Karen Michelle Barad /bəˈrɑːd/ (29. travnja 1956.) američka je feministička teoretičarka, osobito poznata po svojoj teoriji agencijskog realizma.

Biografija
Trenutno su (preferirana zamjenica "oni"; radi prilagodbe na hrvatski jezik u daljnjem tekstu "ona") profesorice feminističkih studija, filozofije i povijesti svijesti na Kalifornijskom sveučilištu, Santa Cruz. Autor je knjige Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Njezina istraživačka tema uključuje feminističku teoriju, fiziku, kontinentalnu filozofiju dvadesetog stoljeća, epistemologiju, ontologiju, filozofiju fizike, kulturološke studije znanosti i feminističke znanstvene studije.

Barad je doktorirala teorijsku fiziku na Sveučilištu Stony Brook. Njezina disertacija predstavila je računske metode za kvantificiranje svojstava kvarkova i drugih fermiona u okviru baždarne teorije na rešetki.

Barad je član savjetodavnog odbora za feminističke akademske časopise Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience and Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society.

Agencijski realizam
Prema Baradinoj teoriji agencijskog realizma, svemir obuhvaća fenomene, koji su "ontološka neodvojivost unutar-djelujućih agencija". Unutar-akcija, neologizam koji je uvela Barad, signalizira važan izazov individualističkoj metafizici . Za Barad, fenomeni ili objekti ne prethode njihovoj interakciji, već 'predmeti' nastaju kroz određene unutar-akcije. Dakle, aparati, koji proizvode fenomene, nisu skupovi ljudi i neljudi (kao u teoriji glumac-mreža ). Umjesto toga, oni su stanje mogućnosti 'ljudi' i 'ne-ljudi', ne samo kao idejni koncepti, već u njihovoj materijalnosti . Aparati su 'materijalno-diskurzivni' po tome što proizvode određena značenja i materijalna bića dok istovremeno isključuju proizvodnju drugih. Stoga je ono što znači materija uvijek materijalno-diskurzivno. Barad svoju inspiraciju uzima od fizičara Nielsa Bohra, jednog od utemeljitelja kvantne fizike . Baradin agencijski realizam istodobno je epistemologija (teorija znanja), ontologija (teorija bića) i etika . Zato Barad uvodi neologizam onto-epistemologiju. Budući da specifične prakse materije imaju etičke posljedice, isključujući druge vrste materije, onto-epistemološke prakse uvijek su zauzvrat na-etičko-epistemološke.

Velik dio Baradinog znanstvenog rada vrti se oko njezinog koncepta "agencijskog realizma", a njezine teorije su važne za mnoga akademska područja, uključujući znanstvene studije, STS (znanost, tehnologija i društvo), feminističku tehnoznanost, filozofiju znanosti, feminističku teoriju, i, naravno, fizika. Osim Bohra, njezin se rad oslanja na djela mislilaca kao što su Michel Foucault, Judith Butler, Jacques Derrida i Walter Benjamin, između ostalih.

Baradino izvorno istraživanje blio je u teorijskoj fizici čestica i kvantnoj teoriji polja. Njezina knjiga, Susret svemira na pola puta, (2007.), uključuje poglavlje koje sadrži originalno otkriće u teorijskoj fizici, što je uglavnom nepojmljivo u knjigama koje se obično kategoriziraju kao " rodne studije " ili "kulturološke teorije". U ovoj knjizi Barad također tvrdi da je 'agencijski realizam' koristan za analizu književnosti, društvenih nejednakosti i mnogih drugih stvari. Ova se tvrdnja temelji na činjenici da je Baradin agencijski realizam način razumijevanja politike, etike i djelovanja bilo kojeg čina promatranja, pa čak i svake vrste prakse znanja. Prema Barad, duboko povezan način na koji je svaka "stvar" zapetljana sa svim ostalim na materijalno specifične načine znači da sve unutar-radnje rekonfiguriraju zaplete. Baradina inovativna i dalekosežna formulacija unutar-akcije, koja dovodi u pitanje uobičajeni pojam interakcije koji pretpostavlja metafiziku individualizma, nudi novu formulaciju kauzalnosti. Ne postoje stvari koje su u interakciji, već radije kroz i unutar radnji postoji razlikovanje-preplitanje, tako da se izvodi agencijski rez koji razdvaja stvari zajedno-razdvojno (jedan potez) tako da razlike ne postoje kao apsolutne odvajanja već u svojoj nerazdvojivosti (tj. "agencijsku separabilnost" kako to naziva Barad). Ništa nije inherentno odvojeno od bilo čega drugog, već se odvajanja odvijaju unutar fenomena. Ovaj pogled na znanje pruža okvir za razmišljanje o tome kako kultura i navike mišljenja mogu neke stvari učiniti vidljivima, a druge lakše zanemariti ili nikada ne vidjeti. Iz tog je razloga, prema Barad, agencijski realizam koristan za feminističku analizu i druge oblike političke i društvene misli, čak i ako veza sa znanošću nije očita.

Baradin okvir donosi nekoliko drugih argumenata, a neki od njih dio su većih trendova u područjima poput znanstvenih studija i feminističke tehnoznanosti (sve se mogu naći u njezinoj knjizi iz 2007., Susret sa svemirom na pola puta):

 Ona definira agenciju kao odnos, a ne kao nešto što netko "ima".
 Znanstvenik i društveno uvijek su dio aparata i o tome treba voditi računa u njegovoj neodvojivosti u analizi sustava. To se razlikuje od gledišta da političke kritike znanosti nastoje potkopati vjerodostojnost znanosti; umjesto toga, Barad tvrdi da ova vrsta kritike zapravo čini bolju, vjerodostojniju znanost.
 Oni tvrde da su politika i etička pitanja uvijek dio znanstvenog rada i da se čine odvojenima samo zbog specifičnih povijesnih okolnosti koje potiču ljude da ne vide te veze. Jedan primjer o kojem raspravljaju je etika razvoja nuklearnog oružja kako bi argumentirali ovu tvrdnju, tvrdeći da su etika i politika dio načina na koji je takvo oružje razvijeno i shvaćeno, te stoga dio znanosti, a ne samo "filozofije znanosti" ili "etiku znanosti". To se razlikuje od uobičajenog gledišta da se može težiti bespolitičnoj znanosti bez pristranosti.
 Ipak, ona se protivi epistemološkom relativizmu i nudi važnu alternativu uobičajenoj koncepciji objektivnosti.
 Ona također odbacuje ideju da je znanost "samo" jezična igra ili skup fikcija proizvedenih samo ljudskim konstrukcijama i konceptima. Iako je znanstvenik dio "unutar-akcije" eksperimenta, ljudi (i njihovi kulturni konstrukti) nemaju potpunu kontrolu nad svime što se događa. Barad izražava ovu točku govoreći, u "Dobivanju stvarnosti", da, iako znanstvenici oblikuju znanje o svemiru, ne možete zanemariti način na koji svemir "vraća udarac".

Ove točke o znanosti, djelovanju, etici i znanju otkrivaju da je Baradin rad sličan projektima drugih znanstvenika znanstvenih studija kao što su Bruno Latour, Donna Haraway, Andrew Pickering i Evelyn Fox Keller.

Odabrana bibliografija

Knjige

Poglavlja u knjigama

Članci iz časopisa

  Abstract.
  Reprinted in various anthologies.

Vidi također

 Queer teorija
 Feminističke studije
 Michel Foucault
 Niels Bohr
 Epistemologija
 Donna Haraway
 Tehnoznanost

izvori

 UCSC web stranica Karen Barad
 Rasprava Josepha Rousea o agentskom realizmu, dostupna na MUSE
 Pregled Getting Real u Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research

Teoretski fizičari
Feminizam
Epistemologija

Karen Barad


David "Davie" Dodds (født 23. september 1958 i Dundee, Skotland) er en skotsk tidligere fodboldspiller (angriber).

På klubplan tilbragte Dodds størstedelen af sin karriere hos Dundee United i sin fødeby. Han spillede 11 sæsoner i klubben og var med til at vinde både det skotske mesterskab og Liga Cuppen med klubben. Han nåede i alt at spille næsten 250 ligakampe for holdet, hvori han scorede mere end 100 mål.

Senere i karrieren spillede Dodds også for blandt andet Aberdeen og Rangers, og vandt med sidstnævnte endnu et mesteskab, i 1990.

Dodds spillede desuden to kampe og scorede ét mål for Skotlands landshold, som han debuterede for 21. september 1983 i en venskabskamp mod Uruguay.

Titler
Skotsk mesterskab
 1983 med Dundee United
 1990 med Rangers

Scottish League Cup
 1981 med Dundee United

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Skotland
Fodboldspillere fra Dundee United F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Rangers F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Aberdeen F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Neuchâtel Xamax
Personer fra Dundee

Davie Dodds


Vitaceae Vitales takımına bağlı bir bitki familyasıdır.

Karmaşık yapılı, kahverengi gövdesi olan yarı odunsu bir bitkilerdir. Parçalı, üzeri tüylerle kaplı yaprakları vardır. Küçük ve yeşil renkli çiçekleri salkım biçiminde olur. Sarı, yeşil, siyah meyveleri vardır. Güneşi çok seven, yağış alan yerlerde iyi gelişen bir bitkidir. Her türlü toprak koşuluna dayanıklıdır. Islah amaçlı olarak tohum ile genellikle çelikle üretilir. Asma, bahçe duvarına sardırılabilir ya da çardak oluşturulabilir.

Taksonomi
Vitaceae familyasına bağlı cinsler:
 Ampelopsis -  Michx.
 Cayratia -  Juss.
 Cissus -  L.
 Parthenocissus -  Planch.
 Tetrastigma -  (Miq.) Planch.
 Vitis -  L.

Dış bağlantılar
 Vitaceae
 Vitidaceae

Kaynakça

Vitales

Vitaceae


La gare du Neubourg est une gare ferroviaire, fermée, de la ligne d'Évreux-Embranchement à Quetteville, située sur le territoire de la commune du Neubourg, dans le département de l'Eure en région Normandie.

Situation ferroviaire
Établie à  d'altitude, la gare du Neubourg était située au point kilométrique (PK) 131,684 de la ligne d'Évreux-Embranchement à Quetteville, entre les haltes de Sainte-Colombe-la-Campagne et de Villez - Sainte-Opportune.

Elle disposait de trois voies et de deux quais.

Histoire
La section d'Évreux à Glos-Monfort a été déclarée d'intérêt public le , et a été mise en service en deux étapes : le  entre Évreux et Le Neubourg, et le  jusqu'à Glos-Montfort. La ligne est fermée aux voyageurs le  et le trafic marchandises est supprimé entre Le Neubourg et Glos-Montfort le , puis entre Évreux et Le Neubourg le , ce qui entraîne la fermeture définitive de la gare. La section du Neubourg à Glos-Montfort est déclassée le , et celle d'Évreux au Neubourg le .

Patrimoine ferroviaire
Le bâtiment voyageurs d'origine est toujours présent. Réaffecté, il est devenu l'office de tourisme du Pays du Neubourg

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de gares en France
 Ligne d'Évreux-Embranchement à Quetteville

Liens externes

Gare mise en service en 1888
Gare fermée dans l'Eure

Gare du Neubourg


El Sistema de Consejos de Desarrollo (SISCODE) es el medio principal de participación de la población de Guatemala en la gestión pública —con particular énfasis en las poblaciones maya, xinca y garífuna— para llevar a cabo el proceso de planificación democrática del desarrollo, tomando en cuenta principios de unidad nacional, multiétnica, pluricultural y multilingüe de la nación guatemalteca.

Integración
El Sistema Nacional de Consejos de Desarrollo está integrado por niveles, en la siguiente forma:

 El nacional, con el Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano y Rural.
 El regional, con los Consejos Regionales de Desarrollo Urbano y Rural.
 El departamental, con los Consejos Departamentales de Desarrollo.
 El municipal, con los Consejos Municipales de Desarrollo.
 El comunitario, con los Consejos Comunitarios de Desarrollo.

Principios
Los principios generales del Sistema Nacional de Consejos de Desarrollo son:

 El respeto a las culturas de los pueblos que conviven en Guatemala.
 El fomento a la armonía en las relaciones interculturales.
 La optimización de la eficacia y la eficiencia en todos los niveles de la administración pública.
 La constante atención porque se asigne a cada no de los niveles de la administración pública las funciones que por su complejidad y características pueda realizar mejor que cualquier otro nivel. La promoción de procesos de democracia participativa, en condiciones de equidad e igualdad de oportunidades de los pueblos maya, xinca y garífuna y de la población no indígena, sin discriminación alguna.
 La conservación,el mantenimiento del equilibrio ambiental y el desarrollo humano, con base en las cosmovisiones de los pueblos maya, xinca y garífuna y de la población no indígena.
 La equidad de género, entendida como la no discriminación de la mujer participación efectiva, tanto del hombre como de la mujer.

