Paul Heinrich Ehinger (* 7. August 1939 in Malmö; heimatberechtigt in Sternenberg; † 3. November 2022) war ein Schweizer Historiker und Journalist.

Leben und Wirken
Ehinger wurde als Mittelschüler Mitglied der Schülerverbindung Fides Rorschach. Er absolvierte das Lehrerseminar Rorschach, arbeitete drei Jahre lang als Lehrer und studierte ab 1963 Geschichte und Soziologie an der Universität Zürich. Während seines Studiums wurde er Mitglied der Studentenverbindung Zofingia Zürich. 1970 promovierte er bei Erwin Bucher mit einer Dissertation über den frühen Liberalismus im Kanton St. Gallen. Er arbeitete als Assistent am Forschungszentrum für schweizerische Politik (heute Institut für Politikwissenschaft) an der Universität Bern und als Adjunkt am Generalsekretariat der FDP Schweiz. Ab 1977 war er journalistisch tätig, zuerst beim Werdenberger & Toggenburger, dann bei der Berner Zeitung, der Basler Zeitung und der Schweizerischen Politischen Korrespondenz. Von 1988 bis 2003 war er Chefredaktor des Zofinger Tagblatts, auf ihn folgte Beat Kirchhofer. 1984 war Ehinger Initiant und Mitgründer der Schweizerischen Vereinigung für Studentengeschichte, deren Präsident er von 1986 bis 1994 war. Er war Schriftleiter der Studentica Helvetica. Er war Vorstandsmitglied der Aargauischen Vaterländischen Vereinigung, zu deren Auflösung er ein Buch publizierte.

Er hatte Schriften für die rechtsbürgerlichen Vereine Pro Libertate und Gesellschaft und Kirche Wohin? publiziert und kritisierte einen linken und politisch korrekten Mainstream in den Medien.

Ehinger war verheiratet und hatte zwei Kinder.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Die Anfänge des liberalen Parteiwesens im Kanton St. Gallen: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Soziologie des organisierten Liberalismus in seinem Frühstadium (bis 1870). Zürich 1970 (= Dissertation, Universität Zürich, 1970; Titelblatt/Inhaltsverzeichnis).
 Internationaler Liberalismus. Selbstverlag, Hinterkappelen 1977.
 Die alte Schale nur ist fern: Geschichte des Philisteriums des Schweizerischen Zofingervereins/Zofingia. Zofinger Tagblatt, Zofingen 1994.
 Herrschaft durch Sprache: political correctness – auch in der Schweiz. Vereinigung Medien-Panoptikum/Schweizerische Vereinigung Pro Libertate, Burg/Bern 1996.
 125 Jahre Zofinger Tagblatt: Die Geschichte einer Regionalzeitung. Zofinger Tagblatt, Zofingen 1997, ISBN 3-909262-17-1.
 Gibt es in der Schweiz noch einen Linksextremismus? Gesellschaft und Kirche Wohin?, Bern 2000.
 100 Jahre Corps Tatutatonia Zürich: Die 50 Jahre von 1957 bis 2007. Selbstverlag, Zofingen 2007 (Titelseite/Inhaltsverzeichnis).
 40 Jahre Rotary-Club Zofingen 1967–2007. Rotary-Club, Zofingen 2008.
 Meinungsvielfalt – Meinungsmainstream? Gesellschaft und Kirche Wohin?, Bern 2010.
 Die Zofingia Zofingen-Olten. Von der Gründung bis zur Auflösung. Zofingen/Gerlafingen 2011.
 Das schweizerische Corporationswesen 1930–1940. WJK Verlag Hilden 2018, ISBN 978-3-947388-07-3.
 mit Hans Wälty und Alex Kuhn: Zofingia Zürich 1819–2019. Die Geschichte der ältesten Studentenverbindung der Zürcher Hochschulen. Zürich/Zofingen 2020, ISBN 978-3-033-07760-7.
 Die Aargauische Vaterländische Vereinigung. Für die Freiheit – gegen den Kommunismus. Zofingen 2020, ISBN 978-3-033-07985-4.

Literatur
 Ehinger, Paul. In: Friedhelm Golücke: Verfasserlexikon zur Studenten- und Hochschulgeschichte. SH-Verlag, Köln 2004, ISBN 3-89498-130-X, S. 91.
Festschrift für Dr. Paul Ehinger v/o Wecker : nachträglich zum 75. Geburtstag und für 20 Jahre Redaktion der Studentica Helvetica (1995–2014). Schweizerische Vereinigung für Studentengeschichte, Bern 2015 (Titelblatt/Inhaltsverzeichnis).

Weblinks

 Beat Kirchhofer: Paul Ehinger: Zeitlebens seinem politischen Gewissen verpflichtet. In: Zofinger Tagblatt, 9. November 2022 (Nachruf).

Einzelnachweise

Chefredakteur
Zeitungsjournalist
Journalist (Schweiz)
Historiker
Studentenhistoriker
Schullehrer
Korporierter im Schweizerischen Zofingerverein
Korporierter (Schülerverbindung)
Person (Zofingen)
Schweizer
Geboren 1939
Gestorben 2022
Mann

Paul Ehinger


Gölevez (Colocasia esculenta), yılanyastığıgiller (Araceae) familyasından bolca potasyum içeren bir bitki. Taro veya kolokas olarak da bilinir.

Dağılımı

Asya'nın güney doğusundan Afrika kıtasına ve Pasifik adalarına kadar üretimi yayılmıştır. Gölevez; Asya, Afrika, Orta Amerika ve Pasifik adalarında yaşayan 400-500 milyon insanın temel gıda kaynağıdır. Türkiye'de Antalya'nın Alanya ve Gazipaşa, Mersin'in Bozyazı, Anamur ilçeleri ve civarında yetişir.

Üretimi

Dünya üzerinde 43 devlette yaygın olarak üretilen gölevezin Dünya üretimi 5.695.000 ton olup Türkiye üretimi ise 1000 tondur. Üretimin % 60'ı Afrika'da, % 32'si Asya'da ve % 8'i ise Pasifik adalarındadır. Bu ülkelerde özel kabuk soyma, kurutma, öğütme, dilimleme, parçalama, presleme ve yıkama makineleri mevcuttur.

Bileşimi

Gölevez yaprakları vitamin ve mineraller açısından zengindir. Tiamin, riboflavin, demir, fosfor, çinko, vitamin B6, vitamin C, niasin, potasyum, bakır ve mangan açısından zengindir. Yumruları yüksek oranda nişasta ve lif içerir. Yumrularda veya yapraklarda oksalik asit bulunabilir. Bu yüzden bitki kesinlikle pişirmeden yenilmemelidir, oksalat iyonu sindirim sisteminde yüksek oranda tahrişe neden olabilir. Oksalat iyonu alımından kaynaklanabilecek riskleri elimine etmek için bitkinin kalsiyum içeren gıdalarla tüketilmesi de önerilmektedir. Kalsiyum oksalatla reaksiyona girerek suda çözünmez olan kalsiyum oksalatı oluşturur.

Yetiştirilmesi

Gölevez yarı gölgeli veya güneşli yerlerde yetişen tropikal bir bitkidir. Suyu cok sever. Çogalması ana yumrulardan ayrılarak alınan yavru yumrularla olur. Yavru yumrular 10–15 cm derine ve 60–70 cm aralıklarla ekilir. Boyları 1.5- 2 metreye kadar çıkar.

Nisan ayında dikim yapılıp, 7-8 ay sonra aralık ayında hasat edilmeye başlanıp hasadı kış boyunca devametmektedir.

Bitki, süs bitkisi olarak da kullanılmaktadır.

Kullanımı

Gölevez yumrusunu damak zevkine uygun sunmak için özel pişirme metodları geliştirilmiştir; sınırlı haşlama, kurutma, kızartma, öğütme, rendeleme, fırınlama. Gölevez kuru fasulye ve nohut yemekleri gibi isteğe bağlı olarak et ile haşlanarak yemeği yapılmaktadır. Yumrudan suda pişme esnasında bamyadaki gibi musilaj madde salgılanmaktadır. Bunu önlemek için pişirme esnasında limon sıkılması gerekir.

Gölevezin diğer değerlendirilme şekilleri;

 Tropik ve subtropik ülkelerde gölevez yumrusu; konserve, un, cips, şehriye ve dondurulmuş gıda olarak değerlendirilmektedir.
 Fırınlanarak ve haşlanarak mantı ve börek yapılıp Hindistan cevizi ile tüketilmektedir.
 Kurutulup öğütülmüş ince tozu; ekmek, pasta, mama ve makarnalarda katkı maddesi olarak kullanılmaktadır.
 Gölevez nişastası, plastik ve kozmetik endüstrisinde kullanılmaktadır.
 Gölevez yumrusu %10 müsilaj içerir.Gölevez zamkı(müsilaj) diyet ürünlerine katılmaktadır.
 Yaprak saplarından Vietnam çorbası yapılmaktadır.
 Gölevez yaprakları sarma ve çorba olarak değerlendirilmektedir.
 Yumru haşlanarak sebze yemekleri yapılabilmektedir.
Taro kökleri ve yaprakları güzel bir tada sahiptir. Yaprakları lahana tadında iken pişirilebilir.

Kaynakça

 Agbor-Egbe, t., Rickard,J.E. 1990. Evaluation of the chemical composition of fresh and stored edible aroids. J.Sci. FoodAgric.53:487-495.
 Anonymous.1986.FAO Production Yearbook 1985. Food and Agriculture Organization,Rome.
 Anonymous.1991. Annual Report 1990-1991. Central Tuber Crops Research Institute,Trivananthapuram,Kerala,İndia.
 Axtel, B., Adams, L. 1993 Root Crop Processing Intermediate Tec. Publ. London.
 Averre, C.W,1967 Malanga Culture in Dade County: Problems and Progress Univ. Flor. Sub-Tropical Expt. Sta., Homestead Mimeograph SUB 67-3.

Dış bağlantılar

Yılanyastığıgiller

Gölevez


نبع الصخر هي قرية سورية تقع على بُعد 16 كم تقريباً من مدينة «القنيطرة» في الجزء الجنوبي الشرقي من المحافظة ضمن ما يمسى ريف القنيطرة الأوسط، على أرض منبسطة شمال غرب تل الحارة بـ 3 كم، وتبلغ مساحتها حوالي 70 كم مربع متميزة بكثرة ينابيعها وصخورها البازلتية. تعود القرية لعصور تاريخية قديمة فيها الكثير من الشواهد الأثرية ذات الأصول الرومانية ولعل تل نبع الصخر الأثري أهمها.

سميت «نبع الصخر» بهذا الاسم لوجود الينابيع التي تنبع جميعها من الصخور مثل نبع «عين خيزر» إلى الشمال الغربي من القرية بالإضافة إلى نبع «عين الكبيرة» إلى الشمال الشرقي وهنالك نبع «عين أم حقاف» ونبع «عين بندر» و«عيون مرزن» إلى الشمال من القرية.

قرى الجولان المحررة
قرى محافظة القنيطرة

نبع الصخر


Four ships of the United States Navy have been named Chattanooga, after the city of Chattanooga, Tennessee.

 USS Chattanooga was the first steamboat built by the Federals on the upper Tennessee River, a flagship of the "Cracker Line" (1863).
  was a steam sloop in use from 1866 to 1871.
  was a  protected cruiser in service from 1904 to 1921.
  was a , renamed Uniontown on 18 August 1944 before its commissioning.
  was a planned  light cruiser but construction was canceled 12 August 1945, prior to launching.

In 1917, the Angel Hotel, Cardiff, Wales, was requisitioned on behalf of the US Navy and was renamed USS Chattanooga.

Sources

United States Navy ship names

USS Chattanooga


Sawodskoi () ist eine Siedlung städtischen Typs in der Republik Nordossetien-Alanien (Russland) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ).

Geographie
Sawodskoi gehört zum Stadtkreis der nordossetischen Hauptstadt Wladikawkas und befindet sich etwa 7 km Luftlinie nördlich des Stadtzentrums. Die Siedlung ist der Verwaltung des Munizipalen Kreises (munizipalny okrug) Promyschlenny, eines der vier Stadtbezirke von Wladikawkas, unterstellt. Die Siedlung erstreckt sich über gut 3 km in der vom Terek durchflossenen Ebene am Nordrand des Großen Kaukasus, etwa 1 bis 3 km vom rechten Flussufer entfernt.

