Geotermalna energija je čist i obnovljiv izvor energije koji se odnosi na toplinske izvore u Zemljinoj jezgri. Geotermalni resursi nalaze se u širokom spektru dubina, od plitkih površinskih do više kilometara dubokih rezervoara vruće vode i pare koja se može dovesti na površinu i iskoristiti. U prirodi se geotermalna energija najčešće pojavljuje u formi vulkana, izvora vruće vode i gejzira. Geotermalnu energiju možemo koristiti za proizvodnju električne energije i za grijanje.

Geotermalna energija
Riječ geotermalno ima porijeklo u dvjema grčkim riječima geo (zemlja) i therme (toplina) i znači toplina zemlje, pa se prema tome toplinska energija Zemlje naziva još i geotermalna energija. Toplina u unutrašnjosti Zemlje rezultat je formiranja planeta iz prašine i plinova prije više od četiri milijarde godina, a radioaktivno raspadanje elemenata u stijenama kontinuirano regenerira tu toplinu, pa je prema tome geotermalna energija obnovljivi izvor energije. Osnovni medij koji prenosi toplinu iz unutrašnjosti na površinu je voda ili para, a ta komponenta obnavlja se tako da se voda od kiša probija duboko po raspuklinama i tamo se onda zagrijava i cirkulira natrag prema površini, gdje se pojavljuje u obliku gejzira i vrućih izvora.

Zemljina kora
Vanjska kruta kora Zemlje duboka je od pet do 50 kilometara i sastavljana je od stijena. Tvari iz unutarnjeg sloja neprestano izlaze na površinu kroz vulkanske otvore i pukotine na dnu oceana. Ispod kore nalazi se omotač i on se proteže do dubine od 2900 kilometara, a sačinjen je od spojeva bogatih željezom i magnezijem. Ispod svega toga nalaze se dva sloja jezgre – tekući sloj i kruti sloj u samoj jezgri planeta. Polumjer Zemlje je otprilike 6378 kilometara, i nitko zapravo ne zna što se točno nalazi u unutrašnjosti, sve navedeno su zapravo znanstvene pretpostavke izgleda unutrašnjosti planeta. Te pretpostavke temelje se na eksperimentima u uvjetima visokog tlaka i velikih temperatura.
Spuštanjem kroz vanjski sloj Zemlje, tj. koru temperatura raste otprilike 17 °C do 30 °C po kilometru dubine (50 – 87 °F po milji dubine). Ispod kore nalazi se omotač koji je sastavljen od djelomično rastopljenih stijena i temperatura tog omotača je između 650 i 1250 °C (1200 – 2280 °F). U samoj jezgri Zemlje temperature bi po nekim procjenama mogle biti između 4000 i 7000 °C (7200 – 12600 °F). Budući da toplina uvijek prelazi s toplijih dijelova na hladnije, toplina iz unutrašnjosti Zemlje prenosi se prema površini i taj prijenos topline glavni je pokretač tektonskih ploča. Na mjestima gdje se spajaju tektonske ploče može doći do propuštanja magme u gornje slojeve i ta magma se tada hladi i stvara novi sloj zemljine kore. Kad magma dođe do površine može stvoriti vulkane, ali većinom ostaje ispod površine te tvori ogromne bazene i tu se počinje hladiti, a taj proces traje od 5000 godina do milijun godina. Područja ispod kojih se nalaze ovakvi bazeni magme imaju visok temperaturni gradijent, tj. temperatura raste vrlo brzo povećanjem dubine i takva područja izuzetno su pogodna za iskorištavanje geotermalne energije.

Resursi geotermalne energije
Potencijal geotermalne energije je ogroman, ima je 50000 puta više od sve energije koja se može dobiti iz nafte i plina širom svijeta. Geotermalni resursi nalaze se u širokom spektru dubina, od plitkih površinskih do više kilometara dubokih rezervoara vruće vode i pare koja se može dovesti na površinu i iskoristiti. U prirodi se geotermalna energija najčešće pojavljuje u formi vulkana, izvora vruće vode i gejzira. U nekim zemljama se geotermalna energija koristi već tisućljećima u obliku toplica odnosno rekreacijsko-ljekovitog kupanja. No razvoj znanosti nije se ograničio samo na područje ljekovitog iskorištavanja geotermalne energije već je iskorištavanje geotermalne energije usmjerio i prema procesu dobivanja električne energije te grijanju kućanstava i industrijskih postrojenja. Grijanje zgrada i iskorištavanje geotermalne energije u procesu dobivanja struje, glavni su ali ne i jedini načini iskorištavanja te energije. Geotermalna energija također se može iskoristiti i u druge svrhe kao što su primjerice u proizvodnji papira, pasterizaciji mlijeka, plivačkim bazenima, u procesu sušenja drveta i vune, planskom stočarstvu, te za mnoge druge svrhe.

Prednosti geotermalne energije

1. Obnovljivi izvor: Geotermalna energija dolazi iz zemljine jezgre, te će biti dostupna sve dok Zemlja postoji za razliku od fosilnih goriva koja imaju svoj rok trajanja.

2. Mali utjecaj na okoliš: U svim aspektima proizvodnje i korištenja nema većih negativnih utjecaja na okoliš. Kada je riječ o procesu razvoja, geotermalna energija je praktički potpuno bez emisije štetnih plinova. Iskorištavanje geotermalne energije nije 100% bez emisije štetnih plinova, jer geotermalne bušotine puštaju male količine stakleničkih plinova zarobljenih duboko u Zemljinoj jezgri. Ipak, ova količina stakleničkih plinova je zanemariv u odnosu na emisije stakleničkih plinova nastalih izgaranjem fosilnih goriva.

