years. The man tells Sabriel that he was a Royal Guard before his imprisonment, and asks to be called Touchstone (a jester's name) for reasons that remain cryptic.

Sabriel, Touchstone, and Mogget continue their journey, stopping to help rid a seaside village of a Dead creature. They obtain a boat there and sail up the coast of the Old Kingdom until they reach Belisaere, the capital. They find the Abhorsen in an underground reservoir in Belisaere, trapped in Death. Since he has stayed too long in Death, he cannot return for long, but with what little time he has left, the Abhorsen tells Sabriel about the evil known as Kerrigor. Kerrigor has risen far from Death and intends to wreak havoc in the Old Kingdom and Ancelstierre. Sabriel releases her father from Death, and once they emerge from Death, father and daughter part for the last time — he, to ring the bell Astarael (the sound of which throws everyone who hears it far into the realm of Death) and delay Kerrigor's havoc; and she, to save Touchstone by bringing him (and herself) as far away from Astarael's music as possible. To prevent him from losing to Death, she kisses him roughly in order to keep him focused on Life. In the process of ringing Astarael, Sabriel's father releases Mogget.

They succeed, but as long as Kerrigor's body is intact, he will rise from Death again and again. Sabriel and Touchstone use another Paperwing to bring them as close to the Wall as possible, and cross over to Ancelstierre to find Kerrigor's body, following the clairvoyant guidance of the Clayr twins Sanar and Ryelle. They find the body, and Sabriel finally defeats Kerrigor by binding him with Ranna and Mogget's collar.

She dies but the previous Abhorsens prevent her from crossing into Final Death as she cannot die without someone else to take her place as Abhorsen. She wakes up with Touchstone before her, and both Mogget and Kerrigor asleep, bound by Ranna (the first of seven necromantic bells that instills sleep and quiescence in those who hear it).

Important characters and magical entities

The Bloodlines

Thousands of years ago, seven of the Nine Bright Shiners sacrificed their powers to create the Charter: a combination of powerful objects (the Great Stones and the Wall) and three magic blood lines, known as the Abhorsen, the Clayr and the Royal Family. Five of the Seven completely lost themselves (one in each object or blood line) while two remained somewhat independent. One invested his/her power in the Royal bloodline, one in the Abhorsen's and one in the Clayr's (which is why the Clayr greet Sabriel as "cousin"). The remaining two, known as the "Wallmakers" invested themselves in several objects of power, including the Stones and Wall, then disappeared. These artifacts, the Charter Stones, are sources of the web of Charter magic that maintains peace and order over the kingdom. The Bloodlines all have a higher concentration of strong Charter mages than the general populace.

The Abhorsens

One of the most respected figures in the Old Kingdom, the Abhorsen uses both the dangerous Free Magic-based powers of a necromancer and the benevolent magic of the Charter to keep the gates of Death against the return of Dead spirits back into Life.  Sabriel and her father are members of the Abhorsen family.  They use the bells, named after the seven bright shiners that established the old kingdom, in tandem with their natural affinity with Death, granted by their ancestor bright shiner, to amplify their powers.  The bells, smallest to largest, are Ranna, Mosrael, Kibeth, Dyrim, Belgaer, Saraneth, and Astarael.  Saraneth, the "binder", is thought to be the original Abhorsen, and the bright shiner who invested her powers in this bloodline.  Her gift is "binding", just as the Abhorsens job is to "bind" the dead to Death.  Ranna the "sleepbringer", causing listeners to fall asleep; she is the least tricksome.  Mosrael, "the waker", wakes the dead, bringing them into life as it throws the necromancer farther into death.  Kibeth, "walker", forces the dead to march back into death, or wherever the ringer desires, although if the ringer is not careful it may end up "walking" her.  Dyrim is the "speaker", granting the ability of speech to the dead, or taking it away.  Belgaer is the "thinker" and can restore independent thought to the dead and resurrect old memories, but can also erase them in a careless hand.  Astarael is the "Sorrowful".  Last and final of the bells, she sends all who hear her, including the ringer, deep into death.  It is nearly impossible to return after hearing Astarael. Like all three bloodlines, the Abhorsen bloodline not only defines their job (the Abhorsen may only be chosen from direct blood relatives) and grants them their powers, but also determines their appearance.  All members of the Abhorsen family have black hair and their skin is unnaturally pale.  Among the families guarding the Old Kingdom from disaster, and the only family guarding it from disasters from Death, Abhorsens are unique in their ability to sense Death.  They are able to identify undead creatures and differentiate them from the living, and cross over into Death to fight undead minions there and banish them to a final death.  They are also the only ones who have the proper authority to enter Death, and therefore the only Necromancers who retain uncorrupted charter marks and mage powers.  Their symbol is a silver key on a background of blue.

