In numerical analysis and computational statistics, rejection sampling is a basic technique used to generate observations from a distribution. It is also commonly called the acceptance-rejection method or "accept-reject algorithm" and is a type of exact simulation method. The method works for any distribution in  with a density.

Rejection sampling is based on the observation that to sample a random variable in one dimension, one can perform a uniformly random sampling of the two-dimensional Cartesian graph, and keep the samples in the region under the graph of its density function. Note that this property can be extended to N-dimension functions.

Description
To visualize the motivation behind rejection sampling, imagine graphing the density function of a random variable onto a large rectangular board and throwing darts at it. Assume that the darts are uniformly distributed around the board. Now remove all of the darts that are outside the area under the curve.  The remaining darts will be distributed uniformly within the area under the curve, and the x-positions of these darts will be distributed according to the random variable's density. This is because there is the most room for the darts to land where the curve is highest and thus the probability density is greatest.

The visualization as just described is equivalent to a particular form of rejection sampling where the "proposal distribution" is uniform (hence its graph is a rectangle).  The general form of rejection sampling assumes that the board is not necessarily rectangular but is shaped according to the density of some proposal distribution that we know how to sample from (for example, using inversion sampling), and which is at least as high at every point as the distribution we want to sample from, so that the former completely encloses the latter. (Otherwise, there would be parts of the curved area we want to sample from that could never be reached.)

Rejection sampling works as follows:

Sample a point on the x-axis from the proposal distribution.
Draw a vertical line at this x-position, up to the maximum y-value of the probability density function of the proposal distribution.
Sample uniformly along this line from 0 to the maximum of the probability density function. If the sampled value is greater than the value of the desired distribution at this vertical line, reject the x-value and return to step 1; else the x-value is a sample from the desired distribution.

This algorithm can be used to sample from the area under any curve, regardless of whether the function integrates to 1.  In fact, scaling a function by a constant has no effect on the sampled x-positions.  Thus, the algorithm can be used to sample from a distribution whose normalizing constant is unknown, which is common in computational statistics.

Theory
The rejection sampling method generates sampling values from a target distribution  with arbitrary probability density function  by using a proposal distribution  with probability density .  The idea is that one can generate a sample value from  by instead sampling from  and accepting the sample from  with probability , repeating the draws from  until a value is accepted.   here is a constant, finite bound on the likelihood ratio , satisfying  over the support of ; in other words, M must satisfy  for all values of .  Note that this requires that the support of  must include the support of —in other words,  whenever .

The validation of this method is the envelope principle: when simulating the pair , one produces a uniform simulation over the subgraph of . Accepting only pairs such that  then produces pairs  uniformly distributed over the subgraph of  and thus, marginally, a simulation from

This means that, with enough replicates, the algorithm generates a sample from the desired distribution . There are a number of extensions to this algorithm, such as the Metropolis algorithm.

This method relates to the general field of Monte Carlo techniques, including Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms that also use a proxy distribution to achieve simulation from the target distribution . It forms the basis for algorithms such as the Metropolis algorithm.

The unconditional acceptance probability is the proportion of proposed samples which are accepted, which is where , and the value of  each time is generated under the density function  of the proposal distribution .

The number of samples required from  to obtain an accepted value thus follows a geometric distribution with probability , which has mean .  Intuitively,  is the expected number of the iterations that are needed, as a measure of the computational complexity of the algorithm.

Rewrite the above equation,
Note that , due to the above formula, where  is a probability which can only take values in the interval . When  is chosen closer to one, the unconditional acceptance probability is higher the less that ratio varies, since  is the upper bound for the likelihood ratio .  In practice, a value of  closer to 1 is preferred as it implies fewer rejected samples, on average, and thus fewer iterations of the algorithm.  In this sense, one prefers to have  as small as possible (while still satisfying , which suggests that  should generally resemble  in some way.  Note, however, that  cannot be equal to 1: such would imply that , i.e. that the target and proposal distributions are actually the same distribution.

Rejection sampling is most often used in cases where the form of  makes sampling difficult.  A single iteration of the rejection algorithm requires sampling from the proposal distribution, drawing from a uniform distribution, and evaluating the  expression.  Rejection sampling is thus more efficient than some other method whenever M times the cost of these operations—which is the expected cost of obtaining a sample with rejection sampling—is lower than the cost of obtaining a sample using the other method.

Algorithm
The algorithm, which was used by John von Neumann and dates back to Buffon and his needle, obtains a sample from distribution  with density  using samples from distribution  with density  as follows:
 Obtain a sample  from distribution  and a sample  from  (the uniform distribution over the unit interval).
 Check if .
 If this holds, accept  as a sample drawn from ;
 if not, reject the value of  and return to the sampling step.

The algorithm will take an average of  iterations to obtain a sample.

Advantages over sampling using naive methods
Rejection sampling can be far more efficient compared with the naive methods in some situations. For example, given a problem as sampling  conditionally on  given the set , i.e., , sometimes  can be easily simulated, using the naive methods (e.g. by inverse transform sampling):
 Sample  independently, and accept those satisfying
 Output:  (see also truncation (statistics))
The problem is this sampling can be difficult and inefficient, if . The expected number of iterations would be , which could be close to infinity. Moreover, even when you apply the Rejection sampling method, it is always hard to optimize the bound  for the likelihood ratio. More often than not,  is large and the rejection rate is high, the algorithm can be very inefficient. The Natural Exponential Family (if it exists), also known as exponential tilting, provides a class of proposal distributions that can lower the computation complexity, the value of  and speed up the computations (see examples: working with Natural Exponential Families).

Rejection sampling using exponential tilting

Given a random variable ,  is the target distribution. Assume for the simplicity, the density function can be explicitly written as . Choose the proposal as

where  and . Clearly, , is from a natural exponential family. Moreover, the likelihood ratio is

Note that  implies that it is indeed a cumulant-generation function, that is,

.

It is easy to derive the cumulant-generation function of the proposal and therefore the proposal's cumulants.

As a simple example, suppose under , , with . The goal is to sample , where . The analysis goes as follows:

 Choose the form of the proposal distribution , with cumulant-generating function as
,

which further implies it is a normal distribution .

 Decide the well chosen  for the proposal distribution. In this setup, the intuitive way to choose  is to set
,
that is  The proposal distribution is thus .

 Explicitly write out the target, the proposal and the likelihood ratio

 Derive the bound  for the likelihood ratio , which is a decreasing function for , therefore

 Rejection sampling criterion: for , if

holds, accept the value of ; if not, continue sampling new  and new  until acceptance.

For the above example, as the measurement of the efficiency, the expected number of the iterations the natural exponential family based rejection sampling method is of order , that is , while under the naive method, the expected number of the iterations is , which is far more inefficient.

In general, exponential tilting a parametric class of proposal distribution, solves the optimization problems conveniently, with its useful properties that directly characterize the distribution of the proposal. For this type of problem, to simulate  conditionally on , among the class of simple distributions, the trick is to use natural exponential family, which helps to gain some control over the complexity and considerably speed up the computation. Indeed, there are deep mathematical reasons for using natural exponential family.

Drawbacks

Rejection sampling requires knowing the target distribution (specifically, ability to evaluate target PDF at any point).

Rejection sampling can lead to a lot of unwanted samples being taken if the function being sampled is highly concentrated in a certain region, for example a function that has a spike at some location.  For many distributions, this problem can be solved using an adaptive extension (see adaptive rejection sampling), or with an appropriate change of variables with the method of the ratio of uniforms. In addition, as the dimensions of the problem get larger, the ratio of the embedded volume to the "corners" of the embedding volume tends towards zero, thus a lot of rejections can take place before a useful sample is generated, thus making the algorithm inefficient and impractical. See curse of dimensionality. In high dimensions, it is necessary to use a different approach, typically a Markov chain Monte Carlo method such as Metropolis sampling or Gibbs sampling. (However, Gibbs sampling, which breaks down a multi-dimensional sampling problem into a series of low-dimensional samples, may use rejection sampling as one of its steps.)

Adaptive rejection sampling

For many distributions, finding a proposal distribution that includes the given distribution without a lot of wasted space is difficult.  An extension of rejection sampling that can be used to overcome this difficulty and efficiently sample from a wide variety of distributions (provided that they have log-concave density functions, which is in fact the case for most of the common distributions—even those whose density functions are not concave themselves) is known as adaptive rejection sampling (ARS).

There are three basic ideas to this technique as ultimately introduced by Gilks in 1992:

 If it helps, define your envelope distribution in log space (e.g. log-probability or log-density) instead. That is, work with  instead of  directly.
 Often, distributions that have algebraically messy density functions have reasonably simpler log density functions (i.e. when  is messy,  may be easier to work with or, at least, closer to piecewise linear).
 Instead of a single uniform envelope density function, use a piecewise linear density function as your envelope instead.
 Each time you have to reject a sample, you can use the value of  that you evaluated, to improve the piecewise approximation . This therefore reduces the chance that your next attempt will be rejected. Asymptotically, the probability of needing to reject your sample should converge to zero, and in practice, often very rapidly.
 As proposed, any time we choose a point that is rejected, we tighten the envelope with another line segment that is tangent to the curve at the point with the same x-coordinate as the chosen point.
 A piecewise linear model of the proposal log distribution results in a set of piecewise exponential distributions (i.e. segments of one or more exponential distributions, attached end to end). Exponential distributions are well behaved and well understood. The logarithm of an exponential distribution is a straight line, and hence this method essentially involves enclosing the logarithm of the density in a series of line segments.  This is the source of the log-concave restriction: if a distribution is log-concave, then its logarithm is concave (shaped like an upside-down U), meaning that a line segment tangent to the curve will always pass over the curve.
 If not working in log space, a piecewise linear density function can also be sampled via triangle distributions
 We can take even further advantage of the (log) concavity requirement, to potentially avoid the cost of evaluating  when your sample is accepted.
 Just like we can construct a piecewise linear upper bound (the "envelope" function) using the values of  that we had to evaluate in the current chain of rejections, we can also construct a piecewise linear lower bound (the "squeezing" function) using these values as well.
 Before evaluating (the potentially expensive)  to see if your sample will be accepted, we may already know if it will be accepted by comparing against the (ideally cheaper)  (or  in this case) squeezing function that have available.
 This squeezing step is optional, even when suggested by Gilks. At best it saves you from only one extra evaluation of your (messy and/or expensive) target density. However, presumably for particularly expensive density functions (and assuming the rapid convergence of the rejection rate toward zero) this can make a sizable difference in ultimate runtime.

The method essentially involves successively determining an envelope of straight-line segments that approximates the logarithm better and better while still remaining above the curve, starting with a fixed number of segments (possibly just a single tangent line). Sampling from a truncated exponential random variable is straightforward. Just take the log of a uniform random variable (with appropriate interval and corresponding truncation).

Unfortunately, ARS can only be applied for sampling from log-concave target densities. For this reason, several extensions of ARS have been proposed in literature for tackling non-log-concave target distributions. Furthermore, different combinations of ARS and the Metropolis-Hastings method have been designed in order to obtain a universal sampler that builds a self-tuning proposal densities (i.e., a proposal automatically constructed and adapted to the target). This class of methods are often called as Adaptive Rejection Metropolis Sampling (ARMS) algorithms. The resulting adaptive techniques can be always applied but the generated samples are correlated in this case (although the correlation vanishes quickly to zero as the number of iterations grows).

See also
 Inverse transform sampling
 Ratio of uniforms
 Pseudo-random number sampling
 Ziggurat algorithm

References

Further reading

Monte Carlo methods
Non-uniform random numbers

Rejection sampling


Erie County is the name of three counties in the United States:

 Erie County, New York
 Erie County, Pennsylvania
 Erie County, Ohio
All three counties are located alongside Lake Erie, one of the Great Lakes in North America. The counties were named after the Indigenous Erie people.

See also
 Erie Township (disambiguation)
 Erie (disambiguation)

Erie County


أونو  دراجة نارية كهربائية تشبه إلى حد ما الدراجة الأحادية النارية، اخترعت من طرف بن غولاك  في سن الثامنة عشر.

