Eteobalea intermediella ist ein Schmetterling (Nachtfalter) aus der Familie der Prachtfalter (Cosmopterigidae).

Merkmale
Die Falter erreichen eine Flügelspannweite von 11 bis 17 Millimeter. Die Vorderflügel werden in Richtung Apex etwas schmaler. Die Zeichnung ähnelt Eteobalea serratella, es fehlt aber der fahl goldene Fleck unterhalb des dritten weißen Costalflecks.

Die Männchen haben ein langes Tegumen, das sich hinten leicht verjüngt und eine rundliche Ausbuchtung besitzt. Das rechte Brachium ist leicht gekrümmt und ungefähr dreimal so lang wie das linke. Die Spitze ist rundlich verbreitert und stark sklerotisiert. Das linke Brachium hat einen quadratischen Apex. Die Valven sind konkav und haben einen gerundeten Cucullus. Die rechte Valve ist parallelwandig und verjüngt sich allmählich zu einer stumpfen Spitze. Der Aedeagus ist ziemlich schlank und gekrümmt, der röhrenförmige Teil verjüngt sich stark zu einer scharfen Spitze. Die Genitalarmatur der Männchen unterscheidet sich von Eteobalea beata und Eteobalea sumptuosella durch die rundlich verbreiterte und sklerotisierte Spitze des rechten Brachiums und den schlanken Aedeagus mit einem breiten röhrenförmigen Abschnitt und dem großen, spitz zulaufenden Anellus-Arm.

Bei den Weibchen ist das 8. Segment etwa so lang wie breit. Das Ostium ist halbkreisförmig oder oval. Das Sterigma verengt sich distal. Der Ductus bursae ist etwas kürzer als das Corpus bursae lang ist. Das Corpus bursae ist länglich und vorn am breitesten. Er verjüngt sich nach hinten leicht und hat zwei unterschiedlich große, sichelförmige Signa.

Ähnliche Arten
Eteobalea intermediella ähnelt Eteobalea beata und Eteobalea sumptuosella sehr stark, unterscheidet sich von diesen Arten aber durch den dritten Costalfleck. Dieser ist kleiner, mehr quadratisch, innen konkav und außen konvex. Eine sichere Artbestimmung ist nur durch eine Genitaluntersuchung möglich.

Verbreitung
Eteobalea intermediella ist in Mittel- und Südeuropa, im Kaukasus, in Kleinasien, im Nahen- und Mittleren Osten und in Zentralasien verbreitet. Die Art kommt auch in Algerien und Marokko vor.

Biologie
Die Raupen entwickeln sich an Echtem Leinkraut (Linaria vulgaris), Linaria pontica, Ginster-Leinkraut (Linaria genistifolia), Dalmatiner Leinkraut (Linaria dalmatica) und Gänseblümchen-Lochschlund (Anarrhinum bellidifolium). Die Weibchen legen die Eier in Gruppen am unteren Bereich des Stängels ab und die Raupen bohren sich von dort in die Hauptwurzel. Sie leben häufig gesellig und fressen sowohl die Wurzelrinde als auch im Kern. Die Anzahl der Raupen pro Wurzel ist dabei vom Durchmesser der Wurzel abhängig.

Die Raupen des letzten Stadiums fressen dagegen wieder in den unteren Bereichen der Stängel, dabei wird eine Anzahl von Trieben deutlich sichtbar geschädigt. Die Raupen verpuppen sich in der Stängelbasis oder im oberen Teil der Wurzel. Die Präimaginalstadien sind denen von Eteobalea serratella sehr ähnlich, Unterschiede wurden lediglich in der Struktur der Eihaut gefunden. Die Art bildet zwei Generationen pro Jahr, im Norden und im Osten des Verbreitungsgebietes entsteht nur eine Generation. Die Falter fliegen von Anfang Mai bis Anfang November.

Systematik
Es sind folgende Synonyme bekannt:
 Stagmatophora intermediella , 1966
 Stagmatophora beata auctt., (nec , 1907) Fehlbestimmung

Belege

Weblinks

Cosmopterigidae
Prachtfalter

Eteobalea intermediella


is a Japanese master of aikido. He is a grandson of Morihei Ueshiba, founder of aikido, and son of Kisshomaru Ueshiba. Ueshiba is the third and current Doshu (hereditary head) of the Aikikai.

Biography
Ueshiba was born on April 2, 1951, in Tokyo, Japan. Recalling his childhood during a 2004 interview, he said, "The first time I wore an Aikido uniform I was in the first grade of elementary school. But my family didn't force me to do keiko (training) then, I just did it when I felt like it. I started training seriously in my high school years. My intention then was to become a successor to my father, and to preserve Kaiso's [Morihei Ueshiba's] legacy for the future."

In 1976, Ueshiba graduated from Meiji Gakuin University with a degree in economics. In 1996, he assumed the position of Dojocho (director/owner) of Aikikai Hombu Dojo. In 1997, he visited Ireland. He assumed the title of Doshu on January 4, 1999, following the death of his father, Kisshomaru Ueshiba. In January 2006, as part of Aiki-Kai Australia's 40th anniversary, Ueshiba visited and taught in Australia.

Ueshiba wrote the books Best Aikido: The fundamentals (2002, co-authored with his father Kisshomaru Ueshiba), The Aikido master course: Best Aikido 2 (2003), and Progressive Aikido: The essential elements (2005).

Following the iemoto system, he is expected to be succeeded as Doshu by his son Mitsuteru Ueshiba.

References

External links
 46th All Japan Aikido Demonstration Program, featuring Moriteru Ueshiba

Living people
1951 births
Japanese aikidoka
Martial arts writers
People from Tokyo
Meiji Gakuin University alumni

Moriteru Ueshiba


Die 25. Czech International 1996 im Badminton fanden vom 4. bis zum 6. Oktober 1996 in Nymburk statt.

Sieger und Platzierte

Weblinks
 http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=1CF4469E-78AE-4674-9EB7-D37E37A8440E

1996
Badminton 1996
EBU Circuit 1996/97
Sport (Nymburk)

Czech International 1996


O Presidente do Governo da República Moldava Pridnestroviana, também conhecido informalmente como o Primeiro-Ministro da Transnístria, é o Chefe de Governo de fato da não reconhecida República Moldava Pridnestroviana, que é parte de jure da Moldávia.

O atual Primeiro-Ministro é Aleksandr Rosenberg, desde 30 de maio de 2022, sob a presidência de Vadim Krasnoselski.

História
De 3 de setembro a 29 de novembro de 1990, houve um cargo separado de Presidente do Governo (Conselho de Ministros), o substituto foi Stanislav Moroz. Depois disso, o cargo de Primeiro-Ministro foi abolido. Até 2012, o Chefe de Governo era o Presidente.

O cargo de Primeiro-Ministro da Transnístria foi introduzido em 1º de janeiro de 2012, de acordo com as alterações feitas em junho de 2011 à Constituição da Transnístria.

Lista de Presidentes do Governo da Transnístria

Ver também

 Política da Transdniéstria
 Presidente da Transdniéstria

Referências

Ligações externas

 Constituição da República Moldava Pridnestroviana (em russo) (arquivado)

Transnístria
Política da Transnístria
Primeiros-ministros por país

Primeiro-ministro da Transnístria


MPEG-3 er betegnelsen på en gruppe af kodningsstandarder for audio og video vedtaget af Moving Picture Eksperts Group. MPEG-3 blev designet til at kunne håndtere HDTV signaler med datahastigheder i området fra 20 til 40 Mbit/s.

Det blev dog konkluderet at lignende resultater kunne opnås ved at foretage nogle mindre ændringer til MPEG-2-standarden. Dette førte til at arbejdet med MPEG-3 blev opgivet.

MPEG-3 skal ikke forveksles med MPEG-1 Part 3 Layer 3 (eller MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3), sædvanligvis kaldt MP3.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 MPEG Officielt Websted

Filformater

MPEG-3


I.O.I () er en sydkoreansk pigegruppe der blev dannet af YMC Entertainment i 2016. Der er elleve medlemmer i Gruppen: Lim Na-young, Kim Chung-ha, Kim Se-jeong, Jung Chae-yeon, Zhou Jieqiong, Kim So-hye, Yu Yeon-jung, Choi Yoo-jung, Kang Mi-na, Kim Do-yeon og Jeon So-mi.

Koreansk diskografi

EP
 2016: Chrysalis

Eksterne links

Popgrupper
Musikgrupper fra Sydkorea

I.O.I (band)


René Troadec, né le  à Plounéour-Trez, Finistère, mort le  à Brignogan-Plages, Finistère, est un administrateur colonial et officier français. Officier des Forces françaises libres pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il devient Compagnon de la Libération. Il est plus tard gouverneur du Tchad dont il facilite la transition vers l'autonomie.

Biographie

René Troadec naît à Plounéour-Trez, Finistère le . Il est le fils d'un officier des équipages. Il se destine à l'Administration coloniale, et entreprend des études à l'École nationale de la France d'outre-mer ; il étudie aussi le droit et obtient sa licence en 1933.

Troadec est administrateur colonial au Congo français de 1934 à 1939. Il est considéré comme un . En tant que lieutenant de réserve, il est mobilisé en septembre 1939, au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, pour servir au régiment de tirailleurs sénégalais du Tchad (RTST).

Il choisit en août 1940 de rejoindre la France libre et passe au Tchad qui, rallié à de Gaulle, forme l'embryon de l'Afrique française libre. Il est de décembre 1940 à octobre 1942 l'aide de camp du colonel Leclerc et prend ainsi part à la première campagne du Fezzan dans le désert libyen.

Troadec est ensuite chef de peloton puis commandant de compagnie au RTST et combat dans la colonne Leclerc pour la deuxième campagne du Fezzan. Il se fait particulièrement remarquer lors de deux combats en décembre 1942 et janvier 1943, ce qui lui vaut une citation. Il se distingue encore dans la campagne de Tunisie au printemps suivant, en attaquant et faisant fuir un détachement allemand, et faisant trente prisonniers. Il est créé Compagnon de la Libération par le décret du .

Le RTST auquel il appartient devient la  division blindée ( DB), au sein de laquelle il s'entraîne en Angleterre jusqu'en juillet 1944. Il débatque en Normandie le 4 août 1944 à Grandcamp et dirige ses hommes dans la bataille de Normandie. Blessé dans l'Orne le 11 août, il rejoint son unité à la bataille des Vosges. Au cours de la bataille d'Alsace, après la libération de Strasbourg, il est de nouveau blessé, le 3 décembre 1944 à Ehl.

René Troadec reprend après la guerre sa carrière dans l'Administration coloniale. Il devient successivement directeur adjoint de l'École nationale de la France d'outre-mer, secrétaire national de l'Office des anciens combattants de l'AOF et du Togo, secrétaire général du gouvernement de la Côte française des Somalis puis du gouvernement de Côte d'Ivoire.

À partir de 1956, il est gouverneur puis haut-commissaire au Tchad. Lors de sa nomination au Tchad, il est simplement délégué, pour des raisons budgétaires, mais devant remplir les fonctions de gouverneur. Troadec préside à partir de mai 1957 le premier conseil de gouvernement et mène le territoire du Tchad vers sa première autonomie. Il est ensuite secrétaire général de la Fédération de l'Afrique équatoriale de 1960 à 1962. Il travaille ensuite pour une entreprise de télégraphie sans fil de 1962 à 1976.

Il meurt le  à Brignogan-Plages, Finistère.

Décorations

  par décret du
  (4 citations)
  par décret du 24 avril 1946
  avec agrafes « Fezzan 42 » et « Fezzan-Tripolitaine 42-43 » ;
  (USA)
  Officier de l'ordre de l'Étoile noire
  Chevalier de l'ordre du Nichan Iftikhar

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 .
 .
  .
  .
 .

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Appel du 18 Juin
 Forces françaises libres
 Compagnon de la Libération – avec la liste des Compagnons.
 Régiment de tirailleurs sénégalais du Tchad
 Liste des administrateurs coloniaux au Tchad

Liens externes

 .
 .

Officier des Forces françaises libres (terrestres)
Résistant français
Administrateur colonial français
Haut-commissaire
Gouverneur
Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur (date non précisée)
Compagnon de la Libération
Titulaire de la croix de guerre 1939-1945
Officier de l'ordre de l'Étoile noire
Chevalier de l'ordre du Nichan Iftikhar
Naissance en juillet 1908
Naissance dans le Finistère
Décès en août 1986
Décès dans le Finistère
Titulaire de la médaille de la Résistance française avec rosette
Décès à 78 ans

René Troadec


أورنج المغرب  (ميديتل سابقا) هي شركة مختصة في الاتصالات والإنترنت تأسست سنة 1999 تحت اسم ميديتيل (بالفرنسية: Meditel)، بحيث تقدم لزبنائها خدمة المكالمات والولوج للإنترنت، وتقديم خدمة المجيب الآلي باللغات التلاث لزبنائها (العربية والفرنسية والأمازيغية). في عام 2010، أصبحت ميديتل الفرع المغربي للمشغل الفرنسي أورانج. وتعد الشركة ثاني مشغل للاتصالات المتنقلة في المغرب. وتوظف الشركة 1100 موظف وتوفر حوالي 20.000 فرصة عمل بشكل غير مباشرة. وبلغ حجم أعمالها 5.3 مليار درهم (465 مليون يورو). مديرها هو إيف غوتييه، منذ 26 مايو 2016.