The Royal Family

For centuries, the royalty justly ruled the Old Kingdom from their palace at the capital Belisaere as powerful upholders of the peace, until their fall by the hands of Kerrigor, or Prince Rogirek nicknamed Rogir, a rogue member of the royal family who killed his sisters and mother to use their blood to break the Great Charter Stones. The Kingdom now suffers from their 200-year absence. Unlike the Abhorsens, the Royalty cannot cross into Death at will and do not usually use Free Magic. Their specialty lies in diplomacy and Charter magic. They are connected to the Clayr and Abhorsens in that they're a Great Charter. It is thought they are descended from Dyrim, the "speaker", because of their skill in diplomacy. Their symbol is a golden tower on a sea of red.

The Clayr

The largest family among the magical bloodlines, the Clayr are arbiters of justice and foresight who see all from their glacier in the northernmost parts of the Old Kingdom. The Clayr are a family of seers who may, when there is need, pool their powers together to see clear visions of the future, while individually they see only splinters. The Clayr also possess abilities in Charter Magic, but to a lesser extent than the Abhorsen or Royal family lines. They are descended from Mosrael, the "waker". The Clayr celebrate the young's "awakening" of their sight when they receive their first vision. Like the Abhorsen, the Clayr have a strong family resemblance. All daughters of the Clayr (they have few sons), excluding Remembrancers, have brown skin and blonde, almost white, hair. The Glacier of the Clayr is home to a great library, as well, which is a repository of magic and history, and is even used as "cold storage" for particularly dangerous, but immortal, creatures. Their symbol is a seven pointed star.

The Wallmakers

The Wallmakers were the builders of the Wall that divides the Old Kingdom from Ancelstriere and creators of the Charter Stones; A Charter Magic bloodline particularly skilled in the creation of magical objects. They created the weaponry of the Royal Family (such as the twin swords wielded by Touchstone), the ceramic, nearly impervious armor known as Gethre owned by the Abhorsens, the Abhorsen's sword, and other powerful Charter Magic objects and weapons possessed by the Clayr. It can be deduced that they were the last 2 bright shiners, Ranna and Belgaer. They invested all of their power in their creations, thus leaving no bloodline. Therefore, for the majority of the books, it is apparent that the Wallmakers are 'extinct' and no longer exist. By the end of Lirael and for the whole of Abhorsen, we find out that the Wallmaker bloodline has been reconstituted in Prince Sameth, explaining his uncanny ability to create magical "toys" and enchant weaponry, which otherwise would 'take months' to do. The line was probably brought back for the sole purpose of defeating Orannis. The symbol of the Wallmaker is a silver trowel or spade.

The Dead And Free Magic Creatures

The Greater Dead:
The souls of dead necromancers who have used their dark knowledge to rise from Death. These creatures are the strongest of the Dead and with their necromantic powers they can raise and command the lesser dead. The most powerful of the Greater Dead is Kerrigor, who is the only undead creature to retain his full potential for Free magic after death. Sabriel implies that the true home of the greater dead is beyond the Seventh Gate of Death.

The Lesser Dead:
The collective name for all dead spirits which lack the knowledge and power it takes to become one of the greater dead. Most lesser dead are the souls after ordinary mortals who refused to accept death. They often died under unfortunate circumstances, like Thralk who died in a hunting accident. It is also implied that powerful undead can enslave unwilling souls and force them to become lesser dead. Sabriel fears this fate when she is running from the Mordicant.

