Pakubuwana II o Pakubuwono II fue susuhunan de Mataram, entre 1726 y 1742, y tras ser restaurado, entre 1743 y 1749. Mataram, antiguo imperio que llegó a controlar mayor parte de Java, era ya un Estado agostado por el coste de sofocar una gran cantidad de rebeliones y controlado por la Compañía Neerlandesa de las Indias Orientales. En 1745 la capitalidad fue trasladada a Surakarta, que tras una guerra comenzada en los últimos años de reinado de Pakuwana II se convirtió en capital de un reino que ocupó parte del territorio del ya desaparecido Mataram.

Deuda económica e intrigas cortesanas
Accedió al poder tras la muerte de su padre, Amangkurat IV, quien probablemente fue envenenado. Se enfrentó al pago de la deuda contraída por Pakubuwana I con los holandeses por el coste de la Primera guerra de sucesión javanesa entre 1705 y 1709, y parece que en 1733 ya la había solventado. A pesar de todo la Compañía Neerlandesa sólo había recibido un tercio compensación por un tercio de los costes de esa guerra y nada por las guerras de 1717-1723, por lo que estaba ansiosa por cobrar las deudas de esos conflictos.

Diversas personalidades volvieron a convertir la corte de Kartasura en una retahíla de intrigas palaciegas que mezclaron nuevamente a la Compañía Neerlandesa. Por otro lado Ratu Pakubuwana, princesa madre de Pakubuwana II así como del anterior monarca, contra quien había intrigado, intentó hacer de su hijo un monarca modelo mediante la filosofía sufí y las enseñanzas del sultán Agung, que había sido el mayor dirigente de Mataram. Debido a estos esfuerzos se reescribieron en 1729 y 1730 varias crónicas de su época, en un nuevo intento de islamización de Java.

Las deudas contraídas con los holandeses y otros asuntos económicos tuvieron gran impacto en la sociedad javanesa. El recrudecimiento de las conspiraciones en Kartasura y los daños sociales, Mataram empezó a colapsar, primero por sus territorios en el este de Java. En 1738 Cakraningrat IV de Madura, reconocido aliado de los holandeses y cuyo poder e influencia en el este de Java crecía considerablemente, ya no quiso acudir más a la corte. En esa época la influencia china se hizo poderosa en el oeste de Java. Pakubuwana II tuvo que elegir entre apoyar la creciente influencia china, como señalaban los pathis de la corte, o la antigua influencia holandesa, como querían los comerciantes de la costa norte. En 1741 Pakubuwana II decidió romper relaciones con la Compañía Neerlandesa.

Guerra contra Países Bajos y guerra civil
El rey envió un ejército a Semarang. En 1741 el puesto neerlandés de Semarang había sido rodeado por unos 20.000 javaneses y unos 3.500 chinos, que contaban con 30 cañones. Ese año la guarnición neerlandesa de Kartasura fue atacada. La fortaleza se rindió en agosto, y los vencedores dieron a elegir a los europeos sobrevivientes entre la conversión al Islam y la circuncisión o la muerte.

Los holandeses se volvieron entonces a Cakraningrat IV y su ejército de Madura. Cakraningrat exigió que si conquistaban Kartasura, debía permitírsele formar un Estado independiente con libertad de actuación en el este de Java aunque bajo la protección de Países Bajos, condiciones que fueron aceptadas. No obstante las cláusulas referentes al este de la isla se postergaron, hecho que no impidió al señor de Madura conquistar grandes porciones de la región. Semarang fue reconquistada y protegida por 3 400 holandeses tras masacrar a los chinos.

Con sus aliados chinos perdiendo posiciones, los madurienses conquistando el este y una fuerte división interna, Pakubuwana II se percató de que había cometido un error enorme. Junto con su madre suplicó el perdón de los holandeses. En 1742 comenzaron las negociaciones. Ese año el rey envió a Natakusuma, última gran figura asociada con el islam en la corte, a Semarang; fue detenido y enviado al exilio con la aprobación del rey, lo que relajó la situación entre éste y la Compañía Neerlandesa. Pakubuwana II se dispuso a calmar los ánimos de su pueblo; no obstante, la guerra tenía raíces demasiado profundas y esta solución llegó tarde. En 1742 los rebeldes anti-holandeses, al ver la reciente simpatía de su soberano hacia los holandeses, le destituyeron y nombraron como nuevo susuhunan a un nieto de Amangkurat III, de sólo 12 años edad. Ese mismo año la guerra contra los holandeses, convertida en guerra civil, llegó a la capital, que fue conquistada por los rebeldes. Pakubuwana II fue confiado a una pequeña guarnición fiel.

Restauración
Pakubuwana II, perdida la corona, aseguró a la Compañía Neerlandesa que si le restauraba en el trono les cedería los territorios costeros y les permitiría elegir puestos en la corte. Este trato fue aceptado. Como el destituido soberano no contaba con ejército propio, hubo de enviarse a Cakraningrat IV, quien logró recuperar Kartasura en noviembre de 1742. Cakraningrat aconsejó la muerte de Pakubuwana II, pero la Compañía Neerlandesa decidió mantenerle como rey títere.

En octubre de 1743 los principales líderes de la rebelión se rindieron, y en noviembre de ese año la Compañía Neerlandesa firmó un nuevo acuerdo con Mataram, que incluía la restauración oficial de Pakubuwana II y la cesión de multitud de territorios a Países Bajos, incluyendo la porción de Madura que aún le pertenecía, el pago de enormes tributos anuales en arroz y otros cereales, la elección de los patih con aprobación de los holandeses, el establecimiento de un contingente permanente de militares en la capital y la prohibición de que los javaneses navegaran más allá de Java, Madura y Bali.

Cakraningrat, viendo frustradas sus aspiraciones, se rebeló contra la Compañía Neerlandesa, pero finalmente fue capturado y exiliado a Cabo de Buena Esperanza en 1746.

Nueva capital y nuevas intrigas
Pakubuwana II decidió abandonar Kartasura y asentar la corte en Surakarta, situada unos 12 kilómetros al este, junto al río Sala. La nueva ciudad fue oficialmente terminada en 1745, efectuándose el traslado de la corte en febrero de 1746. La nueva corte fue, igualmente, escenario de intrigas, y estallaron nuevas rebeliones en diversos puntos de Java.

Los nuevos conflictos no pudieron terminar de resolverse durante el gobierno de Pakubuwana II, que enfermó a finales de 1749. Nueve días antes de morir, el 11 de diciembre, el susuhunan firmó un tratado por el cual cedía la soberanía de la totalidad del Estado a los holandeses, con la esperanza de salvaguardar la seguridad del reino. No obstante este tratado no dio solución a lo que sería la mayor de las guerras de Java en el .

Véase también
 Anexo:Soberanos de Mataram
 Sultanato de Mataram

Bibliografía

Utilizada

Complementaria
(En inglés) Miksic, John (edición general), et al. (2006); Karaton Surakarta. A look into the court of Surakarta Hadiningrat, central Java (1.ª edición, Surakarta: Yayasan Pawiyatan Kabudayan Karaton Surakarta, 2004). Singapur: Marshall Cavendish Editions. ISBN 981-261-226-2.
(En inglés) Ricklefs, M.C. (1974) Jogjakarta under Sultan Mangkubumi, 1749–1792: A history of the division of Java. London Oriental Series, vol. 30. Londres: Universidad de Óxford (Edición indonesia revisada, 2002).
(En inglés) Ricklefs, M.C. (1998) The seen and unseen worlds in Java, 1726–49: History, literature and Islam in the court of Pakubuwana II. St. Leonards NSW: The Asian Studies Association of Australia in association with Allen and Unwin. Honolulú: Universidad de Hawái.

Sultanato de Mataram

Pakubuwana II de Mataram


Die Fotografische Gesellschaft zu Hannover von 1903 e.V. mit Sitz in Hannover gilt als einer der führenden Vereine für Amateurfotografie in Norddeutschland. Die Gesellschaft organisiert eigene Ausstellungen und ist regelmäßig an Veranstaltungen beteiligt.

Geschichte
Um 1900 spalteten sich die Mitglieder des im März 1888 gegründeten Photographischen Vereins zu Hannover in Berufs- und Amateurfotografen. Dies führte 1903 zur Gründung des "Vereins für Amateurfotografie", der sich zum 1. Januar 1906 umbenannte in "Fotografische Gesellschaft zu Hannover".

Als führender Amateurverein in Norddeutschland veranstaltete die Fotografische Gesellschaft im Oktober 1908 im Künstlerhaus die "1. Niedersächsische Fotografische Ausstellung". Dort unterhielt der Verein eigene Klubräume und einen Vortragssaal bis zur Ausbombung durch die Luftangriffe auf Hannover 1943 im Zweiten Weltkrieg.

Nach der Auflösung des Vereins wurde die Gesellschaft 1946 neugegründet. In den Wiederaufbaujahren wurde im März/April 1952 anlässlich des 50-jährigen Bestehens eine große Jubiläumsausstellung im Neuen Rathaus der Öffentlichkeit präsentiert.

Bis heute pflegt die Gesellschaft die Farbbild- und Diafotografie und veranstaltet örtliche Bilderschauen. Seit 1999 werden regelmäßige Veranstaltungen im Freizeitheim Vahrenwald durchgeführt.

Der Verein ist Mitglied im Deutschen Verband für Fotografie und im Niedersächsischen Heimatbund.

Veröffentlichungen
 Niedersachsen im Bild: 75 Jahre Fotografische Gesellschaft zu Hannover von 1903 e.V. 1978.
 100 Jahre fotografische gesellschaft zu hannover. Festschrift. 2003.

Literatur
 Ludwig Hoerner: Photographie und Photographen in Hannover und Hildesheim. Festschrift zum 150jährigen Geburtstag der Photographie. hrsg. von den Photographen-Innungen Hannover und Hildesheim, hergestellt im Berufsförderungswerk Bad Pyrmont in den Ausbildungsberufen Schriftsatz, Reprofotografie, Druckformherstellung, Flachdruck und Buchbinder im Rahmen der Umschulung, 1989, .
 Ludwig Hoerner: Fotografische Gesellschaft zu Hannover von 1903. In: Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein (Hrsg.) u. a.: Stadtlexikon Hannover. Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart. Schlütersche, Hannover 2009, ISBN 978-3-89993-662-9, S. 186.

Weblinks
 Kurzvorstellung auf kulturserver-nds.de
 Selbstdarstellung (zurzeit in Überarbeitung) auf dem freiwilligenserver.de
 Kontaktdaten auf der Seite des Deutschen Verbands für Fotografie

Einzelnachweise

Verein (Hannover)
Deutsche Organisation (Fotografie)
Bildende Kunst (Hannover)
Gegründet 1903


ගෝවින්ද (born ගොවින් අරුන් අහුජා) is an Indian film actor, comedian and former politician known for his work in Hindi cinema|Hindi films.

සිනමාව
ඉන්දියානු සිනමාව
ඉන්දියාව

ගෝවින්ද


Rowland Constantine O'Malley Armstrong (born 8 May 1966), known professionally as both Rollo and R Plus, is an English music producer. He is one half of the remix/production duo Rollo & Sister Bliss and is a founding member of the electronic music group Faithless. He has produced and remixed many tracks for Dido, Pet Shop Boys, Simply Red, R. Kelly, U2, Moby, Grace, Tricky and Suede. He is best known for producing UEFA Euro 2008 theme, which music is also used as UEFA Super Cup theme since 2017.

Early life
Rollo was born to an Irish publisher and a French-English poet. His younger sister is singer Dido. He studied at the University of York and was an active member of the student radio station URY.

Career
Rollo has appeared on a large number of music projects, both within groups and solo, using various monikers, including Faithless (which he formed in 1995 with Sister Bliss, Jamie Catto and Maxi Jazz), Rollo Goes ..., Our Tribe (with Rob Dougan), and Dusted.

In late 1991, Rollo founded Cheeky Records, releasing two singles before the label folded. In 1992 Champion Records stepped in to help with funding and advice, and the label was restarted, with Reverence by Faithless its first album release (it has since been bought out by BMG). In 1992, Rollo co-wrote and co-produced Felix's hit single "Don't You Want Me", which reached number 1 in Finland, Italy, Spain and Switzerland, as well as reaching number 6 on the UK Singles Chart.

In the United States, Rollo is known for his production work on Dido's albums: No Angel (1999), Life for Rent (2003), Safe Trip Home (2008), Girl Who Got Away (2013) and Still on My Mind (2019). Rollo was also a producer on singer-songwriter Kristine W's debut album, Land of the Living.

In 2008, Rollo composed the official melody of the UEFA Euro 2008 competition. and UEFA Euro 2012. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category of Best Original Song for his work with A.R. Rahman and Dido on "If I Rise", featuring in the 2010 Danny Boyle film 127 Hours.

R Plus
On 11 October 2019, Rollo released his first solo album, The Last Summer under the alias "R Plus". It charted at No. 96 on the UK Album Sales Chart and at No. 55 on the UK Album Download Chart. On 19 July 2020, The Last Summer (Deluxe Edition) was released, and credited as by both R Plus and Dido.

