Chatteris () is a market town and civil parish in the Fenland district of Cambridgeshire, England, situated in The Fens between Huntingdon, March and Ely. The town is in the North East Cambridgeshire parliamentary constituency.

The parish of Chatteris is large, covering 6,099 hectares, and for much of its history was a raised island in the low-lying wetland of the Fens. Mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, the town has evidence of settlement from the Neolithic period. After several fires in the 18th and 19th centuries, the majority of the town's housing dates from the late Victorian period onwards, with the tower of the parish church the only medieval building remaining.

Following the draining of the Fens, beginning in the 17th century and completed in the 19th century, the town's economy has been based on agriculture and related industry. Due to its proximity to Cambridge, Huntingdon and Peterborough, the town has emerged as a commuter town. The town had a population of 11,011 at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2021.

History

Toponymy and early history
Chatteris's name probably derives from the Celtic Cedrid – Ced meaning a wood and Rid, a ford, although it may also derive from "cader", meaning hill fort, suggesting a similar site to the nearby Stonea Camp. The town was mentioned in the Domesday Book as "Cetriz" and "Cateriz".

Archaeological evidence has been found of Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements in the area, and Chatteris possesses what has been interpreted as the only upstanding Neolithic boundaries in Fenland. Saxon evidence is less well preserved, although in 679, Hunna, the chaplain to Æthelthryth of Ely built a hermitage on Honey Hill. More apocryphically, Chatteris is reputed to have been the last refuge of Boudica as she fled from the Romans.

Medieval period

The miraculous story of the first known parishioner of the town, Bricstan, is documented in the Historia Ecclesiastica by the Chronicler Orderic Vitalis (1075 – c.1142). According to the legend, Bricstan was a pious free tenant from the town who had joined the monastery at Ely Cathedral in 1115 to begin training as a monk. However, he was accused of theft and imprisoned in London. The legend recounts that one night he had a vision of Saint Etheldreda coming towards him, and as if by a miracle, his heavy chains fell from him and he was shackled no longer. When he awoke from his dream, he discovered that this was indeed true and he was free of his chains. The wife of Henry I, Matilda of Scotland, heard of the miracle, and she assured herself that he was no rogue or thief, issued a writ of pardon and declared him a free man.

During the Medieval period, the town was dominated by Chatteris Abbey, a small Benedictine nunnery dedicated to St Mary, built in 980 by Eadnoth the Younger for Aelfwyn or Alfwen the niece of King Edgar and one of only eight nunneries mentioned in the Domesday Book. The first abbess of Chatteris was Eadnoth's sister, Aelfwyn. Throughout its existence, the abbey was comparatively poor compared to other foundations, due to a lack of royal patronage and a consequent lack of tithe estates. As a result, the abbey survived the first wave of closures during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, but was surrendered to the king's commissioners in 1538, by which time there were eleven nuns in residence.

At this date fourteen local families still used the abbey church as parochial but this, unusually, did not save it from demolition, the parishioners being transferred to nearby St Peter and St Paul's Church in the area. It has been conjectured that due to the short space between them, the parish church may have been the abbey church, although Claire Breay's Cartulary of Chatteris Abbey discounts this idea, citing that historical documentation clearly defines two separate churches. A range of the cloister buildings survived as part of a mansion known as Park House. This was demolished in 1847 and the site has now completely vanished beneath streets and housing, although the "Park Streets" of Chatteris mark the boundary of its walls and several buildings contain stone originating from the abbey. A large portion of the town was destroyed by a great fire in 1310, which destroyed the nunnery and a large portion of the church, leaving only sections of the base of the tower.

Early modern and contemporary

Later fires in 1706 and 1864 destroyed most medieval and Georgian architecture, and a large proportion of the town's listed buildings date from the Victorian period onwards. However, many of the pasture fields on the outskirts of the town have evidence of ridge and furrow farming practices, although these are under threat by current building proposals.

To the north of the town runs the Forty Foot Drain, a large river also called Vermuyden's Drain, after the Dutch engineer whose name is associated with the fen drainage works of the middle of the 17th century. Several of the older buildings of the town show evidence of the Dutch architectural style.

Chatteris is a market town and has possessed this designation since 1834, although an earlier market existed in the town, which was discontinued due to poor roads in 1808. A small market is still held every Friday.

Following the Beeching Axe, Chatteris railway station, formerly on the St Ives extension of the Great Eastern Railway, was closed in March 1967.<ref>Kelly's Directory of Cambridgeshire , (London: Kelly's Directories Limited, 1900), pp.99.</ref> The station buildings no longer exist.

 Geography
Chatteris is situated between Huntingdon, St Ives, Peterborough, March and Ely, in the middle of The Fens—the lowest-lying area in the United Kingdom—with most of the land surrounding the town being below sea level, although the highest point in the Fens (36 feet above sea level) is within Chatteris's parish boundaries. The peaty land surrounding the town is largely used for agriculture, drained by numerous ditches and dykes, and there are two large drainage rivers near the town – the Forty Foot Drain, also known as Vermuyden's Drain, and the Sixteen Foot Drain.

Chatteris is a key turning point on the A141 road (known as the Isle of Ely way) and the starting point of the A142 road to Ely and Suffolk (known as Ireton's Way). The town also has important links to Cambridge and the A14 via the B1050 to Bar Hill. The town centre traffic was bypassed in 1986, with the disused route of the former St Ives extension of the Great Eastern Railway being used to build the A141 to March and Guyhirn.

 Climate
There are no Met Office recording stations in the Fens, but an indication of rainfall and temperature of the county town Cambridge on the edge of the Fens shows that rainfall is below the national average, and in a wider study of East Anglia, the region had temperatures comparable with London, the warmest part of the UK.

 Politics
 Governance

The lowest level of local government is Chatteris Town Council, this consists of the following electoral wards: Birch; Slade Lode; The Mills and Wenneye.
The town is also governed by Fenland District Council. The town is part of the North East Cambridgeshire parliamentary seat, whose Member of Parliament is currently the Conservative Steve Barclay.

The town is historically part of the Isle of Ely, once under the secular jurisdiction of the Bishop of Ely, a power ended by the Liberty of Ely Act, 1837. After various changes throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, following the recommendations of the Local Government Commission for England, on 1 April 1965 the bulk of the area was merged to form Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely, and following the Local Government Act 1972, Chatteris has been part of the wider Cambridgeshire County Council since 1974.

 Law and criminal justice

Under the Police Act 1964 and local government reform in 1974, the Isle of Ely Constabulary became part of the Mid-Anglia Constabulary until the present Cambridgeshire Constabulary was formed in 1974. A small police station is situated in East Park Street, but it is no longer open to the public.

The most frequently reported crimes in Chatteris are "Anti-Social Behaviour" and "Violent and Sexual Offences".

 Economy
Overview
Chatteris is sited in particularly fertile agricultural land, and as such, the town's local economy is largely based on this industry. Alan Bartlett and Sons Ltd, a major British grower and packer of root vegetables has a large facility in the town with over 2,500 hectares under cultivation, much of it growing parsnips and the Chantenay and Bushytops carrot. The company is a demerger of Albert Bartlett & Sons, which are now based in Scotland. Rustler Produce Ltd, also based in Chatteris, is another major player in this industry, and a number of smaller vegetable producers and processors operate in the Chatteris area.

Another major employer in the town is Metalcraft (Stainless Metalcraft (Chatteris) Ltd). The company was established in the town in the late 19th century and over the years has manufactured diamond mining equipment and overhead cranes. The company is now part of the Avingtrans Group and specialises in creating engineered products for the oil, gas, nuclear and medical industries.

An Aldi supermarket located on Bridge Street opened in 2016. It was formerly a large Co-op which opened in 1990, trading under a variety of brandnames until its closure in 2014.

Another supermarket constructed on the A141 Fenland Way became the first of Tesco's discount Jack's-branded stores in the UK and hosted the press launch on 19 September 2018, opening to the public the following day. It is located within a larger building intended as a Tesco supermarket, constructed at a cost of £22 million but left mothballed following the company's decision to halt the opening of 49 out-of-town supermarkets following poor financial results in October 2014. The other half opened as a Poundstretcher store in February 2018.

The traditional town centre stretches from Park Street through Market Hill to the High Street and
generally features more specialist non-branch shops. The town centre has a post office but no banks following the closure of Barclays in 2019. The Petrou Brothers fish and chip shop in West Park Street won the 2006 National Fish and Chip Shop of the Year competition; the owners were presented with the award by chef Ainsley Harriott.

The Cross Keys, The George Inn and The Bramley House are the town's main hotel and bed-and-breakfast establishments, all located in the High Street or Market Hill. In addition to the Cross Keys and George, there are two further pubs; The Ship in Bridge Street and The Honest John in South Park Street, and a number of small restaurants and tea shops. There are several members' clubs including the Working Men's Club in Station Street and the Conservative Club in King Edward Street which feature live music and other entertainment. Fensport, a workshop specialised in performance and tuning parts for Toyota sports cars like Celica and Toyota 86 is located in Dock Road.

 Transport
Chatteris was well served by local bus routes, with regular buses to the nearby towns of March, St Ives, Ely and the city of Cambridge.  There are also occasional services to Huntingdon and Peterborough. However the decline in bus usage associated with Covid and more generally has led to the potential ending of all services.

The nearest railway stations are in March and Manea.

 Demographics
The United Kingdom Census 2011 found the population of Chatteris to be 10,453. This was an increase of 1163 since 2001 which recorded 8,820 people living in 3,809 households, with the average number of people per dwelling 2.31. The 2001 census found that 98.9% of the population of the town were of the white ethnic group. The parish of Chatteris is large, covering 6,099 hectares, equalling an average population density of 1.45, although most of the dwellings are concentrated in a smaller area, the outskirts of the town consisting of farmland. 99.6% of residents lived in households, the remaining 0.4% lived in communal establishments.

 Ethnic groups
The majority of the population in Chatteris state their ethnic group as "White". At 97.2% this is higher than the average of 94.1 for England and Wales. Since 2011 diversity in Chatteris has increased slightly and all ethnic groups have increased in size except for "Other" but this is likely due to the addition of "Mixed" as an option in the 2011 census.

 Languages
In the 2011 Census 2.3% of households in Chatteris reported to have no people in household who have English as a main language.

 Religion

Christianity is the majority religion in Chatteris. From 2001 to 2011 it fell from 74.8% to 62.6%, partly due to a decrease in numbers but mostly due to population growth of which the majority have no religion. Despite the reduction in numbers the Christian population of Chatteris is above the average for England and Wales at 59.3%.

The parish church of St Peter & St Paul is situated in the centre of the town. A church has been on the site since at least 1162, although the current tower dates from 1352. The building had fallen into disrepair during the 19th century, and the majority of the building is the result of an intensive restoration in 1910. This included restoring a pitched roof and adding new aisles, although the nave arches are original. The church of St Peter & St Paul is a Grade I listed building. In 1935, a new two-manual Harrison & Harrison organ was installed, a fine example of a pneumatic action instrument. Recent years have seen the construction of several new facilities, such as the Bricstan room extension. The church lists itself as of the low church branch of the Church of England. The church also hosts Catholic Church services.

The Emmanuel Church in East Park Street was created through the union of the Methodist, United Reformed and Baptist Union churches in Chatteris in 1990. It is based in the former United Reformed building in East Park Street. Several former chapel buildings exist around the town. The town has a Salvation Army citadel, also in East Park Street, and a Grace Baptist church, founded in 2010 and called Chatteris Community Church, meets in the King Edward centre on King Edward Street.

 Migration
The majority of the population of Chatteris was born within the UK. 6.4% of residents were born outside the UK, this is below the national average of 13%.

