Das De-Mail-Gesetz vom 28. April 2011 ist ein deutsches Bundesgesetz, das die Anbieter von De-Mail-Diensten und damit die von ihnen erbrachten Dienste reguliert. Es ist Teil des Wirtschaftsverwaltungsrechts.

Inhalt und Zweck des Gesetzes

Inhalt
Das Gesetz reguliert die Zulassung und die Arbeit so genannter De-Mail-Diensteanbieter, das heißt der Anbieter von "Diensten auf einer elektronischen Kommunikationsplattform, die einen sicheren, vertraulichen und nachweisbaren Geschäftsverkehr für jedermann im Internet sicherstellen sollen",  Abs. 1 De-Mail-Gesetz.

Gesetzgeberische Zielsetzung
Zweck des Gesetzes ist ausweislich der Gesetzesbegründung die Etablierung einer auf der herkömmlichen E-Mail-Technologie basierenden Form der elektronischen Kommunikation, die die Vorteile der E-Mail (einfache, schnelle, preiswerte und ortsunabhängige Kommunikation) mit denen des Briefes (Vertraulichkeit und Verlässlichkeit) kombiniert. De-Mail bedient sich hierfür Signatur- und Verschlüsselungstechniken. Da diese trotz intensiver auch staatlicher Förderung insbesondere der elektronischen Signatur kaum verbreitet sind, nimmt das De-Mail-Gesetz insoweit die Diensteanbieter in die Pflicht. Sie müssen zum einen sicherstellen, dass die Kommunikation zwischen dem Nutzer und ihnen sowie zwischen den Anbietern selbst verschlüsselt abläuft. Zum anderen müssen sie die Nutzer identifizieren und den jeweiligen Kommunikationspartnern den Nachweis der Kommunikation ermöglichen.

Der Gesetzgeber verspricht sich von der Einführung der De-Mail eine erhebliche Entlastung der öffentlichen Verwaltungen wie der Wirtschaft. In weitgehend auf Annahmen beruhenden Beispielrechnungen kommt er auf ein Einsparpotential im zwei- bzw. dreistelligen Millionenbereich allein an Materialkosten, das Porto noch nicht gerechnet. Welche Kosten mit der Nutzung der Dienste verbunden sind, ist noch unsicher. Das Gesetz macht keine Vorgaben. Die derzeit zugelassenen Anbieter sehen teils Kosten pro Mail etwas unterhalb des Briefportos vor, gegebenenfalls ergänzt bei der Nutzung spezieller Versandoptionen, und teils Flatrates, vor allem für Massenversender.

"Verwaltungszustellungsergänzungsgesetz"
Hintergrund des Gesetzes ist die Notwendigkeit einer "elektronischen Zustellung". Die EG-Dienstleistungsrichtlinie fordert die Möglichkeit einer voll elektronischen Abwicklung von Verwaltungskontakten, von allgemeinen Informationen über den ersten Kontakt, die Antragstellung und den eventuellen Nachweis der erforderlichen Voraussetzungen bis hin zur Übermittlung der Behördenentscheidung. Bislang erforderte die Zustellung elektronischer Dokumente die Mitwirkung des Adressaten. Eine nachweissichere "konfrontative" Übermittlung ohne oder gar gegen seinen Willen fehlte. Hauptanwendungsfall ist bei der Briefpost das Einwurfeinschreiben, das nach  Satz 2 ZPO in dem Moment als zugegangen gilt, in dem der Postbote es in den Briefkasten des Empfängers wirft. Der Zusteller vermerkt hierbei Datum (und möglichst auch Uhrzeit) des Einwerfens auf der Zustellurkunde. Diese leitet er dem Absender zu, der damit über eine öffentliche Urkunde verfügt, die den Zugang des Schriftstücks gerichtsfest nachweist,  ZPO und .

Dieses Modell stellt das De-Mail-Gesetz als "De-Mail-Einschreiben" nach. Es normiert hierfür in  Abs. 7 bis 10 einzelne Bestätigungen, die die De-Mail-Diensteanbieter auf Antrag erstellen und signieren. Hierzu gehört die dem Einwurfeinschreiben entsprechende "Eingangsbestätigung" nach Absatz 8 der Vorschrift, doch auch die Abholbestätigung nach Absatz 9, mit der der Anbieter auf Ersuchen einer Behörde dieser mitteilt, wann sich der Empfänger nach dem Eingang der Nachricht im Postfach an seinem De-Mail-Konto sicher im Sinne des § 4 De-Mail-Gesetz angemeldet hat. Das genügt nach  VwZG als Nachweis der Zustellung behördlicher Schreiben. Mit Blick hierauf hat Gerald Spindler in der Sachverständigenanhörung plastisch vom "Verwaltungszustellungsergänzungsgesetz" gesprochen.

Gesetzgebung
Das unter maßgeblicher Mitwirkung von Alexander Roßnagel erarbeitete Gesetz ging aus dem Projekt "Bürgerportale" des Bundesministeriums des Innern hervor. Es wurde zunächst in der 16. Legislaturperiode als Entwurf eines Bürgerportalgesetz in den Bundestag eingebracht und stieß auf erheblichen Widerstand unter anderem der Datenschutzbeauftragten des Bundes und der Länder sowie des Bundesrates. Wohl auch deshalb konnte das Gesetz bis zum Ende der Legislaturperiode nicht fertiggestellt werden und unterlag daher der Diskontinuität.

Zu Beginn der 17. Legislaturperiode wurde es diesmal unter dem jetzigen Titel eingebracht, wobei einige der gravierenden Kritikpunkte der Datenschutzbeauftragten und des Bundesrates berücksichtigt wurden. In der öffentlichen Anhörung äußerten sich zahlreiche Sachverständige kritisch, darunter der Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband und der Chaos Computer Club sowie der Deutsche Notarverein, derweil Industrievertreter etwa der Bitkom das Gesetz als richtigen Schritt lobten. Das Gesetz wurde mit den Stimmen der Regierungs-Koalition am 24. Februar 2011 beschlossen, am 18. März 2011 vom Bundesrat gebilligt und am 28. April 2011 ausgefertigt. Es trat nach der Publikation im Bundesgesetzblatt als Artikel 1 des Gesetzes vom 28. April 2011 () am 3. Mai 2011 in Kraft.

Das De-Mail-Gesetz wurde geändert durch Art. 2 des "E-Government-Gesetzes" vom 25. Juli 2013 (). Dieses Gesetz korrigierte ein Redaktionsversehen in § 2, änderte in § 3 die Vorgaben zur Identifizierung der De-Mail-Nutzer und erweiterte die Vorgaben des § 7 Abs. 3 zur Zugangseröffnung durch den Nutzer. Die Änderung des § 5 über die "absenderbestätigte" De-Mail trat erst zum 1. Juli 2014 in Kraft, Art. 31 Abs. 2 des Gesetzes vom 25. Juli 2013.

Die letzte Änderung erfuhr das Gesetz durch das Gesetz zur Strukturreform des Gebührenrechts des Bundes vom 7. August 2013 (). Dieses ersetzte in  Abs. 1 Nr. 1 De-Mail-Gesetz den Begriff der "Amtshandlung" durch den der "individuell zurechenbaren öffentlichen Leistung" und ersetzte in Abs. 2 den inhaltlichen wie direkten Bezug auf das außer Kraft getretene Verwaltungskostengesetz durch den auf das nunmehrige Bundesgebührengesetz.

Die auf  des De-Mail-Gesetzes beruhende De-Mail-Kostenverordnung vom 9. Februar 2012 () trat mit Wirkung vom 14. November 2011 in Kraft; sie wurde durch das genannte Gesetz ebenfalls entsprechend geändert.

Beide Vorschriften werden am 14. August 2016 außer Kraft treten, Art. 3 Abs. 8 und 9 sowie Art. 5 Abs. 2 des Gesetzes vom 7. August 2013 ().

Überblick
Die 25 Paragraphen des Gesetzes sind in sechs Abschnitte gegliedert. Der erste benennt in § 1 den Inhalt des Gesetzes und bestimmt in § 2 das BSI als die für die Überwachung der Anbieter zuständige Behörde. Die  des zweiten Abschnitts beschreiben die obligatorischen und fakultativen Angebote eines De-Mail-Dienstes, derweil der dritte Abschnitt in den  die einzelnen Anforderungen an die Anbieter beim Betrieb ihres Dienstes enthält. Der vierte Abschnitt regelt in den  die Voraussetzung wie den Ablauf der Akkreditierung der Anbieter bzw. der Gleichstellung ausländischer Angebote. Der fünfte Abschnitt regelt in den  die behördliche Aufsicht, derweil der sechste mit den  Schlussbestimmungen enthält, darunter mit § 23 eine Bußgeldregelung und mit § 24 eine Ermächtigung des Bundesministerium des Innern zum Erlass der De-Mail-Kostenverordnung.

Formales
Das Gesetz gleicht in weiten Teilen, darunter beim Regelungsansatz, dem Signaturgesetz von 1997. Das Gesetz sucht das Angebot erwünschter Dienste durch behördlich überwachte Private sicherzustellen. Es definiert hierfür Anforderungen an die Dienste und ihre Anbieter und ermöglicht letzteren gegenüber der Aufsichtsbehörde nachzuweisen, dass sie diese erfüllen. Sie haben hierfür die Bestätigungen zertifizierter Auditoren und Prüfstellen beizubringen sowie einen Nachweis einer ausreichenden Deckungsvorsorge für eventuelle Haftungsfälle. Gelingt ihnen das, werden sie von der Behörde akkreditiert und damit zum De-Mail-Verbund zugelassen.

Im Einzelnen

De-Mail-Dienste
Kernpunkt jedes De-Mail-Dienstes ist der Postfach- und Versanddienst nach  des Gesetzes. Dieser ist zwingend zu ergänzen mit der sicheren Identifizierung jedes Nutzers nach , in erster Linie durch Kontrolle des Personalausweises bei natürlichen und durch Anforderung eines amtlichen Registerauszugs bei juristischen Personen. Ebenfalls obligatorisch ist das Angebot an die Nutzer, sich nach  in dem Sinne "sicher" bei dem Dienst anzumelden, dass die Anmeldung über das Wissen etwa um ein Passwort hinaus den Besitz etwa einer Signaturkarte oder eines elektronischen Personalausweises erfordert. Auf Wunsch der Nutzer muss aber auch die Anmeldung nur mit Benutzername und Passwort möglich sein. Schließlich muss der Anbieter ein öffentliches Teilnehmerverzeichnis führen, , dessen Nutzung (aktiv wie passiv) den Nutzern allerdings ebenfalls freigestellt ist.

Der Identitätsbestätigungsdienst nach  sowie die sichere Dokumentenablage nach  ("De-Safe") können, müssen aber nicht angeboten werden.

Erforderliche Akkreditierung
De-Mail-Dienste werden ausschließlich von akkreditierten Anbietern erbracht. Nur wer im Rahmen der Akkreditierung seine gewerberechtliche Zuverlässigkeit, die Erfüllung der technischen und organisatorischen sowie datenschutzrechtlichen Anforderungen und eine ausreichende Deckungsvorsorge nachweist, wird durch die zuständige Behörde akkreditiert und darf die Dienste unter diesem Namen anbieten.

Unberührt bleibt aber die Möglichkeit nicht-akkreditierter Anbieter, entsprechende Dienste unter einen anderen Namen zu offerieren. Die Akkreditierungspflicht verletzt daher weder die E-Commerce- noch die Dienstleistungsrichtlinie.

Derzeit (Stand 26. Februar 2016) sind mit 1&1 DE-Mail GmbH, der FP Digital Business Solutions GmbH (ehemals Mentana-Claimsoft GmbH), der T-Systems International GmbH und der Telekom Deutschland GmbH vier Anbieter akkreditiert. Sie bieten nur die obligatorischen Basisleistungen an, das heißt den Postfach- und Versanddienst sowie den Verzeichnisdienst.

Durchführung der Aufsicht
Die Diensteanbieter unterliegen der Aufsicht durch das BSI ( und  De-Mail-G). Dieses wacht über die Einhaltung des Gesetzes und darf bei Verstößen den Betrieb vorübergehend untersagen oder als letzte Maßnahme die Akkreditierung entziehen. Es kann Verstöße nach  mittels Bußgeldes ahnden.

Das BSI hat zudem die Aufgabe, die technischen und organisatorischen Anforderungen an die Anbieter und ihre Dienste in Technischen Richtlinien zu formulieren und diese im Bundesanzeiger zu veröffentlichen. Es arbeitet hierfür mit dem Bundesdatenschutzbeauftragten und dem Ausschuss De-Mail-Standardisierung zusammen, dem auch die Anbieter angehören,  Abs. 2 und  De-Mail-G. Maßgeblich ist derzeit die Technische Richtlinie 01201 De-Mail des Bundesamtes für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik.