After moving record labels to Armada Music, Rollo (as R Plus) released a cover of Joy Division's 1980 hit "Love Will Tear Us Apart" on 7 May 2021, and features singer Amelia Fox. Rollo spoke of the remake: "[The song] meant the world to me when I was teenager, and it still does. I stole my first Joy Division T-shirt from a shop in Camden Market, and got to fleetingly meet guitarist Peter Hook years later at a party at the Hacienda in Manchester. It took a long time before I felt brave enough to cover this song, before I felt I knew what I was doing as a producer [...] To introduce Amelia Fox and the new R Plus album to the world, we thought it would be good to start with this cover. We wanted our version to sound like a piece of music found in a time capsule buried under the now empty DJ booth at the Hacienda, and wanted to capture both the sadness of the song and the late-night euphoria of that legendary club." In July 2021, R Plus released "Hey Lover" again featuring Fox.

On 13 May 2022, R Plus released WeDisappear, a collaboration album with Amelia Fox and Faithless. "Makes Me Feel Good" and an edited version of "Let's Really Have Some Fun", released 28 April 2023, were released as singles.

Discography

Albums
2000 When We Were Young, as Dusted (with Mark Bates)
2005 Safe From Harm (re-release of When We Were Young), as Dusted (with Mark Bates)
2005 Instrumentals, as Dusted (with Mark Bates)
2019 The Last Summer, as R Plus
2020 The Last Summer (Deluxe Edition), as R Plus (with Dido)
2022 WeDisappear, as R Plus (with Faithless and Amelia Fox)

Singles
Dusted
all produced with Mark Bates
1997 "Deeper River" (with Pauline Taylor)
2000 "Always Remember To Respect And Honour Your Mother"
2000 "Childhood/Want You"
2001 "Under The Sun"

Rollo & Rob D productions
all produced with Rob Dougan
1993 "I Believe In You", as Our Tribe (with Colette)
1994 "Love Come Home", as Our Tribe (with Frankie Pharaoh and Kristine W)
1994 "High", as O.T. Tunes
1994 "Hold That Sucker Down", as The O.T. Quartet (with Colette)
1995 "Hold That Sucker Down '95", as The O.T. Quartet (with Colette)
1995 "High As A Kite", as One Tribe (with Roger)
1995 "What Hope Have I", as Sphynx (with Sabrina Johnston)
2000 "Hold That Sucker Down 2000", as The O.T. Quartet (with Colette)
2005 "Hold That Sucker Down 2005", as The O.T. Quartet (with Colette)
2007 "What Hope Have I (Remixes)", as Sphynx (with Sabrina Johnston)

Rollo Goes...
1993 "Get Off Your High Horse", as Rollo Goes Camping (with Sister Bliss and Colette) – UK No. 43
1995 "Love, Love, Here I Come", as Rollo Goes Mystic (with Sister Bliss and Pauline Taylor) – UK No. 32
1996 "Let This Be A Prayer", as Rollo Goes Spiritual (with Sister Bliss and Pauline Taylor)- UK No. 26
1997 "Love, Love, Here I Come '97", as Rollo Goes Mystic (with Sister Bliss and Pauline Taylor)

Other aliases
1992 "Hypnotized", as High On Love (with Chris Rushby)
1992 "A Million Ways", as Stoned Democracy (with Chris Rushby)
1993 "In My World", as High On Love (with Chris Rushby)
1993 "Close (Like An Overdose)", as Stoned Democracy (with Chris Rushby)
1994 "Give Me Life", as Mr. V (with Rob Villiers)
1996 "Help Me Make It", as Huff & Puff (with Ben Langmaid and Sister Bliss)
2000 "Born Again", as Huff & Puff (with Ben Langmaid)

R Plus

Single production for other artists
1992 Felix – "Don't You Want Me" (with Red Jerry)
1992 Felix – "It Will Make Me Crazy"
1992 Frankë – "Understand This Groove" (with Rob Dougan)
1993 Frankë – "We're On A Mission"
1993 U.S.U.R.A. – "Tear It Up"
1994 Sister Bliss – "Cantgetaman, Cantgetajob (Life's A Bitch!)" (with Colette)
1994 Kristine W – "Feel What You Want" (with Rob Dougan)
1995 Kristine W – "One More Try" (with Rob Dougan)
1995 Kristine W – "Don't Wanna Think" (with Rob Dougan)
1995 Sister Bliss – "Oh! What A World" (with Colette)
1995 Sunscreem – "Exodus" (Tuff Mix)
1996 Kristine W – "Land Of The Living" (with Rob Dougan)
1996 Sister Bliss – "Bad Man" (with Junkdog Howler)
1996 Pauline Taylor – "Constantly Waiting" (with Sister Bliss and Matt Benbrook)
1998 Pauline Taylor – "The Letter" (with Matt Benbrook)
2000 Shawn Christopher – "So Wrong" (with Rob Dougan)
2000 Sister Bliss feat. John Martyn – "Deliver Me"
2000 Sister Bliss – "Sister Sister"
2001 Dido – "Thank You"
2003 Dido – "White Flag"
2003 Dido – "Life For Rent"
2004 Dido – "Don't Leave Home"
2004 Dido – "Sand In My Shoes"
2007 Kristine W – "Sweet Mercy Me" (with Rob Dougan)
2008 Dido – "Don't Believe In Love"
2009 Dido – "Quiet Times"
2013 Dido – "No Freedom"
2013 Dido – "End Of Night"
2019 Dido – "Take You Home"
2019 Dido – "Just Because"

Album production for other artists
1996 Kristine W – Land of the Living (with Rob Dougan)
1998 Pauline Taylor – Pauline Taylor
1999 Pet Shop Boys – Nightlife
2000 Dido – No Angel
2003 Dido – Life For Rent
2003 P*Nut – Sweet As
2005 Enigma – The Dusted Variations
2008 Dido – Safe Trip Home
2013 Dido – Girl Who Got Away
2019 Shey Baba – Requiem
2019 Dido – Still on my Mind

References

External links
Official Website
Faithless at eNotes.
UEFA EURO 2008 full Trailer Intro Theme Jingle on YouTube. This is the long version of the trailer with the full soundtrack, composed by Rollo.

1966 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of York
British trance musicians
Dido (singer)
English electronic musicians
English dance musicians
English house musicians
English record producers
English techno musicians
English people of Irish descent
Ivor Novello Award winners
Musicians from London
People from Kensington
Remixers

Rollo Armstrong


One from the Heart es una banda sonora de composiciones de Tom Waits para la película homónima de Francis Ford Coppola, grabada entre octubre de 1980 y septiembre de 1981, y publicada por Columbia Records en febrero de 1982.

Crystal Gayle ocupa un lugar destacado en el álbum, interpretando sola o a dúo con Waits la mayoría de las canciones. El álbum fue nominado al Óscar a la mejor banda sonora en 1982.

La película de Coppola fue reeditada en DVD el 27 de enero de 2004, con una edición remasterizada y remezclada en Dolby Digital de la banda sonora, así como un documental sobre la grabación del álbum y grabaciones caseras previamente inéditas y tomas alternativas.

Lista de canciones
Todas las canciones compuestas por Tom Waits.

Cara A

Cara B

Personal
 Bob Alcivar: piano, arreglos de orquesta y conductor
 Ronnie Barron: órgano en "Little Boy Blue"
 Dennis Budimir: guitarra en "Opening Montage" y "Old Boyfriends"
 Larry Bunker: batería en "The Tango"
 Gene Cipriano: saxofón tenor en "The Tango"
 Greg Cohen: bajo
 Teddy Edwards: saxofón tenor
 Chuck Findley: trompeta en "Circus Girl"
 Crystal Gayle: voz
 Dick Hyde: trombón en "Circus Girl"
 Pete Jolly: piano y acordeón
 Gayle Levant: arpa
 John Lowe: instrumento de viento-madera en "Circus Girl"
 Shelly Manne: batería en "Opening Montage", "Is There Any Way Out of This Dream?" y "Old Boyfriends"
 Lonny Morgan: instrumentode viento-madera
 Joe Porcaro: glockenspiel en "Presents"
 Emil Richards: vibráfono en "I Beg Your Pardon"
 Jack Sheldon: trompeta
 John Thomassie: percusión en "Little Boy Blue"
 Leslie Thompson: armónica en "Circus Girl"
 Tom Waits: voz, piano y arreglos de orquesta
 Don Waldrop: tuba en "Instrumental Montage"

Referencias

Álbumes de Tom Waits
Álbumes de 1982
Álbumes de Columbia Records

One from the Heart (álbum)


اتفاقية الدفاع المشترك بين مصر والأردن هي اتفاقية عسكرية بين مصر والأردن. وقعت في 30 مايو 1967. وقع الإتفاقية عن الجانب الأردني الملك الحسين بن طلال وعن الجانب المصري جمال عبدالناصر وعلى إثر هذه الاتفاقية سافر الفريق عبد المنعم رياض إلى العاصمة الأردنية عمّان، ومعه كتيبتان من كتائب قوات الصاعقة المصرية، وفرقة عمليات، ومعدات دفاع جوي.

انظر أيضًا
 اتفاق الدفاع المشترك بين مصر وسوريا (1966)
 جامعة الدول العربية

الصراع العربي الإسرائيلي
عسكرية مصر
علاقات الأردن الثنائية العسكرية

اتفاقية الدفاع المشترك بين مصر والأردن


Zübük Aziz Nesin'in aynı adlı romanından sinemaya uyarlanmış; yönetmenliğini Kartal Tibet'in, senaristliğini Atıf Yılmaz'ın yaptığı 1980 yapımı filmdir.

Film, Türk siyasi yapısındaki çarpık karakterleri hicveder. Zübük, Zeybek sözcüğünden ses benzeşimiyle Aziz Nesin tarafından oluşturulmuş bir sözcüktür.

Konusu
Milletvekili İbrahim Zübükzade (Kemal Sunal) mesleğinden ihraç edilmiş bir siyasetçidir. Sözünde durmayan, ahlaksız bir adamdır. Gazeteci Yaşar (Metin Serezli) gazetede yayınlamak istediği yazı dizisi için Zübükzade'nin yaşam öyküsünü öğrenmek ister. Gittiği köyü Gülören'de karşılaştığı köylüleri Zübükzade'yi nefretle anarlar. Yaşar'ın köylüden aldığı bilgiye göre Zübük iş hayatına bir dairede kâtip olarak başlamış, kısa sürede aldığı rüşvetlerle zengin olup çıkmıştır. Foyası ortaya çıkınca kovulan Zübük, Destek Partisi'ne girip yağcılıkla ocak başkanlığına yükselir. Girdiği her yere de rüşveti bulaştırır. Muhalefet partisinden olan Kadir Ağa'nın (Kadir Savun) kızı Yektane'yi (Nevra Serezli) evlenme vaadiyle kandırıp birlikte olur. Ama çetin ceviz Yektane, silah zoruyla Zübük'ü nikâh masasına oturtur. Uyanık Zübük, partili partisiz herkesi öylesine birbirine düşürür ki, sonunda halk onun belediye reisi olması için neredeyse yalvarır. Aklı sürekli şeytanlığa çalıştığı için kendisine kurulan komploları da birer ikişer savuşturan Zübük, kendini milletvekili seçtirir. Tüm bu anlatılanlara çok şaşıran kurt gazeteci Yaşar, Zübük'le yüz yüze konuşmaya gider. Zübük, tüm yüzsüzlüğü ile, köylüyü, kasabalıyı, giderek tüm halkı kötüleyip, kendisinin ne denli dürüst ve vatansever bir politikacı olduğunu öyle bir anlatır ki; Yaşar Zübük'e neredeyse acımaya başlar. Ama giderayak Zübük'ün kendisine de oynadığı bir oyun aklını başına getirir. Çirkin politikacıların elinde çaresiz kalan halkın her zaman haklı olduğunu anlar.

Oyuncular
 Kemal Sunal - İbrahim Zübükzade / Zeybekzade Kara Yusuf Efe
 Nevra Serezli - Yektane
 Kadir Savun - Yektane'nin Babası Muhalif Kadir Efendi
 Osman Alyanak - Motelci Satılmış
 Ali Şen - Sabri Ağa
 Bülent Kayabaş - İri Nuri
 Metin Serezli - Gazeteci Yaşar
 Memduh Ün	- Milletvekili
 Alpay İzer - Muhalif Avukat Burhan Bey
 Zeki Alpan - Mehmet Çavuş
 Nubar Terziyan - Bedir Hoca
 Şemsi İnkaya - Terzi Cemal
 Hüseyin Kutman - Emniyet Müdürü
 Nevzat Okçugil -
 Bilge Zobu - Vali Vahit Atılgan
 Reha Yurdakul - Demirci Nuri
 Nejat Gürçen - Parti Yöneticisi
 Mesut Sürmeli - Yazı İşleri Müdürü
 Nevzat Açıkgöz - Belediye Reisi
 Seyfettin Karadayı - Gedikli İhsan
 Osman F. Seden - Meclis Başkanı

Filmin medya ve siyaset alanında etkisi
Kemal Sunal'ın başrol olarak oynadığı filmlerin çoğu televizyonda yayınlanırken Zübük filmi neredeyse yayınlanmamıştır ve bunun üstüne siyasiler arasında birbirleriyle olan diyaloglarında içerisinde 'zübük' kelimesinin geçmesi de bazı yargılamaların temel unsuru olmuştur. Zübük romanının Kartal Tibet tarafından 1980 yılında sinemaya uyarlanmasıyla Aziz Nesin'in bu eseri daha da değer kazanmıştır.