لأونو عجلتان متحاذيتان، وهو ما يعطيها شكلها الفريد. تعتمد أونو على وضعية الراكب للتحكم بها، حيث إذا مال الراكب إلى الأمام فإن سرعتها تزيد، وإذا مال إلى الخلف تتباطأ.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

الموقع الرسمي لأونو

دراجات نارية
مركبات كهربائية ذات عجلتين
نقل شخصي

أونو (دراجة نارية)


Gaya-føderationen (Hangul: 가야; Hanja: 加 倻; revideret romanisering: Gaya, koreansk udtale: [ɡ ~ ɣaja]) var et koreansk forbund af mindre bystatsbaserede enheder i Nakdong-flodens bækken i det sydlige Korea, som udviklede sig fra Byeonhan-konføderationen fra Samhan-perioden.

Den traditionelle tidsafgrænsning, der anvendes af historikere for Gayas eksistens, er 42-532 e.Kr. Arkæologiske fund fra tredje og fjerde århundrede viser, at nogle af bystaterne i Byeonhan udviklede Gaya-forbundet, som senere blev annekteret af Silla, et af de tre kongeriger i Korea. De politiske enheder, der indgik i Gaya-forbundet, er blevet karakteriseret som små bystater. Gaya-kulturens materielle levn tager hovedsageligt form af begravelser og deres indhold af gravgods, der er blevet udgravet af arkæologer. Arkæologer fortolker højgrave fra slutningen tredje og tidlige fjerde århundrede såsom Daeseong-dong i Gimhae og Bokcheon-dong i Busan som gravsteder for Gaya-bystaternes politiske ledere.

Navne

Selv om de fleste almindeligvis omtales som Gaya (가야; 加耶, 伽耶, 伽 倻 [Kaja]), sandsynligvis på grund af unøjagtighed ved oversættelse af koreanske ord til Hanja, bruger historiske kilder en række forskellige navne, herunder Garak (가락; 駕 洛, 迦 落 [kaɾak]), Gara (가라; 加羅, 伽羅, 迦羅, 柯羅 [kaɾa]), Garyang (가량; 加 良 [kaɾjaŋ]), og Guya (구야; 狗 耶; [Kuja ]). Ifølge Christopher I. Beckwith er stavemåden Kaya den moderne koreanske læsning af tegn, der bruges til at skrive navnet. "Udtalen /kara/ (transkriptionelt *kala) er sikker".

På japansk er Gaya benævnt Mimana (任 那), et navn med betydelige politiske undertoner. Men ordet kara (か ら, 唐, 漢, 韓), hvilket formentlig er fra navnet på Gaya på den koreanske halvø i antikken, er blevet bevaret i japansk med betydningen "Kina eller Korea, fastlandet i Østasien" og senere med en endnu mere vag betydning som "oversøiske nationer, fremmede lande."

Historie

Ifølge en legende optaget i Samguk Yusa skrevet i det 13. århundrede, i år e.Kr. 42, kom seks æg ned fra himlen med en besked om, at de ville blive konger. Seks drenge blev født, og inden for 12 dage blev de voksne. En af dem, kaldet Suro, blev konge af Geumgwan Gaya, og de andre fem grundlagde de resterende fem Gaya-stater, nemlig Daegaya, Seongsan Gaya, Ara Gaya, Goryeong Gaya, og Sogaya.

Gaya-forbundets bystater udviklede sig ud af de hovedsageligt baseret på den politiske struktur bestående af tolv stammer det antikke Byeonhan-forbund, en af Samhan-forbundsstaterne. De løst organiserede høvdingedømmer udviklede sig til seks Gaya-grupper, centrerede om Geumgwan Gaya. På grundlag af arkæologiske fund samt begrænsede skriftlige optegnelser har forskere såsom Sin identificeret slutningen af det 3. århundrede som en overgangsperiode fra Byeonhan til Gaya med stigende militær aktivitet og skiftende begravelsesskikke. Sin hævder endvidere, at dette var forbundet med udskiftningen af den tidligere elite i nogle fyrstendømmer (herunder Daegaya) med elementer fra Buyeo-riget, der medbragte en mere militaristisk ideologi og styreform.

Gaya-konføderationen smuldrede under pres fra Goguryeo mellem 391 og 412 e.Kr., selv om de sidste af Gaya bystatslige enheder forblev uafhængige, indtil de blev erobret af Silla i 562, som straf for at hjælpe Baekje i dets krig mod Silla.

Økonomi

Bystaterne var beliggende i de alluviale aflejringsområder i floddale i tilknytning til bifloder og udmundingen af Nakdong. Især mundingen af Nakdong har frugtbare sletter, direkte adgang til havet, og rige jernforekomster. Gayas bystatslige enheder havde økonomier, der var baserede på landbrug, fiskeri, smedevirksomhed, og langdistancehandel. De var især kendt for deres smedearbejde, som Byeonhan havde været det tidligere. Gayas bystater eksporterede rigelige mængder af jernmalm, rustninger af jern, og andre våben til Baekje og Kongeriget Wa i Yamato- periodens Japan. I modsætning til de overvejende kommercielle og ikke-politiske forbindelser under Byeonhan synes Gayas bystater også at have forsøgt at opretholde stærke politiske bånd med disse riger.

Politik

Flere gamle historiske optegnelser oplister en række politiske enheder i Gaya. For eksempel opregner Goryeo Saryak (고려 사략; 高麗 史略) fem: Geumgwan Gaya, Goryeong Gaya, Bihwa Gaya, Ara Gaya, og Seongsan Gaya.

De forskellige Gaya bystater dannede et forbund i 2. og 3. århundrede, der blev centreret om kerneområdet Geumgwan Gaya i moderne Gimhae. Efter en periode med tilbagegang, blev konføderationen genoplivet omkring begyndelsen af det 5. og 6. århundrede, denne gang centreret om Daegaya i det moderne Goryeong. Det var dog ikke i stand til at forsvare sig mod angrebene og angreb af den nærliggende kongerige Silla.

Mimana-problemstillingen
Politiske og handelsmæssige forbindelser med Japan har været en kilde til nationalistisk polemik i både Korea og Japan. Japanske publicister i det 20. århundrede skelede til Nihon Shoki, som hævder, at Gaya (der optræder under navnene "Mimana" og "Kara" på japansk) var en militær forpost for Japan i Yamato-perioden (300-710). Skønt der konkrete ingen beviser var til støtte dette, blev denne opfattelse lagt til grund for, at japanske imperialister nationalister på forskellige tidspunkter krævede og pressede på for at retfærdiggøre et japansk overherredømme i Korea 1910-1945.(366-552)

Arkæologiske fund tyder på, at Gayas bystater var den vigtigste eksportør af teknologi og kultur til Kyushu på det tidspunkt. Teorien om en japansk forpost er bredt afvist, også i Japan, da der ikke var nogen japansk dynasti på det tidspunkt, der var en stærk nok militær magt til at kunne erobre Gaya eller nogen anden del af Korea. Teknologien af Gaya var mere avanceret end de japanske dynastier på samme tid.

Noter

Koreas historie

Gaya (føderation)


Çobanbeyli, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Afşin ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
29 Şubat 1972'de belediye statüsü alarak beldeye dönüştü. 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

Kaynakça

Afşin'in mahalleleri
6360 sayılı yasaya göre kaldırılan belediyeler

Çobanbeyli, Afşin


Lusehøj er den største kendte gravhøj fra yngre bronzealder, oprindelig ca. 8 meter høj og 40 meter i tværmål. Gravhøjen, der ligger på Sydvestfyn i Assens Kommune, rummede to af de rigeste grave, der er fundet fra den sene bronzealder.

Gravene rummede en stenkiste med bl.a. en hamret bronzespand og to drikkeskåle samt en brandgrube med rester af mandsudstyr og bronzebeslag, der muligvis stammer fra en vogn. Lusehøj ligger i en højgruppe, hvor også nogle af nabohøjene udmærker sig ved deres størrelse.I Lusehøjs nærmeste omgivelser er også fundet flere guldringe og grave end noget andet sted i Sydskandinavien. I samme tidsperiode som Lusehøj findes der lignende stormandsgrave i bl.a. Nordtyskland. Sandsynligvis vidner de om lokale stammehøvdinge der havde nået en position, der rakte langt ud over det almindelige i yngre bronzealder.

Kilder og henvisninger

 Voldtofte med Lusehøj - højgruppe slks.dk
 Politikens Danmarks Historie, Arkæologi Leksikon

Bronzealder
Assens Kommunes geografi

Gravhøje i Danmark

Lusehøj


Pendik, İstanbul'un Anadolu Yakası'nda, Marmara Denizi'ne sahili olan ve Kocaeli Yarımadası'nda yer alan bir ilçedir. Güneydoğuda Tuzla, doğuda Kocaeli'nin Gebze ilçesi, kuzeyde Şile ve Çekmeköy, batıda Kartal, Sancaktepe ve Sultanbeyli, güneyde ise Marmara Denizi ile çevrilmiştir.

İsim
İlçenin bilinen en eski adı Pantikapeun'dur. Roma, Bizans, Doğu Roma ve Latin İmparatorluğu dönemlerinde her tarafı duvarla çevrili beş duvarlı anlamına da gelen Pantichion, Panlihion ve Tayni Tiyni isimleride kullanılmıştır. Bu isimler Osmanlı döneminden itibaren değişikliğe uğrayarak günümüzde olduğu gibi Pendik olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Tarih

Pendik'teki en eski yerleşim olarak Makedonlar bilinse de yapılan kazılarda 3-4 bin yıllık insan kalıntıları bulunmuştur. Roma ve Doğu Roma hakimiyetinin ardından 1080-1083'te Selçuklularda kaldıysa da, tekrar Latin İmparatorluğu eline geçmiştir.1306'da ise Osmanlı hakimiyetine girmiştir ancak bu Bizansın geri kazanma çabalarını doğurmuş ve 1329-1330 tarihlerinde Pelekanon savaşıyla bu çabalar sonuçsuz kalmıştır. 1400 yılında Yıldırım Bayezid döneminde Abdurrahman Gazi alana dek boş kalmış olan Pendik, bu tarihten itibaren tamamen Türk hâkimiyetindeki bir yerleşim yeri olmuştur.

Osmanlı hâkimiyetinde küçük bir balıkçı kasabası durumunda bulunan Pendik, geçirdiği büyük bir yangınla tamamen kül olmuştur kaynaklara göre 1200 hane ve dükkânı kül eden 50 saatlik yangından sonra Ayan Meclisi Senato Hariciye Encümen Reisi Azaryan Efendi Paris'ten mühendis ve mimarlar getirterek yeni yerleşimin planlarını çizdirmiştir. Planlara da şehir merkezine adının ilk harfini koydurtarak imzasını atmıştır. Günümüzde Gazipaşa-İsmetpaşa ve Orhan Maltepe Caddelerinin oluşturduğu çizgiler hala ilçenin en işlek merkezi durumundadır.

Osmanlı döneminden Gebze ilçesine bağlı bir köy iken daha sonra Üsküdar Mutasarrıflığına bağlı Kartal Sancağı bünyesinde bir nahiye olmuştur. Nihayet 04.07.1987 tarihinde 19507 sayılı Resmî Gazete de yayınlanan 3392 sayılı kanun ile ilçe olmuş ve teşkilatlanmasını tamamlayarak 11.08.1988 tarihinde fiilen faaliyete geçmiştir.

İlçede, Kaynarca ve Pendik arasında sahile 50 metre uzaklıkta, neolitik dönemden kalma ve MÖ 6500 yılında kurulduğu sanılan, 32 mezarın ve ev temelleri kalıntılarının bulunduğu eski bir yerleşim bölgesi bulunmuştur.

Belediye başkanları

Coğrafi Yapı

İstanbul ilinin doğu yarısında yer alan Pendik, güneydoğu'da Tuzla doğuda Gebze, kuzeyde Şile ve Çekmeköy, batıda Kartal, Sancaktepe ve Sultanbeyli, güneyde ise Marmara Denizi ile çevrilmiştir. Yaklaşık 200 km2 lik bir alana yayılmış olup 9 km sahil şeridi bulunmaktadır. Pendik'in yüzey şekilleri genel olarak engebelidir. Deniz kıyısı kil ve kum ile kıyıdan itibaren kuzeye doğru silislerle kaplıdır. İstanbul'un tek ve en yüksek dağı olan Aydos ile sınır olan Pendik, Ballıca Ağılbayırı, Karabayır tepelerine de sahiptir. Ayrıca üzerinde İBB Sosyal tesislerini barındıran Gözdağı'da en yüksek noktalardan biridir. Riva Deresi, Ballıca Deresi Ömerli Barajına dökülen akarsulardır. Büyükdere Kurtköy'den çıkarak Tuzla sınırlarına gider. İstanbul'un en büyük su kaynaklarından olan Ömerli Barajı'da Pendik sınırlarındadır. Çok geniş topraklara sahip Pendik'te TEM güneyi tamamen yerleşim yerleriyle kaplıdır, kuzeyde ise yalnızca 5 köy bulunmaktadır.