 Education

The town has three primary schools, Kingsfield Primary School (created in 2003 by the amalgamation of the former Burnsfield School and King Edward School), Glebelands School, which opened in the early months of 1994 and Cromwell Primary which opened in 2021. Cromwell Community College is an all-through school admitting primary school and secondary school age pupils. It was founded in 1939. The Isle College used to have a presence in the town, with a base in Grove House. However, this closed following the college's merger with the College of West Anglia. The town has a library run by Cambridgeshire County Council.

 Healthcare
Chatteris is serviced by George Clare GP Surgery and The Hollies Dental Practice.

Culture
Music
In 2005, British indie band Half Man Half Biscuitperhaps best known for "The Trumpton Riots" and "Dickie Davies Eyes"included a song entitled "For What Is Chatteris..." on their award-winning Achtung Bono album. The song extolled the virtues of the town, offset against how unsatisfying the best place in the world can suddenly become when the one you love is no longer there: "a market town that lacks quintessence / that's Chatteris without your presence". News of the song made the headlines of the Cambridgeshire Times and the Peterborough Evening Telegraph during September 2005, a month before the album's official release.

 Sport
Fen skating was very popular in the past. An illustration from 1823 by George Cruikshank shows the Wisbech coach in the background of a skating match.

The town's football club, Chatteris Town, was founded in 1920 and currently play in the Kershaw Premier Division of the Cambridgeshire Football Association County League.
The town also has a cricket club, Chatteris Cricket Club, which was founded in 1879. The club has five senior teams and four youth teams that compete in both the Fenland and Cambridgeshire leagues. Chatteris CC won the St Ivo Midweek League in 2008 and 2009 going both seasons unbeaten.
The town also has a bowls club and a tennis club (St Peters). Chatteris Airfield is about  north-northeast, which is mainly used for skydiving, and is the base of the North London Skydiving Centre. A flying school is also based at the airfield.North London Parachute Centre, URL accessed 21 March 2009

The town has one swimming pool, the Empress, which is privately owned and is a registered charity run by three trustees. It is open to members and can be booked for private hires or group sessions. It is home of the Chatteris Kingfishers swimming club, who after successes in 2008 compete in Division One of the 2009 "Cambs Cup" competition.  Plans for a public swimming pool and leisure centre have been proposed by the council since 1990, but have yet to be approved. Proposals for the development of Cromwell Community College under the government's BSF programme include significant leisure provisions and these are expected to start in 2010.Fenland District Council , URL accessed 18 May 2008
A new gym situated in the grounds of Cromwell Community College opened in 2013.

 Community activities and events
The town is noted for its annual display of Christmas lights, which are entirely funded by community donations and have been featured on BBC Look East.Visit the Fens: Chatteris, URL accessed 21 August 2009 In 2008, a medieval-themed Historical Festival replaced the town's traditional festival week.Chatteris Historic Festival homepage , URL accessed 16 November 2010

The town has a museum run by volunteers, with several permanent exhibitions about local history, the Fens, Victoriana and the railways. Chatteris also has a Scout club, an Army Cadet Force and a youth football team.Chatteris Town Youth Football Club , URL accessed 21 May 2008

Chatteris has morning and evening Women's Institutes, which both meet at the King Edward Centre, and a Rotary Club which meet at the local fire station.

Since 2012 Chatteris has a branch of the University of the Third Age (U3A) which caters for people no longer in full time employment, with a talk every month at the general meeting held at the King Edward Centre, plus over 20 interest groups of various kinds, and a number of trips and theatre visits are also provided during the year.

Chatteris in Bloom is a charity responsible for entering the town in to the annual "Anglia in Bloom" competition. Chatteris achieved the highest gold award in 2017, 2018 and 2019.

The town has a brass band, founded in 1882, which competes in the East Anglian Brass Band Association."The sound of success" in the Fenland Citizen, 17 May 2006

 Notable residents
 Eric Boon, boxer; British Lightweight Champion 1938–1944.
 George William Burdett Clare VC, Victoria Cross recipient after whom the doctors' surgery is named.
 Sir George Herbert Farrar, South African mining magnate, politician and soldier.
 John Percy Farrar, English soldier and mountaineer. President of the Alpine Club from 1917 to 1919 and a member of the Mount Everest Committee.
 John Dunn Gardner, MP and landowner, resident of Chatteris House.
 Dave Boy Green, boxer.
 Dominic Mohan (former resident), former editor of The Sun'' newspaper.
 Joe Perry, snooker player.
 Joseph Ruston, engineer and MP.
 Lindsay Shilling, Principal Trombonist at the Royal Opera House.

See also
 List of places in Cambridgeshire

References

Further reading

External links

 Chatteris History Page
 2001 Census
 NOMIS statistics for Chatteris

Market towns in Cambridgeshire
Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
Towns in Cambridgeshire
Fenland District

Chatteris


La topología de circuitos es la ciencia que estudia razonamientos matemáticos aplicados al análisis de circuitos, dentro de la cual se encuadran todas las propiedades que surgen de la estructura geométrica del mismo y permite arribar a métodos sistemáticos para escribir mecánicamente sistemas de ecuaciones que modelan el funcionamiento de circuitos complejos.

Referencias

Conceptos relativos a las instalaciones eléctricas

Topología de circuitos


ගොඩාමුණ ශ්‍රීලංකාවේ  දකුණු පළාතේ ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ ගම්මානයකි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

ගොඩාමුණ


ندبة هيبيس (Hebes Chasma) هو حوض صغير منعزل، يقارب 8000 م عمقا في وادي مارينار (الأخدود الكبير على المريخ)، حيث يعتقد أن المياه تدفقت في الحقب السابقة، وتقوم كاميرا الستيريو ذات الوضوح التصويري العالي على متن «مارس اكسبرس» التابعة لوكالة الفضاء الأوروبية بدراسة المنطقة لمحاولة توفير معطيات جديدة بالصور لتاريخ تكونها، ويقع تشقق هيبيس عند خط العرض 1 جنوبا والطول 282 درجة شرقا.

مصادر

أودية وأخاديد على المريخ
المريخ

ندبة هيبيس


Rudi Heinz Ogrissek (* 4. September 1926 in Groß Döbern; † 27. September 1999 in Dresden) war ein deutscher Kartograf, Geodät und Historiker.

Leben
Nach dem Abschluss der Mittelschule in Görlitz leistete Rudi Ogrissek ab 1943 Arbeits- und Kriegsdienst, wurde nach Belgien verlegt und geriet dort in britische Kriegsgefangenschaft. Im Jahre 1946 begann er eine Lehre als Vermessungstechniker beim Vermessungsbüro R. Menzel in Görlitz, die er 1951 abschloss. Anschließend arbeitete er bis 1952 als Vermessungstechniker beim Kreisvermessungsamt Niesky und war daraufhin bis 1953 stellvertretender Arbeitsgruppenleiter beim Vermessungsdienst Sachsen in Dresden.

Sein Abitur legte Rudi Ogrissek 1953 an der Arbeiter-und-Bauern-Fakultät (ABF) der Karl-Marx-Universität Leipzig ab und begann hier anschließend ein Studium der Geschichte und Geographie unter dem prägenden Einfluss von Professor Edgar Lehmann an der Philosophischen Fakultät. Ab 1957 arbeitete er als Kartenredakteur und ab 1959 als Abteilungsleiter beim VEB Bibliographisches Institut Leipzig. Vom 1. Oktober 1962 bis zum 31. August 1972 war Rudi Ogrissek leitender Kartenredakteur beziehungsweise später stellvertretender Chefredakteur beim VEB Hermann Haack, Geographisch-Kartographische Anstalt Gotha/Leipzig.

1959 promovierte er mit dem Thema "Siedlungsform und Sozialstruktur agrarischer Siedlungen in der Ostoberlausitz seit dem 16. Jahrhundert" an der Universität Leipzig und habilitierte 1969 ebendort zum Thema "Grundlagen optimaler Gestaltung von Wirtschaftsgeschichtskarten als Wissensspeicher für Geschichtswissenschaft und historische Geographie". Im Jahre 1971 wurde er Lehrbeauftragter für Kartografie an der Technischen Universität Dresden und erhielt 1972 die Facultas Docendi für das Fachgebiet Thematische Kartografie. Vom 1. September 1972 bis zum 29. Februar 1992 war Rudi Ogrissek Ordentlicher Professor für Kartographie und leitete bis 31. Dezember 1990 auch den Wissenschaftsbereich Kartographie an der Sektion Geodäsie und Kartographie der Technischen Universität Dresden. Vom 1. September 1977 bis zum 30. September 1980 war er darüber hinaus Sektionsdirektor.

Die Schwerpunkte seiner wissenschaftlichen Arbeit lagen auf den Gebieten der Kartengestaltung, der Kartenredaktion, der theoretischen Kartografie sowie der Kartografiegeschichte. Von ihm stammt auch die weltweit erste Monografie zur theoretischen Kartografie, in deren Mittelpunkt sein Strukturmodell der Theoretischen Kartographie für Lehre und Forschung steht. Insgesamt hat die Arbeit von Rudi Ogrissek die Entwicklung sowohl in der praktischen, als auch in der theoretischen Kartografie in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik wesentlich beeinflusst. Auch die kartografische Ausbildung an der Technischen Universität Dresden konnte von seinem Wirken stark profitieren.

Ogrissek verstarb 1999 in Dresden und wurde auf dem Friedhof Leubnitz-Neuostra beigesetzt.

Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl)
 Dorf und Flur in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Kleine historische Siedlungskunde; 1961
 Die Karte als Hilfsmittel des Historikers. Eine allgemeinverständliche Einführung in Entwurf und Gestaltung von Geschichtskarten; 1968
 Erkenntnistheoretische Grundlagen und Erkenntnisgewinnung in der Kartographie; 1982
 Brockhaus-ABC Kartenkunde; 1983 (Herausgeber)
 Theoretische Kartographie. Eine Einführung; 1987

Mitarbeit in wissenschaftlichen Gremien
 Mitglied des Nationalkomitees für Geographie und Kartographie der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
 Mitglied der Kommission "Ausbildung" und der Arbeitsgruppe "Theoretische Kartographie" der Internationalen Kartographischen Vereinigung

Ehrungen
 1969: Ehrennadel des Ministeriums für Volksbildung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
 1983: Nationalpreis der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik II. Klasse für Wissenschaft und Technik im Kollektiv "für seine wissenschaftlichen Leistungen bei der Ausarbeitung und Gestaltung des 'Atlas der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik'"
 1986: Sámuel-Mikoviny-Medaille der Technischen Universität Miskolc für seine "Verdienste um die Entwicklung der Kartografie als Wissenschaft"

Siehe auch
 Dresdner Schule der Kartografie

Literatur
 Manfred Buchroithner: Rudi Ogrissek 1926–1999. In: Kartographische Nachrichten. 1/2000.
 Dorit Petschel: 175 Jahre TU Dresden. Band 3: Die Professoren der TU Dresden 1828–2003. Hrsg. im Auftrag der Gesellschaft von Freunden und Förderern der TU Dresden e. V. von Reiner Pommerin, Böhlau, Köln u. a. 2003, ISBN 3-412-02503-8.
 Werner Stams: Ogrissek, Rudi. In: Jürgen Bollmann, Wolf Günther Koch (Herausgeber): Lexikon der Kartographie und Geomatik. Band 2: Karto bis Z. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg / Berlin 2002, S. 194. ISBN 3-8274-1056-8.
 Werner Stams: Rudi Ogrissek 70 Jahre. In: Kartographische Nachrichten. 5/1996.

Weblinks

 Sächsische Biografie – Institut für Sächsische Geschichte und Volkskunde e. V.