Notlar
 Filmin çekimleri Kırklareli'nin Vize ilçesi ile Ankara ve İstanbul'da gerçekleştirildi.

Kaynakça

1981 çıkışlı Türk filmleri
Kartal Tibet'in yönettiği filmler
Türk politik komedi filmleri
Türk romanlarından uyarlanan filmler
Esin Engin'in müziğini yaptığı filmler
Ankara'da çekilmiş filmler
Konusu Ankara'da geçen filmler
Erler Film filmleri
Türker İnanoğlu'nun yapımcısı olduğu filmler
Çetin Gürtop'un görüntülediği filmler
1980'lerde Türkçe filmler
1981 çıkışlı komedi filmleri
Konusu Türkiye'de geçen filmler
Yasaklanmış filmler
Atıf Yılmaz'ın senaryosunu yazdığı filmler

Zübük (film)


Chen Balbus (în ; n. 2 octombrie 1992, în Bat Yam) este un chitarist și compozitor israelian, membru al trupelor Orphaned Land și The Secret Saints. În trecut, Balbus a fost component al formațiilor From Nihil și Tales From the Morgue și a participat la înregistrări în studio pentru trupa Edenwar.

Chen este fratele lui Oren Balbus, solistul vocal al trupei Eternal Gray.

Discografie

cu Orphaned Land
Albume de studio
Unsung Prophets & Dead Messiahs (2018)
Kna'an (2016)
All Is One (2013)
EP
Sukkot in Berlin (2015)
Single
All Is One / Brother (2013)

cu The Secret Saints
Albume de studio
The Demo Sessions (2018)

Note

Legături externe
Interviu cu Chen Balbus în moroccoworldnews.com

Nașteri în 1992
Chitariști israelieni
Chitariști heavy metal
Evrei israelieni
Oameni din Bat Yam
Membri Orphaned Land

Chen Balbus


Die Katholische Pfarrkirche Camuns im Valser Tal im schweizerischen Kanton Graubünden ist Antonius Abt und dem Evangelisten Johannes geweiht.

Geschichte

Die erste Kirche wurde 1597 gebaut und am 6. August 1600 geweiht. Am 3. Juli 1696 erfolgte die Grundsteinlegung der heutigen Kirche. Sie wurde im rechten Winkel zur alten Kirche gebaut, wobei deren Langhaus zum heutigen Chor wurde. Der alte Chor an der Nordwestseite dient heute als Sakristei. Der Bau wurde 1700 vollendet, am 4. Juli 1704 wurden die beiden Heiligen konsekriert. 1977 fand eine Aussenrenovation statt, 2003/4 eine Gesamtrestauration.

Bau

Die nach Nordosten gerichtete Kirche besteht aus einem zweijochigen Schiff mit zwei Seitenkapellen. Anlässlich einer Renovation wurden 1947 die Altarblöcke entfernt. In der rechten Kapelle steht eine hochbarocke Bekleidungsfigur von Antonius von Padua, links eine Marienstatue aus Gips aus der Zeit um 1900.

Anlässlich der Arbeiten von 2003 wurde auch die Marienfigur umfassend restauriert. Aufsteigende Feuchtigkeit, die durch einen Zementverputz an den Wänden bis auf eine Höhe von zwei Metern noch verstärkt wurde, hatten Bau und Ausstattung zu schaffen gemacht.

Der Turm aus dem Jahr 1696 steht an der Südostseite des Chors. Er trägt über Wimpergen einen achteckigen Spitzhelm. Die vier Glocken wurden 1910 von Glockengießerei Grassmayr (?) gegossen.

Der Hochaltar stammt aus der Zeit um 1700; das Altarblatt zeigt den Evangelisten Johannes und Franz von Assisi. Die Altäre in den Seitenkapellen entstanden zwischen 1710 und 1720.

In Sakristei, Schiff und Chor finden sich Malereien aus dem 16., 17. und 18. Jahrhundert, unter anderem haben sich Reste eines Apostelzyklus erhalten. Die Deckenmalerei in der Mitte des Schiffsgewölbes stammt von Johann Jakob Rieg aus dem Jahr 1696.

Literatur
 Erwin Poeschel: Kunstdenkmäler des Kantons Graubünden, Band IV, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 1942, S. 143
 Ludmila Seifert, Leza Dosch: Kunstführer durch Graubünden: Scheidegger & Spiess, Zürich 2008; S. 198
 Archäologischer Dienst Kanton Graubünden/Denkmalpflege Graubünden: Jahresbericht 2004; S. 138–141

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Camuns
Camuns
Camuns
Camuns
Erbaut in den 1590er Jahren
Camuns

Katholische Pfarrkirche Camuns


Šahovska zagonetka je zagonetka u kojoj poznavanje figura i pravila šaha se rabi radi logičkog rješavanja problema u svezi sa šahom. Povijest šahovskih zagonetaka seže do u srednji vijek i od tad je evoluirala.

Obično je cilj pronaći jednostavni i najbolji, idealni estetski potez ili niz jednostavnih poteza u šahovskoj poziciji. Poziciju je stvorio tvorac ili je iz stvarne šahovske partije. Zagonetke mogu imati različite ciljeve. Primjeri su deduciranje zadnjeg odigranog poteza, lociranje nedostajuće figure, ili je li igrač izgubio pravo rokade. Ponekad je cilj antiteski normalnom šahu, poput pomaganje protivniku matirati vlastitog kralja.

Vidi
Problemski šah
Matematički šahovski problem
Problem osam kraljica
Problem osam topova
Konjićev skok
Problem mutilirane šahovnice
Problem Sesine šahovske ploče (Legenda o mudrom caru i zrnu žita na šahovskoj ploči)
Vilinski šah (vilinji šah)

Šahovske zagonetke na Wikiknjigama na engleskome

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 S. Režek: Problemi šahovske ploče
 Udruga šahovskih problemista
 Chess puzzles anyone can add or edit (eng.)
 Collection of tactical chess puzzles (eng.)
 Chess puzzles with the solution hints (eng.)
  (eng.)

Problemski šah

Šahovska zagonetka


La Ruta de Rhode Island 122, y abreviada R.I. 122 (en inglés: Rhode Island Route 122) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Rhode Island. La carretera inicia en el Sur desde la  hacia el Norte en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 22,9 km (14.2 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta de Rhode Island 122 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Rhode Island por sus siglas en inglés RIDOT.

Cruces
La Ruta de Rhode Island 122 es atravesada principalmente por la I-95 en Pawtucket  Ruta 116 en Cumberland I-295 en Cumberland  Ruta 99 en Woonsocket Ruta 114 en Woonsocket.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de RIDOT

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Rhode Island
Pawtucket
Cumberland (Rhode Island)
Woonsocket (Rhode Island)

Ruta de Rhode Island 122


Svijet

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

 Adrianskoga mora sirena Petra Zrinskog

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1660.


عمرو حمزاوي (28 أكتوبر 1967) عالم سياسة، ناشط حقوقي، ومفكر مصري. وأستاذ السياسة العامة بالجامعة الأمريكية في القاهرة وعضو سابق بمجلس الشعب المصري عن انتخابات 2012. رئيس حزب مصر الحرية. سبق له التدريس بجامعة برلين، كما شغل منصب كبير الباحثين لدراسات الشرق الأوسط بمؤسسة كارنيجي للسلام الدولي من عام 2005 وحتى 2009. تتركّز اهتماماته البحثية حول أزمة الانتقال الديموقراطي والأنظمة السلطوية، القوى السياسية في العالم العربي وفرص التعددية، حركات الاحتجاج الاجتماعية وأثرها على الأنظمة السلطوية، ديناميكيات المشاركة في الحياة السياسية الرسمية والغير رسمية، الحركات الإسلامية ودور المجتمع المدني والتحول الديمقراطي في العالم العربي. وقد تركّزت أبحاثه على مصر، بصورة خاصة، ودول شمال أفريقيا والأردن.

رفض عمرو حمزاوي منصب وزير الشباب في حكومة أحمد شفيق لتصريف الأعمال في فبراير عام 2011 بعد أن استقبله شفيق لعرض المنصب عليه، كما اعتذر عن شغل نفس الحقيبة الوزارية لاحقا في حكومة عصام شرف بعد لقاء مماثل مع رئيس حكومة ثورة 25 يناير، لرفضه أن تكون المناصب التنفيذية بالتعيين. تم تعيين حمزاوي في المجلس القومي لحقوق الإنسان في إبريل 2011. أعلن حمزاوي عن المشاركة في تأسيس الحزب المصري الديمقراطي الاجتماعي في نهاية مارس 2011 قبل أن ينفصل لإنشاء حزب مصر الحرية. يتحدث عمرو حمزاوي الإنجليزية والألمانية إضافة إلي اللغة العربية.

عام 2013، أعلن تأييده لحركة تمرد وإجراء انتخابات رئاسية مبكرة. ولكنه انتقد التحريض الإعلامي ضد الإخوان المسلمين والاحتفال بالسيطرة العسكرية عقب فض اعتصامي رابعة العدوية والنهضة واصفا إيها بـ«الفاشية تحت إدعاء كاذب بالديمقراطية والليبرالية».

التعليم
 حاصل علي الدكتوراه من جامعة برلين الحرة - ألمانيا.
 حاصل علي الماجستير من معهد الدراسات الاجتماعية - لاهاي.
 حاصل علي الماجستير من جامعة أمستردام - هولندا.
 حاصل علي البكالريوس من جامعة القاهرة.

من إصداراته
 الشرق الأوسط الجديد
 القتال علي جبهتين: الأحزاب العلمانية في العالم العربي

الكتب
 2014: هامش للديمقراطية في مصر 2011-2013 محطات وقضايا تحول لم يتم (باللغة العربية) الدار المصرية اللبنانية
 2013:	عن الدين والسياسة وبناء الشرعية في مصر (باللغة العربية والإنجليزية) مركز الشرق الأوسط لوقفية كارنيجي
 2013:	ملاحظات عن الكتابة السياسية ودورها في الدفاع عن الديمقراطية والحريات وحقوق الإنسان (باللغة العربية) الأهرام: مجلة الديمقراطية
 2010:	بين الدين والسياسة، بالاشتراك مع ناثان براون (باللغة العربية والإنجليزية) واشنطن وبيروت: مؤسسة كارنيغي للسلام الدولي
 2010:	مستقبل العرب: حوارات حول الديمقراطية والإسلام السياسي والمقاومة (باللغة العربية) بيروت: دار النهار
 2008:	حقوق الإنسان في العالم العربي: أصوات مستقلة (محرر مشارك، باللغة الإنجليزية) بنسلفانيا: مطبعة جامعة بنسلفانيا
 2005:	الفكر السياسي العربي المعاصر: جدلية الاستمرار والتغيير (باللغة الألمانية) هامبورغ: معهد دراسات الشرق الألماني
 2003:	الدين، الدولة، والسياسة في الشرق الأدنى: مجموعة مقالات في ذكرى الأستاذ الدكتور فريدمان بوتنر (محرر مشارك، باللغة الألمانية) مونستر: دار نشر ليت

المجلدات المنشورة

2009:	بلوغ التعددية: الجهات الفاعلة السياسية في العالم العربي (Getting to Pluralism: Political Actors in the Arab World)، بالاشتراك مع مارينا أتاواي. العاصمة واشنطن: مؤسسة كارنيغي للسلام الدولي.

2008:	حقوق الإنسان في العالم العربي: أصوات مستقلّة (Human Rights in the Arab World: Independent Voices)، بالاشتراك مع أنثوني شايس. فيلاديلفيا: منشورات جامعة بنسيلفانيا.

2006:	الاتحاد الأوروبي والعالم العربي. القاهرة: قسم الدراسات الأوروبية، جامعة القاهرة.

2004: 	خبرات تدريس العلوم السياسية في العالم العربي: تحديات المنهج العلمي والدور المجتمعي. القاهرة: قسم العلوم السياسية، جامعة القاهرة.
	بين الشعار والحقيقة: خطابات وبرامج الإصلاح في عالم متغير. القاهرة: مركز دراسات وبحوث الدول النامية، جامعة القاهرة.
	تراث ربيع بين كفاحية العالم ومقتضيات المنهج، بالاشتراك مع حسن نافعة. القاهرة: قسم العلوم السياسية، جامعة القاهرة.

2003: 	المجتمع المدني في الشرق الأوسط. (Civil Society in the Middle East) برلين: دار نشر هانس شيلر.

الدين والدولة والسياسة في الشرق الأدنى: مجموعة مقالات عن فريدمان بوتنر (بالألمانية)، بالاشتراك مع فرهاد إبراهيم. مونستر: دار نشر ليت (Lit).