Objetivo
El objetivo del Sistema de Consejos de Desarrollo es organizar y coordinar la administración pública

Enlaces internos
 Política de Guatemala

Enlaces externos
http://www.scep.gob.gt
http://sistemas.segeplan.gob.gt/siscodew/ddpgpl$modulo.indice

Referencias
Desarrollo de software y soluciones web en Guatemala

Política de Guatemala

Sistema Nacional de Consejos de Desarrollo (Guatemala)


Bol çoraplar (Japonca: ルーズソックス, rūzu sokkusu) Japon genç kızları arasında popüler olan bir çeşit çoraptır.

Neredeyse her zaman beyaz ve çok uzundurlar, bazen boyları 2 metreye varabilir. Genelde dizden aşağıya giyilir ve özel bir yapıştırıcı olan "çorap yapıştırıcısı" veya "çorap temascısı" ile havada dururlar. Görünüş olarak bacak ısıtıcıları ile aynıdırlar.

Bazı ortaokul ve lisedeki kız öğrenciler bol çoraplarını okul üniformaları ile beraber giymeyi severler. Bazı okullar öğrencilerinin okulda bol çoraplar giymelerine izin vermemektedir, bu nedenden bu okullarda okuyan öğrenciler okuldan çıkmadan önce çoraplarını bol çoraplarla değiştirirler. Bu akım bazı ilkokul öğrencilerinde de yayılmaktadır.

Japonya'da bol çoraplar 1990'ların ortalarından beri modadır.

Japonca terimler
Japonya'da giyim

Bol çoraplar


The Bride Wore Red  é um filme estadunidense de 1937, do gênero comédia dramática, dirigido por Dorothy Arzner, estrelado por Joan Crawford, e co-estrelado por Franchot Tone e Robert Young. O roteiro de Tess Slesinger e Bradbury Foote foi baseado na peça teatral não-produzida "The Bride from Trieste", de Ferenc Molnár.

Neste conto "da pobreza à riqueza", Crawford interpreta uma cantora de cabaré que se faz passar por uma mulher aristocrata. Este foi o sétimo e último filme que Crawford e Tone, que eram então casados, co-estrelaram juntos.

Sinopse
Em Trieste, a Condessa di Meina (Billie Burke) acredita que a única coisa que separa as pessoas ricas das pobres é a sorte. Para comprovar sua maneira de pensar, ela envia a cantora de cabaré Anni Pavlovitch (Joan Crawford) para uma temporada no resort de luxo Terrano, no Tirol, com duração de duas semanas. Para manter sua identidade secreta, a mulher se torna Anne Vivaldi, a filha de um oficial da marinha. Curtindo a vida luxuosa, Anni começa a procurar um homem rico para se casar e conseguir manter seu novo estatuto social, mas ela já ama outra pessoa.

Elenco
 Joan Crawford como Anni Pavlovitch / Anne Vivaldi
 Franchot Tone como Giulio
 Robert Young como Rudi Pal
 Billie Burke como Condessa di Meina
 Reginald Owen como Almirante Monti
 Lynne Carver como Maddelena Monti
 George Zucco como Conde Armalia
 Mary Philips como Maria
 Paul Porcasi como Senhor Nobre
 Dickie Moore como Pietro
 Frank Puglia como Alberto
 Adriana Caselotti como Primeira Camponesa
 Jean Lewis como Segunda Camponesa
 Ann Rutherford como Terceira Camponesa

Recepção
Howard Barnes, em sua crítica para o New York Herald Tribune, escreveu: "Joan Crawford tem um dia de campo glamoroso em The Bride Wore Red ... Com um novo penteado e olhos mais arregalados do que nunca, ela brinca de ser uma mulher desleixada, uma bela dama e uma camponesa com toda a conhecida feitiçaria Crawford. Não é inteiramente culpa dela que ela sempre continue ela mesma. [O filme] não tem nenhuma convicção dramática e possui pouco do sabor cômico que poderia torná-lo divertido e leve. Sua diversão dependerá do quanto de Srta. Crawford que você pode ter por vez ... A direção de Dorothy Arzner é sempre interessante, e às vezes ... é extraordinariamente imaginativa, mas aqui ela não foi capaz de dar a um sonho enfadonho de Cinderela mais do que uma bela frente pictórica".

Bilheteria
De acordo com os registros da Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, o filme arrecadou US$ 852.000 nacionalmente e US$ 425.000 no exterior, totalizando US$ 1.277.000 mundialmente. A produção fez o estúdio perder dinheiro, com um prejuízo de US$ 271.000.

Ligações externas

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1937
Filmes dirigidos por Dorothy Arzner
Filmes baseados em obras de Ferenc Molnár
Filmes baseados em obras de autores da Hungria
Filmes baseados em peças de teatro
Filmes de comédia dramática dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de comédia dramática da década de 1930
Filmes ambientados na Itália
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes da Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

The Bride Wore Red


Herbert Claiborne Pell Jr. (February 16, 1884 – July 17, 1961) was a United States representative from New York, U.S. Minister to Portugal, U.S. Minister to Hungary, and a creator and member of the United Nations War Crimes Commission.

A native of New York City and a member of the prominent and wealthy Lorillard and Claiborne families, Pell was educated at Connecticut's Pomfret School and attended Harvard University, Columbia University, and New York University.  Originally active in politics as a Progressive, he later became a Democrat.  In 1918, Pell was elected to Congress, and he served from 1919 to 1921.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1920.  Pell continued to remain active in politics, and was chairman of the New York State Democratic Committee from 1921 to 1926 and a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention.  He served as vice chairman of the Democratic National Campaign Committee for the 1936 elections.

In 1937, Pell was appointed as Minister to Portugal, where he served from May 27, 1937, until February 11, 1941, when he was appointed Minister to Hungary. In December 1941, Pell received Hungary's declaration of war against the United States, closed the embassy and returned to the United States.  He formally resigned in November 1942.  From 1942 to 1945, Pell was the United States representative on the United Nations War Crimes Commission.  Pell was recognized as an internationalist on foreign policy and a progressive despite coming from the wealthy and conservative class, which tended to be isolationist.  He was the leading American seeking to build awareness of the plight of European Jews in the 1930s and 1940s and prevent the Holocaust, and was able to aid in holding the perpetrators responsible as the principal U.S. sponsor of and U.S. representative of the War Crimes Commission.

Pell died in Munich, West Germany on July 17, 1961.  His remains were cremated and scattered in the Atlantic Ocean at Beavertail in Jamestown, Rhode Island.

Early life
Pell was born in New York City on February 16, 1884.  He was the elder son of two children born to Katherine Lorillard (née Kernochan) Pell (1858–1917) and Herbert Claiborne Pell (1853–1926).  His younger brother was Clarence Cecil Pell (1885–1964). He was a great-grandson of U.S. Representative John Francis Hamtramck Claiborne, and great-great-grandnephew of William Charles Cole Claiborne and Nathaniel Herbert Claiborne.  Through his mother and maternal grandparents, James Powell Kernochan and Catherine (née Lorillard) Kernochan, the daughter of Pierre Lorillard III, he inherited a share of the Lorillard Tobacco fortune. He was also a direct descendant of Wampage I, a Siwanoy chieftain, as reflected in a Congressional Record entry relating to his son Claiborne Pell.

Pell was educated at the Pomfret School, in Connecticut.  He attended Harvard University, Columbia University, and New York University, but did not complete a degree.

Career
Pell's political career began as a member of the Progressive committee of Orange County, New York (1912 to 1914). He was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-sixth Congress (March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1921) and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1920 to the Sixty-seventh Congress. He was chairman of the Democratic State committee from 1921 to 1926 and a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention.  Pell was an occasional lecturer at Columbia University, Harvard University, and other colleges and universities.  He also served on the advisory committee of Yenching University, later merged with Peking University.

In 1936 was vice chairman of the Democratic National Campaign Committee.  Pell was appointed as Minister to Portugal, where he served from May 27, 1937, until February 11, 1941, when he was appointed Minister to Hungary. He was serving in Budapest on December 13, 1941, when he received the Hungarian declaration of war against the United States. He closed the legation in Budapest, returned to the U.S. on January 16, 1942, and submitted his resignation on November 30, 1942. He was United States representative on the United Nations War Crimes Commission from August 1943 to January 1945.

Personal life
In November 1915, he married Matilda Bigelow (1895–1972), daughter of Nelson Pendleton Bigelow. Before their divorce in March 1927, they were the parents of:

 Claiborne de Borda Pell (1918–2009), a U.S. Senator from Rhode Island who served for 36 years from 1961 until 1997.

In June 1927, Matilda married Hugo W. Koehler (1886–1941), a commander in the United States Navy who served as a naval and State Department special agent in Russia during its civil war in 1920.  Two weeks later in Paris, Pell married Olive Bigelow Pell (1886–1980), the portraitist. Olive Bigelow was the daughter of Poultney Bigelow (1855–1954) and granddaughter of John Bigelow (1817–1911), the U.S. Ambassador to France under Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.

Pell died on July 17, 1961, in Munich, West Germany at the age of 77, while touring Europe with his grandson, Herbert Pell III.  His funeral was held at Trinity Church in Newport, Rhode Island where there is a memorial plaque in his honor.  His ashes were committed to the ocean off Beavertail in Jamestown, Rhode Island.

Descendants
Pell was the great-grandfather of Herbert Claiborne Pell IV (b. 1981), a candidate for Governor of Rhode Island, who married two-time Olympic medalist Michelle Kwan (b. 1980).

Honors and commemorations
The Herbert Pell Cup in yachting is named for Pell.

References
Notes

Sources
 Herbert Claiborne Pell, "Preparing for the Next War," American Mercury, v. 23, no.92 (August 1931) 455-463.

 Baker, Leonard. Brahmin in Revolt; A Biography of Herbert C. Pell. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1972.
 Blayney, Michael S. Diplomat and Humanist: The Diplomatic Career of Herbert Claiborne Pell. Ph.D. dissertation, Washington State University, 1973.
Cox, Graham B. Seeking Justice for the Holocaust: Herbert C. Pell, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the Limits of International Law. University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.
 http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=134584

1884 births
1961 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Ambassadors of the United States to Portugal
New York (state) Progressives (1912)
20th-century American politicians
Ambassadors of the United States to Hungary
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Pomfret School alumni
Pell family

Herbert Pell


Olaylar
 2 Aralık – James Monroe, Monroe doktrini'ni ilan etti.
 28 Temmuz – Erzurum Antlaşması, imzalandı. 1821-1823 Osmanlı-İran Savaşı sona erdi.

Doğumlar

Ocak
 8 Ocak - Alfred Russel Wallace, Britanyalı toplum ve doğa bilimci, antropolog ve biyolog (ö. 1913)

Şubat

Mart

Nisan
 25 Nisan - Abdülmecit, 31. Osmanlı padişahı ve 111. İslam halifesi (ö. 1861)

Mayıs

Haziran

Temmuz
 3 Temmuz - Ahmet Vefik Paşa - Osmanlı sadrazamı (ö. 1891)

Ağustos

Eylül
 9 Eylül - Joseph Leidy, Amerikalı bilim insanı (ö. 1891)

Ekim

Kasım

Aralık
 7 Aralık - Leopold Kronecker, Alman matematikçi ve mantıkçı (ö. 29 Aralık 1891)

Ölümler
 26 Ocak - Edward Jenner, İngiliz hekim (d. 1749)
 ? - Hamdullah Abdullah Paşa, Osmanlı Devleti denizci ve kaptanıderyası (d. ?)

1823


Tomáš Zdechovský (n. 2 noiembrie 1979, Havlíčkův Brod, Cehia) este un om politic, scriitor și manager ceh.  Este membru al Parlamentului European din 2014.

Viață personală și studii
A studiat la Facultatea de Teologie la Universitatea de Bohemia de Sud in České Budějovice. După a absolvit și studii de jurnalism la Universitatea Masaryk din Brno. A obținut licență la Università Pontificia Salesiana în domeniu de comunicare politică.

Tomáš Zdechovský este căsătorit și are patru copii.

Activitate politică
A fost ales în alegeri europarlamentare în 2014 și a fost membru Comisiei pentru control bugetar, Comisiei pentru libertăți civile, justiție și afaceri interne și membru Delegației pentru relațiile cu Republica Populară Chineză. În mai 2019 a fost reales și iar este membru Comisiei pentru control bugetar și vicepreședinte al Comisiei pentru ocuparea forței de muncă și afaceri sociale. Mai ales este membru supleant al Comisiei pentru libertăți civile, justiție și afaceri interne.