تاريخ

أًنشئت ميديتل سنة 1999 بشراكة بين مستثمرين مغاربة ومجموعتي إتصالات البرتغال وتليفونيكا وامتلكت كل منهما ما نسبته 32.18٪.

في سبتمبر 2009، اشترت المجموعات المغربية فينانس كوم وصندوق الإيداع والتدبير أسهم كل من تليفونيكا والبرتغال تليكوم.

في 21 شتنبر 2010 قامت شركة فرانس تيليكوم بالاستحواد على 40% من رأسمال الشركة بمبلغ قارب 640 مليون يورو بهدف الوصول إلى نسبة 49% بحلول سنة 2015.

في مارس عام 2016، وكجزء من عملية توحيدها تحت علامة «اورانج» التي تملك المجموعة، أعلن ستيفان ريتشارد، الرئيس التنفيذي لشركة أورانج أن ميديتل سيتم تغيير اسمها ليصبح «أورانج» بنهاية 2016.

في 26 مايو 2016، تم تعيين إيف غوتييه، صاحب أورانج مصر (موبينيل سابقا) منذ عام 2011 رئيسا للشركة.

وفي 8 ديسمبر 2016، أعلنت ميديتيل عن إعادة تسميتها إلى أورنج المغرب.

مؤشرات النشاط
 قطاع الهاتف المحمول (يونيو 2017): 14.3 مليون مشترك، أي 34% من غالبية السوق.
 قطاع الإنترنت عبر الهاتف النقال (يونيو 2017): 28.95% من غالبية السوق.
 قطاع الهاتف الثابت (يونيو 2017): 2.69% من غالبية السوق.
 نسبة التغطية: 99 في المائة من المناطق المأهولة بالسكان.
 أبراج الاتصالات: 5000 محطة بث قاعدية، عقدة بوليفيانو وواي ماكس عبر ربوع المغرب.

في نهاية الربع الثالث من سنة 2017 أعلنت أورنج المغرب عن بلوغ عدد المشتركين 14.5 مليون مشترك في المملكة المغربية.

الهوية البصرية (الشعار)

المساهمين
أسهم الشركة مملوكة من قبل الشركات والمؤسسات التالية:
 أورانج 49%، المساهم الأول.
 صندوق الإيداع والتدبير 25.5%
 فينانس كوم 25.5%

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أورنج
تأسيسات سنة 2000 في المغرب
شركات اتصالات مغربية
شركات الهاتف المحمول المغربية
شركات أسست في 1999
شركات أسست في 2000
تليفونيكا

أورنج المغرب


Boru Mačkovšek (født 11. september 1992) er en slovensk håndboldspiller, som spiller i Veszprém KC og for Sloveniens herrehåndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Slovenien

Borut Mačkovšek


Sportclub Austria Lustenau (normalt bare kendt som Austria Lustenau) er en østrigsk fodboldklub fra byen Lustenau. Klubben spiller i , og har hjemmebane på Reichshofstadion. Klubben blev grundlagt i 1914.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Klubbens officielle hjemmeside

Fodboldklubber i Østrig
Etableret i 1914

SC Austria Lustenau


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu:

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 6. siječnja  Stanko Ibler, hrvatski liječnik pneumoftizeolog († )

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Medicina u 1901.


Guaramiranga es un municipio brasileño del estado del Ceará, localizado en la región serrana del estado en la microrregión de Baturité y mesorregión del Norte Cearense. El municipio tiene cerca de 5 800 habitantes y 108 km², y su sede se localiza a 865 metros de altitud. Se destaca como destino turístico.

Etimología

El topónimo Guaramiranga viene del Tupí guará (rojo) y miranga o piranga ( garza), significando pájaro rojo. Su denominación original era Conceiçao y desde 1890, Guaramiranga.

Subdivisión

El municipio es dividido en 2 distritos: Guaramiranga (sede) y Pernambuquinho.

Geografía

Clima

Tropical caliente semiárido con un promedio de lluvias media de 1.434 mm con lluvias concentradas de enero a la abril.

Hidrografía y recursos hídricos

Los principales cursos de agua forman parte de la cuenca Metropolitana, siendo ellas los río Pacoti y los arroyos: Candeias y Sinimbútantos, todos afluentes del río Aracoiaba.

Relieve y suelos

Localizado en el Macizo de Baturité tiene como principal elevación el Pico Alto, con 1115 metros sobre el nivel del mar.

Vegetación

Localizado en el Macizo de Baturité, tiene una vegetación variada desde la Caatinga arbustiva densa, vegetación semidecidua tropical, vegetación húmeda semi-perenofolia, vegetación caducifolia y Bosque Ciliar. Aquí existe una APA.

Enlaces externos

 Página de la prefectura

Referencias

Localidades de Ceará

Guaramiranga


Die 7. Afrikanischen Straßenradmeisterschaften wurden vom 8. bis zum 13. November 2011 in der eritreischen Hauptstadt Asmara ausgetragen. Dabei fanden in der Klasse Männer Elite/U-23-Wettbewerbe im Mannschaftszeitfahren, Einzelzeitfahren sowie ein Straßenrennen statt. Außerdem wurden ein Einzelzeitfahren und ein Straßenrennen für Frauen veranstaltet. Die Rennen waren in der Kategorie CC Teil der UCI Africa Tour 2012. Die Teilnehmer starteten jeweils in den Nationalmannschaften ihrer Heimatländer.

Die Kontinentalmeisterschaften begannen am Dienstag, den 8. November, mit der Einschreibung der Teilnehmer und einem Treffen der Teamchefs. Am 10. November schrieben sich die Teilnehmerinnen und Teamchefs der Damenwettbewerbe ein. Am 12. November fand im Hotel Asmara Palace eine Konferenz der UCI Africa Tour statt.

Zeitfahren

Mannschaftszeitfahren Männer Elite/U-23

Länge: 2 Runden auf dem Zeitfahrkurs zu je 18 km (insgesamt 36 km)
Start: Mittwoch, 9. November
Strecke: Asmara, Zeitfahrstrecke

Es nahmen acht Mannschaften teil.

Einzelzeitfahren Frauen Elite

Länge: 1 Runde (18 km)
Start: Freitag, 11. November
Strecke: Asmara, Zeitfahrstrecke

Es kamen acht Athletinnen ins Ziel.

Einzelzeitfahren Männer Elite/U-23

Länge: 2 Runden zu je 18 km (insgesamt 36 km)
Start: Freitag, 11. November
Strecke: Asmara, Zeitfahrstrecke

Es kamen 24 Athleten ins Ziel.

Straßenrennen

Frauen Elite

Länge: 6 Runden zu je 10,45 Kilometern (insgesamt 62,7 km)
Start: Sonntag, 13. November
Strecke: Asmara, Strecke Straßenrennen

Es kamen 11 Athletinnen ins Ziel.

Männer Elite/U-23

Länge: 14 Runden zu je 10,45 km (insgesamt 146,3 km)
Start: Sonntag, 13. November
Strecke: Asmara, Strecke Straßenrennen

Es kamen 50 Athleten ins Ziel.

Siehe auch
 Eritrea
 Asmara

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse auf der Webseite des Weltradsportverbandes UCI

2011
Radsportveranstaltung 2011
UCI Africa Tour 2012
Straßenradrennen in Eritrea
Sportveranstaltung in Asmara

Afrikanische Straßenradmeisterschaften 2011


Mjølfjell Station (Mjølfjell stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Bergensbanen, der ligger i Raundalen i Voss kommune i Norge. Stationen består af to spor, en perron og en stationsbygning samt pakhus i rødmalet træ. Stationen er opkaldt efter Mjølfjellet (1470 m) sydøst for den. Der ligger ca. 500 hytter i området, hvor der er gode muligheder for at gå tur. Desuden er der en butik, kapel, ungdomsherberg og et militært skydeterræn.

Stationen åbnede som holdeplads 10. juni 1908 og blev opgraderet til station i 1918. Den blev fjernstyret 18. december 1981, og 1. juni 1989 blev den gjort ubemandet.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Bergensbanen
Etableret i 1908
Jernbanestationer i Hordaland

Mjølfjell Station


Wilhelm Alfred Joseph Prinz (* 28. Juli 1857 in Mülheim am Rhein; † 1. August 1910 in Uccle) war ein deutsch-belgischer Geologe und Selenograph.

Prinz verließ Deutschland mit 16 Jahren und lebte fortan in Brüssel, wo es er als wissenschaftlicher Assistent im Museum des Institut d'Histoire Naturelle und in der königlichen Sternwarte arbeitete.

1893 wurde er Dozent der Universität Brüssel, 1895 außerordentlicher Professor und 1902 ordentlicher Professor.

Der Mondkrater Prinz ist nach ihm benannt.

Schriften
 Etudes sur des coupes de Diatomees observees dans des lames minces de la roche de Nykjobing, 1880
 Étude de la structure des éclairs par la photographie, 1888
 Annuaire de l'Observatoire royale de Bruxelles, 1891
 Agrandissements de Photographies Lunaires, 1894
 L'atlas photographique de la Lune de Lick Observatory, 1896
 Der photographische Mond-Atlas der Pariser Sternwarte, 1896
 L'état de l'intérieur de la Terre, 1902
 Le tremblement de terre d'Andidjan, 1902
 L'eruption de la montagne Pelee, 1902
 Analyse de la boue tombée en Belgique le 22 février 1903, 1903
 Quelques remarques générales à propos de l'essai de carte tectonique de la Belgique, 1904
 Observations d'éclairs, 1905
 L'eruption du Vésuve, 1906
 Les oxydes de titane et autres produits d'alteration de quelques roches du Brabant suivi de remarques sur le dynamo-métamorphisme, 1907
 Les Cristallisations des Grottes de Belgique, 1908
 Sur les similitudes que présentent les cartes terrestres et planetaires

Literatur
 Eugène Goblet d'Alviella (Hg.): L'Université de Bruxelles pendant son troisième quart de siècle. Brüssel 1909, S. 239

Weblinks
 Veröffentlichungen von W. Prinz im Astrophysics Data System
 Nachrufe auf W. Prinz im Astrophysics Data System

Geologe (19. Jahrhundert)
Geologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Astronom (19. Jahrhundert)
Person als Namensgeber für einen Mondkrater
Belgier
Deutscher
Geboren 1857
Gestorben 1910
Mann

Wilhelm Prinz


Víctor Cordero Aurrecoechea (Ciudad de México, 10. listopada 1914. — Ciudad de México, 7. prosinca 1983.) bio je meksički skladatelj, čija je glazba upotrijebljena u mnogim meksičkim filmovima.

Skladbe
Najpoznatije skladbe Víctora Cordera:
Juan Charrasqueado
El loco
Gabino Barrera
El ojo de vidrio
Besos callejeros
Flor triste
Domingo Corrales

Obitelj
Víctor Cordero je bio sin Don Rafaela Cordera i njegove supruge, Rosario Aurrecoechee Jiménez te brat Joaquína Cordera i otac Joséa Luisa Cordera.

Izvori

Meksički glazbenici
Skladatelji

Víctor Cordero Aurrecoechea


France Parkinson est une association française fondée en 1984 par Yves Agid, neurologue.

L'association a pour objectif de créer du lien entre les personnes atteintes de la maladie de Parkinson et de financer la recherche sur cette maladie.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Association ou organisme lié à la santé en France
Organisme fondé en 1984
Maladie de Parkinson

France Parkinson


The Martin P5M Marlin (P-5 Marlin after 1962), built by the Glenn L. Martin Company of Middle River, Maryland, was a twin piston-engined flying boat that entered service in 1951, and served into the late 1960s with the United States Navy performing naval patrols. It also served with the United States Coast Guard and the French Navy. 285 were produced.

Development
Built as a successor to the PBM Mariner, it had better engines, an improved hull, and a single vertical fin tail. The XP5M Marlin prototypes were based on the last PBM-5 Mariners, the company designation being Model 237. The type was heavily improved, again leading to the P5M-2 (Model 237B), which was redesignated SP-5B. A number of P5M-1 models were also used for training, designated TP-5A (after 1962).

Design

The Marlin was designed as a gull-winged aircraft to place the engines and propellers high above the spray. Power was provided by two Wright R-3350 radial engines. The rear hull did not lift sharply from the water at the tail, instead rising up steadily, a Martin innovation; this gave the aircraft a longer base of flotation and reduced "porpoising" over waves.