آخر إصداراته:
 حقوق الإنسان في العالم العربي : Human Rights in the Arab World : Independent Voices

مؤتمرات وندوات شارك بها
 The Muslim Brotherhood's Party Platform
 Deteriorating Politics and Social Unrest in Egypt

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 صفحة حمزاوي علي موقع معهد كارنيجي

 مقالات عمرو حمزاوي من موقع uFollow

أشخاص شاركوا في ثورة 25 يناير
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من القاهرة
أعضاء الجمعية التأسيسية للدستور المصري
أعضاء جبهة الإنقاذ الوطني
أعضاء مجلس الشعب المصري 2012
أعضاء هيئة تدريس الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة
الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة
ثوريون مصريون
خريجو جامعة أمستردام
خريجو جامعة القاهرة
علمانيون مصريون
كتاب وكاتبات مصريون
معارضون مصريون
مواليد 1387 هـ
مواليد 1967
مواليد في المنيا (مدينة)
ناشطون مصريون

عمرو حمزاوي


Calum David Webster Worthy (Victoria, Columbia Británica; 28 de enero de 1991), conocido simplemente como Calum Worthy, es un actor, cantante, compositor y bailarín canadiense. Es más famoso por interpretar a Dez Wade en la serie de Disney Channel Austin & Ally.

Primeros años
Worthy asistió a la Claremont Secondary School, y a la edad de nueve años fue aceptado en las clases de Formación Profesional Tarlington para Niños, y pasó los siguientes cinco años viajando a Vancouver para asistir los fines de semana. Decidió que quería convertirse en actor a la edad de cuatro años, después de ver a Macaulay Culkin en Home Alone. Calum se ha estado desempeñando sobre el escenario como cantante, bailarín y actor desde la edad de cinco años. Estudió canto, tap, jazz y piano, y ganó el Premio del Compositor Canadiense Nacional de Jóvenes (piano), cuando tenía once años de edad.
En la actualidad mantiene una relación con Celesta Deastis.

Carrera
Calum Worthy hizo su debut en la pantalla a la edad de diez años cuando apareció como estrella invitada en Night Visions, de Fox (dirigida por Bill Pullman). A la edad de diez años, consiguió su primer papel protagonista, apareciendo en seis episodios de la miniserie de la BBC I Was a Rat, con Brenda Fricker, Tom Conti, Edward Fox y Don McKellar (dirigida por Laurie Lynd). Desde entonces ha realizado más de cincuenta películas y proyectos de televisión, y ha trabajado en cinco países - Canadá, Estados Unidos, Australia, Inglaterra y Singapur - haciendo papeles tanto dramáticos como cómicos. Ha ganado dos Young Artist Awards, y un Leo Award (Canadá) por roles de actor principal.

Worthy obtuvo uno de los roles principales en la serie original de Disney Channel Austin & Ally.

En 2019 actuó junto a Joey King en la serie original de Hulu The Act, en el papel de Nick Godejohn, sobre el caso real del asesinato de Dee Dee Blanchard.

Filmografía

Cine y televisión

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Canadienses-estadounidenses
Actores de cine de Canadá
Actores infantiles de Canadá
Actores de televisión de Canadá
Artistas de Disney
Actores masculinos de Canadá del siglo XXI
Cantantes masculinos de Canadá
Nacidos en Victoria (Columbia Británica)

Calum Worthy


Autoportret fără barbă este un autoportret realizat în anul 1889 de pictorul postimpresionist olandez Vincent van Gogh. Tabloul, care e posibil să fi fost ultimul autoportret al lui Van Gogh, a fost pictat în luna septembrie a acelui an. Autoportretul este unul dintre cele mai scumpe tablouri din toate timpurile, fiind vândut cu 71,5 milioane dolari în 1998 în New York City. La acea vreme, era al treilea cel mai scump tablou vândut vreodată (al patrulea dacă se ia în calcul inflația).

Istoricii de artă dezbat dacă acesta este într-adevăr ultimul autoportret al lui Van Gogh. Ronald Pickvance crede că este ultimul, în vreme ce Ingo F Walther și Jan Hulsker cred că Autoportret a fost ultimul. Tabloul a fost pictat pentru mama lui Van Gogh, îngrijorată de starea sa în timp ce era internat în Saint-Rémy, și oferit ei ca un cadou aniversar.

Referințe

Autoportrete
Picturi realizate de Vincent van Gogh

Autoportret fără barbă


İslam hukuku dinsel kökenli (İslam dininden kaynaklanan) hukuk kurallarını ve bunların uygulanma esaslarını tanımlar. Kimi zaman Fıkıh bilimi ile aynı anlamda kullanılır. Bazen de Şeriat kavramı kastedilmektedir.

Tanım ve Kapsam
Fıkıh üç ana kısma ayrılır:
1. Muamelat (İşlemler)

2. Ukubat (Yaptırımlar/Cezalar)

3. İbadat (ibadetler).

"İslam Hukuku" ifadesi ile aslında Fıkıh içerisindeki Muamelat ve Ukubat alanları kastedilmektedir. Muamelat, alanına ve konusuna bakılmaksızın her tür hukuki işlemi inceler ve düzenler. Ukubat ise yine alan ve konu ayrımı yapılmaksızın cezalarla ve (aslında daha geniş olarak ve daha doğru bir karşılıkla) yaptırımlarla ilgilenir.

İbadat (ibadetler) alanı Fıkıh içerisinde yer almakla birlikte hukukun ilgi alanı içerisine girmediği için ayrı bir kategori olarak değerlendirilir. Münakahat (nikah, aile hukuku) ise Osmanlı döneminde Mecelle ile birlikte eklenmiş ancak sınıflandırmada genel kabul görmemiştir.

"Fıkıh" adı verilen İslam Hukuk Bilimi'nin gelişmesiyle ortaya çıkmıştır. Fıkıh, kanunların teorik ve pratik uygulama çalışmalarına verilen isimdir. Fıkıh bilginlerine "Fakih" denir. Devlet yetkisine dayalı bir yasama faaliyeti yoluyla konulmamıştır, bilimsel doktrin niteliğinde daha çok medreselerde oluşmuştur. Fakihlerin bilimsel öğretileri sonucu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Akıl yürütme ve mantık ilk dönemlerde yoğun olarak kullanılmıştır.

İslam Hukuk Usulü (Yöntemi)

1. İcma: Görüşleri toplamak, görüş birliğine varmak.

2. Kıyas: Benzer örnekleri karşılaştırma yoluyla sonuç çıkarma. Sorunu çözerken ona çok benzeyen önceki örnek olaylardan yararlanılır (Örnekseme).

Meseleleri ayrı ayrı inceleyerek geliştirilen hukuki çözümlerin bir araya toplanmasıyla oluşmuştur. Bu bakımdan her meseleye ilişkin bir hukuk kuralı ortaya konmaktadır (fetva).

Ayrıca bakınız
 Şeriat
 Fıkıh

Kaynakça
 Doi, Abd ar-Rahman I., and Clarke, Abdassamad (2008). Shari'ah: Islamic Law. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd., ISBN 978-1-84200-087-8 (hardback)
 El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (2006). Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
 Gaudiosi, Monica M (April 1988). "The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England_ The Case of Merton College". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. The University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 136 (4): 1231–1261. doi:10.2307/3312162. JSTOR 3312162.
 Ignaz Goldziher, op. cit. 66-70; M. Muranyi: Fiqh. In: Helmut Gätje (Hrsg.): Grundriß der arabischen Philologie. Bd. II: Literaturwissenschaft. Wiesbaden 1987. S. 298–299; Irene Schneider: Die Terminologie der aḥkām al-ḫamsa und das Problem ihrer Entstehung, dargestellt am Beispiel der šāfi⁽itischen adab al-qāḍī-Literatur. In: ZDMG, Suppl. VIII, XXIV. Deutscher Orientalistentag vom 26. bis 30. Sep. 1988 in Köln, hrsg. von W. Diem und A. Falaturi. Stuttgart 1990, 214-223.
 Miklos Muranyi (1987), S. 301; An Introduction to Islamic Law. S. 179–180. 2. Auflage. Oxford 1965

Dış bağlantılar
 İSLÂM HUKUKUNUN DEĞERİ, Kemal Gözler, 2019

Hukuk taslakları

İslam hukuku


Nava del Rey es una estación ferroviaria situada en el municipio español de Nava del Rey en la provincia de Valladolid, comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León. Cuenta con servicios de Media Distancia.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 16,049 de la línea férrea de ancho convencional que une Medina del Campo con Zamora a 746,5 metros de altitud, entre las estaciones de Medina del Campo y de Toro. El tramo es de vía única y está sin electrificar.

Historia
La estación fue inaugurada el 3 de junio de 1863 con la puesta en marcha del tramo Medina del Campo – Nava del Rey de la línea Medina del Campo - Zamora. Su explotación inicial quedó a cargo de la Compañía de Medina del Campo a Zamora quien rápidamente se convirtió en Compañía del Ferrocarril de Medina a Zamora y de Orense a Vigo o MZOV con las obras del tramo Orense - Vigo que unido al anterior culminaría posteriormente con la conexión de Galicia con la Meseta. En 1928, los graves problemas económicos que sufrían las empresas que gestionaban las líneas férreas del oeste español llevaron al estado a la nacionalización de las mismas y a su agrupación en la Compañía Nacional de los Ferrocarriles del Oeste. Oeste conservó la propiedad de la estación hasta su integracióne en RENFE en 1941.

Desde el 31 de diciembre de 2004 Renfe Operadora explota la línea mientras que Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

La estación
Nava del Rey posee un edificio de viajeros de planta rectangular y un solo piso salvo en su parte central donde cuenta con un segundo piso. Está adornada con hasta once arcos que permiten el acceso al recinto que ha sido repintado de color rosa en su última restauración. Dispone de dos andenes uno lateral y otro central al que acceden tres vías. El central es estrecho y carece de uso. Por su parte el lateral tiene la particularidad de no situarse al mismo nivel que el edificio para viajeros lo que obliga al uso de una pequeña escalera para acceder al mismo.

Servicios ferroviarios

Media Distancia
Renfe presta servicios de Media Distancia gracias sus trenes Regional Exprés en el trayecto que une Valladolid con Puebla de Sanabria.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Media Distancia Castilla y León en la web de Renfe.

Nava del Rey
Nava del Rey
Nava del Rey
Estaciones de ferrocarril de España inauguradas en 1863
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Castilla y León inauguradas en el siglo XIX

Estación de Nava del Rey


Takeshi Ushibana (født 21. september 1977) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Avispa Fukuoka.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takeshi Ushibana


Aage Rosendal Nielsen (født 30. juni 1921, død 24. september 2003) var grundlægger af Nordenfjord World University, der forestod en række uddannelsesprojekter i Skyum Bjerge i Thy i perioden 1969 til 1991.

Biografi
Aage Rosendal Nielsen var født og opvokset i Thy, men blev student fra Sorø Akademi, hvorefter han studerede teologi ved Københavns Universitet. Han boede i en årrække i USA, hvor han var tilknyttet Association for World Education og senere arbejdede for Unesco.

I 1968 vendte han hjem til Danmark sammen med nogle unge amerikanere, der ønskede at studere højskolebevægelsen. Herefter erhvervede han ejendommen, hvor Verdensuniversitetet blev grundlagt.
Nordenfjord World University havde baggrund i Ungdomsoprøret i Danmark, men var også inspireret af Grundtvigs tanker om folkehøjskoler. Det var således fællesskab og samtaler der blev fremhævet, ikke eksaminer og indlæring. Centret blev berømt i store dele af verden, da John Lennon og hustruen Yoko Ono blev inviteret til Thy af Rosendal. De optrådte inkognito i nogle dage, men da rygterne om deres tilstedeværelse bredte sig, afholdt de et pressemøde på NEC. Deres ophold i Thy fandt sted i perioden 3. til 26. januar 1970. Rosendal var hyppigt i kontakt med Lennon, indtil dennes død i 1980. Deres venskab byggede på en fælles kamp for fred i verden og en religiøs fællesinteresse.

Centret kom i løbet af 1980'erne i økonomiske vanskeligheder og lukkede i 1991. Rosendal vedblev dog indtil sin død at tro på sin grundlæggende filosofi, som han bl.a. anså for at være videreført i Nordisk Folkecenter for Vedvarende Energi, hvor der efter hans død er blevet indrettet et rum, der mindes ham og hans Verdensuniversitet.

Litteratur
Aage Rosendal Nielsen: Lust for Learning, New Experimental College Press (1968)

Noter

Eksterne links
 Aage Rosendal Nielsen og Folkecenteret
 Uffe Madsen:En thybos drømme:Historien om "Æ Verdensuniversitet" - fortalt af stifteren Aage Rosendal Nielsen, JAK-bladet Hentet 18. juli 2015
 Jørgen Steens:Vi gamle, der venter på Gud, Kristeligt Dagblad, 28. december 2002
 arkiv.thisted-bibliotek.dk – Dengang Lennon og Ono boede i Thy

Personer fra Thy
Teologer fra Danmark
Skolefolk fra Danmark

Aage Rosendal Nielsen


Nogomet na OI 2020. u Tokiju održava se od 21. srpnja do 7. kolovoza 2021. u Japanu. Utakmice se igraju u Tokiju, Kashimi, Saitami, Sapporu, Rifuu i Yokohami.

Medaljisti

Muški turnir

Grupna faza

Grupa A

Grupa B

Grupa C

Grupa D

Nokaut faza

Ženski turnir

Grupna faza

Grupa F

Grupa G

Grupa H

Nokaut faza

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Tokyo 2020
 Olympic Football Tournaments Tokyo 2020 – Men , FIFA.com
 Olympic Football Tournaments Tokyo 2020 – Women, FIFA.com

Nogomet na Olimpijskim igrama
nogomet
Međunarodna nogometna natjecanja u Japanu

Nogomet na OI 2020.