Geschichte
Sawodskoi entstand in den 1960er-Jahren als Wohnsiedlung und erhielt 1968 den Status einer Siedlung städtischen Typs. Der Name ist vom russischen Wort sawod für 'Werk' abgeleitet; die Siedlung liegt unweit des größeren Industriegebietes im Nordostteil von Wladikawkas (zur Zeit der Gründung von Sawodskoi: Ordschonikidse).

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Anmerkung: Volkszählungsdaten

Infrastruktur
Sawodskoi liegt unmittelbar östlich der 1875 als Teil der Verbindung von Rostow am Don eröffneten Eisenbahnstrecke Beslan – Wladikawkas. Bei der Siedlung befinden sich die Stationen Kolonka (Streckenkilometer 15) und Sadon (km 17). Weiter westlich verläuft die Straße von Wladikawkas zur georgischen Grenze (zugleich A161). Dieser Bereich wird mittler weiträumig durch eine Umgehungsstraße links des Terek umfahren (Europastraße 117).

Zwischen Sawodskoi und Wladikawkas besteht eine Stadtbus- und "Marschrutka"-Verbindung.

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Nordossetien-Alanien

Sawodskoi (Nordossetien-Alanien)


Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, formerly Baroda College, is a public university in the city of Vadodara, Gujarat , India. Originally established as a college in 1881, it became a university in 1949 after India's independence. It was later renamed after its benefactor Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, the former ruler of Baroda State.

The university offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs. It houses 89 departments spread over 6 campuses (2 rural and 4 urban) covering 2750 acres of land.

History

The university has its origins in the Baroda College, established in 1881 by Baroda State. The main building, which houses the Faculty of Arts, was designed by Robert Fellowes Chisholm in Indo-Saracenic architecture style, in a fusion of Indian and Byzantine arches and domes in brick and polychrome stone. The main dome on the convocation hall was modelled after the great dome of the Gol Gumbaz in Bijapur.

Pratap Singh Gaekwad of Baroda, the last Maharaja of the erstwhile Baroda State, founded the university in 1949 on the wishes of his grandfather, Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, and settled the Sir Sayajirao Diamond Jubilee and Memorial Trust, which caters to the education and other needs of people of the former Baroda State.

Faculty of Education and Psychology
This faculty is established for the development of teachers of child psychology.  Its departments include:

 Department of Education (CASE)
 Department of Psychology
 Department of Educational Administration

The Department of Education was established in 1935, having formerly been a teacher training college. The department was originally named the Center of Advance Study in Education Baroda.

Faculty of Science
The old Baroda College founded in 1881 consisted of Arts and Science faculties. The Faculty of Science started its independent existence in March 1951 with Dr C.S. Patel as its first dean. The Old Building which houses the Faculty of Science was completed in about 1934 in the reign of Sayajirao Gaekwad III. It is conspicuous by its small copper dome and is flanked on the west by the building of Faculty of Education and Psychology and on the east by the majestic building of the Old Baroda College, now the Faculty of Arts.

Department of Mathematics

Department of Physics
The department, established in 1949, offers U.G., P.G., and PhD programme and is a sponsored department of Science and Technology, Government of India under FIST programme. In MSc, students are offered Solid State Physics, Electronics and Communication, Nuclear Physics, and Molecular Spectroscopy as specialization. The department is also equipped by two of the oldest and famous observatories:
(i) Astronomical Observatory and (ii) Meteorological observatory.

Researchers are provided with advanced technologies including FTIR-4100 Spectrometer, Thermal Analyser (DSC), AFM, Workstations-4, Cluster Computing facility (Supercomputer), etc. which help them in researching on Condensed Matter Physics, Material Science, Experimental Nuclear Physics, Spectroscopy, Theoretical Particle Physics, and Astrophysics.

It is one of the oldest Physics departments in India, which adopted advanced curricula based on Courses viz, Berkeley Physics Course, Feynman Lecture Series, etc. under the leadership of S.K. Shah and H.S. Desai. Department has an active society, notably 'The Physical Society MSU Baroda'. Department of Condensed Matter Physics has been sponsored for researches in coordination with TIFR and BARC by DST-FIST as a major beneficiary. Department is indulged in a number of active researches with record endowments. The university holds the accolade of having worldwide spread Departmental alumni, including Nobel Laureate cum President, Royal Society, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan.

Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology

Established in 2012, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology is an interdisciplinary research institute that integrates several departments of the Faculty of Science. The centre was established with the financial support of the Government of Gujarat. The institute started a 5-year Integrated MSc programme in Cell and Molecular Biology in 2012. The course offers 30 seats each year, which are filled through a common entrance exam.

Department of Computer Applications
Formally established in 2013, the department offers three programmes, Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA), MSc in Information Technologies and MSc in Software Technologies.

Department of Biochemistry
The Department of Biochemistry was established in 1955, under the Chemistry Department, and was headed by Prof. C.V. Ramakrishnan, father of 2009 Chemistry Nobel Laureate Venkatraman Ramakrishnan). The department has a Center for Nutritional Studies.
The department was awarded an Excellent status in 2006 by FIST, a Government of India accreditation agency. It imparts master's degree courses in Biochemistry & Medical Biotechnology with a force of around 50 research students.

The Biochemistry Department offers courses in enzymology, genetics, molecular biology, neuroscience, plant biochemistry, endocrinology, clinical biochemistry among others. The department conducts research in areas including bacterial cooperation, polyketide synthase clusture, antibiotic resistance, Apoptosis, phosphate solubilisation, nitrogen fixation, probiotics, heavy metal toxicity, diabetes, prostate cancer, female infertility, endophytes, magnetoliposomes, protein folding, and vitiligo.

The department was funded under the DST-FIST I programme under which it has the most worst equipment that has been purchased and infrastructure facilities strengthened. The department has received support from UGC-DRS, UGC-DSA, and COSIST programs.

The department has a strong base in Microbial technology and the main focus of the program is on Genetics, Molecular Biology, Industrial Microbiology, Immunology, and other areas allied to Microbiology and Biotechnology. Basic training is given in Microbiology, Biochemistry, Genetics, Developmental Biology, Genetic Engineering, Biochemical Engineering, and some aspects of Biophysics, Biostatistics, Environmental Biology.

The areas of research in which the department is engaged are:
Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering
Microbiology
Bioprocess Engineering
Immunology, Biophysics

Courses offered:

– Doctoral program
– Master of Science in biochemistry (MSc, 20 regular, 5 high payment seats)
– Master of Science in medical biotechnology (MSc, High payment course, 10 seats)
– Postgraduate diploma in applied biochemistry (PGDAB, 20 seats)

Faculty of Performing Arts

Classical music
Maharaja Sayajirao Rao Gaekwad was a patron of Indian classical music. ustad Moula Bux founded the Academy of Indian Music under the patronage of Sayajirao, on 26 February 1886. This academy later became the Music College and is now the Faculty of Performing Arts of The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. Apart from Moula Bux, Sayajirao's Court boasted of artists like Ustad Inayat Khan and legendary Agra Gharana Aftaab e Mousiqui (Sun of Music) Ustad Faiyyaz Khansaheb

After educationist Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande's music curriculum was introduced at the college, Gayanacharya Madhusudan Joshi became the first recipient of a diploma in Music (1932) in the history of music education in India.

Dance
The MSU started the first dance programme in India in 1950.

In 1880, the Maharani Chimnabai I of Tanjore was married to Baroda's Maharaja Sayajirao III Gopalrao Gaekwad, a prince who established the Baroda College as one of his first public acts. It was later absorbed into the university that bears his name. Chimnabai I was knowledgeable in Bharatanatyam and Carnatic music and brought a troupe with her: two dancers, two nattuvanars (leaders of Bharatanatyam concerts), and two teachers. Others followed: Nattuvanar Appaswamy and his dancer wife Kantimati, who had studied with Kannusamy and Vadively, two members of the Tanjore Quartet. After Appaswamy's death in 1939, Kantimati and their son, Kubernath, left to teach in Lucknow and worked in film in South India until Maharaja Pratap Singhrao Gaekwad called the Tanjorkars family back to Baroda in 1949, to teach in the music department in the Palace Kalavan which was later absorbed into MSU.

Faculty of Arts

The Faculty of Arts building is known for its Gumbaz (The Dome) which has been modelled on the 'Gol Gumbaz' of Bijapur and has often been rated as the finest dome for Educational Institutions in India.

Departments

 Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
 Department of Anthropology
 Department of Arabic
 Department of Canadian Studies
 Department of Economics
 Department of English (The oldest in Gujarat)
 Department of French
 Department of Geography
 Department of German
 Department of Gujarati
 Department of Hindi
 Department of History
 Department of International Relation
 Department of Journalism & Communication
 Department of Library & Information Science
 Department of Linguistics
 Department of Marathi
 Department of Persian
 Department of Philosophy
 Department of Political Science
 Department of Pali
 Department of Prakrit
 Department of Russian
 Department of Sanskrit
 Department of Sindhi
 Department of Sociology
 Department of Traditional Sanskrit Studies
 Department of Urdu
 Department of Management Studies
 Department of Education and Psychology

Faculty of Management Studies
Popularly known as FMS Baroda, was established in 1984 in the city of Vadodara. The courses are approved by All India Council for Technical Education.
The institute offers the specialization in Marketing, Finance, Human Resource Management and Information Systems. During 1995, it increased its intake from 30 to 40 for 2-year full-time (regular) MBA, and in 1997 introduced a 3-Year MBA Evening Programme.

Faculty of Medicine
The Baroda Medical College serves as the Faculty of Medicine. Attached with the Sir Sayajirao General (SSG) Hospital, Faculty of Medicine is considered amongst the top Medical Colleges of Gujarat. Started in 1949,today it has a batch of 250 MBBS Students per year and more than 400+ Post graduate students in various MD & MS Residency programmes. GMERS Medical College & Hospital, Gotri has also been given affiliation of Faculty of Medicine, MSUB

Faculty of Pharmacy
The Faculty of Pharmacy was established in 2015. Prior to that, it was a department under the Faculty of Technology and Engineering. The faculty was ranked 14 in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) pharmacy ranking in 2020.
Prof M R Yadav is the founder dean of Faculty of Pharmacy.

Library
The Hansa Mehta Library was established in 1950.

Oriental Institute
The institute was established in Baroda on 1 September 1927. It operated from the Central Library before it was shifted to a separate building near the palace. It is known for the seven volumes of the critical edition of Ramayana that it published between 1951 and 1975, a part of a 25-year project sponsored by the University Grants Commission (UGC). The text was later the reference source for Ramayan, the popular TV series by Ramanand Sagar that originally ran in 1987–88.

One of the oldest manuscripts preserved at the institute is Ayodhya Mahatmya, written by Harishankar in 1656 AD, part of the collection of over 10,000 manuscripts of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, who first conceptualized the institute in 1893, inspired by the opening of the Oriental Research Institute Mysore in 1891, established by then Maharaja of Mysore Chamaraja Wodeyar, and a close friend. A road was named after as Chamaraja Road in Vadodara and Sayajirao Road in Mysore to emmark the friendship between Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III and Chamaraja Wodeyar. Chamaraja Road starts from Eastern gate of Lakshmi Vilas Palace and has the prominent landmarks like Kirti Stambh, Khanderao Market and others before terminating near Bhagat Singh Chowk.

The Oriental Institute organizes seminars and conferences for research in Oriental studies.

Rankings

Internationally, the university was ranked  701–750 in Asia on the QS World University Rankings of 2023. It was ranked 501+ in Asia by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2022 and in the same band among emerging economies.

Student life
The university offers NCC and NSS on campus.

Sayaji FM
Sayaji FM is the online radio station of The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. In June 2015, it was started by Yogesh Jangir, a former student of the university.