Einzelnachweise

Geodät
Hochschullehrer (Technische Universität Dresden)
Kartograf (20. Jahrhundert)
Neuzeithistoriker
Träger des Nationalpreises der DDR II. Klasse für Wissenschaft und Technik
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Geboren 1926
Gestorben 1999
Mann

Rudi Ogrissek


Institutul de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Apicultură (ICDA) este o unitate de cercetare fundamentală și aplicată în domeniul apicultură din România. Este o unitate de cercetare-dezvoltare de drept privat, aparținând de Asociația Crescătorilor de Albine din România.

Vezi și
 Apicultura în România

Fondări în 1997
Apicultura în România
Apiterapie
Companii de cercetare din România
Companii agricole din România
Companii private din România


جمال بلمجدوب  مخرج وكاتب سيناريو وناقد سينمائي مغربي من مواليد مدينة سيدي قاسم سنة 1959. و حصل على بكالوريوس الاقتصاد في مدينة ليل الفرنسية عام 1978، ثم درس بعدها السينما.

أعماله
قام جمال بلمجدوب بعدة أعمال من أهمها

 قسم رقم 8
 ليالي بيضاء
خلخال الباتول
ياقوت
 الباحث
الحلم المغربي
الطفولة المغتصبة
 الحاج عيبود
 امرأة في الظل

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

جمال بلمجدوب على قاعدة بيانات الأفلام العربية

مخرجون مغاربة
مواليد 1379 هـ

جمال بلمجدوب


The Alberta New Democratic Party (), commonly shortened to Alberta's NDP, is a social-democratic political party in Alberta, Canada. It is the provincial Alberta affiliate of the federal New Democratic Party, and the successor to the Alberta section of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and the even earlier Alberta wing of the Canadian Labour Party and the United Farmers of Alberta. From the mid-1980s to 2004, the party abbreviated its name as the "New Democrats" (ND).

The party served as Official Opposition in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1982 to 1993. It was shut out of the legislature following the 1993 election, returning in the 1997 election with two seats. The party won no more than four seats in subsequent elections until the 2015 election, in which it won 54 of the 87 seats in the legislature and formed a majority government. Until 2015, Alberta had been the only province in western Canada — the party's birthplace — where the NDP had never governed at the provincial level. The Alberta NDP was defeated after a single term in the 2019 election by the United Conservative Party–the first time that a governing party in Alberta had been unseated after a single term.

History

Origins and early years (1932–1962)

The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) was founded in Calgary on 1 August 1932 but organized in fits and starts in Alberta due to lack of support from the United Farmers of Alberta (UFA, which was the governing party in Alberta), and from the Labour Party, which had both sitting MPs and MLAs at the time. While most UFA Members of Parliament, led by William Irvine, supported the CCF and ran for re-election (unsuccessfully) in the 1935 federal election as CCF candidates, the bulk of UFA leaders and members were ambivalent to the new party. The CCF did not run candidates under its name in the 1935 provincial election because of its ties with the UFA and the Labour Party. The UFA lost all its seats in the election and fell into disarray. Federally, eight of the UFA Members of Parliament in the House of Commons of Canada ran as UFA-CCF candidates in the 1935 federal election - and were all defeated largely because of their association with the unpopular UFA government and the not-unrelated popularity of William Aberhart's radical Social Credit movement. In 1936, William Irvine, a CCF founder and defeated UFA Member of Parliament, was elected the Alberta CCF's first president. In 1937, the UFA decided to leave electoral politics entirely and, in 1938, the CCF committed itself to run candidates in the next provincial and elections setting up local riding clubs for that purpose. In 1939, former UFA/CCF MLA Chester Ronning became the Alberta CCF's first leader in the 1940 provincial election but despite winning 11% of the vote the party did not win any seats in the Alberta Legislature - the CCF had not garnered the support of the UFA's conservative supporters or put a dent in support for the agrarian populism of the Social Credit Party of Alberta.

The Alberta wing of the Labour Party federated with the CCF in 1935, but ran its own candidates in the 1935 and 1940 provincial elections. In 1942, the Alberta CCF clubs formally merged with the Labour Party and Elmer Roper became the new leader after achieving an unexpected victory in a 1942 by-election, becoming the party's first Alberta MLA (excepting Chester Ronning, who had been elected in 1932 as a joint UFA/CCF candidate). In the next two years party membership soared from 2,500 to over 12,000.

In the 1944 election, the CCF received 24% of the vote but won only 2 seats, both of them in Edmonton and Calgary where the use of single transferable vote ensured fair representation. (The disproportionality was due to the way boundaries of the constituencies outside the cities were drawn and the use of Instant-runoff voting outside the cities, which did not help a lesser party like the CCF.) The Social Credit government received more than half of ballots cast. Roper was joined in the legislature by Aylmer Liesemer, a Calgary schoolteacher. The rise of support for the CCF after 1942 mobilized the business community to pull out of efforts to build an anti-Social Credit party and instead back the Social Credit government, now led by Ernest Manning, after William Aberhart's death in 1943, as a bulwark against socialists. Unlike the Saskatchewan CCF, which won office in the 1944 Saskatchewan election on a platform calling for social programs, the Alberta CCF was more radical and campaigned on provincial ownership of the province's resources and utilities. Irvine also advocated an alliance with the communist Labor-Progressive Party which would have been beneficial in the cities where the single transferable vote electoral system was used.

Through the 1940s and 1950s, the CCF's vote percentage declined, eventually falling under 10 percent. At any one time, the party never won more than two seats. The party was kept to two MLAs throughout the 1950s. Roper lost his seat in the 1955 election. In the same election, Stanley Ruzycki and Nick Dushenski were elected. Roper was succeeded as party leader by Floyd Albin Johnson. The 1959 general election was a disaster for the CCF, losing both its existing seats. Party leader Johnson, running in the Dunvegan electoral district, failed to win his seat, leaving the party shut out of the legislature.

Alberta NDP in opposition (1962–2015)

The CCF merged with the Canadian Labour Congress in 1961, becoming the New Democratic Party of Canada. In Alberta, the NDP was founded in 1962 with a new leader, Neil Reimer, Canadian director of the Oil Workers International Union. The NDP did not, at first, build much on the CCF's popularity, and, with the exception of a 1966 by-election victory by Garth Turcott, did not win any seats until the 1971 election when Grant Notley, who had taken over the party in 1968, was elected to the legislature.

With the cancellation of single transferable voting in Edmonton in 1956, the NDP did not win a seat in Edmonton until 1982. (This is in strong contrast to the steady winning of one seat in Edmonton in each election, from the 1926 introduction of STV in Edmonton to 1952. The pattern in Calgary is similar. Although not successful in getting a seat in that city every election under STV, it was not until 1986 that a CCF or NDP MLA was elected in Calgary, following STV's cessation in 1956.)

Rise to Official Opposition
With the election of the Alberta Progressive Conservatives in 1971, Social Credit gradually collapsed. The Alberta Liberal Party suffered in the late 1970s and early 1980s due to its shared name and links with the federal Liberal Party of Canada government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, which was very unpopular in Alberta.

The decline of Social Credit and the unpopularity of the Liberals gave the New Democrats an opportunity to become the focus of opposition to the Lougheed-led Conservatives. Popularity of the NDP gradually increased under leader Grant Notley, who led the party from 1968 until his death in a plane crash in 1984, and was the party's sole MLA until 1982. In 1971, the NDP's popularity surpassed the 10% mark and went on to climb to 19% in the 1982 election. The party became the Official Opposition in 1982, though with only two seats (Edmonton NDP MLA Ray Martin joined Notley in the legislature.) Notley was leading the NDP to what many thought was to be a major breakthrough at the time of his death.

In the 1986 election, under Ray Martin, the party, now known as the "NDs," won almost 30% of the vote and 16 seats. This was to be an apex of New Democrat support. Party membership, which had rarely been more than 5,000 in the 1970s, reached 20,000 following the 1986 provincial election. The New Democrats were unable to gain additional seats in the 1989 election. While they were still the Official Opposition in the legislature by virtue of having more seats than the Liberals, the NDs' popular support fell behind the Liberals (26% to the Liberal's 28%) for the first time in decades.

Wipeout and recovery

In the 1993 election, their popular vote fell by more than half to 11%, and they were shut out of the legislature altogether. This was mainly due to the anti-PC vote consolidating around the Liberals. Both the Liberals and Tories were preaching the need for fiscal conservatism at the time. Ray Martin resigned as leader and was succeeded first by Ross Harvey and then by Pam Barrett. The party regained its presence in the legislature by winning two seats in the 1997 election. Barrett resigned her position as party leader in 2000 after claiming a near-death experience in a dentist's chair. She was succeeded by Raj Pannu. The party retained its two seats in the 2001 election.

In 2004, the party reverted to the traditional "NDP" abbreviation and the colour orange. That same year Raj Panu resigned as leader and was replaced by Brian Mason. In the 2004 Alberta general election the party doubled its seats from two to four - which re-elected then leader Brian Mason and Raj Pannu, returning former leader Ray Martin, and newcomer David Eggen. The party received 10% of the vote province-wide.

In the 2008 election the party was reduced to two seats. Brian Mason was re-elected as was newcomer Rachel Notley. Ray Martin and David Eggen were narrowly defeated. The party received 8.5% of the popular vote.

Attempts at political cooperation

At its 2008 provincial convention, the party overwhelmingly rejected a proposal by the Environment Caucus recommending a party task force be mandated to "investigate a variety of options for political cooperation with the Alberta Liberals and/or Greens." and "to prepare a motion to be considered" at the next Party Convention.
The proposal was opposed by NDP leader Brian Mason.

Alberta Federation of Labour president Gil McGowan had, independently from the Environment Caucus, distributed a detailed discussion paper advocating that the NDP form a one or two election cooperation pact with the Alberta Liberal Party and Alberta Greens in which parties would not run against each other in certain ridings in hopes of defeating Progressive Conservative candidates. It was called The Way Forward: An AFL proposal for a united alternative to the Conservatives.

McGowan was unable to speak to the NDEnvirocaucus motion on cooperation before the question was called. However, just after the resolution was soundly defeated, and during his report to the Convention as AFL President, he addressed the issue. He urged members to admit, in the face of 40 years of Tory government and the recent disappointing election results, that there was a problem and that significant change was called for.

Growing momentum
In the 2012 provincial election the NDP picked up two seats in Edmonton, regaining their previous 4 seat total. Both Rachel Notley and Brian Mason safely held onto their seats while David Eggen was re-elected as the member for Edmonton-Calder. Newcomer Deron Bilous was also elected in Edmonton-Beverly-Clareview, the seat formerly held by Martin. In many other ridings the party also won more votes than it had attained previously.

On April 29, 2014, Brian Mason announced that he would step down as leader as soon as a leadership election could be held to choose his successor. The leadership convention was held in Edmonton from October 18 to October 19, 2014. Rachel Notley was elected as the party's next leader, defeating fellow MLA David Eggen and union leader Rod Loyola in the first ballot with 70% of the vote.

First government (2015–2019)

The incumbent PC premier Jim Prentice called an election on April 7, 2015, following the reveal of a new budget to strengthen his party's mandate. On election night, the NDP won 54 seats, re-electing all four of their incumbents as well as 50 new members to the legislative assembly. The NDP had expected to do well in Edmonton. Not only was Notley from an Edmonton riding, but Edmonton has historically been friendlier to centre-left parties than the rest of Alberta. However, in a result that exceeded even the most optimistic NDP projections, the party took every seat in the capital. It also swept the cities of Red Deer and Lethbridge, and took 15 seats in Calgary, the Tories' power base for four decades. They also won 16 additional seats in the rest of Alberta, mostly in the northern and central parts of the province.