Am Europapokal der Landesmeister 1976/77 nahmen 19 Handball-Vereinsmannschaften aus 19 Ländern teil. Diese qualifizierten sich in der vorangegangenen Saison in ihren Heimatländern für den Europapokal. Bei der 16. Austragung des Wettbewerbs, konnte Spartak Kiew zum sechsten Mal den Pokal gewinnen.

1. Runde

|}
Durch ein Freilos zogen Medina Saragossa, SC Leipzig, Union Admira Landhaus Wien, Universitatea Timişoara, Paris Université Club, Frederiksberg IF Kopenhagen, Fram Reykjavík, LC Brühl Handball St. Gallen, Idem Hellas Den Haag, Stockholmspolisens IF, IL Vestar Oslo, Vasas Budapest und Titelverteidiger RK Radnički Belgrad direkt in das Achtelfinale ein.

Achtelfinale

|}

Viertelfinale

|}

Halbfinale

|}

Finale
Das Finale fand am 30. April 1977 in Kiew statt.

|}

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Handball-Europapokal (Frauen)
Handballsaison 1976/77

Europapokal der Landesmeister (Handball) der Frauen 1976/77


32. længdegrad kan henvise til:

 32. vestlige længdekreds
 32. østlige længdekreds

32. længdegrad


The Macau Jockey Club (MJC; , Portuguese: Jockey Clube de Macau) is an organization providing horse racing and betting entertainment in Macau, China. MJC is one of the largest private employers of Macau with around 1,400 employees and around 1,100 part-timers.

History
The club began as the Macau Trotting Club in 1980 in an attempt to introduce harness racing in Asia, but it was not a popular sporting event and gave way to the formation of the current thoroughbred racing club in 1989.

Taipa Racecourse

The Macau Jockey Club has one track on Taipa converted from the old trotting track. The old track is now the  inner sand track and the  newer outer track is turf. The track has a grandstand seating area for 15000 spectators and Race Complex for 3000.

The main stables at the MJC can house 1183 horses, 60 at a quarantine stable and 28 at spelling stables. The track has an equine hospital to handle minor care to surgery.

Races
 Macau Derby - July
 Macau Gold Cup - May
 The Macau Star of The Sand Stakes - June
 Macau Sprint Trophy - April
 Chairman's Challenge Cup - June
 Director's Cup

Betting

Single-Race Bets
Pool Name - Dividend Qualification

 Win (獨贏, Vencedor) - 1st in a race.
 Place (位置, Placê) - 1st, 2nd or 3rd in a race with 7 or more declared starters or 1st, 2nd in a race with 4, 5, 6 declared starters.
 Quinella (連贏, Quiniela) - 1st and 2nd in either order in the race.
 Quinella Place (位置, Exata) - Any two of the first three placed horses in any finishing order in the race.  However, the Pool will not opened when a race less than 6 starters.
 Tierce (三重彩, Trifeta) - 1st, 2nd and 3rd in correct order in the race.

Multiple-Race Bets
Pool Name - Dividend Qualification - Consolation [if any]

 Double (孖寶, Dupla) - 1st in two nominated races - 1st in 1st leg and 2nd in 2nd leg.
 Triple Trio (三T, Trio Triplo) - 1st, 2nd and 3rd in any order in three legs - 1st, 2nd and 3rd in any order in any two Triple Trio legs.

See also
Gambling in Macau
Hong Kong Jockey Club

References

External links

 Official website
 GAMES OF FORTUNE

Horse racing organizations in China
Horse racing in Macau
Gambling companies of Macau
Sports organisations of Macau
1980 establishments in Macau
Sports organizations established in 1980

Macau Jockey Club


Kristni saga eller Kristendomssaga er en middelalderlig saga om, hvordan kristendommen blev indført på Island.

Den står opført i Hauksbók på sidene som kommer umiddelbart efter Landnamabok. På moderne dansk kan denne sagaen kaldes for "Kristendomssagaen", idet det islandske eller norrøne ord kristni betyder kristendom. Det antages at det er forfatteren af Hauksbok, som også har skrevet eller sammensat Kristni saga.

Ved sagaens begyndelse spiller Torvald, Fredrik, Tangbrand og Olav Tryggvason hovedrollerne, men da historien nærmer sig sit klimaks er det Hjalte, Gissur og lovsigemanden Torgeir som driver hændelsesforløbet frem, sådan at kristendommen bliver indført på tinget som ny sæd og skik.

Efter dette nævnes der også meget om biskopperne Gissur og Isleif. Men alt i alt er dette en saga som må kaldes 'knudret', da den indeholder et meget stort personregister og mængder af små detaljer om hvad der kunne ske uden at læseren altid kan se en klar linje. Sagaen er heller ikke lang, kun omkring 7000 ord. Ikke desto mindre er den vigtig da den fortæller i stor detalje om, hvordan denne betydningsfulde historiske proces fandt sted; i sagaen er de oplysninger samlet fra tiden da den kristne forkyndelsen begyndte, kort tid før år 1000 og frem til året 1118.

Det vides ikke nøjagtig, hvilke kilder sagaens forfatter har benyttet. Nogle af kilderne er nok tabt og antagelig bygger Kristni saga også på mundtlig overlevering. Af kendte kilder kan nævnes Olav Tryggvasons saga, Gunnlaug Ormstunges saga og Íslendingabók. Værkets tilblivelsestidspunkt er uvis, skønt det er rimeligt at antage at den blev skrevet en gang omkring år 1200.

Sagaen blev udgivet på dansk af Frederik Winkel Horn i 1871, og på tysk af Bernhard Kahle i 1905.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Kristni saga videnskapelig udgave på gammelislandsk med filologiske fodnoter
 Kristni saga på norrønt hos heimskringla.no
 Kristendomssaga på dansk hos heimskringla.no

Litteratur fra Island
Nordisk litteratur fra middelalderen

Kristni saga


بانيساج (Panissage)هي بلدية فرنسية في فرنسا وهي توجد في منطقة رون ألب.

مراجع

بلديات فرنسا

بانيساج


Charles Edward Anderson Berry (18. október 1926 - 18. mars 2017), betur þekktur sem Chuck Berry, var bandarískur söngvari og lagahöfundur. Þekktastur er hann fyrir framlag sitt til rokk og róls tónlistarstefnunnar og hlaut fyrir það viðurnefnið "Father of Rock and Roll". Ferill hans hófst árið 1955 og lauk svo árið 2017 með andláti hans.

Fólk fætt árið 1926
Fólk dáið árið 2017
Bandarískir söngvarar
 Bandarískir tónlistarmenn

Chuck Berry


A Jericho Appreciation Society é uma facção de wrestling profissional formada na promoção americana de wrestling profissional All Elite Wrestling (AEW), criada e liderada por Chris Jericho. O grupo também é composto por Jake Hager, Angelo Parker, Matt Menard, Daniel Garcia, Anna Jay, Sammy Guevara e Tay Conti. A gimmick do grupo usa as referências de "entretenimento esportivo", termo usado pela WWE, onde Jericho lutou anteriormente de 1999 a 2018.

História
As origens do grupo vêm do grupo original de Chris Jericho conhecido como The Inner Circle, com Jericho e Jake Hager sendo companheiros de equipe durante a existência do grupo, assim como Sammy Guevara, Santana e Ortiz. No início de 2022, Jericho começou a ter uma série de desentendimentos com Santana e Ortiz, como resultado da rivalidade de Jericho com Eddie Kingston, de quem Santana e Ortiz eram bons amigos, com Santana e Ortiz hesitantes ficar ao lado de Jericho.

Após a derrota de Jericho para Kingston no Revolution, Jericho se recusou a apertar a mão de Kingston. No episódio de 9 de março do Dynamite, Jericho fingiu querer apertar a mão de Kingston, apenas para atacá-lo tornando-se um heel no processo, com a ajuda de Hager, 2.0 (Angelo Parker e Matt Menard) , e Daniel Garcia, Jericho também atacou Santana e Ortiz, e posteriormente declarou o fim do Inner Circle e a criação da Jericho Appreciation Society.

Na semana seguinte, Jericho afirmou que os fãs e o Inner Circle não o apreciavam, e que Eddie Kingston o envergonhou ao fazê-lo desistir em sua luta. Ele então apelidou o seu grupo como "artistas esportivos" que espancavam "pro-wrestlers". No episódio de 11 de maio do Dynamite , Kingston junto com Santana e Ortiz, uniram-se ao Blackpool Combat Club (William Regal, Bryan Danielson, Jon Moxley e Wheeler Yuta) para lutar contra a Jericho Appreciation Society. Na semana seguinte, Kingston concordou em se juntar a Moxley e Danielson, junto com Santana e Ortiz, para lutar contra a Jericho Appreciation Society em uma Anarchy in the Arena no Double or Nothing, na qual a Jericho Appreciation Society saiu vitoriosa. Em 15 de junho no Road Rager, Jericho derrotou Ortiz em uma luta Hair vs. Hair após interferência do ex-membro do Inner Circle Sammy Guevara, que se juntou ao grupo junto com sua noiva, Tay Conti. Em 20 de julho no Fyter Fest, Anna Jay se juntou ao grupo depois de atacar Ruby Soho e permitir que o JAS ajudasse Jericho a derrotar Kingston em uma "Barbed Wire Everywhere Deathmatch".

Membros

Subgrupos

Referências

Luta
Stables da AEW

Jericho Appreciation Society


Sharlene Taulé Ponciano (Santo Domingo, 11 de mayo de 1991) conocida simplemente como Sharlene, es una actriz, cantante y compositora dominicana naturalizada estadounidense.Es conocida por interpretar a Katty en la serie de Nickelodeon Latinoamérica, Grachi.

Carrera actoral

1991-2010: primeros años e inicios
Sharlene Taulé nació el 11 de mayo de 1991 en Santo Domingo, República Dominicana. Es hija de Maxime Taulé y Maricela Ponciano, tiene ascendencia francesa por parte paterna y española por parte materna. Taulé desde muy pequeña sintió interés por la actuación y la música, razón por la que estudió música con la reconocida cantante española María Remola y actuación en el Instituto de Teatro y Cine Lee Strasberg en Nueva York. Taulé habla con fluidez inglés, francés, español y alemán.

Taulé incursionó en el cine en el 2005 en la película Los locos también piensan, en la que desempeñó un rol menor. En 2006, encarnó a Luisa en la película La Fiesta del Chivo y participa en la película dramáticaViajeros. También protagonizó la cinta cinematográfica La Tragedia Llenas: un código 666, por su actuación en la cinta fue nominada en los Premios Soberano como Mejor actriz de cine.

En 2007, fue escogida para interpretar a Larissa en la película dramática Yuniol 2. Ese mismo año, participó en la telenovela venezolana, Trópico. Tras finalizar el rodaje de la producción, personifico a Margarita en la película de acción, La soga y formó parte del elenco principal de la telenovela venezolana Condesa de amor.

En 2010, encarnó a María Teresa Mirabal en la película dramática, Trópico de sangre, basada en la vida de las Hermanas Mirabal.

En paralelo a su carrera cinematográfica, Taulé ha participado en musicales como Evita, Les Miserables, El violinista en el tejado, Hairspray, La Cenicienta y El Graduado. También ha sido modelo principal del vídeo musical Bendita tu luz de Maná y Juan Luis Guerra y participó en el cortometraje, Hispaniola, premiado por HBO, así como ha sido presentadora de los programas SantoDomingo Invita, Televisión VIP y El Fan Club.

2010-presente: SOKO Leipzig, Grachi y reconocimiento mundial
En 2010, Taulé participó en varios episodios de la serie de televisión alemana SOKO Leipzig, como Emanuela, por lo que viajó a Alemania para filmar la serie.

En febrero de 2011, fue elegida para interpretar el personaje de Katty Castillo en la serie original de Nickelodeon Latinoamérica Grachi. La serie se estrenó el 2 de mayo de 2011, con altos índices de audiencia. Gracias a su personaje en la serie, tuvo la oportunidad de retomar su carrera como cantante y formó parte de la gira Grachi: El show en vivo, con la que recorrió gran parte de Latinoamérica. La serie fue transmitida en Latinoamérica, Europa y Asia, por lo que su personaje en la serie le dio mayor reconocimiento mundial.

En 2013, fue anunciada como parte del elenco principal de la telenovela de Telemundo, Pasión prohibida, como Camila Barrera. Taulé formó parte de la banda sonora de la telenovela e interpretó el tema «Vives en mí». Pasión prohibida está basada en la telenovela turca Aşk-ı Memnu, escrita por Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil y se estrenó el 22 de enero de 2013.

En 2015, interpretó a Angie en la película estadounidense Bravetown, que se estrenó el 11 de mayo de 2015.

En octubre de 2016, fue anunciada por FOX como parte del elenco principal de la serie de televisión, Star.

Sharlene recientemente estuvo en la serie de Netflix "El Ganador" sobre la vida del cantante Nicky Jam, Taulé le dio vida a Casandra en esta serie. En este 2020 Sharlene participará en la serie "Deputy" de FOX donde le dará vida a "Rose".