3. Nisu potrebna goriva: ne postoji apsolutno nikakva potreba za rudarstvo ili prijevoz vezan uz proces.

4. Obilje energije: nema nestašice ili druge vrste problema koji se ponekad javljaju s drugim vrstama energije.

5. Značajne uštede: veliki je porast u broju kuća koji žele koristiti geotermalnu energiju za grijanje i hlađenje. U početku se to može činiti skupo, ali 30-60% uštede na grijanju i 25-50% uštede na hlađenje može pokriti taj trošak u roku od nekoliko godina. Geotermalna toplinska pumpa može vam pomoći uštedjeti dovoljno novca za troškove energije.

Nedostaci geotermalne energije
1. Udaljenost od izvora: glavna odredišta su često daleko od naseljenih područja.

2. Visoki početni troškovi:.Za prosječnu veličinu kuće, ugradnja geotermalnih toplinskih pumpi košta između $ 10,000 - $ 20,000.

3. Troškovi napajanje pumpe: Geotermalne toplinske pumpe i dalje trebaju izvor energije koji ih može pokrenuti.

4. Površina nestabilnost: Geotermalna energija poznata je po izazivanju potresa zbog toga što izgradnja geotermalne elektrane može izmijeniti strukturu tla. Hidraulično bušenje je sastavni dio izgradnje velikog i efikasnog sustava geotermalne energije koji može biti okidač za potrese.

5. Ekološki problemi: veliki broj različitih spojeva ide u zrak, vodu i tlo kao rezultat procesa, uključujući i sumporni dioksid koji može biti opasan za okoliš ako nismo oprezni.

6. Visoke temperature: Proces je složen; bušenje zagrijane stijene je izuzetno problematično. Kako bi geotermalni proces započeo, potrebno je pronaći područje temperature barem 177 oC, inače proces neće ići prema zadanome planu.

Vulkanska područja
Ispod Zemljine kore, postoji sloj vrućih i rastaljenih stijena koje zovemo magma. Toplina se u ovom sloju neprestano proizvodi, uglavnom raspadom prirodno radioaktivnih materijala kao što su uran i kalij. U vulkanskim područjima vruće stijene mogu zagrijati vodu koja se diže na površinu kao vruća voda i para. Ovdje se para može se koristiti za pogon turbina i generatora za struju. Vulkanska područja izrazito su pogodna za stvaranje gejzira. Toplina unutrašnjosti Zemlje, koja je jako blizu površini daje visoku temperaturu vodi na dubini 1 km, oko 280°C. Ona osigurava struju i energiju za tvornice, grije kuće i staklenike, a u glavnom gradu Reykjaviku grije i staze koje u zimi ostaju bez leda. U Plavoj laguni na Islandu voda koja se ispušta iz elektrane s temperaturom od oko 37-39 ° C puna je morske soli, plavo zelenih algi, sumpora i bijelog silicija te mnogih drugih minerala, a ima terapeutska svojstva i ugodna je za kupanje.  Za Island ovi gejziri imaju još jednu pozitivnu stranu; oni su postali turistička atrakcija.

Vruće stijene
Na nekim mjestima stijene su vruće ali se se vruća voda i para ne dižu do površine. U tom slučaju mogu se raditi duboke bušotine do vruće stijene te hladnu vodu pumpati dolje. Voda teče kroz pukotine u stijenama i zagrijava se. Na površinu se vraća kao vruća vode i para gdje se može koristiti njena energija za pogon turbina i generatora za struju.

Gejziri

Općenito
Gejzir je geotermalni izvor na površini zemlje koji uglavnom neočekivano izbacuje kipuću vodu ili paru u zrak. U svijetu je poznato više od 1000 gejzira od kojih se 50% nalazi na teritoriju SAD-a, a nalaze se uglavnom na vulkansko aktivnim područjima. Najpoznatiji američki gejzir zove se Old Faithful smješten u Nacionalnom parku Yellowstone u američkoj saveznoj državi Wyoming. Njegove erupcije su uobičajena pojava i pojavljuju se otprilike svakih 60-ak minuta. Ostali poznati gejziri su : Dolina Gejzira (poluotok Kamčatka, Rusija, Azija), El Tatio, (Čile, Južna Amerika), Vulkansko područje Taupo (Sjeverni otok, Novi Zeland, Oceanija), Haukadalura (Island, Europa) te ostali manji. Generalno među ljudima najpoznatiji su gejziri na Islandu. Toplina potrebna za formiranje gejzira dolazi iz magme. Činjenica da gejzire treba grijati mnogo više nego normalno nalazi u blizini Zemljine površine je razlog da su povezane s vulkanima ili vulkanskim područjima.

Erupcije
Površinska voda postupno prodire kroz Zemlju dok ne dođe do stijena grijanih magmom. Zatim se geotermalno grijana voda pretvara u paru i nastaje jak pritisak (povišeni tlak) te dolazi do podizanja kipuće vode/pare kroz pukotine na površinu. Iz raznih razloga erupcije gejzira mogu nestati ili se promijeniti. Neki su izbacivali vodu u visinu do 500 metara, iako taj postotak čini manji broj gejzira.

Upotreba i princip rada
Prva geotermalna elektrana izgrađena je davne 2004. godine u Italiji, u mjestu Landerello, davne 1904. godine, a nakon toga izgrađena je i geotermalna elektrana u Wairekei, na Novom Zelandu. Najveći geotermalni sustav koji služi za centralno grijanje nalazi se na Islandu, odnosno u njegovom glavnom gradu Reykjaviku u kojem gotovo sve zgrade koriste toplinu geotermalne energije, te se čak 89 % islandskih kućanstava grije na taj način. Većina elektrana treba paru za proizvodnju električne energije. Para vrti turbinu koja aktivira generator, koji proizvodi struju. Mnoge elektrane i dalje koriste fosilna goriva za stvaranje pare. Geotermalne elektrane, međutim, koriste paru iz rezervoara vruće vode pronađene duboko ispod površine Zemlje. O vrsti geotermalnog ležišta ovisi izbor tehnologije za proizvodnju električne energije. Temperatura geotermalnog fluida osnovna je odrednica:

Izvori

Geotermalna energija

Geotermalna energija vulkana i gejzira


est un genre de chitinozoaires de la famille éteinte des Conochitinidae.