Notable people

Notable alumni

 Vijayakumar Menon
 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
 Avinash Sachdev
 Aniruddh Brahmabhatt
 T. V. Santhosh
 Dadasaheb Phalke
 Gulam Mohammed Sheikh
 Sam Pitroda
 Vinoba Bhave
 Hemlata Talesra
 Rang Avadhoot
 Manan Desai
 Ajay Bhatt
 Reetika Khera
Vijay Bhatkar
 Prateek Sharma
Shankar Subbanarasayya Mantha
Shrenu Parikh
Nandita Kumar
Jagannath Panda

Faculty
 M. N. Srinivas
 Rajni Kothari
 Jyotsna Bhatt

References

External links

Universities and colleges in Vadodara
Universities in Gujarat
Universities and colleges established in 1881
Education in the princely states of India
1881 establishments in India

Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda


Acidul tiosulfuric este un oxoacid al sulfului cu formula H2S2O3. Sărurile sale se numesc tiosulfați, însă acidul în sine nu se poate obține prin acidularea acestora, deoarece este instabil în apă și se descompune rapid. Printre produșii de descompunere se găsesc: sulf, dioxid de sulf, hidrogen sulfurat, polisulfani, acid sulfuric și politionați, depinzând de condițiile de reacție.

Obținere
Metode de obținere ale acidului tiosulfuric anhidru au fost dezvoltate de către Schmidt:
H2S + SO3 → H2S2O3·nEt2O (în eter dietilic la −78 °C )
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2S2O3·2Et2O  (în eter dietilic la −78 °C )
HSO3Cl + H2S → HCl + H2S2O3 (la temperaturi scăzute)

Vezi și
 Acid sulfuric

Referințe

Tiosulfați
T

Acid tiosulfuric


Histoire de fantōmes à Yotsuya (, ) est un film japonais réalisé par Kinji Fukasaku, sorti en 1994.

Synopsis
Tamiya Iyemon rejoint le clan Asano dans sa lutte contre le seigneur Kira. Mais c'est le seul à avoir l'expérience du combat avec Horibe Yasubei.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Histoire de fantōmes à Yotsuya
 Titre original :  ()
 Réalisation : Kinji Fukasaku
 Scénario : Kinji Fukasaku et Motomu Furuta
 Musique : Kaoru Wada
 Photographie : Shigeru Ishihara
 Montage : Kōichi Sonoi
 Société de production : Shōchiku
 Pays :
 Genre : Action, drame, horreur et fantasyfantastique
 Durée : 106 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distribution
 Kōichi Satō : Iemon Tamiya
 Saki Takaoka : Oiwa
 Keiko Oginome : Oume
 Renji Ishibashi : Kihei Itō
 Eri Watanabe : Omaki
 Shōhei Hino : Kanpei Yokokawa
 Naomasa Musaka : Takuetsu
 Maiko Kikuchi : Okaru
 Yūichi Aoyama : Kinemon Okano
 Hiroyuki Sanada : Takuminokami Asano
 Takahiro Tamura : Kōzukenosuke Kira
 Yūko Natori : Ukihashi
 Masaomi Kondō : Iori Tamiya
 Keizō Kanie : Ichigaku Shimuzu
 Tsunehiko Watase : Yasubei Horibe
 Masahiko Tsugawa : Kuranosuke Ōishi

Distinctions
Le film a été nommé pour quatorze Japan Academy Prizes et en a reçu huit : meilleur film, meilleur acteur pour Kōichi Satō, meilleure actrice et meilleur espoir pour Saki Takaoka, meilleur réalisateur, meilleur scénario, meilleure photographie et meilleures lumières.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film japonais sorti en 1994
Film d'action japonais
Film dramatique japonais
Film d'horreur japonais
Film fantastique japonais
Film de Shōchiku
Film réalisé par Kinji Fukasaku
Film mettant en scène une geisha
Film de fantômes

Histoire de fantômes à Yotsuya


Campanula dzaaku er tegund af klukkuætt (Campanulaceae), ættuð frá Kákasus.

Tilvísanir

Bláklukkur

Campanula dzaaku


Frances Theresa Densmore (* 21. Mai 1867 in Red Wing, Minnesota; † 5. Juni 1957 ebenda) war eine amerikanische Musikethnologin und Ethnologin, die mit ihrer Arbeit einen wichtigen Beitrag zum Erhalt der Kultur der nordamerikanischen Indianer geleistet hat.

Leben
Bereits in ihrer Kindheit erwachte Densmores Interesse an indianischer Musik. In einem autobiographischen Manuskript schrieb sie: "Das Haus meiner Kindheit lag nahe beim Ufer des Mississippi. Gegenüber der Stadt, auf einer Insel, befand sich ein Lager von Sioux-Indianern, und nachts, wenn sie tanzten, konnten wir den Klang der Trommel hören und sahen das Flackern ihrer Lagerfeuer. [...] In der Abenddämmerung lauschte ich diesen Klängen, nachdem ich zu Bett gebracht worden war. [...] So schlief ich ein mit meinem Kopf voller Phantasien über die ,interessanten Leute' jenseits des Mississippi."

Als Kind musikalisch gebildeter Eltern lernte sie bereits früh Klavier und Harmonielehre. Von 1884 bis 1886 studierte sie Musik am Oberlin-Konservatorium in Ohio. Nachdem sie einige Zeit als Musiklehrerin und Kirchenorganistin in St. Paul und Red Wing tätig war, begann sie 1888 an der  Harvard-Universität in Boston Klavier bei Karl Baermann und Kontrapunkt bei John Knowles Paine zu studieren.

Während ihres Aufenthalts in Boston erfuhr sie von den Feldforschungsarbeiten von Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838 bis 1923), welche diese seit 1880 bei den Omaha-Indianern durchführte, um die Musik und die Bräuche dieses Stammes zu erforschen. Fletchers 1893 erschienenes Buch "A Study of Omaha Indian Music" wurde zu einer starken Inspiration für Densmores eigene Feldforschungstätigkeit. 1893 begann Densmore unter Anleitung von Fletcher eine zehnjährige Vorbereitungsphase für ihre späteren Forschungen. Während dieser Zeit gab sie weiter Musikunterricht und hielt Vorträge über musikwissenschaftliche Themen, ab 1895 auch zu indianischer Musik.

Die Weltausstellung Saint Louis World's Fair, auch Louisiana Purchase Exposition genannt, die 1904 in St. Louis stattfand, bot ihr die Gelegenheit, die Musik der in einem "philippinischen Reservat" versammelten philippinischen Ethnien kennenzulernen. Darunter waren Gruppen der Igorot und Aeta von der Insel Luzon, deren Musik bis dahin wenig bekannt war. Densmores Interesse galt, entsprechend der damaligen Zeitströmung, der Suche nach den Ursprüngen der Musik. Die Aeta schätzte sie als "eine der primitivsten Stämme der Inseln" ein und ordnete sie und die anderen Gruppen in die ersten vier so bezeichneten, musikalischen Entwicklungsstufen ein. Diese biologistisch-evolutionäre, heute als rassistisch abgelehnte Einschätzung, die Densmore aufgrund ihrer praktisch gewonnenen Erkenntnisse äußerte, bildete ebenso wie die theoretischen Überlegungen anderer Forscher die Rechtfertigung für die Kolonisierung durch die Vereinigten Staaten.

Im Jahre 1905 unternahm sie eine erste Forschungsreise in das Chippewa-Reservat von Grand Portage. Dort transkribierte sie Lieder nach Gehör. Bereits 1904 war sie dem berühmten Apache-Häuptling Geronimo auf der Weltausstellung begegnet und hatte Lieder, die er dort sang, nach Gehör transkribiert. 1907 zeichnete sie erstmals indianische Lieder mit Hilfe eines geliehenen Phonographen auf. Nachdem sie die Ergebnisse dieser ersten Feldstudien dem Leiter des Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) an der Smithsonian Institution präsentierte, erhielt sie finanzielle Unterstützung von Seiten des BAE, die ihr den Kauf eines Phonographen ermöglichte. Damit begann eine Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem BAE und Densmore, die 50 Jahre, bis zu ihrem Tode, dauern sollte.

Densmore blieb unverheiratet und widmete ihr ganzes Leben der Erforschung der Indianerkulturen Nordamerikas.

Werk

In den folgenden Jahren und Jahrzehnten unternahm sie – seit 1912 stets in Begleitung ihrer Schwester Margaret – nahezu 80 Forschungsreisen in Indianerreservate verschiedener Stämme. Mit Hilfe von Dolmetschern zeichnete sie zahllose Erzählungen über das traditionelle Stammesleben der verschiedenen Indianervölker auf und mit ihrem Phonographen nahm sie insgesamt ca. 2500 Lieder der Indianer auf. Zu den von ihr besuchten Stämmen gehörten die Chippewa, Sioux, Northern Ute, Mandan, Hidatsa, Tule, Papago, Pawnee, Menominee, Yuma, Yaqui, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Nootka, Quileute, Choctaw, Seminole und Zuñi. Sie führte ihre Feldforschungstätigkeit bis kurz vor ihrem Tod im Alter von 90 Jahren fort.

Die Ergebnisse ihrer Arbeiten wurden Gegenstand zahlreicher Veröffentlichungen, mehr als 30 davon in Buchform, einige dieser Bücher erschienen als sogenannte "Bulletins" des Bureau of American Ethnology. Densmore ging davon aus, dass zur Bewahrung der Lieder der Indianer mehr gehört, als den Phonographen aufzuziehen. Aus diesem Grunde sammelte sie alle Informationen, die erforderlich waren, die Musik der Indianer in ihrem jeweiligen kulturellen Kontext zu verstehen. Zudem fotografierte sie nicht nur ihre indianischen Informanten, sondern auch zahlreiche zeremonielle und Alltagsgegenstände. Aus diesem Grund enthalten ihre Studien zahlreiche ethnographische Einzelheiten über das Alltagsleben, kulturell bedeutsame Gegenstände, Bräuche und religiöse Zeremonien sowie über die verwendeten Musikinstrumente, die Biographien der Sänger und die Anwendung der Musik. Sehr wichtig waren ihr die Texte der Lieder. Breiten Raum nahmen auch ihre Untersuchungen zum Zusammenhang zwischen Musik und Medizin bei den Indianern ein, und generell auch die Heilkunst der amerikanischen Ureinwohner, inklusive ihrer Heilkräuterkunde.

Densmore empfand stets größten Respekt vor der Kultur, die Gegenstand ihrer Untersuchungen waren. So gelang es ihr, das Vertrauen der Indianer zu gewinnen, die ihr gegenüber oft Wissen, das als heilig und geheim galt, preisgaben. So erklärte der hochbetagte Lakota-Häuptling Śiya'ka vom Standing-Rock-Reservat, nachdem er ihr seine Traumvisionen erzählt und die dazugehörigen Lieder gesungen hatte, zutiefst gerührt, dass er Densmore damit seinen am besten gehüteten Besitz übergeben habe. In einer Vorlesung über den Sonnentanz bei den Sioux, die sie im April 1913 vor der Anthropological Society of Washington hielt, berichtete Frances Densmore über die anfängliche Zurückhaltung eines anderen alten Lakota, Ituŋ'kasaŋ-lu'ta (Red Weasel): Er kam sehr widerwillig. Er war 43 Meilen mit einem Fuhrwerk gereist, und als er eintraf, nahm er den Tabak, den ich ihm anbot, an. Er sagte, dass es nicht sein Wunsch gewesen sei zu kommen und dass er mir überhaupt nichts erzählen wolle. Er sagte, dass ihm das Wissen über den Sonnentanz sehr heilig sei und dass er beabsichtige, dass es mit ihm stürbe. Doch sie errang auch das Vertrauen dieses Mannes und erhielt von ihm außerordentlich wertvolle Informationen über den Sonnentanz.

In den 1940er Jahren begann Frances Densmore damit, das von ihr aufgezeichnete Tonmaterial neu zu ordnen. 1948 wurde damit begonnen, die Aufnahmen auf Schallplatten zu überspielen, und zwischen 1951 und 1953 veröffentlichte die Library of Congress, Washington D. C., sieben Schallplatten mit Liedern verschiedener Indianervölker in einer von Densmore selbst getroffenen Auswahl. Ihre Tonaufzeichnungen werden heute im American Folklife Center der Library of Congress aufbewahrt.

Einige ihrer Bücher erlebten mehrere Neuauflagen, insbesondere ihre Werke über die Musik und die Bräuche der Chippewa und ihr Werk "Teton Sioux Music", das die Ergebnisse ihrer dreijährigen Zusammenarbeit (1911–1913) mit Lakota des Standing-Rock-Rersvats und Dakota des Sisseton-Reservats enthält. "Teton Sioux Music", erstmals 1918 erschienen, gilt als "eines der bedeutendsten ethnographischen Werke, die jemals über die Sioux publiziert wurden" (Raymond DeMallie, Herausgeber von Bd. 13 des Handbook of North American Indians).