İklim

Pendik Karadeniz'in yağışlı iklimi ile Akdeniz'in ılıman iklimi arasında geçit teşkil eder yani klasik Marmara iklimine sahiptir. Kışın Balkan yarımadasından gelen soğuk rüzgârlar ve Karadeniz'in yağışlı havası ilçede etkisini gösterir, yazları sıcak ve kurak, kışları ılık ve yarı nemli bir iklime sahiptir.

Yıllık ortalama sıcaklık 14,1 derece, kışın ortalama sıcaklık 5,6 derece, yazın ortalama sıcaklık 28,6 derecedir. Hâkim rüzgârlar poyraz ve lodostur.

Sağlık

Pendik ilçesinde sağlık işlemlerini Sağlık Grup Başkanlığı yürütmektedir. Sağlık Grup Başkanlığına bağlı 23 Sağlık Ocağı, 3 Sağlık Evi hizmet vermektedir. Bunun yanında 1 Ana Çocuk Sağlığı ve Aile Planlama Merkezi, 1 Verem Savaş Dispanseri ve 1 Halk Sağlık laboratuvarı vardır. Pendik Devlet Hastanesi ise Pendik Merkezin dışında Kaynarca, Sapanbağları ve İstasyon Semt Poliklinikleriyle hizmet vermektedir.

Anadolu Yakası'nın en büyük hastanesi olma özelliğini taşıyan 540 yataklı Marmara Üniversitesi Pendik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi hizmet veriyor.

4 özel hastane, 8 poliklinik, 8 tıp merkezi, 5 ağız ve diş polikliniği, 100'ün üzerinde muayenehane, 41 adet çeşitli branşlarla ilgili laboratuvar, 2 diyaliz merkezi ve 13 sağlık kabini ile 144 eczane sağlık sektörü adına hizmet vermektedir.

Ulaşım

1870 yılında kurulan Pendik Gar Müdürlüğü günümüzde de hizmet vermeye devam etmektedir. İstanbul kalkışlı tüm trenler (Haydarpaşa-Bostancı ve Pendik'de tüm trenler durur) ile İstanbul içinde hizmet veren banliyö trenleri de Pendik sınırlarındaki Pendik, Kaynarca, Tersane, Güzelyalı istasyonlarında hizmet vermektedir.

1998'den beri hizmet veren Pendik-Eminönü deniz otobüsü ve 2004'ten beri Pendik-Yalova hızlı feribotu deniz ulaşımını sağlamaktadır.

İstanbul'daki hava ulaşım merkezlerinden biri olan Sabiha Gökçen Havalimanı da Pendik'de bulunmaktadır.

Ana arter olarak E-5, TEM ve Sahil Yolu ve bu yolları birbirine olan bağlantısını sağlayan ara yollarıyla karayolu ulaşımı sağlanmaktadır.

Şehir içi trafiği içinse minibüs ve taksilerin dışında İETT ile pek çok noktaya ulaşım mümkündür. Şişli (251), Üsküdar (16A) ile Kartal ve Maltepe'den de geçen Kadıköy(16, 17, 222) seferleri Pendik merkez kalkışlıdır. Ayrıca Tuzla istikametinden gelen 130, 130A Kadıköy hatları dışında 500T Tuzla-Topkapı, 133T Tuzla-Bostancı da Pendik'den geçmektedir.

Bunların dışında havalimanı kalkışlı E-9 Bostancı, E-10 Kadıköy ve E-3 4.Levent seferleri mevcuttur. 16, 16D, 16A,16KH, 16C, 16B, 16S, 16Y, 17, 17B, 17K, 132, 132A, 132B, 132F, 132K, 132P, 132V, 133, 133A, 133K, 133Ş, 132D, 134, 133T, 134TK Pendik ilçesi sınırlarından geçen ve çeşitli noktalara ulaşan hatlardır.

Kadıköy'den Sabiha Gökçen Havalimanı istasyonuna kadar uzanan metro hattı istasyonlarından bir tanesi de Pendik istasyonudur, Pendik'e metro ile ulaşımda kolaylık sağlamaktadır.
Kaynarca'da, Sabiha Gökçen Havalimanı'ndan Sultanbeyli istikametine uzanan metroyla birleştirilecektir.

İstanbul'dan Kocaeli iline kadar giden Marmaray tren hattı Pendik üzerinden geçmektedir.

Pendik'te ulaşımı kolaylaştıran bir diğer avantaj olan Yüksek Hızlı Tren(YHT) Avrupa Yakası'ndan gelerek Pendik'ten geçmektedir. Konya'ya kadar uzanan YHT ve Kocaeli iline kadar uzanan Marmaray Pendik'te aynı istasyonda yer almaktadır.

Eğitim

Nüfus

1924 Türkiye-Yunanistan Nüfus Mübadelesinden sonra Drama ve Yanya'dan gelen Müslüman Türk nüfus Pendik'e yerleşti. Pendik'ten giden Rumlar da Selanik yakınlarında Pendik adında bir yerleşim yeri kurdular. Dramalılar, Yanyalılar ve 1950'lerde Erzincanlıların da katılımıyla yeni Pendik'in çekirdeği oluşturulmuş oldu. Bu yapıya 1960 sonrasında Yugoslavya'dan göç eden Boşnaklar da eklendi. Bu göçmen nüfus 1960-70 arası Pendik'in Sapanbağları ve Yeşilbağlar mahallelerine yerleşti. Genel olarak seksenli yıllara kadar yazlık yerleşim merkezi olarak gelişen Pendik'te 1 Temmuz 1982'de Pendik Tersanesinin açılmasının, seksenli yılların Pendik'in en fazla göç aldığı dönem olmasında büyük rolü vardır. Tersanenin açılması ve sanayi kuruluşlarının büyük gelişme göstermiş olması ile beraber artan göçler nedeni ile Pendik yazlık yerleşim yeri olmaktan çıkmış bahçeli evlerin yerini apartmanlar almaya başlamıştır. 1989 yılında Bulgaristan'ın çeşitli şehirlerinden yurdumuza zorunlu olarak göç eden soydaşlarımız için 1990 yılında Pendik-Kurtköy'de 3 bin 150 konut inşa edilmiştir. Pendik günden güne göç almakta olup ilçede çoğunluğu Sivas, Erzurum, Ordu, Tokat, Kastamonu, Trabzon, Erzincan, Sakarya ve Giresun illeri kökenli yurttaşlar ile Boşnak ve Balkan göçmeni kökenli yurttaşlar oluşturmaktadır. Nüfus bakımından Pendik, TÜİK 2020 verilerine göre 726.491 nüfusa sahiptir. İstanbul'un dördüncü, Anadolu Yakası'nın en büyük ilçesidir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Pendik Kaymakamlığı
 Pendik Belediyesi

Pendik


Zdenko Ćosić (Buhovo, Široki Brijeg, 22. siječnja 1961.) je hrvatski bosanskohercegovački novinar i političar, delegat u Domu naroda Parlamentarne skupštine BiH od 2023. godine, predsjednik Vlade Županije Zapadnohercegovačke od 2010. godine do 2023. godine.

Zdenko Ćosić rođen je u Buhovu u općini Široki Brijeg (tada Lištica). U vrijeme demokratskih promjena 1990. u BiH aktivno se uključio u politiku. Dana 13. ožujka 1990. postao je predsjednik Općinskog odbora HDZ-a BiH u Širokom Brijegu, a imenovan je i Glavnim tajnikom. Sudjelovao je u zaustavljanju tenkova JNA u Pologu u svibnju 1991.

Pisao je za Slobodnu Dalmaciju, Večernji list i portal dnevnik.ba. U koautorstvu s Milanom Ivkošićem objavio je knjigu Opet ti Hercegovci! 2006., a iduće godine i knjigu Rat je počeo prije.

Izvori

Bilješke

Literatura

 Arnautović, Suad: Izbori u Bosni i Hercegovini '90: analiza izbornog procesa. Promocult, 1996.
 Calic, Marie-Janine: Krieg und Frieden in Bosnien-Hercegovina, Suhrkamp, 1995.

Hrvatski novinari iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Hrvatski političari u Bosni i Hercegovini
Bosanskohercegovački političari od 1989.
Životopisi, Široki Brijeg

Zdenko Ćosić


An Lymania marantoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Robert William Read. An Lymania marantoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lymania, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lymania

Lymania marantoides


ميبي بايت  وتعني ميجا بايت ثنائية العد (Mega binary byte) ويرمز لها MiB, وهي تستخدم في ذاكرات الحاسوب.

1MiB = 220 بايتs = 1,048,576 bytes = 1,024 سابقة ثنائيةs

وهي عضو من مجموعة من الوحدات ذات البادئة الثنائية كما هو معرف في اللجنة الكهروتقنية الدولية International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) وظهرة هذه الوحدة سنة 1999 .

انظر أيضا
 IEEE 1541
 Orders of magnitude (data)
 IEC 80000-13
 SI prefix
 تيبي بايت
 اكسبي بايت
 جيبي بايت
 بيبي بايت

مصادر ومراجع

وحدات قياس للمعلومات

مبيبايت


Siamildryg (Lophura diardi) er en fasanfugl, der lever i Sydøstasien.

Noter
  Avibase - the world bird database

Fasanfugle
Fugle fra Sydøstasien

Siamildryg


The little woodswallow (Artamus minor), is a bird patchily distributed over much of mainland Australia, avoiding only the driest deserts and the area within about 300 kilometres of the southern coastline, and showing a preference for rugged terrain around inland ranges.

As its name suggests, at 12 to 14 cm in length it is the smallest of the woodswallows. It is dark, smoky brown overall, with deep gunmetal grey wings and a black-tipped, blue-tinged bill.

Like other woodswallows, groups cluster huddled close together on high, dead branches to rest or sleep. Typical group sizes are modest but it is not uncommon to have hundreds gather together at a roost site.

Little woodswallows soar effortlessly above the treetops or along cliff faces when hunting flying insects—being small, they are easily confused with martins.

The nest is a rudimentary affair, placed in a tree hollow or similar space, and made of twigs and other vegetable matter. Breeding takes place from August to January, or after rain. Three eggs are laid and the young leave the nest when barely able to fly, taking up a perch on a nearby tree and calling incessantly for the food the parents bring them.

References

External links
 ABID Images
 On the HBW Internet Bird Collection

little woodswallow
Endemic birds of Australia
little woodswallow
little woodswallow
Articles containing video clips

Little woodswallow


Linda Grant FRSL () este o romancieră și jurnalistă engleză.

Primii ani
Linda Grant s-a născut în Liverpool. Ea a fost primul copil al lui Benny Ginsberg, un om de afaceri care producea și vindea produse cosmetice pentru păr, și al Rosei Haft; ambii ei părinți aveau origini străine – familia lui Benny avea origini polono-evreiești, iar cea a lui Rose origini rusești - și au adoptat numele de familie Grant la începutul anilor 1950.

A învățat la The Belvedere School, a studiat limba engleză la Universitatea din York (1972-1975), apoi a absolvit studii de masterat în limba engleză la Universitatea McMaster din Canada. A urmat studii postuniversitare la Simon Fraser University.

Cariera
În 1985 Linda Grant s-a întors în Anglia și a devenit jurnalist, lucrând la ziarul The Guardian și scriind în cele din urmă timp de optsprezece luni propriul ei editorial. În 1993 a publicat prima ei carte, o lucrare de non-ficțiune intitulată Sexing the Millennium: A Political History of the Sexual Revolution. Ea a scris o carte personală de memorii despre lupta mamei ei cu demența vasculară; cartea Remind Me Who I Am, Again a fost citată într-o discuție despre îmbătrânire la emisiunea "Thinking Allowed" de la postul BBC Radio 4 în decembrie 2003.

