Les manifestations de 2010 en Biélorussie sont des actions de protestation de masse survenues en Biélorussie contre les résultats de l'élection présidentielle biélorusse de 2010, qui ont eu lieu le 19 décembre 2010 et ont été brutalement dispersées. Entre 10 000 et 60 000 personnes ont pris part à la manifestation sur la place d'Octobre et la place de l'Indépendance à Minsk. Il a été annoncé qu'un mouvement populaire pour des élections libres serait créé sans Loukachenko. Certains participants ont tenté de s'introduire dans la résidence du gouverneur. Des affrontements avec la police anti-émeute ont eu lieu. En conséquence, des dizaines de personnes ont été arrêtées et battues, dont les candidats à la présidentielle Niakliaïew, Sannikov, , Statkiévitch et .

Contexte
Les actions politiques de masse et les manifestations ont été presque interdites depuis qu'Alexandre Loukachenko a pris le pouvoir lors de l'élection présidentielle biélorusse de 1994. En 1996 et 1997, une vague de manifestations populaires et de grèves massives a eu lieu dirigée par des membres de l'opposition dans le prolongement des grèves de la faim et des troubles de 1995 après le référendum constitutionnel biélorusse de la même année. Les manifestations de masse en 1999 contre le gouvernement ont été brutalement réprimées. Les élections présidentielles ont toujours été truquées et les manifestations électorales ont toujours eu lieu depuis 2001, lorsque l'élection présidentielle biélorusse de 2001 a suscité des protestations. La même chose s'est produite après le référendum constitutionnel biélorusse de 2004 et l'élection présidentielle biélorusse de 2006, lors de la révolution en jean . Après les élections de 2010, les manifestants ont défilé et scandé des slogans représentant le président et disant que c'était la goutte qui faisait déborder le vase.

Manifestations
A la veille de l'élection, Ouladzimir Niakliaïew, , Andreï Sannikov et Mikalaï Statkiévitch ont appelé leurs partisans à organiser un rassemblement sur la place d'Octobre à Minsk le 19 décembre. Des forces de police renforcées y ont été amenées. Un certain nombre de sites Web d'opposition n'étaient pas disponibles à Minsk, ainsi que LiveJournal, Twitter et quelques autres sites Web. Les sites sécurisés HTTPS n'étaient pas non plus disponibles. De plus, les sites d'opposition  et Charte 97 ont été longtemps indisponibles pendant l'attaque. Avant même le début du rassemblement, à sept heures et demie, des inconnus en noir ont attaqué la colonne d'Ouladzimir Niakliaïew, qui se dirigeait vers la place. Ouladzimir Niakliaïew a perdu connaissance pendant le passage à tabac, il a été emmené en ambulance. D'autres candidats de l'opposition ont rejoint leurs partisans sur la place à . Une heure plus tard, 5 candidats ont pris part à une marche vers la place de l'Indépendance, où se trouve la Maison du gouvernement, où se réunissent l'Assemblée nationale et la , où les votes étaient comptés à l'époque. Il y a eu un rassemblement et une tentative de négociation avec le gouvernement.

Au cours de la manifestation, un groupe d'individus non identifiés a tenté de prendre d'assaut la Maison du gouvernement, brisant des vitres et des portes. Il y avait aussi une version selon laquelle les vitres et les portes de la Maison du gouvernement avaient été brisées par des provocateurs. En réponse, la police a commencé à frapper aveuglément des marcheurs pacifiques, ce qui a conduit à l'application de lésions cérébrales traumatiques à plusieurs manifestants et à l'abandon de la zone par la plupart des participants à la marche. Environ 5 000 d'entre eux sont restés avec Sannikov et Rymachewski. À minuit, après que les organisateurs du rassemblement aient tenté de convoquer les dirigeants des forces de sécurité pour des pourparlers, des centaines de policiers les ont également dispersés. Dans le même temps, l'un des candidats à la présidentielle, , qui n'a pas participé au rassemblement et a immédiatement admis sa défaite face à Loukachenko, a publié sur son site Internet le 20 décembre 2010 que "10 jours avant la prise d'assaut de la Maison du gouvernement, les candidats à la présidence ont proposé d'envisager ce scénario" et l'ont invité à participer, mais il a refusé. Terechtchenko a admis qu'en raison de la situation après l'élection présidentielle, il prévoyait d'émigrer avec sa famille pour demander l'asile politique dans un autre pays. Le lendemain de l'élection, le 20 décembre, à , 50 à 200 personnes se sont rassemblées place de l'Indépendance et ont été dispersées par la police anti-émeute, et certains des manifestants ont été arrêtés.

Le 20 décembre, Loukachenko a annoncé l'arrestation de 639 personnes et confirmé que des candidats à la présidence étaient interrogés dans les centres de détention du KGB. Le 29 décembre, Niakliaïew, Rymachewski, Sannikov et Statkiévitch ont été accusés d'avoir organisé un événement public non autorisé, qui, en vertu de l'article 293 du Code pénal, prévoyait une peine d'emprisonnement de 5 à 15 ans. Le 17 février, Niakliaïew, membre de la campagne, a été condamné à quatre ans de prison. La plupart des personnes arrêtées ont été condamnées à des amendes allant jusqu'à 30 "montants de base" (environ 265 euros) et à 15 jours de prison. Le 31 décembre, le ministère des Affaires étrangères a annoncé la fin des pouvoirs du bureau de l'OSCE à Minsk en raison de la réticence du gouvernement à les prolonger. Le 21 janvier, Loukachenko a prêté serment pour un quatrième serment présidentiel.

Conséquences
Le journal officiel de l'administration Loukachenko "Soviet Belarus - Belarus Today" sur la base de documents déclassifiés des services secrets biélorusses a accusé les services spéciaux de la Pologne et de l'Allemagne des événements du 19 décembre à Minsk.

Notes et références

Manifestation en 2010
Manifestation en Biélorussie
2010 en Biélorussie

Manifestations de 2010 en Biélorussie


La Reserva Nacional Coyhaique es un área silvestre protegida chilena. Está ubicada al norte de la capital regional, a 3 kilómetros desde el límite urbano. Creada en 1948, es una de las unidades más antiguas de la región. Con una superficie de 2150 hectáreas, sus límites actuales fueron definidos en el año 1980.

Ubicación
Se encuentra rodeada de predios agrícolas, ganaderos y forestales, así como de pequeñas parcelas.
Su entrada está  kilómetros al noreste de Coyhaique, se accede a través del camino de Coyhaique a Puerto Aysén y luego por camino vecinal, en la ladera sur del cerro Cinchao.

Características

El paisaje de la reserva se caracteriza por presentar lomajes suaves y montañas mayores como el ya mencionado cerro Cinchao de 1.361 metros. Desde cierta altura se observa en toda su extensión la ciudad de Coyhaique y los cerros McKay y Divisadero al otro lado del valle del río Coyhaique. Posee numerosas lagunas de tamaño pequeño, la mayor de ella es laguna Los Mallines de 4,5 hectáreas, le siguen en importancia Laguna Verde y Laguna Los Sapos.

Clima
Posee un clima relativamente seco con precipitaciones del orden de los 1.100 milímetros anuales y temperaturas medias de 12,5 º en verano y 4,5 º en invierno. Esto permite que se puedan desarrollar actividades recreativas, educativas y de descanso entre otras, durante gran parte del año.

Flora y fauna
La vegetación nativa se encuentra representada por el bosque mixto de coigüe común  y lenga, así como el ñire en sectores húmedos o altos, siendo la formación vegetacional predominante la del bosque caducifolio de Aysén, conformada por lenga y ñire. Existe una diversidad de especies exóticas producto de reforestaciones realizadas en el pasado, con el objetivo de proteger el suelo, seriamente amenazado a raíz de incendios forestales que afectaron a esta área principalmente en la década de los años 50, aquí destacan por la superficie que ocupan el pino ponderosa, pino contorta, pino silvestre, pino Oregón, entre otras. En la actualidad estas plantaciones son manejadas con distintos fines, obteniéndose beneficios en el mediano plazo y productos de uso inmediato para la comunidad vecina de Coyhaique. En cuanto a los arbustos se pueden observar el chilco, zarzaparrilla, calafate y colihue, entre otros.

Respecto de la fauna, es posible encontrar puma, zorro colorado, chingue de la Patagonia y algunas especies introducidas como la liebre y el visón. Entre las aves, las más abundantes son las paseriformes, como chucao, zorzal y tordo, entre las rapaces son comunes el águila y el carancho, también es posible observar al pájaro carpintero y la cachaña.

Reserva
La Reserva cuenta con diversos senderos peatonales y circuitos vehiculares, los que permiten acceder a sitios con excelentes vistas panorámicas de Coyhaique, las lagunas y los valles circundantes. Cuenta con distintas facilidades de uso público, como el sector "Casa Bruja", "Laguna Verde". Además cuenta con diversos senderos y circuitos peatonales como "Los Leñeros" y "Las Piedras", los que permiten acceder a sitios con excelentes vistas panorámicas de Coyhaique y los valles circundantes. Existe además un Arborétum en el que se pueden apreciar las principales especies arbóreas de la Reserva. Así mismo existen senderos o picadas (no habilitadas) que le permiten acceder a otros lugares de la Reserva.

Visitantes
Esta reserva recibe una gran cantidad de visitantes chilenos y extranjeros cada año.

Enlaces externos

 Reserva Nacional Coyhaique en la página CONAF

Referencias

Coyhaique
Coyhaique
Coyhaique
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 1948
Chile en 1948

Reserva nacional Coyhaique


මෙය ශරීරයෙහි ඇති නිලස්ථාන තෙරපා චීනකටු නැමති නූතන චිකිත්සා ක්‍රමයක් භාවිතා කරමින් සිදුකරන ප්‍රතිකාර ක්‍රමයකි.

චීන වෙදකම


The year 1857 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy
 Peter Andreas Hansen's Tables of the Moon are published in London.

Biology
 Rev. M. J. Berkeley publishes Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.

Chemistry
 Robert Bunsen invents apparatus for measuring effusion.
 August Kekulé proposes that carbon is tetravalent, or forms exactly four chemical bonds.
 Carl Wilhelm Siemens patents the Siemens cycle.

Earth sciences
 January 9 – The 7.9  Fort Tejon earthquake shakes Central and Southern California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The event, which involves slip on the southern segment of the San Andreas Fault, leaves two people dead.
 Friedrich Albert Fallou publishes Anfangsgründe der Bodenkunde [First Principles of Soil Science], laying the foundations for the modern study of soil science.