Mordicant:
A powerful Lesser Dead Free Magic creature which can easily pass through the Gates of Death and into Life where it has a strong hold. It is created by a necromancer by molding bog-clay and human blood, infusing it with Free Magic, and placing a Dead spirit inside. It is described as man-like, with eyes like fire, and grey-green flesh that drips with flames and smoke.
Sabriel defeated a weak Mordicant when she was fourteen years old. However, a very strong one stalked Sabriel on her journey from Ancelstierre to the Abhorsen's House. As Sabriel drew closer to the Door in the Long Cliffs leading to the Abhorsen's House, it gave chase, but Sabriel made it to the door and through a passageway due to its Charter Magic Guard which momentarily held off the Mordicant. The Abhorsen's bridge leading to the house stopped the Mordicant as the undead cannot cross fast and deep running water. The Mordicant then led a siege using Shadow hands and living human slaves who worked non-stop for days to fill the river with earth to allow him to cross. To end the siege, Sabriel called on the Clayr's gift of water bringing forth a massive wave to wipe the Mordicant and his slaves away.

Thralk:
A dead spirit that slipped out of Death after the commotion Kerrigor caused in breaking through all the gates single-handedly. It stayed in Life for decades, feeding off humans. It found Sabriel in Life on Cloven Crest while she was in Death, though surrounded by a diamond of protection. Sabriel sensed when the creature broke through her protection, and banished it to death with the Abhorsen's sword and the bell Kibeth. Thralk died 300 years before when a hunting spear rebounded off a rock and cut his throat.

Shadow Hands:
Dead creatures controlled and created by a necromancer. Usually a skilled necromancer uses the heads of dead humans to bring back only their spirits, forming an incorporeal, and dark shadow that only has a pair of hands and does the bidding of the necromancer. Shadow Hands are difficult to destroy by mere force, but can be easily put to rest by the bells of the Abhorsen.
Sabriel suspected a necromancer of having formed Shadow Hands from the soldiers close to Cloven Crest. They attacked Wyverly College after the Dead Hands made it past the soldiers and while Sabriel was attempting to destroy Rogirrek (Rogir)/Kerrigor's body.

Mordaut:
One of the weaker Dead creatures; a parasite. It cohabits a human body, controlling and hiding in it, and slowly saps the life from it in order to avoid Death. Once it has nearly consumed the soul of the host, it comes out at night and takes the life of any other human around it. It has no definite form and moves like a pool of darkness from host to host.
Sabriel encountered a Mordaut on the tiny rocky islet of Nestowe, inhabiting the body of a fisherman named Patar. Once she had sensed it and was putting it to sleep with Ranna, the Mordaut killed Patar by sucking all the life out of him instantly. Sabriel stabbed it with her sword and sent it deep into Death using the bells Saraneth (the Binder), Ranna (the Sleepbringer), and Kibeth (the Walker).

Gore Crows:
Ordinary crows trapped, killed with a ritual, and infused with a single human spirit by a necromancer. They disintegrate in the sun, are torn apart by wind, and decay over time, but they can fly over running water. They are strongest when freshly killed, infused with a strong spirit, and are great in numbers. They seemingly fly without the use of wings or plumage as they are suspended by the Free Magic which was used to create them.
A flock of gore crows attacks Sabriel when she is flying in the Paperwing after escaping from Abhorsen's house.

Characters in Sabriel
 Sabriel — Title character.  53rd Abhorsen. She is 18 and finishing her last year at Wyverly College at the start of the novel.
 Mogget — An ancient Free Magic construct of unknown origin; appears in the form of a white cat and is bound by a red Charter magic collar to serve the Abhorsen.
 Touchstone — A bastard prince, son of a former Queen and a nobleman, and is the only remaining heir of the Royal Blood.  He was trapped as the wooden figurehead of a ceremonial boat for two hundred years by the Abhorsen of that time in order to save him (and his Blood) from death.  He is also Sabriel's growing love interest as the story progresses.
 Kerrigor — Formerly known as Rogir, or Rogirrek.  A Greater Dead adept in Free Magic necromancy, former member of the Royal Family, and who is at odds with the Charter. Powerful Spells of past Abhorsens bound him to Death and his body was buried in Ancelstierre beyond the Wall where magic was not present; but during Sabriel's father's time, he has awoken and once again trying to destroy the Charter which binds Free Magic. The name Kerrigor, as is revealed by Touchstone, was a childhood nickname, made up by the royal prince himself.  It is derived from his full ceremonial name, Rogirek.
 Terciel (known as "Abhorsen") — Sabriel's father, Abhorsen before Sabriel. Revived his daughter after she died at birth. He was unable to save his wife, who died during child birth. Although he rarely visited her physically while she was at school, he would often visit her through sendings of himself in the fireplace at the dark of the moon each month.