The prototype had nose and tail turrets with twin  cannon in each, as well as a dorsal turret with two 0.5 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns. The cockpit area was the same as the Mariner's. It first flew on 30 May 1948.

The first of 167 production P5M-1 aircraft was produced in 1951, flying on 22 June 1951. Changes from the prototype included a raised flight deck for improved visibility, the replacement of the nose turret with a large radome for the AN/APS-44 search radar, the deletion of the dorsal turret, and new, streamlined wing floats. The engine nacelles were lengthened to provide room for weapons bays in the rear.

The P5M-1 was followed by 116 P5M-2 planes. These had a T-tail to put the tail surfaces out of the spray, an AN/ASQ-8 MAD boom at the rear of the tail-tip, no tail guns (the gun position replaced by the antenna for the AN/APN-122 Doppler Navigation Set), better crew accommodation, and an improved bow to reduce spray during takeoff and landing.

Operational history

U.S. Navy
The last flying boat operations of the United States Navy were Market Time patrols of VP-40. Maritime surveillance patrols began in February 1965 to locate small craft transporting supplies from North Vietnam to Viet Cong units in South Vietnam. VP-40 operated from seaplane tenders and patrolled off the Mekong delta between Phú Quốc and Vung Tau. The last U.S. Navy P5M, redesignated as SP-5B, was flown to NAS Patuxent River, Maryland on 12 July 1968 for interim storage pending construction of display area at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. As a display area at Smithsonian did not materialize, the aircraft was later relocated to the National Naval Aviation Museum at NAS Pensacola, Florida where it is currently on display.

The final Marlin flight was carried out by VP-40, to San Diego Bay on 6 November 1967.

U.S. Coast Guard
Seven P5M-1Gs and four P5M-2Gs were built for the United States Coast Guard for air-sea rescue service, but they found the planes difficult to maintain and surplus to requirements. They were subsequently transferred to the U.S. Navy, which redesignated them as TP-5As and used them as training aircraft, since they had no provision for armament.

French Navy
The French Navy took delivery of ten former U.S. Navy Marlins between 1957 and 1959 to replace Short Sunderlands in maritime patrol service, based in Dakar, Senegal in West Africa. They were returned in 1964.

Variants

Company designations
M-237 Company designation for P5M-1
M-237B Company designation for P5M-2
M-270 XP5M-1 prototype converted with a revised hull.
M-290 Company designation for P5M-3 which was completely revised into the unbuilt four-engine P7M SubMaster

Pre-1962 designations
XP5M-1
Prototype converted from a PBM Mariner with modified hull and tail.
P5M-1
Production model for the United States Navy, 160 built, later redesignated P-5A.
P5M-1G
Modified P5M-1 for the United States Coast Guard, seven conversions, later returned to the Navy as P5M-1T.
P5M-1S
Modified P5M-1 with upgraded electronic and anti-submarine equipment, eighty conversions, later redesignated SP-5A.
P5M-1T
Seven former USCG P5M-1Gs returned to Navy as crew trainers and one former P5M-1, later redesignated TP-5A.
P5M-2
Updated model, 108 built for the U.S. Navy and 12 built for the French Navy. The P5M-2 featured a T-tail in lieu of the low mounted horizontal stabilizer used on the P5M-1s. United States aircraft were later redesignated P-5B.
P5M-2S
Most P5M-2s were modified with upgraded electronic and anti-submarine equipment, later redesignated SP-5B.
P5M-2G
Four P5M-2s built for the USCG, later transferred to U.S. Navy as P5M-2s.
P5M-3
Completely revised as four-engine M-313 P7M-1 SubMaster. Mockup built in 1956 but lost to Lockheed P-3 Orion.

Post-1962 designations
P-5A
P5M-1 redesignated in 1962.
SP-5A
P5M-1S redesignated in 1962.
TP-5A
P5M-1T redesignated in 1962.
P-5B
P5M-2 redesignated in 1962.
SP-5B
P5M-2S redesignated in 1962.

Operators
 France
French Navy

 United States
United States Coast Guard
United States Navy

Survivors
One SP-5B is located at the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. This aircraft, BuNo 135533, is believed to be the last remaining example of the Marlin. It is now displayed inside the new hangar (as of the spring of 2010) and much of the exterior has been restored. The restoration is being financed by the museum and the Mariner/Marlin Association.

Specifications (P5M-2)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

Andrade, John, U.S.Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909, Midland Counties Publications, 1979, .
Barth, Bruce D., "The Martin P5M 'Marlin'". Pacific Aero Press, 1994.
Roberts, Michael D. Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons: Volume 2 The History of VP, VPB, VP(HL) and VP(AM) Squadrons. Washington DC: Naval Historical Centre, 2000.
Swanborough, Gordon and Bowers, Peter M. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London:Putnam, Second edition 1976. .
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 2420

External links

Naval Aviation Museum – Aircraft – 'P5M-2S (SP-5B) Marlin'

P5M
Martin PM5 Marlin
Flying boats
High-wing aircraft
Gull-wing aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1948
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft

Martin P5M Marlin


هايسين (Гайсин) هي مدينة في محافظة فينيتسا في أوكرانيا.

معرض صور

مراجع

مواقع هولوكوست في أوكرانيا
مدن مقاطعة فينيتسا

هايسين


Interstate 405 (I-405, locally referred to as The 405) is a major north–south auxiliary Interstate Highway in Southern California. The entire route is known as the northern segment of the San Diego Freeway. I-405 is a bypass auxiliary route of I-5, running along the southern and western parts of the Greater Los Angeles urban area from Irvine in the south to Sylmar in the north.

I-405, heavily traveled by both commuters and freight haulers along its entire length, is the busiest and most congested freeway in the United States. The freeway's annual average daily traffic between exits 21 and 22 in Seal Beach reached 374,000 in 2008, making it the highest count in the nation. It has played a crucial role in the development of dozens of cities and suburbs along its route through Los Angeles and Orange counties. It also serves Los Angeles International Airport, Long Beach Airport, and Orange County's John Wayne Airport.

Route description

Orange County

I-405 begins at the El Toro Y interchange in southeastern Irvine in Orange County, splitting from its parent I-5 and inheriting that route's San Diego Freeway title; I-5 continues north as the Santa Ana Freeway. The freeway passes immediately south of the Irvine Spectrum Center mall before intersecting with State Route 133 (SR 133). It then continues through Irvine, passing north of the University of California, Irvine, and then along the northern boundary of John Wayne Airport. After passing the airport, the freeway enters Costa Mesa and has an interchange with SR 55. It passes South Coast Plaza before a partial interchange with SR 73, which serves as a partially-tolled bypass of I-405 between Costa Mesa and Laguna Niguel.

The freeway then travels through Fountain Valley and along the edges of Westminster and Huntington Beach before entering Seal Beach, where it begins to run concurrently with SR 22. It continues along the northern edge of Seal Beach, passing between Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach and Joint Forces Training Base - Los Alamitos, before SR 22 splits from I-405 and continues west while the freeway turns north. I-405 then intersects the southern end of I-605 before crossing the San Gabriel River and entering Los Angeles County.

Los Angeles County
I-405 enters Los Angeles County in the city of Long Beach. It passes to the north of California State University, Long Beach, and then along the south of Long Beach Airport. The freeway then intersects with I-710 before entering Carson (and crossing through a small sliver of the city of Los Angeles before reentering Carson). It passes near California State University, Dominguez Hills, and Dignity Health Sports Park, home of Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy. A weigh station for both directions is located in Carson between the Avalon Boulevard and Main Street exits.

The freeway then intersects with I-110 as it briefly reenters the city of Los Angeles by passing through the Harbor Gateway, a strip of land connecting San Pedro to the rest of the city. I-405 then continues to roughly parallel the contour of the coastline as it passes through the South Bay communities of Torrance, Lawndale, Redondo Beach, Hawthorne, and El Segundo. The freeway then encounters I-105 on the southeastern corner of Los Angeles International Airport. It passes to the east of the airport, serving it with exits at the Imperial Highway and Century Boulevard.

I-405 next passes through Inglewood, coming near SoFi Stadium, home to the Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League. It then passes through Westchester and Culver City where it meets SR 90, the Marina Freeway. It serves the Los Angeles neighborhoods of Mar Vista and West Los Angeles while passing a few miles east of Santa Monica, intersecting with I-10 in the process. The freeway continues into Westwood, passing just to the west of University of California, Los Angeles. It then passes the Getty Center as it ascends Sepulveda Pass through the Santa Monica Mountains.

After cresting the mountains, I-405 descends into the San Fernando Valley, intersecting US Route 101 (US 101) in the Sherman Oaks neighborhood of Los Angeles. The freeway then continues due north through the western part of the valley, passing east of Van Nuys Airport and California State University, Northridge. It intersects SR 118 in the Mission Hills area before ending in a merge with I-5 in Sylmar.

I-405 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. The entire freeway is known as the San Diego Freeway, and parts of it are less commonly known as the Sepulveda Freeway (after Sepulveda Boulevard).

Traffic congestion

The freeway is one of the busiest freeways in the nation and is the busiest freeway in California. The freeway's congestion problems have led to jokes that the road was numbered 405 because traffic moves at "four or five" miles per hour (), or because drivers had spent "four or five" hours to travel anywhere. Indeed, average speeds as low as  are routinely recorded during morning and afternoon commutes, and its interchanges with the Ventura Freeway (US 101) and with the Santa Monica Freeway (I-10) each consistently rank among the five most congested freeway interchanges in the US. As a result of these congestion problems, delays passing through the entirety of Greater Los Angeles using this bypass route instead of merely using the primary route I-5 through Downtown Los Angeles may be present.

I-405 is the only major north–south freeway in the densely populated areas between West Los Angeles and Downtown Los Angeles, crossing the Santa Monica Mountains and connecting the San Fernando Valley and the Los Angeles Basin. It is also a major connection for traffic en route to either the Port of Los Angeles, the Port of Long Beach, Los Angeles International Airport, or SoFi Stadium. By 2040, this corridor is estimated to increase by 35 percent and travel times reduced by 75 percent. The freeway's West Los Angeles section is the subject of an annual gridlock photos and videos taken during the Thanksgiving holiday weekend, most often from an aerial view.

Another parallel freeway was proposed to connect the valley and basin (the Laurel Canyon Freeway or La Cienega Freeway) but has faced upper-class homeowner opposition. Despite four years of construction disruptions and billions of dollars of public money, Los Angeles Times commentary claims traffic with the lane expansions is actually just as bad or worse.

Unlike some of the other major travel corridors in the region (such as I-5 which parallels the LOSSAN Corridor), I-405 has no rail-based public transit which parallels it along the west side of Orange and Los Angeles counties. There is a proposal for a Sepulveda Transit Corridor which would parallel I-405 through Sepulveda Pass, one of the major bottlenecks on the route, which would ease congestion by providing an alternative to driving.

History

I-405 was approved as a chargeable Interstate (in other words, an Interstate financed with federal funds) in 1955. The Division of Highways originally requested I-9 for the corridor, while the Santa Ana Freeway would be I-11; I-3 was later requested in April 1958 before the Division of Highways agreed to use I-405. Construction began in 1957 with the first section, mostly north of Los Angeles International Airport, which was completed in 1961 and initially signed as SR 7. The  section through Sepulveda Pass was dedicated on December 21, 1962, and cost $20 million to construct. It was designed with a maximum grade of 5.5 percent and required the relocation of Sepulveda Boulevard and the Mulholland Highway, which was moved  to the south along a new  bridge over the freeway. Additional sections west of Alameda Street were completed in 1962 and 1963, creating  of continuous freeway.

The highway was renumbered to I-405 during the 1964 state highway renumbering. The Orange County portion of the San Diego Freeway took 13 years to construct, with the first section opening in 1958; The final section of I-405,  leading to I-5 in Irvine, was dedicated on December 6, 1968, and opened to traffic in January 1969.

"Carmageddon"
A section of I-405 was closed over the weekend of Friday, July 15, 2011, as part of the Sepulveda Pass Improvements Project. Before the closing, local radio DJs and television newscasts referred to it as "Carmageddon" and "Carpocalypse", parodying the notion of Armageddon and the Apocalypse, since it was anticipated that the closure would severely impact traffic. In reality, traffic was lighter than normal across a wide area. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) reported that fewer vehicles used the roads than usual, and those who did travel by road arrived more quickly than on a normal weekend. The Metrolink commuter train system recorded its highest-ever weekend ridership since it began operating in 1991. Ridership was 50 percent higher than the same weekend in 2010 and 10 percent higher than the previous weekend ridership record, which occurred during the U2 360° Tour in June 2011. The Los Angeles Times on Sunday, July 17, 2011, featured comments and images of people enjoying the moment next to the I-405 freeway with the free-flowing traffic.