Neben ihrer kulturhistorischen Bedeutung geben ihre Werke heute lebenden Indianern die Möglichkeit, beinahe verlorengegangene Traditionen und Bräuche fortzusetzen bzw. neu zu beleben. Der Lakota-Musiker Earl Bullhead sagte in einem Radiointerview, die Aufzeichnungen von Densmore "gleichen einer Saat, und diese Saat geht jetzt in vielen Leuten meines Alters und älteren Leuten auf."

Schriften
 Teton Sioux Music. Washington 1918 (bei Internet Archive; deutsch: Die Lieder der alten Lakota: Leben und Kultur der Teton-Sioux.  Palisander, Chemnitz 2012, ISBN 978-3-938305-20-1)
 The American Indians and Their Music. New York 1926
 Yuman and Yaqui Music. Washington 1932
 Nootka and Quileute Music. Washington 1939 (Forgotten Books, 2017)
 Music of Acoma, Isleta, Cochiti, and Zuni Pueblos. Washington 1957

Literatur
 Frank Elstner: Ich hörte eine indianische Trommel. Die Ethnologin Frances Densmore als Bewahrerin indianischen Kulturgutes. Essay. Palisander Verlag, Chemnitz 2015. ISBN 9783957840202 (ePub); ISBN  9783957840219 (MobiPocket)
 Uta Gacs, Aisha Khan, Jerrie McIntyre und Ruth Weinberg (Hrsg.): Women Anthropologists: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Press, New York 1988, S. 51–57
 Charles Hofmann (Hrsg.): Frances Densmore and American Indian music : a memorial volume. 1968 (Digitalisat)

Weblinks
 Feature über Frances Densmore im Minnesota Public Radio

Einzelnachweise

Ethnologe
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1867
Gestorben 1957
Frau

Frances Densmore


O malabarismo de arremesso é a forma de malabarismo mais popular, sendo mais reconhecida apenas como 'malabarismo'. Essa forma de malabarismo pode ser usado como uma arte performática, um esporte, uma forma de exercício, de meditação, uma atividade recreativa ou um hobby.

No malabarismo de arremesso, objetos - como bolas, beanbags, anéis, claves, etc. são lançados no ar e apanhados. O malabarismo é, assim, uma forma de manipulação de objetos.

Técnicas e padrões de malabarismo
O malabarismo de arremesso tem vários princípios e padrões básicos. A maioria dos padrões mais complexos são variações dos básicos e todos os malabarismos devem estar de acordo com esses princípios básicos.

Princípios básicos
O malabarismo de arremesso é, de acordo com a maioria das fontes, o arremesso e a captura de objetos, em que há mais objetos do que mãos (ou às vezes outras partes do corpo) fazendo o arremesso e a captura. Três bolas lançadas e apanhadas entre as duas mãos é um malabarismo de arremesso, pois há mais bolas do que mãos. Duas bolas entre duas mãos não seriam consideradas malabarismo, pois o número de bolas e mãos é igual.

Padrões básicos
Existem três padrões básicos no malabarismo com muitas variações, algumas extremamente complexas, baseadas nesses padrões básicos.

Shower

O shower é o padrão mais comumente representado em fotos e ilustrações de malabaristas. Os objetos manipulados seguem um padrão circular com uma mão fazendo arremessos mais altos e a outra mão passando ou fazendo arremessos baixos para a primeira mão. Esse padrão pode ser usado para fazer malabarismos com um número ímpar ou par de objetos. Na notação siteswap, um shower de três objetos seria indicado por '51'.

Cascata

O padrão cascata costuma ser o primeiro ensinado aos malabaristas iniciantes. Os objetos manipulados seguem um padrão horizontal em forma de oito com cada mão jogando o objeto na mesma altura quando o arremesso anterior atinge seu pico. Esse padrão é mais comumente usado para manipular um número ímpar de objetos. Na notação siteswap, uma cascata de três objetos seria chamada de '3'.

Fonte

A fonte é o padrão em que cada mão joga e pega objetos, sendo que eles não se transferem para a mão oposta. Esse padrão é mais comumente usado para fazer malabarismos com um número par de objetos. Na notação siteswap, uma fonte de quatro objetos seria chamada de '4'.

Padrões e truques avançados

Além da cascata (ou cascata reversa), outros padrões de lançamento incluem a caixa, a coluna e qualquer número de padrões múltiplos ou truques de malabarismo de contato dentro do padrão.

Há também divertidas acrobacias como o ioiô e o Robô, que dão a ilusão de que as bolas estão conectadas umas às outras ou ao corpo do malabarista. Ao adicionar habilidades elementares a qualquer padrão de malabarismo, o padrão pode ser aumentado, gradualmente, em complexidade.

Existem padrões complexos, como o Mills' Mess, e suas variações. Para um determinado padrão, qualquer número de variantes pode ocorrer ao malabarista, por exemplo, Mills' Mess tem pelo menos três variantes bem conhecidas, produzidas pela adição de floreios e adereços diversos. "Mills" refere-se coloquialmente a qualquer padrão de malabarismo em que as mãos se cruzam para frente e para trás umas sobre as outras. Qualquer padrão válido na notação siteswap pode ser feito nas modalidades "vanilla", reverse e em Mills.

Desempenho

O malabarismo tem sido desenvolvido como uma habilidade por milhares de anos. O malabarismo de arremesso tem sido significativo em preformances e continua a ser uma parte importante das apresentações de malabarismo até os dias atuais. As apresentações de malabarismo são de dois tipos principais: uma performance que mostra a habilidade técnica do malabarista e uma performance de malabarismo com comédia. Todos os tipos de apresentações podem ser acompanhados por música, outras habilidades circenses ou outros artistas.

Passing e feeding
Passing é a habilidade de malabarismo de lançar objetos entre dois ou mais malabaristas. A combinação de passes mais comum é quando dois malabaristas jogam seis objetos entre eles e executam vários truques além desse padrão básico. O número de objetos manipulados entre duas pessoas pode ser aumentado com a passagem de 7, 8 e até 9 objetos sendo uma ocorrência comum. Números mais altos também foram alcançados com o recorde atual de passagem de claves sendo 13 claves passadas entre dois malabaristas.

Uma variação do passing, chamada feeding, é realizada por três ou mais malabaristas. A combinação mais comum é realizada por três malabaristas: um malabarista (o feeder) passa alternadamente para cada um dos outros dois malabaristas (os feedees) enquanto eles ficam em um 'triângulo'. O ritmo do malabarismo, bem como a forma como os objetos são lançados entre os malabaristas, pode ser variado. O feeding pode ser realizado com diferentes números de feeders e feedees.

Os truques de passing e feeding no malabarismo variam do simples aos muito complexos. Novos padrões e truques são desenvolvidos e praticados em convenções de malabarismo.

Esporte
Como esporte, o malabarismo pode ser feito de forma competitiva, com os malabaristas tentando melhorar as manobras ou performances de outros malabaristas dentro de uma variedade de disciplinas e categorias. As competições são realizadas para competidores individuais e múltiplos de malabarismo. Jason Garfield popularizou essa forma de malabarismo nos EUA. Este estilo de malabarismo tornou-se mais popular depois que ele organizou uma competição da World Juggling Federation em 2004, que agora se tornou um evento anual.

Exercício e condicionamento físico
Como exercício, o malabarismo é uma atividade altamente aeróbica, aumentando a frequência cardíaca e a respiração . O malabarismo ajuda a desenvolver uma boa coordenação mão-olho, aptidão física e equilíbrio.

Reflexos
O malabarismo ajuda a desenvolver reflexos rápidos e, de fato, os malabaristas desenvolvem "reflexos de ordem superior", reflexos não tipicamente associados à atividade humana normal. Esses reflexos são formados pela repetição do que são, a princípio, processos lentamente aprendidos e difíceis. À medida que os vários processos se desenvolvem em ações reflexivas, habilidades adicionais, mais difíceis ou complexas são "sobrepostas" às habilidades anteriores bem desenvolvidas. Essas novas habilidades mais complexas eventualmente se tornam mais reflexivas e, eventualmente, vários reflexos incomuns de alta ordem se desenvolvem. Um exemplo é que, embora pegar um ovo de galinha possa ser bastante desafiador para um malabarista novato, um malabarista mais habilidoso pode ser capaz de pegar facilmente — sem quebrar — um ovo jogado em sua direção sem aviso prévio.

Meditação
Paradoxalmente, os mesmos processos que são conhecidos por exercitar o corpo, também podem ser uma atividade muito relaxante. Como meditação, fazer malabarismos com um padrão ou padrões repetidos pode distrair a mente do estresse que se podem encontrar em suas vidas diárias. Os malabaristas descreveram um fenômeno de quase desencarnação e tranquilidade que podem ocorrer durante o malabarismo. O constante subir e descer dos objetos e a regularidade dos ritmos podem se tornar quase hipnóticos, e a atenção de um malabarista, enquanto fortemente focada no padrão do malabarismo, pode parecer expandir e até mesmo "englobar o universo".

Lazer
Como uma atividade recreativa, o malabarismo se destaca de várias maneiras. Além dos benefícios à saúde mencionados anteriormente, qualquer forma de malabarismo é melhor quando feita socialmente. O equipamento é barato ou gratuito — embora equipamentos muito caros também estejam disponíveis — e facilmente portátil. O malabarismo é ótimo para "quebrar o gelo" em festas e outros encontros sociais. Os malabaristas geralmente são do tipo amigável e geralmente estão muito dispostos a ajudar os malabaristas iniciantes com conselhos. Convenções de malabarismo, clubes e outras reuniões onde os malabaristas se reúnem podem ser ótimos lugares para conhecer e compartilhar a arte do malabarismo, para iniciantes especialistas e até mesmo 'não malabaristas' — que muitas vezes se veem fazendo algum tipo de malabarismo.

Em 1990, a Associação Internacional de Malabaristas estimou que 23% dos americanos conseguem fazer malabarismos com uma cascata de três bolas.

Leitura adicional

 Dancey, Charlie (1994). The Encyclopedia of Ball Juggling. Butterfingers. .
 Dancey, Charlie (1995). Compendium of Club Juggling. Butterfingers. .
 Finnigan, Dave; e outros (1992). The Complete Juggler. Butterfingers. .
Malabarismo

Malabarismo de arremesso


An Aridarum montanum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henry Nicholas Ridley. An Aridarum montanum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aridarum, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Aridarum

Aridarum montanum


La  est une gare ferroviaire située sur le territoire de la commune suisse d'Etoy dans le canton de Vaud.

Situation ferroviaire
Établie à  d'altitude, la gare de Saint-Prex est située au point kilométrique  de la ligne Lausanne – Genève, entre les gares d'Allaman (en direction de Genève) et de Saint-Prex (en direction de Lausanne).

Elle est dotée de deux voies encadrées par deux quais latéraux.

Histoire
La gare d'Etoy a été construite en  puis complétée par un second abri construit en .

Service des voyageurs

Accueil
Gare des CFF, elle est dotée d'abris avec un distributeur automatique de titres de transport par quai. Il y a également un parking-relais de .

La gare n'est pas accessible aux personnes à mobilité réduite.

Desserte
La gare fait partie du réseau RER Vaud qui assure des liaisons rapides à fréquence élevée dans l'ensemble du canton de Vaud. Étoy est desservie par les lignes S5 et S6 qui relient respectivement Allaman à Palézieux. Plusieurs relations de la ligne S6 sont prolongées jusqu'à Romont du lundi au vendredi.

Intermodalité
La gare d'Etoy est en correspondance à l'arrêt Etoy, gare avec la ligne CarPostal 722 reliant la gare d'Etoy à Saint-Livres ainsi que la ligne 724, reliant Allaman à Morges, et la ligne nocturne  reliant la gare de Morges à Lully (Vaud), toutes deux exploitées par les Transports de la région Morges-Bière-Cossonay.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de gares en Suisse
 Réseau express régional vaudois
 Gare de Morges

Liens externes

 .

Gare dans le canton de Vaud
Gare mise en service en 1890
Ligne Lausanne – Genève

Gare d'Étoy


Kazuki Saito (født 21. november 1988) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Fagiano Okayama.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kazuki Saito


Primăria veche este un monument de arhitectură din Bistrița.