Zugangseröffnung
Die Nutzung des Dienstes durch die Nutzer ist freiwillig. Die Übermittlung elektronischer Dokumente ist nur zulässig, soweit der Empfänger hierfür einen Zugang eröffnet hat (sogenannte Zugangseröffnung). In  Abs. 3 des De-Mail-Gesetzes heißt es hierzu:

Kritik
Das Gesetz stieß schon im Entwurfsstadium auf teils erhebliche Kritik der Praxis. Anwälte und Notare bezweifelten die Notwendigkeit eines weiteren Kommunikationsraumes, der bewusst nicht kompatibel zu herkömmlichen E-Mail-Diensten ausgestaltet ist, und auch die vorhandenen Projekte der elektronischen Kommunikation wie ELSTER und das EGVP nicht einbezieht. Im Hinblick auf die Gewährleistung der Vertraulichkeit der versendeten Nachrichten war kritikwürdig, dass das Gesetz keine Ende-zu-Ende-Verschlüsselung vorsieht; Verbraucherschützer wiederum beanstandeten, dass das Gesetz die Portierbarkeit von De-Mail-Adressen von Anbieter zu Anbieter ausschließt.

Scheitern
Mittlerweile kann man DE-Mail als gescheitert betrachten, da es kaum noch Anbieter gibt.
Die Kritik hat sich als berechtigt erwiesen. Der Verbraucher hat das System nicht angenommen, da es kaum Vorteile geboten hat.
Auch bei der Kommunikation zwischen Unternehmen hat es keine Vorteile gebracht da eine Integration in die steuer- und finanzrelevanten Prozesse nicht vorhanden bzw. nur sehr unzureichend war. Seit dem 1. Dezember 2022 bietet die Telekom aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen keinen De-Mail-Dienst mehr an.

Literatur
 Uwe-Dietmar Berlit: Staatliche Infrastrukturverantwortung für rechtssichere Kommunikation im Netz – rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen und Probleme. In: JurPC 39/2011.
 Jens Dietrich, Jutta Keller-Herder: De-Mail – verschlüsselt, authentisch, nachweisbar. In: DuD 2010, 299.
 Michael Knopp, Daniel Wilke, Gerrit Hornung, Philip Laue: Grunddienste für die Rechtssicherheit elektronischer Kommunikation. In: MMR 2008, 723.
 Thomas Lapp: Brauchen wir De-Mail und Bürgerportale? In: DuD 2009, 651.
 Alexander Roßnagel: Rechtsregeln für einen sicheren elektronischen Rechtsverkehr. In: CR 2011, 23, und ders., Das De-Mail-Gesetz. In: NJW 2011, 1473.
 Gerald Spindler: Das De-Mail-Gesetz. In: CR 2011, 309.
 Jan Skrobotz: Kommentierung zum De-Mail-Gesetz. In: Gerrit Manssen (Hrsg.): Telekommunikations- und Multimediarecht. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-503-04817-0

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Rechtsquelle (Deutschland)
Internetrecht (Deutschland)
E-Government
IT-Sicherheit
Rechtsquelle (21. Jahrhundert)

De-Mail-Gesetz


Sporazum o posebnim odnosima između Republike Hrvatske i Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine je sporazum kojim Republika Hrvatska i Federacija BiH uspostavljaju posebne odnose, cilj kojih je postupna izgradnja sve razvijenijih institucionalnih i drugih oblika međusobne suradnje u ovisnosti od općih političkih i gospodarskih uvjeta, te poštovanja posebnih interesa Republike Hrvatske i Federacije BiH.

Sporazum
Posebni odnosi iz ovog Sporazuma odnose se na poticanje potpuno transparentne suradnje izvršnih, zakonodavnih i drugih institucija Republike Hrvatske i Federacije BiH sukladno Mirovnom sporazumu i Ustavima Federacije BiH i Bosne i Hercegovine u sljedećim područjima:

 gospodarska suradnja i trgovina, poticanje zajedničkih ulaganja, osobito u područjima prometne infrastrukture, komunikacija i telekomunikacija, izgradnje i suradnje u korištenju industrijskih, energetskih, poljoprivrednih i drugih potencijala i kapaciteta;
 poticanje i suradnja u području planiranja i gospodarske politike, te suradnja u razvitku i obnovi;
 suradnja u području zakonodavstva;
 suradnja u provedbi privatizacije i denacionalizacije;
 suradnja u području znanosti i tehnologije, odgoja i obrazovanja, kulture i športa;
 suradnja u području socijalne politike i zdravstva;
 suradnja u području turizma, zaštite okoliša i korištenja prirodnih izvora;
 suradnja u području informiranja;
 suradnja na razvitku regionalne i lokalne uprave i samouprave;
 suradnja u rješavanju imovinskopravnih pitanja;
 suradnja u području unutarnjih poslova;
 suradnja u području obrane (školovanje, opremanje, zajednička proizvodnja i dr.) u mjeri u kojoj je u skladu s teritorijalnim integritetom i suverenitetom Bosne i Hercegovine i Mirovnim sporazumom;
 poticanje suradnje nevladinih organizacija;
 sukladno odredbama sporazuma iz Washingtona i Mirovnog sporazuma, strane će se zauzimati, u granicama svojih ovlasti, za uspostavljanje europskog prometnog koridora od luke Ploče do sjeverne granice Bosne i Hercegovine, te za potrebu izgradnje cestovnog prometa Dubrovnik-Ploče-Bihać-Zagreb (preko Neuma). Strane će osnovati zajednička društva za usklađivanje infrastrukturne izgradnje i odvijanje kopnenog prometa za povezivanje Republike Hrvatske i Federacije BiH.

Radi provedbe posebnih odnosa Republike Hrvatske i Federacije BiH, osniva se Zajedničko vijeće za suradnju Republike Hrvatske i Federacije BiH. Vijeće priprema i usvaja prijedloge i preporuke za nadležne izvršne i zakonodavne, te znanstvene, kulturne i druge institucije Republike Hrvatske i Federacije BiH. Vijeće sačinjavaju Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske, te Predsjednik i potpredsjednik Federacije BiH. Vijeće imenuje Stalni odbor sastavljen od šest članova. Republiku Hrvatsku će u Stalnom odboru zastupati predsjednik Vlade, jedan potpredsjednik Vlade i odgovarajući resorni ministar, a Federaciju BiH premijer i zamjenik premijera Federacije BiH te odgovarajući resorni ministar. Vijeće i Stalni odbor donose prijedloge i preporuke konsenzusom.

Aneks (dodatak)
 Aneks za provedbu suranje u području znanosti, tehnologije i visoke naobrazbe uz sporazum o posebnim odnosima između Republike Hrvatske i Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine

Neprovođenje

Washingtonskim sporazumom od 18. ožujka 1994. dogovoreno je primirje između Hrvatskog vijeća obrane i Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine. Unutarnji ustroj teritorija s bošnjačkim i hrvatskim pučanstvom u Republici Bosni i Hercegovini, preoblikovan je u Federaciju Bosne i Hercegovine, koja se sastoji od federalnih jedinica, županija (izvorno: kantona), koji imaju jednaka prava i odgovornosti. Županijski sustav predstavljao je svojevrsnu obranu kako bi se spriječila dominacija jednog naroda nad drugim.  To je trebalo biti samo prva faza dogovora, dok je druga faza trebala biti uključivanje srpske strane u pregovore. Prema toj zamisli, Republika Srpska je trebala nestati, a BiH bi na cijelom prostoru bila županijski uređena zemlja. U nekoliko svojih javnih istupa ovo je potvrdio i potpisnik sporazuma Krešimir Zubak, no kasnije su Amerikanci odustali od te ideje. Druga faza odnosila se na konfederaciju Hrvatske s Federacijom BiH, koja nikada nije zaživjela. Tadašnji hrvatski ministar vanjskih poslova Mate Granić u knjizi Vanjski poslovi – Iza kulisa politike piše: "Prihvatio sam taj prijedlog iako sam bio svjestan da, ako se i postigne, nikada neće zaživjeti. Znao sam da Tuđman to od mene traži kako bi lakše uvjerio vodstvo Hrvata u BiH da prihvati Washingtonski sporazum ako bude sklopljen". Granić je potvrdio da je bila riječ o obmani predstavnika Herceg-Bosne.

Ta odredba o konfederaciji je preinačena u Sporazum o posebnim odnosima, koji se ne provodi. Zajedničko vijeće za suradnju se nije sastajalo, Hrvatska je u velikoj mjeri izgradila svoju autocestu A1, ali ne po smjeru iz Sporazuma, a Federacija BiH gradi svoju autocestu A1 na spomenutom paneuropskom koridoru Vc (5c). Suradnja postoji, ali ne u tolikoj mjeri kao što je propisano Sporazumom. S obzirom na ustavnu odrednicu prema kojoj Republika Hrvatska štiti prava i interese svojih državljana koji žive i borave u inozemstvu i promiče njihove veze s domovinom, kojom se dijelovima hrvatskog naroda u drugim državama jamči posebna skrb i zaštita od strane Republike Hrvatske, za Hrvate u BiH u državnom proračunu RH osigurana su sredstva u ukupnom iznosu od oko 40 milijuna kuna godišnje putem Središnjeg državnog ureda za Hrvate izvan Republike Hrvatske. Nakon Tuđmanove smrti su krenule akcije revidiranja i kršenja Washingtonskog sporazuma na štetu Hrvata, jer su brojne ovlasti ukinute županijama. Novouspostavljena federalna ministarstva prosvjete i kulture, te energetike su formirana suprotno sporazumu, jer su ove nadležnosti, prema dokumentu, morale biti na županijskoj razini. Jednako je s pitanjima radija i televizije jer je Federacija BiH dobila isključivi nadzor nad spektrom frekvencija. Također, od početnog pariteta hrvatskih i bošnjačkih ministara, te obaveznog supotpisivanja zamjenika ministra iz drugog naroda na svaki dokument, se prešlo na bošnjačku nadmoć (8 ministara iz reda bošnjačkog naroda, 3 iz srpskog, no koje su birali Bošnjaci, i samo 5 iz hrvatskog) i nebitnost potpisa zamjenika. Uz to, dokumentom je dopušten ustroj vijeća hrvatskih županija koje bi "koordiniralo politiku i aktivnosti u pitanjima od zajedničkog interesa", no unatoč dopuštenju, 2001. godine taj pokušaj visoki predstavnik Wolfgang Petritsch je zaustavio.

Do ključne 2002. godine i promjene Ustava FBiH (Petritschevi amandmani) u sastav Vlade su osim ministara (gdje je Hrvatima bila zagarantirana najmanje 1/3 ministarskih mjesta) ulazili i njihovi zamjenici. Po pravilu, ako je ministar bio Bošnjak – zamjenik je bio Hrvat i obrnuto, ako je ministar bio Hrvat zamjenik je bio Bošnjak. Kada se zbroje mjesta ministara i zamjenika ministara Hrvati su bili ravnopravan partner u federalnoj Vladi (i po brojnosti i po načinu odlučivanja). U načinu odlučivanja u Vladi Federacije BiH uvedene su takve promjene koje su iz ustava izbrisale riječi "konsenzus" i mogućnost bilo kakvog utjecaja konstitutivnih naroda na odluke Vlade, tako da je ostalo isključivo glasovanje običnom većinom. Ta većina su naravno uvijek Bošnjaci (8 ministara + premijer = 9 glasova). Tome treba dodati da zbog svoje brojnosti bošnjačke političke elite redovito popune i srpske kvote u Vladi FBiH (3 ministra). Međutim, to nije bilo dovoljno (11 od 16 ministara plus premijer) pa su u razdoblju 2010. – 2014. (Vlada Platforme) popunili i hrvatske kvote. Ustavna rješenja (2002.) propisuju fiksne kvote ministara po konstitutivnim narodima. Diskriminatorska rješenja su u samom ustavu kojima se jedan enitet faktički priznaje kao srpski (8 Srba – ministara u Vladi Republike Srpske), a jedan entitet kao bošnjački (8 Bošnjaka – ministara u Vladi Federacije BiH). Ukupno, Bošnjaci imaju 13 ministara (41%), Srbi 11 ministara (34%), a Hrvati 8 ministara (25%) u entitetskim vladama. Tu nije uračunato mjesto entitetskog premijera, premijer Vlade RS-a uvijek je Srbin, a premijer Vlade FBiH uvijek Bošnjak. Bosankohercegovački Hrvat ne može biti premijer niti jednog entiteta prema postojećim ustavnim/zakonskim rješenjima.