The Notley Government was characterized by a small cabinet and an intense focus on the economy. At the time of the early election call Alberta was sinking into a deep recession caused by the collapse of world oil prices. As a result of the province's dependence on oil royalties over more traditional revenue sources, Alberta's deficit soared. After reversing prior budget cuts, Notley mostly shied away from major wealth redistribution and preferred to stimulate the economy through infrastructure spending and maintaining public services. Most new programs, such as school lunches, were introduced cautiously through pilot programs. Despite ostensibly being a party of labour, the NDP froze wages and generally took the side of management in labour disputes, and a higher minimum wage was phased in relatively slowly. Labour code changes were generally incremental, though an update to labour standards on farms was extremely divisive in rural Alberta. However, Notley moved forwards with a carbon pricing scheme and plans for sustainability and energy transitions early in her term. Controversially such plans were framed around creating a social license for pursuing oil sand expansion, and she championed the creation of pipelines and partnered heavily with the oil industry. As a result plans to raise oil royalties were scrapped, and tax increases on corporations and higher income brackets were modest. Eventually this led to a schism between the NDP governments of Alberta and British Columbia over the twinning of the Transmountain Pipeline, which remained a contentious project in the Canadian political arena and particularly within the federal New Democratic Party. While the Alberta economy recovered from the depths of the energy recession by 2019, the oil industry remained relatively stagnant and economic growth had been nowhere near what Alberta had enjoyed in the previous decade.

Return to Opposition (2019–present)

The NDP was dealt a severe blow when the PCs and Wildrose merged to form the United Conservative Party, which immediately ascended to a large lead in opinion polling. At the 2019 election, the NDP was roundly defeated by the UCP, under the leadership of former federal minister Jason Kenney. Though Notley received more votes in total than the previous election, turnout surged dramatically in Kenney's direction. The NDP was cut down to 24 seats on 32.7 percent of the vote from 54 seats and 40.6 percent of the vote. The party more than held its own in Edmonton, where it won 19 of 20 seats. However, it was almost shut out in the rest of the province, losing all but three seats in Calgary, one seat in the Edmonton suburbs, and one seat in Lethbridge. It is the first time in the province's history that an incumbent government has been defeated after only one term. Notley's popularity within the NDP remained firm, and she stayed on as Leader of the Opposition, helming the largest opposition caucus in the province since Laurence Decore's Liberals won 32 seats in 1993.

Party Leaders

 denotes acting or interim leader

CCF

NDP

Election results

See also
 List of articles about Alberta CCF/NDP members
 List of Alberta general elections
 List of Alberta political parties
 Alberta New Democratic Party leadership elections
 Alberta New Democratic Party candidates in the 2012 Alberta provincial election

References

External links
Alberta NDP
The Socialist Party - CCF/NDP in Alberta
 The Rise and Fall of the Labour Party in Alberta, 1917-42

Organizations based in Edmonton
Political parties established in 1932
New Democratic Party
Social democratic parties in Canada
1932 establishments in Alberta

Alberta New Democratic Party


Novi muzej (njem. Neues Museum) je muzej u Berlinu, dio Muzejskog otoka. Sadrži jednu od najbogatijih zbirki rane antičke umjetnosti na svijetu. Najpoznatiji izložak je 3400 godina stara Nefertitina bista, zbog čega se muzej ponekad naziva i "Dom kraljice Nefertiti".

Građen je od 1843. do 1855. prema nacrtima utjecajnog pruskog arhitekta Friedricha Augusta Stülera. Zatvoren je 1939. godine, uoči početka Drugog svjetskog rata. Teško je oštećen tijekom bombardiranja Berlina, da bi 70 godina kasnije, 16. listopada 2009. bio ponovno svečano otvoren u nazočnosti tadašnje njemačke kancelarke Angele Merkel.

Muzej je najpoznatiji po bogatoj egipatskoj zbirci, uz koju postoje još prethistorijska i starovjekovna zbirka.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice muzeja - www.smb.museum

Muzeji u Njemačkoj
Berlin
Turističke atrakcije u Berlinu

Novi muzej (Berlin)


Yeşilçam, Samsun ilinin Ayvacık ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 73 km, Ayvacık ilçesine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Ayvacık'ın mahalleleri

Yeşilçam, Ayvacık


කොටිකාවත්ත යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ කොළඹ නගරය ආශ්‍රිතව පිහිටා ඇති නාගරික ප්‍රදේශයකි. කොටිකාවත්ත ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සීග්‍රයෙන්ම දියුණු වෙමින් පවතින ප්‍රදේශයකි. සම්පූර්ණ ජනගහනය ( වසර 2010 දි ) 72,858 විය.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර ලැයිස්තුව

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැදි
Detailed map of Kotikawatta by Maplandia

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

කොටිකාවත්ත


Historical archaeology is a form of archaeology dealing with places, things, and issues from the past or present when written records and oral traditions can inform and contextualize cultural material. These records can both complement and conflict with the archaeological evidence found at a particular site. Studies focus on literate, historical- period societies as opposed to non-literate, prehistoric societies. While they may not have generated the records, the lives of people for whom there was little need for written records, such as the working class, slaves, indentured labourers, and children but who live in the historical period can also be the subject of study. The sites are found on land and underwater. Industrial archaeology, unless practiced at industrial sites from the prehistoric era, is a form of historical archaeology concentrating on the remains and products of industry and the Industrial era.

Definition

According to the overall definition given here based on methodological and theoretical aspects classical archaeology or Egyptology as well as medieval archaeology are disciplines of historical archaeology. In practice, however – mainly in the Americas – historical archaeology refers to the modern, post-1492 period, which in Europe is often referred to as post-medieval archaeology.

Notable historical archaeologists
Judy Birmingham
John L. Cotter
James Deetz
J. C. Harrington
Ivor Noël Hume
Mark P. Leone
Stanley South

Further reading

 Connah, Grahame. 1988 "Of the hut I builded" The archaeology of Australia's history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 M. Hall and S. Silliman (eds.) 2006. Historical Archaeology. Oxford: Blackwell.

External links

Historical archaeology


Jesse Ylönen (né le  à Scottsdale en Arizona) est un joueur finlandais de hockey sur glace. Il évolue à la position d'Ailier droit.

Biographie

En club
Grandissant à Espoo, il intègre le système de formation du club local, les Blues. Lors de la saison 2015-2016, il évolue pour les junior du Jokerit, avant de revenir à Espoo la saison suivante et connaître ses premiers coup de patins dans un championnat professionnel, la Mestis avec l'Espoo United, club nouvellement formé à la suite de la faillite financière des Blues.

Il dispute la saison 2017-2018 avec Espoo en Mestis et lorsque ce dernier club annonce lui aussi une faillite.

En prévision du repêchage de 2018, la centrale de recrutement de la LNH le classe au vingt-huitième rang des espoirs internationaux chez les patineurs. Le soir du repêchage, il est choisi au  rang par les Canadiens de Montréal.

En vue de la nouvelle saison, il s'entend avec les Pelicans Lahti, un club évoluant au plus haut échelon du championnat finlandais, la SM-liiga. Il dispute deux saisons complète pour eux avant de signer son contrat d'entrée avec les Canadiens.

La saison 2020-2021 étant retardée en Amérique du Nord, à la suite de la pandémie de COVID-19, Ylönen est prêté aux Pelicans pour le début de la saison, il dispute pour eux vingt-et-un matchs avant de rejoindre le Rocket de Laval, le club-école des Canadiens, évoluant dans la LAH.

À la fin de la saison, il obtient le droit de disputer une première rencontre en LNH avec les Canadiens, lorsque ceux-ci ont assuré leur participation aux Séries éliminatoires.

Pour la saison 2023-2024, l'Arizonien s'entend avec les Canadiens sur un contrat à deux volets, d'une durée d'un an.

Au niveau international
Ylönen représente la Finlande au niveau international junior. Il remporte la médaille d'argent lors du championnat du monde moins de 18 ans de hockey sur glace en 2017 et la médaille d'or lors du championnat du monde moins de 20 ans de hockey sur glace en 2019.

Statistiques
Pour les significations des abréviations, voir statistiques du hockey sur glace.

En club

| 2013-2014 || Blues U16 Akatemia || U16 SM-sarja Q || 13 || 9 || 13 || 22 || 2 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2013-2014 || Blues U16 Akatemia || U16 SM-sarja || 32 || 15 || 21 || 36 || 6 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2014-2015 || Blues U16 || U16 SM-sarja Q || 10 || 14 || 15 || 29 || 4 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2014-2015 || Blues U16 || U16 SM-sarja || 23 || 22 || 28 || 50 || 10 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2014-2015 || Blues U18 || U18 SM-sarja || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2014-2015 || Jokerit U18 || U18 SM-sarja || 6 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 10 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| 2015-2016 || Jokerit U18 || U18 SM-sarja || 27 || 11 || 22 || 33 || 10 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2015-2016 || Jokerit U20 || U20 SM-sarja || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2016-2017 || Blues U18 || U18 SM-sarja || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 3 || 4 || 7 || 0
|-
| 2016-2017 || Blues U20 || U20 SM-sarja || 37 || 15 || 16 || 31 || 14 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 4
|-
| 2016-2017 || Espoo United || Mestis || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 2017-2018 || Blues U20 || U20 SM-sarja || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0
|-
| 2017-2018 || Espoo United || Mestis || 48 || 14 || 13 || 27 || 20 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2017-2018 || Espoo United || Suomen Cup || 3 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 0 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2018-2019 || Pelicans Lahti || SM-liiga || 53 || 13 || 14 || 27 || 8 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| 2019-2020 || Pelicans Lahti || M-liiga || 53 || 12 || 10 || 22 || 14 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2019-2020 || Pelicans Lahti || Ligue des champions || 5 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 0 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2020-2021 || Pelicans Lahti || SM-liiga || 21 || 5 || 2 || 7 || 8 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2020-2021 || Canadiens de Montréal || LNH || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || || || || ||
|-
| 2020-2021 || Rocket de Laval || LAH || 29 || 9 || 8 || 17 || 6 || || || || ||
|-
| 2021-2022 || Canadiens de Montréal || LNH || 14 || 2 || 3 || 5 || 2 ||  || || || ||
|-
| 2021-2022 || Rocket de Laval || LAH || 52 || 14 || 22 || 36 || 12 || 14 || 3 || 3 || 6 || 2
|-
| 2022-2023 || Canadiens de Montréal || LNH || 37 || 6 || 10 || 16 || 0 || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2022-2023 || Rocket de Laval || LAH || 39 || 11 || 21 || 32 || 16 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0

| 52 || 8 || 13 || 21 || 2 || - || - || - || - || -

Au niveau international

| align=left| 2011-2012 || align=left| - 13 ans  || align="left"|Tournoi international de hockey pee-wee de Québec || 3 || 2 || 1|| 3 || 2 ||
|-
| align=left| 2014-2015 || align=left| - 16 ans  || align="left"|International U16 || 7 || 0 || 1|| 1 || 2 ||
|-
| align=left| 2015-2016 || align=left| - 17 ans || align="left"|International U17 || 6 || 0 || 3 || 3 || 0 ||
|-
| align=left| 2016-2017 || align=left| - 18 ans || align="left"|International U18 || 10 || 3 || 9 || 12 || 2 ||
|-
| align=left| 2017 || align=left| - 18 ans || align="left"|Championnat du monde moins de 18 ans || 10 || 3 || 9 || 12 || 2 || align="left"| Médaille d'argent
|-
| align=left| 2017-2018 || align=left| - 20 ans || align="left"|International U20 || 10 || 3 || 5 || 8 || 4 ||
|-
| align=left| 2018-2019 || align=left| - 20 ans || align="left"|International U20 || 5 || 1 || 6 || 7 || 25 ||
|-
| align=left| 2019 || align=left| - 20 ans || align="left"|Championnat du monde junior || 7 || 3 || 3 || 6 || 0 || align="left"| Médaille d'or
|-

Transactions
 Le , à la suite de la faillite du club d'Espoo United, il s'engage avec le Pelicans Lahti.
 Le , il signe son contrat d'entrée d'une durée de trois ans avec les Canadiens de Montréal.
 Le , il est prêté par les Canadiens aux Pelicans, en attendant que la saison soit lancée en Amérique du Nord.