Carrera musical
Sharlene Taulé debutó como solista en 2014, con su primer sencillo promocional «Mal de Amor», junto a Servando & Florentino. En mayo de 2015, lanzó su segundo sencillo «Aquí nadie toca», junto a Mozart la Para. Aquí nadie toca obtuvo dos nominaciones en los Premios Videoclip Awards en República Dominicana como Mejor vídeo tropical fusión y mejor coreografía. También interpretó la canción en el concurso de belleza venezolano Miss Venezuela.

En 2016, participó junto a Nacho en el tema «Toy Enamorao» del cantante dominicano Mozart La Para. Toy Enamorao logró ocupar el primer lugar de la lista Tropical Songs de Billboards. También comenzó su gira y se presentó en los Premios Soberano, Premios Heat Latin, Chica HTV 2016, Noche Latina de la NBA, Latin Night NYU, entre otras.

En octubre de 2016, colaboró con Don Omar y Maluma en el sencillo «La Fila», que forma parte del disco Mas Flow3 de Luny Tunes.

En febrero de 2017, firmó contrato con Universal Music y lanzó un nuevo tema «Encanto», en colaboración con Don Omar.

En enero de 2020 Sharlene lanzará su álbum "Viaje".

En 2021 firmó con Warner Music México. Luego participó en una canción con Nibal. En Septiembre lanzó nuevo sencillo Todo Pasa  , en noviembre Dopamina y luego un par de nuevas canciones con videoclipes en su canal de Youtube.

Filmografía

Televisión

Cine

Teatro
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-style="background:#CCCCCC;"
! Año
! Título
|-
|2006
| Evita
|-
|2007
| El violinista en el tejado|-
|2008
| Les Miserables|-
|2009
| Hairspray|-
|2010
| La cenicienta|-
|2010
| El graduado|}

 Discografía
 Álbumes solista
 Sharlene (2016)
 Viaje (2020)

 Sencillos
 «Mal de Amor» (2014) con Servando & Florentino
 «Aquí Nadie Toca» (2014) con Mozart La Para
 «Toy Enamorao» (2016) con Nacho & Mozart La Para
 «Encanto» (2017) con Don Omar
«Me siento Bien» (2018) con Fuego
«Yo Pago Lo Mio»(2018) ver video
«El Vecino» (2018) con Lalo Ebratt
«San pedro» (2019) con Zion y Lennox
«Quien dijo miedo»(2019) con a Mike Bahia
«Aerofobia» (2019)

 Colaboraciones
 «La Fila» (2016) con Don Omar y Maluma
 «Lento» (2018) con Gemeliers & Joey Montana
«La cadera» (2019) con La melodia perfecta y Mozart La Para

 Bandas sonoras
 Grachi (2012)
 Pasión prohibida (2013)
 Strings (2015)
 Star'' (2017)

Giras
 Grachi: El show en vivo (2012)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 sharleneTaulé.com – Sitio web oficial.

 Sharlene Taulé en Twitter
 Sharlene Taulé en Facebook

Nacidos en Santo Domingo
Actrices de la República Dominicana
Actores de cine de República Dominicana
Actores de televisión de la República Dominicana
Reparto de Grachi
Cantantes de la República Dominicana
Ganadores del premio Soberano

Sharlene


RS-274 eller EIA-274 har flere specialiseringer:
 EIA-274-D, tidligere RS-274-D - G-code
 RS-274X - Gerber-fil

RS-274


Dalip Singh Rana (27. kolovoza 1972.) je indijski profesionalni hrvač koji je potpisao za WWE.The Great Khali debitirao je 7. travnja 2006. upadom na meč The Undertaker-a.Svoj službeni prvi meč u WWE-u upisao je opet protiv The Undertaker-a.Zadnji meč upisao je u The Greatest Royal Rumble-u kada su ga eliminirali Braun Strowman i Bobby Lashley.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kečeri
Indijski športaši

The Great Khali


مجلة الأوان هي مجلة إلكترونية تهنم بالفكر النقدي.
تعتبر مجلة الأوان المنبر الرئيسي للرابطة التي أطلقت على نفسها اسم «رابطة العقلانيين العرب» التي تمّ الإعلان عن تأسيسها في باريس يوم 24 نوفمبر 2007.

كتب في هذا المجلة منذ تأسيسها عشرات المفكرين المتخصصين في عدة مجالات أبرزها ما يسمى بالـ «الثفاقة العلمانية» التي تعمل على نشر الفكر العلمانيّ في المنطقة العربية.

الأهداف
تعلن المجلة أن أهدافها الأساسية تتمثل في:
 خلق هامش للتّفكير الحرّ المستقلّ والمعرفة النّقديّة.
 ربط الصلة بين الطاقات الفكرية والأدبية والفنية في العالم العربي بتوفير فضاء التقاء وتبادل وحوار.
 العمل على نشر وتطوير المعرفة حول مبادئ حقوق الإنسان، وحول القيم السّياسيّة والأخلاقيّة الحديثة.
 الانتقال من المنهج الدّفاعيّ السّلبيّ عن الحرّيّة إلى منهج إيجابيّ، يهتمّ بتجارب الحرّيّة في مجالات مختلفة.

هيئة التحرير

الهيئة الرئسية

 الدكتورة رجاء بن سلامة (رئيسة الموقع)
 عادل الحاج سالم (سكرتير الموقع)
 وائل السواح
 بشير الهمامي
 سمير بو عزيز

الهيئة الاستشارية
 صادق جلال العظم
 جورج طرابيشي
 عزيز العظمة
 محمد عبد المطلب الهوني
 رجاء بن سلامة
 سعيد ناشيد

الإشراف التقني
 وسيم حسن
 نور كريديس

انظر أيضا
 الحوار المتمدن

مراجع

 الموقع الرسمي

وصلات خارجية
 نبذة عن مجلة الأوان
 بيان رابطة العقلانيّين العرب
 كتاب وكاتبات الأوان

صحف باللغة العربية
صحف ليبرالية
مواقع علمانية
مواقع ليبرالية
مواقع ويب في الوطن العربي

الأوان (مجلة)


Les Folies fermières est une comédie dramatique française réalisée par Jean-Pierre Améris et sortie en 2022.

Synopsis
Un éleveur, sur le point de perdre sa ferme, ouvre un cabaret pour la sauver...

Fiche technique
 Titre original : Les Folies fermières
 Réalisation : Jean-Pierre Améris
 Scénario : Jean-Pierre Améris, Murielle Magellan, Jean-Luc Gaget et Marion Michau
 Musique : Quentin Sirjacq
 Décors : Pascaline Pitiot
 Costumes :
 Photographie : Virginie Saint-Martin
 Montage : Anne Souriau
 Production : Sophie Révil
 Production exécutive : Frédéric Grunenwald
 Sociétés de production : France 3, Escazal Films, TF1, Apollo Films et Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Cinéma
 Société de distribution : TF1 et Apollo Films
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : français
 Format : couleur — 2,35:1
 Genre : comédie dramatique
 Durée : 109 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 France :

Distribution
 Alban Ivanov : David
 Sabrina Ouazani : Bonnie
 Michèle Bernier : Mireille, la mère de David
 Bérengère Krief : Laëtitia, ex-femme de David
 Moussa Maaskri : Houari
 Guy Marchand : Léo, le grand-père de David
 Philippe Benhamou : Dominique
 Lise Laffont : Line
 Ariana Rivoire : Gabrielle
 Elsa Godard : Laure
 Alain Rimoux : Gabor
 Ludovic Berthillot : Fred
 Éric Verdin : Le juge
 Patrik Cottet-Moine : le fermier imitateur
 Jean-Baptiste Heuet : Rémi
 Eddie Chignara : Tonio
 Stéphane Arnow : Le magicien
 Deborah Durand : Wendy
 Gabrielle Chabot : La jeune femme
 Marie Blanche Costa : Annette
 David Dubost : Le pompier

Inspirations
Le film s'inspire de l'histoire d'un couple d'agriculteurs qui a sauvé le dernier élevage de leurs parents en ouvrant une boucherie et en créant le premier cabaret de France à la ferme à Garrigues dans le Tarn.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film français sorti en 2022
Comédie dramatique française
Film réalisé par Jean-Pierre Améris
Film sur l'agriculture
Film tourné dans le Cantal

Les Folies fermières


Tour de France 2019 var den 106. udgave af cykelløbet Tour de France. Løbet begyndte lørdag den 6. juli i Bruxelles, Belgien.

Løbet blev vundet samlet af Egan Bernal - den første colombianer til at vinde løbet, og den yngste vinder siden 1909.

Startlisten til Tour de France 2019 talte 176 ryttere. Frankrig var nationen med flest ryttere.

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
 Jakob Fuglsang kørte for
 Magnus Cort kørte for
 Michael Mørkøv kørte for
 Kasper Asgreen kørte for
 Michael Valgren kørte for
 Lars Bak kørte for
 Christopher Juul-Jensen kørte for
 Søren Kragh Andersen kørte for
 Mads Würtz Schmidt kørte for

Etaperne

Trøjernes fordeling gennem løbet

Resultater

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Ungdomskonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Startliste

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Officielle hjemmeside
Alt om Tour de France 2019 (Dansk)

UCI World Tour 2019

Tour de France 2019


أركش أو أَرْكُش الْفَرَنْتِيرَة ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قادس, التي تقع في منطقة الأندلس جنوب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 28.369 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

توأمة
لأركوس ديلا فرونتيرا اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 أنتيكولي كورادو

مراجع

المواقع الرومانية في إسبانيا
أماكن مأهولة في قادس
بلديات قادس

أركش الفرنتيرة


Darulete (Durulete) ist ein osttimoresischer Suco im Verwaltungsamt Liquiçá (Gemeinde Liquiçá).

Geographie

Darulete liegt im Osten des Verwaltungsamts Liquiçá. Nordöstlich liegt der Suco Luculai, westlich der Suco Dato und südlich der Suco Açumanu. Im Osten grenzt Darulete an das Verwaltungsamt Bazartete mit seinem Suco Leorema. Einem Teil der Grenze zu Açumanu und Leorema bildet der Fluss Caicabaisala, der zum System des Lóis gehört. An der Nordspitze von Darulete fließt der Caray in den Gaulara. Sie sind Quellflüsse des Gularkoo. Darulete hat eine Fläche von 6,98 km² und teilt sich in die vier Aldeias Caileli (Caelili), Carulema (Carolema), Lebu-Ae (Leboai, Lebo-ae, Lebui) und Manupatia.

Im Nordwesten von Darulete liegen die Dörfer Carulema und Nunturi, im Zentrum Caileli und Lebu-Ae und im Süden Manupatia und Fahate. In Lebu-Ae befinden sich der Sitz des Sucos, ein Hospital, eine Polizeistation und eine Grundschule, die Escola Primaria Darulete.

Der im Nordosten gelegene Berg Fatumasin (, ) ist Namensgeber für ein Naturreservat, das mit mindestens 15 geschützten Vogelarten auch zu einer Important Bird Area erklärt wurde. Das Reservat ist 13.618 Hektar groß und reicht bis in die Gemeinde Ermera. Die Region ist dicht bewaldet, die Böden sind kalkarm. Neben jenen am Monte Mundo Perdido und am Tatamailau ist das Reservat eines der drei wichtigsten Orchideenschutzgebiete des Landes.

Einwohner
Im Suco leben 2.009 Einwohner (2022), davon sind 976 Männer und 1.033 Frauen. Im Suco gibt es 350 Haushalte. Über 65 % der Einwohner geben Tokodede als ihre Muttersprache an. Fast 21 % sprechen Mambai und über 13 % Tetum Prasa.

Geschichte

Im April 1999 wurden die Einwohner von Darulete und anderer Sucos nach Vila de Liquiçá zwangsdeportiert. Hier zwang man sie mit Einschüchterungen und Misshandlungen die Autonomielösung im Unabhängigkeitsreferendum zu unterstützen, die einen Verbleib Osttimors bei Indonesien vorsah. Männer wurden, wenn sie nicht flohen, für die Milizen zwangsrekrutiert. Außerdem mussten die Menschen die Flagge Indonesiens setzen und Wachposten einrichten. Mädchen und junge Frauen mussten auf Feiern der Milizen tanzen.

Am 9. Juli 2009 beendeten die vier Aldeias im Suco Darulete ihre Feindschaft untereinander, die seit den Unruhen von 2006 bestand, durch eine offizielle Friedenszeremonie.

Politik
Bei den Wahlen von 2004/2005 wurde Napoleão dos Santos zum Chefe de Suco gewählt und 2009 in seinem Amt bestätigt. Bei den Wahlen 2016 gewann Tarciso Martins.

Persönlichkeiten
 Calisto dos Santos (* 1959), Offizier
 Lídia Norberta dos Santos Martins (* 1980), Politikerin

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2010 für den Suco Darulete (tetum; PDF; 8,2 MB)
 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2015 für den Suco Darulete (tetum; PDF)
 Seeds of Life: Suco information sheets Liquiçá (tetum)
 Seeds of Life: Agriculture Calendar (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Suco in Liquiçá (Gemeinde)
Liquiçá (Verwaltungsamt)

Darulete


Campanula troegerae er tegund af klukkuætt (Campanulaceae), ættuð frá Tyrklandi.