Exploration
 May 16 – The British North American Exploring Expedition, led by Irish geographer Capt. John Palliser, sets off for a three-year exploration of Western Canada.
 Galen Clark becomes the first European American to see the Mariposa Grove of giant sequoias in California.

History of science and technology
 The Stockton and Darlington Railway's Locomotion No. 1 of 1825 is set aside for preservation in England.

Mathematics
 William Rowan Hamilton invents the Icosian game.

Medicine
 March 12 – Elizabeth Blackwell opens the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children.
 French surgeon Jean-Louis-Paul Denucé gives the first description of a neonatal incubator.
 French psychiatrist Bénédict Morel publishes Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine et des causes qui produisent ces variétés maladives.

Technology
 March 23 – Elisha Otis' first elevator is installed (at 488 Broadway (Manhattan)).
 The first rails made from steel are made by Robert Forester Mushet early in the year and laid experimentally at Derby railway station on the Midland Railway in England. They prove far more durable than the iron rails they replace and remain in use until 1873.

Publications
 Naturalist P. H. Gosse's creationist text Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot is published in England.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Michel Eugène Chevreul
 Wollaston Medal for geology: Joachim Barrande

Births
 January 20 – Vladimir Bekhterev (died 1927), Russian psychologist.
 February 3 – Wilhelm Johannsen (died 1927), Danish plant physiologist and geneticist.
 February 22 – Heinrich Hertz (died 1894), German physicist
 March 27 – Carl Pearson (died 1936), English mathematician.
 April 30 – Eugen Bleuler (died 1939), Swiss psychiatrist.
 May 13 – Ronald Ross (died 1932), Indian-born British physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902.
 May 15 – Williamina Fleming (died 1911), Scottish-born American astronomer.
 June 28 – Robert Jones (died 1933), Welsh orthopaedic surgeon.
 July 11 – Joseph Larmor (died 1942), Irish physicist.
 August 8 – Henry Fairfield Osborn (died 1935), American paleontologist.
 October 2 – John Macintyre (died 1928), Scottish laryngologist and pioneer radiographer.
 November 1 – John Joly (died 1933), Anglo-Irish physicist.
 November 27 – Charles Sherrington (died 1952), English neurophysiologist and bacteriologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932.
 November 29 – Theodor Escherich (died 1911), German-born pediatric bacteriologist.

Deaths
 January 2 – Andrew Ure (born 1778), Scottish industrial chemist and encyclopaedist.
 May 23 – Augustin-Louis Cauchy (born 1789), French mathematician.
 June 21 – Louis Jacques Thénard (born 1777), French chemist.
 July 13 – Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner (born 1783), German chemist.
 July 29 – Charles Lucien Bonaparte (born 1803), French naturalist.
 August 12 – William Conybeare (born 1787), English geologist.
 November 30 – Mary Buckland (born 1797), English paleontologist and marine biologist.
 December 15 – George Cayley (born 1773), English aviation pioneer.
 December 17 – Francis Beaufort (born 1774), British hydrographer.
 date unknown – Elizabeth Philpot (born 1780), English paleontologist.

References

19th century in science
1850s in science

1857 in science


Character je sedmi studijski album švedskog melodičnog death metal sastava Dark Tranquillity, objavljen 24. siječnja 2005. godine.

O albumu
Singl "Lost to Apathy" prethodno se pojavio na istoimenom EP-u u studenom 2004. Character je žešći od prethodnog albuma Damage Done, s agresivnijim i bržim pjesmama. Kao što je bio slučaj na prethodnom albumu, Mikael Stanne služi se death growlom. Za pjesme "The New Build" i "Lost to Apathy" snimljeni su spotovi.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Dark Tranquillity

 Mikael Stanne – vokali
 Martin Henriksson – gitara
 Niklas Sundin – gitara
 Michael Nicklasson – bas-gitara
 Anders Jivarp – bubnjevi
 Martin Brändström – elektronika

Ostalo osoblje

 Fredrik Nordström – mix
 Peter In de Betou – mastering
 Cabin Fever Media – dizajn
 Diana van Tankeren – slike (uživo)

Izvori

Albumi sastava Dark Tranquillity
Albumi iz 2005.

Character


سبيلي هي توزيعة جنو/لينكس مبنية على توزيعة أوبونتو مع التركيز على التطبيقات الموجهة للمستخدم المسلم. تتضمَّن توزيعة سبيلي مجموعة حزم تخصِّص توزيعة أوبُنتو، حيث تأتي مع برمجيات إسلامية وتعليمية ومرمِّزات لمعظم أنساق الوسائط، كما تدعم اللغة العربية.

المحتويات المضافة على أوبنتو

بالإضافة إلى حزم البرمجيات المتاحة في أوبونتو، تحتوي سبيلي على برمجيات إسلامية مثبتة بشكل افتراضي:
 تطبيقات «نور» و«ذكر» و«مصحف عثمان»: وهي متصفّحات للقرآن الكريم.
 مجموعة كتب من المكتبة الإسلامية الشاملة تعمل على تطبيق «مكتبة ثواب».
 برنامج «منبر» وإضافة «Pray Times» لموزيلا فيرفكس، لتحديد والتنبيه لمواقيت الصلاة.
 برنامج «مناجاة» لاستعراض الأحاديث النبوية الشريفة.
 برنامج «هجرة» للتقويم الهجري.

وذلك بالإضافة إلى تلاوات للقرآن الكريم، وأعمال فنية، وسمات خاصة بمكتب غنوم، وبرمجيات تعليمية للأطفال، وتطبيق «WebStrict» (أداة رقابة أبوية على الإنترنت مفعلة افتراضيا).
وهي من أهم توزيعات لينكس

التاريخ
كانت سبيلي تسمى سابقاَ: أوبنتو نسخة المسلم "UbuntuME"، ووقع استبدال الاسم بسبب شروط العلامة التجارية لشركة كانونيكال. وقد صار «سبيلي» اسم التوزيعة الرئيسي ابتداء من الإصدار 9.04، وصاحب هذا تغيير لاسم نطاق الموقع، والسمات. يعمل على تطوير سبيلي فريق من المطورين المتطوعين على موقع لانشباد.

النسخ المتوفرة
مثل أوبونتو، تأتي سبيلي على قرص حي يتيح تجربة النظام دون تثبيته.

سبيلي 9.04 متوفرة على قرص مدمج حي (DVD) بثلاث نسخ ، وهي:
 النسخة الصغيرة: تحوي حزم سبيلي الرئيسية (السمات المرئية، والتطبيقات الإسلامية)، بالإضافة إلى دعم العربية.
 النسخة الكاملة: تحوي ما تحويه النسخة الصغيرة بالإضافة إلى تطبيقات وسائط متعددة، وتطبيقات تعليمية، وتطبيقات أخرى متنوعة.
 النسخة الكاملة مع التلاوات: تحوي الموجود في النسختين السابقتين كله بالإضافة إلى التلاوات التي يقدمها موقع القرآن آية بآية: لمحمد صدِّيق المنشاوي، والحذيفي، وسعد الغامدي، ومشاري راشد العفاسي. تفيد هذه النسخة لمن لا يملك اتصالا بالإنترنت.
بجانب التثبيت من الأقراص المدمجة، بالإمكان أيضا تحميل حزم سبيلي على توزيعة أوبونتو عادية بإضافة المستودعات:
 ppa:sabily.team/ppa

انظر أيضا
 أعجوبة لينكس توزيعة عربية أخرى تحتوي على برامج إسلامية ولكنها بنيت على فيدورا.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لتوزيعة سبيلي.
 سبيلي في لانشباد.
 مقال تفصيلى عن سبيلى 10.04
 مقال في linuxtoday

توزيعات لينكس
حوسبة اللغة العربية
مشتقات أوبونتو

سبيلي (لينكس)


Os corticados (clado Diaphoretickes, Corticata ou SARP) são um supergrupo de Eukarya bem consensuado filogenéticamente que inclui Archaeplastida (as plantas em sentido amplo), o Supergrupo SAR e uma série de grupos de colocação incerta que Cavalier-Smith coloca em Hacrobia. De acordo com Cavalier-Smith caracterizam-se por apresentar, ao menos ancestralmente, alvéolos corticales. Também têm sido denominados fotocariotas (Photokaryotes), pois os subgrupos têm adquirido plastos, Archaeplastida (reino Plantae sensu bato) por endosimbiosis primária de uma cianofícea, enquanto SAR e Hacrobia (reino Chromista) por sucessivas endosimbiosis seriadas com diversas microalgas .

Definição e etimologia

 Diaphoretickes:  Adl et al. (2012) formalizaram o supergrupo Diaphoretickes como clado definindo-o da seguinte forma: É o clado menos extenso contendo a Bigelowiella natans Moestrup & Sengco 2001 (Rhizaria), Tetrahymena thermophila Nanney & McCoy 1976 (Alveolata), Thalassiosira pseudonana Cleve 1873 (Stramenopiles), e Arabidopsis thaliana (Linnaeus) Heynhold, 1842 (Plantae). Esta é uma definição de grupo baseada no pertence dos especificadores. Etimológicamente vem do grego diaforetikés que significa "diverso", o que alude à grande variedade de formas e modos nutricionais que dão a impressão de que não há maiores caracteres comuns.

 Corticata: Por sua vez, Cavalier-Smith (2002), (2010), (2013), (2014) e (2015) inclui em Corticata aos reinos Plantae e Chromista, pelo que em ocasiões se lhe considera um superreino. Etimológicamente vem do latim cortex, que significa corteza, o que alude à presença de um coberta celular que é muito frequente na maioria de grupos; enquanto plantas e algas apresentam parede celular de celulosa, os alveolados desenvolveram diversas cobertas a partir dos alvéolos corticales e outros grupos cromistas podem estar constituídos por células nuas, mas a maioria apresenta algum tipo de coberta rígida como podem ser os exoesqueletos, cortezas, conchas, caparazones, cascas, placas, tecas, cápsulas centrais, capas fibrosas, escamas, espinhas e armaduras muito complexas que têm produzido multidão de microfóssil.

Burki (2014) identifica Diaphoretickes com Corticata, ainda que duvida de que Hacrobia constitua um clado .