A lucrat la cazul Michalák, condamnă practicile serviciului norvegian de protecție a copilului, Barnevernet, și încearcă să schimbe funcționarea acestei agenții norvegiene. De asemenea, este autorul introducerii cărții Stolen Childhood: The truth about Norway's child welfare system (Copilărie furată: Adevărul despre sistemul norvegian de bunăstare a copilului). Cartea a fost publicată în 2019 și descrie problema situațiilor când copii sunt luați de la părinți de către serviciul norvegian de protecție a copilului (Barnevernet), cauzele marii influențe ale acestei instituții și motivele criticilor frecvente ale Barnevernet pentru încălcarea drepturilor umane.

În ianuarie 2020 a fost ales vicepreședinte partidului KDU-ČSL.

Poet și scriitor
Tomáš Zdechovský a publicat patru colecții de poezii:

 Ze zahrady mé milé (Din gradină drăgăi mele), 2008
 Odpusť mým rtům (Iartă buzelele mele), 2009
 Intimní doteky (Atingeri intime), 2010
 Kapka (Strop), 2016

În 2013, Tomáš Zdechovský a publicat prima sa operă de proză cu titlul Nekonečné ticho (Tăcere infinită).

Legături externe
 (în cehă)

 Pagina pe site-ul Parlamentului Europei

 Tomáš Zdechovský: "Europa cu mai multe viteze va echivala cu sfârșitul UE" Interviu pentru Radio Evropa Liberă

Romano-catolici cehi
Nașteri în 1979
Cehi în viață

Tomáš Zdechovský


I Corps, 1st Corps, or First Corps may refer to:

France
 1st Army Corps (France)
 I Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée), a cavalry unit of the Imperial French Army during the Napoleonic Wars
 I Corps (Grande Armée), a unit of the Imperial French Army during the Napoleonic Wars

Germany
 I Cavalry Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army
 I Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army
 I Reserve Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army
 I Royal Bavarian Corps, a unit of the Bavarian Army and the Imperial German Army
 I Royal Bavarian Reserve Corps, a unit of the Bavarian Army and the Imperial German Army
 I Army Corps (Wehrmacht), a unit in World War II
 I SS Panzer Corps, a unit in World War II

India
 I Corps (British India)
 I Corps (India)

Russia and Soviet Union
 1st Army Corps (Russian Empire)
 1st Guards Assault Aviation Corps
 1st Guards Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)
 1st Airborne Corps (Soviet Union)
 1st Army Corps (Armed Forces of South Russia), a unit in the Russian Civil War
 1st Army Corps (Soviet Union)
 1st Assault Aviation Corps
 1st Cavalry Corps (Russian Empire)
 1st Rifle Corps, Soviet Union

United Kingdom
 I Corps (United Kingdom)
 I Airborne Corps (United Kingdom)

United States
 I Corps (United States)
 I Amphibious Corps
 I Armored Corps (United States)
 I Corps (Union Army)
 First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
 First Corps, Army of Tennessee
 First Army Corps (Spanish-American War)
 I Field Force, Vietnam

Others
 I ANZAC Corps, Australia and New Zealand
 I Corps (Australia)
 I Corps (Belgium)
 I Corps (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
 I Canadian Corps
 I Corps (Czechoslovakia)
 Finnish I Corps (Winter War)
 I Army Corps (Greece)
 I Corps (North Korea)
 I Corps (Ottoman Empire)
 I Corps (Pakistan)
 Polish I Corps (disambiguation), several units
 1st Territorial Army Corps (Romania)
 I Corps (South Korea)
 I Corps (South Vietnam)
 1st Corps (Vietnam People's Army)
 1st Corps (Yugoslav Partisans), during World War II

See also
 List of military corps by number
 1st Army Corps (disambiguation)
 1st Army (disambiguation)
 1st Brigade (disambiguation)
 1st Division (disambiguation)
 1st Regiment (disambiguation)
 1 Squadron (disambiguation)

I Corps


Nit (od praslavenskog nitъ) je izraz za sve što je tanko i sliči na konac (ali je puno tanje), zapravo neformalna mjera za najtanje.

Kako još u grčkoj mitologiji postoji priča o Arijadninoj niti kojom je pomogla Tezeju izaći iz Labirinta. Jasno je da se radilo o paukovoj niti, koja je promjera od samo 0,003 mm, za usporedbu nit svile je deset puta šira sa svojih 0,03 mm.

Za antičke Grke (a i za sve ljude do 19. st bila je mjera za nešto najtanje što se može vidjeti i mjera za - gotovo ništa. Zato se i govori - visio je o niti, kad se netko nađe u beziglednoj situaciji.

Nit može značiti i neprekinut niz nečeg, što se može pratiti kako se razvija, teče, kao radnja na filmu ili romanu, pa kad se zakomplicira čovjek izgubi - nit.

Nit ili Nat je i mjerna jedinica iz informatike za količinu iformacija, koja se za razliku od drugih jedinica gdje je baza logaritma cijeli broj, određuje - prirodnim logaritmom.
Formula za nit je log2e ≈ 1,443 bita.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Nit - Hrvatski jezični portal

Frazeologija

Nit


Picomonas, monotipski rod Biliphyta svrstan u vlastitu porodicu, red, razred i novu  diviziju. Jedina vrsta je P. judraskeda, morska vrsta heterotrofnih pikoeukariota ("pikobilifiti") iz morskih obalnih površinskih voda Sjevernog mora u Njemačkoj.

Vrsta je opisana 2013.

Izvori

Biliphyta

Picomonas


كان الهون شعبًا من الرحل عاش في آسيا الوسطى، والقوقاز، وأوروبا الشرقية، بين القرنين الرابع والسادس الميلادي. وفقًا للتقاليد الأوروبية، أفادت الأبحاث بأنهم عاشوا في بداية عهدهم في شرق نهر الفولغا، في منطقة كانت جزءًا من السكيثيا في ذلك الوقت. يرتبط وصول الهون بهجرة الشعب الإيراني، الألان، غربًا. بحلول عام 370 ميلادي، وصل الهون إلى نهر الفولغا، وبحلول عام 430، فرض الهون سيطرة واسعة، وإن لم تدم طويلًا، في أوروبا، وقهروا القوط والعديد من الشعوب الجرمانية الأخرى التي تعيش خارج الحدود الإمبراطورية الرومانية، وتسبّبوا بفرار الكثير غيرهم إلى أراضي الإمبراطورية الرومانية. أقدم الهون، خاصة في عهد الملك أتيلا الهوني، على شنّ غارات متكررة ومدمرة على الإمبراطورية الرومانية الشرقية. في عام 451، غزا الهون مقاطعة الغال الرومانية الغربية، إذ قاتلوا جيشًا مشتركًا من الرومان والقوط الغربيين في معركة سهول كاتالونيا، وفي عام 452، غزوا إيطاليا. بعد موت أتيلا في عام 453، لم يعد الهون يشكلون تهديدًا كبيرًا لروما، وفقدوا الكثير من أراضي إمبراطوريتهم بعد معركة نِداو (454؟). تذكر سجلات السكان المجاورين لأحفاد الهون من الجنوب والشرق والغرب، أو الخلفاء الذين يحملون أسماء مشابهة، أن الهون احتلوا أجزاءً من أوروبا الشرقية وآسيا الوسطى منذ القرن الرابع وحتى القرن السادس تقريبًا. دُونت متغيرات اسم الهون في القوقاز حتى أوائل القرن الثامن.

في القرن الثامن عشر، أصبح الباحث الفرنسي جوزيف دي جين أول من اقترح وجود صلة بين الهون وشعب شيونغنو، الذين كانوا جيرانًا شماليين للصين في القرن الثالث قبل الميلاد. منذ زمن جين، بُذلت جهود علمية كبيرة للتحقيق في هذه العلاقة. لا تزال القضية مثيرة للجدل. إن علاقاتهم مع الشعوب الأخرى التي يُطلق عليها جماعيًا اسم «الهون الإيرانيون» هي موضع خلاف أيضًا.

لا يُعرف سوى القليل عن ثقافة الهون، وقد ارتبط عدد قليل جدًا من البقايا الأثرية ارتباطًا قاطعًا بشعب الهون. يُعتقد أنهم استخدموا مرجلًا برونزيًا، وعمدوا إلى افتعال تشويه قحفي. لا يتوفر أي توصيف لديانة الهون في زمن حكم الملك أتيلا، ولكن وُثّقت ممارسات مثل الكِهانة، ومن المحتمل أنها تتضمّن الشامانية أيضًا. من المعروف أيضًا أن الهون كان لديهم لغتهم الخاصة بهم، ولكن لم تُوثَّق سوى ثلاث كلمات وأسماء شخصية. من الناحية الاقتصادية، يُعرف عنهم ممارستهم شكلًا من أشكال الرعي البدوي؛ مع نمو اتصالهم بالعالم الروماني، أصبح اقتصادهم مرتبطًا ارتباطًا متزايدًا بروما من خلال الجزية والغاراتو والتجارة. ليس من الواضح ما إذا كانت لديهم حكومة موحّدة عندما دخلوا أوروبا، ولكنهم طوّروا زعامة قبلية موحدة في أثناء حروبهم مع الرومان. حكم الهون مجموعة متنوعة من الشعوب التي كانت تتحدث لغات مختلفة، وكان بعضها يُبقي على حكامه. تُعتبر الرماية من على ظهر الخيل تقنيتهم العسكرية الرئيسية.

ربما يكون الهون قد حفّزوا «الهجرة العظيمة»، ويعتبر هذا أحد العوامل التي ساهمت في انهيار الإمبراطورية الرومانية الغربية. عاشت ذكرى الهون أيضًا في الحياة التقديسية لسائر المسيحيين، إذ يلعب الهون أدوار الخصوم، وفي الأساطير البطولية الجرمانية أيضًا، إذ صُنّف الهون على أنهم خصوم مختلفون أو حلفاء للشخصيات الجرمانية الرئيسية. في المجر، نُسجت أسطورة مبنية على سجلات يعود تاريخها إلى العصور الوسطى مفادها أن المجريين، وجماعة زيكيلي العرقية على وجه الخصوص، تنحدر أصولهم من الهون. ومع ذلك، فإن الاتجاه العام للأبحاث الدراسية يرفض وجود صلة وثيقة بين المجريين والهون. عمومًا، تربط الثقافة الحديثة الهون بالقسوة البالغة والهمجية.

أصولهم
لا تزال أصول الهون وعلاقاتهم بشعوب السهوب الأخرى غير مؤكَّدة: يتفق العلماء بالعموم على أنهم نشؤوا في آسيا الوسطى، ولكنهم يختلفون في تفاصيل أصولهم. تؤكد المصادر التقليدية أنهم ظهروا في أوروبا بين ليلة وضحاها في عام 370 تقريبًا. في أغلب الأحيان، كانت محاولات الكتّاب الرومانيين لبيان أصول الهون تقرنهم ببساطة بشعوب السهوب السابقة. كرّر الكتّاب الرومان أيضًا رواية مفادها أن الهون دخلوا نطاق القوط عندما كانوا يتعقبون الأيل الوحشي، ورواية أخرى تعزو سبب دخولهم إلى انحراف أبقارهم عبر مضيق كيرتش إلى شبه جزيرة القرم، ليكتشفوا الأرض جيّدًا، ثم يهاجموا القوط. يشير عمل يوردانس «عن أصل وأعمال الغيتاي» إلى أن القوط اعتبروا الهون نسلًا «للأرواح النجسة» وسحرة قوطيين.

انظر أيضاً
 إمبراطورية الهون
 أعراق و قوميات العالم
 مجموعات عرقية

مراجع

انحلالات سنة 469
تاريخ الشعوب التركية
دول وأقاليم انحلت في القرن 5
دول وأقاليم أسست في القرن 4
دول وأقاليم أسست في عقد 370
شعوب قديمة
عصر الهجرات
غزوات في أوروبا
مجموعات مترحلة في أوراسيا

الهون


Schindelbach ist ein Ortsteil der sächsischen Gemeinde Großrückerswalde im Erzgebirgskreis.

Geografie

Lage
Schindelbach liegt etwa 7,3 Kilometer südwestlich von Marienberg im Erzgebirge. Die Ortslage von Oberschindelbach erstreckt sich in einem Seitental der Preßnitz südlich von Großrückerswalde. Die Siedlung Niederschindelbach liegt in der Nähe der Mündung des Schindelbachs in die Preßnitz.

Nachbarorte

Geschichte

Im Jahr 1544 erwarb der Rat der Stadt Marienberg den Niederschindelbacher Wald zur Errichtung einer Brettmühle zur Schindelherstellung. 1574 wurde oberhalb der ersten Brettmühle eine weitere errichtet. Im Dreißigjährigen Krieg wurden beide Brettmühlen nach 1630 zerstört. 1692 wurde die obere Mühle als Öl- und Brettmühle durch den Großrückerswalder Lehnrichter wieder aufgebaut. 1715 erfolgte der Wiederaufbau der Ratsmühle. 1774 wurde sie verkauft und als Ölmühle genutzt. Seit 1789 wurde die obere Mühle als "Schindelbachmühle" und die untere als "Brettmühle" bezeichnet. 1899 wurde die obere Mühle zur Holzwarenfabrik umgebaut, in der Niederschindelbacher Mühle eröffnete Max Hunger eine kleine Gastwirtschaft.