Major themes

This book deals with the loss of family (Sabriel's and Touchstone's) and coming to terms with oneself and one's responsibilities. Abhorsen's final words to Sabriel, "Everyone and everything has a time to die," refer to the idea of sacrifice.
Another theme is that of destiny. Both the Book of the Dead and Sabriel's almanac contain the lines:

Does the Walker choose the Path, or the Path the Walker?

Death is not considered a bad thing as such, and loss is shown to be something that builds character.

Awards
Sabriel won the Aurealis Award for best young-adult novel and best fantasy novel in 1995. It is also an ALA Notable Book and was a short-list nominee for the 1996 Ditmar Award for best long fiction.

Film
According to Publishing News, Garth Nix was preparing to pitch a Sabriel film to studios in mid-2008 via Steve Fisher at APA. Nix co-wrote the screenplay with Dan Futterman, actor and Oscar-nominated screenwriter of Capote (2005), and Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner at Plan B Entertainment were to produce. The director would be Anand Tucker. Planning for the pitch was delayed by the writer's strike, and resumed in February. While the current status of any film is unknown, Nix is now represented by Matthew Snyder at CAA.

References

External links

1995 Australian novels
Old Kingdom series books
Aurealis Award-winning works
Australian fantasy novels
Australian young adult novels
Novels by Garth Nix
Fictional undead
1995 fantasy novels
Books with cover art by Leo and Diane Dillon
HarperCollins books

Sabriel


Antonio María Ponce de León Dávila y Carrillo de Albornoz  (Madrid, 31 de octubre de 1757-Madrid,  8 de mayo de 1826), III duque de Montemar, fue un aristócrata español que sirvió en diferentes instituciones del Reino y en la Real Casa.

Vida y familia

Era hijo de Joaquín Lorenzo Ponce de León y Baeza, VII marqués de Castromonte y de María Josefa Dávila y Carrillo de Albornoz, que falleció antes que su madre, María Magdalena Carrillo de Albornoz y Antich, II duquesa de Montemar.

Muy joven, con 21 años, se casó con María Luisa de Carvajal y Gonzaga, hija de los duques de Abrantes. En 1790 heredó el título ducal a la muerte de su abuela la segunda duquesa de Montemar.

En 1798 su hija y heredera María del Carmen contrajo matrimonio con Vicente Isabel Osorio de Moscoso y Álvarez de Toledo, heredero de los  condes de Altamira.

Durante la Guerra de la Independencia Española fue Presidente de la Junta de Jaén y defendió un papel activo de los aristócratas en la lucha contra los franceses. Igualmente se manifestó en diversas ocasiones partidario de una monarquía con unas Cortes estamentales al estilo medieval pero con más amplias libertades.

Al volver el rey Fernando VII le hizo, en 1815,  pPresidente de la sala primera del Consejo de Indias,  caballero de la Orden del Toisón de Oro en 1817 y Consejero de Estado en 1818. Fue también miembro de la Junta Protectora de las Escuelas de Enseñanza Mutua.

Mayordomo mayor del rey en ausencias desde 1814, cuando en 1820 el conde de Miranda es apartado de ese cargo palatino por el Gobierno del Trienio Liberal, el rey lo designa para tal puesto. Sin embargo, tras el golpe de Estado realista de 7 de julio de 1822, el Gobierno obliga al rey a cesarle y a sustituirlo por el más liberal marqués de Santa Cruz de Mudela.