 Fotocariotas: Cavalier-Smith em 2002, utiliza o termo photokaryotes como uma denominação secundária e alternativa para os corticados que de se formalizar escrever-se-ia Photokaryota. Etimológicamente deriva do grego φωτο/photo = luz e καρυόν/karyon = noz, como alusão ao clado onde se encontram os organismos eucariotas fotosintéticos, como são as plantas e quase todos os grupos de algas. Existe a capacidade para adquirir a fotosintese mediante a relação mutualista endosimbiótica com um microorganismo fotosintético; mas as razões desta capacidade são ainda desconhecidas. Em contraste, este grupo está considerado um clado irmão do supergrupo Amorphea ou de sua versão estendida Scotokaryota, em onde se pode observar que não existe nenhuma espécie fotosintética nem também não costumam apresentar uma coberta rígida.

 SARP: Indica o clado que inclui SAR + Plantae.

Árvore filogenético
Ainda não há consenso sobre as relações entre os grupos, em particular Hacrobia apresenta problemas ao momento de organizar os subgrupos . No entanto, a análise baseada na filogenia da proteína Hsp90, genes codificadores de proteínas e a análise filogenómico, dão uma visão maioritária que é a seguinte:

Recentemente (2019), propôs-se a seguinte filogenia sobre a base de análise genómicos:

Ver também

 Amorphea, Bikonta e Opimoda (outros supergrupos).
 Collodictyon-Malawimonas (grupo que poderia estar próximo da bifurcação entre Amorphea e Bikonta).

Eucariontes

Diaphoretickes


Prambanan (, ) is a 9th-century Hindu temple compound in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, in southern Java, Indonesia, dedicated to the Trimūrti, the expression of God as the Creator (Brahma), the Preserver (Vishnu) and the Destroyer (Shiva). The temple compound is located approximately  northeast of the city of Yogyakarta on the boundary between Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces.

The temple compound, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the largest Hindu temple site in Indonesia and the second-largest in Southeast Asia after Angkor Wat. It is characterized by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu architecture, and by the towering  central building inside a large complex of individual temples. Prambanan temple compounds originally consisted of 240 temple structures, which represented the grandeur of ancient Java's Hindu art and architecture, and is also considered as a masterpiece of the classical period in Indonesia. Prambanan attracts many visitors from around the world.

History

Construction

The Prambanan temple is the largest Hindu temple of ancient Java, and the first building was completed in the mid-9th century. It was likely started by Rakai Pikatan and inaugurated by his successor King Lokapala. Some historians that adhere to dual dynasty theory suggest that the construction of Prambanan probably was meant as the Hindu Sanjaya dynasty's answer to the Buddhist Sailendra dynasty's Borobudur and Sewu temples nearby, and was meant to mark the return of the Hindu Sanjaya dynasty to power in Central Java after almost a century of Buddhist Sailendra dynasty domination. Nevertheless, the construction of this massive Hindu temple did signify a shift of the Mataram court's patronage, from Mahayana Buddhism to Shaivite Hinduism.

A temple was first built at the site around 850 CE by Rakai Pikatan and expanded extensively by King Lokapala and Balitung Maha Sambu the Sanjaya king of the Mataram Kingdom. A short red-paint script bearing the name "pikatan" was found on one of the finials on top of the balustrade of Shiva temple, which confirms that King Pikatan was responsible for the initiation of the temple construction.

The temple complex is linked to the Shivagrha inscription of 856 CE, issued by King Lokapala, which described a Shiva temple compound that resembles Prambanan. According to this inscription the Shiva temple was inaugurated on 12 November 856. According to this inscription, the temple was built to honor Lord Shiva, and its original name was Shiva-grha (the House of Shiva) or Shiva-laya (the Realm of Shiva).

According to the Shivagrha inscription, a public water project to change the course of a river near Shivagrha temple was undertaken during the construction of the temple. The river, identified as the Opak River, now runs north to south on the western side of the Prambanan temple compound. Historians suggest that originally the river was curved further to east and was deemed too near to the main temple. Experts suggest that the shift of the river was meant to secure the temple complex from the overflowing of lahar volcanic materials from Merapi volcano. The project was done by cutting the river along a north to south axis along the outer wall of the Shivagrha Temple compound. The former river course was filled in and made level to create a wider space for the temple expansion, the space for rows of pervara (ancillary) temples.

Some archaeologists propose that the statue of Shiva in the garbhagriha (central chamber) of the main temple was modelled after King Balitung, serving as a depiction of his deified self after death. The temple compound was expanded by successive Mataram kings, such as Daksa and Tulodong, with the addition of hundreds of pervara temples around the chief temple.

With main prasada tower soaring up to 47 metres high, a vast walled temple complex consists of 240 structures, Shivagrha Trimurti temple was the tallest and the grandest of its time. Indeed, the temple complex is the largest Hindu temple in ancient Java, with no other Javanese temples ever surpassed its scale. Prambanan served as the royal temple of the Kingdom of Mataram, with most of the state's religious ceremonies and sacrifices being conducted there. At the height of the kingdom, scholars estimate that hundreds of brahmins with their disciples lived within the outer wall of the temple compound. The urban center and the court of Mataram were located nearby, somewhere in the Prambanan Plain.

Abandonment

After being used and expanded for about 80 years, the temples were mysteriously abandoned near the half of the 10th century. In the 930s, the Javanese court was shifted to East Java by Mpu Sindok, who established the Isyana dynasty. It was not clear however, the true reason behind the abandonment of Central Java realm by this Javanese Mataram kingdom. A devastating eruption of Mount Merapi volcano, located around 25 kilometres north of Prambanan in Central Java, or a power struggle probably caused the shift. That event marked the beginning of the decline of the temple, as it was soon abandoned and began to deteriorate.

The temples collapsed during a major earthquake in the 16th century. Although the temple ceased to be an important center of worship, the ruins scattered around the area were still recognizable and known to the local Javanese people in later times. The statues and the ruins became the theme and the inspiration for the Rara Jonggrang folktale.

The Javanese locals in the surrounding villages knew about the temple ruins before formal rediscovery, but they did not know about its historical background: which kingdoms ruled or which king commissioned the construction of the monuments. As a result, the locals developed tales and legends to explain the origin of temples, infused with myths of giants, and a cursed princess. They gave Prambanan and Sewu a wondrous origin; these were said in the Rara Jonggrang legend to have been created by a multitude of demons under the order of Bandung Bondowoso.

Rediscovery

In 1733, Cornelis Antonie Lons, a VOC employee, provided a first report on Prambanan temple in his journal. Lons was escorting Julius Frederick Coyett, a VOC commissioner of northeast Java coast, to Kartasura, then the capital of Mataram, a powerful local Javanese kingdom. During his sojourn in Central Java, he had the opportunity to visit the ruins of Prambanan temple, which he described as "Brahmin temples" that resembles a mountain of stones.

After the division of Mataram Sultanate in 1755, the temple ruins and the Opak River were used to demarcate the boundary between Yogyakarta and Surakarta Sultanates, which was adopted as the current border between Yogyakarta and the province of Central Java.

The temple attracted international attention early in the 19th century. In 1803, Nicolaus Engelhard, the Governor of the northeast coast of Java, made a stop in Prambanan during his official visits to the kings of Java; Pakubuwana IV of Surakarta and Hamengkubuwana II of Yogyakarta. Impressed by the temple ruins, in 1805 Engelhard commissioned H.C. Cornelius, an engineer stationed in Klaten, to clear the site from earth and vegetation, measuring the area, and made drawings of the temple. This was the first effort to study and restore Prambanan temple.

In 1811 during the short-lived British occupation of the Dutch East Indies, Colin Mackenzie, a surveyor in the service of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, came upon the temples by chance. Although Sir Thomas subsequently commissioned a full survey of the ruins, they remained neglected for decades. Dutch residents carried off sculptures as garden ornaments and native villagers used the foundation stones for construction material. Half-hearted excavations by archaeologists in the 1880s adversely facilitated looting instead, as numbers of temple sculptures were taken away as collections.

Reconstruction

In 1918, the Dutch colonial government began the reconstruction of the compound however proper restoration only commenced in 1930. Due to massive scale and the sheer numbers of temples, the efforts at restoration still continue up to this day. By 1930s, the reconstruction project by  Dutch East Indies Archaeological Service successfully restored two apit (flank) temples in the central court, and two smaller pervara or in  (ancillary) temples. The reconstruction used the anastylosis method, in which a ruined temple is restored using the original stone blocks as much as possible.

The restoration efforts was hampered by the economic crisis in 1930s, and finally ceased altogether due to the outbreak of World War II Pacific War (1942-1945), and the following Indonesian National Revolution (1945-1949). After the war, the temple reconstruction resumed in 1949, despite much of technical drawings and photographs were damaged or lost during the war. The reconstruction of the main Shiva temple was completed in 1953 and inaugurated by Indonesia's first president Sukarno.

The Indonesian government continued the reconstruction effort to complete the temple compound. The Brahma temple was reconstructed between 1978 and 1987. While the Vishnu temple was rebuilt from 1982 to 1991. The Vahana temples of the eastern rows and some smaller shrines were completed from 1991 to 1993. Thus by 1993, the whole towering main temples of the Prambanan central zone were erected and completed, simultaneously inaugurated by President Suharto together with the inauguration of the Sewu compound central temple nearby.

Since much of the original stonework has been stolen and reused at remote construction sites, restoration was hampered considerably. Given the scale of the temple complex, the government decided to rebuild shrines only if at least 75% of their original masonry was available, in accordance to anastylosis discipline. The reconstruction continues up to this day, with efforts now focused on the pervara (ancillary) temples of the outer compound. A Pervara temple of eastern side second row number 35 was completed in December 2017.

As per February 2023, from originally 224 pervara temples, only 6 of them are completely reconstructed; 4 on the eastern side, 1 on the southern side, and 1 on the northern side. Two of pervara temples; a corner pervara temple with double porticos on the northeast corner and a pervara temple on the east side, was reconstructed during the Dutch East Indies colonial era circa 1930s. The other 4 pervara temples were completed in 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2021 respectively. Most of the smaller shrines are now visible only in their foundations. The restoration of pervara temples will be carried out in stages. If all of 224 pervara temples to be restored completely, it will take at least 200 years, since an anastylosis reconstruction of one pervara temple takes approximately 8 to 12 months to complete.