Tilvísanir

Bláklukkur

Campanula troegerae


Comiskey Park was a baseball park in Chicago, Illinois, located in the
Armour Square neighborhood on the near-southwest side of the city. The stadium served as the home of the Chicago White Sox of the American League from 1910 through 1990. Built by White Sox owner Charles Comiskey and designed by Zachary Taylor Davis, Comiskey Park hosted four World Series and more than 6,000 Major League Baseball games. Also, in one of the most famous boxing matches in history, the field was the site of the 1937 heavyweight title match in which Joe Louis defeated then champion James J. Braddock in eight rounds that launched Louis' unprecedented 11-plus year run as the heavyweight champion of the world.

The Chicago Cardinals of the National Football League also called Comiskey Park home when they were not playing at Normal Park, Soldier Field or Wrigley Field. They won the 1947 NFL Championship Game over the Philadelphia Eagles at Comiskey Park. Much less popular than the Bears, the Cardinals had their last season at Comiskey in 1958, and they left for St. Louis in March 1960. The Chicago American Giants of the Negro American League called Comiskey Park home from 1941 to 1950. The park was also home to Chicago Mustangs and Chicago Sting of the NASL, playing host to the final edition of the original Soccer Bowl.

Adjacent to the south (across 35th Street), a new ballpark opened in 1991, and Comiskey Park was demolished the same year. Originally also called Comiskey Park, it was renamed U.S. Cellular Field in 2003 and Guaranteed Rate Field in 2016.

Early years

The park was built on a former city dump that Comiskey bought in 1909 to replace the wooden South Side Park. Originally White Sox Park, within three years it was renamed for White Sox founder and owner Charles Comiskey. The original name was restored in 1962, then it changed back to Comiskey Park in 1976.

Comiskey Park was very modern for its time. It was the third concrete-and-steel stadium in the major leagues to be built since 1909. As originally built, it seated almost 32,000, a record at the time. Briefly, it retained the nickname "The Baseball Palace of the World".

The park's design was strongly influenced by Sox pitcher Ed Walsh, and was known for its pitcher-friendly proportions ( to the foul poles;  to center field). Later changes were made, but the park remained more or less favorable to defensive teams. For many years this reflected on the White Sox style of play: solid defense, and short, quick hits. The park was unusual in that no player hit 100 home runs there: Carlton Fisk set the record with 94.

The first game in Comiskey Park was a 2–0 loss to the St. Louis Browns on July 1, 1910. The first no-hitter at Comiskey Park was in 1911, hurled by Ed Walsh on August 27, a 5–0 win over Boston. The Sox won their first home night game, over St. Louis on August 14, 1939, 5–2.

Special baseball events

World Series
Comiskey Park was the site of four World Series contests. In 1917, the Chicago White Sox won Games 1, 2 and 5 at Comiskey Park and went on to defeat the New York Giants four games to two. In 1918, Comiskey Park hosted the World Series between the Chicago Cubs and Boston Red Sox. The Cubs borrowed Comiskey Park for the series because of its larger seating capacity. The Red Sox defeated the Cubs four games to two. Games 1–3 were played at Comiskey Park. The Red Sox won games one and three. Attendance was under capacity in that war year. The best crowd was Game 3, with some 27,000 patrons.

In 1919, the White Sox lost the infamous "Black Sox" World Series to the Cincinnati Reds, five games to three in a nine-game series. Games three, four, five and eight were played at Comiskey Park. The White Sox won game three and lost games four, five and eight.

In 1959, the White Sox lost four games to two to the Los Angeles Dodgers. Games one, two and six were played at Comiskey Park. The White Sox won game one and lost games two and six. With their win in Game 6 at Comiskey Park, the Los Angeles Dodgers became the first West Coast team to win a World Series.

Comiskey saw its last post-season action in 1983, when the White Sox lost the American League Championship Series to the Baltimore Orioles 3–1, with Games 3 and 4 in Chicago. Baltimore went on to win the World Series.

All-Star Games

Comiskey Park was the site of three Major League Baseball All-Star Games, and each marked a turn in the direction of dominance by one league or the other:
The first All-Star Game was held in 1933. It began as a promotion by Arch Ward, sports editor of the Chicago Tribune, in connection with the 1933 Century of Progress Exposition being held on Chicago's lakefront. The Americans defeated the Nationals, helped in part by a home run by Babe Ruth, who was nearing the end of his career, but could still swing a mighty bat. The game also inaugurated a stretch when the Americans dominated, winning 12 of the first 16 (skipping 1945 because of wartime travel restrictions).
The park next hosted the July classic in 1950, a game best remembered for Ted Williams' collision with the outfield wall that broke his elbow and ended his playing season. Less remembered is that it began a turnaround for the Nationals, who won the game in extra innings and started to win frequently, a trend that continued for more than three decades, building up an astounding 30 wins against only 6 losses and 1 tie (from 1959 to 1962 two games were held each year).
The 50th Anniversary All-Star Game in 1983 was held at Comiskey Park in commemoration of the first All-Star Game at that same venue. The American League's lopsided win, including the first-ever grand slam in an All-Star Game, by Fred Lynn, turned out to signal an end to the National League's dominance in the mid-summer classic. During the last eight years of the park's existence the Americans went 5–3. Hosting a winning All-Star Game was also a good omen for the Sox, as they won their division in 1983, the first baseball title of any kind in Chicago since the Sox won the 1959 pennant.
Comiskey Park was the most frequent home to the Negro leagues East-West All-Star Game from 1933 to 1960. The Negro leagues' all-star game achieved higher attendance in some years than its Major League Baseball counterpart, thanks in part to Comiskey's high attendance capacity.

Fans
From 1971 until its demolition in 1991, Comiskey was the oldest park still in use in Major League Baseball (it had already been the oldest in the American League since 1955). Many of its known characteristics, such as the pinwheels on the "exploding" scoreboard, were installed by Bill Veeck (owner of the White Sox from 1959 to 1961, and again from 1976 to 1981). Another Veeck innovation was the "picnic area", created by replacing portions of the left field walls (the side of the field not facing the setting sun) with screens and setting up picnic tables under the seating areas. This concept was later extended to right field. During Veeck's second ownership, he installed a shower behind the speaker horns in the center field bleachers, for fans to cool off on hot summer days.

From 1960 to 1990, Sox fans were also entertained by Andy the Clown, famous for his famous Jerry Colonna-like elongated cry, "Come ooooooooooon, go! White! Sox!"

Starting in the 1970s, Sox fans were further entertained by organist Nancy Faust who picked up on spontaneous chants of fans who were singing tunes like, "We will, we will, SOX YOU!" and popularized the now-ubiquitous farewell to departing pitchers and ejected managers, "Na-na-na-na, na-na-na-na, hey-hey, GOOD-BYE!"

Before he became an institution on the north side with the Cubs, Sox broadcaster Harry Caray was a south side icon. At some point he started "conducting" Take Me Out to the Ball Game during the seventh-inning stretch, egged on by Veeck, who (according to Harry himself) said that the fans would sing along when they realized that none of them sang any worse than Harry did; Caray would take this tradition with him to the Cubs at Wrigley Field, which has continued even with Caray's death in 1998. Harry would sometimes broadcast from the center field bleachers, where he could hobnob with fans and get a suntan (or a burn).

The largest crowd at Old Comiskey Park was in 1973 with a crowd of 55,555 (which was 11,063 over capacity) on May 20 for a doubleheader against the Minnesota Twins, which also had the promotion of "Bat Day". By contrast, just over two years earlier, the smallest attendance at the park was recorded, with 511 spectators attending a game against the Boston Red Sox on Thursday, May 6, 1971.

Disco Demolition Night

A major and oft-mentioned promotional event held at Old Comiskey was "Disco Demolition Night" in 1979, organized by longtime Chicago radio personality Steve Dahl and White Sox promotions manager Mike Veeck (Bill's son) on Thursday, July 12. Between games of a make-up doubleheader between the White Sox and the Detroit Tigers, Dahl and his crew destroyed a pile of disco records that fans had brought in exchange for a ticket with a discounted price of 98¢ in honor of Dahl's station at that time, WLUP-FM, the frequency of which was 97.9 MHz (98 FM). More than 50,000 fans were in attendance, along with another 20,000 who crashed the gates even though the game was sold out. The demolition tore a huge hole in center field and several thousand fans, many of them intoxicated, stormed the field, stole equipment, and destroyed the infield. The nightcap was postponed, but league officials ruled it a forfeit the next day, the fourth in American League history, all in the 1970s. Later, some blamed Dahl; some blamed Veeck. Howard Cosell even blamed then-White Sox announcer Harry Caray, saying Caray contributed to a "carnival" atmosphere. In reality, a handful of rowdies had taken advantage of a situation for which stadium security was woefully unprepared. "I never thought that I, a stupid disc jockey, could draw 70,000 people to a disco demolition," Dahl said in a Tribune interview. "Unfortunately, some of our followers got a little carried away." That was the last anti-disco rally for WLUP. But it brought Dahl national attention and established him as a radio superstar in Chicago.

Transitions
When Bill Veeck re-acquired the team, he took out the center field fence, reverting to the original distance to the wall (posted as 440 in the 1940s, re-measured as 445 in the 1970s) ... a tough target, but reachable by sluggers like Oscar Gamble and Richie Zisk and other members of a team that was tagged "The South Side Hit Men". They were long removed from their days as "The Hitless Wonders". During that time the ballpark also featured a lounge where one could buy mixed drinks. This prompted some writers to dub Comiskey "Chicago's Largest Outdoor Saloon".

Final years

In 1969, AstroTurf was installed in the infield and the adjacent foul territory, with the outfield and adjoining foul territory remaining as natural grass. It was the first outdoor field in the major leagues to install artificial turf. After seven seasons, the artificial turf was removed prior to the 1976 season.

During its last eight years, Comiskey's annual attendance surpassed the two million mark three times, including the final season when the Sox contended for much of the year before losing the western division title to the Oakland Athletics.

White Sox owner Jerry Reinsdorf received more than $200 million in public financing for the new stadium after threatening to move the club to St. Petersburg, Florida (a similar threat was later used by the San Francisco Giants until they broke ground on what would be their current ballpark in late 1997). An interesting phenomenon occurred in the Illinois state legislature, in that the Speaker (Michael Madigan) stopped the clock on the evening of June 30, 1988 so that the legislature could report that the money had been granted on June 30, and not July 1. The stadium now called Tropicana Field was constructed by officials in St. Petersburg in an effort to lure a Major League Baseball club to Florida (which arrived in 1998 in the form of the expansion Devil Rays), but Miami beat the Tampa Bay area to the punch when it launched the expansion Florida Marlins in 1993. The deal was sealed in a last-minute legislative maneuver by then-governor James R. Thompson.

On September 30, 1990, with 42,849 in paid attendance, the Chicago White Sox played the last game at Comiskey Park, defeating the Seattle Mariners 2–1 . Mayor Richard M. Daley (a lifelong White Sox fan) threw out the opening pitch, legendary Sox player Minnie Miñoso delivered the lineup card to the umpires, and well-known ball-park organist Nancy Faust played for the crowd during the final game. Also, former White Sox Vice President Charles Comiskey, grandson of the man for whom the park was named, was on hand. The final play occurred when White Sox closer Bobby Thigpen forced Mariners' second baseman Harold Reynolds to hit a grounder to second baseman Scott Fletcher, who in return threw it to first baseman Steve Lyons for the force-out. The crowd then joined the organist by singing a final rendition of their unofficial victory song "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye".

Comiskey Park was demolished in 1991; starting from behind the right field corner, the process took all summer to complete. The last portion to come down was the center field bleachers and the "exploding" scoreboard. The site of the old park was turned into a parking lot to serve those attending games at the new Comiskey Park (later renamed U.S. Cellular Field, now Guaranteed Rate Field).

At the time Comiskey was demolished, Chicago's two baseball stadiums were a combined 157 years old.

Bill Veeck once remarked that "There is no more beautiful sight in the world than a ballpark full of people!" On its best days, Comiskey was stuffed to the gills, with 55,000 people or more lining the aisles and even standing for 9 (or 18) innings on the sloping ramps that criss-crossed behind the scoreboard. The nearly-fully enclosed stands had a way of capturing and reverberating the noise without any artificial enhancement. Chicago sportswriter Alan Solomon remarked in 1988 that growing up in Chicago, "Wrigley Field yayed and Comiskey Park roared.

'Old' Comiskey's home plate is a marble plaque on the sidewalk next to Guaranteed Rate Field, and the field is a parking lot. Foul lines are painted on the lot. Also, the spectator ramp across 35th Street is designed in such a way (partly curved, partly straight but angling east-northeast) that it echoes the outline of part of the old grandstand.

Shortly before the park's demolition, the ballpark was featured in the movie Only the Lonely. John Candy's character (on a first date) arranged to have a private picnic on the stadium grass under the lights with his date (Ally Sheedy). Candy made a reference of the stadium's impending demolition during the date.

When the Sox won the 2005 World Series, their victory parade began at U.S. Cellular Field, and then circled the block where old Comiskey had stood, before heading on a route through various south side neighborhoods and toward downtown Chicago.