Cărțile ei de ficțiune sunt inspirate de fundalul ei evreiesc, de istoria familiei și de istoria orașului Liverpool. Într-un interviu acordat Emmei Parker la conferința "Unsettling Women: Contemporary Women's Writing and Diaspora" din iulie 2008 de la Universitatea din Leicester și publicat mai târziu în revista Wasafiri, Grant afirma:

"Întotdeauna mi-am dorit să-mi câștig existența ca scriitor, dar nu am putut obține un loc de muncă ca autor, așa că m-am angajat ca reporter de la un ziar local înainte de cea de-a optsprezecea aniversare. Întotdeauna am știut că mai devreme sau mai târziu, voi scrie ficțiune, deși nu m-am gândit că va fi atât de târziu. N-am scris niciun roman decât după vârsta de patruzeci de ani pentru că mi-a luat mult timp pentru a găsi o voce fictivă, care avea legătură cu faptul că sunt evreică. [...] Am încercat voci diferite și nu am găsit nimic adecvat. Am simțit că erau două moduri deschise pentru mine. Unul era să am o voce ca a lui Howard Jacobson, care este absolut încorporată într-o comunitate evreiască recunoscută, dar eu proveneam dintr-o comunitate care nu era recunoscută ca fiind evreiască. Oamenii spun: "Oh, n-am știut că au existat evrei în Liverpool". De asemenea, crescând într-o familie din clasa de mijloc m-a făcut să mă simt marginală în cadrul vocii orașului Liverpool, care a fost întotdeauna vocea clasei muncitoare sau vocea irlandeză. Și apoi era vocea generalizată a clasei de mijloc engleze, care mi s-a părut întotdeauna ca ventrilocismul. Și nu am simțit că aș putea scrie ca un autor evreu american, precum Philip Roth, care arată cum evreii americani, la fel ca irlandezii americani și italienii americani, au contribuit la identitatea națională americană, pentru că, atunci când evreii au sosit aici, identitatea națională britanică era deja formată. De aceea, primul meu roman, The Cast Iron Shore, este despre cineva care se simte marginal. Abia când am început să scriu despre persoane marginale, care au identități problematice și probleme cu apartenența, mi-am găsit vocea."

În noiembrie 2016 ziarul The Guardian a publicat o descriere detaliată a procesului de scriere al Lindei Grant, în care ea consemna: "ritualul meu de scriere este atât de calcificat încât aș putea fi un bătrân colonel de la un club de gentlemani: ziar netezit, ceai servit fierbinte, pantofi de culoarea corectă în oraș. Fără ansamblul obiceiurilor mele, sunt superstițios convinsă că n-aș scrie niciodată un cuvânt. Nu scriu și nu pot scrie după masa de prânz, într-o cafenea sau în orice alt loc public, inclusiv în trenuri și avioane, sau atunci când altcineva este în casă. Este un act de solitudine severă, intensă, acum distrus parțial de internet și de promisiunea înșelătoare de a găsi cu ușurință lucruri atunci când le cauți."

Scrieri

Non-ficțiune
 Sexing the Millennium: A Political History of the Sexual Revolution. HarperCollins (Londra) 1993
 Remind Me Who I Am, Again Granta Books (Londra) 1998
 The People on the Street, a writer's view of Israel, Virago Press (Londra) 2006
 The Thoughtful Dresser, Virago Press (Londra) 2009

Ficțiune
 The Cast Iron Shore, Granta Books (Londra) 1995
 When I Lived in Modern Times, Granta Books (Londra) 2000
 Still Here, Little Brown May (Londra) 2002
 The Clothes on Their Backs, Virago Press (Londra) 2008
 We Had It So Good, Virago Press (Londra) 2011
 Upstairs at the Party, Virago Press (Londra) 2014
 The Dark Circle, Virago Press (Londra) 2016

Premii
Romanul de debut al Lindei Grant, The Cast Iron Shore, a câștigat Premiul "David Higham" pentru ficțiune în anul 1996, acordat celui mai bun roman al anului. Trei ani mai târziu, cartea de non-ficțiune Remind Me Who I Am Again, a câștigat premiile Cartea Anului decernate de organizațiile caritabile Mind și Age Concern.

Al doilea roman de ficțiune, When I Lived in Modern Times, a câștigat Premiul Orange pentru ficțiune în anul 2000 și s-a aflat pe lista scurtă pentru Premiul literar Jewish Quarterly-Wingate în același an. În anul 2002, cel de-al treilea roman intitulat Still Here s-a aflat pe lista lungă pentru premiul Booker.

În 2006 Linda Grant câștigat premiul I al Lettre Ulysses Award pentru "arta reportajului", ultimul care a fost acordat, pentru cartea de non-ficțiune despre israelieni intitulată The People on the Street: A Writer's View of Israel. The Clothes on Their Backs s-a aflat pe lista scurtă pentru premiul Booker în 2008 și a câștigat premiul The South Bank Show la categoria "Literatură". El s-a aflat, de asemenea, pe lista lungă a Premiului Orange pentru ficțiune în același an.

În 2014, Grant a fost numită membru al Societății Regale de Literatură (FRSL).

În martie 2017 s-a anunțat că romanul The Dark Circle s-a aflat pe lista lungă a premiului Baileys Women's pentru ficțiune.

Note

Legături externe

 Journalisted – Articles by Linda Grant

Nașteri în 1951
Evrei englezi
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Romancieri evrei
Oameni în viață

Linda Grant


Sveinn Ólafsson (født 11. februar 1863 i Mjóafjörður, død 20. juli 1949 smst.) var en islandsk bonde, lærer og politiker, der var medlem af Altinget for Suður-Múlasýsla fra 1916 til 1933. Han var en af stifterne af Fremskridtspartiet i 1916, og var dets gruppeformand og leder 1920-22.

Sveinn blev født på gården Fjörður i Mjóafjörður. Han var på folkehøjskole i Vanheim og Aulestad i Norge 1881-82 og tog realeksamen fra Möðruvellir skole i 1884, hvorefter han blev lærer i hjembygden Mjóafjörður. I 1885-86 videreuddannede han sig ved Københavns Seminarium og vendte tilbage til sin lærerstilling i 1886–87. Allerede året efter overtog han gården Asknesi i Mjóafjörður og drev den frem til 1899. Fra 1899-1901 var Sveinn handelsbestyrer i Borgarfjörður eystra, men overtog derefter sine forældres gård, hvor han boede frem til sin død. I 1911–1913 var han tillige igen lærer ved skolen i Mjóafjörður.

Sveinn sad i amtsrådet for Suður-Múlasýsla i årene op til amternes nedlæggelse i 1907. I 1916 blev han valgt til Altinget og tilsluttede sig Uafhængige bønder, partiet gik kort efter sammen med Bondepartiet og dannede Fremskridtspartiet.

Han var næstformand for det samlede Alting 1920-23.

Kilde
 Profil på Altingets hjemmeside

Altingsmedlemmer
Undervisere fra Island
Landmænd fra Island

Sveinn Ólafsson


An Platylepis glandulosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Platylepis glandulosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Platylepis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Platylepis

Platylepis glandulosa


El juicio de los jueces (oficialmente, The United States of America vs. Josef Altstötter, et al.) fue el tercero de los doce juicios por crímenes de guerra que las autoridades estadounidenses llevaron a cabo en Núremberg, en la Zona de ocupación estadounidense en Alemania, una vez finalizada la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Estos doce juicios fueron ejecutados ante cortes militares estadounidenses y no ante el Tribunal Militar Internacional, aunque tuvieron lugar en las mismas salas en el Palacio de Justicia de Núremberg. Los doce juicios estadounidenses son conocidos en conjunto como los «juicios de Núremberg posteriores» o, formalmente, como los «juicios de criminales de guerra ante los tribunales militares de Núremberg».

En este caso, los acusados fueron 16 juristas y abogados alemanes. Nueve de ellos habían sido oficiales del Ministerio de Justicia del Reich, los otros eran fiscales y jueces de las cortes especiales o las Volksgerichtshöfe de la Alemania nazi. El juicio duró del 5 de marzo al 4 de diciembre de 1947.

Jueces
Los jueces de este caso fueron los siguientes:
 Carrington T. Marshall, expresidente de la Corte Suprema de Justicia del estado de Ohio, como presidente.
 James T. Brand, juez de la Corte Suprema del estado de Ohio, como un juez.
 Mallory B. Blair, juez de la Corte de Apelaciones de Texas, como un juez.
 Justin Woodward Harding,  exjuez en Alaska y abogado de la Fiscalía General de Ohio, como juez adjunto.

Marshall debió retirarse por enfermedad el 19 de junio de 1947, por lo que Brand se convirtió en el presidente y Harding fue hecho miembro oficial del tribunal.

Procesados
</div>

Cargos
La acusación fue presentada el 4 de enero de 1947 y estaba compuesta de los siguientes cargos:
 Participar en un plan común o conspiración para cometer crímenes de guerra y crímenes contra la humanidad;
 Crímenes de guerra por medio del abuso de los procesos judiciales y penales, que resultaron en asesinato masivo, tortura, saqueo de la propiedad privada.
 Crímenes de lesa humanidad por los mismos motivos, incluyendo el empleo de mano de obra esclava.
 Pertenencia a una organización criminal: el NSDAP o las SS.

El primer cargo fue desestimado: la Corte declaró que el cargo estaba fuera de su jurisdicción. El juez Blair presentó una opinión disidente, que declaró que el tribunal debería haber hecho una declaración de que los tribunales militares de Núremberg, de facto, «tenían» jurisdicción sobre los cargos de «conspiración para cometer crímenes de guerra y crímenes contra la humanidad».

Todos los acusados se declararon «no culpables».

Sentencias

Los funcionarios de más alto rango del sistema judicial nazi no pudieron ser juzgados: Franz Gürtner, ministro de Justicia, murió en 1941; Otto Georg Thierack, ministro de Justicia desde 1942, se había suicidado en 1946; y Roland Freisler, presidente del Volksgerichtshof desde 1942, murió en un bombardeo de 1945 en Berlín. Hans Globke aunque estaba vivo (falleció en 1973), no fue juzgado.

Después del juicio
El público consideró las sentencias, en general, muy indulgentes. La mayoría de los convictos fue liberada a inicios de los años 1950; algunos (Lautz, Rothenberger, Schlegelberger) incluso recibieron pensiones de retiro en Alemania Occidental. La guía de derecho alemán titulada Das Recht der Gegenwart todavía sigue siendo publicado bajo el nombre Franz Schlegelberger (ISBN 3-8006-2260-2).

El juicio de los jueces fue la inspiración para la película Judgment at Nuremberg de 1961, protagonizada por Spencer Tracy, Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, Marlene Dietrich, Maximilian Schell, Judy Garland, Montgomery Clift, Werner Klemperer y William Shatner.

Referencias
 Trial proceedings de la Biblioteca Mazal.
 Descripción del juicio por el Museo del Holocausto (Washington D. C.).
 The Justice Trial
 German Judge Karl-Heinrich Hagemann tried 1949

Enlaces externos

 Dörte Hinrichs, Hans Rubinich: V«on Hitler zu Adenauer» Die Zeit, 29 de noviembre de 2007, nº 49, p. 114.
 Kastner, Der Nürnberger Juristen-Prozess 1947
 Colección de videos de los juicios de Núremberg del Centro Robert H. Jackson, incluyendo extractos del juicio de los jueces (1947/48)

Juicios de Núremberg
Alemania en 1947
Ética jurídica

Juicio de los jueces


Stéphanie Bénéteau, née en Italie, est une conteuse québécoise.

Biographie
Stéphanie Bénéteau est née en Italie d'un père franco-ontarien et d'une mère américaine. Elle a passé une partie de son enfance en Italie, a déménagé avec sa famille à Ottawa à neuf ans, et trois ans plus tard, à Montréal.

Elle a commencé son parcours dans l'univers du conte en racontant des histoires aux enfants qu'elle gardait et avec qui elle travaillait dans des camps de vacances. Elle a fait des études en littérature française et a complété un baccalauréat en éducation. Elle a enseigné au niveau primaire pendant trois ans pour ensuite se concentrer sur la pratique du conte. Elle est conteuse professionnelle depuis 1995.

On retrouve dans son répertoires les contes du folklore québécois et international, les Mille et Une Nuits, les contes coquins, la légende médiévale de Tristan et Iseult et la mythologie grecque. Elle a présenté plus de mille spectacles au Québec, en Ontario, en France et en Allemagne, en anglais et en français.

Bénéteau est également formatrice, et a donné des formations sur le conte aux professionnels du conte ainsi que dans le domaine de l'éducation. Elle s'adresse aussi au jeune public, elle a ainsi créé un atelier sur le conte, présenté dans des écoles en milieu défavorisé, et participe au programme Culture à l'école du ministère de l'Éducation du Québec.

En 2005 elle remporte l'Ours d'Or, prix du public de la série Contes nomades. En 2018 elle remporte le prix Jocelyn Bérubé pour sa contribution au milieu du conte québécois.