In the early 1990s the government removed the market that had sprung up near the temple and redeveloped the surrounding villages and rice paddies as an archaeological park. The park covers a large area, from Yogyakarta-Solo main road in the south, encompassing the whole Prambanan complex, the ruins of Lumbung and Bubrah temples, and as far as the Sewu temple compound in the north. In 1992 the Indonesian government created a State-owned Limited Liability Enterprise (Persero), named "PT Taman Wisata Candi Borobudur, Prambanan, dan Ratu Boko." This enterprise is the authority for the park management of Borobudur Prambanan Ratu Boko and the surrounding region. Prambanan is one of the most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia.

The Trimurti open-air and indoor stages on the west side of the temple, across the Opak River, were built to stage the ballet of the traditional Ramayana epic. This traditional Javanese dance is the centuries-old dance of the Javanese court. Since the 1960s, it has been performed every full moon night in the Prambanan temple. Since then, Prambanan has become one of the major archaeological and cultural tourism attractions in Indonesia.

Contemporary events

Since the reconstruction of the main temples in the 1990s, Prambanan has been reclaimed as an important religious center for Hindu rituals and ceremonies in Java. Balinese and Javanese Hindu communities in Yogyakarta and Central Java revived their practices of annually performing their sacred ceremonies in Prambanan, such as Galungan, Tawur Kesanga, and Nyepi.

The temple was damaged during the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake. Early photos suggested that although the complex was structurally intact, the damage was significant. Large pieces of debris, including carvings, were scattered over the ground. The temple was closed to visitors until the damage could be fully assessed. Eventually, the head of Yogyakarta Archaeological Conservation Agency stated that it would take months to identify the full extent of the damage. Some weeks later in 2006, the site was re-opened for visitors.

There is great interest in the site. In 2008, 856,029 Indonesian visitors and 114,951 foreign visitors visited Prambanan. On 6 January 2009 the reconstruction of Nandi temple finished. As of 2009, the interior of most of the temples remains off-limits for safety reasons.

On 14 February 2014, major tourist attractions in Yogyakarta and Central Java, including Borobudur, Prambanan, and Ratu Boko, were closed to visitors after being severely affected by the volcanic ash from the eruption of Kelud volcano in East Java, located about 200 kilometers east of Yogyakarta. The Kelud volcano erupted on 13 February 2014 with explosions heard as far away as Yogyakarta. Four years earlier, Prambanan was spared from the 2010 Merapi volcanic ash and eruption since the wind and ashfall were directed westward and affected Borobudur instead.

In 2012, the Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Jawa Tengah (BP3) or Central Java Heritage Preservation Authority suggested that the area in and around Prambanan should be treated as a sanctuary area. The proposed area is located in Prambanan Plain measured 30 square kilometers spanned across Sleman and Klaten Regency, which includes major temples in the area such as Prambanan, Ratu Boko, Kalasan, Sari and Plaosan temples. The sanctuary area is planned to be treated in a similar fashion to the Angkor archaeological area in Cambodia, which means the government should stop or decline permits to construct any new buildings, especially multi-storied buildings, as well as BTS towers in the area. This is meant to protect this archaeologically rich area from modern day visual obstructions and the encroachments of hotels, restaurants, and any tourism-related buildings and businesses.

On 9 to 12 November 2019, the grand Abhiṣeka sacred ceremony was performed in this temple compound. This Hindu ritual was held for the first time after 1,163 years after the Prambanan temple was founded on 856. The Abhiṣeka ceremony was meant to cleanse, sanctify and purify the temple, thus signify that the temple is not merely an archaeological and tourism site, but also restored to its original function as a focus of Hindu religious activity. Indonesian Hindus believe that this Abhiṣeka ceremony marked a turning point to re-consecrated the temple ground and restore the spiritual energy of Prambanan temple.

The temple compound
 This information does not take account of damage caused by the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake

Originally there were a total of 240 temples standing in Prambanan. The Prambanan Temple Compound consist of:
 3 Trimurti temples: three main temples dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma
 3 Vahana temples: three temples in front of Trimurti temples dedicated to the vahana of each gods; Nandi, Garuda and Hamsa
 2 Apit temples: two temples located between the rows of Trimurti and Vahana temples on north and south side
 4 Kelir temples: four small shrines located on 4 cardinal directions right beyond the 4 main gates of inner zone
 4 Patok temples: four small shrines located on 4 corners of inner zone
 224 Pervara temples: hundreds of temples arranged in 4 concentric square rows; numbers of temples from inner row to outer row are: 44, 52, 60, and 68

The Prambanan compound also known as Rara Jonggrang complex, named after the popular legend of Rara Jonggrang. There were once 240 temples standing in this Shivaite temple complex, either big or small. Today, all of 8 main temples and 8 small shrines in the inner zone are reconstructed, but only 6 out of the original 224 pervara temples are renovated. The majority of them have deteriorated; what is left are only scattered stones. The Prambanan temple complex consists of three zones; first the outer zone, second the middle zone that contains hundreds of small temples, and third the holiest inner zone that contains eight main temples and eight small shrines.

The Hindu temple complex at Prambanan is based on a square plan that contains a total of three zone yards, each of which is surrounded by four walls pierced by four large gates. The outer zone is a large space marked by a rectangular wall. The outermost walled perimeter, which originally measured about 390 metres per side, was oriented in the northeast–southwest direction. However, except for its southern gate, not much else of this enclosure has survived down to the present. The original function is unknown; possibilities are that it was a sacred park, or priests' boarding school (ashram). The supporting buildings for the temple complex were made from organic material; as a consequence no remains occur.

Shiva temple

The inner zone or central compound is the holiest among the three zones. It is the square elevated platform surrounded by a square stone wall with stone gates on each four cardinal points. This holiest compound is assembled of eight main shrines or candi. The three main shrines, called Trimurti ("three forms"), are dedicated to the three Gods: Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Keeper, and Shiva the Destroyer.

The Shiva temple is the tallest and largest structure in Prambanan Rara Jonggrang complex; it measures 47 metres tall and 34 metres wide. The main stairs are located on the eastern side. The eastern gate of Shiva temple is flanked by two small shrines, dedicated to guardian gods, Mahakala and Nandhisvara. The Shiva temple is encircled with galleries adorned with bas-reliefs telling the story of Ramayana carved on the inner walls of the balustrades. To follow the story accurately, visitors must enter from the east side and began to perform pradakshina or circumambulating clockwise. The bas-reliefs of Ramayana continue to the Brahma temple galleries.

The Shiva shrine is located at the center and contains five chambers, four small chambers in every cardinal direction and one bigger main chamber in the central part of the temple. The east chamber connects to the central chamber that houses the largest murti  in Prambanan, a three-metre high statue of Shiva Mahadeva (the Supreme God). The statue bears Lakçana (attributes or symbol) of Shiva such as skull and sickle (crescent) at the crown, and third eye on the forehead; also four hands that holds Shiva's symbols: aksamala (prayer beads), chamara (fly-whisk), and trisula (trident). Some historians believe that the depiction of Shiva as Mahadeva was also meant to personify king Balitung as the reincarnation of Shiva. So, when he died, a temple was built to commemorate him as Shiva. The statue of Shiva stands on a lotus pad on a Yoni pedestal that bears the carving of Nāga serpents on the north side of the pedestal.

The other three smaller chambers contain statues of Hindu Gods related to Shiva: his consort Durga, the rishi Agastya, and Ganesha, his son. A statue of Agastya occupies the south chamber, the west chamber houses the statue of Ganesha, while the north chamber contains the statue of Durga Mahisasuramardini depicting Durga as the slayer of the Bull demon. The shrine of Durga is also called the temple of Rara Jonggrang (Javanese: slender virgin), after a Javanese legend of princess Rara Jonggrang.

Brahma and Vishnu temples
The two other main shrines are those of Vishnu on the north side of the Shiva shrine, and the one of Brahma on the south. Both temples face east and each contain only one large chamber, each dedicated to respected gods; Brahma temple contains the statue of Brahma and Vishnu temple houses the statue of Vishnu. Brahma and Vishnu temple measures 20 metres wide and 33 metres tall.

Vahana temples

The other three shrines in front of the three main temples are dedicated to the vehicles (vahana) of the respective gods – the bull Nandi for Shiva, the sacred swan Hamsa for Brahma, and Vishnu's kite Garuda. Precisely in front of the Shiva temple is the Nandi temple, which contains a statue of the Nandi bull. Next to it, there are also other statues, the statue of Chandra the god of the moon and Surya the god of the sun. Chandra stands on his carriage pulled by 10 horses, the statue of Surya also stands on a carriage pulled by 7 horses. Facing the Brahma temple is the temple of Hamsa or Angsa. The chamber of this temple contains no statue, but it seems likely that there was once a statue of the sacred swan. In front of the Vishnu temple is the temple dedicated to Garuda. However, just like the Hamsa temple, the Garuda temple contains no statue, but probably once contained the statue of Garuda. Garuda holds an important role for Indonesia, as it serves as the national symbol of Indonesia, and also as the name of the airline Garuda Indonesia.

Apit temples and smaller shrines

Between these rows of the main temple, on the north and south side, stand two Candi Apit temples. Apit in Javanese means "flank". It refers to the position of the two temples that flanked the inner courtyard on the north and south sides. The room inside the Apit temples is now empty. It is not clear to which deities these Apit temples were dedicated. However, examining the southern Apit temple bas-reliefs on the outer wall, a female deity is depicted, most probably Sarasvati, the Shakti (consort) of Brahma. Considering the Hindu pantheon represented in Prambanan temples, it is possible that the southern Apit temple was dedicated to Sarasvati, while the northern Apit temple was dedicated to Lakshmi.

Beside these 8 main temples, there are also 8 smaller shrines; 4 Candi Kelir on four cardinal directions of the entrance, and 4 Candi Patok on four corners of the inner zone. Kelir in Javanese means "screen", especially referring to wayang kulit, fabric screen. It refers to a structure that obstructs the main cardinal entry of gopura. It is similar to aling-aling in Balinese architecture. Patok in Javanese means "peg". It refers to the shrine location at the four corners of the inner compound.

Pervara temples

The two walled perimeters that surround the remaining two yards to the interior are oriented to the four cardinal points. The second yard's walled perimeter, which measures about 225 metres per side, surrounds a terraced area that consists of four rows containing 44, 52, 60, and 68 pervara temples, for 224 structures in total. Respectively, each has a height of 14 metres and measures 6×6 metres at the base. The sixteen temples located at the corners of the rows face two directions; the remaining 208 structures open to only one of the four cardinal directions.