Istoric
Primăria veche ("Domus Consitorialis") a înlocuit vechea Casă a Sfatului, care a ars, împreună cu întreaga arhivă, în anul 1457. În urma amplelor lucrări de renovare de la mijlocul secolului al XVI–lea s–a ajuns la forma actuală, deoarece în planul orașului din anul 1750 clădirea apare în forma și dimensiunile de azi.

În anul 1808 au fost reparate etajul și fațada, anul fiind înscris în balustrada de fier forjat a balconului. Alte reparații de anvergură, au fost efectuate între anii 1930–1933, atunci când a fost reamenajat întregul centru civic de atunci al orașului. Poarta de lemn de la intrare, ce are un gang carosabil, a fost executată în anul 1909.

Clădirea a funcționat ca sediu de primărie până în anul 1983; ulterior a fost atribuită spre folosință Muzeului Județean (între anii 1983 și 1986) și apoi altor instituții.

Note

Imagini

Monumente istorice din județul Bistrița-Năsăud
Județul Bistrița-Năsăud
Clădiri din Bistrița
Bistrița

Primăria veche din Bistrița


Hope Internacional Futebol Clube mais conhecido como Hope Internacional é um clube de futebol brasileiro, sediado na cidade de Campo Largo, na região metropolitana de Curitiba, Paraná. Suas cores são o azul, laranja e branco. A equipe manda suas partidas no Estádio Ângelo Antônio Cavalli, com capacidade para 2000 espectadores, Antigamente o Clube Se Chamava Grêmio Esportivo Campo Largo

Atualmente, disputa a Terceira Divisão Paranaense.

História
Em 25 de maio de 2022, a Hope Internacional assumiu o Grêmio Recreativo Esportivo Campo Largo, substituindo-o na Terceira Divisão estadual do mesmo ano.

A equipe estreou no dia 21 de agosto na Terceira Divisão com vitória de 1 a 0 sobre o . No final do campeonato ficou na 11º posição geral.

Hope Internacional
Hope Internacional
Fundações no Paraná em 2022

Hope Internacional Futebol Clube


Kadıköy, Adana ilinin Yüreğir ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Adana il merkezine 34 km, Yüreğir ilçesine 34 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

 Yerelnet

Yüreğir'in mahalleleri

Kadıköy, Yüreğir


Les élections législatives françaises de 1951 se tiennent le . Ce sont les deuxièmes élections législatives de la Quatrième République.

Mode de scrutin

Représentation proportionnelle plurinominale suivant la méthode du plus fort reste dans 103 circonscriptions, conformément à la loi des apparentements : les listes qui se sont « apparentées » avant l'élection remportent tous les sièges de la circonscription si leurs voix ajoutées obtiennent la majorité absolue des suffrages exprimés. Il y a  à pourvoir.
Le vote préférentiel est admis.

Dans le département du Maine-et-Loire, six députés sont à élire.

Élus

Résultats

Résultats à l'échelle du département

 Les listes du MRP et du CNIP se sont apparentées.
Leurs voix cumulées représentant moins de 50% des exprimés, les sièges sont répartis à la proportionnelle entre tous les partis.
Le score de l'apparentement est considéré comme celui d'une liste pour la répartition générale, ensuite la répartition interne des sièges entre apparentées se fait également à la proportionnelle.

Articles connexes
 Liste des circonscriptions législatives de Maine-et-Loire
 Liste des députés de Maine-et-Loire
 Élections législatives françaises de 1951

Notes et références

Maine-et-Loire
Législatives, 1951

Élections législatives de 1951 en Maine-et-Loire


كاشتا هو أحد الملوك الكوشيين للنوبة وخليفة الملك الارا النوبي مؤسس مملكة نبتة النوبية. وقد خلفه بعنخي الذي نجح في غزو مصر القديمة وإنشاء الأسرة المصرية الخامسة والعشرون، ولكن ينظر بعض المؤرخين إلى كاشتا باعتباره أول ملوك الأسرة الخامسة والعشرين بسبب تمتعه بنفوذ ملحوظ في مصر العليا. الترجمة المباشرة لاسمه تعنى الكوشي منسوباً إلى مملكة كوش.)

الاسرة
يحتمل ان يكون الملك كاشتا شقيق الملك الارا النوبي الذي خلفه على العرش الكوشي،
الزوجة الوحيدة التي عرفت له هي الملكة باباتشما وهنالك العديد من الأبناء المحتملين مثل:
 الملك بعنخي يمكن ان يكون ابن كاشتا أو ابن الملكة باباتشما.
 الملك شباكا الذي ورد ذكره علي انه شقيق الملكة أماني ري ناس الأولي وبالتالي ابن كاشتا وابن الملكة باباتشما.
 الملكة كينسا.
 الملكة بكساتر التي يعتقد انها توفيت أثناء حملة بعنخي علي مصر. ، فيما يعتقد بعض العلماء ان هذه الملكة هي ابنة الملكة باباتشما بالتبني.
 الملكة أماني ري ناس الأولي، عثر علي تمثال مسجل فيه انها ابنة الملك كاشتا والملكة باباتشما.
 الملكة نفروكاكاشتا يعتقد بأنها ابنة الملك كاشتا والملكة باباتشما.

الحكم الكوشي لمصر العليا
بينما حكم كاشتا النوبة من نبتة، مارس أيضًا درجة كبيرة من السيطرة على صعيد مصر من خلال تمكنه من تعيين ابنته، أماني ريديس الأولى، كزوجة الإله آمون في طيبة خلفا لشيبنوبيت الأولى ابنة أوسركون الثالث، مستغلا تراجع سلطة حكام مصر السفلى في الجنوب، وربما العلاقات بين كهنة آمون في طيبة ونظرائهم في نبتة. وصف هذا التطور بأنه كان «اللحظة الرئيسية في عملية بسط الكوشيين سلطتهم على الأراضي المصرية» تحت حكم كاشتا، حيث منح شرعية لاستيلاء الكوشيين على منطقة طيبة. يلاحظ الباحث المجري توروك أنه ربما كانت هناك حاميات كوشية متمركزة في طيبة نفسها خلال عهد كاشتا لحماية سلطته في مصر العليا وإحباط غزو محتمل لهذه المنطقة من مصر السفلى.

ويلاحظ توروك أن استيلاء كاشتا على مصر العليا كان على الأغلب سلميا، ويُقترح ذلك على حد سواء «من خلال حقيقة أن أحفاد أوسركون الثالث: تاكيلوت الثالث ورودامون استمروا في التمتع بمكانة اجتماعية عالية في طيبة في النصف الثاني من القرن الثامن وفي النصف الأول من القرن السابع»[قبل الميلاد] كما يتضح من مدافنهم في هذه المدينة بالإضافة إلى النشاط المشترك بين شيبنوبيت وزوجة الإله آمون المنتخبة أماني ريديس الأولى، ابنة كاشتا. وقد عثر على لوحة من عهد كاشتا في إلفنتين (في أسوان حاليا) - في المعبد المحلي المكرس للإله خنوم - والتي تشهد على سيطرته على هذه المنطقة حينها. حيث تحمل لقبه الملكي: "Nimaatre". مدة عهد كاشتا غير معروفة. تشير بعض المصادر إلى كاشتا كمؤسس الأسرة الخامسة والعشرين حيث كان أول ملك كوشي قام بتوسيع نفوذ مملكته إلى مصر العليا.

تحت حكم كاشتا، حدث تمصير سريع للسكان الكوشيين الأصليين في مملكته، والذين عاشوا بين الشلالين الثالث والرابع من نهر النيل، واعتمدوا التقاليد المصرية وكذلك الدين والثقافة، حيث أبدى كاشتا إعجابًا كبيرًا بالثقافة المصرية، واستورد القطع الأثرية من الشمال.

انظر أيضاً
 مملكة كوش.
 قائمة ملوك وملكات مملكة كوش.
 شجرة عائلة الأسرة المصرية الخامسة والعشرون.
 كنداكة.

المراجع

آثار السودان
القرن 8 ق.م في مصر
فترة انتقالية ثالثة
فراعنة الأسرة المصرية الخامسة والعشرين
ملوك مملكة كوش
ملكيون من مملكة كوش القرن 8 ق م
مصريون من أصل نوبي

كاشتا


On the Floor at the Boutique is a live album mixed by British big beat musician Fatboy Slim. It was recorded at the Big Beat Boutique in 1997 in Brighton, England and released in 1998.

Track listing

See also
 On the Floor at the Boutique – Volume 2
 On the Floor at the Boutique – Volume 3

References

External links

1998 live albums
Fatboy Slim albums
Skint Records albums

On the Floor at the Boutique


Michael Elliott Langley (nascido em 1961/62) é um general do Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais dos Estados Unidos que serviu como comandante do Comando das Forças do Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais dos Estados Unidos, Comando do Norte das Forças do Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais dos Estados Unidos e Força Marinha da Frota do Atlântico. Mais recentemente, atuou como vice-comandante da Força Marinha da Frota do Atlântico e, antes disso, como comandante das Forças Marinhas dos Estados Unidos na Europa e na África.

Langley é o primeiro general negro de quatro estrelas do Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais dos Estados Unidos, tendo sido promovido a esse posto em 6 de agosto de 2022. Ele assumirá o comando do Comando dos Estados Unidos para a África em Stuttgart, Alemanha, em 9 de agosto de 2022, onde supervisionará cerca de 6 mil soldados na área de responsabilidade do AFRICOM.

Notas

Generais do Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais dos Estados Unidos

Michael Langley


Histonlar, çoğunlukla ökaryotik hücrelerde bulunan, küçük molekül ağırlıklı, bazik proteinlerdir. Lizin ve arginin içeriklerine göre, H1 (H5 de denir), H2A, H2B, H3, H4 ve arkeal histonlar olmak üzere 6 tiptir.

Kromatin yapısında DNA, DNA'nın iki katı kadar protein bulunur. Hücre çekirdeğindeki bu proteinler, asidik özellikte "histon olmayan" ve bazik özelikte "histon" tipi proteinlerdir. Bir farenin karaciğer hücresinde yapılan araştırmaya göre hücre çekirdeğindeki proteinlerin %11'i histon %19'u histon olmayan proteinlerden oluşmaktadır. Spermde histonlar "protamin" adını alır. Histonlar molekül ağırlığı küçük moleküllerdir. Ökaryotların tüm soma ve eşey hücrelerinde bulunan histonlar, genelde türler arasında benzer tiptedir. Histon protein tipleri elektroforez yöntemleriyle kolayca ayrılabilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kromatin
 Nükleozom
 Histon olmayan proteinler

Kaynakça
 Tıbbi Bioloji kitabı, Prof. Dr. Ayşe Başaran

Gen ifadesi
Moleküler genetik
Hücre biyolojisi

Histon


Gheorghe Degeratu (n. 11 martie 1841, Dorohoi - d. data decesului necunoscută, Mamornița, Dorohoi) a fost un lt.-colonel român, care s-a distins în luptele Războiului de Independență de la 1877 (Războiul ruso-româno-turc)

Familia

Lt.-Colonelul Gheorghe Degeratu s-a născut la 11 martie 1841 într-o familie cu adânci rădăcini în istoria României. El era descendent direct al paharnicului Gheorghe Degeratu. Soția acestuia, Smaranda Vârnav, era descendentă directă din familia stolnicului Teodor Vârnav, a medelnicerului Pavel Vârnav și a postelnicului Ioniță Vârnav. A avut un fiu, pe maiorul Gheorghe Gh. Degeratu, tatăl generalului Mircea Gh. Degeratu, acesta din urmă fiind participant la Primul și la al Doilea Război Mondial.

Evoluția în grad
Lt.-colonelul Gheorghe Degeratu a avansat în grad conform Anuarului Oficial al Armatei Române pe anul 1885, Partea a II-a Clasarea ofițerilor pe vechime și arme, Infanteria, Maiori:
 1859, August 10 - elev
 1861, August 10 - sublocotenent
 1864, August 30 - locotenent
 1868, Septembrie 26 - căpitan
 1882, Aprilie 8 - maior
Ulterior a fost avansat la gradul de lt.-colonel.

Cu gradele de la sublocotenent până la căpitan, inclusiv în perioada participării la Războiul de Independență de la 1877 (Războiul ruso-româno-turc), a făcut parte din Regimentul 16 Dorobanți. După avansarea la gradul de maior a făcut parte din Regimentul 26 Dorobanți-Fălciu și din Regimentul 14 Dorobanți-Roman.