Der Ort Schindelbach wurde 1752 das erste Mal urkundlich erwähnt. Er gehörte bis 1856 zum kursächsischen bzw. königlich-sächsischen Amt Wolkenstein. Ab 1856 gehörte der Ort zum Gerichtsamt Marienberg und ab 1874 zur Amtshauptmannschaft Marienberg. 1871 zählte Schindelbach 177 Einwohner (Nieder-Schindelbach 70 Einwohner, Ober-Schindelbach 107 Einwohner). Nieder-Schindelbach gehörte seit dem 4. Februar 1835 zu Boden und kam erst mit dessen Eingemeindung im Jahr 1936 zu Großrückerswalde. Ober-Schindelbach gehörte seit der Ortsgründung dieser Siedlung zu Großrückerswalde. 1894 wurde im Ort eine Schule errichtet. Hinter dieser befand sich die Schindelbacher Waldbühne, auf der der erzgebirgische Volksdichter und Sänger Anton Günther im Jahr 1910 einen Auftritt hatte. Die Freiwillige Feuerwehr Schindelbach gründete sich 1924. Drei Jahre später erhielt Schindelbach Anschluss an das Elektrizitätsnetz. Im Jahr 1929 wurde die Mühlengaststätte an Kurt Keinert verkauft, der das Lokal zu einer beliebten Gaststätte ausbaute. 1938 wurde gegenüber der Gaststätte der heute noch an dieser Stelle befindliche Anton-Günther-Gedenkstein eingeweiht.

Durch die zweite Kreisreform in der DDR kam Schindelbach als Ortsteil der Gemeinde Großrückerswalde im Jahr 1952 zum Kreis Marienberg im Bezirk Chemnitz (1953 in Bezirk Karl-Marx-Stadt umbenannt), der ab 1990 als sächsischer Landkreis Marienberg fortgeführt wurde und 1994 im Mittleren Erzgebirgskreis bzw. im Jahr 2008 im Erzgebirgskreis aufging. Seit 1956 existiert im Ort eine Wasserleitung. Im gleichen Jahr wurde die Schindelbachmühle als Ferienheim des Betriebsbahnhofs Leipzig-West genutzt und die Gaststätte neu eröffnet. Das Ferienheim ging 1981 an das Wohnungsbaukombinat "Wilhelm Pieck" Karl-Marx-Stadt.

Nach der Wende kam die Schindelbachmühle im Jahr 1991 in den Besitz einer süddeutschen Firma, bis sie schließlich 1995 geschlossen wurde. In den folgenden Jahren verfiel das vernachlässigte Gebäude. Nach dem Ankauf durch die Gemeinde Großrückerswalde konnte das inzwischen einsturzgefährdete Gebäude im Jahr 2010 vollständig abgerissen werden. Heute erinnert am Standort eine kleine Tafel an das Lokal.

Religion

Schindelbach gehört zur evangelisch-lutherischen Kirchgemeinde in Großrückerswalde. Im Ort befindet sich ein Heim des Blauen Kreuzes für Abhängigkeitskranke.

Gedenkstätte
1938 wurde in Schindelbach ein Gedenkstein für den erzgebirgischen Volksdichter Anton Günther eingeweiht.

Weblinks

 Das Blaukreuz-Zentrum in Schindelbach
 Anton-Günther-Gedenkstein in Schindelbach

Einzelnachweise

Großrückerswalde
Ort im Erzgebirge
Ort im Erzgebirgskreis

Schindelbach


Alcide De Gasperi (3 Nisan 1881 - 19 Ağustos 1954), İtalyan devlet adamı ve siyasetçi. İtalyan Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk başbakanı olmuş ve 1953'e dek bu görevini sürdürmüştür. Avrupa Birliği'nin üç kurucusundan biri olarak kabul edilir.

Kaynakça

1881 doğumlular
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol doğumlular
1954 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyılda İtalyanlar
İtalya başbakanları
20. yüzyıl İtalyan gazetecileri
Charlemagne Ödülü sahipleri
Roma'da defnedilenler

Alcide De Gasperi


Rectus abdominis også kendt som "mavemusklerne eller abs," er parrede muskler, der løber vertikalt på hver sin side af den anteriore væg på det menneskelige abdomen, såvel som på andre pattedyr. Det er to parallelle muskler, separeret af en midterlinje af bindevæv, kaldet linea alba. Det løber fra skambensfugen, bækkenkammen og skambenstuberkelen inferiort, til processus xiphoideus og ribbensbrusk på ribben V til VII superiort.

Referencer

Muskelsystemet

Rectus abdominis


An Andropogon pohlianus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel. An Andropogon pohlianus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Andropogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Andropogon

Andropogon pohlianus


El Campo de Concentración Gusen III (KZ Gusen III) se fundó oficialmente en diciembre de 1944 en la localidad de Lungitz con el fin de surtir de mano de obra la creación de un centro logístico para las fábricas subterráneas de B8 Bergkristall y un horno de pan para el sistema de campos de concentración de Mauthausen-Gusen.

Historia

Ya en 1940, los prisioneros de KZ Gusen I iban diariamente a trabajar a una antigua fábrica de ladrillos en Lungitz. Cuando en 1943 cesó la producción de ladrillos se pasó a usar aquellas naves para el almacenamiento de componentes aeronáuticos para la firma Messerschmitt que posteriormente se usaban en Gusen I y en '''B8 Bergkristall'''. A partir del otoño de 1943 empezaron a mantener permanentemente a los primeros prisioneros en Lungitz. Fue en esta época cuando comenzó a construirse también la panificadora. Pero no sería hasta febrero de 1945 cuando el campo comenzara a funcionar como tal. Justo al lado de las instalaciones de KL Gusen III pasaba una vía férrea que lo conectaba con Gusen I y Gusen II. Poco antes del fin de la guerra comenzaron los trabajos para excavar un túnel entre KZ Gusen III (la panificadora y los almacenes de piezas de avión) y KZ Gusen I y II, más concretamente los túneles de Kerllerbau, pasando bajo el monte Frankenberg.

Características especiales

 Campo de prisioneros pequeño: 300 prisioneros.
 Junto a las vías del tren, que lo conectaban con KL Gusen I y II
 Panificadora industrial para surtir al sistema gemelo de campos de concentración Mauthausen-Gusen
 2 marchas de la muerte hacia Gusen suspendidas.

Comandos en los que trabajaban los prisioneros
 Para DEST:
 Almacenamiento de piezas aeronáuticas de gran tamaño para el proyecto en colaboración con Messerschmitt GmbH en Gusen I y Saint Georgen / Gusen
 Para la administración SS:
 Panificadora industrial para los prisioneros

Elementos funcionales
 Campo de prisioneros (unos 300)
 1 barracón para los prisioneros
 1 barracón para las duchas
 1 letrina
 4 torres (de madera)
 Guardias SS (30 hombres)
 Cabaña para los guardias
 Establo
 Aparcamiento
 Instalaciones administrativas de las SS
 Almacén y panificadora industrial para los prisioneros
 Forja
 Cabaña para herramientas
 Instalaciones operativas de DEST
 Almacén de piezas aeronáuticas de gran tamaño en la antigua fábrica de Ladrillos de Lungitz (Colaboración Messerschmitt GmbH)

Personal clave
 Lagerführer
 SS-UScha (R) Wilhelm Maack (1944-1945)

Publicaciones
 Leo Reichl: Das KZ-Lager Gusen III. Beginn und Aufbau einer Großbäckerei in Lungitz und der Abbruch dieser Anlagen. In: Oberösterreichische Heimatblätter. Band 54. 2000, Heft 3/4, , S. 157–184. – Volltext online (PDF).
 Leo Reichl: Die KZ-Grabanlage auf dem Friedhof in Katsdorf aus dem Jahre 1945. 1. Auflage. Heimatkundliche Schriftenreihe zur Geschichte des Raumes Katsdorf, Band 5. Heimatverein, Katsdorf 2001. – Volltext online (PDF).
 Leo Reichl: 	Erinnerungen an Ereignisse und Luftangriffe im Zweiten Weltkrieg und die Befreiung der KZ-Lager Gusen und Mauthausen und an Nachkriegsereignisse im Jahre 1945. Bericht. 2. Auflage. Heimatkundliche Schriftenreihe zur Geschichte des Raumes Katsdorf, Band 7. Heimatverein, Katsdorf 2004. – Volltext online (PDF): S. 1–3, S. 4–30, S. 4–30, S. 31–41, S. 42–50, S. 51–67.

Véase también
 KZ Gusen
 B8 Bergkristall

Referencias

Enlaces
 Rudolf A. Haunschmied Et alii: KZ Gusen III Concentration Camp at Lungitz. En: gusen.org (KZ Gusen Memorial Committee), (En inglés), 7 de marzo de 2006, último acceso el 18 de noviembre de 2011.

Campos anejos de los campos de concentración nazis
Alemania en 1944
Alemania en 1945
Alemania en la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Austria en la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Gusen 3

Campo de concentración de Gusen III


Le laquet de Coste Oueillère ou laquette des scientifiques est un lac pyrénéen français situé administrativement dans la commune de Vielle-Aure dans le département des Hautes-Pyrénées en région  Occitanie.

C'est un lac naturel a une altitude de .

Toponymie
En occitan,  coste signifie « pente »  et oueilhèro signifie « moutons, brebis » d'où le lac de montagne (pentue) aux moutons.

Géographie
Le lac est situé en vallée de Port Bielh Bastan, en vallée d'Aure, dans la réserve du Néouvielle dans le sud du département français des Hautes-Pyrénées dans le massif du Néouvielle.
Il est entouré de nombreux lacs comme le lac de Bastan ou de Port-Bielh (), le lac d'Aumar (), le lac de l'Ile (), le lac de l'Ours (), le lac de l'Oule ().

Topographie

Hydrologie

Climat

Protection environnementale

Le lac fait partie d'une zone naturelle protégée, classée ZNIEFF de type 1 : Réserve du Néouvielle et vallons de Port-Bielh et du Bastan.

Voies d'accès
Le lac est accessible depuis le lac de l'Oule par le sentier de grande randonnée GR 10 en direction de la cabane de l'Oule.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des lacs des Hautes-Pyrénées
 Liste des lacs des Pyrénées

Liens externes
 Laquet de Coste Oueillère

Laquet Coste Oueillère
Coste Oueillère
Massif du Néouvielle

Laquet de Coste Oueillère


Un véhicule de combat improvisé est la version militarisée d'un véhicule civil ou d'un véhicule militaire non-offensif, souvent fabriqué et exploité par des insurgés, terroristes, rebelles, guérilleros, mouvements de résistance, organisations criminelles ou tout autre forme de groupes para-militaires. De telles modifications consistent généralement en la greffe d'un blindage et d'armes sur un véhicule utilitaire ou un pick-up. Ce type de véhicule est à différencier du véhicule blindé improvisé en ce sens que ce dernier n'est pas nécessairement armé.

Plusieurs milices et armées régulières ont utilisé ce procédé depuis l'apparition des automobiles dans le domaine militaire.

L'absence de doctrine en ce qui concerne l'usage de l'automobile à des fins militaires ou même simplement civiles a rapidement mené à pléthore d'improvisations d'automitrailleuses et de véhicules du même genre.

Plus tard, malgré l'avènement de l'industrie de l'armement, plusieurs armées ont continué de recourir à ce type d'engins, souvent face à l'urgence de situations conflictuelles inattendues, ou en raison du développement de tactiques militaires pour lesquelles aucun véhicule militaire disponible n'était approprié.

La fabrication de véhicules de combat improvisés peut aussi refléter un manque de moyens au sein des forces qui les utilisent. Cela se vérifie particulièrement chez les pays en voie de développement, où diverses armées et guérilleros les ont utilisés en lieu et place de véhicules militaires conventionnels, nettement plus onéreux. Ce fut notamment le cas durant la Guerre des Toyota, qui tire son nom de la marque des pick-up transformés à cette occasion.

Premières occurrences
Un des premiers véhicules de combat improvisés a été construit pour la British Army à Dublin durant l'Insurrection de Pâques en 1916. Il s'agit d'un camion Daimler réquisitionné, appartenant à la brasserie Guinness. Un blindage a été monté sur le camion, fabriqué à partir de boîtes à fumée provenant de plusieurs locomotives à vapeur. Des fentes étaient percées sur l'ensemble de la citerne afin de laisser les fusiliers tirer au travers, à la manière de meurtrières. De fausses fentes étaient peintes en trompe-l'oeil de manière à  les snipers.

La construction s'acheva en moins d'une journée, les pièces de locomotives ainsi que la citernes furent retournées à leurs propriétaire après l'insurrection.