Bénéteau a publié un conte, Le nom de l'arbre, chez Planète rebelle en 2015. Elle a aussi participé à l'ouvrage collectif L'art du conte en dix leçons, sous la direction du Collectif littorale, également paru chez Planète rebelle. Elle est directrice du Festival interculturel du conte du Québec depuis 2015.

Œuvres

Contes
 Le nom de l'arbre, avec les illustrations de Slavka Kolesar, Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2015,

Ouvrages collectifs
 L'art du conte en dix leçons, sous la direction du Collectif littorale, Montréal, Planète rebelle, 2007, 262 p.

Prix et honneurs

 2005 - Ours d'Or, prix du public de la série Contes nomades
 2018 - Prix Jocelyn Bérubé pour sa contribution au milieu du conte québécois

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Conteur québécois
Naissance en Italie
Femme de lettres québécoise
Écrivain suivi par le projet Arts littéraires québécois

Stéphanie Bénéteau


පුරා විද්‍යාත්මක භූ භෞතික විද්‍යාව තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම

තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම

දියයට වැඩ කිරීමේ දී ඇති වන බාධක මැඩ පැවැත්වීම සදහා විශේෂිත තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම හා මෙවලම් දියුණුකර තිබුණත් පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක අරමුණු හා ක්‍රියා වලි අනෙක් ඕනෑම සන්දර්භයක් මෙන්ම සමාන වෙයි. කෙසේ නමුත් දිය යට පිහිටි ප්‍රදේශයක් සමීක්ෂණය කිරීම ඒහා සමාන භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් සමීක්ෂණයට වඩා වැඩි කාලයක් ගන්නා අතර වඩා වියදම් අධික වෙයි.

ව්‍යාපෘති සැලසුම් කරනයේ වැදගත් අංගයක් වන්නේ බොට්ටුවෙන් සිදුවන මෙහෙයුම් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කළමනා කරණය හා කිමිදුම් ක්‍රියාවලි කළමණාකරණයයි. ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටි ජලයෙහි ගැඹුර හා ප්‍රවේශය, රළ, වර්ථමාන හා ඉදිරියට පැමිණෙන කාලගුණික තත්ත්ව වැනි බාධක මගින් අවහිරවී ඇත්දැයි යන්න භාවිතා කෙරෙන තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම මත බලපෑම් ඇති කිරීම හෝ දී ඇති වියදමක දී හෝ කාල ප්‍රාන්තරයකදී සිදු කළ හැකි ගවේෂණ ප්‍රම‍ාණය මත බලපෑම් ඇති කිරීම සිදු කරයි. ඉතා සුපරික්ෂාකාරීව ගවේෂණය සිදු කරන ප්‍රදේශ බොහෝමයක් (මේරි රෝස් ඇතුළත්ව) වෘත්තීය පුරා විදයාඥයින් සැලකිය යුතු කාලාන්තරයක් පුරා සේවයෙහි යොදවා ඇත.

ගොඩබිමෙහි වු පුරාවිද්‍යාව මෙන් සමහරක් තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම සරළ උපකරණ යොදා ගනිමින් අතින් සිදු කරන ඒවා (සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කිමිදුම් කරුවන් ඒක අයෙකුගේ හෝ කිහිපයකගේ මහන්සිය මත රදා පවතියි.) වන අතර අනෙක්වා උසස් තාක්ෂනික ක්‍රම හා වඩා සංකිර්ණ ප්‍රවර්ධන යොදා ගනිමින් (උදාහරණ ලෙස උපකරණ හැසිරවීමේ දොඹකර අඩංගු විශාල සහය නෞකා, දියයට සන්නිවේදනය හා පරිගණක දෘෂ්‍ය කරණය)

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_archaeology#Techniques
භෞතික විද්‍යාව


Joachim Richter, auch Emmes Richter (* 22. Juli 1929 in Hammerleubsdorf; † 9. März 1998) war ein Generalleutnant der Nationalen Volksarmee der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Er war von 1983 bis 1989 Leiter der Staatlichen Verwaltung der Staatsreserve beim Ministerrat der DDR.

Leben und Werdegang
Joachim Richter wurde als Sohn einer Arbeiterfamilie in Hammerleubsdorf, Kreis Freiberg, geboren. Dort erwarb er das Teilabitur in Grundlagenfächern und erlernte von 1944 bis 1948 den Beruf eines Schriftsetzers. Im Jahr 1948 wurde er Mitglied der SED.

Militärische Laufbahn

Ausbildung und Verwendungen

Beförderungen
 keine Angaben Hauptmann
 7. Oktober 1958 Major
 7. Oktober 1961 Oberstleutnant
 7. Oktober 1965 Oberst
 1. März 1971 Generalmajor
 1. März 1981 Generalleutnant

Joachim Richter trat am 16. August 1948 als Freiwilligenbewerber in die bewaffneten Organe der DDR ein, versah seinen Dienst zunächst als Schutzmann der Deutschen Volkspolizei und stieg bis 1950 schnell auf zum Abteilungsleiter der VP-Bereitschaft Frankenberg/Zeithain. Er nahm 1951 an einem Offiziers-Weiterbildungslehrgang in Kochstedt teil und wurde anschließend Leiter der VP-Dienststelle Zeithain. Von 1952 bis 1954 folgten weitere Führungsverwendungen als  Bataillonskommandeur der VP-Dienststelle Kamenz II und der Technischen Basis Drewitz. Danach wurde Richter bis 1956 als Leiter Rückwärtige Dienste des Aeroklub Drewitz eingesetzt, dem Vorläuferverband des JG-7.
Im Anschluss wurde er bis 1961 zum Hochschulstudium an die Militärakademie für rückwärtige Dienste und Transportwesen in der Sowjetunion kommandiert.
Nach erfolgreichem Studium wurde Major Richter im Kommando LSK/LV als Stellvertreter Chef und Stabschef Rückwärtige Dienste eingesetzt.

Dienst als General
Bereits im Jahre 1962 wurde Oberstleutnant Richter diesen herausgehobenen Dienstposten als Stellvertreter Chef LSK/LV und Chef Rückwärtige Dienste im Kommando LSK/LV berufen. Neun Jahre später zum 1. März 1971 gehörte Richter zu den letzten zehn Obersten, die von Walter Ulbricht zum Generalmajor ernannt wurden. Die Ernennung nahm in seinem Auftrag der Sekretär des Nationalen Verteidigungsrates der DDR Erich Honecker am 26. Februar 1971 vor. 1981 wurde er zum Generalleutnant befördert.

GenLtn Richter wurde am 1. Februar 1983 in die Reserve versetzt und als Nachfolger von Rudolf Tschoep zum Leiter der Staatlichen Verwaltung der Staatsreserve beim Ministerrat der DDR berufen.

Orden, Ehrenzeichen und Auszeichnungen
 Vaterländischer Verdienstorden in Silber und 1989 in Gold
 Kampforden "Für Verdienste um Volk und Vaterland" in Gold
 Verdienstmedaille der Nationalen Volksarmee in Gold

Literatur
 Klaus Froh & Rüdiger Wenzke (Hrsg.): Die Generale und Admirale der NVA: Ein biographisches Handbuch. 5., durchges. Auflage. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-86153-438-9, S. 157, 306 und 334.

Einzelnachweise

Polizist (SBZ bzw. DDR)
Generalleutnant (Luftstreitkräfte/Luftverteidigung der NVA)
Träger des Vaterländischen Verdienstordens in Gold
Person (Strausberg)
SED-Mitglied
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Geboren 1929
Gestorben 1998
Mann

Joachim Richter (General)


Sofía Toccalino née le 20 mars 1997 est une joueuse argentine de hockey sur gazon et fait partie de l'équipe nationale argentine. Elle joue avec l'équipe nationale argentine de hockey sur gazon, remportant la médaille d'argent aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020.

Carrière
Elle a participé à la Coupe du monde féminine de hockey sur gazon des moins de 21 ans 2016, remportant la médaille d'or. Au niveau du club, elle joue pour St. Catherine's en Argentine.

Elle a remporté une médaille d'or aux Jeux panaméricains de 2019.

Références

Liens externes

Joueuse argentine de hockey sur gazon
Naissance en mars 1997
Médaillée d'argent olympique argentine
Joueuse de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020

Sofía Toccalino


Juju (kültür) - Sihirli bir cisim, tılsım veya fetiş diye açıklanabilecek genel anlamda afrika büyüsüne verilen isimdir.
 Juju (müzik) - Nijerya'da popüler bir müzik tarzıdır.
 Juju (albüm) - 1981'de yayımlanan bir Siouxsie and the Banshees albümü

Juju (anlam ayrımı)


Zeta is a marque of automobile which was produced in Australia from 1963 to 1965 by South Australian manufacturing company Lightburn & Co.

An established manufacturer of cement mixers and washing machines, Lightburn and Co. built the cars in its factory in the Adelaide suburb of Camden Park. The first Zeta model was introduced in 1963 at a price of £595. Production ceased in 1965 with the last vehicles sold in 1966 and total sales of fewer than 400 vehicles.

Models

Zeta cars were produced in the following models:

Lightburn also produced an electric 'mobility-scooter esque' runabout vehicle capable of carrying 2 adults and available in two models.

Features

Sedan and Utility

The Zeta Sedan, (also known as the Zeta Runabout) and Utility, were powered by a 324cc Villiers engine and were front wheel drive with independent rear trailing arms. The Sedan was not equipped with a rear hatch so access to the cargo area required removal of the front seats, the ease of which was advertised as a positive feature. The chassis was steel, with a fibreglass body enclosing a large but sparse interior. Windows were perspex except for the front windscreen which was laminated glass. The doors were steel with sliding perspex windows.

The tyres for the Sedan and Utility were Michelin 125 R12 as stated in the specifications. The four speed, dog clutch, Villiers Engineering gearbox had no reverse so the engine had to be switched off and started backwards which provide four reverse gears. Fuel was delivered by gravity feed from a tank behind the dashboard. The fuel gauge was a plastic pipe running from the top to the bottom of the tank with a graduated glass tube section on the dashboard. As a Wheels road test in 1974 put it: "it read anywhere from full to empty depending on gradient, throttle and probably Greenwich mean time".

The Utility was the rarest of the Zeta models with a total of only 8 produced. A number were purchased by Sydney City Council's Hyde Park fleet. The Utility was mechanically identical to the Sedan.

Sports

The two-seater Zeta Sports was introduced in 1964. Body styling was based on the Henry Meadows Sprint version of the Frisky microcar, designed by Gordon Bedson and Keith Peckmore, although Lightburn attributed the design to Michelotti. The fibreglass bodied car weighed  and ran on 10-inch wheels with all-round drum brakes. Like the Goggomobil Dart it lacked doors and bumper bars. The Zeta Sports was fitted with a West German ZF Sachs F.M.R. 500 498cc two cylinder, two-stroke engine producing . The engine, which had a 70mm bore and a 67mm stroke was originally designed for and used in the 4 wheel FMR Tg500 microcar. The Zeta Sports was fitted with a 4 speed and reverse sequential gearbox in unit with the engine. 48 examples were produced.

Sales history

As well as the oddness of the design, the vehicle's commercial success was also stymied by unfortunate timing as it was released onto the market at the same time as the Morris Mini, which was only £60 more expensive. As a result, only 363 vehicles were sold from 1963 to 1966, including 28 of the Sports model. According to a sign in the National Motor Museum in Birdwood, South Australia, 48 of the sports model were manufactured.

References

External links

 National Museum of Australia: 1963 Zeta motor car

Cars of Australia
Australian brands

Zeta (automobile)


Ichrak Chaïb est une boxeuse algérienne née le  à Constantine.

Carrière
Sa carrière amateur est principalement marquée par une médaille de bronze remportée aux championnats du monde 2022 à Istanbul dans la catégorie des poids welters. Elle est éliminée en huitièmes de finale dans la catégorie des poids moyens aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020 à Tokyo.

Elle décroche la médaille d'argent dans la catégorie des moins de 66 kg aux Jeux méditerranéens de 2022 à Oran ainsi que la médaille d'or dans cette même catégorie aux Championnats d'Afrique de boxe amateur 2022 à Maputo.

Elle est médaillée d'or dans la catégorie des moins de  aux championnats d'Afrique de boxe amateur 2023 à Yaoundé.