In response to JetBlue's offer of special flights between Hollywood Burbank Airport in Burbank and Long Beach Airport, a distance of only , for $4.00, a group of cyclists did the same journey in one and a half hours, compared to two and a half hours by plane (including a drive to the airport from West Hollywood 90 minutes in advance of the flight and travel time to the end destination). There was also some debate about whether the Los Angeles area could benefit from car-free weekends regularly.

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority then had full closure of a  stretch of I-405 on the weekend of September 29–30, 2012, while construction crews worked to demolish a portion of the Mulholland Bridge.

Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, used the closure of I-405 to study particulate matter air pollution. The researchers took air samples before, during, and after the closure. The researchers found an 83-percent reduction in ultrafine particles, 55-percent reduction in fine particle matter, and 62-percent less black carbon.

Sepulveda Pass Improvements Project
The $1-billion Sepulveda Pass Improvements Project added a high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane and associated changes to freeway entrances, exits, and underpasses along a  stretch through Sepulveda Pass between I-10 and US 101/Ventura Boulevard. The project was completed as a design–build in contrast to the traditional design–bid–build used typically in infrastructure improvement. This section of I-405 was closed for a weekend in mid-July 2011 to demolish the Mulholland Drive Bridge, and a  section was closed for the last weekend of September 2012.

Jamzilla was the name for the I-405 closure on Presidents' Day weekend 2014. There were lane closures and complete closures on I-405 starting February 14 at 10:00 pm until February 18 at 6:00 am to pave and restripe the northbound lanes.

On May 23, 2014, the  HOV lane was opened to traffic.

Future

Manchester and Century Boulevard interchanges
Proposed changes between the Manchester and Century Boulevard interchanges in the city of Inglewood are to provide a new southbound onramp and a new northbound offramp for Arbor Vitae Street, to reconstruct and widened the Arbor Vitae Street over-bridge and replace the Century Boulevard overcrossing structure. This work would reduce congestion on the approach to Los Angeles International Airport. Caltrans has not yet issued a start date for this work.

Express and mixed flow lanes
The Orange County Transportation Authority is currently adding a high-occupancy toll (HOT) express lane and one mixed flow lane in each direction between SR 73 in Costa Mesa and I-605 in Seal Beach. The I-405 Improvement Project started construction in 2018 and is planned to be completed by late 2023. Each vehicle using the HOT lanes would be required to carry a FasTrak transponder. The lanes would be a 24/7 service. Solo drivers would be tolled using a congestion pricing system based on the real-time levels of traffic. For two-person carpools, they would be charged the posted toll during weekday peak hours between 6:00 am and 10:00 am and between 3:00 pm and 8:00 pm and weekend peak hours between 1:00 pm and 6:00 pm; no toll would charged during off-peak hours until  years after their opening. Carpools with three or more occupants would have toll-free access at all times. In addition, two lanes in each direction will be added in each direction, one toll lane and one general purpose lane, making the upgrade from five to seven lanes in each direction.

The HOV lanes that were constructed as part of the Sepulveda Pass Improvements Project are also proposed to be upgraded to express lanes by 2028.

Exit list

See also

References

External links

California @ AARoads.com - I-405
California Highways: I-405

4 California
05-4
Interstate 405
Interstate 405
405
05-4 California
405

Interstate 405 (California)


John Brown of Haddington (1722 – 19 June 1787), was a Scottish minister and author.  He was born at Carpow, in Perthshire. He was almost entirely self-educated, having acquired a knowledge of ancient languages while employed as a shepherd. By his own intense
application to study, before he was twenty years of age, he had obtained an intimate knowledge of
the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, with the last of which he was critically conversant. He
was also acquainted with the French, Italian, German, Arabic, Persian, Syriac, and Ethiopic. His early career was varied, and he was in succession a travelling merchant, a soldier in the Edinburgh garrison in 1745, and a school-master. He was, from 1750 till his death, minister of the Burgher branch of the Secession Church in Haddington. From 1768 he was professor of divinity for his denomination, and was mainly responsible for the training of its ministry. He gained a just reputation for learning and piety. The best of his many works are his Self-Interpreting Bible and Dictionary of the Bible, works that were long very popular. The former was translated into Welsh. He also wrote an Explication of the Westminster Confession, and a number of biographical and historical sketches.

Early life
John Brown was born at Carpow in the parish of Abernethy, in Perthshire, Scotland, the son of a self-educated weaver and river-fisherman, also called John Brown.  His mother was Catherine Millie. His parents had morning and evening worship at home. His father was a poor weaver, who could only afford to send him to school for a few 'quarters.' During one month of this time he studied Latin. Even at this early period he learnt eagerly, getting up by heart 'Vincent's and Havel's Catechisms, and the Assembly's Larger Catechism.' When he was eleven his father died. His mother did not long survive. He himself was brought so low by 'four fevers on end' that his recovery was despaired of.

Having recovered from this illness, he had the good fortune to find a friend and protector in John Ogilvie, a shepherd venerable for age, and eminent for piety, who fed his flock among the neighbouring mountains. This worthy individual was an elder of the parish of Abernethy, yet, though a person of intelligence and religion, was so destitute of education as to be unable even to read. To supply his own deficiency, Ogilvie was glad to engage young Brown to assist him in tending his flock, and read to him during the intervals of comparative inaction and repose which his occupation afforded. To screen themselves from the storm and the heat, they built a little lodge among the hills, and to this their mountain tabernacle (long after pointed out under this name by the peasants).

Ere long it happened that Ogilvie retired from his occupation as a shepherd, and settled in the town of Abernethy. In consequence of this change, young Brown entered the service of a neighbouring farmer, who maintained a more numerous establishment than his former friend. He began to work as a herd-boy, and his contact with a wider and stranger world 'seemed to cause,' he tells us, 'not a little practical apostasy from all my former attainments. Even secret prayer was not always regularly performed, but I foolishly pleased myself by making up the number one day which had been deficient another.' A new attack of fever in 1741 reawakened his conscience, and on his recovery he 'was providentially determined, during the noontide while the sheep which I herded rested themselves in the fold, to go and hear a sermon, at the distance of two miles, running both to and from it.'

Secession in the Church of Scotland

In the year 1733, four ministers of the Church of Scotland, among whom was Mr Moncrieff of Abernethy, declared a secession from its judicatures, alleging as their reasons for taking this step the following list of grievances; "The sufferance of error without adequate censure; the infringement of the rights of the Christian people in the choice and settlement of ministers under the law of patronage; the neglect or relaxation of discipline; the restraint of ministerial freedom in opposing mal-administration, and the refusal of the prevailing party to be reclaimed." To this body our young shepherd early attached himself; and ventured to conceive the idea of one day becoming a shepherd of souls in that connection. He accordingly prosecuted his studies with increasing ardour and diligence, and began to attain considerable knowledge of Latin and Greek. These acquisitions he made entirely without aid from others, except that he was able occasionally to snatch an hour when the flocks were folded at noon, in order to seek the solution of such difficulties as his unaided efforts could not master, from two neighbouring clergymen the one Mr Moncrieff of Abernethy, who has just been mentioned as one of the founders of the Secession, and the other Mr Johnston of Arngask, father of the late venerable Dr Johnston of North-Leith; both of whom were very obliging and communicative, and took great interest in promoting the progress of the studious shepherd-boy.

During his life as a herd-boy he studied eagerly. He acquired a good knowledge of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. His difficulties in regard to the second of those were very great, for he could not for some time get a grammar. Notwithstanding this, he managed by the exercise of patient ingenuity to learn the letters on a method he afterwards described in detail (paper of 6 Aug. 1745 quoted in Biography), He scraped together the price of a Greek testament, and a well-known story describes how he procured it. A companion agreed to take charge of his sheep for a little, so setting out at midnight, he reached St. Andrews, twenty-four miles distant, in the morning. The bookseller questioned the shepherd-boy, and Francis Pringle, a professor of Greek happened to hear the conversation. 'Boy,' said he, pointing to a passage, 'read this, and you shall have the book for nothing.' Brown read the passage,, got the volume, and walked home again with it (Memoir, p. 29; Dr. John Brown's Letter to John Cairns, D.D., p. 73).

Before he was twenty years of age, he had obtained an intimate knowledge of the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, with the last of which he was critically conversant. He was also acquainted with the French, Italian, German, Arabic, Persian, Syriac, and Ethiopic. The herd-boy and his learning now became the subject of talk in the place. Some 'seceding students' accounted for the wonder by explaining that Brown had got his knowledge from Satan. The hypothesis was widely accepted, nor was it till some years had passed away that he was able by his blameless and diligent life to 'live it down.' He afterwards took occasion to note that just when he was 'licensed' his 'primary calumniator' was excommunicated for immoral conduct.

Early career

The next few years saw Brown work as a pedlar and a schoolmaster, with an interlude as a volunteer soldier in defence against the Jacobites in the Forty-Five rebellion.  He volunteered with his best friend Tim Knab and for some time was one of the garrison of Edinburgh Castle. When the war was over, he again took up his pack for a time, but soon found more congenial occupation as a schoolmaster. He been teaching in 1747, and taught at Gairney Bridge, near Kinross, and at the Spittal, West Linton. His teaching days were not a relaxing time. He would commit to memory fifteen chapters of the Bible as an evening exercise after the labours of the day, and after such killing efforts, allow himself but four hours of repose.

Breach in the Secession Church
In 1747, a 'breach' occurred in the secession church, to which he belonged. Two bodies were formed, called the Burghers and the Anti-burghers, of whom the first maintained that it was, and the second that it was not, lawful to take the burgess oath in the Scottish towns.
Following the division, there was a need for preachers in the Burgher branch, and Brown was the first new divinity student. Brown adhered to the more liberal view, and now began to prepare himself for the ministry, he studied theology and philosophy in connection with the Associate Burgher Synod under Ebenezer Erskine of Stirling, and James Fisher of Glasgow. In 1750 he was licensed to preach the gospel, and next year was unanimously called to the associate congregation of Haddington.

Haddington ministry
He was ordained as a minister at Haddington, East Lothian, on 4 July 1751, and that was his home for the rest of his life. He was called to occupy the position of Moderator of the Synod for the year from November 1753.

His congregation was small and poor, but though afterwards invited to be pastor to the Dutch church, New York, he never left it. His ministerial duties were very hard, for during most of the year he delivered three sermons and a lecture every Sunday, whilst visiting and catechising occupied many a weekday. Still he found time to do much other work. His first publication was in 1758, and he published regularly from that date until the end of his life.

Publishing work
In 1758 he published 'An Help for the Ignorant. Being an Essay towards an Easy Explication of the Westminster Confession of Faith and Catechism, composed for the young ones of his own congregation.' This 'easy explication' was a volume of about 400 pages. In it he had taken occasion to affirm that Christ's righteousness, though in itself infinitely valuable, is only imparted to believers according to their need, and not so as to render them infinitely righteous. In the following year 'A brief Dissertation concerning the Righteousness of Christ' expounded the same view. He had branded the doctrine he opposed as 'antinomian and familistic blasphemy,' but notwithstanding it was defended by various anti-burgher divines, who retorted on him the charges of 'heresy,' 'blasphemy,' and 'familism,' accused him of 'gross and palpable misrepresentation,' lamented the 'poisonous fruit,' and dwelt on the 'glaring absurdity' of his doctrine (see Doctrine of the Unity and Uniformity of Christ's Surety righteousness viewed and vindicated, &c. By Rev. John Dalziel (Edin. 1760), pp. 72–4). This bitter controversy did not prevent Brown from doing acts of practical kindness to various anti-burgher brethren. He continued to write diligently, and his name became more widely known. In 1768 he was appointed professor in divinity to the Associate burgher Synod. A great deal of work, but no salary, was attached to this office; the students studied under Brown at Haddington during a session of nine weeks each year (McKerrow's History, p. 787).

In 1778 his best-known work, the 'Self-interpreting Bible,' was published at Edinburgh in two volumes. Its design, he explains in the preface, is to present the labours of the best commentators ' in a manner that might best comport with the ability and leisure of the poorer and labouring part of mankind, and especially to render the oracles of God their own interpreter.' Thus the work contains history, chronology, geography, summaries, explanatory notes, and reflections—in short, everything that the ordinary reader might be supposed to want. It is a library in one volume. Brown is always ready to give what he believes to be the only possible explanation of each verse, and to draw its only possible practical lesson therefrom. The style throughout is clear and vigorous. The book at once acquired a popularity which among a large class it has never lost. It has been read widely among the English-speaking nations, as well as in Wales and the Scottish highlands. How well known it and Brown's other works were in Scotland some characteristic lines of Burns bear witness:—
For now I'm grown sae cursed douce,
I pray an' ponder butt the house;
My shins, my lane, I there sit roastin'
Perusing Bunyan, Brown, an' Boston.
(Letter to James Tail of Glenconner, lines 19–22.)