Les espèces sont trouvées dans des terrains datant de l'Ordovicien au Silurien.

Liste des espèces
 †Conochitina rugata Nõlvak 2007.

Noms en synonymie

Liens externes

Bibliographie

  .

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Chitinozoa
Genre d'animaux préhistoriques (nom scientifique)
Taxon fossile décrit en 1931

Conochitina


Cotswold is a range of hills in central England.

Cotswold or Cotswolds may also refer to:

Places, events, and things named after the Cotswolds hills in England

Places
Cotswold, Ontario, a small community in Wellington County, Ontario, Canada
Cotswold District, a local government district in Gloucestershire, England
Cotswold Water Park, a series of lakes on the Gloucestershire-Wiltshire border, England
Cotswold Way, a long-distance footpath from Bath to Chipping Campden, England
Severn-Cotswold tomb, a type of megalithic burial chamber in the Cotswold-Severn Group, England
The Cotswolds (UK Parliament constituency) within Gloucestershire, England

Arts, entertainment, and media
Cotswold Morris, a type of Morris dance
The Cotswolds, a symphony by Gustav Holst

Events and sports
Cotswold Chase, an annual horse race run at Cheltenham, England
Cotswold Games, annual games held in Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, England

Other namesakes
Cotswold cheese, a variation of Double Gloucester cheese with chives and onions
Cotswold Line, a railway line between Oxford and Hereford, England
Cotswold Outdoor, a chain of adventure recreation shops
Cotswold Rail, a locomotive hire company
Cotswold sheep, a breed noted for its wool
Cotswold stone, a yellow oolitic Jurassic limestone found in the Cotswolds, England

Other uses
Cotswold (Charlotte neighborhood), a neighborhood in Charlotte, North Carolina, US

Cotswold (disambiguation)


Somebody to Love ist ein Rocksong der Rockband Queen. Er wurde am 12. November 1976 als erste Single aus dem Album A Day at the Races veröffentlicht und zählt zu den bekanntesten Songs der Band. Ebenfalls ist er auf den Alben Greatest Hits und (in einer Cover-Version zusammen mit George Michael) Greatest Hits III enthalten.

Geschichte
Das Stück wurde von Freddie Mercury am Klavier geschrieben. Es basiert ähnlich wie das im Jahr zuvor veröffentlichte Bohemian Rhapsody auf einer recht komplexen Melodie und einem Gospel-Chor-Arrangement. Roger Taylor bezeichnete das Stück als von Aretha Franklin beeinflusst.

Coverversionen
Beim Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert im April 1992, das anlässlich von Mercurys Tod stattfand, wurde das Stück von George Michael gesungen. Es existieren viele weitere Versionen, sei es z. B. live oder in Filmen, etwa von Anne Hathaway, Brittany Murphy oder Tony Hadley. Am 2. November 2018 erschien eine Coverversion von Troye Sivan.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Rocksong
Queen-Lied
Lied 1976
Lied von Freddie Mercury
Platin-Lied (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Mehrfach-Platin-Lied (Vereinigte Staaten)

Somebody to Love (Queen-Lied)


Grammofonleverantörernas förening (GLF) eller på engelsk: Swedish Recording Industry Association er en organisation, der repræsenterer musikindustrien i Sverige. Det er denne organisation, der har indsamlet og offentliggjort de officielle hitlister for den svenske pladeindustri siden 1975, heriblandt single- og albumhitlisten.

GLF har følgende medlemmer: Bonnier Amigo Group, EMI Svenska AB, Network Entertainment Group, Sony BMG Music Entertainment Sweden AB, Sound Pollution AB, Universal Music Sweden AB og Warner Music Sweden AB. Siden 1986 har GLF vedligeholdt online-kataloget Grammotex, som nu omfatter omkring 100.000 titler. Kataloget er tilgængeligt for musikbutikker og distributører, der betaler afgift herfor.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Grammotex
 Sverigetopplistan, hitliste over singler, album, dvd'er og downloads, opdateres ugentligt

Musikorganisationer

Grammofonleverantörernas förening


Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, (14 Şubat 1869 – 15 Kasım 1959) yılları arasında yaşamış, X-ışınları, radyoaktivite ve kozmik ışın çalışmalarında kullanılmış "sis odası" buluşuyla 1927 yılında Nobel Fizik Ödülü kazanmış İskoç fizikçi ve meteorologtur.

Biyografisi
14 Şubat 1869 yılında Glencorse, Midlothian, İskoçya'da çiftçi "John Wilson" ve "Annie Clerk Harper" çiftinin çocukları olarak dünyaya gelmiştir. 1908 yılında evlendiği "Jessie Fraser Dick" ile iki kız, iki erkek çocuk sahibi olmuşlardır. 4 yaşında babasını kaybedince, annesi ile birlikte İngiltere'de Manchester şehrine taşındılar. Owen's Kolleji'nde (şu anda Manchester Üniversitesi) eğitimine başladı. Fizik tedavicisi olmak istediğinden ilk yıllarında biyoloji derslerine ağırlık verdi. 1888 yılında Cambridge Üniversitesi'nden burs kazandı. 1892 yılında mezun olduğunda artık fizik ve kimya onun için daha önem taşımaktaydı.