Récompenses et honneurs personnels
 Saison 2014-2015 :
médaillé de bronze du championnat U18 de Finlande avec le Jokerit.
 Saison 2016-2017 :
médaillé de bronze de la Mestis avec l'Espoo United
médaillé d'argent du championnat U18 de Finlande avec l'Espoo United U18
médaillé d'argent du Championnat du monde moins de 18 ans avec la Finlande.
 Saison 2018-2019 :
médaillé d'or du Championnat du monde junior avec la Finlande.

Références

Naissance en octobre 1999
Naissance à Scottsdale (États-Unis)
Joueur finlandais de hockey sur glace
Choix de repêchage des Canadiens de Montréal
Attaquant de hockey sur glace
Joueur des Pelicans Lahti
Joueur des Canadiens de Montréal
Joueur du Rocket de Laval

Jesse Ylönen


In chemistry, protonation (or hydronation) is the adding of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), usually denoted by H+, to an atom, molecule, or ion, forming a conjugate acid. (The complementary process, when a proton is removed from a Brønsted–Lowry acid, is deprotonation.) Some examples include
The protonation of water by sulfuric acid:
H2SO4 + H2O  H3O+ +
The protonation of isobutene in the formation of a carbocation:
(CH3)2C=CH2 + HBF4  (CH3)3C+ +
The protonation of ammonia in the formation of ammonium chloride from ammonia and hydrogen chloride:
NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s)

Protonation is a fundamental chemical reaction and is a step in many stoichiometric and catalytic processes. Some ions and molecules can undergo more than one protonation and are labeled polybasic, which is true of many biological macromolecules. Protonation and deprotonation (removal of a proton) occur in most acid–base reactions; they are the core of most acid–base reaction theories. A Brønsted–Lowry acid is defined as a chemical substance that protonates another substance. Upon protonating a substrate, the mass and the charge of the species each increase by one unit, making it an essential step in certain analytical procedures such as electrospray mass spectrometry. Protonating or deprotonating a molecule or ion can change many other chemical properties, not just the charge and mass, for example solubility, hydrophilicity, reduction potential, and optical properties can change.

Rates
Protonations are often rapid, partly because of the high mobility of protons in many solvents. The rate of protonation is related to the acidity of the protonating species: protonation by weak acids is slower than protonation of the same base by strong acids. The rates of protonation and deprotonation can be especially slow when protonation induces significant structural changes.

Reversibility and catalysis
Protonation is usually reversible, and the structure and bonding of the conjugate base are normally unchanged on protonation. In some cases, however, protonation induces isomerization, for example cis-alkenes can be converted to trans-alkenes using a catalytic amount of protonating agent. Many enzymes, such as the serine hydrolases, operate by mechanisms that involve reversible protonation of substrates.

See also
Acid dissociation constant
Deprotonation (or dehydronation)
Molecular autoionization

References

Chemical reactions
Reaction mechanisms

Protonation


فيليكودفورسكيي  هي مدينة في مقاطعة فلاديمير أوبلاست في روسيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1920 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة فلاديمير

فيليكودفورسكيي


Trago a pessoa amada em três dias  é um curta-metragem escrito e dirigido por Felipe Cataldo que foi rodado em 16mm e teve sua estreia na Mostra do Filme Livre em março de 2008, no Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil. O filme foi selecionado para os seguintes festivais: JIFF - Jaipur International Film Festival (Índia), Curta Santos (competitiva 16mm)  e 1666 - Festival Internacional de Cinema 16mm .

Cinema do Brasil em 2008

Trago a pessoa amada em três dias


Tomislav Alaupović (Tuzla, 1968.), hrvatski kulturni djelatnik i političar

Životopis
Rođen je u Tuzli. U rodnome gradu pohađao je osnovnu i srednju školu. Godine 1990. djelatno je sudjelovao u radu HKD Napredak. Od 1991. godine živi u Republici Hrvatskoj. Djelatni je član Hrvatske stranke prava, čiji je koordinatora za otok Hvar. Bio je vijećnik u županijskoj skupštini Splitsko-dalmatinske županije.

Predsjednik je kazališta "Petar Hektorović" iz Starog Grada na Hvaru od 1997. godine. Kazalište "Petar Hektorović" iz Starog Grada na Hvaru njeguje komediografski izraz i stručna javnost ga smatra jednim od najboljih amaterskih kazališta u Hrvatskoj.
U kazalište je doveo svjetski poznatog hrvatskog dramskog pisca Miru Gavrana te profesionalne redatelje Želimira Oreškovića i Tahira Mujičića iz Zagreba, te Michala Babiaka iz Bratislave te suvremene dramske pisce Bengta Ahlforsa iz Finske i Vinka Moderndorfera iz Slovenije.

Životopisi, Tuzla
Hrvatski pravaški političari

Tomislav Alaupović


Jean-Léon Gérôme (; 11 May 1824 – 10 January 1904) was a French painter and sculptor in the style now known as academicism. His paintings were so widely reproduced that he was "arguably the world's most famous living artist by 1880." The range of his oeuvre included historical painting, Greek mythology, Orientalism, portraits, and other subjects, bringing the academic painting tradition to an artistic climax. He is considered one of the most important painters from this academic period. He was also a teacher with a long list of students.

Early life

Jean-Léon Gérôme was born at Vesoul, Haute-Saône. It was here that Gérôme first received instruction in drawing during his youth in school. He was instructed by local artist and teacher Claude-Basile Cariage, under whom he produced work of sufficient quality to merit more auspicious tutelage. In 1840 he was sent to Paris at the age of 16 where he studied under Paul Delaroche, whom he later accompanied to Italy in 1843. He visited Florence, Rome, the Vatican and Pompeii. On his return to Paris in 1844, like many students of Delaroche, he joined the atelier of Charles Gleyre and studied there for a brief time. He then attended the . In 1846 he tried to enter the prestigious , but failed in the final stage because his figure drawing was inadequate.

His painting The Cock Fight (1846) is an academic exercise depicting a nude young man and a very thinly draped young woman with two fighting cocks, with the Bay of Naples in the background. He sent this painting to the Paris Salon of 1847, where it gained him a third-class medal. This work was seen as the epitome of the Neo-Grec movement that had formed out of Gleyre's studio (including Henri-Pierre Picou and Jean-Louis Hamon), and was championed by the influential French critic Théophile Gautier, whose review made Gérôme famous and effectively launched his career.

Gérôme abandoned his dream of winning the Prix de Rome and took advantage of his sudden success. His paintings The Virgin, the Infant Jesus and Saint John and Anacreon, Bacchus and Eros took a second-class medal at the Paris Salon in 1848. In 1849, he produced the paintings Michelangelo (also called In his Studio) and A Portrait of a Lady.

In 1851, he decorated a vase later offered by Emperor Napoleon III of France to Prince Albert, now part of the Royal Collection at St. James's Palace, London. He exhibited Greek Interior, Souvenir d'Italie, Bacchus and Love, Drunk in 1851; Paestum in 1852; and An Idyll in 1853.

Important commissions

In 1852, Gérôme received a commission to paint a large mural of an allegorical subject of his choosing. The Age of Augustus, the Birth of Christ, which combined the birth of Christ with conquered nations paying homage to Augustus, may have been intended to flatter Napoleon III, whose government commissioned the mural and who was identified as a "new Augustus." A considerable down payment enabled Gérôme to travel and research, first in 1853 to Constantinople, together with the actor Edmond Got, and in 1854 to Greece and Turkey and the shores of the Danube, where he was present at a concert of Russian conscripts making music under the threat of a lash.

In 1853, Gérôme moved to the Boîte à Thé, a group of studios in the Rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs, Paris. This became a meeting place for artists, writers and actors, where George Sand entertained the composers: Hector Berlioz, Johannes Brahms and Gioachino Rossini and the novelists Théophile Gautier and Ivan Turgenev.

In 1854, he completed another important commission, decorating the Chapel of St. Jerome in the church of St. Séverin in Paris. His Last Communion of St. Jerome in this chapel reflects the influence of the school of Ingres on his religious works.

To the Universal Exhibition of 1855 he contributed Pifferaro, Shepherd, and The Age of Augustus, the Birth of Christ, but it was the modest painting Recreation in a Russian Camp that garnered the most attention.

Orientalism

In 1856, Gérôme visited Egypt for the first time. His itinerary followed the classic Grand Tour of the Near East, up the Nile to Cairo, across to Faiyum, then further up the Nile to Abu Simbel, then back to Cairo, across the Sinai Peninsula through Sinai and up the Wadi el-Araba to Jerusalem and finally Damascus. This heralded the start of many Orientalist paintings depicting Arab religious practice, genre scenes and North African landscapes.

Among these are paintings in which the Oriental setting is combined with depictions of female nudity. The Slave Market, The Large Pool of Bursa, Pool in a Harem, and similar subjects were works of imagination in which Gérôme combined accurately observed Middle Eastern architectural details with idealized nudes painted in his Paris studio. (In 2019, the right wing populist German party, Alternative for Germany, used The Slave Market in a campaign poster in the 2019 European Parliament election.)

In his travels, Gérôme collected artefacts and costumes for staging oriental scenes in the studio, and also made oil studies from nature for the backgrounds. In an autobiographical essay of 1878, Gérôme described how important oil sketches made on the spot were for him: "Even when worn out after long marches under the bright sun, as soon as our camping spot was reached I got down to work with concentration. But Oh! How many things were left behind of which I carried only the memory away! And I prefer three touches of color on a piece of canvas to the most vivid memory, but one had to continue on with some regret."

Gérôme's reputation was greatly enhanced at the Paris Salon of 1857 by his display of Egyptian Recruits Crossing the Desert, Memnon and Sesostris, Camels Watering, and Suite d'un bal masqué (purchased by the duc d'Aumale, now in the Musée Condé in Chantilly; a copy made by Gérôme in 1859, The Duel After the Masquerade, is in the Walters Art Museum).

Return to Classical subjects

In 1858, he helped to decorate the Paris house of Prince Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte in the Pompeian style. The prince had bought his Greek Interior (1850), a depiction of a brothel also in the Pompeian manner.

In Ave Caesar! Morituri te Salutant, shown at the Salon of 1859, Gérôme returned to the painting of Classical subjects, but the picture failed to interest the public. King Candaules (1859) and Phryne Before the Areopagus and Socrates Seeking Alcibiades in the House of Aspasia (both 1861) gave rise to some scandal by reason of the subjects selected by the painter, and inspired bitter attacks by Paul de Saint-Victor and Maxime Du Camp. Also at the 1861 Salon he exhibited Egyptian Chopping Straw and Rembrandt Biting an Etching, two very minutely finished works.

In 1863, he married Marie Goupil (1842–1912), the daughter of the international art dealer Adolphe Goupil. They had four daughters and one son. His oldest daughter was Jeanne (1863-1944) and she was followed by Suzanne (1867-1941; married to Aimé Morot), Blanche (1868-1918) and Madeleine (1875-1905). Upon his marriage he moved to a house in the Rue de Bruxelles, close to the Folies Bergère. He expanded it into a grand house with stables with a sculpture studio below and a painting studio on the top floor.

Atelier at École des Beaux-Arts

Gérôme was appointed as one of the three professors at the . He started with sixteen students. Between 1864 and 1904, more than 2,000 students received at least some of their art education through Gérôme's atelier at the . Places in Gérôme's atelier were limited, keenly sought and highly competitive. Only the best students were admitted and aspirants considered it an honour to be selected. Gérôme progressed his students through drawing from antique works, casts and followed by life study with live models generally selected on the basis of their physique, but occasionally for their facial expression in a sequence of exercises known as the academie. Students drew parts of a bust before the entire bust, then parts of the live model before preparing full figures. Only when they had mastered sketching were they permitted to work in oils. They were also taught to draw clearly and correctly before consideration of tonal qualities. In his school, the floor sloped so that students had the fullest view of the model from the rear of the room. Students sat around any model in order of seniority, with the more senior students towards the rear so that they could draw the full figure, while the more junior members sat towards the front and concentrated on the bust or other part of the anatomy.