The middle zone consists of four rows of 224 individual small shrines. There are great numbers of these temples, but most of them are still in ruins and only some have been reconstructed. These concentric rows of temples were made in an identical design, with flight of stairs and porticos facing outward, with exception of the corner pervara temples that has two porticos. Each row towards the center is slightly elevated.

These shrines are called "Candi Perwara" in Indonesian or pervara temples, which means ancillary, guardian or complementary temples, the additional buildings of the main temple. Some believed it was offered by regional rulers and nobles to the king as a sign of submission. The pervara are arranged in four rows around the central temples. Some believed it had something to do with four castes, made according to the rank of the people allowed to enter them; the row nearest to the central compound was accessible to the priests only, the other three were reserved for the nobles, the knights, and the simple people respectively. While another believed that the four rows of pervara had nothing to do with four castes, it was just simply made as a meditation place for priests and as a worship place for devotees.

Gates and walls

Most of the original perimeter walls and gapura gates surrounding the outer compound are missing, leaving only the trace of wall's foundations. The walls and gates demarcating the middle compound that contains rows of pervara temples are mostly gone too, with exception of the southern gate that has been successfully reconstructed.

The paduraksa gates into inner compound are mostly has been completely reconstructed; i.e. south, west, and north paduraksa gates, with the exception only eastern gate that has not been rebuilt yet.

Architecture

The architecture of the Prambanan temple follows the typical Hindu architecture traditions based on Vastu Shastra. The temple design incorporated mandala temple plan arrangements and also the typical high towering spires of Hindu temples. Prambanan was originally named Shivagrha and dedicated to the god Shiva. The temple was designed to mimic Meru, the holy mountain, the abode of Hindu gods, and the home of Shiva. The whole temple complex is a model of the Hindu universe according to Hindu cosmology and the layers of Loka.

Just like Borobudur, Prambanan also recognizes the hierarchy of the temple zones, spanned from the less holy to the holiest realms. Each Hindu and Buddhist concept has its terms, but the concepts are essentially identical. Either the compound site plan (horizontally) or the temple structure (vertically) consists of three zones:
 Bhurloka (in Buddhism: Kāmadhātu), the lowest realm of common mortals; humans, animals also demons. Where humans are still bound by their lust, desire and unholy way of life. The outer courtyard and the foot (base) part of each temple has symbolized the realm of bhurloka.
 Bhuvarloka (in Buddhism: Rupadhatu), the middle realm of holy people, occupied by rishis, ascetics, and lesser gods. People here begin to see the light of truth. The middle courtyard and the body of each temple symbolize the realm of bhuvarloka.
 Svarloka (in Buddhism: Arupadhatu), the highest and holiest realm, reserved for the gods. Also known as svargaloka. The inner courtyard and the roof of each temple symbolize the realm of svarloka. The roof of Prambanan temples are adorned and crowned with ratna (sanskrit: jewel), the shape of Prambanan Ratna took the altered form of vajra that represent diamonds. In ancient Java temple architecture, Ratna is the Hindu counterpart of the Buddhist stupa, and served as the temple's pinnacle. It also has more than 140 inner temples, along with 30 main ones.

During the restoration, a well which contains a pripih (stone casket) was discovered under the centre of the Shiva temple. The main temple has a well 5.75 m deep in which a stone casket was found on top a pile of charcoal, earth, and remains of burned animal bones. Sheets of gold leaves with the inscription Varuna (god of the sea) and Parvata (god of the mountains) were found here. The stone casket contained sheets of copper, charcoal, ashes, earth, 20 coins, jewels, glass, pieces of gold and silver leaves, seashells and 12 gold leaves (which were cut in the shapes of a turtle, Nāga serpent, padma, altar, and an egg).

Reliefs

Ramayana and Bhagavata Purana
The temple is adorned with panels of narrative bas-reliefs telling the story of the Hindu epic Ramayana and Bhagavata Purana. The narrative bas-relief panels were carved along the inner balustrades wall on the gallery around the three main temples.

The narrative panels on the balustrade read from left to right. The story starts from the east entrance where visitors turn left and move around the temple gallery in a clockwise direction. This conforms with pradaksina, the ritual of circumambulation performed by pilgrims who move in a clockwise direction while keeping the sanctuary to their right. The story of Ramayana starts on Shiva temple balustrade and continues to Brahma temple. On the balustrades in Vishnu temple there is series of bas-relief panels depicting the stories of lord Krishna from Bhagavata Purana.

The bas-relief of Ramayana illustrate how Sita, the wife of Rama, is abducted by Ravana. The monkey king Hanuman brings his army to help Rama and rescue Sita. This story is also shown by the Ramayana Ballet, regularly performed at full moon at Trimurti open-air theatre on the west side of the illuminated Prambanan complex.

Lokapalas, Brahmins and Devatas
On the other side of the narrative panels, the temple wall along the gallery was adorned with statues and reliefs of devatas and brahmin sages. The figures of lokapalas, the celestial guardians of directions, can be found in Shiva temple. The brahmin sage editors of veda were carved on Brahma temple wall, while in Vishnu temple the figures of male deities devatas are flanked by two apsaras.

Prambanan panel: Lion and Kalpataru
The lower outer wall of these temples was adorned with a row of small niches containing an image of sinha (a lion) flanked by two panels depicting bountiful kalpataru (kalpavriksha) trees. These wish-fulfilling sacred trees, according to Hindu-Buddhist belief, are flanked on either side by kinnaras or animals, such as pairs of birds, deer, sheep, monkeys, horses, elephants etc. The pattern of lion in niche flanked by kalpataru trees is typical in the Prambanan temple compound, thus it is called a "Prambanan panel".

The Rara Jonggrang legend

The popular legend of Rara Jonggrang is what connects the site of the Ratu Boko Palace, the origin of the Durga statue in the northern cell/chamber of the main shrine, and the origin of the Sewu temple complex nearby.
The legend tells the story about Prince Bandung Bondowoso, who fell in love with Princess Rara Jonggrang, the daughter of King Boko. But the princess rejected his proposal of marriage because Bandung Bondowoso had killed King Boko and ruled her kingdom.
Bandung Bondowoso insisted on the union, and finally Rara Jonggrang was forced to agree to a union in marriage, but she posed one impossible condition: Bandung must build her a thousand temples in only one night.

The Prince entered into meditation and conjured up a multitude of supernatural beings from the earth. Helped by these spirits, he succeeded in building 999 temples. When the prince was about to complete the condition, the princess woke her palace maids and ordered the women of the village to begin pounding rice and set a fire in the east of the temple, attempting to make the prince and the spirits believe that the sun was about to rise. As the cocks began to crow, fooled by the light and the sounds of daybreak, the supernatural helpers fled back into the ground. The prince was furious about the trick and in revenge he cursed Rara Jonggrang, turning her to stone. She became the last and the most beautiful of the thousand statues. According to the traditions, the unfinished thousandth temple created by the demons become the Sewu temple compounds nearby (Sewu means "thousands" in Javanese), and the Princess is the image of Durga in the north cell of the Shiva temple at Prambanan, which is still known as Rara Jonggrang or "Slender Maiden".

Access
The Prambanan temple compound, as well as the entire archaeological complex, is easily accessible because its proximity with Yogyakarta–Solo highway, a highway running from Yogyakarta in the west to Surakarta, Central Java in the east. The highway, located south of the complex, is a part of Indonesian National Route 15, which running from Yogyakarta further into Surabaya in East Java.

The temple compound is also close to Prambanan bus terminal, in which the K3S line of Trans Jogja stops there as a terminal point. About 750 meters southeast from the compound is Brambanan Station in Klaten Regency, which serves KAI Commuter's Yogyakarta Line.

Other temples around Prambanan

The Prambanan Plain spans between the southern slopes of Merapi volcano in the north and the Sewu mountain range in the south, near the present border Yogyakarta province and Klaten Regency, Central Java. Apart from the Lara Jonggrang complex, the Prambanan plain, valley and hills around it is the location of some of the earliest Buddhist temples in Indonesia. Not far to the north are found the ruins of Bubrah temple, Lumbung temple, and Sewu temple. Further east is found Plaosan temple. To the west are found Kalasan temple and Sari temple, and further to the west is Sambisari temple. While to the south the Ratu Boko compound is on higher ground. The discoveries of archaeological sites scattered only a few miles away suggest that this area was an important religious, political, and urban center.

North of the Lara Jongrang complex
 Lumbung. Buddhist-style, consisting of one main temple surrounded by 16 smaller ones.
 Bubrah. Buddhist temple, rebuilt between 2011 and 2017.
 Sewu. Buddhist temple complex, older than Roro Jonggrang. A main sanctuary surrounded by many smaller temples. Well preserved guardian statues, replicas of which stand in the central courtyard at the Jogja Kraton.
 Morangan. Hindu temple complex buried several meters under volcanic ashes, located northwest from Prambanan.
 Plaosan. Buddhist, probably 9th century. Thought to have been built by a Hindu king for his Buddhist queen. Two main temples with exquisite reliefs of Boddhisatva and Tara. Also rows of slender stupas.

South of the Lara Jongrang complex
 Ratu Boko. Complex of fortified gates, bathing pools, and elevated walled stone enclosure, all located on top of the hill.
 Sajiwan. Buddhist temple decorated with jataka bas reliefs concerning education. The base and staircase are decorated with animal fables.
 Banyunibo. A Buddhist temple with unique design of roof.
 Barong. A Hindu temple complex with large stepped stone courtyard. Located on the slope of the hill.
 Ijo. A cluster of Hindu temple located near the top of Ijo hill. The main temple houses a large lingam and yoni.
 Arca Bugisan. Seven Buddha and bodhisattva statues, some collapsed, representing different poses and expressions.

West of the Lara Jongrang complex
 Kalasan. 8th-century Buddhist temple dedicated to Boddhisattvadevi Tara. The oldest temple in Prambanan plain, ornamented with finely carved reliefs.
 Sari. Once a sanctuary for Buddhist priests. 8th century. Nine stupas at the top with two rooms beneath, each believed to be places for priests to meditate.
 Sambisari. 9th-century Hindu temple discovered in 1966, once buried 6.5 metres under volcanic ash. The main temple houses a linga and yoni, and the wall surround it displayed the images of Agastya, Durga, and Ganesha.
 Gebang. A small Hindu temple discovered in 1937 located near the Yogyakarta northern ring-road. The temple displays the statue of Ganesha and interesting carving of faces on the roof section.
 Gana. A temple ruin with numerous reliefs and sculpted stones. Frequent representations of gana dwarfs with raised hands. Located east from Sewu temple, in the middle of a housing complex. Under restoration since 1997.
 Kedulan. A Hindu temple discovered in 1994 by sand diggers, 4m deep. The architectural style is somewhat identical to Sambisari temple nearby.