"Sastav Vijeća Naroda i Doma Naroda biće paritetan tako da svaki konstitutivni narod ima isti broj zastupnika. Najmanje osam najviše 17 zastupnika bit će iz reda jednog konstitutivnog naroda. Ostali su zastupljeni u broju koji ne prelazi polovicu predstavnika jednog konstitutivnog naroda u Vijeću naroda, odnosno Domu naroda" - Sarajevski sporazum o ustavnim promjenama. Učinak Barryjevih amandmana jednostavno omogućava da hrvatski predstavnici budu izabrani od stranaka koje nemaju potporu hrvatskih birača. U teoriji, bošnjačke stranke mogu izabrati 6 izaslanika u hrvatski klub Doma naroda, što predstavlja jednu trećinu od 17. Prema Petritschevim amandmanima nije više potrebna većina u svakom klubu Doma naroda nego samo jedna trećina za izbor Predsjednika/Potpredsjednika FBiH. Predsjednik FBiH je bitan jer potvrđuje Vladu FBiH. Ako u ponovljenom postupku izbora Predsjednika/Potpredsjednika FBiH jedan od domova odbije zajedničku listu, smatrat će se da su kandidirane osobe prihvaćanjem liste u jednom domu. Uvodi se drugi krug glasovanja u kojem je potrebna potvrda u samo jednom domu. S obzirom na to da su Bošnjaci većina stanovništva u FBiH (oko 70%), imaju kontrolu nad Zastupničkim domom Parlamenta FBiH te u praksi nad svim klubovima u Domu naroda osim hrvatskog, jasna je opasnost koju za Hrvate predstavljaju spomenute promjene. Svake opće izbore se vodi velika borba kako Bošnjaci ne bi izabrali trećinu hrvatskoga kluba i tako potpuno dekonstituirali Hrvate. Pet je županija s većinskim bošnjačkim stanovništvom (Unsko-sanska, Tuzlanska, Zeničko-dobojska, Sarajevska i Bosansko-podrinjska), iz svake dolazi po jedan izaslanik u Klub Hrvata. Bošnjaci u teoriji mogu izabrati trećinu hrvatskih izaslanika, izbaciti Hrvate iz formiranja izvršne vlasti i praktički ih pretvoriti u nacionalnu manjinu. Klub izaslanika hrvatskog naroda u Domu naroda Parlamenta FBiH predstavlja posljednjeg jamca konstitutivnosti Hrvata u BiH.

Vanjske poveznice
 Sporazum o posebnim odnosima između Republike Hrvatske i Federacije BiH

Izvori

Politika Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine


NGC 52 este o galaxie spirală situată în constelația Pegasus. A fost descoperită în 18 septembrie 1784 de către William Herschel.

Caracteristici fizice
Această galaxie are lungimea în jur de 150.000 de ani-lumină. Este de aproximativ 1,5 ori mai mare față de Calea Lactee. De asemenea, NGC 52 are un satelit, o galaxie eliptică numită PGC 1563523.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 51
 NGC 53
 Listă a obiectelor NGC (1-1000)

Legături externe

 SEDS

Galaxii spirale
Galaxii eliptice
Constelația Pegas
Obiecte NGC
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1784
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de William Herschel

NGC 52


was a town located in Shitsuki District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,736 and a density of 71.07 persons per km2. The total area was 80.71 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Yoshii, along with the town of Bisei (from Oda District), was merged into the expanded city of Ibara.

Dissolved municipalities of Okayama Prefecture

Yoshii, Okayama (Shitsuki)


Ruth Ware (Lewes, 26 de setembro de 1977), pseudônimo de Ruth Warburton, é uma autora inglesa de thrillers psicológicos. Vários de seus romances estiveram nas listas dos dez mais vendidos do Sunday Times do Reino Unido e do The New York Times e ela foi traduzida para mais de 40 idiomas. Ela mudou para Ruth Ware para distinguir seus romances policiais dos romances de fantasia para jovens adultos publicados sob seu nome, Ruth Warburton.

Biografia
Ruth Ware cresceu em Sussex, na costa sul da Inglaterra. Trabalhou como garçonete, livreira, professora de inglês para estrangeiros e assessora de imprensa antes de escrever seu primeiro romance, In a Dark, Dark Wood (2015) (Em um Bosque Muito Escuro), que entrou para a lista de best-sellers do The New York Times. Atualmente, vive com o marido e dois filhos no norte de Londres.

Recepção da critica
As críticas aos thrillers de crimes psicológicos de Ruth Ware têm sido geralmente positivas. The Independent nomeou In A Dark, Dark Wood como "o romance policial mais quente deste ano". The Guardian elogiou a "excelente caracterização" de In A Dark, Dark Wood e chamou o final do livro de "hipnotizante". The Independent descreveu The Lying Game como "emocionante o suficiente para ser devorado em uma única sessão", em uma crítica de quatro estrelas. Em uma crítica estrelada, o crítico da Kirkus Reviews disse "cancele seus planos para o fim de semana quando se sentar com esse livro, porque não vai querer se mexer até que acabe".

Livros
 In a Dark, Dark Wood (2015) Em Um Bosque Muito Escuro (Rocco, 2015)
 The Woman in Cabin 10 (2016) A Mulher na Cabine 10 (Rocco, 2017)
 The Lying Game (2017) O Jogo da Mentira (Rocco, 2019)
 The Death of Mrs Westaway (2018) A morte da Sra. Westaway (Rocco, 2021)
 The Turn of the Key (2019)
 One by One (2020)
 The IT Girl (2022)

Sob o nome Ruth Warburton
Livros de fantasia para público jovem adulto.

 A Witch Alone (2013)
 A Witch in Winter (2013)
 A Witch in Love (2013)
 Witch Finder (2014)
 Witch Hunt (2014)

Mulheres romancistas da Inglaterra
Alunos da Universidade de Manchester
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1977
Pseudônimos da Inglaterra
Escritores de suspense

Ruth Ware


Salvador Guardiola Torá (5 de setembro de 1988) é um ciclista profissional espanhol. Atualmente milita nas fileiras do conjunto Kinan Cycling Team.

Biografia
Estreiou no final do 2009 como stagiaire (aprendiz à prova) com o Contentpolis-Ampo.

Entre 2010 e 2013 esteve na equipa Heraklion Kastro-Múrcia e suas diferentes denominações graças a patrocínios espanhóis (Região de Múrcia, Gios Deyser e Diputación de León). Conseguiu destacar minimamente no Tour da Grécia 2012 onde foi segundo numa etapa e décimo na classificação geral.

Depois de terminar de receber essa equipa apoio por empresas e instituições espanholas Salvador assinou em 2013 um contrato por uma temporada com a equipa Team Differdange-Losch do Luxemburgo. Foi a quarta temporada de Guardiola no campo profissional, no que estreia no final de 2009, e ao ciclista, que destaca por ser um bom rodador.

Palmarés

Estrada

 2017
 1 etapa do Tour de Tochigi

Pista

 2012
 2.º no Campeonato da Espanha Perseguição por Equipas (fazendo equipas com Pablo Aitor Bernal, Rubén Fernández e Eloy Teruel)

Equipas

 Contentpolis-Ampo (2009)
 Heraklion/KTM/Gios Deyser (2010-2012)
 Heraklion Kastro-Múrcia (2010)
 KTM-Murcia (2011)
 Gios Deyser-Leon Kastro (2012)
 Team Differdange-Losch (2013)
 PinoRoad (01.01.2014-30.02.2014)
 Team Ukyo (01.07.2014-2017)
 Kinan Cycling Team (2018-)

Notas e referências

Ligações externas

 Ficha de Salvador Guardiola (sitiodeciclismo.net)

Ciclistas da Espanha
Ciclistas de pista da Espanha

Salvador Guardiola


Bônus de guerra são títulos de dívida emitidos por um governo para financiar operações militares e outras despesas em tempos de guerra sem aumentar os impostos a um nível impopular. Eles também são um meio de controlar a inflação, removendo o dinheiro da circulação em uma economia estimulada em tempos de guerra. Os títulos de guerra são títulos de varejo comercializados diretamente ao público ou títulos de atacado negociados no mercado de ações. Exortações para comprar títulos de guerra muitas vezes foram acompanhadas por apelos ao patriotismo e à consciência. Os títulos de guerra de varejo, como outros títulos de varejo, tendem a ter um rendimento inferior ao oferecido pelo mercado e são frequentemente disponibilizados em uma ampla gama de denominações para torná-los acessíveis a todos os cidadãos.

Por que títulos e não impostos?
Os títulos são uma alternativa para o financiamento da atividade bélica. Outra fonte de financiamento são os impostos. Muitos governos e economistas preferem títulos a impostos para atrasar o pagamento.

Links externos

 Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig and Elmer Fudd pitch War Bonds
 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: World War I 1914–1918 bond posters and writings

Guerra

Bônus de guerra


Fahrdorf Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı bölge. 12 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 2578 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Heinrich Mau tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.haddeby.de/index.html

Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Fahrdorf


L'édition 2022 est la sixième édition de la Classique héritage de la LNH, en , une partie annuelle de hockey sur glace disputée à l'extérieur en Amérique du Nord. La partie, initialement prévue le , est reportée en raison des conséquences de la pandémie de Covid-19. Il a finalement lieu le  et est remporté par les Sabres de Buffalo face aux Maple Leafs de Toronto sur le score de 5 à 2.

Contexte
L'évènement a lieu au Tim Hortons Field, car il est situé à mi--chemin entre les Buffalo et Toronto. Pour les deux équipes, il s'agit d'une première participation à une Classique Héritage. Les Sabres deviennent également la première équipe non canadienne à y prendre part.

Affluence
26 119 personnes assistent à ce match, il s'agit de la plus faible affluence à un match extérieur de la LNH.

Divertissement
Avant le match, les hymnes nationaux sont interprété par la chanteuse de Country pop Lindsay Ell. Lors de la première pause, Alessia Cara donne un concert et lors de la seconde pause, l'Équipe du Canada féminine de hockey sur glace est honorée pour sa médaille d'or lors des Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022.

Effectifs

Feuille de match

Match des anciens

Notes et références

2022
Événement sportif en Ontario
Maple Leafs de Toronto
Sabres de Buffalo
Hockey sur glace en 2022
Sport au Canada en 2022

Classique héritage de la LNH 2022


Le Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) est une agence du département du Commerce des États-Unis responsable des questions liées à la sécurité nationale et aux technologies de pointe. L'un des principaux objectifs du bureau est de lutter contre la prolifération des armes de destruction massive, tout en favorisant la croissance des exportations américaines. Le Bureau est dirigé par le sous-secrétaire au commerce pour l'industrie et la sécurité.

La mission du BIS est d'améliorer la sécurité nationale, la politique étrangère et les intérêts économiques des États-Unis. Les activités du BIS comprennent la réglementation de l'exportation de biens sensibles et de technologies à double usage (civiles et militaires) ; l'application des lois sur le contrôle des exportations, l'anti-boycott et la sécurité publique ; la coopération avec les autres pays en matière de contrôle des exportations et de questions commerciales stratégiques ; l'appui à l'industrie américaine dans le cadre du respect des accords internationaux de maîtrise des armements ; la surveillance de la viabilité de la base industrielle de défense américaine ; et la promotion d'initiatives fédérales et de partenariats public-privé pour protéger les infrastructures essentielles du pays.

Les articles figurant sur la liste de contrôle du commerce (CCL) - qui comprend de nombreux produits et technologies sensibles comme les logiciels de cryptage - nécessitent un permis du Département du commerce avant de pouvoir être exportés. Pour déterminer si un permis d'exportation est requis, un numéro de classification de contrôle des exportations (ECCN) est utilisé.

Articles connexes
 Titre 15 du Code des règlements fédéraux
 Système de suivi automatisé de la classification des marchandises

Références

Liens externes

 Bureau de l'industrie et de la sécurité
 Bureau de l'industrie et de la sécurité dans le registre fédéral
 Rechercher dans la liste de filtrage BIS

Agence fédérale des États-Unis chargée de l'application de la loi

Bureau of Industry and Security


Martin Lassahn (* 1961) ist Professor für Elektrische Messtechnik und Lineare Systeme an der Hochschule Hannover.

Leben
Nach einer Ausbildung als Funkelektroniker absolvierte Martin Lassahn von 1982 bis 1985 ein Studium der Elektrotechnik u. Informatik an der TFH Berlin. Es folgte von 1985 bis 1988 ein Studium der Elektrotechnik an der TU-Berlin Von 1988 bis 1995 war er wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Institut für elektrische Messtechnik der Helmut-Schmidt-Universität-Hamburg, wo 1995 seine Promotion im Bereich Messung magnetischer Feldstrukturen erfolgte. Seit 2009 ist Martin Lassahn Professor an der Hochschule Hannover.