According to John Milner, who studied with Gérôme, his atelier was the most "riotous" and "lewd" of all the studios at Beaux-Arts. Students were treated to bizarre initiation rites which included slashing each other's canvases, throwing students down stairs, out of windows, and onto upturned stools, staging fencing matches on the model's dais, in the nude and with paintbrushes loaded with paint.

Gérôme attended every Wednesday and Saturday, demanding punctilious attendance to his instructions. His reputation as a severe critic was well-known. One of his American students, Stephen Wilson Van Shaick, commented that Gérôme was "merciless in judgement" yet possessed a "singular magnetism." Although Gérôme was very demanding of his students, he offered them considerable assistance outside Beaux-Arts, inviting them to his personal studio, making recommendations to the Salon on their behalf, and encouraging them to study with his colleagues.

Honors and mid-career works

Gérôme was elected, on his fifth attempt, a member of the Institut de France in 1865. Already a knight in the Légion d'honneur, he was promoted to an officer in 1867. In 1869, he was elected an honorary member of the British Royal Academy. The King of Prussia, Wilhelm I, awarded him the Grand Order of the Red Eagle, Third Class. His influence became extensive and he was a regular guest of Empress Eugénie at the Imperial Court in Compiègne.
Along with the most eminent French artists, he was invited to the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. The Société des Peintres Orientalistes Français (Society of French Orientalist Painters), founded in 1893, named Gérôme honorary president.

The Execution of Marshal Ney was exhibited at the Salon of 1868. On behalf of Ney's descendants, Gérôme was asked to withdraw the painting, but did not comply. The general reception was very split and the 1868 Salon marked the beginning of a lasting divide between Gérôme and many French art critics, who accused him of relying on literary techniques, of commercialising art, and of bringing politics into art. Henri Oulevay made a caricature where Gérôme is depicted in front of the wall with the art critics as the firing squad.

In 1872 Gérôme produced Pollice Verso, a painting of bloody gladiators and blood-thirsty Vestal virgins in the Colosseum that became one of his most famous works. Alexander Turney Stewart purchased the painting from Gérôme at a price of 80,000 francs, setting a new record for the artist. Gérôme's imagery of the turned thumb to signal life or death for a fallen gladiator was repeated in a multitude of movies, from the silent era up to and including the 2000 Oscar-winner Gladiator.

Gérôme returned successfully to the Salon in 1873 with his painting L'Eminence Grise (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), a colorful depiction of the main stair hall of the palace of Cardinal Richelieu, popularly known as the Red Cardinal (L'Eminence Rouge), who was France's de facto ruler under King Louis XIII beginning in 1624. In the painting, François Le Clerc du Trembly, a Capuchin friar dubbed L'Eminence Grise (the Gray Cardinal), descends the ceremonial staircase immersed in reading the Bible while all others either bow before him or fix their gaze on him. As Richelieu's chief adviser, L'Eminence Grise was called "the power behind the throne," which became the known definition of his title.

Sculpture

In his thirties, Gérôme took up sculpture. His first work was a large bronze statue of a gladiator holding his foot on his victim, based on his painting Pollice Verso (1872) and shown to the public at the Universal Exhibition of 1878. The same year he exhibited a marble statue at the Salon of 1878, based on his early painting Anacreon, Bacchus and Eros (1848).

Aware of contemporary experiments of tinting marble (such as by those by John Gibson), he produced Dancer with Three Masks combining movement with color, first exhibited in 1902 and now in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen.

Among his other sculptures are Omphale (1887) and the statue of the duc d'Aumale which stands in front of the Château de Chantilly (1899).

He experimented with mixed ingredients, using for his statues tinted marble, bronze and ivory inlaid with precious stones and paste. His Dancer was exhibited in 1891.
His lifesize statue Bellona, in ivory, bronze, and gemstones, attracted great attention at the 1892 exhibition in the Royal Academy of London.

Gérôme then began a series of conquerors, wrought in gold, silver and gems: Bonaparte Entering Cairo (1897), Tamerlane (1898), and Frederick the Great (1899).

In 1903 Gérôme executed a two sculpture commission, Metallugical Worker and Metallurgical Science for the American millionaire Charles M. Schwab meant to glorify Steel production.  Schwab sent an actual steel worker to Paris to pose for the works.

Gérôme and Impressionism

During the last decades of his career, as his own work fell out of fashion, Gérôme was harshly critical of Impressionism. In 1894, he caused a scandal over his opposition to the Caillebotte bequest to the state which eventually became the foundation of the Musée d'Orsay collection. He organized a public demonstration in his atelier and gave interviews to reporters, including these comments published in the journal L'Éclair:

The Institut de France cannot remain still before such a scandal...How can the government dare welcome such a collection of inanities into a museum? Why, have you seen the collection? The state, the ward of such junk!... What lessons are our young artists going to receive from now on? They'll all start to do Impressionism! Ah! these people believe they are painting nature, nature so admirable in all its manifestations! What pretension! Nature is not for them! This Monet, do you remember his cathedrals? And that man used to know how to paint! Yes, I've seen good things by him, but now!

Similarly he objected to the Manet memorial exhibition at the École des Beaux Arts in 1884. But he did attend the opening, after which he paid Manet the backhanded compliment that the exhibition was "not so bad as I thought."

Late career: the Pygmalion–Tanagra cycle

Beginning in 1890, Gerome again drew inspiration from the ancient world with an interconnected, slyly self-referential series of paintings and sculptures that depicted Pygmalion and Galatea; the spirit of Tanagra; and himself.

In 1890, Gérôme made at least two paintings of the mythical Greek sculptor Pygmalion kissing his statue of Galatea at the very moment she is transformed from marble into living flesh. The most famous of these paintings titled Pygmalion and Galatea is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art; it shows the sculptor and his living statue from the rear. A variation (in private hands) shows them from the front.

Also in 1890, responding to widespread fascination with the ancient Tanagra figurines recently excavated in Greece, Gérôme sculpted the 5-foot-high, tinted-marble Tanagra, a female nude personifying the Tyche, or presiding spirit, of the ancient city. She holds on her upraised palm a figurine of a female Hoop Dancer (Gérôme's own invention, inspired by, but not a copy of, an actual Tanagra figurine). "Inspired by his characteristic desire for both archaeological accuracy and realism, Gérôme delicately tinted the skin, hair, lips, and nipples of his Tanagra, causing a sensation at the Salon of 1890."

Gérôme subsequently created smaller, gilded bronze versions of Tanagra; several versions of the "Hoop Dancer" figurine held by Tanagra (these became "Gérôme's most popular and widely reproduced sculpture"); two paintings of an imaginary ancient Tanagra workshop where copies of his own Hoop Dancer are on display; and two self-portraits of himself sculpting Tanagra from a living model in his Paris atelier, in which a Hoop Dancer and two different versions of Pygmalion and Galatea can be seen in the background. This complex self-portrait has been called "a summation of Gérôme's remarkable career as both painter and sculptor."

Gérôme also sculpted a tinted-marble Pygmalion and Galatea (1891) based on his paintings.

In this cycle of works, with its exploration of Classical antiquity, creative inspiration, doppelgängers, and female beauty, we see Gérôme "powerfully evoking the continuous interplay between painting and sculpture, reality and artifice, as well as highlighting the inherently theatrical nature of the artist's studio."

Truth—"This is our Mona Lisa"

Beginning in the mid-1890s, in the last decade of his life, Gérôme made at least four paintings personifying Truth as a nude woman, either thrown into, at the bottom of, or emerging from a well. The imagery was inspired by an aphorism of the philosopher Democritus, "Of truth we know nothing, for truth is in a well."

Truth Coming Out of Her Well, Armed with Her Whip to Chastise Mankind was exhibited in the Salon du Champ de Mars of 1896.  It has been assumed that the painting was a comment on the Dreyfus affair, but art historian Bernard Tillier argues that Gérôme's images of Truth and the well were part of his ongoing diatribe against Impressionism.

Gérôme himself invoked the metaphor of Truth and the well in a preface he wrote for Émile Bayard's Le Nu Esthétique, published in 1902, to characterize the profound and irreversible influence of photography: Photography is an art. It forces artists to discard their old routine and forget their old formulas. It has opened our eyes and forced us to see that which previously we have not seen; a great and inexpressible service for Art. It is thanks to photography that Truth has finally come out of her well. She will never go back.

In 2012, the  in Moulins, France, which now owns the painting, mounted the exhibition La vérité est au musée ("Truth is at the Museum"), which collected numerous drawings, sketches, and variants made by Gérôme, and by other artists, relating to the painting and its theme. The multiple interpretations of the painting's enigmatic meaning prompted one of the museum's curators to say, "C'est notre Joconde à nous." ("This is our Mona Lisa.")

Death

By the end of his life, Gérôme felt very much a man out of his time. In 1903, recalling his first meeting with Charles Jalabert in 1840, he wrote:At that time, Paris had nothing to do with the Paris of today: no railways, no bicycles, no cars; we were less agitated, and certain districts, among others the one we lived in and which we called the Latin Quarter, had a provincial aspect in their calm and tranquility. Now everything is changed; we no longer walk, we run like crazy; if we are not crushed during the day, we have a good chance of being murdered at night. It is charming. We have witnessed the end of a world, we are witnessing the dawn of a new one, which lacks the picturesque and above all serenity. The day is not far off when, through our customs, our ways of being, our love of the dollar (auri sacra fames), we will no longer be French, neither in spirit nor in heart. Horrible to think of! We will be Americans!

On 31 December 1903, Gérôme wrote to his student and former assistant Albert Aublet, "I begin to have enough of life. I've seen too much misery and misfortune in the lives of others. I still see it every day, and I'm getting eager to escape this theatre." He was to live just ten more days.

On 10 January 1904, "the maid found him dead in the little room next to his atelier, slumped in front of a portrait of Rembrandt and at the foot of his own painting Truth"—but the source for this anecdote, the biographer Moreau-Vauthier, does not specify which painting of Truth.  He was 79.

At his own request, he was given a simple burial service without flowers. But the Requiem Mass given in his memory was attended by a former president of the Republic, most prominent politicians, and many painters and writers. He was buried in the Montmartre Cemetery in front of the statue La Douleur (Pain), which he had cast for his son Jean who had died in 1891.

Legacy
Gérôme's legacy lived on through the works of his thousands of students from many countries, including: Odilon Redon, Mary Cassatt, Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin, Stanisław Chlebowski, Ahmed Ali Bey, Henri-Camille Danger and Hosui Yamamoto, and many who traveled to Paris from the United States to study under him, including Thomas Eakins, Edwin Lord Weeks, and Gottardo Piazzoni.

Gérôme's prodigious energy, long career, and wide popularity resulted in an enormous body of work that now resides in museums and private collections around the world; Ackerman's revised catalogue raisonné of 2018 lists approximately 700 paintings and 70 sculptures.

In the early 1870s Gérôme was known for an astonishing range of visual exotica, all realized in precise, minute detail, achieved with thin layers of paint that revealed nary a brushstroke...His works were particularly sought after by wealthy Americans...Over the course of his career, Gérôme sold to American patrons 144 paintings, nearly a quarter of his production. [A work by Gérôme in the Nob Hill mansion of Leland Stanford was destroyed in the San Francisco earthquake and fire of 1906.] Despite his prodigious output and enormous transatlantic success, most scholarly articles of recent decades cite Gérôme's work as a noxious blend of the trite, the exploitative and the stultifying academic. However, the latest scholarship is re-evaluating Gérôme and his importance in the nineteenth century. A 2010 essay by art historian Mary G. Morton...points out that, contrary to most twenty- and twenty-first century perspectives...Americans [in the 1800s] found Gérôme's paintings complex, edifying and completely modern.