Gallery

Gallery of reliefs

Gallery of Prambanan

See also

 Borobudur
 Candi of Indonesia
 Indonesian architecture
 Prambanan Ramayana Ballet
 Ratu Boko
 Roro Jonggrang

References

Bibliography

 Ariswara, third edition (1993) (English translation by Lenah Matius) Prambanan, Intermasa, Jakarta,
 Bernet Kempers, A.J. (1959) Ancient Indonesian art Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.
 Dumarcay, Jacques. (1989) (Edited and translated by Michael Smithies) The temples of Java, Singapore: Oxford University Press.
 Holt, Claire (1967) Art in Indonesia: Continuities and change Ithaca, N.Y. Cornell University Press.
 Jordaan, Roy https://web.archive.org/web/20120319200224/http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/iiasn6/southeas/jordaan.html Prambanan 1995: A Hypothesis Confirmed
 Kak, S. (2011) Space and order in Prambanan. In M. Gupta (ed.) From Beyond the Eastern Horizon: Essays in honour of Professor Lokesh Chandra. Aditya Prakashan, Delhi.
 Leemans, C. (1855) Javaansche tempels bij Prambanan BKI, vol.3. pp. 1–26

External links

 Prambanan and Borobudur official site
 PT. Taman Wisata Candi Borobudur Prambanan dan Ratu Boko at Google Cultural Institute
 Prambanan map on wikimapia
 Entry on unesco.org
 Prambanan Temple Compounds short documentary by UNESCO and NHK

Hindu temples in Indonesia
World Heritage Sites in Indonesia
Archaeological sites in Indonesia
Religious buildings and structures in Central Java
Buildings and structures in the Special Region of Yogyakarta
Mataram Kingdom
Hindu pilgrimage sites
9th-century Hindu temples
Cultural Properties of Indonesia in Yogyakarta
Tourist attractions in Central Java
Temples with Bharatanatyam Karanas

Prambanan


An Lepanthopsis rinkei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer. An Lepanthopsis rinkei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepanthopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Panamá. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lepanthopsis

Lepanthopsis rinkei


Die Piratenpartei Saarland ist der Landesverband der Piratenpartei im Saarland. Von 2012 bis 2017 war sie mit einer Fraktion im Landtag des Saarlandes vertreten.

Programmatik
Die Piratenpartei Saarland unterstützt größtenteils alle Punkte der Bundespartei (Piratenpartei). Kommunal setzen sie sich für Folgendes ein:

BGE
Die Piratenpartei Saarland setzt sich Für ein Bedingungsloses Grundeinkommen (BGE) ein. Laut der Partei ermöglicht das BGE ein Leben ohne Existenzängste. Auch soll damit Bürokratie abgebaut werden.

Bildung
Die Piratenpartei Saarland fordert eine Rückkehr zu G9. Begründet wird es damit, dass gute Bildung Zeit für selbstbestimmte Freizeit außerhalb der Schule braucht.

Außerdem fordern sie freie Krippen und Kindergärten, da sonst Nachteile für ärmere Familien entstehen könnten.

Die Piratenpartei Saarland fordert ein Recht für jeden Bachelor-Absolventen auf einen Master-Studienplatz.

Ihrer Meinung nach soll der Zugang zu Lehrinhalten frei sein. Sie wollen den Einsatz von Online-Plattformen, um Lehrinhalte auch besser von zuhause erarbeiten zu können.

Digitalisierung
Die Piraten im Saarland sind für freies Internet in allen öffentlichen Einrichtungen.

Sie wollen das ganze Saarland mit zukunftsfähigem Breitband ausstatten.

Außerdem wollen sie die Möglichkeiten, Behördengänge online vom heimischen PC aus zu tätigen, deutlich vereinfachen und ausbauen.

Sie fordern auch eine Möglichkeit für Bürger, sich online in die Politik einzubringen.

Nahverkehr
Die Saarländische Piratenpartei ist für einen fahrscheinlosen ÖPNV.

Sie wollen einen grenzüberschreitenden Bus- und Bahnverkehr in der Großregion.

Ihrer Meinung nach sind autonome Fahrzeuge die Zukunft, und die bestehende Fahrzeugflotte soll mit autonomen Fahrzeugen ergänzt werden.

Kommunalpolitik
Die Partei gewann bei den Kommunalwahlen am 26. Mai 2019 mehrere Mandate.

Merchingen

Mandatsträger (2 von 9 Sitzen)
 Michael Grauer
 Dirk Huffer

Bei der Kommunalwahl am 26. Mai 2019 bekamen die PIRATEN 38,6 % der Stimmen. Von den gewonnenen 3 Sitzen konnten mangels aufgestellter Kandidaten nur 2 besetzt werden.

Weiskirchen

Mandatsträger (1 von 27 Sitzen)
 Wolfgang Barth (gewählt über die Liste "Grün-Alternative Liste")

Rappweiler-Zwalbach

Mandatsträger (1 von 9 Sitzen)
 Hans Hirtz (gewählt über die Liste "Grün-Alternative Liste")

Piraten im Saarländischen Landtag
Bei der Landtagswahl im Saarland 2012 erreichte die Partei 7,4 Prozent und zog mit vier Abgeordneten in den Landtag des Saarlandes ein. Nach dem Wechsel von Michael Neyses zur Fraktion der Grünen am 26. Januar 2015 bestand die Fraktion bis zum Ausscheiden aus dem Landtag aus drei Mitgliedern.

Bei der Landtagswahl im Saarland 2017 erreichte die Partei 0,7 Prozent und lag damit hinter der Familienpartei (0,8 Prozent) und vor der NPD (0,7 Prozent).

Ehemaliger Fraktionsvorsitzender
Fraktionsvorsitzender war Michael Hilberer.

Ehemalige Abgeordnete
 Jasmin Freigang (Ehemalige stellvertretende Fraktionsvorsitzende)
 Andreas Augustin (Ehemaliger parlamentarischer Geschäftsführer)
 Michael Neyses

Weblinks

 Wahlkampfseite der Piraten Saarland zur Landtagswahl 2017
 Webseite der Piratenpartei Saarland
 Webseite der Piraten-Fraktion im Saarland

Einzelnachweise

Partei (Saarland)
Saarland
Gegründet 2009

Piratenpartei Saarland


(littéralement « dernier été ») est un film américain réalisé par Mark Thiedeman, sorti en 2013.

Synopsis
Luke est en dernière année de lycée. Il n'est pas scolaire, contrairement à son petit ami Jonah, qui va partir à l'université à la rentrée prochaine. C'est donc le dernier été qu'ils passeront ensemble.

Fiche technique
 Titre original :
 Réalisation : Mark Thiedeman
 Scénario : Mark Thiedeman
 Photographie : David Goodman
 Montage : Mark Thiedeman
 Musique : Scènes d'enfants de Schumann ; Concerto pour piano no 5 de Beethoven
 Producteur :
 Société de production : A&G
 Sociétés de distribution : Outplay
 Lieux de tournage : Arkansas
 Langues : anglais
 Format : Couleur - 1.85 : 1 - son Dolby Digital
 Genre : Romance et expérimental
 Durée : 72 minutes
 Dates de sortie :

Distribution
 Samuel Pettit : Luke
 Sean Rose : Jonah
 Deb Lewis : le professeur de Luke
 Roben R. Sullivant : la mère de Jonah
 Byron Taylor : le père de Luke

Réception critique
Le critique de The Hollywood Reporter remarque que le réalisateur , qu'il a .

Pour Indiewire, le film est , avec  et le critique décèle l'influence de Terrence Malick et de Lynne Ramsay.

Pour le critique de The Independent, .

Pour le site spécialisé PopandFilms, .

Présentation en festivals
Le film a été présenté dans plusieurs festivals : à l'Outfest de 2013, au Festival international du film d'Athènes 2013, au festival de Paris Chéries-Chéris 2013, et au Champs-Élysées Film Festival 2014.

Récompenses
 Little Rock Film Festival 2013 : prix du meilleur réalisateur
 Arkansas Arts Council : Individual Artist Fellowship award 2013

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2013
Film romantique américain
Film expérimental américain
Film indépendant américain
Film tourné en Arkansas
Film américain sur l'homosexualité masculine
Film sur les enfants et les adolescents LGBT

Last Summer (film, 2013)


Die Propyläen est un périodique lancé en juillet 1798 par Johann Wolfgang von Goethe et son ami Johann Heinrich Meyer.

Impulsion
Au cours de la courte existence de trois ans de la revue, ses divers contributeurs et éditeurs, par exemple comme le montrent les essais de Wilhelm von Humboldt et Friedrich von Schiller, ont cherché à aborder, diffuser et fomenter des idées et des conceptions fondamentales concernant l'art et les processus esthétiques et ainsi à déterminer, aux niveaux d'influence culturelle et sociale, ce qui caractérise la portée essentielle de l'art et sa pratique par les artistes. À l'instar de Die Horen de Friedrich Schiller, l'impulsion fondamentale de la revue était d'étendre la portée des valeurs classiques dans l'art.

Par son nom allemand, Propyläen (du grec προπύλαιον , propylaion , pl. προπύλαια , propulaia , entrée d'un bâtiment), que l'on peut traduire de l'anglais par Propylaea, le périodique, y compris ses différents thèmes, devait représentent une porte d'entrée culturelle unique ; et ainsi, il symbolisait le bâtiment qui est la vie dans lequel l'artiste doit entrer.

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
 Johann Heinrich Meyer

Liens externes
  ""Introduction aux Propyläen" de Goethe

Revue en allemand
Œuvre de Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Propyläen


العتبة جزاز هو فيلم مصري عرض عام 1969، بطولة فؤاد المهندس وشويكار، ومن إخراج نيازي مصطفى.