Publikationen

Weblinks

 fakultaet1.fh-hannover.de

Einzelnachweise

Elektroingenieur
Deutscher
Hochschullehrer (Hochschule Hannover)
Geboren 1961
Mann

Martin Lassahn


The presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina () is a three-member body which collectively serves as head of state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to Article V of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the presidency comprises three members: one Bosniak, one Serb, and one Croat. The Bosniak and Croat members are elected from a joint constituency in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, whilst the Serb member is elected from voters in Republika Srpska.

The three members elected at any one election serve a collective four-year term. Individuals are able to serve no more than two consecutive four-year terms, although there are no overall term limits.

Although the unsubdivided body is the collective head of state, one member is designated as chairperson. The position of chairperson rotates twice around the three members every eight months, with the candidate receiving the most votes overall becoming the first chairperson over the four-year term.

Current members

Powers, duties and responsibilities

The Presidency is responsible for:
Conducting the foreign policy of Bosnia and Herzegovina;
Appointing ambassadors and other international representatives, no more than two-thirds of which may come from the Federation;
Representing Bosnia and Herzegovina in European and international organizations and institutions and seeking membership in such organizations and institutions of which it is not a member;
Negotiating, denouncing, and, with the consent of the Parliamentary Assembly, ratifying treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina;
Executing decisions of the Parliamentary Assembly;
Proposing, upon the recommendation of the Council of Ministers, an annual budget to the Parliamentary Assembly;
Reporting as requested, but no less than annually, to the Parliamentary Assembly on expenditures by the Presidency;
Coordinating as necessary with international and nongovernmental organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and;
Performing such other functions as may be necessary to carry out its duties, as may be assigned to it by the Parliamentary Assembly, or as may be agreed by the Entities.

List of members

See also

Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
List of members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
List of members of the Presidency by time in office
Triumvirate

References

Notes

External links
Website of the Presidency
Article V of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Holding Bosnian presidents accountable, ISN Security Watch, 21 December 2006

1996 establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Presidencies
Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Collective heads of state
Triarchies

Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina


في علم الرياضيات التفكيك العشري هو طريقة لكتابة العدد الحقيقي الموجبة باستعمال قوى للعدد عشرة 10 (سلبية أو إيجابية). عندما تكون الاعداد صحيحة طبيعية، يتوافق التفكيك العشري مع الكتابة في القاعدة 10 وعندما تكون الاعداد عدد عشري، نحصل على تفكيك عشري محدود. عندما يكون العدد كسريا، يكون التفكيك العشري غير محدود ودوري. وأخيرا، عندما يكون العدد حقيقيا غير نسبي فالتفكيك العشري يكون غير محدود وغير دوري.

أمثلة على الكسر العشري: 4و0 ،ومثال آخر 71و3 ، ومثال ثالث لكسر عشري 5437و43

نجد أن العدد  5437و43  مكون من عدد صحيح مقداره 43

بالإضافة إلى 5 أجزاء من 10

بالإضافة إلى 4 أجزاء من 100

بالإضافة إلى 3 أجزاء من 1000

يالإضافة إلى 7 أجزاء من 10000.

مثال على كسر عشري دوري (أو غير محدود):

مثل هذا الكسر العشري الدوري يتولد عندما نقسم 1 /3 عشريا، فالنتيجة تكون : ...33333333و0 ( بلا نهاية).

التمثيل العشري لعدد حقيقي غير سالب r هو تعبير على الصورة:

حيث:
 هي علامة مجموع،

و a0 عدد صحيح غير سالب، و a1,
a2, … أعداد صحيحة تحقق الشرط  ، وغالبا ما يكتب هذا بشكل مختصر بالشكل العشري التالي:

(مثال: لهذا العدد 325و7 )
 (ملحوظة: نستخدم "الفاصل"في العربية (و) مثلما تستخدم في الفرنسية والألمانية ؛ أما في الإنكليزية فيستخدمون نقطة (.) للعلامة العشرية.)
يُدعى a0 الجزء الصحيح ل r. هو ليس بالضرورة محصورا بين 0 و 9, وa1, a2, a3, … هي خانات تشكل الجزء الكسري ل r.
من التعريف:

.

التقريب العشري المحدود

يمكن تقريب أي عدد حقيقي إلى أي دقة مرغوبة بواسطة أعداد نسبية ذات تمثيل عشري محدود.

بفرض . فإنه لكل عدد صحيح  يوجد عدد عشري محدود  بحيث أن:

الاثبات:

لتكن , حيث .
وعليه , وبقسمة جميع الاطراف نحصل على . (وهي حقيقة أن  لها تمثيل عشري محدود هي سهلة الاثبات فعلا.)

التمثيل العشري المحدود
ينتهي نشر التمثيل العشري لعدد غير سالب x بأصفار (أو تسعات) إذا وفقط إذا كان x عدد نسبي مقامه على الصورة 2n5m, حيث m وn هي أعداد صحيحة غير سالبة.

الاثبات:

إذا كان النشر العشري ل x سينتهي بأصفار، أو
لقيمة معينة n,
فإن مقام x سيكون على الصورة 10n = 2n5n.

وعلى نحو مضاد، إذا كان مقام x على الصورة 2n5m,

لقيمة معينة p.
بينما x هي على الصورة ,
 لقيمة معينة n.
ولكل ,
فإن x سوف تنتهي بأصفار.

تمثيلات عشرية قابلة للمعاودة

بعض الأعداد الحقيقية يمكن نشرها بصورة حلقة، حيث تتكرر مجموعة من خانة أو أكثر:

1/3 = 0.33333
1/7 = 0.142857142857...
1318/185 = 7.1243243243...
على الرغم من التكرار يظل هذا العدد نسبي.

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 نظام عد عشري
 نظام عد
 عدد كسري
 كسر مستمر

أنظمة عد
تدوين رياضي
مقالات تحوي براهين

تمثيل عشري


Sjećanja su memoarska proza bosanskohercegovačkog književnika Meše Selimovića, objavljene 1976. godine.

O djelu
Sjećanja Meše Selimovića kao oblik dnevničkih zapisa pripadaju dijelu publicistike. Predstavljaju uvod u piščevo djelo, spojnicu između esejističkih iskaza i beletrističkih slika. Selimović je nastojao uz romane i pripovjedački opus komponirati i knjigu eseja, razgovora i prikaza koji bi išli ravnopravno uz njih. Sjećanja se razlikuje se od svih njegovih ostalih djela. To su piščeve intimne ispovijesti o svome životu od najranijeg djetinjstva do starosti i zapis o njegovoj umjetnosti, nadasve iskren i hrabar u oba nivoa. U umjetničkom pogledu, kao i u metatekstualnom izričaju o umjetnosti, Sjećanja ulaze u krug Selimovićeve romaneskne proze, te s njom čine organsko jedinstvo, i to ponajviše s Dervišom i smrti.

Meša Selimović je na stranicama ove knjige zabilježio sve pojedinosti koje su obilježile njegov život, a koje su ostale urezane duboko u njemu kao neizbrisivi tragovi jednog djetinjstva, zavičaja, ratnih godina, književnog stvaralaštva i velikih prijateljstava. Iako o minulim godinama pripovijeda s određene vremenske distance, on ih uspijeva dočarati živopisno.

Citati

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Sjećanja

Meša Selimović

Sjećanja


Paradisanthus, monotipski rod južnoameričkih orhideja, smješten u podtribus Zygopetalinae, dio tribusa Cymbidieae. Jedina je vrsta istočnobrazilski endem P. bahiensis.

Sinonimi
 Koellensteinia espiritosantensis Ruschi
 Paradisanthus micranthus (Barb.Rodr.) Schltr.
 Paradisanthus mosenii Rchb.f.
 Paradisanthus mosenii var. paulensis (Barb.Rodr.) Hoehne
 Paradisanthus neglectus Schltr.
 Paradisanthus paranaensis Barb.Rodr.
 Paradisanthus paulensis Barb.Rodr.
 Warrea bahiensis (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.
 Zygopetalum micranthum Barb.Rodr.

Izvori

Zygopetalinae
Flora sjeveroistočnog Brazila
Flora južnog Brazila
Flora jugoistočnog Brazila

Paradisanthus


O  Ferrari 275  foi um modelo utilizado pela Ferrari no GP da Bélgica de 1950.Teve como piloto Alberto Ascari.

Carros de Fórmula 1 da Ferrari

Ferrari 275 (Fórmula 1)


In mathematics, in the area of number theory, a Gaussian period is a certain kind of sum of roots of unity. The periods permit explicit calculations in cyclotomic fields connected with Galois theory and with harmonic analysis (discrete Fourier transform). They are basic in the classical theory called cyclotomy. Closely related is the Gauss sum, a type of exponential sum which is a linear combination of periods.

History
As the name suggests, the periods were introduced by Gauss and were the basis for his theory of compass and straightedge construction. For example, the construction of the heptadecagon (a formula that furthered his reputation) depended on the algebra of such periods, of which

is an example involving the seventeenth root of unity

General definition

Given an integer n > 1, let H be any subgroup of the multiplicative group

of invertible residues modulo n, and let

A Gaussian period P is a sum of the primitive n-th roots of unity , where  runs through all of the elements in a fixed coset of H in G.

The definition of P can also be stated in terms of the field trace. We have

for some subfield L of Q(ζ) and some j coprime to n. This corresponds to the previous definition by identifying G and H with the Galois groups  of  Q(ζ)/Q and Q(ζ)/L, respectively.  The choice of j determines the choice of coset of H in G in the previous definition.

Example
The situation is simplest when n is a prime number p > 2. In that case G is cyclic of order p − 1, and has one subgroup H of order d for every factor d of p − 1. For example, we can take H of index two. In that case H consists of the quadratic residues modulo p. Corresponding to this H we have the Gaussian period

summed over (p − 1)/2 quadratic residues, and the other period P* summed over the (p − 1)/2 quadratic non-residues. It is easy to see that

since the left-hand side adds all the primitive p-th roots of 1. We also know, from the trace definition, that P lies in a quadratic extension of Q. Therefore, as Gauss knew, P satisfies a quadratic equation with integer coefficients. Evaluating the square of the sum P is connected with the problem of counting how many quadratic residues between 1 and p − 1 are succeeded by quadratic residues.  The solution is elementary (as we would now say, it computes a local zeta-function, for a curve that is a conic). One has

(P − P*)2 = p or −p, for p = 4m + 1 or 4m + 3 respectively.

This therefore gives us the precise information about which quadratic field lies in Q(ζ). (That could be derived also by ramification arguments in algebraic number theory; see quadratic field.)

As Gauss eventually showed, to evaluate P − P*, the correct square root to take is the positive (resp. i times positive real) one, in the two cases. Thus the explicit value of the period P is given by

Gauss sums
As is discussed in more detail below, the Gaussian periods are closely related to another class of sums of roots of unity, now generally called Gauss sums (sometimes Gaussian sums). The quantity P − P* presented above is a quadratic Gauss sum mod p, the simplest non-trivial example of a Gauss sum. One observes that P − P*  may also be written as

where  here stands for the Legendre symbol (a/p), and the sum is taken over residue classes modulo p.  More generally, given a Dirichlet character χ mod n, the Gauss sum mod n associated with χ is

For the special case of  the principal Dirichlet character, the Gauss sum reduces to the Ramanujan sum:

where μ is the Möbius function.

The Gauss sums  are ubiquitous in number theory; for example they occur significantly in the functional equations of L-functions. (Gauss sums are in a sense the finite field analogues of the gamma function.)

Relationship of Gaussian periods and Gauss sums
The Gaussian periods are related to the Gauss sums  for which the character χ is trivial on H.  Such χ take the same value at all elements a in a fixed coset of H in G.  For example, the quadratic character mod p described above takes the value 1 at each quadratic residue, and takes the value -1 at each quadratic non-residue.
The Gauss sum  can thus be written as a linear combination of Gaussian periods (with coefficients χ(a)); the converse is also true, as a consequence of the orthogonality relations for the group (Z/nZ)×. In other words, the Gaussian periods and Gauss sums are each other's Fourier transforms. The Gaussian periods generally lie in smaller fields, since for example when n is a prime p, the values χ(a) are (p − 1)-th roots of unity. On the other hand, Gauss sums have nicer algebraic properties.

References

Galois theory
Cyclotomic fields
Euclidean plane geometry
Carl Friedrich Gauss

Gaussian period


Dicentra (Greek dís "twice", kéntron "spur"), known as bleeding-hearts, is a genus of eight species of herbaceous plants with oddly shaped flowers and finely divided leaves, native to eastern Asia and North America.