Tras el fracaso del Trienio no puede evitar que el rey castigue a su yerno Altamira, caballerizo mayor impuesto por el Gobierno constitucional, que es apartado del Regio servicio en 1823.

Será, de nuevo, presidente del Consejo de Indias, en 1824.

Bibliografía
 Archivo General de Palacio (AGP). Patrimonio Nacional. Sección Personal

Grandeza de España
Caballeros de la Orden del Toisón de Oro (Rama española)
Nobles de España del siglo XVIII
Nobles de España del siglo XIX
Mayordomos mayores del rey
Caballerizos mayores del rey
Consejeros de Estado de España del siglo XIX


Acrilamida (denumită și amidă acrilică) este un compus organic din clasa amidelor, cu formula chimică CH2=CHC(O)NH2. Este un compus solid, alb, inodor, solubil în apă și alți solvenți organici. Este produsă la nivel industrial, fiind un precursor al poliacrilamidelor (substanțe folosite ca agenți de îngroșare și de floculare). Acrilamida este un compus toxic, iar faptul că este întâlnită în unele produse alimentare gătite a atras atenția asupra posibilelor pericole de sănătate pe care le poate cauza.

Obținere
Acrilamida se poate obține în urma reacției de hidroliză a acrilonitrilului. Reacția este catalizată de acid sulfuric sau alte săruri metalice, însă cataliza poate fi și enzimatică, caz în care se folosește o nitril-hidratază.

Acrilamida este un produs secundar care apare în urma procesului de gătire al produselor alimentare, ca urmare a reacției dintre asparagină și glucoză. Această reacție de condensare este o reacție Maillard, iar produsul de condensare, prin dehidrogenare, duce la formarea de N-(D-glucoz-1-il)-L-asparagină, care prin piroliză generează unele acilamide, printre care și acrilamida.

Proprietăți

Vezi și
 Acroleină

Referințe

Carboxamide
Monomeri

Acrilamidă


Usini (sardisk: Ùsini) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Sassari i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 200 meters højde og har 4.365 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 30,74 km² og grænser op til kommunerne Ittiri, Ossi, Sassari, Tissi og Uri.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Sassari

Usini


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|mjesto rođenja  =  Houston, Texas, SAD
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|saturn          =
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}}Shelley Alexis Duvall''' (Houston, 7. srpnja, 1949.), američka je glumica.

Vanjske poveznice
 Shelley Duvall na IMDB-u

Američki filmski glumci

Shelley Duvall


Mustang Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Mustang Township (Canadian County, Oklahoma)
 Mustang Township (Oklahoma County, Oklahoma)

Mustang Township


Gospodari svemira, multimedijalna franšiza američke tvrtke Mattel, koja između ostalog sadržava i mini stripove koji su bili pakirani uz originalne akcijske figure koje su se prodavale 1980-ih godina i postigle izniman uspjeh na američkom i međunarodnom tržištu. Poslije golemog uspjeha franšize koja je bila dodatno medijski eksponirana Filmationovom animiranom serijom He-Man i Gospodari svemira (1983. - 1985.) izdano je još nekoliko valova akcijskih figura s pratećim mini stripovima, a po završetku animiranog serijala pokrenut je spin-off She-Ra: Princeza moći (1985. - 1987.) koji je također poslužio za oglašavanje akcijskih figura s mini stripovima koji nisu u potpunosti pratili radnju Filmationova spin-offa.

Krajem 1980-ih opala je popularnost Gospodara svemira, te je ugašena linija igračka. Ubrzo je tvrtka Mattel odlučila oživjeti zamrlu franšizu te je izdala novu liniju igračaka koja je bila smještena u drugačiji prostorni okvir i s drugim likovima. Jedina poveznica s originalnom linijom igračaka i animiranom serijom bili su likova He-Mana, Skeletora i Čarobnice, uz cameo sudjelovanje kralja Randora i kraljice Marlene u prvoj sezoni animirane serije Nove pustolovine He-Mana (1989. - 1992.) te fizički prilično drugačije Teele u jednoj kasnijoj epizodi.