Seconde Guerre mondiale

Jeeps des SAS

Créé durant la campagne d'Afrique du Nord, le SAS est spécialisé dans les attaques commandos, particulièrement contre les bases aériennes de l'Axe. Puisqu'aucun véhicule disponible n'était approprié à ce type de mission, le SAS a dû en créer un. La Jeep Willys MB exportée par les États-Unis devint son arme de marque. Le pare-brise et le pare-chocs étaient parfois retirés afin de rendre la jeep plus légère. Souvent, la calandre était démontée, ce qui permettait une meilleure ventilation du moteur en climat aride. Un large éventail d'armes pouvait être intégré, comme par exemple la mitrailleuse Browning M2 ou la Vickers K.

Les jeeps des SAS furent utilisées durant toute la campagne d'Afrique du Nord et, plus tard en Europe, où elles servirent au cours de missions de sabotage derrière les lignes ennemies.

Utilisation par la Home Guard britannique
La Home Guard, une milice para-militaire de la British Army en tant que défense contre l'invasion, était souvent mal équipée durant sa période s'activité, puisque les équipements conventionnels étaient réservés en priorité à l'armée régulière. La Home Guard était régulièrement équipée d'armes obsolètes ou même d'armes et véhicules de fortunes, à l'efficacité limitée. Parmi les véhicules de combat improvisés développés de la Home Guard figurent :l'Armadillon, le Bison, l'OXA, et le Standard Beaverette.

Les tracteurs de combat soviétiques
Basé sur un tracteur agricole STZ-5 un véhicule de combat improvisé était manufacturé à Odessa au cours des premiers années de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale. Le char NI est une abréviation de  (), qui signifie littéralement « pour la peur ». Il a aussi été appelé « char d'Odessa » et « char de la peur ».

L'automitrailleuse Kubuś

Une automitrailleuse artisanale fabriquée sur un châssis d'un camion Chevrolet a vu le jour en 1944 dans un garage de Varsovie au profit du mouvement de résistance polonaise Armia Krajowa.

Époque contemporaine

Les technicals

Typiquement conçu à partir d'un véhicule civil ou d'un véhicule militaire non-offensif, il s'agit généralement d'un pickup ou d'un 4x4 sur lequel est monté un canon sans recul, une mitrailleuse, un canon anti-aérien, ou tout autre dispositif offensif de taille modeste.

Le terme technical utilisé pour décrire un tel type de véhcule semble être originaire de Somalie. On pense que son nom vient de la Croix Rouge qui était forcée de louer les services de milices locales pour se prémunir d'attaques ou de braquages. L'argent utilisé pour la protection du personnel était qualifié de dépenses techniques. Ils sont également connus sous le nom de battlewagons et gunwagons.

Parmi les armées irrégulières, les technicals participent au charisme et au respect imposé par les seigneurs de guerre. Selon un article, .

Camions armés
Il s'agit d'un véhicule de combat improvisé utilisé par les sections d'une armée régulière ou des autres forces armées d'un gouvernement officiel, basé sur un camion conventionnel habilité à transporter un grand nombre d'armes. Capables de médiocres performances tout-terrain, ils sont principalement utilisés par les armées afin d'escorter des convois militaires dans des régions sujettes aux embuscades tendus par des rebelles.

Narco tanks

Des véhicules blindés improvisés peuvent être utilisés par les cartels mexicains (notamment Los Zetas) dans le but de transporter différentes marchandises de contrebande en toute sécurité.

De multiples exemples de véhicules de combat improvisés ont été créés par de diverses factions durant les guerres civiles syrienne et irakienne.

L'armement et le blindage aussi bien que le châssis varient en fonction des exemples. Ils sont utilisés comme véhicules piégés, automitrailleuses, véhicules blindés improvisés et véhicule blindé de transport de troupes.

Articles connexes

 Guerre blindée
 Technical
 Blindage de véhicule improvisé

Réferences

Véhicule tout-terrain
Camion militaire
Véhicule Pick-up

Véhicule de combat improvisé


Alexander "Greek" Thomson (9 de abril de 1817 - 22 de marzo de 1875) fue un eminente arquitecto escocés y teórico de la arquitectura, que en alguna de sus propuestas anticipó algunas cuestiones de la arquitectura sostenible. Aunque su trabajo fue publicado en la prensa arquitectónica de su tiempo, fue poco apreciado fuera de la ciudad de Glasgow durante su vida. Solamente desde las décadas de 1950 y1960 ha recuperado algo de su reputación, no menos importante que su probable influencia sobre Frank Lloyd Wright.

El crítico Henry-Russell Hitchcock ha dicho sobre él:

Primeros años

Alexander Thomson nació en la aldea de Balfron, en Stirlingshire, hijo de John Thomson, un contador, y de Elizabeth Cooper Thomson, noveno de doce hijos. Su padre, que ya tenía ocho hijos mayores de un matrimonio anterior, murió cuando Alexander tenía siete años. La familia se trasladó a las afueras de Glasgow, pero ocurrió una tragedia cuando la hija mayor, Jane, y tres de sus hermanos murieron entre 1828 y 1830, el mismo año en que también murió su madre. Los demás niños se trasladaron con uno de los hermanos mayores, William, un profesor, y su esposa e hijo a Hangingshaw, justo al sur de Glasgow. Todos los chicos Thomson trabajaron desde edad temprana, pero los niños también fueron educados en casa. Se cree que Alexander trabajó en una oficina con un abogado, posiblemente Wilson, James y Kays, en donde su hermano mayor, Ebenezer, fue empleado como un contador y en donde luego llegó a ser socio en el negocio.

Carrera profesional

Alexander fue finalmente aprendiz en Glasgow del arquitecto Robert Foote, y luego consiguió un empleo en la oficina de John Baird como dibujante. En 1848 Thomson se independizó, formando la firma la firma Baird & Thomson, junto con John Baird II, que más adelante se convertira en su cuñado. La compañía duró nueve años. En 1857, en calidad de «emergente estrella arquitectónica de Glasgow», ejerció con su hermano George, disfrutando de los años más productivos de su vida. Ostentó la presidenciae tanto de la Glasgow Architectural Society [Sociedad de Arquitectura de Glasgow] y del Glasgow Institute of Architects [Instituto de Arquitectos de Glasgow]. Thomson fue un mayor de la Iglesia Presbiteriana Unida de Escocia, y sus profundas creencias religiosas se reflejaban en su trabajo. Hay una creencia firme de que identificaba estrechamente el Templo de Salomón con la planta de la basílica griega que uso en sus tres iglesias principales.
Realizó muchos edificios de muchos tipos, villas, un castillo, terrazas urbanas, almacenes, apartamentos, y tres extraordinarias iglesias. De estas, la iglesia Libre de la Carretera de Caledonia (1856-1857, ahora en ruinas), la iglesia Presbiteriana Unida del Parque de la Reina (1869, destruida en la Segunda Guerra Mundial), y la iglesia de la calle St Vincent (1859), esta la única que se mantiene intacta. Hitchcock al respecto señaló: «[Thomson ha construido] tres de las de las mejores iglesias clásicas románticas en el mundo». Thomson desarrolló su propio estilo, muy idiosincrático, a partir de las fuentes griegas, egipcias y levantinas y las adaptó libremente a las necesidades de la ciudad moderna.

A la edad de 34 años, Thomson diseñó su primer y único castillo, el castillo de Craigrownie, que se sitúa en la punta de la península Rosneath en Cove, con vistas al Loch Long. El edificio de seis pisos es de estilo baronial escocés, con una torre central con almenas, gabletes apuntados y ventanas mirador, además de una capilla y un cottage para las caballerizas.

Thomson diseño villas para Langside, Pollokshields, Helensburgh, Cove, el estuario del Clyde y la isla de Bute. Sus «villas de madurez eran griegas de estilo aunque no se asemejan a las casas neogriegas... [y ellas] están dominadas por líneas horizontales descansando sobre un fuerte podio».

Según Gavin Stamp, «Thomson diseñó cuidadosamente sus villas con simetrías dentro de una asimetría general en un lenguaje personal en el que la disciplina horizontal de un orden de gobierno continuo, ya sea expresada o implícita, nunca fue abandonada».  Con respecto a las similitudes con Frank Lloyd Wright, Stamp declara: «A menudo se ha observado que hay claras semejanzas entre las primeras casas de la Prairie School y el diseño de masas horizontales de Thomson, con sus frontones poco elevados y los amplios aleros, junto con un jardín que los conecta». Como sir John Summerson señaló: «Hay algo salvajemente 'estadounidense' en Thomson: una actitud de 'Nuevo Mundo'. Se ve en las villas ... una especie de primitivismo, ultra-toscano».

Más adelante en su carrera abandonaría su eclecticismo y adoptaría un estilo griego puramente jónico por el que es reconocido, como tal, es quizás el último en una tradición continua de arquitectos neogriegos británicos. Al atacar al gótico, «insistió en que 'Stonehenge está realmente construido más científicamente que York Minster' ... [aludiendo al] comentario de Pugin de que en sus templos 'los griegos erigieron sus columnas como los montantes de Stonehenge'».  Otras obras importantes que aún se mantienen en pie son Moray Place, Great Western Terrace, Egyptian Halls en Union Street, Grosvenor Building, Buck's Head Building en Argyle Street, Grecian Buildings en Sauchiehall Street, los crescents de Walmer y Millbrae, y su villa, Holmwood House, en Cathcart. Otros tumbas monumentales diseñadas por Thomson que son dignos de estudio son las del reverendo A.O. Beattie y del rev. G.M. Middleton, así como la de John McIntyre en el Cathcart Old Parish Cemetery.

Thomson fue un visionario que introdujo en el vocabulario arquitectónico algunos de los elementos esenciales de la vivienda sostenible. Este argumento se basa en un diseño no realizado que Thomson preparó en 1868 para el Glasgow City Improvement Trust, una agencia del Ayuntamiento encargada de reconstruir una gran área de tugurios de viviendas centrada en el casco antiguo medieval. El Trust invitó a Thomson y a otros cinco arquitectos destacados para que propusieran diseños para la reconstrucción de varias parcelas a lo largo del eje de High Street. Thomson sugirió que se construyesen viviendas paralelas estrechamente espaciadas dentro del patio central, cuyos extremos estarían abiertos para facilitar la ventilación. También propuso que calles alternas estuviesen acristaladas para mayor calidez y seguridad de los residentes. Aunque las ideas de Thomson no lograron ponerse de moda en ese momento, nuevas investigaciones y técnicas CAD han ayudado a mostrar cuán revolucionaria fue su propuesta para mejorar la vivienda de los trabajadores.

Escritos
Los escritos de Thomson incluyen las conferencias Haldane sobre la historia de la arquitectura (1874) y la Inquiry as to the Appropriateness of the Gothic Style for the Proposed building for the University of Glasgow [Investigación acerca de la apropiación del estilo gótico para la propuesta de la Universidad de Glasgow] (1866) que trataba de rebatir a Ruskin y las demandas de Pugin de la superioridad del gótico.

Familia
El 21 de septiembre de 1847, Thomson se casó con Jane Nicholson, nieta del arquitecto Peter Nicholson, en una doble boda ceremonial con su hermana, Jessie, que se casó con John Baird II. Tuvieron doce hijos en total, aunque perdería cinco en una epidemia. Thomson murió el 22 de marzo de 1875 en su casa en Moray Place en Strathbungo, Glasgow, precisamente una de sus creaciones. El arquitecto fue enterrado al lado de sus cinco hijos fallecidos, en Gorbals Southern Necropolis, el 26 de marzo de 1875; allí mismo fue enterrada su esposa viuda, Jane, en 1889. Su obituario apareció en el Building News el 26 de marzo de 1875, escrito por su amigo, Thomas Gildard, quien también escribió su biografía.

Uno de sus hermanos, George Thomson (1819-1878), se convirtió en misionero bautista en Limbe, Camerún (entonces conocido como «Victoria»), en donde combinó sus actividades religiosas con su pasión por la botánica. Una orquídea epifita del género de las Pachystoma fue nombrada en su honor con el nombre de Pachystoma thomsonianum.

Su sobrino, William Cooper Thomson (1829-1878) fue un misionero en Nigeria, por quien fue nombrada la viña Corazón sangrante, Clerodendrum thomsoniae.

Legado

El Instituto de Arquitectos de Glasgow estableció el Alexander Thomson Memorial inmediatamente después de su muerte. Un busto de mármol del arquitecto de John Mossman fue presentado en las Corporation Galleries, Sauchiehall Street, y ahora se muestra en la Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum. La beca Alexander Thomson (Alexander Thomson Travelling Studentship), de la que el segundo ganador fue Charles Rennie Mackintosh, se estableció en su honor, «con el propósito de proporcionar una beca itinerante para el fomento del estudio de la arquitectura clásica antigua, con especial referencia a los principios ilustrados en obras del sr. Thomson».