Description
Flowers have two tiny sepals and four petals. The flowers are bisymmetric: the two outer petals are spurred or pouched at the base and curved outwards or backwards at the tip, and the two inner ones with or without a crest at the tip. In Dicentra, all leaves are in a basal rosette, and flowers are on leafless stalks. In other genera with bisymmetric heart-shaped flowers (Lamprocapnos, Dactylicapnos, Ichtyoselmis, Ehrendorferia), leaves grow on stems as well as from the root. Each of the two compound stamens is composed of one median and two lateral half stamens fused together. The stamens and pistil are held between the inner petals. Native to Northeastern Asia's chilly, wet forests, bleeding heart flowers grow in dappled shade, whereas if grown in poorly drained soil and intense shadows they will not bloom or survive.

Seeds with elaiosomes are borne in long capsules.

All parts are poisonous if ingested.

Taxonomy

Current species
The genus Dicentra includes plants whose flowers and leaves grow on stems directly from the roots. Species with branching stems used to be included in the genus, but have now been moved to other genera.

Former species
The genera Dactylicapnos, Ichtyoselmis, Ehrendorferia and Lamprocapnos were previously included as subgenera in Dicentra, but have been shown not to belong in this genus (see for example Flora of China)

 Dactylicapnos Wall. (14 species of herbaceous climbers with yellow flowers, Himalaya to SW China)
 Dactylicapnos burmanica (K.R.Stern) Lidén
 Dactylicapnos grandifoliolata Merrill (Dicentra paucinervia K.R.Stern)
 Dactylicapnos lichiangensis (Fedde) Hand.-Mazz.
 Dactylicapnos macrocapnos (Prain) Hutchinson
 Dactylicapnos roylei (Hook.f.  &  Th.) Hutchinson
 Dactylicapnos scandens (D.Don) Hutchinson
 Dactylicapnos schneideri (Fedde) Lidén
 Dactylicapnos gaoligongshanensis Lidén
 Dactylicapnos torulosa (Hook.f. & Th.) Hutchinson (Dicentra wolfdietheri Fedde)
 Dactylicapnos cordata Lidén
Ehrendorferia Lidén (2 species of erect robust herbaceous perennials with yellow or cream erect flowers, Western N America)
 Ehrendorferia ochroleuca (Engelm.) Lidén=Dicentra ochroleuca  Engelm.
 Ehrendorferia chrysantha (Hook. & Arn.) Lidén. Golden Ear-drops=Dicentra chrysantha Hook. & Arn.
Ichtyoselmis Lidén (1 species of large herbaceous perennial with serrate leaflets and large drooping cream flowers, China, Burma)
 Ichtyoselmis macrantha (Oliver) Lidén
Lamprocapnos Endlicher (1 species of herbaceous perennial with large pink flowers in horizontal racemes, NE China, Korea)
 Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara bleeding heart=Dicentra spectabilis Lem.

Cultivation

There are several hybrids and cultivars involving Dicentra eximia, Dicentra formosa, and Dicentra peregrina, including (those marked   have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit):-

Dicentra 'Aurora' — Dicentra formosa × Dicentra eximia — white flowers
D. formosa 'Bacchanal' ()  — deep red
Dicentra 'Ivory Hearts' — Dicentra peregrina × Dicentra eximia 'Alba' — white
Dicentra 'King of Hearts' — Dicentra peregrina × (Dicentra formosa subsp. oregana × Dicentra eximia)
D. formosa 'Langtrees' ()
Dicentra 'Luxuriant' ()  — Dicentra formosa × Dicentra eximia × Dicentra peregrina

Dicentra 'Stuart Boothman' ()

Hybrids involving Dicentra peregrina are often intolerant of hot, humid climates and sun, like the species itself.

References

Papaveraceae genera

Dicentra


La Fundație Universitatea Versailles (franceză Fondation Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines) este un organism administrativ independent, care a fost stabilită prin UVSQ într-un efort de a stimula și de a promova dezvoltarea filantropiei.

Istorie
După crearea fundației pentru 2011, livrarea primelor granturi pentru a sprijini experiența internațională are loc în 2014. Între octombrie 2014 și iunie 2015 a avut loc prima campanie de strangere de fonduri pentru biblioteca universității. Un inițiative de fonduri de solidaritate lansate în noiembrie 2015, urmat de Versailles Stiinte Lab a lunii. 2016 a văzut prezentarea primul premiu tinerele talente.

Personalitate legată
 Nicolas Tenoux, fostul ambasador

Referințe

Președinții
 Jean-Luc Vayssière : 2011 - 2015
 Yves Fouchet : 2015 - ?

Legături externe
 Fondation UVSQ

Fundații
Versailles

Fundație Universitatea Versailles


Polipeptit, 10 ile 100 arasında aminoasit içeren aminoasitler zinciri. Daha fazla aminoasit bulunduğunda proteinler söz konusu olur. Polipeptit ve protein isimlerinin ifade ettikleri moleküller birbirine çok benzemekte ve bazen eş anlamlı olarak kullanılmaktadırlar. Doğal polipeptitler arasında hormonlar, alerjenler, proteolitik enzimlerin özgül yavaşlatıcıları (özellikle pepsin ile tripsinin) ve birçok antibiyotik, örneğin penisilin, yer alır.

Sinir sisteminde polipetitlerin bulunması nispeten yakın zamana dayanır. Polipeptitler hem bazı nöronlarda hem de sindirim kanalının bazı hücrelerinde bulunur. Etkileri pek belirlenmemiş olmakla birlikte, bir sinirsel iletici işlevi gördükleri düşünülmektedir. Günümüzde P maddesi, opioit peptitler (enkefalinler, endorfinler), anjiyotensin, somatostatin, tireoliberin, gonadoliberin, vazopressin, oksitosin, nörotensin, damar bağırsak peptiti, kolesistokinin ve karnozin bilinmektedir. Bazı nöronların uçlarında hem bir peptit hem de bir klasik sinirsel iletici (dopamin, serotonin) bulunduğunu gözlemek ilgi çekicidir.

Peptitler

Polipeptit


Kaldeja (akadski: Kasdu, asirski: Kaldū, Khaldū, hebrejski: Kašdim) antički je naziv za jugoistočno područje Mezopotamije, odnosno zapadni dio nekadašnjega Sumera. Oko 1000. pr. Kr. područje Kaldeje naselili su aramejski Kaldejci i ondje osnovali niz malih državica, koje su bile u stalnim borbama s Babiloncima i Asircima. Godine 626. pr. Kr. Nabopolasar zavladao je Babilonom i utemeljio Novobabilonsko Kraljevstvo, nazivano i Kaldejsko Kraljevstvo. Time se ime Kaldeja protegnulo na Babiloniju pa i Mezopotamiju. Nabopolasarov sin Nabukodonosor II. stvorio je od toga kraljevstva velesilu, koja je nakon njegove smrti propala i 539. pr. Kr. došla pod vlast Ahemenidskog Perzijskog Carstva.

Izvori

Vidi još
 Kaldejci
 Kaldejsko Kraljevstvo
 Kaldejska katolička Crkva

Vanjske poveznice
 Kaldeja, Proleksis enciklopedija
 Chaldea, Encyclopædia Britannica

Drevna Mezopotamija

Kaldeja


Vanessa Quai (, Port-Vila) est une chanteuse vanuataise.

Issue d'une famille dans laquelle musique et religion sont très présentes, Vanessa Quai fait sa première apparition en public en 1995 lorsqu'elle se produit avec son père lors d'une soirée musicale à l'église Sarabetu.

En 1998, elle participe à l'enregistrement d'un album dont les revenus sont destinés à venir en aide aux victimes du séisme survenu cette année-là en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée.

Elle participe ensuite avec succès à plusieurs concours musicaux et enregistre en 2000 son premier album solo. Son deuxième album, The untouched paradise, dépasse les prévisions avec  albums écoulés lors de la première semaine. Le succès de cet album conduit Vanessa Quai à entamer une carrière professionnelle dans la musique.

Elle est devenue une artiste majeure du Vanuatu et des pays voisins, capable de rassembler plusieurs milliers de personnes lors de ses concerts.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en juillet 1988
Culture vanuatuane

Vanessa Quai


Tekstilbank 1986 yılında tekstil sektörünün genel olarak faaliyet gösteren Rüştü Akın'ın sahibi olduğu, Akın Şirketler Grubu tarafından kuruldu.

1992 yılında 96 tekstil kuruluşunun bir araya gelmesiyle kurulan GSD Dış Ticaret A.Ş., Tekstilbank'in %30 hissesini alarak ikinci büyük ortak oldu.

GSD Holding 2002 yılında %75'lik hisse oranı ile ana hissedar konumuna geçmiştir.

2006 yılında yapılan sermaye artırımı ile bankanın sermayesi, 300 milyon TL'ye yükseltilmiştir.

Çinli bankacılık grubu ICBC'nin (Industrial and Commercial Bank of China) 22 Mayıs 2015 tarihinde bankaya ait hisselerin % 75,5'lik kısmını 668.810.011,63 TL'ye satın almasının ardından 23 Kasım 2015 tarihinde bankanın ismi ICBC Turkey Bank A.Ş. olarak değişmiştir.

Türkiye'deki bankalar
1986'da kurulan finans şirketleri

Tekstilbank


An Vallisneria anhuiensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni X.S.Shen. An Vallisneria anhuiensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vallisneria, ngan familia nga Hydrocharitaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vallisneria

Vallisneria anhuiensis


In a motion picture, television program or video game, the opening credits or opening titles are shown at the very beginning and list the most important members of the production. They are now usually shown as text superimposed on a blank screen or static pictures, or sometimes on top of action in the show. There may or may not be accompanying music. When opening credits are built into a separate sequence of their own, the correct term is a title sequence (such as the familiar James Bond and Pink Panther title sequences).

Opening credits since the early 1980s, if present at all, identify the major actors and crew, while the closing credits list an extensive cast and production crew. Historically, however, opening credits have been the only source of crew credits and, largely, the cast, although over time the tendency to repeat the cast, and perhaps add a few players, with their roles identified (as was not always the case in the opening credits), evolved. The ascendancy of television movies after 1964 and the increasingly short "shelf-life" of films in theaters has largely contributed to the credits convention which came with television programs from the beginning, of holding the vast majority of cast and crew information for display at the end of the show.

In movies and television, the title and opening credits may be preceded by a "cold open," or teaser (in other words, a brief scene prior to the main acts), that helps to set the stage for the episode or film.

History

Up until the 1970s, closing credits for films usually listed only a reprise of the cast members with their roles identified, or even simply just said "The End," requiring opening credits to normally contain the details. For instance, the title sequence of the 1968 film Oliver! runs for about three-and-a-half minutes, and while not listing the complete cast, does list nearly all of its technical credits at the beginning of the film, all set against a background of what appear to be, but in fact are not, authentic 19th-century engravings of typical London life. The only credit at film's end is a listing of most of the cast, including cast members not listed at the beginning. These are set against a replay of some of the "'Consider Yourself" sequence.

Some opening credits are presented over the opening sequences of a film, rather than in a separate title sequence. The opening credits for the 1993 film The Fugitive continued intermittently over several opening scenes, and did not finish until fifteen minutes into the film. The opening credits for the 1968 film Once Upon a Time in the West lasted for fourteen minutes.

The first sound film to begin without any opening credits was Walt Disney's Fantasia, released in 1940. In the film's general release, a title card and the credit "Color by Technicolor" were spliced onto the beginning of the film, but otherwise there were no credits, although closing credits were added to the 1990 re-release and are on the videocassette. This general release version has been the one most often seen by audiences. In the roadshow version of the film, unseen by most audiences until its DVD release, the title card is seen only at the halfway point of the film, as a cue that the intermission is about to begin. The intermission was omitted in the general release version.

Orson Welles' Citizen Kane begins with only a title credit. This practice was extremely uncommon during that era.

West Side Story (1961) begins with a shot of an ink sketch of the New York City skyline as it was when the film was made. As the background of the shot changes color several times, we hear an overture medley (not in the original show) of some of the film's songs. As the overture ends, the camera pulls back and we see the title of the film. The rest of the credits are shown as graffiti at the end.

Most Disney films released between 1937 and 1981 had all the film-related information in the opening credits, while the closing consisted only of the credit "The End: A Walt Disney Production or Walt Disney Productions". However, Mary Poppins was the first Disney film to have longer closing credits, in which all the principal cast members (and the characters that they played) were listed.