Palmarès

Championnats du monde
  Médaille de bronze en - en 2022 à Istanbul, Turquie

Championnats d'Afrique
  Médaille d'or en - en 2022 à Maputo, Mozambique
  Médaille d'or en - en 2023 à Yaoundé; Cameroun.

Jeux méditerranéens
  Médaille d'argent en - en 2022 à Oran, Algérie

Références

Liens externes

Boxeuse algérienne
Boxeuse aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020
Naissance en janvier 2001
Naissance à Constantine
Championne d'Afrique de boxe anglaise

Ichrak Chaïb


Fumiya Iwamaru (født 4. december 1981) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Vissel Kobe, Júbilo Iwata, Thespakusatsu Gunma, Avispa Fukuoka, Yokohama FC, Roasso Kumamoto og V-Varen Nagasaki.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Fumiya Iwamaru


El Molón II es un pequeño asentamiento fortificado prerromano situado en las estribaciones de la Sierra de Mira, que constituye el principal accidente geográfico de la zona, claramente vinculado con su homónimo valenciano (El Molón), como demuestra su proximidad, estando separados tan solo por 2,7 km en línea recta, y similar cronología, tanto por lo que respecta a época prerromana como medieval, lo que confirma la interrelación entre ambos lugares, claramente complementarios desde el punto de vista estratégico, pues controla la zona de vacío visual más destacada del oppidum.

El yacimiento se sitúa en la cima de la cresta montañosa delimitado por los cortados y un lienzo amurallado, conservado allí donde la pendiente se torna menos escarpada. Su perímetro amurallado cubre una superficie de 7.300m2, a lo que habría que añadir una posible zona de expansión, a extramuros, de 500 m². Presenta un excelente dominio visual de todo el valle de Mira y la cima de La Muela, hacia el norte, los llanos que se extienden hacia el oeste y el sur, y el valle de Cañas Frías (a través del cual se comunica con El Molón de Camporrobles), hacia el sureste; tiene visión, igualmente, sobre gran parte de la zona meridional de la Serranía de Cuenca y control sobre las vías de comunicación entre la Serranía y los llanos de la meseta de Utiel-Requena.

Bibliografía

 El Molón (Camporrobles, Valencia). Alberto J. Lorrio.

Yacimientos arqueológicos de la provincia de Cuenca

Yacimiento El Molón II


Arda Denkel (6 Temmuz 1949, Ankara - 21 Mayıs 2000, İstanbul), Türk filozoftur.

Hayatı

İlk yılları ve eğitimi
6 Temmuz 1949'da Ankara'da doğdu. 1968'de Saint Benoît Lisesi'ni bitirdi ve Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümünde lisans eğitimine başladı. Lisans eğitimi sırasında; Teo Grünberg, Hüseyin Batuhan ve Cemal Yıldırım gibi filozofların derslerine katıldı. Buradan 1972'de mezun oldu ve Oxford Üniversitesi'nde Peter Strawson'ın danışmanlığında dil felsefesi üzerine doktora yapmaya başladı. 1977'de Communication and Meaning başlıklı tezi ile doktora derecesini aldı ve Türkiye'ye döndü.

Kariyeri
Türkiye'ye dönüşünün ardından aynı yıl Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Beşerî Bilimler Bölümünde çalışmaya başladı. 1982'de Boğaziçi Felsefe Bölümünün kurulmasında büyük rol oynadı ve bölümün ilk başkanlığını yaptı. 1988'de profesör oldu. Hastalandığı 1999 tarihine dek Boğaziçi Üniversitesi'nde görev yapmaya devam etti. 1985 ve 1989'da Wisconsin Üniversitesi'nde misafir öğretim üyesi olarak bulundu. 1994 yılında Uludağ Üniversitesi'nde, 1995-97 yılları arasında Koç Üniversitesi'nde ders verdi.

Denkel; dil felsefesi, ontoloji, epistemoloji, zihin felsefesi ve felsefe tarihi konulu eserler üretmiştir. Philosophia, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, Philosophical Quarterly, Mind ve Philosophical Papers gibi dergilerde makaleleri; Cambridge University Press'ten de Object and Property isminde bir kitabı yayımlanmıştır. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi'ne üye seçilen ilk filozoftur. Türkiye'de analitik felsefenin yaygınlaşması amacıyla çalışmalar yapmış; Avrupa Analitik Felsefe Topluluğu'nda yürütme kurulu üyeliği ve Türkiye temsilciliği görevlerinde bulunmuştur. Felsefe Tartışmaları dergisinin kurulması için uğraşmış ve derginin uzun süre genel yayın yönetmenliğini üstlenmiştir.

Ölümü, özel hayatı ve hatırası
Denkel; 21 Mayıs 2000'de, 50 yaşında, beyin tümörü yüzünden İstanbul'da öldü. Ayşegül Denkel ile evliydi. Çiftin, Esi isminde bir kızları vardı. Ölümü sonrasında; meslektaşları, "Arda Denkel'in Ardından: Anılar, Düşünceler, Tartışmalar" isimli bir hatıra kitabı yayımladı. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü; 2015'ten itibaren, "Arda Denkel Festivali" düzenlemeye ve festival kapsamında "Arda Denkel Ödülleri" vermeye başladı.

Eserleri

Kitapları
 Anlaşma: Anlatma ve Anlama, 1981
 Yönletim: Dil Felsefesinde bir Konu, 1981
 Anlamın Kökenleri, 1984
 Bilginin Temelleri, 1984
 Çağdaş Kültürün Oluşumu, 1986 (R. Canbeyli ve diğerleri ile)
 Nesne ve Doğası, 1986
 Demokritos/Aristoteles: İlkçağ'da Doğa Felsefeleri, 1988
 Reality and Meaning, 1995 (Türkçe: Gerçeklik ve Anlam)
 Anlam ve Nedensellik, 1996
 Object and Property, 1996 (Türkçe: Nesne ve Özellik)
 Düşünceler ve Gerekçeler I: Felsefe Yazıları, 1997
 Düşünceler ve Gerekçeler II: Felsefe Yazıları, 1997
 The Natural Background of Meaning, 1999 (Türkçe: Anlamın Doğal Arka Planı)

Çevirileri
 Wittgenstein, David Pears, 1985

Seçili makaleleri

 "On Failure to Refer", 1980
 "The Speaker's Communicative Intent", 1980
 "The Fringes of Natural Meaning", 1983
 "The Meaning of an Utterance", 1983
 "Form and Origin", 1985
 "What Makes Meaning Non-natural?", 1985
 "Uzaysal Konum ve Ontoloji", 1988 (Y. Koç ile)
 "Matter and Objecthood", 1989
 "Real Resemblances", 1989
 "Principia Individuationis", 1991
 "Substance Without Substratum", 1992
 "Artifacts and Constituents", 1995
 "Matter, Form and Object", 1995
 "The Problem of Reconciliation", 1995
 "Theon's Tale: Does a Cambridge change result in a substantial change?", 1995
 "On the Compresence of Tropes", 1997
 "Resemblances cannot be partial identites", 1998
 "Transience and Identity", 1998

Kaynakça

Notlar

Özel kaynakça

Genel kaynakça

1949 doğumlular
Ankara doğumlular
Ankara doğumlu felsefeciler
2000 yılında ölenler
İstanbul'da ölenler
Beyin tümöründen ölenler
Saint Benoît Fransız Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Oxford Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
20. yüzyıl Türk felsefecileri
Dil felsefecileri
Ontologlar
Epistemologlar
Zihin felsefecileri
Türk felsefe akademisyenleri
Boğaziçi Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi üyeleri
Uluslararası Felsefe Enstitüsü üyeleri
Avrupa Analitik Felsefe Topluluğu üyeleri
20. yüzyıl Türk çevirmenleri
İngilizceden Türkçeye çeviri yapanlar
Resim aranan kişiler
Ankara doğumlu çevirmenler
Türk filozoflar

Arda Denkel


تينغيز سولاكفليدزه ، من مواليد 23 يوليو 1956، لاعب كرة قدم سوفييتي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب الاتحاد السوفييتي لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سوفيت مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سوفيت
لاعبو كرة قدم من كوتايسي
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في السويد
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية من جورجيا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1980
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
رياضيون من كوتايسي
سوفيت مغتربون في السويد
سوفيتيون فازوا بالميدالية البرونزية الأولمبية
لاعبو الدوري السوفيتي الممتاز لكرة القدم
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1988
لاعبو توربيدو كوتيسي
لاعبو كأس العالم 1982
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون من الاتحاد السوفيتي
لاعبو كرة قدم جورجيون
لاعبو كرة قدم سوفيت
لاعبو كرة قدم سوفييت مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1980
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في السويد
لاعبو منتخب الاتحاد السوفيتي لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي دينامو تبليسي
مواليد 1956
مواليد في كوتايسي
رياضيون سوفيت مغتربون في السويد

تينغيز سولاكفليدزه


Ádám Varga (20 de novembro de 1999) é um canoísta húngaro, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Varga conquistou a medalha de prata nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio na prova de K-1 1000 m masculino com o tempo de 3:22.431 minutos.

Canoístas olímpicos da Hungria
Canoístas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Ádám Varga


Amarte siempre es una telenovela estadounidense realizada por Telemundo en colaboración con R.T.I., producida por Hugo León Ferrer y protagonizada por Gabriela Spanic,y José Ángel Llamas y la participación antagónica de Mauricio Islas y Natalia Streignard.

Sinopsis
Se narra la historia de una mujer que es inculpada de un crimen que no cometió, es robada de toda su fortuna y le quitaron a su hija 25 años después de su regreso buscara venganza encontrara de su esposo y lo hará pagar todo lo que sufrió.

Elenco
 Gabriela Spanic ... Ignacia Díaz Herrera "La Nacha" / Lucrecia Bravo de Montana
 José Ángel Llamas ... Gabriel Arango
 Natalia Streignard ... Altagracia Sandoval de Arango
 Mauricio Islas ... Miguel Arango

 Danilo Santos ... Pablo León "La Alimaña" / Julián Donoso
 Lupita Ferrer ... Cordelia Vda. de Arango
 Vanessa Pose ... Mariana Arango
 Alicia Plaza ... Danna Ruisseñor de Montana
 Daniel Lugo	... Eduardo Montana

 Mauricio Aspe... Nicolás Montana
 Gabriel Valenzuela ... Pedro Montana

 Paulo Quevedo ... Ramiro Venegas "El Güero"
 Karina Laverde ... Doña Margót Ferretti

 Alejandra Pinzon ... Verónica Cervantes
 Mauricio Henao ... Leonardo Vargas / Victor Ballesteros
 Mimi Morelos ... Iraida Sandoval
 Flor Nuñez ... Cecilia Vargas
 Hector Bonilla ... Eusebio Ballesteros

Programas de televisión producidos por RTI Producciones
Telenovelas de 2012
Telenovelas de Telemundo

Amarte siempre


Sarah Parcak (født 1979), er en amerikansk arkæolog, rumarkæolog, og egyptolog, der bruger satellitbilleder til identificere potentielle arkæologiske udgravninger i Egypten og Rom.

Parcak fik sin bachelorgrad i egyptologi og Arkæologiske Studier fra Yale University i 2001 og hendes ph.d. fra Cambridge University. Hun er en assisterende professor i antropologi på University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) og direktør for Laboratoriet for Global Observation ved University of Alabama at Birmingham; forud for det, var hun lærer af ægyptisk kunst og historie ved University of Wales, Swansea.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Arkæologer fra USA
Ægyptologer

Sarah Parcak


Randyland er et kunstmuseum i Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Det betragtes af mange som et af USA's mest farverige offentlige kunstvartegn. Museet blev skabt af Randy Gilson og huser hans kunst.

Referencer

Kunstmuseer i USA
Pittsburgh

Randyland


أحمد الكعبي لاعب كرة قدم سعودي، في مركز وسط .

كانت بداياته في نادي الشباب اعير في أحد المواسم إلى نادي القادسية وعاد بعدها إلى الشباب وفي مطلع موسم 2011-2012 انتقل إلى نادي الرائد و لعب بعدها لأندية الشعلة و الحزم و الرياض و الكوكب .

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سعوديون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى السعودي
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الثانية السعودي
لاعبو دوري المحترفين السعودي
لاعبو كرة قدم سعوديون
لاعبو نادي الحزم
لاعبو نادي الرائد
لاعبو نادي الرياض
لاعبو نادي الشباب (السعودية)
لاعبو نادي الشعلة (السعودية)
لاعبو نادي القادسية (السعودية)
لاعبو نادي الكوكب
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1408 هـ
مواليد 1987
مواليد في السعودية

أحمد الكعبي


Nadbiskupsko sjemenište Zmajević, rimokatoličko sjemenište u Zadru na Trgu sv. Stošije 2.