His numerous other works strengthened his reputation, but none brought him any profit. One of his publishers, 'of his own good will,' presented him with about 40l., but this he lent and lost to another. His salary from his church was for a long time only 40l. per annum, and it was never more than 50l. Only a very small sum came to him from other sources. The stern self-denial that was a frequent feature in the early Scottish household enabled him to bring up a large family, and meet all the calls of necessity and duty on this income. 'Notwithstanding my eager desire for books, I chose rather to want them, and much more other things, than run into debt,' he says. At least one-tenth of his small means was set apart for works of charity.

Character
Throughout his life Brown was an eager student, and his attainments were considerable. He knew most of the European and several oriental languages. He was well read in history and divinity; his acquaintance with the Bible was of the most minute description. Although he says that 'few plays or romances are safely read, as they tickle the imagination, and are apt to infect with their defilement,' so that 'even the most pure, as Young, Thomson, Addison, Richardson, bewitch the soul, and are apt to indispose for holy meditation and other religious exercises,' and although he eagerly opposed the relaxation of the penal statutes against Roman catholics, he was, in regard to many things, not at all a narrow-minded man. His creed was to him a matter of such intense conviction, that nothing seemed allowable that tended in any way to oppose it or distract attention from its solemn doctrines. His preaching was earnest, simple, and direct, as if I had never read a book but the Bible.' His delivery was 'sing-song,' yet 'this in him was singularly melting to serious minds.' A widely current story affirms that David Hume heard him preach, and the 'sceptic' was so impressed that he said, 'That old man speaks as if the Son of God stood at his elbow.' The anecdote, though undoubtedly mythical, shows the popular impression as to his preaching.

Other duties
In the year 1768, in consequence of the death of the Rev. John Swanston of Kinross, Professor of Divinity under the Associate Synod, Mr Brown was elected to the vacant chair. The duties of this important office he discharged with great ability and exemplary diligence and success. His public prelections were directed to the two main objects, first, of instructing his pupils in the science of Christianity, and secondly, of impressing their hearts with its power. The system of Divinity which he was led, in the course of his professional duty, to compile, and which was afterwards published, is perhaps the one of all his works which exhibits most striking proofs of precision, discrimination, and enlargement of thought; and is altogether one of the most dense, and at the same time perspicuous views which has yet been given of the theology of the Westminster Confession. During this time Brown also continued his duties as a minister. From 1768 until the year of his death he also had the permanent post of clerk of the synod.

Famous contacts
His contacts with three famous contemporaries have been documented:

In 1771 Brown began a long correspondence with Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon. which encouraged them mutually in their Christian endeavour.
In 1772 Brown was walking in Haddington Cemetery when he met Robert Fergusson, the poet, in a dark mood.
The philosopher David Hume heard Brown preaching in North Berwick and commented that Brown preached "as if he were conscious that Christ was at his elbow".

Death
Brown's labours finally ruined his health, which during the last years of his life was very poor. He continued his work to very near the end. Brown died at his home in Haddington on 19 June 1787, after months of stomach problems. His last words were "My Christ". He was interred in the church-yard there, where there is a monument to his memory. A memorial stained glass window and brass plaque to his memory lie in St Mary's Collegiate Church, Haddington.

Works
John Brown wrote numerous books, of which the most notable are described here.

Only one dictionary of the Bible (by Thomas Wilson (1563–1622)), by then long out of print, had preceded Brown's The Dictionary of the Bible. It therefore met a need and after the initial edition published in 1769 numerous editions, variously amended, were issued until 1868. It expressed a Calvinist theology, and in it, the author estimated that 2016 would see the Millennium. Many articles in it are long and appear to be tracts or sermons.

A General History of the Christian Church was issued in two volumes in 1771.

The Self Interpreting Bible was Brown's most significant work, and it remained in print (edited by others), until well into the twentieth century.  The objective of providing a commentary for ordinary people was very successful.  The idea that the Bible was "self-interpreting" involved copious marginal references, especially comparing one scriptural statement with another.  Brown also provided a substantial introduction to the Bible, and added an explication and "reflections" for each chapter.

A measure of its popularity is that it was translated into Welsh, and its appearance in Robert Burns's "Epistle to James Tennant".

Some of his original manuscripts are held by East Lothian Council Archives.

Bibliography

John Brown's works
1758, A Help for the Ignorant
1764, Two short Catechisms, mutually conected
1764, The Christian Journal
1765, The Christian Journal
1766, An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Secession
1767, Letter on the Constitution, Government, and Discipline of the Christian Church
1768, Sacred Tropology,
1769, A Dictionary of the Bible
1769, Religious Steadfastness recommended
1771, A General History of the Christian Church 2 vols.
1775, The Psalms of David in metre, with Notes
1778, The Self-interpreting Bible (Edinburgh, published by Gavin Alston, 2 vols., 1st edition overall)
1779, The Oracles of Christ and the Abomination of Antichrist compared, a brief View of the Errors, Impieties, and Inhumanities of Popery
1780, The Absurdity and Perfidy of All Authoritative Toleration of Gross Heresy, Blasphemy, Idolatry, Popery, in Britain.
1780, The fearful Shame and Contempt of those professed Christians who neglect to raise up spiritual Children in Christ
1780, The Re-exhibition of the Testimony vindicated, in opposition to the unfair account of it given by the Rev. Adam Gib (Gib was a prominent anti-burgher clergyman who in this year had written 'An Account of the Burgher Re-exhibition of the Secession Testimony')
1781, The Christian, the Student, and Pastor exemplified in the lives of nine eminent Ministers
1781, An Evangelical and a Practical View of the Types and Figures of the Old Testament Dispensation
1782, The Young Christian, or the Pleasantness of Early Piety
1782, A compendious View of Natural and Revealed Religion
1783, Practical Piety exemplified in the Lives of Thirteen Eminent Christians
1783, A brief Concordance to the Holy Scriptures
1783, Necessity and Advantage of Prayer in choice of Pastors
1784, A Compendious History of the British Churches
1784, The Harmony of Scripture Prophecies
1785, Thoughts on the Travelling of the Mail on the Lord's Day (as to this, see Cox's Lit. of Sabbath Question, ii. 248, Edin. 1865)
1789, Select Remains1791, The Self-interpreting Bible (London, published by T. Bensley, 2 vols., 2nd edition overall, includes corrections/revision left by Brown for his sons to have integrated after his death)1792, The Self-interpreting Bible (New York, published by Hodge and Campbell, 1 vol., 3rd edition overall, includes corrections/revision left by Brown for his sons to have integrated after his death / US President George Washington is the first of 1,279 subscribers noted by name, occupation, and city in each of the total 1,567 subscribed copies)1797, Posthumous Works1804, '''Apology for the more frequent Administration of the Lord's Supper

Works about Brown
Various short lives of Brown are prefixed to several of his works
the most authentic is the Memoir by his son, the Rev. William Brown, M.D., prefixed to an edition of the Select Remains (Edin. 1856). Some additional facts, together with an engraving from a family portrait, are given in Cooke's edition of Brown's Bible (Glasgow, 1855). Some of the more authentic of the many anecdotes about Brown are collected in Dr. John Brown's Letter to the Rev. J. Cairns, D.D. (2nd ed. Edin. 1861); see also McKerrow's History of the Secession Church (Glasgow, 1841).

Family
He was twice married: first to Janet Thomson, Musselburgh, second to Violet Croumbie, Stenton, East Lothian. Brown had six sons, from two marriages, of whom four became ministers, and another the provost of Haddington. His sons included:

Rev John Brown (1754-1832) minister of Whitekirk
Rev Ebenezer Brown (1758-1836) minister of Inverkeithing
Rev Thomas Brown (1776-1828) minister of Dalkeith
Samuel Brown (1779-1839) merchant in Haddington
David Brown (1782-1827) bookseller at 16 South St Andrew St in Edinburgh
Rev William Brown MD (1783-1863)

His great-grandson John Brown was known as a physician and author.

References

Citations

Sources

External links

1722 births
1787 deaths
Scottish Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Scottish evangelicals
People from Haddington, East Lothian
Clergy from East Lothian
18th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Ministers of Secession Churches in Scotland

John Brown of Haddington


Douwe Durk Breimer (* 24. November 1943 in Oudemirdum) ist ein niederländischer Pharmakologe.

Leben
Der Sohn des Ids Breimer (* 1908) und der Johanna Hoeckstra studierte von 1962 bis 1970 an der Universität Groningen. Er promovierte am 1. Januar 1974 an der Radboud-Universität Nijmegen mit der Abhandlung Pharmacokinetics of hypnotic drugs (frei ins Deutsche übersetzt: Die Pharmakokinetik von hypnotischen Medikamenten). Er wurde aufgrund eines königlichen Beschlusses vom 14. April 1975 als Professor für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften mit dem Fachgebiet Pharmakologie an die Universität Leiden berufen. Dieses ihm übertragene Amt trat er am 1. Mai 1975 an und hielt am 29. Oktober 1976 seine Einführungsrede Farmacotherapie op maat (frei ins Deutsche übersetzt: Pharmakotherapie nach Maß).

Am 3. November 1981 wurde sein Fachgebiet um die Pharmakotherapie erweitert und am 24. April 1986 wechselte er zur medizinischen Fakultät. 1987 wurde er Mitglied der Königlich-Niederländischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Während jener Zeit schrieb er eine Vielzahl von Fachaufsätzen und Büchern. Er war von 1992 bis 2001 Direktor des Zentrums für pharmazeutische Forschung Leiden/Amsterdam und wurde 2001 zum Rektor der Leidener Alma Mater gewählt. Dieses Amt übergab er 2007, als er emeritiert wurde, an seinen Nachfolger Paul van der Heijden.

Breimer wurden zudem viele internationale Auszeichnungen zuteil. So haben ihm die Universität Gent, die Universität Uppsala, die Semmelweis-Universität in Budapest, die Universität Navarra, die Hiroshima-Universität in Tokio, die Universität London und die Universität Montreal Ehrendoktorwürden verliehen. Seit 1992 ist er Mitglied der Academia Europaea. Zudem ist er seit dem 2. Oktober 2006 Ehrenbürger von Leiden.

Weblinks

 Breimer im Professorenkatalog Leiden

Einzelnachweise

Pharmakologe
Rektor (Universität Leiden)
Mitglied der Königlich Niederländischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Academia Europaea
Ehrendoktor der Universität Gent
Ehrendoktor der Universität Uppsala
Ehrendoktor der Semmelweis-Universität
Ehrendoktor der Universität Navarra
Ehrendoktor einer Universität in Japan
Ehrendoktor der University of London
Ehrendoktor der Universität Montreal
Niederländer
Geboren 1943
Mann

Douwe Breimer


Ağaç, botanikte çoğu türünde dalları ve yaprakları destekleyen uzun bir sürgüne ya da gövdeye sahip çok yıllık bir bitkidir. Ağaç tanımı, bazı kullanımlarda sadece ikincil büyüme gösteren odunsu bitkileri, kereste olarak kullanılabilen bitkileri ya da belirli bir yüksekliğin üzerindeki bitkileri kapsayacak şekilde daha dar olabilir. Daha geniş tanımlarda ise uzun palmiyeler, eğrelti ağaçları, muz ağaçları ve bambular da birer ağaç olarak kabul edilir. Ağaçlar taksonomik bir grup değildir ancak, güneş ışığı için rekabet etmek adına diğer bitkilerden daha fazla yükseğe çıkmanın bir yolu olarak birbirinden bağımsız şekilde evrimleşip gövde ve dalları olan çeşitli bitki türlerini içermektedir. Ağaçlar uzun ömürlü olma eğilimindedir ve bazıları birkaç bin yıl yaşar. Ağaçlar 370 milyon yıldır dünya üzerindeki varlığını sürdürmektedir. Dünyada yaklaşık üç trilyon olgunluğa erişmiş ağacın olduğu tahmin edilmektedir.

Aynı zamanda ağaçlar uçurum kenarlarına ve benzeri dikildikleri yerlere göre  heyelan, toprak kayması, sel gibi doğal afetleri de engeller.

Tanım

"Ağaç" terimi genel bir deyiş olarak kullanılıyor olsa da bir ağacın ne olduğuna dair ne botanik olarak ne de ortak dilde evrensel olarak kabul görmüş kesin bir tanım yoktur. En geniş anlamıyla ağaç, fotosentetik yapraklarını veya dallarını yerden belirli bir mesafe üzerinde destekleyen, genel olarak uzun bir sürgüne ya da gövdeye sahip bir bitkidir. Genellikle yükseklikleriyle tanımlanır. 0,5 ila 5 m arasındaki bitkiler çalı olarak adlandırıldığından, ağaçların minimum yüksekliği sadece kabaca tanımlanmaktadır. Papaya ve muz ağacı gibi büyük otsu bitkiler bu geniş anlam dahilinde birer ağaç olarak kabul edilirler.

Fizyoloji
Gövdesinden enine kesilen bir ağaç incelenecek olursa, en dışta kabuk, sonra yıllık halkaları meydana getiren hücre tabakaları ve en içte de öz kısım görülür.