Eğitimi ve kariyeri

Ödül ve başarıları

Nobel Fizik Ödülü

1893 yılında meteorolojiye ilgi duymaya başladı. 1894 yılında Ben Nevis gözlemevinde bulut oluşumlarını incelemeye başladı. Bulut formasyonlarından çok etkilenen Wilson, bulutları Cambridge'teki laboratuvar ortamında oluşturma çalışmalarına girdi. Buhar içeren havayı kapalı bir ortamda genleştirerek deneyler yapmaktaydı. Yıllar geçtikçe deney ortamını geliştirdi ve sonradan çok kullanılacak sis odasını meydana getirdi. Bu deneyler sırasında iyonların hareketini gözlemleyen Wilson, yeni keşfedilen x ışınlarını kullanarak havanın daha iletken olduğunu keşfetmişti.  1895'te yaptığı bulut odası keşfi ile 1927 yılında Arthur H. Compton ile Nobel Fizik Ödülü'nü kazanmıştır. Wilson sis odası, yüklü taneciklerin izlerini görünür hale getiren bir aygıttır. Kabarcık odası'nın öncüsüdür; ama aşağı yukarı karşıt bir ilkeyle çalışır.

1911 yılında alfa ve beta parçacıklarının izlediği yolu fotoğraflayan ilk bilim adamıydı. 1923 yılında elektronların izlediği yollar üzerine 2 makale çıkardı. Ve bundan sonra sis odası nükleer araştırmalarda önemli bir yer etti.

Sis odası, C.T.R. Wilson tarafından, 1912'de geliştirilmiştir. Wilson, Ben Nevis araştırma laboratuvarında bulut oluşumu üstünde çalışmıştır ve bulut oluşturan küçük su damlacıklarının, toz ya da iyonlaşmış hava moleküllerinde, başka yerlerdekinden çok daha hızlı oluştuğunu fark etmiştir. Havada ilerleyen yüklü tanecik, hava moleküllerinden elektron alarak, iyonlaşmış moleküller oluşturduğuna göre, bulut oluşumu için gerekli koşullar sağlanırsa, taneciğin geçtiği yolda bir dizi damlacığın kalması sağlanabilirdi.

Sis odası, kabarcık odası gibi, yüklü tanecikleri belirlemede kullanılır. Ama, sıvıda gaz kabarcıkları yerine, gazda sıvı damlacıkları oluşmasına dayanarak çalışır.

Wilson sis odası; kozmik ışınlar, radyoaktivite, x-ışınları gibi olguların araştırmalarında ve nükleer silahların geliştirilmesine yardımcı olmuştur. Wilson yoğunlaşma bulutu adı verilen sistemle duman halkaları şeklinde oluşan ve karakteristik su üzerinde bir nükleer patlama oluşturulur.

Son yılları
1916 yılından sonra yıldırımları araştırmaya yöneldi. 1936 yılında Cambridge'ten emekli oldu. Fakat araştırmalarına devam etti. II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Kraliyet Hava Kuvvetleri'nin yıldırımlardan etkilenmemesi için çalışmalar yaptı. 15 Kasım 1959 tarihinde İskoçya'nın Carlops köyünde öldü.

Aldığı Ödüller
1927 yılında Arthur Holly Compton ile birlikte Nobel Fizik Ödülünü aldı.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Royal Society  Resmi Sitesi
 Sis Odası Makalesi İng.

Ayrıca bakınız
Nobel Fizik Ödülü
Kabarcık odası

Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahipleri
1869 doğumlular
1959 yılında ölenler
Deneysel fizikçiler
İskoç fizikçiler
Cambridge Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Cambridge Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Royal Society üyeleri
Edinburgh'da defnedilenler

Charles Wilson (fizikçi)


Reese Calhoun De Graffenreid (* 7. Mai 1859 in Franklin, Tennessee; † 29. August 1902 in Washington, D.C.) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1897 und 1902 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
De Graffenreid war ein Nachkomme des Schweizers Christoph von Graffenried. Reese De Graffenreid besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat und studierte danach an der University of Tennessee in Knoxville. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium an der Cumberland University in Lebanon und seiner 1879 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Franklin in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Über Chattanooga gelangte er nach Longview in Texas, wo er ab 1883 als Anwalt praktizierte. In seiner neuen Heimat war De Graffenreid auch am Aufbau der Texas and Pacific Railroad beteiligt. Für zwei Monate war er überdies Bezirksstaatsanwalt.

Politisch schloss sich De Graffenreid der Demokratischen Partei an. 1890 kandidierte er noch erfolglos für den Kongress. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1896 wurde er dann aber im dritten Wahlbezirk von Texas in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1897 die Nachfolge von Charles Henderson Yoakum antrat. Nach zwei Wiederwahlen konnte er bis zu seinem Tod am 29. August 1902 im Kongress verbleiben. In diese Zeit fiel der Spanisch-Amerikanische Krieg von 1898.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1859
Gestorben 1902
Mann

Reese C. De Graffenreid


VM i fodbold 2026 bliver den 23. udgave af VM i fodbold. Turneringen organiseres af FIFA, der 13. juni 2018 udpegede USA, Mexico og Canada som arrangører af slutrunden.

Udover disse tre lande havde Marokko afgivet et bud på at afholde slutrunden.

Udvælgelsen
Udvælgelsen af værtskabet for VM i 2026 blev afgjort på FIFA's 68. kongres afholdt i Moskva 13. juni 2018, umiddelbart inden indledningen af slutrunden for VM i fodbold 2018. Ved udvælgelsen blev der afgivet 200 gyldige stemmer, og fordelingen mellem de to kandidater var følgende (der blev afgivet én blank stemme):
 USA, Mexico og Canada: 134 stemmer (67 %)
 Marokko: 65 stemmer (33 %)

Det blev samtidig afgjort, at der deltager 48 hold ved slutrunden.