Thomson fue el arquitecto más destacado de su época en Glasgow; sin embargo, hasta hace poco, sus edificios y su reputación se habían descuidado en gran medida en la ciudad agraciada por sus obras. En general, se considera que Holmwood House es el proyecto residencial más fino y original de Thomson. Bajo la propiedad del National Trust for Scotland, Holmwood ha sido restaurado a su estado original y está abierto al público en general. Durante la renovación, se descubrieron diecinueve paneles de un friso clásico que representa escenas de La Ilíada de Homero bajo capas de pintura y papel pintado, lo que hace que el apodo de Thomson sea aún más apropiado.

En 1999, se llevó a cabo una exposición retrospectiva titulada «Alexander Thomson: The Unknown Genius» en The Lighthouse, recordando a los habitantes de Glasgow la necesidad de proteger los ejemplos que se conservan del arquitecto en su ciudad. El arquitecto británico emigrado George Ashdown Audsley siguió de cerca la ornamentación de Thomson en varios de sus edificios civiles. El ejemplo sobreviviente más notable son sus Bowling Green Offices (terminadas en 1896) en la ciudad de Nueva York. La base de granito altamente tallada de ese alto edificio de oficinas es del estilo Thomson con pisos de ladrillo estilo la Escuela de Chicago arriba.

Véase también

 James Sellars

Notas

Referencias
, que recoge como bibliografía:
 "Alexander Thomson: architectonics and ideals of the classic Glaswegian", John McKean, AA Files (Architectural Association, London), No 9, Summer 1985
 Dignity and Decadence, Richard Jenkyns, Harvard University Press, 1991.
 "Greek" Thomson, Ed. Gavin Stamp and Sam McKinstry, Edinburgh UP,1994
 'Thomson's City: 19th Century Glasgow', John McKean, in "Places : A Forum of Environmental Design", University of California (Cambridge Mass), Volume 9, Number 1, Winter 1994 , pp. 22 – 33. It is accessible at:
 Architecture of Glasgow, Andor Gomme and David Walker, Lund, 1987, 2nd. ed.
 Early Victorian Architecture in Britain Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Yale, 1954
 The Life and Work of Alexander Thomson, Ronald MacFadzean, London, 1979
 Alexander "Greek" Thomson, Gavin Stamp, 1999
 The Greek Revival, J Mourdant Crook, 1972.
 "Glasgow: from 'Universal' to 'Regionalist' City and beyond - from Thomson to Mackintosh", John McKean, in Sources of Regionalism in 19th Century Architecture, Art and Literature, ed. van Santvoort, Verschaffel and De Meyer, Leuven, 2008

Enlaces externos

 The Alexander Thomson Society

 Alexander Greek Thomson - Architect
 Photo Guide to some of Thomson's best known buildings
 List of Thomson's buildings
 Webpage on Holmwood House
 St Vincent Street Free Church of Scotland, Glasgow
 Craig Ailey Villa, Cove, Firth of Clyde
 Canmore page featuring interior and exterior photographs of Caledonia Road Church

Arquitectos de Escocia del siglo XIX
Arquitectura moderna

Alexander Thomson


Mary Kay Inc. é uma empresa americana de marketing multinível privada. Segundo a Direct Selling News, a Mary Kay foi a sexta maior empresa de marketing de rede do mundo em 2018, com um volume de vendas por atacado de US$ 3,25 bilhões. A Mary Kay tem sede em Addison, no Texas. A empresa foi fundada por Mary Kay Ash em 1963. Richard Rogers, filho de Ash, é o presidente, e Ryan Rogers, neto de Ash, foi nomeado CEO em 2022.

História
A partir de 1963, com 318 consultores e vendas de US$198.154, a empresa ultrapassou US$500 milhões em vendas através de 220.000 consultores até 1991. Em 1995, suas vendas haviam crescido para US$950 milhões, incluindo US$25 milhões na Rússia. Até 2017, a expansão multinacional contínua da Mary Kay havia levado suas vendas a crescerem para US$3,7 bilhões, com 2,5 milhões de consultores, 39.000 diretores e 600 diretores nacionais. Em março de 2020, a Mary Kay encerrou suas operações na Austrália e na Nova Zelândia.

Em novembro de 2022, David Holl, CEO da empresa desde 2006, se aposentou após quase 30 anos na empresa e permaneceu como presidente do conselho da Mary Kay. Em novembro de 2022, Ryan Rogers foi nomeado CEO.

Modelo de negócios

A Mary Kay vende cosméticos através de um modelo de marketing multinível. Os distribuidores Mary Kay, chamados de consultores de beleza, podem potencialmente gerar renda vendendo diretamente para pessoas em sua comunidade e também recebem uma comissão quando recrutam outros para começar a vender em sua rede de distribuição. Os distribuidores Mary Kay devem comprar um kit inicial de $ 100 para se qualificar. A Mary Kay divulga poucos detalhes sobre a renda média de seus vendedores.

Começando em 1963 com 318 consultores e vendas de $ 198.154, a empresa ultrapassou $ 500 milhões em vendas através de 220.000 consultores em 1991. Em 1995, suas vendas aumentaram para US$ 950 milhões, incluindo US$ 25 milhões na Rússia. Em 2017, a contínua expansão multinacional da Mary Kay viu suas vendas crescerem para US$ 3,7 bilhões com 2,5 milhões de consultores, 39.000 diretores e 600 diretores nacionais.

Plantas de manufatura
A principal fábrica da empresa fica em Dallas, Texas. Uma segunda fábrica foi inaugurada em Hangzhou, na China, para fabricar e embalar produtos para esse mercado. Uma terceira fábrica foi aberta em 1997, em La Chaux-de-Fonds, Suíça para o mercado europeu. A fábrica suíça foi fechada em 2003.

Carros
Em 1968, Mary Kay Ash comprou o primeiro Cadillac rosa de uma concessionária de Dallas, onde foi repintado no local para combinar com o "Mountain Laurel Blush" em um Ash compacto carregado. O Cadillac serviu como um anúncio móvel para o negócio. No ano seguinte, Ash recompensou os cinco maiores vendedores da empresa com carros Coupe de Ville de 1970 pintados de forma semelhante. A GM pintou mais de 100.000 carros personalizados para a Mary Kay. A tonalidade específica variou ao longo dos anos, de chiclete a rosa perolado suave. A GM tinha um acordo exclusivo para vender carros da tonalidade específica apenas através da Mary Kay. Os carros são concedidos a Consultoras/Diretores de Beleza Independentes como arrendamentos de dois anos pagos pela empresa, e os Consultores/Diretores que optarem por comprar os carros ao final do período de locação de dois anos só podem revendê-los a revendedores autorizados. Após o término do contrato de locação, os carros são repintados antes de serem revendidos.

A Mary Kay tem diferentes níveis de incentivo de carros para suas Consultoras. Consultoras e Diretoras de Beleza Independentes podem ganhar o uso de um Chevrolet Malibu prata ou uma compensação em dinheiro de $ 425 por mês. Os Diretores de Vendas Independentes também podem ganhar um Chevrolet Equinox preto, Chevrolet Traverse, Mini Cooper ou US$ 500 por mês. Os diretores de vendas independentes com melhor desempenho podem escolher entre o Cadillac XT5 ou XT6 rosa ou a opção em dinheiro de US$ 900 por mês. As qualificações específicas para ganhar o carro dependem do país e do veículo desejado. Se essas qualificações não forem atendidas, a Consultora/Diretora de Beleza Independente deverá pagar uma parte do aluguel do carro para aquele mês. O cumprimento das qualificações dá direito à Consultora/Diretora de Beleza Independente a não pagar aluguel mensal e 85% do seguro do carro, ou um prêmio de compensação em dinheiro pré-determinado. Em 2011, um Ford Mustang preto sólido foi introduzido como incentivo. Em 2014, um BMW preto foi introduzido em seu lugar, embora o Cadillac rosa continue sendo a principal recompensa para os Diretores Independentes cujas unidades compram mais de US$ 100.000 ou mais em produtos MK a preço de atacado em um ano. Internacionalmente, os carros disponíveis também variam dependendo das regiões e países.

Ganhos para vendedores
Existem duas formas de as Consultoras de Beleza Independentes ganharem dinheiro na Mary Kay: recrutamento e vendas a retalho.

Ganhos de comissão de recrutamento
"Ganho de comissão de recrutamento" reflete a comissão e bônus de 4,9 ou 13% que se ganha com as compras no atacado de produtos MK por sua equipe ou unidade. Estes bónus vêm diretamente da empresa Mary Kay e não da equipa das Consultoras de Beleza Independentes ou dos bolsos das unidades. Não inclui a receita de vendas no varejo nem a receita do negócio de ferramentas Mary Kay.

Ganhos de vendas no varejo
As Consultoras de Beleza Independentes Mary Kay ganham um lucro bruto de 50% nos produtos que vendem a preço total de varejo. Não há rastreamento pela empresa de vendas reais. O valor cotado de US$ 1.057,14 por ano (2015) para a consultora média deriva da divisão das vendas anuais no atacado da Mary Kay Inc. pelo número de consultoras Mary Kay. Esse número não leva em conta devoluções de produtos, eBay, leilões, vendas com desconto e compras feitas por "consultores de uso pessoal" - tudo isso reduziria esse número.

Taxa de rotatividade do consultor
Um valor de faturamento de 68,6% ao ano foi calculado com base em informações fornecidas pela Mary Kay (EUA) à Federal Trade Commission. Foi calculado um volume de negócios de 85% ao ano, com base nos dados fornecidos pela Mary Kay (Canadá). Esse documento exclui os indivíduos que ganham comissão e estão na empresa há menos de um ano. Também exclui os indivíduos que estão na empresa há mais de um ano, mas não recebem cheque de comissão.

Casos de tribunal

Woolf v. Cosméticos Mary Kay
O processo judicial de 2004 Woolf v. A Mary Kay Cosmetics argumentou que os direitos trabalhistas poderiam ser aplicados a contratados independentes que trabalhavam em casa. Esta decisão foi suspensa e depois revertida após recurso. A Suprema Corte negou certiorari em 31 de maio de 2005. Nesse caso, Woolf foi demitida de seu cargo de Diretora de Vendas Independente porque sua unidade deixou de produzir por três meses consecutivos. Woolf alegou que sua demissão era ilegal, porque ela sofria de câncer.

Processos judiciais do liquidante
Em maio de 2008, a Mary Kay, Inc., processou a Touch of Pink Cosmetics, um site que vende produtos de ex-consultores da Mary Kay a preços fortemente reduzidos. A empresa alega que a Touch of Pink interfere em seus negócios oferecendo a compra de estoque de Consultoras de Beleza Independentes descontinuadas, e que o uso da marca Mary Kay pela Touch of Pink em referência aos produtos Mary Kay que ela vende é enganoso. O júri decidiu a favor de Mary Kay e concedeu um julgamento de US $ 1,139 milhão.

Em 20 de julho de 2009, Mary Kay, Inc., processou a Pink Face Cosmetics por violação de marca registrada. A questão específica parece ser o uso do nome Mary Kay, na venda de produtos Mary Kay no eBay e em outros locais da Internet por menos do que o custo de atacado dos produtos.

Empresas de cosméticos dos Estados Unidos
Marcas de cosméticos

Mary Kay


Roselijev čempres, stablo u vrtu franjevačkog samostana u Hvaru koje je spomenik prirode. Pripada vrsti Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis (Mili.) Gord.. Svojstvena je fenotip i neobična morfološka izgleda grana.

Izgled
Godine 2000. bio je visok 7 metara, grana duljine do 8 metara. Grane su mu u prerezu eliptične, a ne cilindrične što je svojstvo svih vodoravnih vrsta čempresa, što ga čini jednim od najzanimljivijih primjeraka čempresa na svijetu. Ispitivanjem je utvrđeno da ga je moguće autovegetativno razmnožiti putem ožiljenica zelenih reznica uz primjenu IBA u koncentraciji od 4000 ppm.

Povijest
Prema predaji posadio ga je talijanski slikar Matteo Rosseli (1578. – 1650.) koji je navodno boravio u franjevačkom samostanu u Hvaru, a zbog slaba zdravlja. Za to do danas nema nađenih pisanih potvrda u vrelima. Vjerojatno je posađen u 17. stoljeću prigodom uređivanja najgornje terace. 21. rujna 1961. Zavod za zaštitu prirode donio je Rješenje kojim se ovaj čempres proglašava zaštićenom prirodnom rijetkošću. Upisan je u registar Ministarstva zaštite okoliša i prostornog uređenja kao spomenik prirode.