Războiul pentru independență de la 1877
În perioada iulie 1877 - octombrie 1877 a participat direct la Războiul de Independență de la 1877 (Războiul ruso-româno-turc), cu gradul de căpitan, în cadrul Companiei a 6-a Mamornița, din al 2-lea Batalion Dorohoi avându-l drept comandant pe maiorul Alexandru Jippa, din cadrul Regimentului 16 având drept comandant pe lt.-colonel Gheorghe Boteanu, aparținând Diviziei 4 Teritorială, după cum urmează:

 Trece Dunărea la Nicopole cu regimentele Diviziei 4 în zilele următoare ordinului din 20 iulie 1877, ocupând pozițiile stabilite și efectuând cercetări ample ale zonei până la sosirea celorlalte trupe române (trecerea Dunării de către armata română la 20 august  pe la Corabia).
 În perioada 4 august – 7 august 1877, în fruntea companiei a 6-a alcătuită din 160 de oameni și 2 ofițeri, plus 30 de călărași, efectuează o patrulare pe traseul Găureni, Gulenți (pe malul stâng al Vidului), Brestu, Slavovița (pe malul drept al Ischerului) și Orevița numit și Racovița (pe malul drept al Ischerului) unde s-a înfruntat cu subunități de bașbuzuci și cerchezi din armata turcă.
 Împreună cu Regimentul 16 dorobanți ocupă poziția de la Saicova până la 17 august 1877 pentru susținerea cavaleriei de dincolo de Vid.
 La 17 august 1877 se află cu Regimentul 16 dorobanți în antegardă la Calisovăț.
 La 26 august 1877, înaintea celei de a treia bătălii de la Plevna, se află cu Divizia 4 la Verbița.

 La 27 august 1877 se află în fața redutei Grivița împreună cu Regimentul 16 Dorobanți plasat în spatele batalioanelor din anteposturi.
 La 30 august 1877 participă la cele patru atacuri pe la Est ale Diviziei 4, în urma cărora a fost cucerită reduta Grivița 1.
 După 2 septembrie 1877 participă, în cadrul Diviziei 4, la lucrările de apropiere de reduta Grivița 2.
 La 8 octombrie 1877 se retrage împreună cu Divizia 4 la Verbița.
În perioada de după 26 august 1877, s-a realizat o placă de lemn, proprietatea colonelului Grigore P. Cantilli, comandantul Brigăzii 1 din Divizia 4 Infanterie, pe care s-au semnat ofițeri români, ofițeri ruși și ofițeri turci luați prizonieri. Primul care și-a trecut numele pe placă, a fost însuși Domnitorul Carol I care a intitulat placa Bivuacul Grivița în fața Plevnei. Alături de domnitor au semnat generalul Alexandru Cernat și, printre alții, coloneii Alexandru Anghelescu, Emanoil Boteanu, Constantin Formac și Grigore Borănescu. Pe această placă a semnat și căpitanul Gheorghe Degeratu. În prezent, această placă cu semnături, cu mare valoare istorică, se află la Muzeul Militar Național Regele Ferdinand I din București.

Decorații
 Medalia Trecerea Dunării, conferită prin Înaltul Decret Nr. 617 din 23 martie 1878.
  Ordinul Coroana României în grad de Cavaler

Bibliografie
 Bezviconi, Gheorghe G.: Boierimea Moldovei dintre Prut și Nistru, Fundația Regele Carol I, București, 1940.
 Documente privind Istoria României, Războiul pentru Independență, Vol. V (16 iulie 1877-31 august 1877), Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române, 1953.
 Ungureanu, Mihai-Răzvan: Marea Arhondologie a Boierilor Moldovei (1835-1856), Editura Universității "Al. I. Cuza" Iași.

Vezi și
 Carol I Domnitor al României
 Gen. Alexandru Cernat
 Col. Alexandru Anghelescu
 Col. Emanoil Boteanu
 Gen. Mircea Gh. Degeratu

Nașteri în 1841
Decese cu dată necunoscută
Oameni din Dorohoi
Decorați cu Ordinul Coroana României
Decorați cu Crucea Trecerea Dunării
Oameni ai Războiului Ruso-Turc (1877-1878)
Militari români în Războiul pentru Independență
Ofițeri români

Gheorghe Degeratu


تانجو جولاك ، من مواليد 1963، لاعب كرة قدم تركي سابق.

حاز على جائزة الحذاء الذهبي الأوروبي في عام 1988.

لعب مع منتخب تركيا لكرة القدم 31 مباراة وسجل 9 أهداف.

 وهو أول لاعب في أوروبا يحصل على الحذاء الأوروبي لالذهبي والفضي والبرونزي

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من سامسون
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو سامسون سبور
لاعبو غلطة سراي
لاعبو فنار باغجه
لاعبو كرة قدم أتراك
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أتراك
لاعبو منتخب تركيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب تركيا لكرة القدم
مدربو كرة قدم أتراك
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1383 هـ
مواليد 1963

تانجو جولاك


An Mormodes ignea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Lindley ngan Joseph Paxton. An Mormodes ignea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mormodes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Mormodes

Mormodes ignea


Die Italienische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2007 fand vom 2. bis zum 4. Februar 2007 statt.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=825673E5-7700-4370-9C09-736A9735C7F8

2007
Badminton 2007


Garang Mawien Kuol (15 de setembro de 2004) é um futebolista australiano que atua como atacante. Atualmente joga no FC Volendam, emprestado pelo .

Vida pessoal
Filho de sul-sudaneses que se mudaram para o Egito, Kuol permaneceu no país durante um ano antes de se mudar para a Austrália juntamente com os familiares (todos na condição de refugiados), fixando residência na cidade de Shepparton.

Carreira em clubes
Após jogar no Goulburn Valley Suns, Kuol chamou a atenção de equipes da A-League com apenas 16 anos de idade. Depois de ter recebido uma bolsa de estudos, assinou com a CCM Academy em janeiro de 2021, fazendo sua estreia como profissional em dezembro do mesmo ano, na vitória por 6 a 0 sobre o APIA Leichhardt, pela Copa da Austrália. Em abril de 2022, disputou seu primeiro jogo na A-League contra o Wellington Phoenix, tendo feito um dos gol na vitória dos Mariners por 5 a 0. Em seus 7 primeiros jogos no primeiro nível do futebol australiano, Kuol marcou 4 gols, e em junho, assinou seu primeiro contrato profissional, válido por 2 temporadas.

Em meados de setembro de 2022, vários clubes europeus manifestaram interesse na contratação do atacante, e foi noticiado que Kuol havia assinado um pré-contrato com o , e passaria a integrar a equipe inglesa em janeiro de 2023. No dia 30 do mesmo mês, foi anunciada a contratação de Kuol pelos Magpies.

Seleção
Além de defender a seleção Sub-20, Kuol foi convocado pela primeira vez à equipe principal da Austrália em setembro de 2022 para 2 amistosos contra a Nova Zelândia, tendo atuado no segundo jogo contra os All Whites.

Convocado para a Copa de 2022, é o mais jovem atleta da Seleção Australiana a participar do torneio, sendo um dos 6 jogadores nascidos em 2004 a fazê-lo (juntamente com Youssoufa Moukoko, Gavi, Abdul Fatawu Issahaku, Jewison Bennette e Bilal El Khannous). Na campanha dos Socceroos, entrou nas partidas contra a França (fase de grupos) e a Argentina (oitavas-de-final), onde teve a chance de levar o jogo para a prorrogação, mas seu chute foi defendido por Emiliano Martínez.

Títulos

Individual
 A-League All Star: 2022

Ligações externas
 Perfil de Garang Kuol - OGol.com.br

Futebolistas da Austrália
Futebolistas do Central Coast Mariners Football Club
Jogadores da Seleção Australiana de Futebol
Jogadores da Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2022
Refugiados

Garang Kuol


Obélix est un jeu vidéo, sorti en 1983, développé et édité par Atari, Inc. pour l'Atari 2600. Il est centré autour des personnages Astérix et Obélix créés par René Goscinny et Albert Uderzo. Il sort peu après le jeu Astérix développé sur la même console.

Système de jeu
Le joueur contrôle Astérix tandis qu'Obélix va et vient en haut de l'écran en portant un menhir sur son dos. Le joueur doit étourdir temporairement les légionnaires romains et les centurions afin qu'Obélix puisse leur lancer un menhir pour les tuer. Si le menhir manque la cible, le Romain étourdi peut se réveiller, auquel cas le joueur peut soit tenter de s'échapper à un niveau inférieur du jeu, soit boire une potion magique, lancée par Panoramix, pour s'échapper à travers les soldats ennemis. Il y a deux sortes d'ennemis, les légionnaires et les centurions, ceux-ci valant deux points

Développement
Le jeu est sorti peu de temps après un jeu similaire appelé Astérix, adaptation européenne du jeu Taz, où la tête Taz est remplacé par la tête d'Astérix. Obélix est le premier jeu original issu des personnages créés par René Goscinny et Albert Uderzo, et est développé sur la même licence. Le jeu est écrit par Suki Lee, une des premières femmes programmeuses chez Atari, avec des graphismes de Dave Jolly et une composition sonore d'Andrew Fuchs et de Jeff Gusman. Lee a précédemment écrit Math Gran Prix pour l'Atari 2600.

Accueil
Une critique dans l'édition de février 1984 du magazine allemand TeleMatch évalue les graphismes comme bons à satisfaisants, loue les sons, mais trouve cependant le jeu trop similaire au jeu Atari 2600, alors récemment sorti, Astérix. Ils concluent qu'il s'agit d'un jeu auquel les gens prendraient plaisir à jouer. Une critique dans l'édition de janvier-février du magazine français Tilt est globalement positive sur le jeu et souligne la qualité des graphismes et des sons.

Dans une revue rétrospective en 2018, Kieren Hawken fait l'éloge du gameplay innovant et du son, donnant au jeu une note globale de 8/10.

Notes et références

Jeu vidéo Astérix
Shoot 'em up
Jeu Atari 2600
Jeu vidéo sorti en 1983

Obélix (jeu vidéo)


"The Council of Fifty" (also known as "the Living Constitution", "the Kingdom of God", or its name by revelation, "The Kingdom of God and His Laws with the Keys and Power thereof, and Judgment in the Hands of His Servants, Ahman Christ") was a Latter Day Saint organization established by Joseph Smith in 1844 to symbolize and represent a future theocratic or theodemocratic "Kingdom of God" on the earth. Smith prophetically claimed that this Kingdom would be established in preparation for the Millennium and the Second Coming of Jesus.

The political Kingdom of God, organized around the Council of Fifty, was meant to be a force of peace and order in the midst of this chaos. According to latter-day saint teachings, while Jesus himself would be king of this new world government, its structure was in fact to be quasi-republican and multi-denominational; therefore, the early Council of Fifty included both Mormons and non-Mormons. Although the Council played a significant role during the last few months of Joseph Smith's life, particularly in his campaign for President of the United States, the Council's role was mostly symbolic throughout the 19th century within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. This was largely because the Council was primarily meant for a time when secular governments had ceased to function. Regular meetings of the Council ended in 1884 after the church publicly abandoned its theocratic aspirations. Some contend that the organization was technically extinguished when member Heber J. Grant died in 1945.

Establishment
In early Mormonism, God's Kingdom was thought of as an amalgamation between two distinct yet intimately related parts. The first is the Spiritual Kingdom of God which is represented on earth by the Church of Christ. This, latter-day saints believe, was described in the Book of Daniel 2:44–45 as the stone "cut out of the mountain without hands" that will roll forth to fill the whole earth. In Daniel, this kingdom was never to "be destroyed; and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever." However, in conjunction with this Spiritual Kingdom, Joseph Smith and other early Latter Day Saint leaders believed that Jesus would establish a Political Kingdom of God in the turbulent times leading up to His second coming. God's Political Kingdom was to be centered around the Council of Fifty.