Buddet fra de tre nordamerikanske lande går ud på, at størstedelen af kampene spilles i USA (ca. 75 %), mens resten fordeles ligeligt mellem Mexico og Canada.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

2026
Fodbold i USA
Fodbold i Mexico
Fodbold i Canada

VM i fodbold 2026 (mænd)


Die Antas do Pinheiro do Campo liegen beiderseits der Straße, etwa 1,2 km nordöstlich von São Sebastião da Giesteira, im Westen des Distrikt Évora im Alentejo in Portugal. Anta oder Dolmen ist die portugiesische Bezeichnung für etwa 5000 Megalithanlagen, die während des Neolithikums im Westen der Iberischen Halbinsel von den Nachfolgern der Cardial- oder Impressokultur errichtet wurden.

Anta 1 liegt östlich neben der Straße. Der Deckstein der Anta ist noch intakt, aber in die teilweise zusammengebrochene polygonale Kammer verstürzt, die in den Überresten ihres Erdhügels liegt. Ein Telegrafenmast lehnt sich gegen einen der Tragsteine.

Anta 2 wurde Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts vom Archäologen Gabriel Pereira untersucht. Sie liegt unter einem Feigenbaum etwa 300 m entfernt, westlich der Straße, ist größer und in einem besseren Zustand. Eine unbefestigte Straße mit einem Viehgitter führt zu der Megalithanlage. Die Anta ist ein Dolmen mit einem Gang und ihr Deckstein ist in situ.

Siehe auch
 Megalithen im Distrikt Évora

Literatur
 Ana Palma dos Santos: Monumentos megalíticos do Alto Alentejo. Lissabon 1994, ISBN 972-918416-X.
 Thomas G. Schattner (Hrsg.): Archäologischer Wegweiser durch Portugal (= Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt. Bd. 74). Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1998, ISBN 3-8053-2313-1 S. 163

Weblinks
 Beschreibung port. und Bilder

Siehe auch
 Megalithen im Distrikt Évora

Pinheiro do Campo
Évora
Pinheiro do Campo

Antas do Pinheiro do Campo


Ángel María Carracedo Álvarez, também conhecido como Anxo Carracedo, (Santa Comba, 12 de novembro de 1955), é professor de Medicina Legal e especialista internacional em genética.

Trajetória
Graduado em Medicina pela Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (1978) e doutorado em Medicina pela mesma USC (1982), ambos com distinção extraordinária.

Professor de Medicina Legal desde 1989 e Diretor do Instituto de Medicina Legal da USC (de 1994 a 2012). Diretor da Fundação Pública Galega de Medicina Genômica (SERGAS-Xunta de Galicia) (desde 1999), Diretor do National Center for Genotyping-ISCIII (desde 2002). Líder de grupo da CIBER de doenças raras (CIBERER) e do Instituto de Investigação Sanitária de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS). O grupo de Medicina Genômica que ele coordena é composto por 10 grupos de pesquisa, diversas plataformas de tecnologia e cerca de 100 pessoas.

Ele publicou 12 livros e mais de 600 artigos em revistas internacionais (SCI), incluindo artigos na Nature, Science, NatureGenetics, bem como nas principais revistas científicas em genética médica, câncer e medicina legal. Segundo Thomson Reuters (Web of Knowledge) o Grupo de Medicina Genômica que lidera é o primeiro do mundo em citações na área de Medicina Legal na década 2001-2011 e é o autor com mais artigos, mais citações e mais índice H na área. Suas linhas de pesquisa atuais incluem a genética do câncer infantil e doenças psiquiátricas e farmacogenômica.

Presidente da Sociedade Internacional de Genética Forense (International Society for Forensic Genetics). Co-diretor da Unidade de Medicina Molecular Inco Sergas, é autor de diversos livros e centenas de publicações. Vice-presidente da International Academy of Forensic Medicine, membro do European DNA Group e da DNA-Commission da Justice Commission dos Estados Unidos, membro do Comitê Internacional da Cruz Vermelha, coordenador da European DNA Standardization Network (Rede europeia de estandarização do ADN) e da Rede iberoamericana de genética molecular aplicada a Medicina Legal.

Atualmente combina as investigações com trabalho docente. É Professor Catedrático de Medicina Legal, Ética Médica e Biologia Molecular da Faculdade de Medicina e Odontologia da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Foi escolhido como patrocinador das promoções do Curso de Licenciatura/Grau em Medicina 2000/2001 e 2011/2012 devido à grande proximidade com os alunos. Em 2013 ingressou na Academia Galega de Farmácia como membro titular.

Ele é um comunicador da Ciência em muitos níveis e para todas as idades, frequenta escolas, liceus, colégios e acostuma participar em ciclos divulgativos de conferências na Galiza e internacionalmente. É tambem um grande defensor do idioma galego, que considera ótimo para o exercício de atividades científicas e de divulgação (tambem emprega outros como o inglês e o castelhano), além de considerá-lo a mesma língua, sendo uma variante do português. Por isso, nas suas conferências e eventos no Brasil e em Portugal utiliza o galego.

Prêmios e reconhecimentos

 2006, Medalha Castelão
 2009, Prêmio Rei Jaume I de Pesquisa Médica
 2010, Medalha Galien (conhecida como Prêmio Nobel de Medicina).
 2011, Medalha de ouro da Galiza
 2011, Prêmio Fernández Latorre
 2011, Medalha Adelaide (o prêmio mais relevante em Medicina Legal).
 2015, Prêmio Genética Aplicada de Espanha, recebido em Córdova.
 2015, Prêmio Lois Peña Novo
 2019, Prêmio Trajetória
 Outros (Prémio Prismas de Divulgación, Prémio Galiza à Investigação, Prémio Novoa Santos, Doutorado Honorário de várias universidades na Europa e América, etc.)

Notas

Alunos da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
Nascidos em 1955
Medalha Castelao
Cientistas da Espanha
Galegos
Genética
Medicina legal

Ángel Carracedo


Les sarcophages de saint Léocade et de saint Ludre, respectivement en calcaire et en marbre blanc, sont situés dans l'Eglise Saint-Etienne de Déols, dans le département de l'Indre, en France.