Bir ağacın gerçekten canlı olan biricik kısmı, kabuğun altında odunun yüzeyindeki ince bir hücre tabakasıdır. Buna katman doku tabakası (kambiyum, soymuk) denir. Bu tabaka ağacı geliştiren ve büyümesini sağlayan tabakadır. Genç bir ağaca çivi çakıldığında veya ağaç bir dal verdiğinde, çivinin ve dalın yerden yüksekliği hiç değişmez.

Ağaçların boyları ve yükseklikleri bir hayli değişiklik gösterir. Boyları 3 metreden 140 metreye kadar, yaşları 30-40 yıldan 5000 yıla kadar olan ağaçlara rastlanmaktadır. Dünyanın en yaşlı ve yüksek ağaçlarından olan ve ABD'de Sierra Nevada Dağlarında bulunan sekoyalar (Sequoia) 110 m yüksekliğe ve 7 m çapa erişebilir. Bunların yaşları da 4000 yılı bulmaktadır. Avustralya'da yüksek boylu ormanlar meydana getiren okaliptüs ağaçları da 100 metreyi bulmaktadır. Ağaçların yaşı bir hayli farklılık göstermektedir. Son yıllarda dünyanın en yaşlı ağacının higori çamı (Pirus aristata) olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Yapraklar
Her yaprak, kendini dışarıya karşı koruyacak çok etkili bir tabaka ile sıkı sıkıya örtülüdür. Hava, yaprakların altındaki çok küçük deliklerden stomaya girebilir. Suyun buharlaşması da, yine bu deliklerden (por) sağlanır. Yaprak ihtiyaca göre bu delikleri açar veya kapatır. Ağaç kabuğu çok etkili bir su geçirmez zırhtır. Bir ağaç, su buharının dışarı sızmasına karşı baştan aşağı bu tabaka ile örtülüdür.

Bütün canlı varlıklar gibi ağacın da dokularının arasında devamlı bir su dolaşımı olur. Bu su dolaşımının sağlanabilmesi için ağacın devamlı ve yeterli miktarda suya ihtiyacı vardır.

Suyun yükselimi ve terleme
Bazı büyük ağaç türleri, ihtiyacı olan suyu 50 metrenin üzerinde bir yüksekliğe çıkarmak mecburiyetindedir. Bu olayda önemli olan birinci kuvvet kılcallık olayıdır. Odun boruları demetlerinde 20 metreye kadar etkilidir. İkinci kuvvet ise, kök basıncıdır. Bu basınç ile ağaçta su 30 metreye kadar yüksekliğe çıkarılabilmektedir. Bir diğer önemli kuvvet de yapraklardan suyun buharlaşması (terleme) ile meydana gelen emme kuvvetidir. Buna kohezyon gerilimi de denir. Terlemenin (transpirasyon) büyük kısmı gözeneklerle, az bir kısmı da diğer yüzeylerle sağlanır. Kohezyon kuvveti su moleküllerini birbirine bağlar. Bu gerilim, suyun kopmayan bir sütun hâlinde yükselmesini sağlar. Sekoya gibi yüksekliği 100 metreyi bulan dev ağaçlarda su, tepelere kadar kohezyon kuvvetiyle yükselir.

Yaşam döngüsü
Toprağa düşen tohumdan en önce fide meydana gelir. Fide bir yıl sonra fidan halini alır. Hücrelerinin çoğalmasıyla dal ve yapraklar, gövde ve kök olarak üç parçadan ibaret bir ağacın küçük bir modeli olur. Her yıl ağacın dallarında ve köklerinde yeni sürgünler çıkarken, gövdede de bir tane yıllık halka meydana gelir. Bu halkalar, ağacın enine büyüyerek yaptığı odun tabakasıdır. Yağışı bol yıllarda, geniş bir halka; kurak geçen yıllarda ise, ince ve küçük bir halka meydana gelir. Bu sayede ağaç türlerinin yaşı, halka sayısı sayılarak hesaplanabilmektedir.

Kullanım alanları
Ağaçlar günlük hayatta çeşitli alanlarda yaygın olarak kullanılırlar. Kâğıt yapımından mobilya yapımına, meyvelerinin besin olarak kullanımından süs ağaçlarına ve keresteye kadar, sayısız kullanım alanı vardır. Ormanlar ise, bir memleketin iklimini ve ekonomisini etkileyecek kadar önemlidir.

Ormanlarımızda tespit edilen ağaç türleri
Türkiye ormanlarında yaklaşık 150 ağaç türü bulunmaktadır. Bunlar;

 Kızılçam,	 Pinus brutia
 Karaçam,Pinus nigra
 Sarıçam, Pinus silvestris
 Fıstık çamı, Pinus pinea
 Halep çamı, Pinus halepensis
 Sahil çamı, Pinus pinaster (maritima)
 Monteri çamı, Pinus radiata
 Günlük çamı, Pinus taeda
 Kazdağı göknarı, Abies equi-trajani
 Uludağ göknarı, Abies bormmülleriana
 Doğu Karadeniz göknarı,Abies nordmanniana
 Toros göknarı,Abies cilicica
 Doğu ladini, Picea orientalis
 Avrupa ladini, Picea abies
 Toros sediri, Cedrus libani
 Adi ardıç, Juniperus communis
 Sabin ardıcı, Juniperus sabina
 Finike ardıcı, Juniperus phoenicea
 Kokulu ardıç, Juniperus foetidissima
 Boylu ardıç, Juniperus excelsa
 Adi servi, Cupressus sempervirens
 Porsuk, Taxus baccata
 Douglas göknarı,Pseudotsuga douglasi
 Andız, Arceuthos drupacea
 Doğu kayını, Fagus orientalis
 Palamut meşesi, Quercus aegilops
 Saplı meşe, Quercus robur
 Sapsız meşe, Quercus petreaea
 Macar meşesi, Quercus frainetto
 Tüylü meşe, Quercus pubescens
 Mazı meşesi, Quercus infectoria
 Saçlı meşe, Quercus cerris
 Pırnal meşesi, Quercus ilex
 Kermes meşesi, Quercus coccifera
 Doğu Karadeniz meşesi, Quercus pontica
 Istranca meşesi, Quercus hartwissiana

 İspir meşesi, Quercus macranthera
 Kasnak meşesi, Quercus vulcanica
 Çoruh meşesi, Quercus dschorochensis
 Virjinya meşesi, Quercus virgilinia
 Brantii meşesi, Quercus brantii
 Lübnan meşesi, Quercus libani
 Makedonya meşesi, Quercus trojana
 Boz pırnal meşe, Quercus aucheri
 Mantar meşesi, Quercus suber
 Toros meşesi, Quercus haas
 Doğu gürgeni, Carpinus orientalis
 Adi kızılağaç, Alnus glitunosa
 Doğu kızılağacı, Alnus orientalis
 Fırat kavağı, Popolus euphratica
 Kara kavak, Popolus nigra
 Titrek kavak, Popolus tremula
 Anadolu kestanesi, Castanea sativa
 Adi dişbudak, Fraxinus excelsior
 Büyük yapraklı ıhlamur, Tilia platyphyllos
 Kafkas ıhlamuru, Tilia rubra
 Tüylü ıhlamur, Tilia tomentosa
 Avrupa ıhlamuru, Tilia cordota
 Ova akçaağacı, Acer campestre
 Kapadokya akçaağacı, Acer cappadocicum
 Çınar yapraklı akçaağaç, Acer platanoides
 Dağ akçaağacı, Acer pseudoplatanus
 Kafkas akçaağacı, Acer trautvetteri
 Tatar akçaağacı, Acer tataricum
 İtalyan akçaağacı, Acer opalus
 Doğu akçaağacı,Acer orientale
 Dişbudak yapraklı akçaağaç,Acer negundo
 İran akçaağacı, Acer hyrcanum
 Üçdilimli akçaağaç, Acer monspessulanum
 Ova karaağacı, Ulmus cempestris
 Hercai karaağaç, Ulmus laevis
 Dağ karaağacı, Ulmus montana

 Asya karaağaç, Ulmus pumila
 Kırmızı karaağaç, Ulmus rubra
 Kayacık, Ostrya carpinofolia
 Akçaağaç yapraklı çınar,Platanus acerifolia
 Batı çınarı, Platanus occidentalis
 Doğu çınarı, Platanus orientalis
 Okaliptus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis
 Sığla, Liquidambar orientalis
 Adi fındık, Corylus avellana
 Türk fındığı, Corylus sylvatica
 Ak söğüt, Salix alba
 Badem yapraklı söğüt, Salix amygdalina
 Salkım söğüt, Salix babylonica
 Keçi söğüdü, Salix caprea
 Boz söğüt, Salix cinerea
 Kara söğüt, Salix nigra
 Sepetçi söğüdü, Salix viminalis
 Beyaz huş, Betula alba
 Kara huş, Betula nigra
 Tüylü huş, Betula pubescens
 Adi huş, Betula verrucosa
 Kıbrıs akasyası, Acacia cyanophylla
 Yalancı akasya, Robinia pseudoacacia
 Kiraz, Prunus avium
 Üvez, Sorbus aucuparia
 Ceviz, Juglans regia
 Yabani zeytin, Olea europaea
 Akdeniz defnesi, Laurus nobilis
 Adi şimşir, Buxus sempervirens
 Orman gülü, Rhododendron ponticum
 Kocayemiş, Arbutus unedo
 Harnup (Keçiboynuzu), Ceratonia siliqua
 Diğer yapraklılar

 Cinsler

 Abies,	Göknar
 Acacia,	Akasya
 Acer,	Akçaağaç
 Actinostrobus,	Servi çamı
 Athrotaxis,	Tasmanya sediri
 Aesculus,	At kestanesi
 Agathis
 Ailanthus,	Kokarağaç
 Albizia,	Gülibrişim
 Alnus,	Kızılağaç
 Amentotaxus Araucaria,	Arokarya
 Arbutus,	Koca yemiş
 Aucuba,	Akuba
 Austrocedrus,	Şili sediri
 Berberis,	Kadıntuzluğu
 Betula,	Huş
 Biota	Doğu mazısı
 Broussonetia,	Kağıt dutu
 Buxus,	Şimşir
 Calocedrus,	Su sediri
 Camellia
 Carpinus,	Gürgen
 Carya
 Castanopsis
 Catalpa,	Katalpa
 Cathaya	 Cephalotaxus Celtis,	Çitlenbik
 Ceratonia,	Keçiboynuzu
 Cercidiphyllum,	Katsura ağacı
 Cercis,	Erguvan
 Chamaecyparis,	Yalancı servi
 Citrus,	Limon,Portakal,Greyfurt,Mandalina
 Clematis,	Akasma
 Cornus,	Kızılcık
 Corylus,	Fındık
 Cotinus,	Sumak
 Cotoneaster,	Dağ muşmulası
 Crataegus,	Alıç
 Cryptomeria,	Japon çamı
 Cunninghamia,	Tırpan ağacı
 Cupressocyparis, 	Melez servi
 Cupressus,	Servi
 Cydonia,	Ayva
 Daphne Dalbergia,  Pelesenk ağaçları
 Diospyros,	Trabzon hurması, Abanoz
 Dipteronia

 Elaeagnus,	İğde
 Eriobotrya, 	Malta eriği
 Eucalyptus,	Okaliptüs
 Euonymus,	Papazkülahı
 Fagus,	Kayın
 Ficus,	İncir
 Fitzroya	Patagonya servisi
 Forsythia,	Altınçanak
 Fraxinus,	Dişbudak
 Fuchsia,	Küpe çiçeği
 Ginkgo,	Mabet ağacı
 Gleditsia,	Yabani keçiboynuzu
 Hedera,	Sarmaşık
 Hibiscus, 	Ağaçhatmi
 Hippophae,	Yalancı iğde
 Hydrangea,	Ortanca
 İlex,	Çobanpüskülü
 Jacaranda
 Jasminum,	Yasemin
 Juglans,	Ceviz
 Kalmia Keteeleria, Yalancı göknar
 Koelreuteria,	Fener ağacı
 Laburnum,	Sarısalkım
 Lagerstromeia,	Oya ağacı
 Larix,	Melez
 Laurus,	Defne
 Ligustrum,	Kurtbağrı
 Liquidambar,	Sığla ağacı
 Liriodendron,	Lale ağacı
 Lithocarpus
 Lonicera,	Hanımeli
 Maclura,	Yalancı portakal ağacı
 Magnolia,	Manolya
 Mahonia,	Sarıboya ağacı
 Malus, 	Çiçek elması
 Melia,	Tespih ağacı
 Mespilus,	Muşmula
 Metasequoia,	Su ladini
 Microbiota
 Morus,	Dut
 Myrtus,	Mersin
 Nerium,	Zakkum
 Nothofagus,	Yalancı kayın
 Olea,	Zeytin
 Osmanthus
 Ostrya,	Kayacık
 Paulownia	 Pavlonya, İmparator pavlonyası
 Phellodendron,	Mantar ağacı