Like many in the mid-19th century, the Latter-Day Saints believed that the second coming of Jesus was imminent, and would be attended by great destruction. After this destruction occurred, some structure would be necessary to politically organize the survivors. Joseph Smith said he received a revelation on April 7, 1842 calling for the establishment of an organization called the Living Constitution, or later the Council of Fifty. This would serve as the foundation for the establishment of Christ's Millennial government. However the actual organization of the Council of Fifty by Joseph Smith in Nauvoo, Illinois on March 11, 1844, was due to a present danger rather than a millennial belief. William Law was organizing a band of men to overthrow and murder Joseph Smith and his brother, Hyrum Smith. On March 26, 1844, it appears Joseph conferred the keys of ecclesiastical authority on the Twelve Apostles in a meeting of the Council of Fifty, telling them "It may be that my enemies will kill me...should any of you be killed, you can lay your hands upon others and fill up your quorum. ...if you are called to lay down your lives, die like men." The timing of the last meeting of the Law conspiracy appears to have been Sunday, March 31, as Joseph told two young men who were infiltrating the conspiracy, "If you have to die, die like men... but I hardly think they will [kill you], as you are so young." The similarity in the foreboding sentiment expressed to the apostles and to the young spies is striking.

For some reason the conspiracy did not immediately attack after the conspirators took their murderous oaths as witnessed by the two spies. Perhaps believing the danger was past, Joseph Smith was "chosen as our Prophet, Priest, and King by Hosannas," as recorded by "clerk of the Kingdom", William Clayton, on April 11, 1844. However Law and his conspirators would go on to publish the Nauvoo Expositor, starting a chain of events leading to Joseph's death on June 27, 1844. It is worth noting that Joseph Smith ordered the destruction of the printing press after the first publication, and that action by Joseph contributed to the chain of events that lead to his death.

According to John D. Lee, the official scribe of the Council, the organization was meant to be the "Municipal department of the Kingdom of God set upon the earth, and from which all law emanates, for the rule, government & controle of all Nations Kingdoms & toungs and People under the whole Heavens."

Composition and organization
Unlike other purely religious organizations formed by Joseph Smith, members of the Council of Fifty were not necessarily Latter Day Saints. At its formation, there were three non-Mormon members: Marenus G. Eaton, who had revealed a conspiracy against Smith by Nauvoo dissenters; Edward Bonney, whose brother was a Mormon but who later acted as prosecutor against Smith for his role in the destruction of the Nauvoo Expositor; and Uriah Brown. Their admittance reflected Mormon teachings that the Millennial theocracy would be multi-denominational, though Jesus himself would be king. Although Brigham Young did not admit non-Mormons to the Council during his administration, he invited both Mormons and non-Mormons to be part of the theocracy, and even part of the theocratic government. All three nonmembers would be expelled in early 1845 once Brigham Young became chairman of the council.

Smith served as the president of the Council during his lifetime, after which Brigham Young presided, and then John Taylor. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, who each were members of the Council, had a special leadership role. However, all actions by the body were officially to be taken only after unanimous vote. During Smith's lifetime, meetings of the Council were held in secret. Council meetings were conducted at many locations in Nauvoo including Joseph Smith's store, the Seventies Hall but also in the Nauvoo Mansion, the Masonic Hall, and the attic level of the Nauvoo Temple.

The Council of Fifty met irregularly for most of its forty-year existence, including March–June 1844, 1845–1846, more regularly from 1848 to 1850, then only a handful of times between 1851 and 1868. The council was reconstituted under President John Taylor in April 1880 and met more regularly for another five years.

Alpheus Cutler referred to an executive council within the Council of Fifty, which he termed the "Quorum of the Seven". Willard Richards served as historian/recorder from 1844 to his death in 1854. George Q. Cannon was the final recorder for the Council and served from 1867 to his death in 1901. William Clayton served as clerk of the Kingdom from 1844–1879. In 1880, he was followed in office by L. John Nuttall. John Taylor's son William Whittaker Taylor was assistant clerk from 1880-1884.

There are forty-six known members of the pre-martyrdom Council of Fifty. It included all members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles at the time in which it was active both in Nauvoo and in Utah. Notably, it did not include the two counselors to the First Presidency in Nauvoo, Sidney Rigdon and William Law. Other members included:

 John Milton Bernhisel
 William Clayton
 Alpheus Cutler
 David Fullmer
 Benjamin F. Johnson
 John D. Lee (Scribe)
 Cornelius P. Lott
 William Marks
 Isaac Morley
 John E. Page
 W.W. Phelps
 Charles C. Rich

Role of the Council in Joseph Smith's administration
While much of the rhetoric in Council of Fifty meetings focused on the council's millennial reign, in practice, the council performed two duties during its brief existence under Joseph Smith. First, it sought out territorial lands for Mormons to settle, primarily in Texas and Oregon territory. The council sent emissary and council member Lucien Woodworth to meet with Sam Houston and the Texas government, then an independent nation. The council also sent emissaries to Washington, D.C. to meet with members of Congress in the hopes of passing a resolution to allow Joseph Smith to be appointed General and march 100,000 volunteers to Oregon Territory.

The second duty of the Council was to assist in Joseph Smith's 1844 campaign for President of the United States. Smith ran on a platform among church members of bringing restitution for land and property lost in Missouri, eliminating slavery, compensating slave-owners with the sale of private lands, reducing the salaries of members of Congress, eliminating debt imprisonment, etc. Members of the Council campaigned throughout the United States. Besides sending out hundreds of political missionaries to campaign for Smith throughout the U.S., they also appointed fellow members of the Fifty as political ambassadors to Russia, the Republic of Texas, Washington D.C., England, and France. However, Smith was murdered by a large mob in the midst of his presidential campaign. The campaign was meant to draw greater attention to the plight of the Mormons, who had received no state or federal restitution for hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of property lost to mob violence in relation to the 1838 Mormon War. However, the Nauvoo Expositor incident, Smith's Presidential campaign, and even hyperbolic and inaccurate rumors about the Council of Fifty helped create the local unrest that led to his assassination.[citation]

Role of the Council in the Utah Territory and state of Utah

After Smith's death, the Council anointed Brigham Young its leader, and as the "king and president" of the Kingdom of God. Under Young, the council helped organize the trek west from Nauvoo in 1846, and it largely governed the unorganized territory of Utah until Congress granted territorial status in 1850.

The Council assisted in the Mormon Exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois and the eventual migration to the Great Basin area of what is now Utah. Young relied upon the results of scouting missions by members of the Council in choosing the Great Basin as a destination for their exodus from Nauvoo, over several alternate possibilities including Texas, California, Oregon, and Vancouver Island.

The council was to act as a legislative body in the Kingdom of God, and in Utah, the Council became a provisional legislative body in the government. This continued until September 1850 when Congress organized the Utah Territory upon petition by the church. After Utah became a territory, the American expectation for a separation between church and state sharply diminished the Council's official role in government. The Council then suspended meetings in October 1851. The council met again only briefly in 1867 and 1868 and voted for the establishment of Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution (ZCMI).

The Council resurfaced during the administration of John Taylor, to combat federal involvement in overseeing Utah elections. The Council's last recorded meeting was in 1884.

Publication of minutes
In 2013, the First Presidency of the LDS Church approved the publication of the minutes of the Council of Fifty as one of the upcoming volumes of the ongoing Joseph Smith Papers project. The minutes were published in September 2016.

See also

Anointed Quorum
Confederate Nations of Israel: a Mormon fundamentalist organization founded in 1977 and patterned after the Council of Fifty
List of members of the Council of Fifty

References

Sources

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External links
 The Council of Fifty in Nauvoo, Illinois

1945 disestablishments in the United States
American Christian political organizations
Defunct Latter Day Saint organizations
History of the Latter Day Saint movement
Latter Day Saint hierarchy
Leadership positions in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Defunct organizational subdivisions of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Religious organizations established in 1844
1844 establishments in Illinois
Mormonism and politics

Council of Fifty


Biskupice este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Lučenec din regiunea Banská Bystrica. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.147 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Biskupice este atestată documentar din 1294.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Biskupice, Lučenec


Auzout ist ein Einschlagkrater am Ostrand der Mondvorderseite, nahe dem südlichen Rand des Mare Crisium, nördlich des Kraters Firmicus.
Der Kraterrand ist wenig erodiert, das Innere ist uneben und weist Spuren von Rutschungen auf.

Der Krater wurde 1961 von der IAU nach dem französischen Astronomen und Physiker Adrien Auzout offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Auzout auf The-Moon Wiki
 Auzout auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Auzout (Mondkrater)


Nižná Hutka este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Košice-okolie din regiunea Košice, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 591 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Nižná Hutka este atestată documentar din 1293.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Nižná Hutka


Cea de-a 17-a ediție a Festivalului Internațional de Film Transilvania s-a desfășurat în perioada 25 mai-6 iunie 2018 la Cluj-Napoca.

În competiția pentru Trofeul Transilvania au intrat 12 filme.

Filmul de deschidere a festivalului a fost Foxtrot, regizat de Samuel Maoz și distins cu Marele Premiu al Juriului la Festivalul Internațional de Film de la Veneția (2017) și 4 premii ale Academiei Israeliene de Film.

Filmele din competiția oficială

Note

TIFF
2018

TIFF 2018


was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, part-time writer, haiku poet, diplomat, and commanding officer of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff. He is best known for having been the commander of the Japanese garrison at the battle of Iwo Jima.

Even before the battle, General Kuribayashi insisted upon sharing the hardships of his men. He also refused to permit banzai charges, which he regarded as an unnecessary waste of his men's lives. The United States Marine Corps had expected to capture Iwo Jima in five days, but Kuribayashi and his men held out for 36 days. It is believed that Kuribayashi was killed in action while leading his soldiers in a night-attack on American troops, but his body was never identified by the United States military. U.S. Marine Corps General Holland Smith said of Kuribayashi that "Of all our adversaries in the Pacific, Kuribayashi was the most redoubtable."

Early life

Tadamichi Kuribayashi was born into a minor samurai family in Hanishina District, Nagano prefecture. According to Kumiko Kakehashi, the Kuribayashi family had lived in the district since the 15th century.

According to Vice Admiral Kaneko, who attended Nagano High School with Kuribayashi, "He once organized a strike against the school authorities. He just escaped expulsion by a hair. In those days, he was already good in poetry-writing, composition, and speech writing. He was a young literary enthusiast."

Kuribayashi graduated from Nagano High School in 1911. Although he had originally aspired to be a journalist, Kuribayashi was persuaded by his high school instructors to instead enter the Imperial Japanese Army Academy.

Kuribayashi graduated from the Army Academy's 26th class in 1914, having specialized in cavalry. He continued on to the Army's Cavalry School in 1918. In 1923, he graduated from the 35th class of the Army War College with splendid marks and received a military sabre from the Taisho Emperor. Kuribayashi married Yoshii Kuribayashi (1904–2003) on 8 December of that year. Together they had a son and two daughters (Taro, Yoko and Takako).

Kuribayashi was designated as deputy military attaché to Washington, D.C. in 1928. For two years, Kuribayashi traveled across the United States, conducting extensive military and industrial research. During his time in the U.S., Kuribayashi studied at Harvard University.

Kuribayashi later recalled,
"I was in the United States for three years when I was a captain. I was taught how to drive by some American officers, and I bought a car. I went around the States, and I knew the close connections between the military and industry. I saw the plant area of Detroit, too. By one button push, all the industries will be mobilized for military business."

According to his son, Taro Kuribayashi, "From 1928 to 1930, my father stayed in the United States as an exchange officer. In those days, he often gave me, a grammar school boy, printed letters. He always composed easy letters in order to let me read them without any help from others. He used to enclose some sketches with the letters. I have made a book of these picture letters. In the letters are so many scenes – while visiting Boston, he was lying sprawled on the gardens of Harvard University watching a clock tower, in another he is taking a walk in Buffalo, in another, playing with some American children and being invited to the house of Medical Doctor Furukohchi, etc. Throughout his letters, it is clear that my father used to drive in many directions in the United States, studied very hard late at night, and tried to be a gentleman. Also, he used to have many friends in foreign countries."

After returning to Tokyo, Kuribayashi was promoted to the rank of major and appointed as the first Japanese military attaché to Canada. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1933.

During his services in the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff in Tokyo from 1933 to 1937, he wrote lyrics for several martial songs. In 1940 Kuribayashi was promoted to major general.

During the lead up to the Attack on Pearl Harbor, Kuribayashi is known to have repeatedly told his family, "America is the last country in the world Japan should fight."

Pacific War

In December 1941, Kuribayashi was ordered into the field as the Chief of Staff of the Japanese 23rd Army, commanded by Takashi Sakai, in the Invasion of Hong Kong.  The 23rd Army's occupation caused horrible massacres in Hong Kong. After the war, the 23rd Army's commander Takashi Sakai was accused of war crimes at the Chinese War Crimes Military Tribunal, found guilty and executed by firing squad on 30 September 1946. According to a former subordinate, General Kuribayashi regularly visited wounded enlisted men in the hospital, which was virtually unheard of for an officer of the General Staff.