Histoire de la recherche
La première mention des sarcophages de Déols nous vient de Grégoire de Tours, historien du . Il écrit dans De gloria confessorum, XCII, qu'un sarcophage en marbre, très bien réalisé, se trouve dans la ville de Déols. Il l'identifie comme étant la sépulture de Saint Ludre. En 1667 et en 1757, le sarcophage de Léocade dans une des cryptes de l'Eglise Saint-Etienne de Déols (Indre) est dégagé par Dom Jacques Précieux. Le sarcophage, autrefois connu des chrétiens, est oublié après l'effondrement de cette crypte. Des travaux de comblement du lieu sont réalisés à ces deux occasions.

Prosper Mérimée, inspecteur général des monuments historiques se rend à Déols en 1844 et est émerveillé en découvrant le sarcophage de saint Ludre, situé dans une crypte voisine de celui de saint Léocade. Il décide de rapporter des dessins de la sépulture. Quelques années après, en 1862, le sarcophage de Léocade est découvert lors de recherches dirigées par l'Abbé Chagnon (curé de Déols). En 1872, celui-ci fait réédifier la crypte et restaurer le sarcophage de Léocade.

Contexte de découverte
Les sarcophages sont découverts dans les deux cryptes de l'église Saint-Étienne de Déols. La crypte sud contient le sarcophage de saint Ludre et la crypte nord contint celui de Léocade. Cette église est édifiée entre le  et le 10.

Les deux sépultures sont vides de reliques. Elles ont fait l'objet de convoitise et de pillages principalement au .

Description

Sarcophage de saint Léocade
Le sarcophage de saint Léocade est en calcaire, (longueur  ; largeur  ; hauteur ). Très simple, il ne dispose quasiment d'aucune sculpture. Il repose sur une base qui présente une large doucine renversée. Il est orné de cinq panneaux encadrés d'une double moulure. Le couvercle est décoré d'une frise caractérisée par une alternance de volutes et de macarons.

Sarcophage de saint Ludre
Le sarcophage de Saint Ludre est en marbre blanc (longueur  ; largeur  ; épaisseur ). Une seule face est décorée. Le tombeau repose sur un soubassement de blocs de calcaire moulurés. Sur la cuve est représentée une scène de chasse, tandis que sur le couvercle est sculpté un repas.

Le côté gauche de la cuve de la face avant représente une chasse au sanglier. Au premier plan, le sanglier est frappé par un chasseur vêtu d'une tunique et d'un mantelet à capuchon. Il est également attaqué par deux chiens. Au second plan, deux chasseurs s'en prennent également à la bête : l'un a le bras levé et l'autre enfonce un couteau dans sa tête. Un autre chasseur s'attaque à un loup pris au piège dans un filet attaché à un arbre.

Le centre de la cuve représente une chasse au lion. Un cavalier vêtu d'une tunique serrée à la taille par une ceinture et d'un manteau, galope vers la droite et attaque un lion. Celui-ci, pour se défendre, déchire de ses griffes la partie antérieure de la patte avant droite du cheval. Au sol, un chasseur renversé frappe le lion avec un épieu. Deux autres chasseurs, armés de coutelas et accompagnés de deux chiens de chasse, se tiennent autour de l'animal. L'un des deux agrippe également une lance.

Une chasse au cerf est représentée dans le bas-relief à droite. Le cerf est capturé avec un filet par un chasseur accompagné de deux chiens. Un autre personnage assis tire sur une corde attachée à un arbre. Au second plan, on peut observer plusieurs têtes de cerfs. Un dernier cavalier à droite galope et tourne la tête. Tous les chiens représentés portent un collier et ont les poils courts, sauf le chien de gauche.

Le couvercle du sarcophage est décoré de deux scènes séparées par un cartouche anépigraphe, soutenu par deux Amours nus ailés et tournant la tête. Il présente des cassures. La gauche du couvercle pourrait représenter un repas funéraire avec six personnages drapés et couchés autour d'une table remplie de mets.

Sur la droite du couvercle est figuré un départ à la chasse. Un chasseur est à cheval tandis qu'un autre conduit une biche apprivoisée suivie de son faon. Derrière elle, se trouve une petite borne avec deux chiffres gravés "III" et "X". Les chercheurs ont d'abord perçu cette inscription comme la mention de l'étendue du terrain affecté à la sépulture, mais finalement on considère que ce sont des indications commerciales.

Le sarcophage de Saint Ludre présente un mélange d'influences et de traditions. Les scènes de chasse rappelleraient des épisodes mythologiques comme le sanglier de Calydon et Hercule et la biche de Cérynie.

Fabrication et datation
Les deux sarcophages dateraient de la fin du , selon les auteurs de la Carte archéologique de la Gaule. 36 : L'Indre.

Il est proposé par Gérard Coulon que le sarcophage de Saint Ludre a été fabriqué dans des ateliers situés à Rome. Le sarcophage a alors été acheminé par bateau de Rome à Arles et enfin transporté à Déols en remontant la vallée du Rhône.

Saint Léocade et saint Ludre
La première mention des sarcophages de Déols nous vient de Grégoire de Tours au VIe siècle. Il évoque un sarcophage très décoré à Déols contenant les reliques de saint Ludre. Ensuite, les hagiographies et la tradition orale nous permettent de considérer ces tombeaux comme les sépultures de saint Léocade et saint Ludre. Il existe différentes hypothèses concernant la période à laquelle ont vécu les deux saints. Une majorité de chercheurs considère qu'ils ont vécu vers le Ie siècle de notre ère, mais d'autres, comme l'archéologue François Deshoulières proposent plutôt le IIIe siècle.