Nicholson home run
On May 6, 1964, White Sox outfielder Dave Nicholson hit a home run that either bounced atop the left-field roof or entirely cleared it. The home run was officially measured at 573 feet, and is one of baseball's all-time longest.

No-hitters at Comiskey
Ed Walsh, Chicago White Sox. August 27, 1911. White Sox 5 – 0 Red Sox
Vern Kennedy, Chicago White Sox. August 31, 1935. White Sox 5 – 0 Indians
Bill Dietrich Chicago White Sox. June 1, 1937. White Sox 8 – 0 St. Louis Browns
Bob Feller, Cleveland Indians. April 16, 1940. Indians 1- 0 White Sox
Bob Keegan, Chicago White Sox. August 20, 1957. White Sox 6 – 0 Washington Senators
Bill Monbouquette, Boston Red Sox. August 1, 1962. Red Sox 4 – 0 White Sox
Joe Horlen, Chicago White Sox. September 10, 1967. White Sox 6 – 0 Tigers
Jack Morris, Detroit Tigers. April 7, 1984. Tigers 4 – 0 White Sox

Notable concerts

Other events

Boxing
On June 22, 1937, Comiskey Park was host to the James Braddock vs. Joe Louis heavyweight world title fight.
On Sept 25, 1962, Sonny Liston fought then world heavyweight champ Floyd Patterson.

Soccer
October 1, 1984 8,352 attended the first game of Soccer Bowl '84.
Comiskey Park was the host of the 1990 Marlboro Cup. Among the players participating were Enrique Díaz, Arnoldo Iguarán, Carlos Estrada, Daniel Pighín, Eric Wynalda, Juan Cayasso, Leszek Pisz, Luis Fajardo, Piotr Nowak, Roberto Siboldi, and Roman Kosecki.

References

External links

Last Comiskey documentary, covering the 1990 season
BaseballLibrary.com
Ballparks.com

American football venues in Chicago
Baseball venues in Chicago
Boxing venues in Chicago
Sports venues in Chicago
Armour Square, Chicago
Demolished buildings and structures in Chicago
Demolished sports venues in Illinois
Defunct sports venues in Illinois
Defunct Major League Baseball venues
Defunct National Football League venues
Chicago White Sox stadiums
Chicago Cardinals stadiums
c
Negro league baseball venues
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) stadiums
Defunct soccer venues in the United States
American Football League (1926) venues
Card-Pitt
Sports venues completed in 1910
1910 establishments in Illinois
1990 disestablishments in Illinois
Sports venues demolished in 1991
Jewel Box parks

Comiskey Park


Privilégio cristão é uma vantagem social que é concedida aos cristãos em qualquer sociedade historicamente cristã. Isso surge da presunção de que a crença cristã é uma norma social, o que leva à marginalização dos não religiosos e membros de outras religiões por meio de discriminação religiosa institucional ou perseguição religiosa. O privilégio cristão também pode levar à negligência do patrimônio cultural e das práticas religiosas de pessoas de outros lugares.

Visão geral
O privilégio cristão é um tipo de privilégio de grupo dominante onde as atitudes e crenças inconscientes ou conscientes dos cristãos são vantajosas para os cristãos em relação aos não cristãos. Exemplos incluem opiniões de que crenças não cristãs são inferiores ou perigosas, ou que aqueles que aderem a crenças não cristãs são amorais, imorais ou pecaminosos. Tais preconceitos permeiam as instituições sociais, são reforçados pela sociedade em geral e têm evoluído como parte de sua história.

Lewis Z. Schlosser observa que a exposição dos privilégios cristãos quebra um "tabu sagrado", e que "existem pressões sutis e óbvias para assegurar que esses privilégios continuem a ser do domínio exclusivo dos cristãos. Esse processo é comparável ao modo como brancos e homens, segundo muitos, continuam (consciente e inconscientemente) a garantir o privilégio de seus grupos raciais e de gênero".

Nos Estados Unidos, as principais denominações protestantes brancas têm maiores graus de privilégio do que as denominações cristãs minoritárias. Tais grupos incluem igrejas afro-americanas, cristãos hispânicos e latinos, amish, menonitas, quacres, adventistas do sétimo dia, testemunhas de Jeová, adeptos da Igreja Ortodoxa Oriental, cientistas cristãos, mórmons e, em alguns casos, católicos.

Quando grupos dominantes dentro das sociedades colocam normas e perspectivas culturais cristãs em indivíduos com diferentes pontos de vista, essas pessoas são às vezes consideradas, em termos de justiça social, oprimidas. Essas normas podem ser impostas "a instituições por indivíduos e a indivíduos por instituições". Essas normas sociais e culturais definem questões relacionadas ao bem e ao mal, à saúde e à doença, à normalidade e ao desvio e à ética normativa de uma pessoa.

Hegemonia cristã
O conceito de hegemonia descreve as formas pelas quais um grupo dominante, neste caso principalmente cristãos, dissemina suas construções sociais dominantes como senso comum, normativas, ou mesmo universais, ainda que a maioria dos habitantes do mundo não seja cristã. A hegemonia cristã também aceita o cristianismo como parte da ordem natural, mesmo às vezes por aqueles que são marginalizados, destituídos de poder ou tornados invisíveis por ele. Assim, a hegemonia cristã ajuda a manter a marginalidade de outras religiões e crenças. De acordo com Beaman, "a oposição binária da mesmice/diferença se reflete na religião protestante/minoritária na qual o protestantismo dominante é representativo do 'normal'"

O filósofo francês, Michel Foucault, descreveu como a hegemonia de um grupo dominante avança por meio de "discursos". Os discursos incluem as ideias, expressões escritas, fundamentos teóricos e linguagem da cultura dominante. Segundo Foucault, os discursos dos grupos dominantes permeiam as redes de controle social e político, que ele chamou de "regimes de verdade", e que funcionam para legitimar o que pode ser dito, quem tem autoridade para falar e ser ouvido, e o que é autorizado como verdadeiro ou como verdade.

Disseminação
O privilégio cristão no nível individual ocorre no proselitismo de converter ou reconverter não cristãos ao cristianismo. Enquanto muitos cristãos veem o proselitismo como uma oferta do presente de Jesus aos não cristãos, alguns não crentes e pessoas de outras religiões podem ver isso como uma imposição, manipulação ou opressão.

Instituições sociais — incluindo, mas não se limitando a órgãos educacionais, governamentais e religiosos — muitas vezes mantêm e perpetuam políticas que explicitamente ou implicitamente privilegiam e tornam invisíveis outros grupos com base na identidade social e status social.

As formas evidentes de opressão, quando um grupo dominante tiraniza um grupo subordinado, por exemplo apartheid, escravidão e limpeza étnica, são óbvias. No entanto, o privilégio do grupo dominante não é tão óbvio, especialmente para membros de grupos dominantes. A opressão em seu sentido mais amplo refere-se a restrições estruturais ou sistêmicas impostas a grupos, mesmo dentro de democracias constitucionais, e suas "causas estão embutidas em normas, hábitos e símbolos inquestionáveis, nas suposições subjacentes às regras institucionais e nas consequências coletivas de seguir essas regras".

A dominação cristã é facilitada por sua relativa invisibilidade e, por causa dessa invisibilidade, não é analisada, examinada ou confrontada. A dominância é percebida como "normal". Por exemplo, alguns simbolismos e rituais associados a feriados religiosos podem parecer livres de religião. No entanto, essa mesma secularização pode fortalecer o privilégio cristão e perpetuar a hegemonia cristã, tornando mais difícil reconhecer e, assim, contornar os requisitos constitucionais para a separação entre religião e governo.

Privilégio cristão e opressão religiosa existem em uma relação simbiótica. A opressão aos não cristãos dá origem ao privilégio cristão, e o privilégio cristão mantém a opressão aos indivíduos e comunidades de fé não cristãos.

Críticas
De acordo com Schlosser, muitos cristãos rejeitam a noção de que eles têm algum privilégio alegando que todas as religiões são essencialmente as mesmas. Assim, eles não têm mais nem menos benefícios concedidos a eles do que os membros de outras comunidades de fé. O autor estadunidense Joshi Blumenfeld observa objeções que alguns de seus estudantes universitários levantam quando discutem o privilégio cristão como estando relacionado com a celebração de feriados cristãos. Os alunos, observa ele, afirmam que muitas das celebrações e decorações nada têm a ver com religião em si, e não representam o cristianismo, mas sim fazem parte da cultura americana — no entanto, isso pode ser considerado mais um exemplo de privilégio.

No Estados Unidos, estudiosos e juristas debatem o escopo exato da liberdade religiosa protegida pela Primeira Emenda. Não está claro se a emenda exige que as minorias religiosas sejam isentas de leis neutras e se a cláusula do livre exercício exige que o Congresso isente os pacifistas religiosos do alistamento nas forças armadas. No mínimo, proíbe o Congresso de, nas palavras de James Madison, obrigar "os homens a adorar a Deus de qualquer maneira contrária à sua consciência".

Ver também

 Privilégio masculino
 Privilégio branco
 Racismo institucional
 Heteronormatividade
 Antissemitismo
 Islamofobia
 Teto de vidro (conceito)
 Teoria crítica
 Discriminação reversa

Ligações externas
 Christian Privilege and the Promotion of "Secular" and Not-So "Secular" Mainline Christianity in Public Schooling and in the Larger Society, archived from
 Understanding Christian Privilege: Managing the Tensions of Spiritual Plurality, archived from

Discriminação religiosa
Teoria crítica
Cristianismo e sociedade

Privilégio cristão


The 1980 Canadian federal election was held on February 18, 1980, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 32nd Parliament of Canada. It was called when the minority Progressive Conservative government led by Prime Minister Joe Clark was defeated in the Commons.

Clark and his government had been under attack for its perceived inexperience, for example in its handling of its 1979 election campaign commitment to move Canada's embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.  Clark had maintained uneasy relations with the fourth largest party in the House of Commons, Social Credit. While he needed the six votes that the conservative-populist Quebec-based party had to get legislation passed, he was unwilling to agree to the conditions they imposed for their support. Clark had managed to recruit one Social Credit MP, Richard Janelle, to join the PC caucus.

Clark's Minister of Finance, John Crosbie, introduced an austere government budget in late 1979 that proposed to increase the excise tax on gasoline by 18¢ per Imperial gallon (about 4¢ a litre) to reduce the federal government's deficit. The New Democratic Party's finance critic, Bob Rae, proposed a subamendment to the budget motion, stating that the House of Commons did not approve of the budget. The five remaining Social Credit MPs abstained, upset that the revenues from the increased gas tax were not allocated to Quebec. In addition, one Tory MP (Alvin Hamilton) was too ill to attend the vote while two others (Flora MacDonald and Lloyd Crouse) were abroad. Meanwhile, the Liberals assembled all but one member of their caucus (Serge Joyal), even going as far as to take two MPs out of the hospital (Maurice Dionne and Claude Lajoie) for the vote. Rae's subamendment was adopted by a vote of 139–133, bringing down the government and forcing a new election.

Former Liberal Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau had announced his resignation as leader of the Liberal Party following its defeat in 1979. However, no leadership convention had been held when the Progressive Conservative government fell. Trudeau quickly rescinded his resignation and led the party to victory, winning 33 more seats than in the 1979 federal election. That enabled the Liberals to form a majority government.

Clark's Tories campaigned under the slogan, "Real change deserves a fair chance," but the voters were unwilling to give Clark another chance. The loss of the budget vote just seven months into his mandate and his subsequent defeat in the February 18 general election would eventually result in his ouster as leader by Brian Mulroney in 1983.

The Socreds' abstention on the crucial budget vote, even if not decisive (the vote would still have passed by 139-138 had they opposed it), contributed to the growing perception that the party had become irrelevant since the death of iconic leader Réal Caouette. The party lost more than three-fifths of its vote share, and while four of its incumbents still managed to each post respectable second-place finishes, none were re-elected, all losing to Liberal candidates. Having lost its presence in Parliament, Social Credit rapidly declined into obscurity and would never be a serious contender to win seats again, although the party nominally continued to exist until 1993.

The new House was very regionally polarized. While the Liberals were shut out west of Manitoba, they were able to win by piling up massive majorities in the two most populous provinces. The Tories won only one seat out of 75 in Quebec while winning 43 percent of the seats in the 4 atlantic provinces.

The voter turnout was 69.3%.

National results

Notes:

"% change" refers to change from previous election.

Changes to party standings from previous election: Social Credit MP Richard Janelle crossed the floor to join the PC Party. PC MP John Diefenbaker died during the parliamentary session. A New Democrat was elected in the subsequent by-election.

Vote and seat summaries

Results by province and territory

xx - less than 0.05% of the popular vote.

Notes

 Number of parties: 9
 First appearance: none
 Final appearance: Union populaire
 Final appearance before hiatus: Marxist–Leninist Party of Canada (returned in 1993)

See also

List of Canadian federal general elections
List of political parties in Canada
33rd Canadian Parliament
Articles on parties' candidates in this election:
 Independent
 Liberal
 Libertarian
 New Democrats
 Progressive Conservative
 Rhinoceros

References

Further reading

External links
Riding map
The Elections of 1979 and 1980, by Robert Bothwell

Federal election
Federal election

1980 Canadian federal election