قصة الفيلم
يزوال أفراد شبكة تجسس نشاطهم في أحد الملاهي ويرأسها عباس الذي لا يرتاح لعميل المنظمة ماكس فيأمر أعوانه بقتله. تجند أجهزة الأمن هدى لصالحهم فهي مساعدة عباس. يتردد عبد الحفيظ الشبيه بماكس علي الملهي ويتوهم أفراد الشبكة أنه لم يمت . تستغل أجهزة الأمن ذلك فيطلبون من عبد الحفيظ التمادي في تمثيل دور ماكس حتي يعرفون أسرار الشبكة وتحركاتها وبالفعل تقع في قبضتهم.

طاقم التمثيل
 فؤاد المهندس: (عبد الحفيظ / ماكس)
 شويكار: (هدى)
 محمد رضا: (بيومي الملواني - المقاول)
 حسن مصطفى: (الباشكاتب فرغلي)
 زوزو شكيب: (عمّة عبد الحفيظ)
 نورا: (عزيزة)
 عبد الله فرغلي: (مهزوز - الطبيب النفسي)
 سيد زيان: (برعي - من العصابة)
 سلامة إلياس: (عباس - رئيس العصابة في مصر)
 علي جوهر: (سكاليو - زعيم العصابة)
 محمد سلطان: (الضابط رفعت)
 حسين زايد: (إبراهيم - من عصابة عباس)
 إسكندر منسي: (موظف الأرشيف)
 علي الجندي
 محمد بهجت
 محمد الحلو
 سيد إبراهيم
 حسن أنيس
 أمين عنتر
 حسني كلود
 أحمد شكري
 مرسي الحطاب
 حسين المليجي
 فاتن فريد: (المطربة)
 منى إبراهيم: (راقصة)
 نوال الصغيرة: (راقصة)

فريق العمل
 إخراج: نيازي مصطفى
 قصة وحوار: عبد المنعم مدبولي
 سيناريو: عبد الحي أديب
 مدير التصوير: سعيد بكر
 مونتاج: عبد العزيز فخري، جلال مصطفى
 إنتاج: أفلام جمال الليثي
 توزيع داخلي: أفلام جمال الليثي
 توزيع خارجي: بيترا فيلم
 تأليف الأغاني: حسين السيد
 ألحان الأغاني: منير مراد

مراجع

روابط خارجية

أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1969
أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام شويكار
أفلام فؤاد المهندس
أفلام محمد رضا
أفلام كوميدية مصرية
أفلام جريمة كوميدية مصرية
أفلام أخرجها نيازي مصطفى
أفلام زوزو شكيب
أفلام سيد زيان
أفلام عبد الله فرغلي

العتبة جزاز (فيلم)


Sulfacetamida este un antibiotic din clasa sulfamidelor care este utilizat în tratamentul unor infecții bacteriene, precum: vaginite, keratite, conjunctivite și blefarite. Sub formă de sulfacetamidă topică este condiționată în forme de uz topic (loțiuni topice, creme) și se utilizează în tratamentul dermatitelor seboreice, acneei și a altor infecții bacteriene ale pielii.

Note

Vezi și
 Sulfafurazol
 Sulfafurazol
 Sulfametoxazol

Sulfamide
Antiacneice
Acetamide

Sulfacetamidă


Bartol Franjić (Zagreb, 14. siječnja 2000.) hrvatski je nogometaš koji igra na poziciji središnjeg beka, lijevog beka i defenzivnog veznog. Trenutačno igra za Darmstadt 98.

Klupska karijera

Dinamo Zagreb
Bartol Franjić završio je nogometnu školu zagrebačkog Dinama. Za Dinamo Zagreb II debitirao je 24. kolovoza 2018. u utakmici 2. HNL protiv Sesveta koje je druga momčada Dinama dobila 2:1. Svoj prvi gol za Dinamo Zagreb II postigao je 5. listopada 2019. u utakmici protiv Šibenika koja je završila 2:2. Za Dinamo Zagreb debitirao je 17. lipnja 2020. u utakmici 1. HNL protiv Slaven Belupa kojeg je Dinamo pobijedio 3:2. U kupu je debitirao 26. rujna protiv Ferdinandovca koji je poražen s visokih 1:7. U UEFA Europskoj ligi debitirao je 22. listopada u utakmici bez golova odigranoj protiv Feyenoorda. Svoj prvi i jedini gol za Dinamo postigao je 10. kolovoza 2021. u uzvratoj utakmici trećeg kvalifikacijskog kola UEFA Lige prvaka 2021./22. protiv varšavske Legije koja je izgubila susret 0:1.

Wolfsburg
Dana 27. lipnja 2022. Franjić je prešao u Wolfsburg za navodnih 7,5 milijuna eura, uz postotak od idućeg transfera. Za Wolfsburg je debitirao 30. srpnja u utakmici DFB-Pokala u kojoj je Carl Zeiss Jena poražena 0:1. U Bundesligi je debitirao i asistirao 3. rujna kada je Wolfsburg izgubio 2:4 of Kölna.

Darmstadt 98 (posudba)
Wolfsburg je 18. kolovoza 2023. posudio Franjiću bundesligaškom klubu Darmstadt 98. Za novi klub debitirao je dva dana kasnije u ligaškoj utakmici u kojoj je Eintracht Frankfurt pobijedio s minimalnih 1:0.

Reprezentativna karijera
Nastupao je za sve selekcije Hrvatske od 14 do 21 godine.

Priznanja

Klupska
Dinamo Zagreb
 1. HNL (3): 2019./20., 2020./21., 2021./22.
 Hrvatski nogometni kup (1): 2020./21.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Bartol Franjić, Soccerway
 Bartol Franjić, Transfermarkt

Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski nogometaši
Nogometaši Dinama
Nogometaši Wolfsburga
Aktivni nogometaši

Bartol Franjić


Ved finsk litteratur kan forstås al litteratur, som er skrevet i Finland og/eller af forfattere, der er født eller har boet i Finland. Begrebet omfatter således både litteratur på finsk og på svensk for så vidt forfatteren har haft tilknytning til Finland. Litteratur på svensk kaldes ofte finlandssvensk litteratur. Megen finsk litteratur skrevet på det ene sprog er tillige oversat til det andet sprog.

Litteratur
Ida Falbe-Hansen: Opslag: "Finland, litteratur" (i: Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon, 2. udgave, bind VIII; København; s. 86-90)

Eksterne henvisninger

Litteratur fra Finland

Finsk litteratur


යම් භූගෝලීය සීමාවක් තුල ස්වාධීන අධීකාරී බලය තිබීම  වේ.

ස්වාධිපත්‍යය

ස්වාධිපත්‍යය


Geißen steht für:

 Geißen (Saara), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Saara, Landkreis Greiz, Thüringen
 Geißen (Stubenberg), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Stubenberg (Niederbayern), Landkreis Rottal-Inn, Bayern

Geißen bzw. Geissen ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Angelo Geißen, deutscher Numismatiker
 Oliver Geissen (* 1969), deutscher Fernsehmoderator

Siehe auch:

 Geiß
 Geisen
 Die Geissens – Eine schrecklich glamouröse Familie
 Geysen-Gletscher

Geißen


Gage est une ville du comté de Ellis, dans l'État d'Oklahoma, aux États-Unis. En 2010, elle compte une population de .

Démographie
Lors du recensement de 2010, la ville comptait une population de , tandis qu'en 2019, elle est estimée à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Comté d'Ellis (Oklahoma)
Town en Oklahoma

Gage (Oklahoma)


التنمية البشرية من منظور مؤسس مؤشر التنمية البشرية التابع للأمم المتحدة محبوب الحق ، هي المساعدة في توسيع خيارات البشر وقدراتهم على العيش الكريم وتوسيع المشاركة الديموقراطية والتنمية الاقتصادية والإجتماعية. حيث يعد التطوير والتنمية الذاتية جزء منها.

مقدمة
أصدرت الأمم المتحدة تقريرا سمي ب مؤشر التنمية البشرية في دول العالم، ويقيم المؤشر مجهودات التنمية البشرية في كل دولة بين
1: جيد جدا و0:انعدام التنمية البشرية. انظر الخريطة

صدر التقرير في عام 1991 وقام بإعداده عالم الاقتصاد الباكستاني محبوب الحق، حيث أكد فيه أن التنمية البشرية لا تؤدي مهامها دون أن يكون هناك نمواً اقتصادياً مصاحباً، وإلا لن يكون هناك تحسن في الأحوال البشرية عموماً.
وفي العام 1994 صدر تقرير التنمية من الأمم المتحدة الذي أكد أن التنمية البشرية هي نموذج هام من نماذج التنمية والتي من خلالها يمكن لجميع الأشخاص من توسيع نطاق قدراتهم البشرية إلى أقصى حد ممكن وتوظيفها أفضل توظيف في جميع الميادين. ويخلص التقرير إلى أن التنمية البشرية بقدر ما هي مسعي لتحسين حياة الأجيال الحاضرة فهي كذلك صمام أمان يحمى خيارات الاجيال التي لم تولد بعد. ذلك أن التنمية المستدامة تعمل على توفير الإنصاف داخل الجيل الواحد وبين الأجيال المتعاقبة، فكما أن الجيل الحالي يتحمل عادة معاشات التقاعد للجيل السابق، فإن الجيل القادم سوف يتحمل مصروفات معاشات الجيل الحالي العامل. ذلك أن ديون الدولة تتحملها في المقام الأول الأجيال القادمة حيث أن تلك الديون هي ديون طويلة الأجل.

تظهر التنمية بوضوح الفارق بين الدخل ورفاهية الإنسان من خلال قياس معدل الإنجازات في مجالات الصحة والتعليم والدخل. ويعطي دليل التنمية في بلد ما صورة أكثر وضوحا لحالة مجتمع ورفاهيته من الصورة التي يعطيها الدخل وحده. التنمية البشرية مبنية في المقام الأول على اتاحة الفرصة للمواطن بأن يعيش نوع الحياة الذي يختارها ومزاولة العمل المناسب لهم – وعلى تزويدهم بالأدوات المناسبة والفرص المؤاتية لللوصول إلى تلك الخيارات. وفي السنوات الأخيرة، سعى تقرير التنمية البشرية بقوة إلى إثبات أن هذه المسألة هي مسألة سياسة تقوم بها الدولة بقدر ما هي مسألة اقتصاد – من حماية حقوق الإنسان إلى تعميق الديمقراطية والعمل الجماعي. والتنمية البشرية تنمي القدرات أبناء الوطن بصفة أساسية، وتراعي في نفس الوقت حصول الأقليات دينية أو عرقية أو من المهاجرين على حقوقهم السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية في المجتمع من التعليم والوظائف والمدارس والمستشفيات والعدالة والأمن وغيرها.