Léocade, né à Rome, est le fils de Lucius Capréolus, patricien et proconsul du gouvernement d'Aquitaine et de la Gaule Lyonnaise. Léocade occupera lui aussi ces fonctions. Il est issu d'une riche famille gallo-romaine de haut rang. A l'instar des jeunes hommes patriciens, Léocade se forme au combat militaire. Il épouse sa cousine Suzanne, dont le père possède une grande fortune. Par la suite, Léocade est nommé proconsul et est contraint de quitter Rome pour Lyon. En Gaule, il est propriétaire de trois palais, à Lyon, Bourges et Limoges. Il possède une dernière résidence à Déols. A Lyon, il reçoit une visite de Saint Ursin de Bourges pour aborder des questions d'affaires et de religion. Lors de cet entretien, l'évêque de Bourges demande au pro-consul un lieu permettant aux chrétiens de se réunir. Léocade leur cède des écuries afin d'y construire une église. A de nombreuses reprises, il répond aux demandes de l'évêque, et rend service à la communauté chrétienne. Léocade finit par aller à Bourges où son fils et lui sont baptisés. Son épouse Suzanne et leur fille Valérie reçoivent le baptême quelque temps après, à Limoges. Léocade est considéré comme le fondateur de la ville de Déols.

Selon Grégoire de Tours, dans De gloria confessorum, XCII "de retour à Déols, Léocade fit catéchiser le peuple, et il y mourut après son fils Ludre… qui, peut auparavant, (…) y avait été élu évêque pour sa doctrine et sainte conversion" (traduction R. Latouche). À la mort de Ludre, son père le fait déposer dans le sarcophage très décoré qu'il avait fait construire pour lui-même. Ce dernier était atteint de fièvre et de la lèpre. Quelque temps après, Léocade meurt lors d'une bataille contre les Germains. Il est alors transporté à Déols et déposé dans un sarcophage très simple.

Traditions plus récentes
Selon Grégoire de Tours, les sarcophages et l'église de saint-Etienne de Déols ont été visités par Saint Germain de Paris, accompagné de clercs. Cette église est un lieu très apprécié des chrétiens et des pèlerins depuis le Moyen Age jusqu'au siècle dernier.

Plusieurs sources décrivent des miracles qui s'y sont produits. L'un d'eux nous est raconté par le T. R. P. Ambroise de Bergerac dans l'Histoire de Saint Léocade et Saint Lusor ou Ludre *: .

Espérandieu lui aussi donne un exemple de l'intérêt des croyants pour ces sarcophages dans le Recueil général des bas-reliefs de la Gaule romaine, Tome 2 : . Au  encore, des pèlerins recueillaient un peu de poudre des sarcophages.

Références

Sarcophage

Sarcophages de saint Léocade et saint Ludre à Déols


An Andropogon exaratus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel. An Andropogon exaratus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Andropogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Paraguay. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Andropogon

Andropogon exaratus


Horgefjorden er en fjord i Austevoll  kommune i Vestland fylke i Norge. Den har innløb mellem Stangesneset på Stora Kalsøy i nord og holmen Sverslingen i syd. Fjorden strekker sig ca. 4,5 kilometer østover mellem øyene Horgo, som fjorden er opkaldt efter, i syd, Stora Kalsøy i nord og Hundvåko i øst. Kalsviki er en vig i fjordens nordlige del på  Stora Kalsøy, lige syd for bebyggelsen Bakkasund. Mellem Stora Kalsøy og Hundvåko ligger sundet Navøyosen, som bliver krydset af en 370 meter lang bro. Nord for Navøyosen ligger Korsfjorden.

Marstein fyr ligger nordvest for indløbet til Horgefjorden.

Referenser

Fjorde i Vestland
Austevoll

Horgefjorden (Austevoll)


A 33-a ediție a Cupei Mondiale de Scrimă s-a desfășurat din octombrie 2003 până la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2004 de la Atena în Grecia.

Spadă individual

Floretă individual

Sabie individual

Spadă pe echipe

Team Foil

Team Sabre

Referințe
 Clasamentul FIE

2003 în scrimă
2004 în scrimă
Cupa Mondială de Scrimă

Cupa Mondială de Scrimă din 2003-2004


St. Antonius von Padua ist eine römisch-katholische Pfarrkirche in der Marsberger Ortschaft Essentho. Sie gehört dem Erzbistum Paderborn an. Kirchenpatron ist Antonius von Padua. Die Kirche ist in der Denkmalliste der Stadt Marsberg eingetragen.

Geschichte und Architektur
Der schlichte Saalbau im Rundbogenstil wurde von 1847 bis 1848 nach einem Entwurf von August Soller aus hammerrechtem Bruchstein errichtet. Die Halbrundapsis ist eingezogen, der Turmaufsatz wurde über dem Westportal hochgezogen. Das Glockengeschoss des Turms wurde 1890 zugefügt.

Ausstattung
 Das hölzerne Säulenretabel in Rokokoformen wurde in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts gefertigt. Es stammt aus der Kapuzinerkirche in Niedermarsberg.
 Der achteckige Taufstein ist mit 1580 bezeichnet. Er trägt die Namensinschriften von Stiftern.
 Der barocke Orgelprospekt ist eine Arbeit aus der Zeit um 1700, er stand vorher in der St. Magnus-Kirche in Niedermarsberg.
 Einige Heiligenfiguren und Engel wurden im 18. Jahrhundert geschnitzt.