Izvori

Hvar
Zaštićena područja u Hrvatskoj

Roselijev čempres


Le dème de Loutráki-Perachóra, en  / Dímos Loutrakioú-Perachóras, est un ancien dème du district régional de Corinthie, en Grèce. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème de Loutráki-Ágii Theódori.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème dans le Péloponnèse
Ancien dème en Grèce
Corinthie

Dème de Loutráki-Perachóra


Buster Juul (født 31. marts 1993) er en dansk professionel håndboldspiller for Aalborg Håndbold. Han startede sin håndboldkarriere i barndomsklubben Skanderborg Håndbold.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Aalborg Håndbold

Buster Juul


Die Europameisterschaften im Wasserspringen 2012 wurden vom 15. bis 21. Mai 2012 im niederländischen Eindhoven ausgetragen. Veranstalter war die Ligue Européenne de Natation (LEN), Austragungsort war das Pieter van den Hoogenband-Schwimmstadion. Die Titelkämpfe sollten zunächst im Rahmen der Schwimmeuropameisterschaften stattfinden, mit den Wettbewerben im Becken- und Synchronschwimmen in Antwerpen und dem Wasserspringen in Eindhoven. Nach dem Rückzug Antwerpens und der Neuvergabe der Beckenwettbewerbe an Debrecen fanden die Wettbewerbe im Wasserspringen als eigenständige kontinentale Titelkämpfe statt.

Es wurden elf Wettbewerbe ausgetragen, jeweils für Frauen und Männer Kunstspringen vom 1-m- und 3-m-Brett, Turmspringen vom 10-m-Turm sowie 3-m- und 10-m-Synchronspringen. Hinzu kam ein Teamwettbewerb, bei dem Paarungen aus jeweils einer Frau und einem Mann gegeneinander antraten.

Teilnehmer
Es haben 112 Athleten aus 18 Ländern teilgenommen.

Ergebnisse

Frauen

Einzel

1 Meter

Vorkampf und Finale am 18. Mai 2012

 belegte mit 229,50 Punkten im Vorkampf Rang 13.

3 Meter

Vorkampf und Finale am 19. Mai 2012

 belegte mit 204,90 Punkten im Vorkampf Rang 23.

Anna Lindberg verteidigte souverän den Titel aus dem Vorjahr und gewann ihre insgesamt sechste EM-Goldmedaille. Uschi Freitag errang mit Silber ihre erste internationale Medaille in einem Einzelwettbewerb.

10 Meter

Vorkampf und Finale am 16. Mai 2012

Synchron

3 Meter

Vorkampf und Finale am 20. Mai 2012

Das Duo Tania Cagnotto und Francesca Dallapé gewann bereits zum vierten Mal in Folge den Titel im 3-m-Synchronspringen.

10 Meter

Vorkampf und Finale am 17. Mai 2012

Männer

Einzel

1 Meter

Vorkampf und Finale am 17. Mai 2012

 belegte mit 309,15 Punkten im Vorkampf Rang 18.
 belegte mit 281,45 Punkten im Vorkampf Rang 21.
 belegte mit 248,35 Punkten im Vorkampf Rang 26.

3 Meter

Vorkampf und Finale am 17. Mai 2012

 belegte mit 364,60 Punkten im Vorkampf Rang 16.
 belegte mit 301,70 Punkten im Vorkampf Rang 22.
 belegte mit 291,25 Punkten im Vorkampf Rang 23.

Matthieu Rosset gewann seinen ersten Europameistertitel.

10 Meter

Vorkampf und Finale am 20. Mai 2012

Tom Daley sprang überlegen zu seinem zweiten EM-Titel, nachdem der Titelverteidiger und Mitfavorit Sascha Klein verletzungsbedingt nicht teilnehmen konnte.

Synchron

3 Meter

Vorkampf und Finale am 18. Mai 2012

Mit dem Sieg von Ilja Sacharow und Jewgeni Kusnezow setzten sich die Favoriten souverän durch und verteidigten den Titel aus dem Vorjahr.

10 Meter

Vorkampf und Finale am 19. Mai 2012

Sascha Klein und Patrick Hausding haben damit zum fünften Mal in Folge den Titel im 10-m-Synchronspringen gewonnen und sind jetzt die erfolgreichsten Teilnehmer in Synchronwettbewerben bei Europameisterschaften.

Team

Datum: 15. Mai 2012

Medaillenspiegel

Weblinks
 Offizielle Homepage des Veranstalters
 Ergebnisseite

Einzelnachweise

2012
Sportveranstaltung 2012
Sportveranstaltung in Eindhoven


Atahualpa (), also Atawallpa (Quechua), Atabalica, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa ( 1502July 1533), was the last effective Incan emperor before his capture and execution during the Spanish conquest.

Atahualpa was the son of the emperor Huayna Cápac, who died around 1525 along with his successor, Ninan Cuyochi, in a smallpox epidemic. Atahualpa initially accepted his half-brother Huáscar as the new emperor, who in turn appointed him as governor of Quito in the north of the empire. The uneasy peace between them deteriorated over the next few years. From 1529 to 1532, they contested the succession in the Inca Civil War, in which Atahualpa's forces defeated and captured Huáscar.

Around the same time as Atahualpa's victory, a group of Spanish conquistadors, led by Francisco Pizarro, arrived in the region. In November, they captured Atahualpa during an ambush at Cajamarca. In captivity, Atahualpa gave a ransom in exchange for a promise of release and arranged for the execution of Huáscar. After receiving the ransom, the Spanish accused Atahualpa of treason, conspiracy against the Spanish Crown, and the murder of Huáscar. They put him on trial and sentenced him to death by burning at the stake. However, after his baptism in July 1533, he was garroted instead.

A line of successors continued to claim the title of emperor, as either as Spanish vassals or as rebel leaders, but none were able to hold comparable power.

Origin

Name
The name Atahualpa comes from a construction of the Puquina language, a language that was used by the Inca nobility. It is made up of the Quechua words /ata-w/ (appointed or chosen) and /wallpa/ (diligent, diligent or courageous). The word /wallpa/ also originated the Quechua name for the hen and the rooster (guallpa), animals that were introduced to America by the Spanish. The word /wallpa/ originated as an onomatopoeic imitation of the Inca's name while he was imprisoned in Cajamarca. It is based on the account of several chroniclers who declared that every night the roosters began to crow and the followers of the imprisoned Inca assumed that he manifested himself through the bird, portending bad times.

For centuries it was believed that the name Atahualpa came from the Quechua words Ataguallpa, Atabalipa or Atawallpa, whose meanings were erroneously constructed by chroniclers of the time based on the Quechua translation of the word "rooster" or "hen". You have for example: "happy rooster" or "bird of fortune".

Birth
There are uncertainties about Atahualpa's date and place of birth. He was likely born around the turn of the 16th century,  1502. There is disagreement on his place of birth. Below are the versions of some chroniclers and historians:

The chronicler and soldier Pedro Cieza de León, from his investigations among the members of the Inca nobility of Cusco, affirmed that Atahualpa had been born in Cusco and that his mother was Tuto Palla or Túpac Palla (Quechua names), a "India Quilaco". » or «native to Quilaco». This demonym could allude to an ethnic group from the province of Quito and would imply that it was a second-class wife, belonging to the regional elite. Cieza de León denied that Atahualpa was born in Quito or Caranqui and that his mother was the lady of Quito, as some at the time claimed, since Quito was a province of Tahuantinsuyo when Atahualpa was born. Therefore, their kings and lords were the Incas.

According to Juan de Betanzos, Atahualpa was born in Cusco and his mother was a ñusta (Inca princess) from Cusco of the lineage of Inga Yupangue (Pachacuti).

In the 18th century, the priest Juan de Velasco, using as a source a work by Marcos de Niza whose existence has not been confirmed, compiled information about the Kingdom of Quito (whose existence has not been confirmed either). According to de Velasco, the Kingdom of Quito was made up of the Shyris or Scyris ethnic group and disappeared when it was conquered by the Incas. This work includes a list of the kings of Quito, the last of whom, Cacha Duchicela, would have been the Kuraka (Inca cacique) defeated and killed by the Inca Huayna Cápac. Paccha, the daughter of Cacha Duchicela, would have married Huayna Cápac, and from that union Atahualpa would have been born as a legitimate son. Several historians, such as the Peruvian Raúl Porras Barrenechea and the Ecuadorian Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño, have rejected this version for lack of historical and archaeological foundation.

Most Peruvian historians maintain that, according to the most reliable chronicles (Cieza, Sarmiento, and Betanzos; who took their reports firsthand), Atahualpa was born in Cusco and his mother was a princess of Inca lineage. These historians consider that Huáscar's side invented the version of Atahualpa's Quito origin to show him to the Spanish as a usurper and bastard. They also believe that many chroniclers interpreted the division of the empire between the two sons of Huayna Cápac (Huáscar, the eldest son and legitimate heir; and Atahualpa, the bastard and usurper) according to their European or Western conception of political mores. According to Rostworowski, this is wrong because the right to the Inca throne did not depend exclusively on primogeniture or paternal line (the son of the Inca's sister could also be heir), but also practical considerations such as the ability to command.

Ecuadorian historians have conflicting opinions:

According to Hugo Burgos Guevara, the fact that Túpac Yupanqui was born in Vilcashuamán and his son Huayna Cápac in Tomebamba seems to indicate that Atahualpa was born in Quito as part of an expansionist policy of the empire and as a way to reinforce a political-religious conquest.
Other Ecuadorian historians, such as Enrique Ayala Mora, consider it more likely that Atahualpa was born in Caranqui, in the current province of Imbabura, in the Ibarra canton (Ecuador). They base this idea on the chronicles of Fernando de Montesinos and Pedro Cieza de León (although the latter mentions said version to refute it, in favor of the one from Cusco).
Tamara Estupiñan Viteri, a historian who has published numerous works regarding Atahualpa and his close circle at that time, maintains that he was born in Cusco.

The following table summarizes the versions of various chroniclers and historians:

Childhood and youth
Atahualpa spent his childhood with his father in Cusco. At the beginning of his adolescence he went through the Warachikuy, a rite of passage that marked the passage to adulthood.

When Atahualpa was thirteen years old, there was a rebellion in the north of the empire by two peoples from that region, the Caranquis and the Cayambis. Together with his father and his brother, Ninan Cuyuchi marched at the head of the Inca army towards the northern provinces (Quito region). Four governors remained in Cusco, including Huáscar. Atahualpa stayed in Quito with his father for more than ten years, helping him put down rebellions and conquer new lands. For this he had the support of skilled Inca generals, such as Chalcuchímac and Quizquiz. During this period he learned government tasks and gained prestige for the courage he displayed in war actions.

The chroniclers described Atahualpa as someone of "lively reasoning and with great authority".

Pre-conquest
Throughout the Inca Empire's history, each Sapa Inca worked to expand the territory of the empire. When Pachacuti, the 9th Sapa Inca ruled, he expanded the Empire to northern Peru. At this point, Pachacuti sent his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui to invade and conquer the territory of present-day Ecuador. News of the expansion of the Inca reached the different tribes and nations of Ecuador. As a defense against the Inca, the Andean chiefdoms formed alliances with each other.

Around 1460, Tupac Inca Yupanqui, with an army of 200,000 warriors that were sent by his father, easily gained control of the Palta nation in southern Ecuador and northern Peru in a matter of months. However, the Inca army met fierce resistance from the defending Cañari, which left the Incas so impressed that after they were defeated the Cañari were recruited into the Inca army. In northern Ecuador the Inca army met fiercer resistance from an alliance between the Quitus and the Cañari. After defeating them in the battle of Atuntaqui, Tupac Yupanqui sent settlers to what is now the city of Quito and left as governor Chalco Mayta, belonging to the Inca nobility.

Around 1520, the tribes of Quitu, Caras and Puruhá rebelled against the Inca Huayna Cápac. He personally led his army and defeated the rebels in the battle of Laguna de Yahuarcocha where there was such a massacre that the lake turned to blood. According to Juan de Velasco, the alliance of the northern tribes collapsed and finally ended when Huayna Cápac married Paccha Duchicela, queen of the Shyris, making them recognize him as monarch, this marriage was the basis of the alliance that guaranteed the Inca power in the area.

After Huayna Capac died in 1527, Atahualpa was appointed governor of Quito by his brother Huáscar.

Inca Civil War

Huáscar saw Atahualpa as the greatest threat to his power, but did not dethrone him to respect the wishes of his late father. A tense five-year peace ensued, Huáscar took advantage of that time to get the support of the Cañari, a powerful ethnic group that dominated extensive territories of the north of the empire and maintained grudges against Atahualpa, who had fought them during his father's campaigns. By 1529, the relationship between both brothers was quite deteriorated. According to the chronicler Pedro Pizarro, Huáscar sent an army to the North that ambushed Atahualpa in Tumebamba and defeated him. Atahualpa was captured and imprisoned in a "tambo" (roadside shelters built for the Chasqui) but succeeded in escaping. During his time in captivity, he was cut and lost an ear. From then on, he wore a headpiece that fastened under his chin to hide the injury. But, the chronicler Miguel Cabello de Balboa said that this story of capture was improbable because if Atahualpa had been captured by Huáscar's forces, they would have executed him immediately.