 Phillyrea,	Akçakesme
 Phoenix,	Hurma
 Picea,	Ladin
 Pinus,	Çam
 Pistacia,	Sakız ağacı, Menengiç
 Pittosporum
 Platanus,	Çınar
 Podocarpus	 Taşporsuğu
 Populus,	Kavak
 Prunus,	Kiraz,Erik,Şeftali,Kayısı
 Pseudolarix,	Yalancı melez
 Pseudotaxus	 Çin yalancıporsuğu
 Pseudotsuga,	Duglas göknarı
 Pterocarya,	Kanatlı ceviz
 Punica,	Nar
 Pyracantha,	Ateşdikeni
 Pyrus,	Armut
 Quercus,	Meşe
 Reklam,	Reklam Ağacı
 Rhamnus,	Cehri
 Rhododendron,	Ormangülü
 Robinia,  Yalancı akasya
 Salix,	Söğüt
 Sambucus,	Mürver
 Sassafras
 Sciadopitys,	Japon şemsiye çamı
 Sequoia,	Sekoya
 Sequoiadendron,	Mamut ağacı
 Sophora,	Sofora
 Sorbus,	Üvez
 Syringa,	Leylak
 Taiwania
 Tamarix,	Ilgın
 Taxodium,	Bataklık servisi
 Taxus, 	Porsuk
 Tetraclinis Berberistan mazısı
 Thuja, 	Mazı
 Thujopsis, 	Yalancı mazı
 Tilia,	Ihlamur
 Torreya
 Tsuga,	Suga
 Ulmus,	Karaağaç
 Vaccinum,	Yaban mersini
 Viburnum,	Kartopu
 Washingtonia,	Kanarya palmiyesi
 Wisteria,	Morsalkım
 Yucca,	Avize ağacı
 Zelkova,	 Zelkova
 Ziziphus'',	Hünnap

Ayrıca bakınız
 Orman Genel Müdürlüğü
 TEMA

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı- Ağaçlandırma ve Erozyon kontrolü Seferberliği

Botanik

Ağaç


Le Tondo Bartolini (Vierge à l'Enfant avec la naissance de la Vierge et la rencontre de Joachim et Anne) est une peinture à tempera sur bois (diamètre 135 cm) de Fra Filippo Lippi, datable de 1452-1453, conservée à la Galerie Palatine à Florence en Italie.

Histoire
Selon la tradition, l'œuvre a été commandée par le Florentin Leonardo Bartolini, selon certaines mentions dans des documents de 1452-1453, lors du séjour du peintre à Prato. Des études plus récentes (Jeffrey Ruda) ont plutôt pris en considération le blason au dos du panneau, qui appartient à un membre de la famille Martelli, et déplacé la datation, en se basant sur des preuves stylistiques, la rapprochant des dernières fresques des Vies de saint Étienne et de saint Jean-Baptiste dans la chapelle principale de la cathédrale de Prato, dans la seconde moitié des années soixante du . On sait cependant qu'il n'était pas achevé lorsque Lippi entreprit de peindre à fresque le chœur de la cathédrale de Prato.

L'œuvre est mentionnée dans les inventaires du palais Pitti à Florence en 1761, qui l'indiquent comme étant conservée dans les « greniers ». Depuis l'aménagement de la galerie Palatine, elle constitue l'une des pièces les plus précieuses de la salle florentine du  de la galerie.

Description et style
Le grand format rond est l'un des premiers de la Renaissance, et inspira certainement Sandro Botticelli et d'autres artistes de la seconde moitié du .

L'Enfant est contre le ventre de sa mère, elle-même assise sur une chaise dont on aperçoit de curieux volutes de bois qui évoqueraient presque un goût « baroque ». La coiffure de la Vierge est celle en vogue entre les années 60 et 70 du siècle, avec de très légers voiles entrelacés, ornés de fins colliers de perles. La robe est riche et élégante, comme en témoignent les bijoux qui y sont appliqués ou le liseré doré. La Vierge et l'Enfant tiennent dans leurs mains une grenade, symbole de Fertilité et de Royauté, dont l'Enfant a extrait un grain qu'il montre à sa mère de l'autre main.

En arrière-plan, dans une partition architecturale complexe unifiée dans une perspective linéaire, se déroulent trois scènes liées à la naissance de Marie : la Rencontre à la Porte dorée de Joachim (père de Marie) et Anne (mère de Marie) (à droite), la Naissance de la Vierge (à gauche), avec quelques femmes au centre. Le choix des scènes rappelle un thème très discuté au , à savoir la conception « tachée » ou « immaculée » de Marie par sainte Anne : mise en lumière de la conception miraculeuse de Marie lors de la rencontre à la Porte dorée (Jérusalem), sans acte sexuel par conséquent, une position précise prise vis-à-vis de l'interprétation de l'« immaculation ». Les formes claires de l'architecture font ressortir le dynamisme de certaines figures, avec un dessin élégant.

Des œuvres sculpturales constituent des modèles de la composition, telles que la Porte du Paradis de Lorenzo Ghiberti. Les vêtements soyeux qui ondulent de mouvement, déjà expérimentés par Donatello dans Saint Georges libère la Princesse (1416-1417), sont utilisés ici pour la première fois en peinture et deviennent l'un des thèmes les plus chers de l'art florentin. De nombreux artistes s'en sont inspirés, comme Sandro Botticelli dans Le Retour de Judith à Béthulie (vers 1472) et Domenico Ghirlandaio dans la scène de la Naissance du Baptiste dans la chapelle Tornabuoni de la basilique Santa Maria Novella, où il a peint une figure similaire d'une femme vêtue de soie courant avec un panier sur la tête.

Le dos de la peinture contient le dessin d'un blason héraldique.

Postérité
Le tondo fait partie du musée imaginaire de l'historien français Paul Veyne, qui le décrit dans son ouvrage justement intitulé Mon musée imaginaire.

Références

Bibliographie

 .

Articles connexes
 Chapelle Tornabuoni
 Renaissance florentine
 Renaissance italienne

Liens externes

Tableau de Fra Filippo Lippi
Tableau des années 1450
Bartolini
Vierge à l'Enfant dans la peinture
Lippi
Joachim dans la peinture
Grenade dans la peinture
Escalier dans la peinture
Œuvre de Fra Filippo Lippi en Italie
Œuvre conservée au palais Pitti

Tondo Bartolini


Polydextrose er en syntetisk polymer af glucose. Det er en fødevareingrediens klassificeret som opløselig fiber af US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) samt Health Canada, . Det bruges ofte til at øge kostfibreindholdet i fødevarer, at erstatte sukker og for at reducere kalorier og fedtindhold. Det er en multifunktionel fødevareingrediens syntetiseret fra dextrose (glucose) plus ca. 10 procent sorbitol og én procent citronsyre. Dens E-nummer er E1200 . FDA godkendte det i 1981.

Det er 0,1 gange så sødt som sukker.

Historie
Kommerciel fremstilling af spiselig polydextrose stammer fra en proces udviklet af Hans H. Rennhard fra Pfizer, Inc. Rennhard begyndte at undersøge muligheden for polysaccharider som lav-kalorie erstatninger for sukker, fedt, mel og stivelse. I 1965 skabte han polydextrose, en polymer af dextrose, fremstillet af de naturligt forekommende komponenter: glucose, sorbitol og citronsyre.

Kommercielle anvendelser
Polydextrose anvendes almindeligvis som erstatning for sukker, stivelse og fedt i kommercielle drikkevarer, kager, slik, dessertblandinger, morgenmadsprodukter, gelatiner, frosne desserter, buddinger og salatdressinger. Polydextrose anvendes ofte som ingrediens i lowcarb, sukkerfri og diabetiske madopskrifter. Det bruges også som fugtighedsbevarende middel, stabilisator og fortykningsmiddel.

Polydextrose er en form for opløselig fiber og har vist sunde præbiotiske fordele, når de testes på dyr. Det indeholder kun 1 kcal pr. gram og kan derfor hjælpe med at reducere kalorierindholdet.

Polydextrose tolereres imidlertid ikke godt af alle. Doser så lave som 10g giver betydeligt mere tarmgas og flatulens end psyllium.

Referencer

Polysakkarider
Spiselige fortykningsmidler
Tilsætningsstoffer
Pages with unreviewed translations

Polydextrose


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Gemerské Jablonec enthält das eine nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützte Objekt in der Gemeinde Gemerský Jablonec im Okres Rimavská Sobota.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Gemersky Jablonec

Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Gemerský Jablonec


Der Ruisseau de Nobressart ist ein gut vier Kilometer langer Wasserlauf in der  wallonischen Provinz Luxemburg und ein linker Zufluss der Attert.

Verlauf
Der Ruisseau de Nobressart  entsteht in zwei Quellästen auf einer Höhe von etwa  in einem Waldgelände südöstlich der gleichnamigen Ortschaft. Er fließt zunächst in östlicher Richtung durch den Wald und wechselt dann in Grünland, wobei sein Lauf von einem breiten Streifen aus Büschen und Bäumen gesäumt wird. Er läuft nun parallel zur Rue de la Kwert nordostwärts, schlägt dann einen kleinen Bogen nach links und erreicht danach den Südrand von Nobressart, wo er sich zu einem kleinen Teich staut. Dieser Teich wird noch von einem zweiten Bächlein gespeist. Der Ruisseau de Nobressart passiert die Ortschaft, wobei ihn dabei noch mehrere weitere kleine Wasserläufe stärken. Er verlässt dann die Ortschaft, fließt in Richtung Osten durch offene Flur, richtet allmählich seinen Lauf immer mehr nach Südosten aus und mündet schließlich bei den Dauwertz-Hecken auf einer Höhe von etwa  von links in  die Attert.

Einzelnachweise

Attert

Nobressart (Attert)


El término quenching fluorescente o desactivación fluorescente hace referencia a cualquier proceso que produzca una disminución en la intensidad de la fluorescencia emitida por una determinada sustancia. Una gran variedad de procesos pueden provocar una desactivación fluorescente, tales como reacciones en estado excitado, transferencia de energía, formación de complejos y quenching por colisiones moleculares. Como consecuencia, la desactivación fluorescente es altamente dependiente de la presión y la temperatura. El oxígeno molecular y los iones ioduro y cloruro son desactivadores químicos muy frecuentemente utilizados. El ion cloruro es un muy conocido desactivador para la fluorescencia de la quinina. La desactivación de la fluorescencia representa un problema para los métodos espectroscópicos no instantáneos, tales como la fluorescencia inducida por láser. El efecto de desactivación fluorescente se utiliza para construir algunos sensores de tipo óptodo; por ejemplo, el efecto de desactivación que provoca el oxígeno en ciertos complejos de rutenio permite la medición de la saturación de oxígeno de una solución. Por otra parte la desactivación de la fluorescencia es el mecanismo básico en el cual se basan los ensayos de tipo de transferencia de energía de resonancia (FRET). Los mecanismos de desactivación y activación de la fluorescencia luego de la interacción con moléculas biológicas diana es la base para el funcionamiento de los agentes de contraste para la generación de imágenes moleculares.

Mecanismos de desactivación

Existen varios mecanismos por los cuales la energía puede ser transferida de modo no radiativo (sin absorción o emisión de fotones) entre dos colorantes, uno aceptor y uno donador. La transferencia de energía de resonancia de Förster (FRET o FET), por ejemplo, es un mecanismo de desactivación dinámico debido a que la transferencia ocurre mientras el donador se encuentra en un estado excitado. El mecanismo en el cual se basa FRET son las clásicas interacciones dipolo-dipolo entre los dipolos transitorios que se producen en el donador y el aceptor. Debido a esta particularidad este mecanismo es extremadamente dependiente de la distancia entre donador y aceptor (R), por lo que la tasa de energía transferida cae a razón de 1/R6. El mecanismo FRET también depende del solapamiento entre los espectros de absorción y emisión de donador y aceptor, y de la orientación relativa de los momentos de los dipolos transitorios en donador y aceptor. Generalmente, el mecanismo Förster ocurre cuando las distancias entre donador y aceptor son menores a 100 Å.

La transferencia electrónica Dexter, también conocida como energía de transferencia colisional, es otro mecanismo de desactivación dinámico. La transferencia Dexter es un fenómeno de corto alcance que disminuye con la distancia en relación e−R y depende del solapamiento espacial entre los orbitales moleculares de donador y aceptor. En la mayor parte de las situaciones donde intervienen un donador, un aceptor - fluoróforo y un desactivador, el mecanismo Förster es mucho más importante que el mecanismo Dexter. En ambos tipos de mecanismos el Förster y el Dexter, las formas de los espectros de absorción y emisión de los compuestos coloreados que participan son iguales a los de las especies puras.