Most Soviet films presented all film-related information in the opening credits, rather than at the closing which consisted of only a "THE END" (, Konyets Fily-ma) title. A typical Soviet opening credits sequence starts with a film company's logo (such as Mosfilm or Lenfilm), the film's title, followed by the scenarist (the Soviet Union considered the scriptwriter the principal "auteur" of its films), followed by the director, usually on separate screens, then continuing with screens showing other credits, of varying number, and finally, the film's chief administrator-in-charge, the production director (, Direktor kartiny). Following this came the cast, usually in actor-and-role format for all principal and major featured players, and perhaps then a screen only naming, in an alphabetical cluster, some additional character players. The final credit screen identified the studio corresponding to the logo at the beginning, and the year of the film's production. It could also contain the frame with the technical information about the cinematographic film manufacturer (e.g., Svema).

This basic method was also followed in most American films from the 1930s through the late 1980s. American films also tended to list the names of the actors before the names of the directors, screenwriters, and other principal crew members. Exceptions were made in the films of director Frank Capra, whose name was usually billed before the film's title. Director Victor Fleming's name was also billed before those of the actors in films such as The Wizard of Oz, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Joan of Arc. Capra, Fleming, and James Whale were some of the few directors who received the credit "A [director's name] Production" even though they did not produce their films.

François Truffaut's 1966 film Fahrenheit 451 uses spoken opening credits instead of written ones, in keeping with the film's story of a world without reading matter, as well as Jean-Luc Godard's Contempt of 1963.

Trends of the 2000s
Many major American motion pictures have done away with opening credits, with many films, such as Van Helsing in 2004 and Batman Begins in 2005, not even displaying the film title until the closing credits begin.

George Lucas is credited with popularizing this with his Star Wars films which display only the film's title at the start. His decision to omit opening credits in his films Star Wars (1977) and The Empire Strikes Back (1980) led him to resign from the Directors Guild of America after being fined $250,000 for not crediting the director during the opening title sequence. However, Hollywood had been releasing films without opening credits for many years before Lucas came along, most notably Citizen Kane, West Side Story, 2001: A Space Odyssey and The Godfather.

Nevertheless, "title-only" billing became an established form for summer blockbusters in 1989, with Ghostbusters II, Lethal Weapon 2 and The Abyss following the practice. Clint Eastwood has omitted opening credits (except for the title) in every film that he has directed since approximately 1982.

Credit only
With regard to television series, it is now an accepted practice to credit regular cast members for every episode of a season, even if they did not appear in each episode. One example is the American television series Nip/Tuck, in which the appearance of all credited characters is rare. Another television series that credited all regulars for a season in every episode (regardless of whether or not they appeared) was Lost, most notably from season two onward, in which the complete credited cast appeared in only two episodes out of 23. During Losts fourth season, Harold Perrineau was credited for all thirteen episodes, despite only having appeared in five of them (fewer than some guest stars, such as Jeff Fahey).

The series Charmed also began by crediting every regular cast member even if they did not appear in the episode. The season two episode "Morality Bites" is the only episode in which only the three leading actresses were credited, and later the male cast members were only credited in the episodes in which they appeared. If a regular actor was not featured in that particular episode, the opening credits were edited with their images omitted and the actors not being credited.

The television series Police Squad!, in keeping with its parodic nature, featured a character who only appeared in the credits ("...and Rex Hamilton as Abraham Lincoln").

Soap operas
Traditionally, actors in daytime soap operas are not credited in the episode opening sequences; this has been the case because of the escapist tone of the soap opera genre and as such, producers of soaps did not want cast members credited in the opening sequence in order to keep this intact. The drawback to this is that cast members are often identified by fans as their soap opera personas and not as themselves, as opposed to actors on other television programs who, in many cases, were identifiable by their own name.

In the 2000s, some soap operas began using an opening sequence where the actors are credited. The Young and the Restless was the first such show to credit, at least, most of the actors on contract with the series. The Bold and the Beautiful, which is produced by Bell-Phillip Television Productions (a subsidiary of Y&R producer Bell Dramatic Serial Company), began crediting all contract cast members in its opening titles in 2004, four years after The Young and the Restless implemented it (however, unlike Y&R, The Bold and the Beautiful cycles between different title sequences depending on the episode's running time: two that feature credits – including one shorter sequence – and one that does not feature any credits or cast member visuals). ABC Daytime soaps began implementing the process in October 2002 with the debut of the All My Children 'Scrapbook" opening used until May 2004. One Life to Live began featuring character credits within the title sequence during the same time period with its "Blue and White" opening. The most recent soap to include credits for all contract actors in its opening titles was General Hospital after a February 2010 revamp of its opening credits (a credit-less introduction resumed in 2012 with the introduction of a shorter title sequence), though during the final years of its "Faces of the Heart" sequence from April 2003 to September 2004, the names of the main characters were shown alongside video headshots of the cast members in the opening title sequence.

Often, only the Friday episode of a daytime serial would run closing credits listing the actors. All performers from the preceding five episodes would be listed. Starting in the 2000s, complete end credits began running more frequently. Days of Our Lives in particular currently credits all actors, those on contract, on recurring status and with guest starring roles on the show that week, alternating every other episode with a closing credit sequence showing the program's crew members; in either instance, either version is shown after the producer, director and writing credits (General Hospital, The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful credit all performers during their closing credits, although the latter two only credit recurring and guest cast members are credited for their appearance that week only and General Hospital mainly credits only main and recurring cast members).

British soaps have never credited cast members or crew members in their opening titles nor do they show video or images of the cast members. However, in recent years these programmes have listed the writers, producers and directors over the first scene of the episode and episode titles if they apply. The opening titles of Hollyoaks feature regular characters in short (less than one second) scenes intended to capture their character.

Common opening credits order

While there are numerous variations most opening credits use some variation of the basic order. In the absence of opening credits, these roles will often be credited in reverse order at the beginning of the closing credits.

 (NAME OF THE STUDIO) or (NAME OF THE STUDIO) PRESENTS
 Name of the studio that is distributing the film and may or may not have produced it (for example, the major film studios like Walt Disney Pictures, Universal Pictures, or Warner Bros.)

 (NAME OF THE PRODUCTION COMPANY)
 Name of the production company that actually made the film or name of the investment groups or companies that financed a substantial part of the film (usually credited as "in association with" or "A [production company name] production.").

 POSSESSORY CREDIT/S
 The primary artistic credit for the film. Generally the film director, but sometimes the producer or writer. Normally stylized "A film by [name]" or "A [name] film". Sometimes placed before a title. (E.g. "Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho").

 STARRING
 Principal actors (sometimes the stars' and director's credits will be reversed, depending on the star's deal with the studio; in other cases, as in the Rodgers and Hammerstein films, or as in all three film versions of Show Boat, or, as in many Disney films, the title of the film will be shown before the names of the production company, its possessory credit, and its actors; sometimes, as in many of Cannon's films, the name(s) of the principal actor(s) will be shown before the name(s) of the producer(s), i.e. "The Cannon Group presents X in a Golan-Globus production of a Y film").

 (FILM'S TITLE)
 Name of the film.

 FEATURING or WITH or AND or ALSO STARRING
 Featured actors.

As a variation some of the below may be noted:

 GOWNS (older movies)
 SOUND RECORDING (older movies)

 CASTING or CASTING BY
 Casting director. Those who are members of the Casting Society of America will have the post-nominal letters "CSA" after their name.

 MUSIC or MUSIC COMPOSED BY or ORIGINAL SCORE BY
 Composer of music.

 VISUAL EFFECTS PRODUCER or VISUAL EFFECTS SUPERVISOR
 VFX Studio

 COSTUME DESIGN or COSTUME DESIGNER
 Costume designer.

 EDITOR or EDITED BY
 Film Editor. Those who are members of the American Cinema Editors will have the post-nominal letters "ACE" after their name.

 PRODUCTION DESIGN or PRODUCTION DESIGNER
 Production designer.

 DIRECTOR OF PHOTOGRAPHY
 Director of photography.
 Members of the following societies will have post-nominal letters after their name:
 American Society of Cinematographers: ASC
 British Society of Cinematographers: BSC

 PRODUCER or PRODUCED BY, EXECUTIVE PRODUCER
 Producers, co-producers, executive producers, 'also produced by' (credited for various reasons according to contracts and personal scrutiny of the principal producer). Often, though, the name of the producer will be the second-to-last opening credit, just before the writer's name(s) are shown (Pursuant to WGA rules, writer credits are immediately adjacent to the Director.).

Those who have been certified by the Producers Guild of America that they actually performed a major portion of the producing duties of the film will have the "Producers Mark" certification mark--the post-nominal letters "p.g.a."--after their names.

 BASED ON THE BOOK (PLAY, GRAPHIC NOVEL etc.) BY or FROM A PLAY/BOOK BY (older movies)
 If based on a book or other literary work.

 BASED ON THE CHARACTERS BY or BASED ON THE CHARACTERS CREATED BY
 If based on characters from a book or other media.

 (SCREEN) STORY or STORY BY
 Person who wrote the story on which the script is based, gets "story by" credit, and the first screenplay credit, unless the script made substantial changes to the story.

 WRITER(S) or WRITTEN BY or SCREENPLAY or SCREENPLAY BY
 Screenplay writers. The Writers Guild of America allows only three writing credits on a feature film, although teams of two are credited as one, separated on the credits by an ampersand ("X & Y"). If each works independently on the script (the most common system), they are separated by an "and". If more than two persons worked on the screenplay, the credits may read something like "screenplay by X & Y and Z and W," meaning that X and Y worked as a team, but Z and W worked separately.

 DIRECTOR or DIRECTED BY
 Director. The Directors Guild of America usually permits a film to list only one director, even when it is known that two or more worked on it. Exceptions are made in rare cases such as a death and subsequent replacement of the director mid-production as well as for established directing teams such as the Coen brothers.

See also
 Acknowledgment (creative arts)
 Broadcast designer
 Character generator
 Closing credits
 Credit (creative arts)
 Digital on-screen graphic (BUG)
 Lower third
 Production logo
 Title sequence
 Cinema Research Corporation

References

External links
  – A compendium and leading web resource of film and television title design from around the world, including interviews and behind-the-scenes materials.
  – A collection of title sequences and interviews with designers.

Film and television opening sequences
Articles containing video clips
Film and video technology
Television terminology

Opening credits


تويوتا آي-فوت  هي إحدى الطرازات الاختيارية الشخصية التي صنعتها شركة تويوتا للسيارات.

هي عبارة عن مقعد كبير يمتطيه السائق ويتحكم بحركته عن طريق عصا تحكم وبدلاً من الإطارات تم استخدام زوج من الأرجل التي يمكنها الحركة في جميع الإتجاهات، كما أعلنت تويوتا أن باستطاعتها صعود السلالم ولم يُعرف سرعتها القصوى ولكن متوسط سرعتها بلغ 1 ميل في الساعة!

و هي إحدى أعضاء سلسلة السيارات الشخصية الاختيارية التي تقدمها تويوتا لحل مشاكل الازدحام والتلوث ومساعدة المحتاجين.

انظر أيضاً
 تويوتا آي-ريل
 تويوتا آي-سوينج
 تويوتا آي-يونت
 تويوتا بي إم

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Toyota i-Foot

سيارات تويوتا
سيارات شخصية

تويوتا آي-فوت


Regan Smith (Lakeville, 9 de fevereiro de 2002) é uma nadadora estadunidense, medalhista olímpica.

Carreira

Smith conquistou a medalha de prata nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio nas provas de 200 m borboleta e 400 m medley, ao lado de Lydia Jacoby, Torri Huske, Abbey Weitzeil, Rhyan White, Lilly King, Claire Curzan e Erika Brown. Além disso, conseguiu o bronze nos 100 m costas

Nadadores olímpicos dos Estados Unidos
Nadadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas olímpicos da natação

Regan Smith


يوتوبيا رواية اجتماعية للكاتب المصري أحمد خالد توفيق، صدرت في عام 2008 وتعتبر هي الرواية الأولى له التي تصدر خارج المؤسسة العربية الحديثة، وقد جاءت الرواية في المركز الثاني في قائمة أكثر الكتب مبيعاً في دار ميريت.

وقد صدرت الرواية مسلسلة من 6 أجزاء في جريدة الدستور المصرية في عام 2006 ولكن في الرواية تم إضافة المزيد من الأحداث بها. وطبعت تلك الرواية في دار ميريت عام 2008، وسوف تصدر ترجمة إنجليزية للرواية من دار بلومزبري

أحداث الرواية

تدور أحداث الرواية في سنة 2023 حيث تحولت مصر إلى طبقتين، الأولى بالغة الثراء والرفاهية وهي (يوتوبيا) المدينة المحاطة بسور ويحرسها جنود المارينز التي تقع في الساحل الشمالي والثانية فقر مدقع وتعيش في عشوائيات ويتقاتلون من أجل الطعام والرواية تحكى قصة شاب غني من يوتوبيا يريد أن يتسلى ويقوم بمغامرة لكسر ملل الحياة ورتابتها وهي صيد إنسان فقير من سكان شبرا واللعب به مع أصحابه للحصول على متعة ثم قتله والاحتفاظ بجزء من جسده على سبيل الفخر وهي من الهوايات الجديدة للأغنياء الذين يعيشون في الساحل الشمالي تحديدًا في يوتوبيا التي تشكل عالم الأغنياء.