Slijedeća serija mini stripova počela se izdavati 2011. godine uz akcijske figure linije Gospodari svemira Classics. Mini stripovi je isprva producirao izdavač Dark Horse Comics (do 2012.), nakon čega je izradu i objavu mini stripova unutar Classics linije igračaka preuzeo DC Comics (do 2015.).

Mini stripovi Gospodara svemira iz 1980-ih

Originalna serija (1981.)

 He-Man and the Power Sword
 King of Castle Grayskull
 Battle in the Clouds
 The Vengeance of Skeletor!

Druga serija (1982.)

 He-Man Meets Ram-Man!
 The Ordeal of Man-E-Faces!
 The Terror of Tri-Klops!
 The Menace of Trap Jaw!
 The Magic Stealer!
 The Power of… Point Dread!
 The Tale of Teela!

Treća serija (1983.)

 Dragon's Gift
 Masks of Power
 Secret Liquid of Life!
 He-Man and the Insect People
 Double-Edged Sword
 Temple of Darkness!
 Slave City!
 Siege of Avion
 Clash of Arms

Četvrta serija (1984.)

 The Obelisk
 Skeletor's Dragon
 Battle of Roboto
 Hordak - The Ruthless Leader's Revenge!
 Spikor Strikes
 Stench of Evil!
 Mantenna and the Menace of the Evil Horde!
 Grizzlor: The Legend Comes Alive!
 Leech - The Master of Power Suction Unleashed!

Peta serija (1985.)

 Treachery of Modulok!
 Flying Fists of Power!
 Terror Claws Strike!
 Rock People to the Rescue!
 King of the Snake Men
 Between a Rock and a Hard Place!
 Warrior Machine!
 Fastest Draw in the Universe!
 Snake Attack!
 Eye of the Storm
 Menace of Multi-Bot!
 The Hordes of Hordak
 Escape From the Slime Pit!

Šesta serija (1986. - 1987.)

 Ultimate Battleground!
 Search for Keldor
 Revenge of the Snake Men!
 Enter… Buzz-Saw Hordak!
 Powers of Grayskull: The Legend Begins!
 Energy Zoids
 Cosmic Key

Mini stripovi She-Ra: Princeza moći iz 1980-ih

Prva serija (1984.)

 The Story of She-Ra
 Journey to Mizar
 The Hidden Symbols Mystery
 Disappearing Treasures
 Adventure of the Blue Diamond

Druga serija (1985.)

 Across the Crystal Light Barrier
 A Fishy Business
 A Most Unpleasant Present
 A Born Champion

Treća serija (1986.)

 Don't Rain on my Parade
 Where Hope has Gone
 Fantastic Fashions

Mini stripovi Nove pustolovine He-Mana

1989.

 The New Adventure
 Skeletor's Journey
 Battle for the Crystal
 The Revenge of Skeletor

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 He-Man i Gospodari svemira kolekcija mini stripovi - readcomiconline.li

Gospodari svemira
Američki strip

Gospodari svemira (mini stripovi)


نبيل عيسى (24 أكتوبر 1978 -)، ممثل مصري شاب. بدايته كانت في فيلم يا انا يا خالتي، انطلق بعدها ليخوض تجربته الخاصة في عالم السينما.

أعماله
 نص جوازة (فيلم) 2018.
 مش رايحين في داهية 2017.
 من 30 سنة 2016.
 سكر مر (فيلم) 2015.
 خانة اليك 2015.
 يا انا يا خالتي 2005.
 استغماية 2006.
 ملك وكتابة 2006.
 عمليات خاصة 2007.
 أنا مش معاهم 2007.
 زي النهاردة 2008.
 بدون رقابة 2009.
 عايزة أتجوز 2010.
 أحاسيس.
 ريش نعام 2010.
 دوران شبرا 2011.
 المواطن أكس 2011.
 طرف ثالث 2012.
 تحت الارض 2013.
  تتح  2013
 العملية ميسى 2014.

 قصر النيل 2021

 الغرفة 207 2022.

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلون مصريون
مواليد 1398 هـ
مواليد 1978

نبيل عيسى