Un tercer mecanismo de desactivación dinámica es el exciplejo (complejo de estado excitado).

Los restantes mecanismos de transferencia de energía son los de desactivación estática, también referidos como de desactivación por contacto. El mecanismo de desactivación estática puede ser el mecanismo dominante en algunas sondas moleculares que se basan en el principio de desactivación de la fluorescencia. A diferencia del mecanismo dinámico, la desactivación estática ocurre cuando ambas moléculas (la donadora y la aceptora) se encuentran en estado basal. El donador y el aceptor se unen para formar un aducto, un complejo en estado basal, es decir un dímero intramolecular con propiedades únicas (diferentes a la de los compuestos que lo forman), tales como el no ser fluorescente y poseer un espectro de absorción diferente y distintivo. La agregación de las moléculas coloreadas es debida en este caso a interacciones hidrofóbicas que obligan a las moléculas a apilarse todas juntas para minimizar los contactos con el agua. Las moléculas de colorantes aromáticos planares que se eligen para coincidir con la molécula fluorescente por medio de interacciones electrostáticas, hidrofóbicas o estéricas pueden potenciar el efecto de desactivación estático. Las altas temperaturas y la adición de surfactantes, tienden a dificultar la formación de complejos en estado basal.

Véase también
 desactivador oscuro, para su utilización en biología molecular.
 transferencia de energía de resonancia, un fenómeno en el cual se basan algunas técnicas analíticas.

Referencias

Espectroscopia

Quenching (fluorescencia)


Microcar este un producător francez de micromașini. Compania a fost fondată în 1984 ca filială a grupului Bénéteau, un mare producător de bărci cu pânze. Producția s-a mutat într-o nouă fabrică construită la comandă în septembrie 2000. În septembrie 2008, Microcar a fost achiziționată de Ligier Automobiles într-o afacere susținută de firma italiană de capital privat 21 Investimenti Partners. Fuziunea a creat cel de-al doilea cel mai mare producător european de micromașini și cel mai mare producător de cvadricicluri sau vehicule "fără permis" (scutite de licență). Mărcile Microcar și Ligier trebuie să își păstreze identitățile și instalațiile de producție separate. Phillipe Ligier, fiul fondatorului companiei Guy Ligier, ocupă funcția de CEO al Ligier Automobiles extins.

Modele actuale

Dué : acest model de nivel de intrare este cel mai ieftin pe piața auto fără permis
M.Go : acest model este cel mai vândut pe piață. Vine în versiuni standard, utilitate (Cargo) sau aspectul SUV-ului (Highland)
M.Cross : această utilitate este o evoluție a Flex 3.

Foste modele

 Microcar Family Luxe
 Microcar Lyra
 Microcar NewStreet, NewStreet Cabriolet
 Microcar Pratic Luxe
 Microcar Virgo
 Microcar Virgo 2
 Microcar Virgo 3
 Microcar Virgo Luxe
 Microcar MC1
 Microcar MC2
 Microcar MGo

Legături externe

UK site (English)
Microcar website (French)

Producători auto din Franța
Micromașini
Mărci de automobile
Producători de vehicule electrice din Franța

Microcar (marcă)


Christian Anthony Burns (Wigan, Reino Unido; 18 de enero de 1973) es un músico, guitarrista y cantante inglés. Es hijo de Tony Burns, miembro de la banda de rock británico originaria de Liverpool, The Signs. Es más popularmente conocido por haber sido el miembro fundador, vocalista y guitarrista rítmico de la banda de pop rock, BBMak. La banda solo lanzó dos álbumes de estudio y 3 álbumes de video teniendo éxito como una de las mejores bandas a finales de los años 90. La banda se separó en 2003. En la actualidad, es considerado su mayor éxito su cover en 2005 de la canción "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" de la banda británica, Tears for Fears.

Biografía
Burns nació el 18 de enero de 1973 en Wigan, Reino Unido en donde se crio. Desde pequeño rápidamente interesado por la música y por consejo de su padre, consiguió su primera guitarra. En el colegio ingresó a algunos grupos de rock y fue cultivando su experiencia como músico, alrededor de la edad de 14 años se dio cuenta de que no solo podía tocar sino que también cantar. Al ser mayor de edad hizo amistad con dos nuevos amigos y 2 años después al cumplir 20 años estos forman la banda de rock BBMak en 1994.

Carrera
Burns era miembro de la popular banda británica BBMak, junto con Mark Barry y Stephen McNally. El grupo vendió casi tres millones de álbumes en todo el mundo y alcanzó el Top 5 con "Back Here", en el Reino Unido. En Estados Unidos, se adjudicó el # 1 en las listas de reproducción de vídeo y tuvo alta rotación en MTV y TRL.

En 2003, la banda se separó, y todos los miembros se dedidacaron a sus carreras en solitario.
Desde entonces, Burns ha estado colaborando con otros artistas y proyectos de música dance. En 2007, trabajó con Tiësto en el tema "In the Dark", para el álbum Elements of Life. También colaboró en un proyecto de Tiësto llamado Allure, en la pista titulada "Power of You".

También ha colaborado con Benny Benassi, en la canción "Love and Motion", y con la cantante estadounidense, Jes Brieden, en la canción 'As We Collide'.

En 2010 colaboró en gran medida en el álbum del productor estadounidense BT llamado These Hopeful Machines, coescribiendo en canciones como "Suddenly", "The Emergency", y "Forget Me". Él participa en las voces de "Suddenly", y aporto coros en "The Emergency" y "Forget Me."

También tiene pistas próxima con Richard Durand "Night & Day", también con Armin van Buuren en "This Light Between Us", incluido en su álbum Mirage, lanzado en septiembre de 2010. En octubre de 2013, lanzó su álbum debut como solista titulado Simple Modern Answers en el que incluye la colaboración de numerosos productores tales como Armin van Buuren, Paul van Dyk, BT y Kryder entre otros. Actualmente está trabajando en un nuevo proyecto musical junto a BT llamado All Hail the Silence.

Discografía

Álbumes
 2000: Sooner Or Later (con BBMak)
 2002: Into Your Head (con BBMak)
 2013: Simple Modern Answers (como solista)

Versiones y soundtrack
 30 de diciembre de 2005 – "Everybody Wants to Rule the World"
 21 de noviembre de 2006 – "Tranqulized" (con Inhaler)

Sencillos
Como artista principal
 2012: "Bullet" (Christian Burns & Stefan Dabruck)
 2012: "As We Collide" (Christian Burns, Paul Oakenfold & Jes)
 2013: "Perfectly" (con Maison & Dragen)
 2013: "One Thousand Suns" (Christian Burns con Chicane & Ferry Corsten)
 2013: "We Are Tonight" (Christian Burns & Paul van Dyk)
 2014: "Frozen Heart (Big Room Mix)" (Christian Burns & Marco V)
 2014: "Miracles" (Christian Burns & Andrew Rayel)
 2015: "Where The Lights Are" (Christian Burns & Arston)
 2015: "Skin & Bones" (Christian Burns & Swanky Tunes)
 2015: "Strong Ones" (Christian Burns & Armin Van Buuren)
 2018: "Supersonic" (Christian Burns & Swanky Tunes)

Colaboraciones
 16 de abril de 2007 – "In the Dark" (Tiësto con Christian Burns - #133 UK)
 29 de septiembre de 2008 – "Something About You" (Inhaler con Christian Burns)
 22 de noviembre de 2008 – "Power of You" (para Allure, proyecto de Tiësto)
 21 de febrero de 2010 – "Suddenly (BT con Christian Burns)
 2 de agosto de 2010 – "Night & Day" (Richard Durand con Christian Burns)
 12 de noviembre de 2010 – "This Light Between Us" (Armin Van Buuren con Christian Burns)
 28 de febrero de 2011 – "Tokyo Cries" (Glenn Morrison con Christian Burns)
 12 de septiembre de 2011 – "On the Wire" (Allure con Christian Burns)
 13 de mayo de 2012 – "Silver Splits the Blue" (Manufactured Superstars & Jeziel Quintela con Christian Burns)
 26 de mayo de 2014 – "Still In Love" (Bobina con Christian Burns)
 11 de agosto de 2014 – "Paralyzed" (BT & Tritonal con Christian Burns)
 15 de septiembre de 2014 – "We Are the Ones" (twoloud con Christian Burns)

Otras apariciones

 27 de mayo de 2008 – "Love And Motion" (con Benny Benassi) (en el álbum Rock 'n' Rave)
 31 de enero de 2010 – "The Emergency" (con BT) (en el álbum These Hopeful Machines)
 17 de junio de 2011 – "Neon Hero" (con Armin Van Buuren) (en el álbum Mirage - The Remixes)
 7 de marzo de 2012 – "Looking Glass" (All Hail The Silence - una colaboración entre Christian Burns y BT)
 13 de julio de 2012 – "Secret Universe" (con Alex M.O.R.P.H.) (en el álbum Prime Mover)

The Bleachworks
 4 de marzo de 2010 – "Breakdown" (descarga gratuita)
 9 de septiembre 2010 – "Save This City" (con Phonic Funk & The Bleachworks)
 11 de abril de 2010 – "It's Ok" (con Jason Herd & The Bleachworks)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de Christian Burns

 Christian Burns en Discogs
 Inhaler, Christian Burns and BBMak Website

Cantantes masculinos de Inglaterra
Cantantes de pop del Reino Unido
Músicos de música electrónica
Nacidos en Liverpool

Christian Burns


Michel Laffargue, né le  à Marmande et mort le  à Roanne, est un joueur français de rugby à XIII. Il évolue au poste d'ailier.

Au cours de sa carrière, il joue sous les couleurs de Tonneins, Villeneuve-sur-Lot et Roanne, et compte deux sélections en équipe de France.

Palmarès

 Collectif :
 Finaliste du Championnat de France : 1974 (Villeneuve-sur-Lot).

Détails en sélection

Liens externes

International français de rugby à XIII
Naissance en décembre 1952
Décès en décembre 2010

Michel Laffargue


Braulio Méndez (1837 - 1908) fue un médico y político mexicano, nacido en Izamal, Yucatán y muerto en la misma ciudad. Fue siete veces Presidente Municipal de su ciudad natal y dos veces gobernador interino de Yucatán, cubriendo en ambos casos ausencias temporales del gobernador constitucional, Olegario Molina.

Datos históricos
Estudió en la ciudad de Mérida la carrera de medicina, habiendo obtenido su doctorado en 1862. En su ciudad natal alternó el ejercicio de la medicina con las actividades políticas fungiendo en 7 ocasiones como Presidente Municipal de Izamal. Fue también nombrado en dos ocasiones Jefe Político del entonces denominado Partido Político de Izamal, una de las 4 grandes jurisdicciones políticas en que estaba dividido el estado de Yucatán antes de la separación del territorio de Quintana Roo que ocurrió en 1902.

Ocupó interinamente la gubernatura de Yucatán en dos ocasiones, cubriendo ausencias del gobernador Olegario Molina, quien en varias ocasiones, por motivos de viaje, debió separarse de su encargo. Braulio Méndez fue designado para cubrir dos interinatos de julio a octubre de 1904 y de julio a noviembre de 1905.

Durante sus diversas gestiones en Izamal como alcalde de la ciudad, intentó dotar a la Ciudad de los Cerros de una vía pública parecida al Paseo de Montejo en Mérida, pero, a pesar de sus esfuerzos, por motivos económicos la obra no fue nunca completada.

Véase también
 Casta divina
 Gobernantes de Yucatán
 Paseo de Montejo en Mérida, Yucatán.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán, efemérides Con acceso el 28 de enero de 2012.
 Gobernadores de Yucatán Con acceso el 28 de enero de 2012.

Nacidos en Izamal
Gobernadores de Yucatán del siglo XX
Fallecidos en Izamal

Braulio Méndez


A  Eparquia de Bijnor (Latim:Eparchia Biinorensis) é uma eparquia pertencente a Igreja Católica Siro-Malabar com rito Siro-Malabar. Está localizada na cidade de Bijnor, no estado de Utar Pradexe, pertencente a Arquidiocese de Agra na Índia.Foi fundada em 1972 pelo Papa Paulo VI. Inicialmente foi fundada como sendo exarcado apostólico, sendo elevado a eparquia em 1977. Com uma população católica de 4.305 habitantes, sendo 0,0% da população total, possui 36 paróquias com dados de 2018.

História

Em 23 de março de 1972 o Papa Paulo VI cria o Exarcado Apostólico de Bijnor a partir da Diocese de Meerut. Em 1977 o exarco é elevado a eparquia. Desde sua fundação em 1972 pertence a Igreja Católica Siro-Malabar, com rito Siro-Malabar.

Lista de eparcas
A seguir uma lista de bispos desde a criação do exarcado apostólico em 1972, em 1977 é elevado a eparquia.

Ligações externas

Bijnor
Bijnor

Eparquia de Bijnor