Atahualpa returned to Quito and amassed a great army. He attacked the Cañari of Tumebamba, defeating its defenses and levelling the city and the surrounding lands. He arrived in Tumbes, from which he planned an assault by rafts on the island Puná. During the naval operation, Atahualpa sustained a leg injury and returned to land. Taking advantage of his retreat, the "punaneños" (inhabitants of Puña) attacked Tumbes. They destroyed the city, leaving it in the ruined state recorded by the Spaniards in early 1532.

From Cuzco the Huascarites attacked the armies of general Atoc and defeated Atahualpa in the battle of Chillopampa. The Atahualapite generals responded quickly; they gathered together their scattered troops, counter-attacked and forcefully defeated Atoc in Mulliambato. They captured Atoc and later tortured and killed him.

The Atahualapite forces continued to be victorious, as a result of the strategic abilities of Quizquiz and Chalcuchímac. Atahualpa began a slow advance on Cuzco. While based in Marcahuamachuco, he sent an emissary to consult the oracle of the Huaca (god) Catequil, who prophesied that Atahualpa's advance would end poorly. Furious at the prophecy, Atahualpa went to the sanctuary, killed the priest and ordered the temple to be destroyed. During this period, he first learned that Pizarro and his expedition had arrived in the empire.

Atahualpa's leading generals were Quizquiz, Chalcuchímac and Rumiñawi. In April 1532, Quizquiz and his companions led the armies of Atahualpa to victory in the battles of Mullihambato, Chimborazo and Quipaipán. The Battle of Quipaipán was the final one between the warring brothers. Quizquiz and Chalcuchimac defeated Huáscar's army, captured him, killed his family and seized the capital, Cuzco. Atahualpa had remained behind in the Andean city of Cajamarca, where he encountered the Spanish, led by Pizarro.

Spanish conquest

In January 1531, a Spanish expedition led by Francisco Pizarro, on a mission to conquer the Inca Empire, landed on Puná Island. Pizarro brought with him 169 men and 69 horses. The Spaniards headed south and occupied Tumbes, where they heard about the civil war that Huáscar and Atahualpa were waging against each other. About a year and a half later, in September 1532, after reinforcements arrived from Spain, Pizarro founded the city of San Miguel de Piura and then marched towards the heart of the Inca Empire, with a force of 106 foot-soldiers and 62 horsemen. Atahualpa, in Cajamarca with his army of 80,000 troops, heard that this party of strangers was advancing into the empire and sent an Inca noble to investigate. The noble stayed for two days in the Spanish camp, making an assessment of the Spaniards' weapons and horses. Atahualpa decided that the 168 Spaniards were not a threat to him and his 80,000 troops, so he sent word inviting them to visit Cajamarca and meet him, expecting to capture them. Pizarro and his men thus advanced unopposed through some very difficult terrain. They arrived at Cajamarca on November 15, 1532.

Atahualpa and his army had camped on a hill just outside Cajamarca. He was staying in a building close to the Konoj hot springs, while his soldiers were in tents set up around him. When Pizarro arrived in Cajamarca, the town was mostly empty except for a few hundred acllas. The Spaniards were billeted in certain long buildings on the main square and Pizarro sent an embassy to the Inca, led by Hernando de Soto. The group consisted of 15 horsemen and an interpreter; shortly thereafter de Soto sent 20 more horsemen as reinforcements in case of an Inca attack. These were led by Francisco Pizarro's brother, Hernando Pizarro.

The Spaniards invited Atahualpa to visit Cajamarca to meet Pizarro, which he resolved to do the following day. Meanwhile, Pizarro was preparing an ambush to trap the Inca: while the Spanish cavalry and infantry were occupying three long buildings around the square, some musketeers and four pieces of artillery were located in a stone structure in the middle of the square. The plan was to persuade Atahualpa to submit to the authority of the Spaniards and, if this failed, there were two options: a surprise attack, if success seemed possible or to keep up a friendly stance if the Inca forces appeared too powerful.

The following day, Atahualpa left his camp at midday, preceded by a large number of men in ceremonial attire; as the procession advanced slowly, Pizarro sent his brother Hernando to invite the Inca to enter Cajamarca before nightfall. Atahualpa entered the town late in the afternoon in a litter carried by eighty lords; with him were four other lords in litters and hammocks and 5,000–6,000 men carrying small battle axes, slings and pouches of stones underneath their clothes. "He was very drunk from what he had imbibed in the (thermal) baths before leaving as well as what he had taken during the many stops on the road. In each of them he had drunk well. And even there on his litter he requested drink." The Inca found no Spaniards in the plaza, as they were all inside the buildings. The only man to emerge was the Dominican friar Vincente de Valverde with an interpreter.

Although there are different accounts as to what Valverde said, most agree that he invited the Inca to come inside to talk and dine with Pizarro. Atahualpa instead demanded the return of every thing the Spaniards had taken since they landed. According to eyewitness accounts, Valverde spoke about the Catholic religion but did not deliver the requerimiento, a speech requiring the listener to submit to the authority of the Spanish Crown and accept the Christian faith. At Atahualpa's request, Valverde gave him his breviary but, after a brief examination, the Inca threw it to the ground; Valverde hurried back toward Pizarro, calling on the Spaniards to attack. At that moment, Pizarro gave the signal; the Spanish infantry and cavalry came out of their hiding places and charged the unsuspecting Inca retinue, killing a great number while the rest fled in panic. Pizarro led the charge on Atahualpa, but captured him only after killing all those carrying him and turning over his litter. Not a single Spanish soldier was killed.

Captivity and execution

On 17 November the Spaniards sacked the Inca army camp, in which they found great treasures of gold, silver and emeralds. Noticing their lust for precious metals, Atahualpa offered to fill a large room about  long and  wide up to a height of  once with gold and twice with silver within two months. It is commonly believed that Atahualpa offered this ransom to regain his freedom, but Hemming says that he did so to save his life. None of the early chroniclers mention any commitment by the Spaniards to free Atahualpa once the metals were delivered.

After several months in fear of an imminent attack from general Rumiñawi, the outnumbered Spanish considered Atahualpa to be too much of a liability and decided to execute him. Pizarro staged a mock trial and found Atahualpa guilty of revolting against the Spanish, practicing idolatry and murdering Huáscar, his brother. Atahualpa was sentenced to death by burning at the stake. He was horrified, since the Inca believed that the soul would not be able to go on to the afterlife if the body were burned. Friar Vincente de Valverde, who had earlier offered his breviary to Atahualpa, intervened, telling Atahualpa that, if he agreed to convert to Catholicism, the friar could convince Pizarro to commute the sentence. Atahualpa agreed to be baptized into the Catholic faith. He was given the name Francisco Atahualpa in honor of Francisco Pizarro.

On the morning of his death, Atahualpa was interrogated by his Spanish captors about his birthplace. Atahualpa declared that his birthplace was in what the Incas called the Kingdom of Quito, in a place called Caranqui (today located 2 km southeast of Ibarra, Ecuador). Most chroniclers agree, though other stories suggest various other birthplaces.

In accordance with his request, he was executed by strangling with a garrote on July 26, 1533.  His clothes and some of his skin were burned and his remains were given a Christian burial. Atahualpa was succeeded by his brother Túpac Huallpa and, later, by another brother, Manco Inca.

Legacy

After the death of Pizarro, Inés Yupanqui, Atahualpa's favorite sister, who had been given to Pizarro in marriage by her brother, married a Spanish knight named Ampuero and left for Spain. They took her daughter by Pizarro with them and she was later legitimized by imperial decree. Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui married her uncle Hernando Pizarro in Spain, on October 10, 1537—they had a son, Francisco Pizarro y Pizarro. The Pizarro line survived Hernando's death, although it is extinct in the male line. Among Inés's direct descendants, having Inca royal ancestry, at least three governed Latin American nations during the 19th and early 20th centuries: Dominican President José Desiderio Valverde and Bolivian Presidents Pedro José Domingo de Guerra and Jose Gutierrez Guerra. Pizarro's third son, by a relative of Atahualpa renamed Angelina, who was never legitimized, died shortly after reaching Spain. Another relative, Catalina Capa-Yupanqui, who died in 1580, married a Portuguese nobleman named António Ramos, son of António Colaço. Their daughter was Francisca de Lima who married Álvaro de Abreu de Lima, who was also a Portuguese nobleman.

In Quito, the most important football stadium is named Estadio Atahualpa after Atahualpa.

On the façade of the Royal Palace of Madrid there is a statue of the Inca emperor Atahualpa, along with another of the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II, among the statues of the kings of the ancient kingdoms that formed Spain.

Inkarri

A myth concerning Atahualpa's death and future resurrection became widespread among indigenous groups, with versions of the tale being documented as far as among the Huilliche people of southern Chile. A rare version recorded by Tom Dillehay among the Mapuche of Araucanía tells of Atahualpa killing Pedro de Valdivia.

Remains
The burial site of Atahualpa is unknown, but historian Tamara Estupiñán argues it lies somewhere in modern-day Ecuador. She argues he was buried in Ecuador for safekeeping. The location is named Malqui-Machay, which in Quechua translates to "mummy" and stone walls and trapezoidal underground water canals were found in this location. More serious archaeological excavation needs to be done to confirm Estupiñán's beliefs.

In popular culture
A treasure hunt for Atahualpa's gold forms the basis for the second Biggles book, The Cruise of the Condor. Atahualpa Inca's conflict with Pizarro was dramatized by Peter Shaffer in his play The Royal Hunt of the Sun, which originally was staged by the National Theatre in 1964 at the Chichester Festival, then in London at the Old Vic. The role of Atahualpa was played by Robert Stephens and by David Carradine, who received a Theatre World Award in the 1965 Broadway production.  Christopher Plummer portrayed Atahualpa in the 1969 movie version of the play. The closing track of Tyrannosaurus Rex's debut album My People Were Fair and Had Sky in Their Hair... But Now They're Content to Wear Stars on Their Brows was entitled "Frowning Atahuallpa (My Inca Love)"

See also
History of the Inca
 Crown of the Andes

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 Atahualpa – World History Encyclopedia
 Francisco de Xeres. Narrative of the Conquest of Peru

1500s births
1533 deaths
16th-century Sapa Incas
16th-century Roman Catholics
Converts to Roman Catholicism from pagan religions
Executed monarchs
People executed by ligature strangulation
Inca emperors
Pagan martyrs
Dethroned monarchs
Monarchies of South America

Atahualpa


Leirvik fyr ligger på Midtøya i Stord kommune, Vestland fylke i Norge. Det ligger ud for kommunecenteret Leirvik i Hardangerfjorden. Leirvik fyr blev bygget i 1878. I 1903 blev fyret nedlagt og erstattet af en fyrlygte Fyret blev oprettet som bemandet tågesignal i 1930, og hed da Leirvik tågesignal. Betjeningen blev nedlagt omkring 1977 og formelt nedlagt i 1978. Stord kommune købte fyret af staten i 2006. I september 2011 fik Leirvik fyr sin egen venneforening, «Venelaget for Leirvik fyr», som vil gøre fyret tilgængelig for allmenheden.

Se også
 Fyr i Norge

Kilder og henvisninger

 Fyr.no om «Venelaget for Leirvik fyr»

Fyr i Vestland
Stord

Leirvik fyr


Iryna Viktoriva Hlavnyk (transliteração em ucraniano: Ірина Вікторівна Главник, Kiev, 11 de maio de 1996) é uma nadadora ucraniana. Representou a Ucrânia nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2012 e nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão da Juventude de 2014.

Biografia
Iryna nasceu em Kiev, capital da Ucrânia, no ano de 1996. A nadadora integrou a delegação ucraniana e representou o país, nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2012, realizados em Londres, na Inglaterra. Juntamente com as atletas Daryna Zevina, Hanna Dzerkal e Darya Stepanyuk conquistou participou do revezamento 4x200 m livre. A equipe ucraniana ficou com o décimo sexto lugar.

No ano de 2014, participou dos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão da Juventude, realizado em Nanquim na China. Na competição, participou de diversas categorias de nado. Na categoria de 200 metros livres, alcançou o vigésimo nono lugar, não classificando-se para a etapa final. Nos 50 metros de costas, Irina alcançou índica para avançar na etapa classificatória, alcançando a semifinal e não conseguiu avançar a fase final. Com isso, Iryna ficou com o décimo primeiro lugar.

Nos 100 metros de costas, Iryna passou pela mesma situação classificatória na categoria de 50 metros, porém terminou em décimo lugar. Nos 200 metros de costas, alcançou o nono lugar, não classificando-se para a final - que totalizavam oito vagas. Ainda na competição disputou o 200 m medley, onde ficou em vigésimo terceiro lugar.

Nascidos em 1996
Naturais de Kiev
Nadadores da Ucrânia
Nadadores olímpicos da Ucrânia
Nadadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2012

Iryna Hlavnyk