كما يعتمد أحمد خالد توفيق في بعض المواطن بشكل صريح على إحصائيات علمية وتقارير مثل تقرير للدكتور أحمد عكاشة عن الإدمان في مصر وتقرير صحفي في ملتقى الحوار للتنمية وحقوق الإنسان عن جرائم العنف ضد النساء وأيضا على موقع مصراوي كواحد من مواقع الإنترنت.

ويظهر الشاعر عبد الرحمن الأبنودي بأشعاره السياسية والوطنية على صفحات الرواية.

مدينة يوتوبيا
اسم يوتوبيا هو مصطلح يصف الدولة الفاضلة حيث يكون كل شيء مثالياً للبشر وتكون كل قيم العدل والمساواة متوفرة وجميع الشرور مثل الفقر والبؤس والأمراض غير موجودة هذا الوصف والعديد من الأشياء الجميلة، وأصل الكلمة كان في كتاب يوتوبيا المنشور عام 1516 من تأليف توماس مور واعتمد في أفكار مدينته الفاضلة على أفكار أفلاطون في كتاب الجمهورية.
أما في مدينة يوتوبيا أحمد خالد توفيق فهي مدينة الأغنياء فقط يحرسها رجال المارينز الأمريكان، لها جريدتها الخاصة لكن هناك جرائد عامة لا تستطيع قراءتها (ص27) وما زالت الام هي الام.. لا يمكنك التخلص منها (ص27)
ويصف لنا الفلوجستين نوع جديد من المخدرات يختلف تماما عن الكلة والبانجو وحبوب الصراصير والحشيش واحتكار أهل يوتوبيا لكل شيء وتفاخر بطل الرواية بأبيه الذي لا يمكن تعاطى قرص اسبيرين في أي موضع في مصر إلا عن طريقه (الرواية ص162) وعن إسرائيل لك أن تتصور أنها افتتحت قناتها التي صارت بديلا جاهزا لقناة السويس والاسرائليون هم اعز أصدقاء الذين يعيشون في يوتوبيا والدول الخليجية نضب بترولها وطردت العمالة المصرية وأعفت الدولة نفسها من أي خدمات تقدمها وخصصت كل شيء

هكذا تكون مجتمعان إحدهما يملك كل شيء والأخر لا يملك شيء (الرواية ص107)
هذا الأخر هو مصر الحقيقية التي لن تجد الأكل أو السكن أو العلاج سيكون المترو وبقاياه من مظاهر الحياة وملصقات شبكات المحمول التي توقفت عن العمل والكهرباء التي توقفت وسيكون أفضل ما في مصر عدم وجود كلاب ضالة أو غير ضالة حيث أن الناس/الفقراء/الأغيار كما تعرفهم الرواية سوف يصطادونها للطعام وهذا هو أفضل طعام لهم والكتب سوف تجدها في القمامة فهى أشياء لم تعد تباع(ص 111)

اللغة مزيج بين العربية والمصرية العامية وفي بعض الأحيان العامية الوقحة التي يستخدمها الطبقات الشعبية انحطاطا وأيضا اللغة ليست فظية بل لغة جسدية أيضا من تعبيرات

الشخصيات الرئيسية
 الشاب اليوتوبي: وقد عرف عن نفسه باسم علاء، وهو ابن (مراد بك)، شاب ثري يعيش في يوتوبيا وقد مل من حياة الثراء
 جريمنال: صديقة علاء التي تغادر معه يوتوبيا
 جابر: الشاب المثقف الفقير الذي يأوي علاء وجريمنال في منزله
 صفية: شقيقة جابر

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 آراء القراء حول رواية يوتوبيا في موقع أبجد

روايات 2008
روايات أحمد خالد توفيق
روايات تجري أحداثها في مصر
روايات تقع أحداثها في عقد 2020
روايات بالعربية

يوتوبيا (رواية)


El distrito de Chota es uno de los diecinueve distritos  que conforman la provincia de Chota ubicada en el departamento de Cajamarca, en el Norte del Perú.
Limita por el Norte con los distritos de Chiguirip y Conchán; por el Oeste con el distrito de Lajas; por el Sur con el distrito de Bambamarca (Hualgayoc); y, por el Este con el distrito de Chalamarca.

Desde el punto de vista jerárquico de la Iglesia católica forma parte de la Prelatura de Chota, sufragánea de la Arquidiócesis de Piura.

Historia
En la historia pre incaica de Chota se nota con bastante precisión influencia Chavín primero y Mochica después.La ciudad de Chota se remonta a la época preincaica e incaica, perteneció al corregimiento de los Huambos en 1777, fue fundado el 1° de noviembre de 1559 y se reconocía con el nombre de "Todos los Santos". La proclamación de la independencia de Chota, fue el 12 de enero de 1821, por el alcalde Sr. Inocencio Consanchillón, el 6 de febrero de 1821, recibe el nombre de provincia según el señor Horacio Villanueva en el estatuto provisional dado por José de San Martín durante el protectorado.

Durante la guerra con Chile, después de la batalla de San Pablo, ingresaron los araucanos a Chota, el pueblo decidió envenenar las aguas del Colpamayo, los chilenos ordenaron el incendio de Chota, El 29 de agosto de 1882, la ciudad de chota fue incendiada por las tropas Chilenas y en represalia por la derrota que sufrieron en San Pablo y al considerarla como el cuartel del norte. Miles de casas cayeron, la iglesia también fue incendiada, salvándose la Imagen de la Patrona, María Inmaculada,  cuyo dogma fue proclamado el día 8 de diciembre.

Fuente: http://turismo.regioncajamarca.gob.pe/CajamarcaWWW/provincias/Chota/Historia.htm

Geografía
Se encuentra ubicado en la parte central de la provincia, en la región andina norte del Perú. Su capital se encuentra en la meseta de Acunta a 2,388 msnm y a 150 km al norte de Cajamarca o a 219 km al este de Chiclayo, Lambayeque.

Hidrografía
El territorio del distrito en mención está irrigado por cuencas de corta extensión y que en su conjunto forman la cuenca de Río Chotano.

Ríos
 Río Chotano. Nace entre los cerros Chiquirilla y Condorcancha cerca del caserío de Yuracyacu y desciende hacia el noreste; pasando al sur de la capital, para luego ingresar al distrito de Lajas, sus afluentes en el distrito de Chota son, por la margen derecha el Colpamayo, San Mateo y Doñana y por la margen izquierda el río Lopesmayo y Sucsacucho.
 Río Doñana. Es también conocido con el nombre de Yayuyacu, se une con el río Chotano en el lugar denominado El Paraíso.
 Río Yanayacu. Este río nace en el cerro Clarinorco, describe un recorrido de sur a norte para desembocar en el río Chotano. Las aguas de ese río han sido desviadas a través de un canal para abastecer a la central hidroeléctrica de "agua blanca", que por mucho tiempo suministro de alumbrado eléctrico a la ciudad de Chota y actualmente a las comunidades de Cabracancha, Chimchin y Yuracyacu.
 Río Bebedero, ubicado el sector de Vista Alegre (Yuracyacú).
 Río Rangranillo. Nace en la comunidad de Cuyumalca, su recorrido lo realiza de este a sur; desemboca en el río Chotano en el sector de San Francisco, Es importante porque en su transcurso superior sus aguas son canalizadas en meses de verano para aprovecharlas en riegos.

Lagunas
No se cuenta con la presencia de grandes lagunas, destacan: La Laguna Amarilla en Samangay, la Laguna de los Echeniques en Conga Blanca, las Lagunas de Huantay en el sector de Atoctambo.

Topografía

Pisos ecológicos
El relieve del distrito de Chota es un poco accidentado, teniendo en cuenta las altitudes que comprenden los pisos ecológicos (Regiones Naturales), su territorio corresponde a la yunga fluvial, sin embargo, por las características que presenta su floresta, su clima, sus plantas y animales, se considera dentro de la región Quichua o Quechua.

Las partes más altas tienen características de la región Suni.

Picos
Las montañas más elevadas lo constituyen los cerros que circundan a la meseta de Acunta, dentro de ellos los más conocidos:
 El Clarín. Ubicado hacia el sur entre las comunidades de Yuracyacu y Castorcancha, conlindando con Silleropata.
 El Shingeray. Ubicado hacia el sur delante del Clarín, cerca de la comunidad de Castorcancha.
 El Tcuchac. Se ubica hacia el suroeste como frontera entre las comunidades de Cabracancha y Lingán Pata.
 El Huayrac. Se ubica hacia el este del distrito en la comunidad de Condorpullana.
 El Condorcaga. Ubicado al norte del distrito en la comunidad de Chuyabamba.
 El Cerro Shotorco. Ubicado en la comunidad del mismo nombre.
 El Gavilán. Ubicado al este de la ciudad de Chota en la comunidad de Colpatuapampa.

Valles
El valle ubicado a ambas veras del río Chotano, el valle Doñana formado por el río del mismo nombre; siendo su principal característica de estos valles su clima cálido, con la presencia de lluvias y la utilización de riego en verano; que determinan una gran producción de cereales, hortalizas, leguminosas y tubérculos.

Mesetas
La principal meseta de este medio es la Acunta, donde se ubica la ciudad de Chota, extendiendo además las planicies de Pampa Grande y Chuyabamba.

Clima
La mayor parte del territorio, es de clima templado; sin embargo en las partes más bajas (Tuctuhuasi - Valle Doñana) el clima templado presenta una ligera variación al templado caluroso; mientras que en las partes más altas como: Sitacucho, Lingán, Silleropata, Negropamapa, Chaupelanche, Progreso Pampa, Condorpullana, Colpatuapampa, Huayrac, Shotorco, La Palma, es un clima templado frío.

Las épocas de lluvias son de noviembre a abril, y su épocas de sequía de mayo a octubre.

La temperatura promedio es de 17.8 °C.

Capital
Tiene como capital a la ciudad de Chota.

Población
Chota tiene una población de 168 000 habitantes aproximadamente con una densidad de 51,8 hab./km²

Atractivos turísticos
Museo del instituto Pedagógico Nuestra Señora de Chota: Este museo expone bienes culturales de cerámica de culturas prehispánicas de Cajamarca y de otras regiones de la costa. Lunes a viernes de 9 a. m. a 1 p. m. Jr. Atahualpa 106.

En la provincia de chota existen varios lugares naturales: En estos lugares se pasan los momentos más felices de tu vida en contacto directo con la naturaleza y respirando un aire puro, para más detalle has clic en: LUGARES TURÍSTICOS DE CHOTA

Autoridades

Municipales

 2015 - 2018
 Alcalde: Neptali Ticlla Rafael, del Partido político movimiento Afirmación Social(MAS).
 Regidores: Otros

Policiales
 Comisario: PNP

Religiosas
 Prelatura de Chota
 Obispo Prelado: Mons. Fortunato Pablo Urcey, OAR

Festividades
La principal fiesta es la de San Juan, que se celebra el 24 de junio y la más destacada. Reúne a muchos visitantes procedentes de otras ciudades del país. Se caracteriza por que se realizan las corridas de toros, en el Coso "El Vizcaíno".

Fiesta Patronal Santa Rosa de Lima, la que se desarrolla en el CP. de Cabracancha del mismo distrito de Chota, el cual se celebra el 30 de agosto y está ubicado a 10 minutos de la ciudad en donde podemos observar su hermosa campiña verde durante todo el año, por la razón que es aquí donde nace las aguas del Río Chotano que este es el mismo afluente del Marañón y de allí al Amazonas.

Transporte
 Trasportes Delgado Rodríguez SAC.
 Burga Express.
 Ángel Divino.
 Transportes Acunta.
 Turismo Chota.
 Royal Palace´s.
 Turismo Atahualpa.