In 1943, he was promoted to lieutenant general, and reassigned to be commander of the 2nd Imperial Guards Division, which was primarily a reserve and training division. On 27 May 1944, he became commander of the IJA 109th Division.

Just two weeks later, on 8 June 1944, he received orders signed by Prime Minister Hideki Tojo to defend the strategically located island of Iwo Jima in the Bonin Islands chain. According to Yoshii Kuribayashi, her husband said upon receiving the orders that it was unlikely even for his ashes to return from Iwo Jima.

According to historian Kumiko Kakehashi, it is possible that Kuribayashi was deliberately selected for what was known to be a suicide mission. General Kuribayashi was known for having expressed the belief that Japan's war against the United States was a no win situation and needed to be ended via a negotiated peace. In the eyes of the ultra-nationalists in the General Staff and in Tojo's cabinet, this had allegedly caused Kuribayashi to be seen as a defeatist.

He was accorded the honor of a personal audience with Emperor Hirohito on the eve of his departure. In a subsequent letter to Yoshii and their children, the General made no mention of meeting the Emperor. He instead expressed regret for failing to fix the draft in the kitchen of their home. He included a detailed diagram so that his son, Taro Kuribayashi would be able to complete the repair and prevent the family from catching cold.

Planning for the Battle of Iwo Jima

On 19 June 1944, General Kuribayashi stepped off a plane on Iwo Jima's Chidori airstrip. Meanwhile, the island's garrison was busy digging trenches on the beach. Kuribayashi made a careful survey of the island and ordered his men to construct defenses further inland. Deciding not to seriously contest the projected beach landings, Kuribayashi decreed that the defense of Iwo Jima would be fought almost entirely from underground. His men honeycombed the island with more than  of tunnels, 5,000 caves, and pillboxes. According to his former Chief of Staff, Kuribayashi often told him, "America's productive powers are beyond our imagination. Japan has started a war with a formidable enemy and we must brace ourselves accordingly."

Kuribayashi recognized that he would not be able to hold Iwo Jima against the overwhelming military forces of the United States. He knew, however, that the loss of Iwo Jima would place all of Japan within range of American strategic bombers. Therefore, he planned a campaign of attrition, by which he hoped to delay the bombing of Japanese civilians and to force the United States Government to reconsider the possible invasion of Japanese home islands.

According to historian James Bradley, "Americans have always taken casualties very seriously. When the number of casualties is too high, public opinion will boil up and condemn an operation as a failure, even if we get the upper hand militarily. Kuribayashi had lived in America. He knew our national character. That's why he deliberately chose to fight in a way that would relentlessly drive up the number of casualties. I think he hoped American public opinion would shift toward wanting to bring the war with Japan to a rapid end."

Long before the Americans landed, however, Gen. Kuribayashi fully expected to die on Iwo Jima. On 5 September 1944, he wrote to his wife, "It must be destiny that we as a family must face this. Please accept this and stand tall with the children at your side. I will be with you always."

The Japanese defenders include Private Takeo Abe, who survived the battle and spent the remainder of his life repatriating the remains of his comrades. Private Abe later recalled, "By the end of 1944, we were forced to spare rations for battle and we foraged around for edible weeds. Suffering from chronic diarrhea, empty stomachs, and lack of water, we dug bunkers in the sand under a merciless sun and constructed underground shelters that were steamy with heat. We used salt water, lukewarm from a well on the beach, for cooking, and saved what little rainwater we could for drinking. But one water-bottle a day was the most we ever had to drink."

On 25 June 1944, Kuribayashi wrote to his family, "There is no springwater here, so we must do with rainwater. I long for a glass of cold water, but nothing can be done. The number of flies and mosquitoes is appalling. There are no newspapers, no radios, and no shops. There are a few local farms, but no shelters suitable for anything other than livestock. Our soldiers pitch tents or crawl into caves. The caves are stuffy and the heat and humidity are intolerable. I, of course, endure similar living conditions... It is a living hell and I have never experienced anything remotely like it in my entire life."

In order to prepare his soldiers for an unconventional style of fighting, Kuribayashi composed six "Courageous Battle Vows" which were widely reproduced and distributed among his men. They read:

Kuribayashi also composed a set of instructions to the soldiers of the "Courage Division." They read as follows:

Battle of Iwo Jima

On 19 February 1945, the United States Marine Corps landed its first men on the southern shore of the island. In a radically different approach, American officers and men were first allowed to land unmolested and then shelled and machine gunned from underground bunkers. As night fell, Marine Corps General Holland Smith studied reports aboard the command ship Eldorado. He was especially stunned that Kuribayashi's men had never attempted a banzai charge. Addressing a group of war correspondents, he quipped, "I don't know who he is, but the Japanese General running this show is one smart bastard."

According to military historian Shigetoki Hosoki, "This writer was stunned to find the following comments in the 'Iwo Jima Report,' a collection of memoirs by Iwo Jima survivors. 'The men we saw weighed no more than thirty kilos and did not look human. Nonetheless, these emaciated soldiers who looked like they came from Mars faced the enemy with a force that could not be believed. I sensed a high morale.' Even under such circumstances, the underground shelters that the Japanese built proved advantageous for a while. Enemy mortar and bombing could not reach them ten meters under the ground. It was then that the Americans began to dig holes and poured yellow phosphorus gas into the ground. Their infantry was also burning its way through passages, slowly but surely, at the rate of ten meters per hour. A telegram has been preserved which says, 'This is like killing cockroaches.' American troops made daily advances to the north. On the evening of 16 March, they reported that they had completely occupied the island of Iwo Jima."

Meanwhile, General Kuribayashi had herded the remnants of the Iwo Jima garrison into a heavily fortified ravine which the Marine Corps dubbed, "The Gorge." Major Yoshitaka Hori, who commanded the Chichi Jima radio station, later recalled, "General Kuribayashi commanded his battle under candle light without a single rest or sleep, day after day. Radio broadcasts, newspapers, and magazines from Japan encouraged him thoroughly, especially when the old and young men, boys and girls of his native place prayed to God for his victory."

Marine Corps General Graves Erskine sent Japanese American Marines and captured Japanese soldiers to try to persuade Kuribayashi and his men to surrender. Meanwhile, Kuribayashi radioed to Major Hori, "I have 400 men under my command.  The enemy besieged us by firing and flame from their tanks. In particular, they are trying to approach the entrance of our cave with explosives. My men and officers are still fighting. The enemy's front lines are 300 meters from us, and they are attacking by tank firing. They advised us to surrender by loudspeaker, but we only laughed at this childish trick, and we did not set ourselves against them."

On the evening of 23 March 1945, Kuribayashi radioed a last message to Major Hori, "All officers and men of Chichi Jima – goodbye from Iwo." Major Hori later recalled, "I tried to communicate with them for three days after that, but in the end I received no answer."

On 17 March 1945, the General had sent his farewell message to Imperial Headquarters accompanied by three traditional death poems in waka form. All were, according to historian Kumiko Kakehashi, "a subtle protest against the military command that so casually sent men out to die."

General Kuribayashi had written, "The battle is entering its final chapter. Since the enemy's landing, the gallant fighting of the men under my command has been such that even the gods would weep. In particular, I humbly rejoice in the fact that they have continued to fight bravely though utterly empty-handed and ill-equipped against a land, sea, and air attack of a material superiority such as surpasses the imagination. One after another they are falling in the ceaseless and ferocious attacks of the enemy. For this reason, the situation has arisen whereby I must disappoint your expectations and yield this important place to the hands of the enemy. With humility and sincerity, I offer my repeated apologies. Our ammunition is gone and our water dried up. Now is the time for us to make the final counterattack and fight gallantly, conscious of the Emperor's favor, not begrudging our efforts though they turn our bones to powder and pulverize our bodies. I believe that until the island is recaptured, the Emperor's domain will be eternally insecure. I therefore swear that even when I have become a ghost I shall look forward to turning the defeat of the Imperial Army to victory. I stand now at the beginning of the end. At the same time as revealing my inmost feelings, I pray earnestly for the unfailing victory and security of the Empire. Farewell for all eternity."

He closed the message with three waka poems as follows:

Unable to complete this heavy task for our country
Arrows and bullets all spent, so sad we fall.

But unless I smite the enemy,
My body cannot rot in the field.
Yea, I shall be born again seven times
And grasp the sword in my hand.

When ugly weeds cover this island,
My sole thought shall be the Imperial Land.

Death

The exact circumstances of Kuribayashi's death remain a mystery. It is most likely that he was killed in action in the early morning of 26 March 1945, while leading his surviving soldiers in a three-pronged assault against sleeping Marines and Air Force ground crews. Kuribayashi and his men silently slashed tents, bayoneted sleeping men, and lobbed hand grenades. According to the official United States Marine Corps History, "The Japanese attack on the early morning of 26 March was not a banzai charge, but an excellent plan aiming to cause maximum confusion and destruction." The assault climaxed in a hand-to-hand battle to the death between the men of both armies. The General's body could not be identified afterwards for he had removed all officer's insignia in order to fight as a regular soldier.

According to less credible theories, Kuribayashi is alleged to have committed seppuku at his headquarters in the Gorge.

The General's son, Taro Kuribayashi, interviewed several survivors of the Japanese garrison after the war. As a result, he believes that his father was killed in an artillery barrage during the final assault.

According to Taro Kuribayashi, "My father had believed it shameful to have his body discovered by the enemy even after death, so he had previously asked his two soldiers to come along with him, one in front and the other behind, with a shovel in hand. In case of his death, he had wanted them to bury his body there and then. It seems that my father and the soldiers were killed by shells, and he was buried at the foot of a tree in Chidori village, along the beach near Osaka mountain. Afterwards, General Smith spent a whole day looking for his body to pay respect accordingly and to perform a burial, but in vain."

Legacy

The US declared Iwo Jima secure on 26 March 1945, after suffering 26,039 casualties. Only 1,083 of the 22,786 Japanese defenders survived to be captured. A small number of holdouts continued to remain at large, leaving their fortified caves at night in order to steal food from the American garrison. The last two holdouts, Naval machine gunners Yamakage Kufuku and Matsudo Linsoki, surrendered on 6 January 1949.

Yoshii Kuribayashi was only 40 years old when her husband died on Iwo Jima, and she subsequently worked hard to bring up their children without a father. According to their daughter Takako Kuribayashi, "My mother had been brought up as a lady, and even after getting married she had been taken care of by my father. She had never worked in her life before, but she still managed to raise us during the terrible years after the war by doing things like selling cuttlefish out on the street. And more than that, she sent not just my elder brother, but me, a girl, to university."

Many years later, Yoshii Kuribayashi visited Iwo Jima and paid tribute to her fallen husband.

According to Derrick Wright, "The name of Gen. Kuribayashi has been accorded a place of honor in postwar Japanese history, alongside that other outstanding commander Adm. Yamamoto. In his autobiography, Coral and Brass, Lt.-Gen. Holland 'Howling Mad' Smith paid him one of his highest tributes: 'Of all our adversaries in the Pacific, Kuribayashi was the most redoubtable.'"

In popular culture
Kuribayashi became known to an international audience after being portrayed onscreen in the film Letters from Iwo Jima. According to screenwriter Iris Yamashita, "Ultimately, I felt that the many nuances of Tadamichi Kuribayashi came to life onscreen under Clint Eastwood's masterful direction and actor Ken Watanabe's deft portrayal, expressing the perfect sense of the balance of the gentleness and warmth of the family man, combined with the strength, practicality and regality of the commanding officer."

Promotions

See also
 Yoshitaka Shindō – Japanese political figure and grandson of General Kuribayashi.

Notes

References

External links

1891 births
1945 deaths
People from Nagano Prefecture
Japanese generals
Imperial Japanese Army generals of World War II
Imperial Japanese Army personnel of World War II
Japanese military personnel killed in World War II
Japanese monarchists
Battle of Iwo Jima
20th-century Japanese poets
Imperial Japanese Army officers
World War II poets

Tadamichi Kuribayashi


Curtains er en dansk kortfilm fra 2006 med instruktion og manuskript af Jesper Nislev Mortensen.

Handling
En persons indre kamp mod depression og isolation.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2006

Curtains