Osnovao ga je nadbiskup Vicko Zmajević kao sjemenište za svećenike glagoljaše. Već 1725. godine pisao je o ideji osnivanja sjemeništa koje će biti namijenjeno obrazovanju ilirskog (odnosno hrvatskog) svećenstva. Ta se zamisao počela ispunjavati 1735., kada je sagrađena zgrada uz nadbiskupsku palaču. Za otvaranje studija nedostajalo je novca. Otvaranje Zmajević nije doživio, te je Zmajevićevu zamisao dovršio nasljednik Splićanin Mate Karaman, koji je 1. svibnja 1748. otvario zadarsko ilirsko sjemenište (Collegium Illiricum).
Otvorio ga je 1. svibnja 1748. Mate Karaman koji je Zmajevića naslijedio na nadbiskupskoj stolici.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Arhiv službenih stranica

Građevine u Zadru
Crkveno školstvo u Hrvatskoj
Sjemeništa u Hrvatskoj

Nadbiskupsko sjemenište Zmajević, Zadar


Cunjica (cimjica, lat., Hypecoum), rod jednogodišnjeg raslinja iz porodice makovki (Papaveraceae). Postoji 16 priznatih vrsta raširenih od toplih umjerenih krajeva Mediterana, na istok do Sibira i Kine.

U Hrvatskoj raste jedna vrsta H. pendulum.

Vrste
 Hypecoum aegyptiacum (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf.
 Hypecoum aequilobum Viv.
 Hypecoum angustilobum Å.E.Dahl
 Hypecoum dimidiatum Delile
 Hypecoum duriaei Pomel
 Hypecoum erectum L.
 Hypecoum imberbe Sm.
 Hypecoum lactiflorum (Kar. & Kir.) Pazij
 Hypecoum leptocarpum Hook.f. & Thomson
 Hypecoum littorale Wulfen
 Hypecoum pendulum L.
 Hypecoum procumbens L.
 Hypecoum pseudograndiflorum Petrovic
 Hypecoum torulosum Å.E.Dahl
 Hypecoum trullatum Å.E.Dahl
 Hypecoum zhukanum Lidén

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Makovke

Cunjica


An Eleocharis nitida in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Merritt Lyndon Fernald. An Eleocharis nitida in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eleocharis

Eleocharis nitida


Korandje (Korandje: kwạṛa n dzyəy; ) is a Northern Songhay language which is by far the most northerly of the Songhay languages. It is spoken around the Algerian oasis of Tabelbala by about 3,000 people; its name literally means "village's language". While retaining a basically Songhay structure, it is extremely heavily influenced by Berber and Arabic; about 20% of the 100-word Swadesh list of basic vocabulary consists of loanwords from Arabic or Berber, and the proportion of the lexicon as a whole is considerably higher.

The only published studies of Korandje based on first-hand data are Cancel (1908), a 45-page article by a French lieutenant covering basic grammar and vocabulary and a couple of sample texts; Champault (1969), an anthropological study containing some incidental linguistically relevant materials such as sentences and rhymes; Tilmatine (1991, 1996), an article (published in German, then reworked in French) revisiting Cancel and Champault and adding about a page of new data recorded by the author; and Souag (2010a, 2010b), the former arguing the case for Western Berber loans in the lexicon, the latter studying the effect of contact with Berber and Arabic on its grammar.

Phonology

No complete phonological study of Korandje, systematically justified by minimal pairs, has yet been made. According to Souag (2010), the vowel system consists of lax ə, ŭ [], ə̣̣ [] and tense a [], i, u, ạ [], ụ [], while the consonant system is as follows:

Items in brackets are not normally used by older speakers. A bilabial click is attested in one baby-talk word.

An earlier proposal by Nicolaï (1981), based on a very limited corpus of recordings provided by Champault, suggested a smaller phoneme inventory:

alongside pharyngealised consonants ṭ ḍ ṣ ẓ ṇ ḥ as well as x q, found mainly in loanwords, and a six-vowel system: a, i, u, e, o, and ə (schwa).

Grammar

Pronouns

The pronouns are: aγəy, I; ni, you; ana, he/she/it; yayu, we; ndzyu, you (plural); ini, they. Possessive forms are ʕan, my; nən, your; an, his/her/its; yan, our; ndzən, your (pl.); in, their. Subject agreement prefixes on the verb are ʕa- I; n-, you; a-, he/she/it; ya-, we; ndz-, you (plural); i-, they.

Verbs

The infinitive and singular imperative are both the stem (e.g. kani "sleep"); the plural imperative takes a prefix wə- (wə-kkani "sleep! (pl.)"). Cancel describes the conjugations as follows (also for xani):

According to Tilmatine, verbs are negated by surrounding them with `as ... hé/hi, e.g. ni `as ba enγa hé > n`esbanγa hé "do not eat!". "No" is hoho or ho: n'd'xani bînu, willa ho? "did you sleep yesterday, or not?".

Nouns

The most productive plural marker is the clitic =yu:

This marker comes at the end of the "core noun phrase", the unit consisting of noun+numeral+adjective+demonstrative:

Some Berber loans retain versions of their original plurals, usually with the circumfix (ts)i-...-ən,

While the morphemes involved are clearly of Berber origin, the details of this system differ from any one attested Berber language, and this plural is extended to at least one item of Songhay origin, tsạṛə̣w "spoon" > tsiṛạwən. Some Arabic loans similarly retain Arabic plurals.

The possessive is expressed by the particle n, with the possessor preceding the possessed:

Numbers

The only non-Arabic numbers in normal use are a-ffu "one", inka "two", and inẓa "three". There also exist "cryptic" (argot) and children's counting systems. The syntax of numerals in the noun phrases is complicated.

References

External links
Information on Korandje (in PDF format; go to p. 163)
Jabal al-Lughat – a linguistic blog by Lameen Souag, a specialist on Korandje (note that the blog calls it Kwarandjie, Kwarandzie, or Kwarandzyey)

Languages of Algeria
Songhay languages

Korandje language


Peperomia cordigera é uma espécie de  planta do gênero Peperomia e da família Piperaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1900 por Gustav Adolf Hugo Dahlstedt.
São conhecidas as seguintes subspécies de Peperomia cordigera Dahlst.:

 Peperomia cordigera Dahlst. var. cordigera
 Peperomia cordigera Dahlst. var. pililamina

Forma de vida
É uma espécie rupícola e herbácea.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná e Rio de Janeiro.
A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Ligações externas
 Peperomia cordigera no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Peperomia
Plantas descritas em 1900
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Peperomia cordigera


Samuel Richard "Sandy" Berger (October 28, 1945 – December 2, 2015) was an attorney who served as the 18th US National Security Advisor for U.S. President Bill Clinton from 1997 to 2001 after he had served as the Deputy National Security Advisor for the Clinton administration from 1993 to 1997.

In 2005, he was fined and sentenced to two years of probation, plus community service, for the unauthorized removal of classified material from the National Archives. When disbarment proceedings were initiated on account of his theft of documents, Berger gave up his license to practice law by conceding the truth of the material allegations of misconduct and consenting to his disbarment.

Early life
Berger was born to a Jewish family in Millerton, New York, where his parents ran a surplus store. He graduated from Webutuck High School in 1963, earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in government from Cornell University in 1967, and his earned Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School in 1971.

At Cornell, Berger was a member of the Quill and Dagger society with Paul Wolfowitz and Stephen Hadley. Opposed to the Vietnam War, Berger began working for Senator George McGovern's presidential campaign in 1972. While there, he met Bill Clinton, forming a friendship that lasted for decades. Berger later urged Clinton to run for President of the United States.

After the McGovern campaign, Berger gained experience working in a variety of government posts, including serving as Special Assistant to Mayor of New York City John Lindsay and Legislative Assistant to U.S. Senator Harold Hughes of Iowa and Congressman Joseph Resnick of New York. He was also Deputy Director of Policy Planning for the U.S. Department of State from 1977 to 1980 under Secretary of State Cyrus Vance during the Carter administration.

After leaving the State Department, Berger went on to join the law firm Hogan & Hartson where he helped expand the firm's international law practice. As a partner, he opened the firm's first two international offices, in London and Brussels. "Sandy Berger", Nancy Pelosi said in 1997, "was the point-man at ... Hogan & Hartson ... for the trade office of the Chinese government. He was a lawyer-lobbyist."

Clinton administration

Berger served as Senior Foreign Policy Advisor to Governor Clinton during the campaign, and as Assistant Transition Director for National Security of the 1992 Clinton-Gore Transition. Berger served eight years on the National Security Council staff, first from 1993 to 1997 as deputy national security advisor, under Anthony Lake, whom Berger had recommended for the role, and then succeeding Lake as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from 1997 to 2001.

Berger was a central figure in formulating the foreign policy of the Clinton Administration, and played an integral role advancing the administration's self-described objectives of advancing "democracy, shared prosperity, and peace." In President Clinton's words, "Nobody was more knowledgeable about policy or smarter about how to formulate it.  He was both great in analyzing a situation and figuring out what to do about it. His gifts proved invaluable time and time again, in Latin America, the Balkans, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East."

Key achievements during Berger's NSC tenure included the 1995 peso recovery package in Mexico, NATO enlargement, Operation Desert Fox, the Dayton Accords that ended the civil conflict in Bosnia, the NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia, the Good Friday Agreement that helped bring about peace in Northern Ireland, and the administration's policy of engagement  with the People's Republic of China. In a March 2005 oral history interview at the University of Virginia's Miller Center, Berger noted, "I think during the '90s we took China from outside the international system and brought it inside the international system, partly through trade, and economics, and otherwise."

On July 4, 1999, in what South Asia expert Bruce Reidel called Berger's "finest hour," Berger advised President Clinton through a pivotal negotiation with Pakistan's prime minister Nawaz Sharif to pull that country's troops back from Kashmir, averting a potentially cataclysmic nuclear war with India.

Berger also advised the President regarding the Khobar Towers bombing and responses to the terrorist bombings of American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. In the final years of the Clinton administration, combating terrorism was the paramount foreign policy priority; Berger said in his March 2005 oral history interview at UVA's Miller Center, "I said to Condoleezza Rice during the transition ... that the number-one issue that she would deal with as national security advisor was terrorism in general and al-Qaeda specifically."

Controversies

Stock ownership
In November 1997, Berger paid a $23,000 civil penalty to settle conflict of interest allegations stemming from his failure to sell his stock of Amoco Corporation as ordered by the White House. Berger was advised by the White House to sell the stock in early 1994. He said he had planned to sell the stock, but then forgot. He denied knowingly participating in decisions in which he had a financial interest. With no evidence that Berger intended to break the law, the United States Department of Justice determined a civil penalty was adequate for a "non-willful violation" of the conflict of interest law.

Chinese nuclear espionage

In 1999, Berger was criticized for failing to promptly inform President Clinton of his knowledge that the People's Republic of China had managed to acquire the designs of a number of U.S. nuclear warheads. Berger was originally briefed of the espionage by the Department of Energy (DOE) in April 1996, but did not inform the president until July 1997.

A number of Republicans, including then presidential hopeful Lamar Alexander, called for Berger's resignation. They accused him of ignoring the allegations of Chinese espionage. "For his unwillingness to act on this serious matter, Mr. Berger should resign", Alexander said. "If he does not, he should be relieved of his duties by President Clinton." President Clinton rejected the calls: "The record is that we acted aggressively," Clinton said. "Mr. Berger acted appropriately."

Unauthorized removal and destruction of classified material

On July 19, 2004, it was revealed that the United States Department of Justice was investigating Berger for unauthorized removal of classified documents in October 2003 from a National Archives reading room prior to testifying before the 9/11 Commission.  The documents were five classified copies of a single report commissioned from Richard Clarke covering internal assessments of the Clinton Administration's handling of the unsuccessful 2000 millennium attack plots. An associate of Berger said Berger took one copy in September 2003 and four copies in October 2003, allegedly by stuffing the documents into his socks and pants. Berger subsequently lied to investigators when questioned about the removal of the documents.

In April 2005, Berger pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of unauthorized removal and retention of classified material from the National Archives in Washington, D.C.