Referencias

Véase también
 Organización territorial del Perú

Enlaces externos

 Sitio web oficial de la Municipalidad de Chota
 INEI Perú

Chota

Distrito de Chota


İsrail tarafından İsrail Savunma Kuvvetleri için üretilen ana muharebe tankı. 1970 yılında tankın yapılması için çalışmalara başlanmış, 1979 yılında ise resmi olarak İsrail tarafından kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

Dört modelden oluşan tankın en yeni modeli Merkava IV'tür. Ne kadar üretildikleri bilinmese de dört modelden toplam 2.500-3.000 tank üretildiği sanılmaktadır.
İbranicede adı "savaş arabası" anlamına gelmektedir. Tankın motor bloğu, mayın saldırılarından zarar görmemesi için ön kısımda bulunmaktadır. Bu şekilde ayrıca tanksavarlar için daha fazla zırh elde edilmiştir. Tank, motoru hariç (Alman yapımı MTU motor) çok büyük oranda İsrail yapımıdır. Tankta oluşabilecek bir yangının yayılmasını engellemek için hidrolik sistemler yerine elektrikli sistemler kullanılmıştır. İsrail çölleri için tasarlandığından, bir yerden bir yere havadan taşınmak için oldukça ağırdır. Ağırlığı 70 tondan fazladır. Bağımsız amortisör sistemi engebeli arazide ya da derin çukurların üzerinde diğer tanklara göre oldukça fazla hız ve manevra avantajı sağlar. İsrail dışında kullanan ülke yoktur.

Tanklara karşı en etkin silahlardan biri, zırha temas ile birlikte yüksek hızla reaksiyona giren ve 4000° dereceye kadar ısı oluşturup zırhı sıvı hâline getirip delen plastik anti-tank mühimmatlarıdır. Bu mühimmatlar oluşturdukları yüksek ısı ile hem zırhı delmekte hem de tank personelinin yaşam alanınının sıcaklığını da yüksek seviyelere çıkartarak, personeli saf dışı bırakmaktadır. Merkava; bu türden füze, roket ve benzeri şekilde kullanılabilinen, plastik anti-tank mühimmatlarına karşı zırh koruması en iyi olan tanktır. İsrailli bilim insanları, Merkava'nın zırhının yapıldığı metalin ergiriğine, zaafiyet oluşturmayacak şekilde seramik takviye etmişler ve Merkava'nın zırhını yüksek ısıya dirençli hâle getirebilmişlerdir.

Ayrıca Merkavalarda trophy olarak adlandırılan füze/roket saptırıcı sistemler vardır Bu sistem meskûn mahal içinde isabet almasını minimize etmek için tasarlanmıştır. Sadece Rus tanklarında muadili olan sisteme rastlanmaktadır.

Modelleri

Mark I
Bu model merkava tanklarının ilk modelidir. 1981 yılında ordu servisine alınmıştır. İlk olarak 1982 Lübnan Savaşında kullanılmıştır. Yalnızca bir tanesi Suriye anti tank birlikleri tarafından imha edilmiştir. O dönemin standart NATO tank silahı olan 105mm'lik L7 topu ana silahıdır.
Toplam  250 adet üretilmiştir. Ayrıca palet ve tekerleri Centurion tankıyla aynıdır. Şu an yalnızca yedek kuvvetlerde bulunmaktadır.

Mark II
Hizmete 1983 yılında alındı. Zırh direnci ve kullandığı ana tank silahı önceki modeliyle aynıdır. Bundan farklı olarak düşman ateşine daha hızlı ve kolay karşı koyabilmesi için 2 inçlik bir havan topu vardır.

Mark III

Servise 1990 yılının başında girmiştir. Mark III'ün yenilikleri yeni süspansiyon sistemi, 1200 beygirlik yeni motor ve yeni aktarma, daha güçlü ana silah ve özellikle yeni zırhıdır. Balistik koruma, tanka vidalanmış özel zırh modülleri tarafından sağlanmaktadır. Bu zırh modülleri yeni balistik koruma teknolojileri keşfedildiğinde rahatça çıkarılıp yenilenmesini sağlar.

Mark IV

Merkava Mk.IV 1999'dan beri geliştirilen ve 2004 yılından beri üretilen en son varyanttır. Mk.III varyantında kullanılan modüler zırh aracın her tarafında kullanılmıştır. MK.IV önceki varyantında olan İsrail Askerî Sanayi tarafından üretilen IMI 120 mm MG251 topunun VIDCO Sanayi tarafından geliştirilmiş sıkıştırılmış gaz tepmeli ve termal kılıflı IMI 120 mm MG253 versiyonunu kullanmaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar

İsrail tankları
Ana muharebe tankları

Merkava


Chile deltog ved sommer-OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro, som blev arrangeret i perioden 5. august til 21. august 2016. Der deltog 42 chilenske atleter, herunder 25 mænd og 17 kvinder, i 16 forskellige sportsgrene.

Medaljer

Referencer

Lande ved sommer-OL 2016
2016

Chile ved sommer-OL 2016


Tsedaka (İbranice: צדקה "Sadaka"), Yahudilikte bir yardım mekanizmasıdır. İslamın beş şartından olan Zekat ile eştir.

Arapçadaki sadaka, İbranicede eşitlik kelimesinden türemiş bir terimdir.

Kendi toplumları içinde yardımlaşmaya çok önem veren Museviler, Tsedakaya da çok önem verirler.

Yahudi ilahiyatı
Bağış

Tsedaka


Jacques Dulucq, né le  à Bayonne (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) et mort le , est un joueur de rugby à XV international français qui évolue aux postes de demi de mêlée et d'arrière du début des années 1960 jusqu'au milieu des années 1970.

Carrière
Formé à l'Aviron bayonnais, Dulucq rejoint ensuite la Section paloise en Juniors avec Robert Bernos ou Marc Etcheverry.

C'est avec le club béarnais qu'il devient champion de France en 1964, formant avec Jean Capdouze une charnière réputée.

Dulucq était surnommé , en raison de sa manière de suivre ses coups de pied, tête levée, comme s'il la cherchait du regard.

Jacques Dulucq avait également mené une carrière d'instituteur, exerçant notamment dans le quartier de l'Ousse des Bois.

Après sa carrière de joueur, récompensée par ce bouclier de Brennus, il avait entrainé l'US Coarraze Nay pendant une dizaine d'années.

Palmarès

 Avec la Section paloise

 Championnat de France de première division :
 Champion (1) : 1964
 Challenge Yves du Manoir :
 Finaliste (1) : 1964

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur français de rugby à XV
Demi de mêlée (rugby à XV)
Joueur de la Section paloise
Joueur de l'US Coarraze Nay
Naissance en juillet 1942
Naissance à Bayonne
Naissance dans les Basses-Pyrénées
Décès en février 2022
Décès à Pau
Décès à 79 ans

Jacques Duluc


دوبروميل (Добромиль) هي مدينة في مقاطعة لفيف في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 4773 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة لفيف
مواقع هولوكوست في أوكرانيا

دوبروميل


Pamučasta spiralna galaktika ili flokulentna spiralna galaktika, vrsta spiralne galaktike. Nasuprot dobro definiranoj spiralnoj građi spiralne galaktike velikog dizajna, pamučasta je krpičasta, s isprekidanim spiralnim krakovima Model stohastična samopropagirajućeg stvaranja zvijezda je vidljivo objašnjenje strukture pamučastih spirala. Oko 30% spiralnih galaktika su pamučaste, 10% velika dizajna, a ostale se referira kao "s više krakova". Vrstu s više krakova ponekad se ubraja u skupinu pamučastih.

Prototipna pamučasta spiralna galaktika je NGC 2841.

Izvori

Spiralne galaktike
Morfološki tipovi galaksija

Pamučasta spiralna galaktika


Junostaca, nekadašnje indijansko selo (rančerija) koje je možda pripadalo Papago Indijancima. Posjetili su ga 1699. godine jezuitski misionar Eusebio Francisco Kino i Juan Mateo Mange. Nalazilo se na jugu Arizone u blizini španjolske katoličke misije San Xavier del Bac.

Ime sela navodi Juan Mateo Mange a citira ga Hubert Howe Bancroft u History of Arizona and New Mexico (str. 358, 1889.)

Izvori

Indijanska sela
Papago

Junostaca


طورزا هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء بشري في محافظة الشمال. عدد الناخبين فيها ٢,٢٢٠، موزعين على إناث ١,١٠٠ وذ كر ١,١٢٠. ترتفع عن سطح البحر ٧٠٠ م . تبعد عن بيروت ٨٣ كلم وعن مركز المحافظة طرابلس ٢٣ كلم وعن مركز القضاء بشري ٢٩ كلم.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
قضاء بشري
مدن لبنان

طورزا


Open or OPEN may refer to:

Music
 Open (band), Australian pop/rock band
 The Open (band), English indie rock band
 Open (Blues Image album), 1969
 Open (Gerd Dudek, Buschi Niebergall, and Edward Vesala album), 1979
 Open (Gotthard album), 1999
 Open (Cowboy Junkies album), 2001
 Open (YFriday album), 2001
 Open (Shaznay Lewis album), 2004
 Open (Jon Anderson EP), 2011
 Open (Stick Men album), 2012
 Open (The Necks album), 2013
 Open (Kwon Eun-bi EP), 2021
 Open, a 1967 album by Julie Driscoll, Brian Auger and the Trinity
 Open, a 1979 album by Steve Hillage
 "Open" (Queensrÿche song)
 "Open" (Mýa song)
 "Open", the first song on The Cure album Wish

Literature
 Open (Mexican magazine), a lifestyle Mexican publication
 Open (Indian magazine), an Indian weekly English language magazine featuring current affairs
 OPEN (North Dakota magazine), an out-of-print magazine that was printed in the Fargo, North Dakota area of the U.S.
 Open: An Autobiography, Andre Agassi's 2009 memoir

Computing and mathematics
 Open (process), a program launcher invoked from the command line in NeXTSTEP or Mac OS X
 Open (system call), standardized system call for opening files
 Open set, in mathematics
 Open interval, in mathematics
 Open line segment, in mathematics
 Open map, in mathematics

Film and television
 Open (2011 film), a 2011 film
 Open (2019 film), a 2019 film
Open TV, television channel in Greece

Other uses
 Open (sport), type of competition in tennis, golf and other sports where entry is open to qualifiers regardless of amateur or professional status
 Open...., the original interactive television service on BSkyBs Sky Digital platform
 Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act, a bill in the United States Congress to combat online piracy
 Organization of Pakistani Entrepreneurs of North America, a not-for-profit organization
 One-Pair Ethernet, a specification of the OPEN Alliance SIG
 Open Cycle, a bicycle manufacturer

See also
 Opening (disambiguation)
 The Open (disambiguation)
 OpenEd, an online catalog of educational media
 Open-source software, a type of computer software
 Openness, concept or philosophy that is characterized by an emphasis on transparency and collaboration

Open


Alois Wille (* 28. November 1885 in Balzers; † 31. Oktober 1957 ebenda) war ein liechtensteinischer Politiker (VU).

Wille, von Beruf Schreiner, war von 1939 bis 1945 Gemeindevorsteher von Balzers. Gleichzeitig war er Mitglied des Obergerichts. Von 1945 bis 1949 war er für die Vaterländische Union stellvertretender Abgeordneter im Landtag des Fürstentums Liechtenstein sowie Regierungsrat.

Weblinks

 Eintrag zu Alois Wille auf www.e-archiv.li

Regierungsrat (Liechtenstein)
Landtagsabgeordneter (Liechtenstein)
Gemeindevorsteher (Balzers)
VU-Mitglied
Liechtensteiner
Geboren 1885
Gestorben 1957
Mann

Alois Wille


The BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year award is presented at the annual BBC Sports Personality of the Year award ceremony. It is awarded to the sportsperson aged 17 or under as of 1 January of that year, who has made the most outstanding contribution to sport in that year. Nominees have to be British citizens or are residents who "play a significant amount of their sport in the UK" with their solo "core achievements" being undertaken in the UK. As of 2022, nominations are put forward by a judging panel which includes representatives from the BBC, Youth Sport Trust, a Blue Peter presenter, a young Blue Peter "guest" judge and sporting talent who then decide on a ten-person shortlist. The panel later reconvenes to choose the top three, and decides on the winner by secret ballot.

The BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year award was preceded by the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Newcomer Award, in which the recipients could be aged up to 25. Decathlete Dean Macey was the inaugural winner of the Newcomer Award in 1999, and racing driver Jenson Button was the second and last winner the following year. In 2001, the award was replaced by the Young Sports Personality of the Year, and sprinter Amy Spencer was the first recipient of that award. The only person to win the award more than once is diver Tom Daley, who won the award three times, in 2007, 2009, and 2010. The most recent award was presented in 2022 to artistic gymnast Jessica Gadirova.

Winners

Newcomer Award

Young Personality Award

Winners by sport

* Including a Newcomer of the Year award

References

General

Specific

Young Personality
Children's sport in the United Kingdom
Awards established in 1999
1999 establishments in the United Kingdom
Annual sporting events in the United Kingdom