التطور
بدأ مفهوم التنمية البشرية يتضح عقب انتهاء الحرب العالمية الثانية وخروج البلدان التي شاركت في الحرب مصدومة من الدمار البشري والاقتصادى الهائل وخاصة الدول الخاسرة.
فبدأ بعدها تطور مفهوم التنمية الاقتصادية وواكبها ظهور التنمية البشرية لسرعة إنجاز التنمية لتحقيق سرعة الخروج من النفق المظلم والدمار الشامل الذي لحق بالبلاد بسبب الحروب.
ومن هذا التاريخ بدأت الأمم المتحدة تنتهج سياسة التنمية البشرية مع الدول الفقيرة لمساعدتها في الخروج من حالة الفقر التي تعانى منها مثل ما قامت به مع كل من: بنغلاديش وباكستان وغانا وكولومبيا وكثير من الدول الأخرى، مستغلة في ذلك خبرات البلاد التي أصبحت متقدمة لاتباعها هذا المنهاج.
تطور مفهوم التنمية البشرية ليشمل مجالات عديدة منها: التنمية (الإدارية- والسياسية -و التعليمية - والثقافية)، ويكون الإنسان هو القاسم المشترك في جميع المجالات السابقة.

ولهذا فتطور الأبنية: الإدارية والسياسية والتعليمية والثقافية له مردود على عملية التنمية الفردية من حيث تطوير انماط المهارات والعمل الجماعي والمشاركة الفعالة للمواطن في عملية التنمية بغرض الانتفاع بها.

وعلى هذا يمثل منهج التنمية البشرية الركيزة الأساسية التي يعتمد عليها المخططون وصانعوا القرار لتهيئة الظروف الملائمة لإحداث التنمية الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والتطور بالمجتمع على طريق الرخاء والرفاهية.

ويمكن إجمال القول أن التنمية البشرية هو المنهج الحكومي في المقام الأول الذي يهتم بتحسين نوعية الموارد البشرية في المجتمع وتحسين النوعية البشرية نفسه، كما تهتم كل مؤسسة وكل شركة بتنمية قدرات العاملين فيها سواء على المستوى الإداري شموليا لتشمل كل العاملين على جميع مستوياتهم الوظيفية.

أهم عوامل التنمية البشرية
 الأوضاع السياسية: عدم احتكار السلطة وتحقيق الديمقراطية.
 الأوضاع السكانية: الاستغلال الأمثل للموارد البشرية
 الأوضاع السكنية: ارتفاع مستويات المعيشة وليس بالضروري انخفاض الكثافة السكانية وخير مثال على ذلك الصين فهي محققة لأكبر قدر من التنمية البشرية والكثافة السكانية مرتفعة للغاية
 الأوضاع الإدارية: تطور أساليب الإدارة واعتماد أسلوب التخطيط.
 أوضاع العمل: تطور تقسيم العمل وارتفاع المهارات الفنية والإدارية.
 الأوضاع التقنية: استخدام التقنية وتوطينها
 الأوضاع الصحية: تحسن مستويات الرعاية الصحية وانخفاض الوفيات وارتفاع معدلات الحياة.
 الأوضاع التعليمية: تطور أساليب التعليم.
 الأوضاع الاجتماعية: نمو ثقافة العمل والإنجاز وتغير المفاهيم المقترنة ببعض المهن والحرف.
 الأوضاع الطبقية:مرونة البناء الاجتماعى والمساواة الاجتماعية.
 الأوضاع النفسية:ضرورة تهيئة المناخ النفسى العام والتشجيع على التنمية

مصادر

 موقع برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإتمائي التابع للأمم المتحدة

اقرأ أيضًا
 جغرافيا تنموية

اقتصاديات التنمية
تنمية بشرية
تنمية عالمية
نمو اقتصادي

تنمية بشرية (اقتصاد)


Jackson Villar é um empresário brasileiro e militante de extrema-direita. Foi candidato a deputado federal nas eleições gerais de 2022, pelo partido Republicanos. Villar ganhou notoriedade ao organizar manifestações de motociclistas, conhecidas como 'motociatas', em apoio a Jair Bolsonaro. Ele é dono de um loja de móveis na Zona Sul de São Paulo, Capão Redondo. É irmão do cantor gospel Jonas Villar.

Villar já teve episódios de desentendimento com o governismo bolsonarista, quando criticou o fundo eleitoral aprovado por deputados governistas, e especialmente após as manifestações de 7 de setembro de 2021, por perceber um recuo do presidente Bolsonaro, ao emitir um comunicado em que afirmava não ter intenção de "agredir quaisquer dos Poderes" da República. Jackson afirmou se sentir traído naquele momento. Não obstante, ele retornou logo após a organizar eventos bolsonaristas.

O militante conclamou seus seguidores, em diversos momentos, à cometer atos de violência contra pessoas de esquerda, como também contra cientistas políticos. Ele falou, além disso, sobre quebrar urnas eletrônicas.

Motociatas
Jackson foi organizador das duas edições das manifestações de motociclistas pró-bolsonaro organizadas em São Paulo, o evento era também conhecido como 'Acelera para Cristo', e contava com um comício de pastores evangélicos ao final do trajeto - que contam com a presença de figuras como o Silas Malafaia, Estevam Hernandes e Claúdio Duarte. Villar nunca revelou o financiamento das motociadas, comentando apenas o apoio de empresários, como ele próprio, e o dono da marca de suplementos 'Black Skull', Marcello Bella.

Ameaças a Jornlistas
Jackson fez diversas ameaças a jornalistas da Agência Pública devido à uma reportagem sobre os grupos de telegram mantidos pelo empresário. Ele ameaçou fisicamente e verbalmente o jornalista Thiago Domenici, e orquestrou ações para tentar derrubar as contas das agência em redes sociais.

Participação nas manifestações golpistas

Jackson Villar é articulador de diversos grupos de extrema direita no Telegram que tem sido locais de organização dos bloqueios e movimentações golpistas desde a noite de encerramento das eleições presidenciais. Nesses grupos, Villar publicou várias gravações onde propõem ações para contestar os resultados das eleições, entre elas a organização de uma suposta 'eleição paralela'. Afirma, também, a necessidade de realizar atos de violência contra pessoas de esquerda. Dois de seus grupos do telegram foram banidos logo no dia 1 de novembro, por decisão do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, em razão da proliferação de notícias falsas e articulação de apoio aos bloqueios que começavam a ser organizados. Villar buscava arrecadar valores via Pix, para uma conta sob o CNPJ da 'Associação Mensagem de Esperança Campinas', no nome de Celina do Carmo Vaz Quesada, sogra dele. A associação é a mesma que vendia ingressos nas motociatas e arrecadava valores entre os participantes, pertence a igreja Assembleia de Deus Bom Retiro, e chegou a ser investigada por caixa dois.

O militante tentou 'driblar' a determinação judicial, organizando outros grupos na mesma plataforma. Nesse espaço foi dado continuidade à divulgação dos pontos de bloqueios e articulação de apoio material, como também à circulação de vídeos com ameaças direcionadas, como ao ministro Alexandre de Moraes, que foi mencionado num vídeo que defendia "meter bala na cabeça do Xandão".

Arrependimento
Em vídeo publicado no dia 18/07/2023, ao comparar preços atuais com os praticados no governo anteior,  Villar demonstra indignação e arrependimento por ter apoiado Bolsonaro e Paulo Guedes

Referências

Empresários do estado de São Paulo
Bolsonarismo
Extrema-direita no Brasil

Jackson Villar


Der Terminus Wiener Monophthongierung ist ein Fachbegriff aus der Sprachwissenschaft, namentlich aus der Dialektologie, und bezeichnet ein Lautgesetz des Wiener Dialekts. Das Phänomen, dass in der lautlichen Entwicklung des Wienerischen bestimmte Zwielaute (Diphthonge) zu einem einzelnen Laut angeglichen (monophthongiert) wurden, kennzeichnet das Wienerische von den umliegenden Dialekten Niederösterreichs und gilt als eines seiner auffälligsten Merkmale.

Weitere Einzelheiten
Die Monophthongierung der Diphthonge /aɛ/ und /ɑɔ/ wurde zuerst von Karl Luick (1904) und von Gartner (1900) beschrieben. Beobachtet wurde sie im Sprachgebrauch der niederen sozialen Schichten, Luick spricht vom "ausgesprochensten Wienerisch" (1904, 37), Gartner beobachtet dieses Phänomen in der jungen Generation der unteren Gesellschaftsschichten (1900, 43). Die aus der Monophthongierung hervorgegangenen neuen Monophthonge erhalten eine Ersatzdehnung, z. B.: /vaɛt/ → [væːt] "weit" und /hɑɔs/ → [hɒːs] "Haus".

Literatur
 Maria Hornung, Franz Roitinger, Die österreichischen Mundarten, Wien 2000.

Einzelnachweise

Kultur (Wien)
Sprachwandel
Österreichische Mundart
Österreichisches Deutsch

Wiener Monophthongierung


جابر العامري (ولد 18 فبراير 1986) في المملكة العربية السعودية وهو لاعب كرة قدم يلعب في مركز حارس المرمى لعب لأندية الاتحاد و الفيصلي و نجران و نادي الشعلة .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سعوديون
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى السعودي
لاعبو دوري المحترفين السعودي
لاعبو كرة قدم سعوديون
لاعبو نادي الاتحاد (السعودية)
لاعبو نادي الشعلة (السعودية)
لاعبو نادي الفيصلي (السعودية)
لاعبو نادي نجران
مواليد 1406 هـ
مواليد 1986
مواليد في السعودية

جابر العامري


Maloya Dousman es una película de 1994.

Sinopsis
Maloya Dousman es el reflejo de una isla, un departamento francés situado en el océano Índico a diez mil kilómetros de París. Una isla con un idioma, una historia y una cultura. Desde los orígenes de la población de la isla hasta el mestizaje, a través de lo que el maloya representa para Gramoun Lélé, Lo Rwa Kaf y Ti'Fock, el documental nos hace descubrir esta música y conocer a músicos, hombres y mujeres de Reunión para quienes el maloya representa una cultura y una afirmación de la propia identidad.

Referencias

Maloya Dousman