His well-researched and minutely detailed images of gladiator combats, chariot races, slave markets, and many other subjects from the ancient world created an indelible impression on popular culture.

His ethnographic imagery of Arab and Islamic culture, controversial in his own lifetime, is now even more closely scrutinized, as is his penchant for female nudity; modern critics raise issues of "cultural appropriation" and "sexual exploitation". These issues of sex and race were epitomized by the use in 2019 of his painting The Slave Market in an anti-Muslim campaign poster by the right wing populist German party, Alternative for Germany, to the consternation of the American museum that owns the painting.

Despite charges that the Orientalizing paintings of Gérôme (and others) exploited and indulged in stereotypes of Arab and Muslim cultures, there is now "a high level of interest in collecting Gérôme's art in the Middle East," as evinced by high prices paid at auction for his work by the Qatar Museums Authority in Doha. "They want to take it back and have it for themselves," says art historian Emily M. Weeks. Egyptian industrialist and art collector Shafik Gabr sees Gérôme and other Orientalist painters as "intrepid early globalists who put themselves at risk to document a new world opened by Napoleon Bonaparte's Egyptian expedition from 1798 to 1801...'I have been inspired by these painters...These people traveled under very difficult circumstances with no knowledge of what to expect. They didn't travel to conquer or find oil. They traveled to discover and to understand.'"

Gérôme's highly vocal opposition to Impressionism was a losing argument, and his work was relegated to the margins of art history by critics, historians, and museum professionals who believed thathis chosen themes corrupted the loftier purposes of art, thus leading to commercialism...they also objected to his orientalism, which they disparaged for being untrue, a perversion or concoction of the true Orient....Now, with the exhibition at the Getty Museum, and a larger version of the show opening at the Musée d'Orsay in October 2010, Gérôme is finally receiving the attention he deserves. No longer will he be lost in time, although his paintings, the way he developed them, and his relationship with many of the major issues of artistic creativity in the nineteenth century and beyond will remain controversial.

As with other painters of Classical Realism and Academic art of the 19th century, Gérôme's prestige and popularity sharply declined in the 20th century; his painting The Snake Charmer, which sold for $19,500 in 1888, sold for $500 in 1942. Now his works are once again sought-after in the international art market. In 2008, his painting Femme circassienne voilée or Veiled Circassian Beauty (1876) was auctioned for 2,057,250 GBP; it now belongs to the Qatar Museums Authority in Doha. In 2019, his painting The Harem in the Kiosk (c. 1870–1875) realized 2,655,000 GBP at auction, and his painting Riders Crossing the Desert (1870) realized 3,135,000 GBP.

The most wide-ranging single collection of Gérôme's work may be the several rooms dedicated to displaying his paintings and sculptures at the Musée Georges-Garret in the artist's hometown of Vesoul. Gérôme donated several works to the museum during his lifetime, and his heirs donated more works after his death.

Gallery (chronological)

Images of Gérôme

See also
List of Orientalist artists
List of pupils of Jean-Léon Gérôme
Société des Peintres Orientalistes Français (Society of French Orientalist Painters)
List of paintings by Jean-Léon Gérôme

References and sources

References

Sources

Bayard, Émile; preface by Jean Léon Gérôme. Le Nu Esthétique. Paris: Bernard, 1902.

Benezit E. - Dictionnaire des Peintres, Sculpteurs, Dessinateurs et Graveurs - Librairie Gründ, Paris, 1976;  (in French)
Laurence des Cars, Dominque de Font-Rélaux and Édouard Papet (ed.), The Spectacular Art of Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904), Getty Museum and Musée d'Orsay, 2010.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. "Gérôme, Jean Léon," Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University, 1901.
Garvey, Dana M. Edwin Lord Weeks: An American Artist in North Africa and South Asia, dissertation, University of Washington, 2013.
Gérôme, Jean-Léon (1903). Preface to Charles Jalabert: l'homme, l'artiste, d'après sa correspondance by Émile Reinaud. Paris: Hachette, 1903, pp. 5–7.
Hering, Fanny Field; introduction by Augustus St. Gaudens. Gérôme: The Life and Works of Jean-Léon Gérôme. New York, Cassell Publishing Company, 1892.
Lees, Sarah. 2012. "Jean-Léon Gérôme: Slave Market". In Nineteenth-century European Paintings at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, edited by S. Lees. 359–363. Williamstown, Mass: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute.

Moreau-Vauthier, Charles. Gérôme: peintre et sculpteur (in French). Hachette, 1906.
Nochlin, Linda. 1983. "The Imaginary Orient". Art in America 71(5): 118–31, 187–91.
O'Sullivan N. Aloysius O'Kelly: Art, Nation, Empire, Field Day Publications, 2010.
Scott C. Allan and Mary Morton (ed.), Reconsidering Gérôme, Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2010, in: Art Bulletin 94 (2012), No. 2, pp. 312–316
Toledano, Ehud R. 1998. Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East. Seattle/London: University of Washington Press.
Turner, J. – Grove Dictionary of Art – Oxford University Press, USA; new edition (January 2, 1996);

External links

 Eight portraits of Gérôme at various ages at the Bibliothèque Municipale de Besançon
 Musée Georges-Garret de Vesoul The museum in Gérôme's hometown displays many of his paintings and sculptures
 Jean-Léon Gérôme-Biography and Legacy at www.theartstory.org
Fin de partie: A Group of Self-Portraits by Jean-Léon Gérôme by Susan Waller
La Vérité est au musée—press kit for the 2012 exhibit at the Musée Anne-de-Beaujeu (in French)
Jean-Léon Gérôme/Art Renewal Center Over 350 Gerome images, list of students with examples of work, biography, and letters
 Artencyclopedia.com page on Gérôme
www.jeanleongerome.org nearly 300 images by the artist

1824 births
1904 deaths
People from Vesoul
19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century male artists
Academic art
Members of the Académie des beaux-arts
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery
Orientalist painters
Neo-Pompeian painters
20th-century French sculptors
19th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
Members of the Ligue de la patrie française
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy

Jean-Léon Gérôme


Eduard Moritz Flies, depuis 1864 von Flies (né le  à Charlottenbourg et mort le  à Wiesbaden) est un lieutenant général prussien.

Biographie

Origine
Eduard Moritz est le fils de Heinrich Flies (mort en 1842 à Freienwalde) et de sa femme Luise, née Wolff. Son père est Premierleutnant.

Carrière militaire
En 1820, Flies s'engage comme hussard dans le  de hussards de l'armée prussienne Le 13 novembre 1824, il devient sous-lieutenant et, en tant que tel, est commandé à l'escadron d'instruction en 1829/30. À partir de 1834, Flies servit comme adjudant de régiment, devint  premier lieutenant en mai 1838 et chef d'escadron avec sa promotion au grade de Rittmeister le 24 mai 1841. En tant que major, Flies reçut le 8 janvier 1857 le commandement du  de hussards du Corps et devint à ce poste lieutenant-colonel le 9 avril 1857 et colonel le 31 mai 1859. En tant que tel, il fut peu après mis à la suite du régiment le 20 juin, chargé du commandement de la  de cavalerie et finalement nommé commandant de cette brigade le 12 mai 1860. Pour ses prestations dans le commandement des troupes, Flies reçoit le 18 octobre 1861 l'ordre de l'Aigle rouge de 2e classe avec feuilles de chêne et le 22 septembre 1863 l'ordre de la Couronne de 2e classe. Avec sa brigade, Flies participe à la guerre contre le Danemark en 1864. Le roi Guillaume Ier rend hommage à ses services le 18 juin 1864 en l'anoblissant.En outre, il l'a promu au grade de major général le 25 juin 1864. Le 21 août 1864, les alliés autrichiens décorent Flies de la croix de commandeur de l'ordre de Léopold avec décoration de guerre. Après la paix de Vienne, Flies reste dans le Schleswig-Holstein comme commandant d'une brigade de cavalerie combinée.

Pendant la guerre austro-prussienne de 1866, Flies est d'abord chef de la brigade de cavalerie combinée de l'armée du Main. C'est là qu'il reçoit du général Manteuffel l'ordre de conduire son unité, composée de cinq bataillons avec 8150 hommes ainsi que 225 cavaliers et 22 pièces d'artillerie, vers Gotha via Magdebourg et Halle. Il doit ainsi poursuivre les  qui se retirent et leur barrer la route de la retraite. Malgré la nette infériorité de sa troupe, Flies ordonne l'attaque le 27 juin 1866 à Langensalza. Flies est victime d'un malaise pendant les combats et perd près d'un cinquième de sa troupe. La bataille s'est certes terminée par une victoire des Hanovriens, mais ils sont à ce moment-là encerclés par les troupes prussiennes et ne sont plus en mesure de continuer à se battre en raison de la situation d'approvisionnement.

Flies est alors nommé le 11 juillet 1866 commandant de la division formée à partir des troupes des Duchés de l'Elbe pour la durée de la relation mobile. Une fois la guerre terminée, il est nommé commandant d'Altona le 15 septembre 1866. Flies est relevé de cette fonction le 7 janvier 1868 et mis à disposition avec pension et attribution de l'ordre de l'Aigle rouge de 1re classe avec feuilles de chêne et épées sur l'anneau.

En plus de sa pension, il reçoit une allocation annuelle de 500 thalers à partir du 2 février 1870.

Famille
Flies se marie le 27 septembre 1832 à Düben avec Therese von Schönfeld (née le 27 avril 1811 à Grimma et mort le 13 mai 1882 à Wiesbaden). De leur mariage est née leur fille Lucie Luise Therese (née le 11 janvier 1834 à Düben). Elle épouse le 18 décembre 1873 le lieutenant-colonel et directeur de la poste Otto von Wichmann.

Bibliographie
 Kurt von Priesdorff: Soldatisches Führertum. Band 7, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, o. O. [Hamburg], o. J. [1939], DNB 367632829, S. 186–187, Nr. 2227.

Références

Liens externes

Generalleutnant prussien
Personnalité prussienne de la guerre des Duchés
Personnalité prussienne de la guerre austro-prussienne
Personnalité prussienne anoblie
Commandeur de l'ordre impérial de Léopold
Chevalier de 2e classe de l'ordre de la Couronne (Prusse)
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de l'Aigle rouge de 1re classe
Naissance en août 1802
Naissance à Berlin
Naissance dans la marche de Brandebourg
Décès en décembre 1886
Décès à Wiesbaden
Décès dans la province de Hesse-Nassau
Décès à 84 ans

Eduard Moritz von Flies


Keltisk rock er en musikgenre under folkrock, samt en form for keltisk fusion, der inkorporerer keltisk musik, instrumenter og temaer i rock. Siden 1970'erne har dne været meget udbredt, og den kan ses som grundlag for udviklingen af flere meget succesfulde keltiske band og populære musikere, samt at have skabt vigtige undergenre via fusioner. Genren spiller en vigtig rolle i vedligeholdelsen og definitionen af regionale og nationale identiteter, og pan-keltisk kultur. Den har også været med til at kommunikere denne kultur ud til resten af verden.