Berger was fined $50,000, sentenced to serve two years of probation and 100 hours of community service, and stripped of his security clearance for three years. The Justice Department initially said Berger only stole copies of classified documents and not originals, but the House Government Reform Committee later revealed that an unsupervised Berger had been given access to classified files of original, uncopied, uninventoried documents on terrorism. During the House Government Reform Committee hearings, Nancy Kegan Smith — who was the director of the presidential documents staff at the National Archives and Records Administration — acknowledged that she had granted Berger access to original materials in her office.

On December 20, 2006, Inspector General Paul Brachfeld reported that Berger took a break to go outside without an escort. "In total, during this visit, he removed four documents ... Mr. Berger said he placed the documents under a trailer in an accessible construction area outside Archives 1 (the main Archives building)". Berger acknowledged having later retrieved the documents from the construction area and returned with them to his office.

The Board on Professional Responsibility of the Bar of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals commenced a professional-misconduct disciplinary proceeding against Berger, based on his conviction for theft of classified documents. On May 17, 2007, Berger was disbarred from the practice of law upon consenting to his disbarment, conceding that the material allegations of misconduct were true and he knew that he could not successfully defend against the disciplinary proceeding. He released a statement which said, in part, "I have decided to voluntarily relinquish my license. ... While I derived great satisfaction from years of practicing law, I have not done so for 15 years and do not envision returning to the profession. I am very sorry for what I did, and I deeply apologize." By consenting to disbarment, Berger avoided cross-examination by the Bar Counsel regarding details of his thefts.

Post-government

After leaving the Clinton Administration, Berger became chairman of Stonebridge International, an international advisory firm he co-founded in 2001 which focused on aiding companies in their expansion into emerging markets such as Brazil, China, India, and Russia. Stonebridge International merged in 2009 with The Albright Group, a similar firm founded by former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, to form Albright Stonebridge Group, a global strategy and commercial diplomacy firm acquired by Dentons in 2021.

Berger was also chairman of the D.B. Zwirn Global Advisory Board, an international investment fund and merchant capital provider founded in 2001 and with offices throughout North America, Europe and Asia.

In late 2003, Berger was called to testify before the 9/11 Commission regarding steps taken against terrorism during his tenure and the information he provided to his successor, Condoleezza Rice. At the time, he was also acting as an informal foreign policy advisor to Senator John Kerry during his campaign for the presidency, resigning from the role amid controversy regarding his preparations for testifying before the 9/11 Commission. Berger served as a foreign policy adviser to Senator Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign.

He was an advisory board member for the Partnership for a Secure America, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy. He also served on the International Advisory Council of the Brookings Doha Center. He served on the board of directors of the International Crisis Group and World Food Program USA, and also on the advisory boards of the National Security Network, and America Abroad Media.

Personal life and death
Berger lived in the American University Park neighborhood of Washington, D.C., was married to Susan Harrison Berger, and had three children.

Berger died of cancer in Washington, D.C., on December 2, 2015, at the age of 70, more than a year after being diagnosed.

President Barack Obama released the following statement on learning of Berger's death:

Awards
In November 2015, Berger was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun by the Japanese government for his contributions to promotion of a strong and friendly relationship between the United States and Japan, particularly in his role as National Security Adviser to President Clinton. He also provided legal and commercial advice to the Embassy of Japan in Washington, D.C.

On December 1, 2015, World Food Program USA announced that it has given its inaugural Global Humanitarian Award to Samuel R. Berger in recognition of his decades of leadership helping families in need across the globe. Additionally, the World Food Program USA established the Samuel R. Berger Humanitarian Fund, which will support humanitarian organizations as they work to eradicate hunger around the world.

In 2000, Berger was presented with an honorary degree  from Tel Aviv University in Israel.

See also
 History of the United States National Security Council 1993–present
 Iraq disarmament timeline 1990–2003
 Mary McCarthy (CIA)

References

Further reading
 Massari, Maurizio. "US Foreign Policy Decision‐Making during the Clinton Administration." The International Spectator 35.4 (2000): 91-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932720008458155

External links

 United States National Security Council page at the White House website
 "Albright Stonebridge Group Announces the Passing of Samuel. R. Berger" Albright Stonebridge; December 2, 2015
 Report on Berger (PDF), Office of the Inspector General, National Archives and Records Administration

|-

1945 births
2015 deaths
American male criminals
American foreign policy writers
American male non-fiction writers
American lobbyists
American political consultants
American political commentators
Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C.
Clinton administration personnel
Cornell University alumni
Disbarred American lawyers
Harvard Law School alumni
Jewish American government officials
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) lawyers
People from Millerton, New York
United States National Security Advisors
2000 millennium attack plots
United States Deputy National Security Advisors

Sandy Berger


ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙන, ස්පොන්ඩී යනු,  බ්‍රහස්පතිගේ ස්වභාවික චන්ද්‍රිකාවකි. 2001 දී   ස්කොට් එස්. ෂෙපර්ඩ්ගේ නායකත්වය දැරූ, හවායි විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයීය තාරකා විද්‍යාඥයින් කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් සොයා ගත් එයට,  යන තාවකාලික නිල නාමය ලබා දෙන ලදි.

කිලෝමීටර  2 ක පමණ විෂ්කම්භයක් සහිත ස්පොන්ඩී චන්ද්‍රයා,  එහි ග්‍රහ ලෝකය වන බ්‍රහස්පතීට කිලෝමීටර මිලියන  24.253 පමණ සාමාන්‍ය දුරකින්,  දින  771.604 ක කාලයක් ගනිමින් එය වටා පරිභ්‍රමණය වන්නේ, කක්ෂතලයට 154°  ක (බ්‍රහස්පතිගේ සමකයට 156° ක) ආනතියක්  සහිතව, ප්‍රතිගාමී දිශාවට සහ  0.443 ප්‍රමාණයක  උත්කේන්ද්‍රියතාවයක් සහිතවය.

හොරීවරුන් (පැය) අතුරින් සත් වන පැය (දිවා ආහාරයට පසුව මත්පැන් පිළිගැන්වීම) අරක්ගන්නා දේවතාවිය අනුව යමින්, 2003 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී එය නම් කෙරිණි.  දිනයෙහි පැය මෙන්ම වසරෙහි සෘතුන් ද අරක්ගන්නා හොරී දේවතාවියන් සියුස් (බ්‍රහස්පතී) සහ තෙමිස් යන්නන්ගේ දියණියන් වෙති.

අක්‍රමවත් ලෙසින් හා ප්‍රතිගාමී චලිතයෙහි යෙදෙමින්,  22.8 සහ 24.1 ගිමී අතර පරාසයක දුරක් බ්‍රහස්පති ග්‍රහ ලෝකයේ  සිට තබමින් සහ, 144.5° සහ 158.3° අතර වන පරාසයක ආනතීන් දරමින් එය වටා පරිභ්‍රමණය වන චන්ද්‍රයින් අඩංගු   පැසිෆේ කාණ්ඩයට මෙම චන්ද්‍රයා අයත් වෙයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

බ්‍රහස්පතිගේ චන්ද්‍රයෝ
2001දී සොයාගත් තාරකා විද්‍යාත්මක වස්තූන්

ස්පොන්ඩී (චන්ද්‍රයා)


Azab veya azap, Osmanlı devletinde çoğunlukla garnizon askeri olarak görev yapan askeri birimdir. Henüz evlenmemiş genç erkekler azab yazılabilirlerdi. Sözcüğün anlamı "bekar erkek"tir ve gönüllülerden oluşan yaya birliğidir. Savaşta ordunun en önünde yer alırdı.

Azablar Osmanlı Ordusunun Anadolu'daki yaya askerlerinin çoğunluğunu oluştururlardı ve yerleşim birimlerinin güvenliğinin sağlanması, kalelerin savunulması gibi görevleri yerine getirirlerdi. Azablar yükseliş döneminde Osmanlı seferlerinin değişmez bir parçasıydı. Meydan savaşlarındaki görevleri ordu merkezinin ön tarafında, yeniçerilerin ilerisinde durmaktı. Hafif donanımlı olan azab askerleri düşman ordusunda Osmanlı merkezinin zayıf olduğu kanısını uyandırır ve bu durum padişahın tuğunun da bulunduğu merkeze doğru bir saldırı başlatılmasına yol açabilirdi. Beklenen bu saldırı gerçekleşirse, azablar düşman birliklerine ok atarak ilerleyiş sırasında kayıp vermelerini ve özellikle düşman süvarisinin saf düzeninin bozulmasını sağlamaya çalışırlardı.

Düşmanla yakın temasa giren azab birliği geri çekilerek ya da kaçarak gerisindeki yeniçeriler ve topçu birliklerinin ateş açmaları için alan yaratmaya çalışırdı. Bu arada Osmanlı ordusunun kanatlarını oluşturan tımarlı sipahiler için merkeze yüklenen düşman ordusunu kanatlardan vurma fırsatı doğabilirdi. Azapları takip ederken safları daha da bozulan düşman ordusu, tahkim edilmiş yeniçeri siperlerine ve onların arkasındaki daha ağır donanımlı, daha iyi eğitilmiş profesyonel askerlere çarpardı. Tımarlı sipahiler tarafından kaçış yolları kapatılarak bozguna uğratılırlardı. Hilâl taktiği olarak adlandırılan bu stratejinin en önemli rolünü oynarlardı.

Azab askerlerinin temel donanımı ok, yay, eğri kılıç ve savunma için bir kalkandan oluşurdu. Çoğunlukla zırh giymezlerdi, bu da gerektiğinde daha hızlı geri çekilebilmelerini sağlardı. Bazı savaşlarda yeniçeriler gibi kazdıkları siperlerin içine süvariye karşı kazıklar yerleştirerek bunların arkasından ok atışı yaptıkları kaydedilmiştir. Kara ordusu dışında, donanmada görevli deniz azapları da vardı.

Yerli kulu

Azab


Victor Henry Grinich (November 26, 1924 – November 5, 2000) was a pioneer in the semiconductor industry and a member of the "traitorous eight" that founded Silicon Valley.

Early life and education
Born to Croatian immigrant parents, his original surname was Grgurinovic. Born in Aberdeen, Washington, he served in the United States Navy during World War II. To make his last name easier to pronounce during military roll calls, he officially changed it to "Grinich".

Grinich received a bachelor's degree from the University of Washington in 1946 and a master's degree in 1949, and then earned a Ph.D. in 1951 from Stanford University.

Career
Initially a researcher at SRI International, he worked at the seminal Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments, and then left with other disgruntled members of the "traitorous eight" to create the influential Fairchild Semiconductor corporation.

Among the physicists, mathematicians and metallurgists in the group, Grinich was the only electrical engineer.

Grinich left Fairchild in 1968 to study computer science while teaching electrical engineering at UC Berkeley. He later taught at Stanford University as well. In 1975, he published a textbook, Introduction to Integrated Circuits.

In 1978, he was appointed chief executive officer of Identronix, a company that pioneered Radio-frequency identification systems, which are now used extensively in anti-theft tags. In 1985, Grinich founded and became CEO of Escort Memory Systems to commercialize RFID tags for industrial applications. EMS was acquired by Datalogic in 1989.

In 1993, he co-founded Arkos Design, a manufacturer of emulators. The company was acquired by Synopsys in 1995. Grinich retired in 1997 and died of prostate cancer in 2000, three weeks before his 76th birthday.

References

1924 births
2000 deaths
American people of Croatian descent
People from Aberdeen, Washington
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
Silicon Valley people
American computer businesspeople
American electrical engineers
SRI International people
20th-century American businesspeople
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from cancer in California
Scientists at Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory

Victor Grinich


Bryllup er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1987 instrueret af Eva Bjerregaard.

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1987

Bryllup (dokumentarfilm)


Adam Groza (n. 24 decembrie 1859, Totia, Hunedoara – d. 10 aprilie 1932, Băcia) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Date biografice
A urmat studiile la Academia Teologică din Sibiu. A fost preot în Băcia în perioada 1885-1891.

Activitate Politică
În perioada 1895-1928 a fost membru al P.N.R. A participat la adunările politice organizate împotriva legii Apponyi. După 1918 a fost secretat al circumscripției din Lugoj și președinte al Organizației Județene Severin a P.N.Ț. . A fost delegat  la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918 ca reprezentant Cercului Lugoj din județul Caraș-Severin.

Note

Bibliografie
Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților. Ioachim Crăciun: Documente la un sfert de veac de la Marea Unire, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005.

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
  1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1859
Decese în 1932
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Preoți români
Hunedoreni

Adam Groza