Kunstnere
 Christy Moore
 Donovan
 Dropkick Murphys
 Great Big Sea
 Horslips
 JSD Band
 Planxty
 Moving Hearts
 Runrig
 Seven Nations
 The Corrs
 The Proclaimers
 The Prodigals
 The Waterboys

Referencer

Litteratur
Colin Harper. Irish Folk, Trad and Blues: A Secret History (2005) covers Horslips, The Pogues, Planxty and others.
Tony Clayton-Lea. Irish Rock: Where It's Comes From - Where It's At - Where It's Going (1992)
Larry Kirwan. Green Suede Shoes (2005)
Gerry Smyth. Noisy Island: A Short History of Irish Popular Music
Sean Campbell and Gerry Smyth. Beautiful Day: 40 Years Of Irish Rock (2005)

Eksterne henvisninger
Irish Rockers
Shite 'n' Onions
Paddy Rock
Spanish Celtic Rock Music
Irish Punk

Musikgenrer

Keltisk rock


Robert Kenneth Godfrey (29 de agosto de 1911 - 6 de febrero de 2000) fue un botánico, y profesor estadounidense.

Inicios y educación
Estudió en la zona rural, del oeste de Nueva Jersey, con formación de pregrado en Maryville College, en el este de Tennessee. Comenzó sus estudios de postgrado en la Universidad de Carolina del Norte, Raleigh, adquiriendo conocimiento de las plantas y los sistemas ecológicos, con la tutela y la amistad del Dr. B.W. Wells. Su experiencia de posgrado, se amplió por una invitación de la Universidad de Harvard. Luego pasó un breve período a principios de 1940 como horticultor y jardinero en la plantación de Orton cerca de Wilmington, Carolina del Norte

Durante la segunda guerra mundial, se alistó en la Marina de EE.UU., sirviendo como oficial naval de la Flota del Pacífico. Pasada la guerra, volvió a Orton.,Y se casó con Eleanor "Nell" Niernsee. Nell falleció en 1995. Curiosamente, Nell también era veterana de la Guerra del Pacífico, sirviendo en el Pacífico Sur, como enfermera del Ejército de EE.UU.

Realizó estudios de posgrado en la Universidad de Duke con el botánico, maestro y amigo Dr. Hugo Blomquist, completando su tesis sobre Pluchea (Compositae), obteniendo el doctorado en 1952.

Algunas publicaciones
 A Change of Status for Two Species of Chrysopsis. 1949
 Distribution Notes on some Grasses in North Carolina. Con Steve G. Boyce. Edición	reimpresa. 1952
 Observations on the Florida Flora. 1958
 Plantago cordata Still Grows in Georgia
 Synopsis of the Florida Spec. of Cacalia
 Gisekia Pharnacioides, A New Weed. Edición reimpresa. 1961
 Liatris provincialis, sp. nov. (Compositae), Endemic in Wes. Florida. 1961
 Observations on Microsporocarpic Mat. of Azolla caroliniana. 1961

Libros
 robert Kenneth Godfrey. 1988. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of northern Florida and adjacent Georgia and Alabama. Edición ilustrada de	University of Georgia Press, 734 pp. ISBN 0820310352
 ------------------------------, jean w. Wooten. 1979. Aquatic and wetland plants of southeastern United States: monocotyledons. Volumen 1. Edición	ilustrada de University of Georgia Press, 712 pp. ISBN 0820304204
 ------------------------------. 1977. Keys to the families of the major groups of vascular plants for northern Florida (spring season). Editor University of South Florida Botany Program, 178 pp.
 ------------------------------. 1952. Pluchea, section stylimnus, in North America, the Bahama islands and the greater Antilles ... Editor Duke University, 210 pp
 ------------------------------. 1938. The Compositae of Wake County, North Carolina, in time and space. Editor North Carolina State College. 99 pp.

Reconocimientos
 El herbario Robert K. Godfrey, en la Florida State University

Epónimos
 (Amaryllidaceae) Hymenocallis godfreyi G.Lom.Sm. & Darst
 (Asteraceae) Chrysopsis godfreyi Semple
 (Asteraceae) Helenium godfreyi Fernald
 (Caryophyllaceae) Arenaria godfreyi Shinners
 (Caryophyllaceae) Minuartia godfreyi (Shinners) McNeill
 (Cyperaceae) Carex godfreyi Naczi
 (Lamiaceae) Physostegia godfreyi P.D.Cantino
 (Oleaceae) Forestiera godfreyi L.C.Anderson
 (Solanaceae) Solanum godfreyi Shinners

Referencias

Botánicos de Estados Unidos
Profesores de Estados Unidos

Robert Kenneth Godfrey


Die Neustädter Wache ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Torhaus in der Stadt Quedlinburg in Sachsen-Anhalt.

Lage
Das Gebäude befindet sich an der Adresse Schloßberg 1a unmittelbar am Aufgang zum Quedlinburger Schlossberg, an dessen Nordwestseite.

Architektur und Geschichte
Das eingeschossige Fachwerkhaus wurde nach einer Bauinschrift im Jahr 1726, nach anderen Angaben 1728, auf einem hohen Sandsteinsockel errichtet. Im Quedlinburger Denkmalverzeichnis ist das Gebäude als Torhaus eingetragen. An der dem Aufgang zum Schloss zugewandten Nordseite befinden sich kannelierte, hölzerne Säulen in dorischer Ordnung, die dieser Gebäudelängsseite ein portikusartiges Erscheinungsbild geben.

Literatur
 Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen-Anhalt (Hrsg.): Denkmalverzeichnis Sachsen-Anhalt. Band 7: Falko Grubitzsch, unter Mitwirkung von Alois Bursy, Mathias Köhler, Winfried Korf, Sabine Oszmer, Peter Seyfried und Mario Titze: Landkreis Quedlinburg. Teilband 1: Stadt Quedlinburg. Fliegenkopf, Halle 1998, ISBN 3-910147-67-4, S. 226.

Einzelnachweise

Kulturdenkmal in Quedlinburg
Fachwerkhaus in Quedlinburg
Quedlinburg, Neustadter Wache
Schloßberg (Quedlinburg)

Neustädter Wache (Quedlinburg)


السينابون  هي سلسلة مخابز أمريكية مقرها الرئيسي في مدينة ساندي سبرينغز بولاية جورجيا في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وتوجد فروعها عادة في التجمعات الكبيرة مثل مجمعات التسوق، والمطارات. وتتخصص في إنتاج حلى السينابون المصنوع من القرفة. وفي يوليو 2009، بلغ عدد فروع مخابز السينابون 750 فرعا في 30 دولة حول العالم.

و للسينابون عقود امتياز في العديد من دول العالم، ويقع أكبر فرع للسينابون خارج الولايات المتحدة وكندا في مجمع سيتي ستارز في مصر  بالقاهرة.

التاريخ

افتتح أول متجز مخبوزات في سلسلة سينابون في ولاية واشنطن الأمريكية في 4 ديسمبر 1985 كأحد فروع سلسلة المطاعم الأمريكية أنليمتد في مدينة سياتل، وبدأ بتقديم لفائف القرفة التي اشتهرت الطاهية جيرلين بروسو بتحضيرها باعتبارها المنتج الرئيسي للمتجر، والتي سميت باسمه.

اشترت شركة إيه إف سي إنتربرايزس سلسلة مخابز سينابون في عام 1998 بمبلغ قدر بحوالي 65 مليون دولار أمريكي، ثم باعتها في عام 2004 لشركة فوكاس براندز مقابل 30.3 مليون دولارًا أمريكيًا. وفي عام 2020 أعلنت مجموعة شركات إي جي البريطانية عن شراكتها مع سينابون والتي تهدف لافتتاح 150 فرع لها في المملكة التحدة على مدى 5 سنوات.

الفروع

بلغ عدد الفروع التي تمتلكها العلامة التجارية سينابون في ديسمبر من عام 2017 إلى أكثر من 1200 مخبز في 48 دولة حول العالم في كل من: أرمينيا، وأستراليا، وأذربيجان، وبيلاروسيا، وبوليفيا، وبروناي، وكندا، وتشيلي، وكولومبيا، وكوستاريكا، وقبرص، وجمهورية التشيك، والاكوادور، والسلفادور، ومصر، واليونان، وغواتيمالا، وهندوراس، وهونغ كونغ، والهند، وجامايكا،واليابان، والأردن، والكويت، ولبنان، ومالطا، وماليزيا، والمكسيك، وسلطنة عمان، والمغرب، وبنما، وباكستان، وباراغواي، والفلبين، وبولندا، وبيرو، وبورتوريكو، وقطر، ورومانيا، وأسبانيا، والمملكة العربية السعودية، وكوريا الجنوبية، وجنوب أفريقيا، والسويد، وترينداد وتوباجو، وأوكرانيا، والإمارات العربية المتحدة، والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وفنزيلا، والمملكة المتحدة. كان سينابون هو أول فرع لعلامة تجارية أمريكية يفتتح في ليبيا عقب الإطاحة بنظام الرئيس الراحل معمر القذافي.

افتتح فرع واحد لسينابون في فنلندا في مارس 2015 ثم أغلق في مارس 2016، وفي أغسطس 2016 أغلق فرعها في إسرائيل، كما أغلقت فروعها السابقة في كل من النمسا، وسوريا، وسنغافورة.

المنتجات
سينابون رول :
1- ميني بيكن
2- بيكابون
3- ميني بون
4 - كلاسيك
5- شوكابون
6- ميني شوكابون

مشروبات بارده :
1- موكا بارد
2- شوكولاته بارد
3- عصير،برتقال، ليمون
4- آيس تي
5- ماء

مشروبات ساخنه :
1- كابتشينو
2- إيطالي
3- ميكاتو
4- إسبريسو
6-لاتيه
7- فرنسي
8- موكا حار
9- شوكولاته ساخنه

مراجع
فطيرة

وصلات خارجية
 Cinnabon الموقع الرسمي
سينابون مصر  الموقع الرسمي سينابون مصر

تأسيسات سنة 1985 في ولاية واشنطن
سلاسل الوجبات السريعة في كندا
سلاسل مطاعم في الولايات المتحدة
شركات أمريكية أسست في 1985
شركات مقرها في ساندي سبرينغز (جورجيا)
عمليات الدمج والاستحواذ 1998
عمليات الدمج والاستحواذ 2004
مطاعم أسست في 1985
مطاعم وجبات سريعة من الولايات المتحدة

سينابون


Batemannia colleyi er en orkideart som blev beskrevet af John Lindley. Batemannia colleyi indgår i slægten Batemannia, og familien Orchidaceae. Ingen underarter findes oplistet i Catalogue of Life.

Gøgeurt-familien

Batemannia colleyi


Den tredje sæson af tv-serien Bedrag havde premiere på DR1 den 6. januar 2019. Den består af 10 afsnit.

Tredje sæsons 10 afsnit blev udsendt søndage kl. 20:00 i Danmark.

Seriens hovedforfatter er Jeppe Gervig Gram.

Medvirkende
 Esben Smed som den kriminelle Nicky Rasmussen
 Thomas Hwan som politibetjent Alf Rybjerg
 Maria Rich som bankrådgiver Anna Berg Hansen
 Esben Dalgaard som politibetjent Møller
 Jacob Lohmann som Søren
 Marijana Jankovic som Stine
 Carsten Kressner som Bjørn
 Alexandre Willaume som Rune
 Dulfi Al-Jabouri som Lala
 Rudi Köhnke som Bobby
 Ali Sivandi som Nabil

Afsnit

Modtagelse
Sæsonindledningen af tredje sæson blev generelt modtaget godt af anmelderne. Soundvenues Jesper Olsen mente, at "DR's skindøde søndagsserie genopstår med nye hovedpersoner og skærpet fokus i en tredje sæson, der tegner til at blive seriens bedste" og gav de to første afsnit fire ud af seks stjerner. Ekstrabladets anmelder Henrik Queitsch var ligeledes positiv og angav, at "Afsnit 21 var med andre ord det hidtil bedste i serien". Han gav første afsnit fire ud af seks stjerner, ligesom B.T.s anmelder Kristian Dam Nygaard også gjorde.

Referencer

Krimiserier fra Danmark

Bedrag (sæson 3)