Literatur
 Dehio, Georg, Unter wissenschaftlicher Leitung von Ursula Quednau: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Nordrhein-Westfalen II Westfalen. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin/München 2011, ISBN 978-3-422-03114-2

Weblinks

 Foto und kurzer Abriss zur Geschichte (abgerufen am 17. Mai 2012; PDF; 113 kB)

Antonius-von-Padua-Kirche
Marsberg, Antonius Von Padua
Kirchengebäude in Marsberg
Baudenkmal in Marsberg
Erbaut in den 1840er Jahren
August Soller
Bauwerk des Rundbogenstils in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Essentho
Essentho

St. Antonius von Padua (Essentho)


1930 වර්ෂයේදී පැවති පළමු ලෝක කුසලාන තරඟාවලියේ ශූරතාවය සහ 1950 ලෝක කුසලානය හිමි කරගෙන ඇත.

උරුගුවේ ජාතික පාපන්දු කණ්ඩායම


Cream was a music promotion trio (Darren Hughes, James Barton and Andy Carroll) that originally began hosting a weekly house music club night (1992-2002) at the now-demolished Nation nightclub (formerly Snobs Disco) in Wolstenholme Square in Liverpool. It ran in this format from October 1992 to June 2002.

Cream has counted Steve Lawler and Yousef amongst its resident DJs.

Cream also hosts the dance music festival Creamfields every August in Daresbury, Cheshire. Creamfields has won the award for Best Dance Event at the UK Festival Awards a record six times since the awards began 10 years ago, most recently in December 2014. In 2010, they also won the Music Week award for "Festival of the Year".

In 2012, Live Nation acquired the Cream brand.

Cream's home in Wolstenholme Square, Liverpool was demolished in 2016 as part of an urban regeneration project. Plans to build a new home for the nightclub as part of the development were retrospectively removed from the planning application.

Cream Ibiza
Every Thursday during the Ibiza clubbing season Cream hosts a club night at Amnesia.

Releases
The label has had a history of releasing DJ mix albums, originally from their own label and later Deconstruction Records (1995–98), Virgin/EMI (1998–03), WEA (2004–05), Ministry of Sound (2006–11) and New State Recordings (2011–present). Releases from the club have been acclaimed. One of its earlier releases, Paul Oakenfold's Goa Mix, originally broadcast on radio, was described by Resident Advisor as "groundbreaking in its cinematic two-hour scope" and an "Essential Mix frequently cited as the best and favorite by both listeners and DJs." Cream Live Two (1996) featured Q'''s 1997 list of "The 10 Best DJ Mix Albums...Ever!". Cream Beach 2002 (2002) was noted by AllMusic as an example of how, "as usual, Cream has gone out of its way to compile an album appropriately, and impressively, suited for such [communal] occasions." Paul Oakenfold's Creamfields (2004) was subsequently nominated for "Best Electronic/Dance Album" at the 2005 Grammy Awards. Many of their albums have also been commercially successful, most evidently so with Cream Anthems 2001'' (2000), which reached number 1 in the UK Compilation Chart.

See also

List of electronic dance music venues

References

External links
Cream's official website

Nightclubs in Liverpool
Culture in Liverpool
Music venues completed in 1994
Electronic dance music venues
1994 establishments in England

Cream (nightclub)


Rugby sevens (commonly known as simply sevens and originally known as seven-a-side rugby) is a variant of rugby union in which teams are made up of seven players playing seven-minute halves, instead of the usual 15 players playing 40-minute halves. Rugby sevens is administered by World Rugby, the body responsible for rugby union worldwide. The game is popular at all levels, with amateur and club tournaments generally held in the summer months. Sevens is one of the most well distributed forms of rugby, and is popular in parts of Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, and especially in the South Pacific.

Rugby sevens originated in Melrose, Scotland, in the 1880s; the Melrose Sevens tournament is still played annually. The popularity of rugby sevens increased further with the development of the Hong Kong Sevens in the 1970s and was later followed by the inclusion of the sport into the Commonwealth Games for the first time in 1998 and the establishment of the annual World Rugby Sevens Series in 1999 and the World Rugby Women's Sevens Series in 2012. In 2016, rugby sevens was contested in the Summer Olympics for the first time. It has also been played in events such as the Games of the Small States of Europe, Pan American Games and the Asian Games, and in 2018 a women's tournament was played for the first time at the Commonwealth Games.

Overview
Rugby sevens is sanctioned by World Rugby, and is played under similar laws (with exceptions noted below) and on a field of the same dimensions as the 15 player game. While a regular rugby union match lasts at least 80 minutes, a normal sevens match consists of two halves of seven minutes with a two-minute half-time break. Previously, the final of a competition could be played over two halves of ten minutes each, but beginning in 2017, final-round matches were limited to seven-minute halves (excluding ties) in an effort to reduce injuries. Sevens scores are generally comparable to regular rugby scores, but scoring occurs much more frequently in sevens, since the defenders are more spaced out. The scoring system is the same as regular rugby union, namely five points for a try, three points for a penalty or drop goal and two points for a post-try conversion.

The shorter match length allows rugby sevens tournaments to be completed in a day or a weekend. Many sevens tournaments have a competition for a cup, a plate, a bowl, and a shield, allowing many teams of different standards to avoid leaving empty-handed.

Sevens tournaments are traditionally known for having more of a relaxed atmosphere than fifteen-a-side games, and are often known as "festivals". Sevens tournaments gained their "popularity as an end of season diversion from the dourer and sterner stuff that provides the bulk of a normal season's watching." Fans frequently attend in fancy dress, and entertainment is put on for them.

The Hong Kong Sevens tournament has been especially important in popularising the game in Asia, and rugby sevens has been important as a form of international rugby "evangelism"; hence it is perhaps the most widely played form of the game, with tournaments in places as far apart as Bogota and Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Kenya, Singapore and Scandinavia, as well as the countries in which rugby union is well known.

Rules

Sevens is played on a standard rugby union playing field. The field measures up to  long and  wide. On each goal line is an H-shaped goal.

Variations to the laws of the game

There are several variations in laws which apply to rugby sevens, primarily to speed up the game and to account for the reduced number of players. The main changes can be summarised as follows:

 7 players per team on field (instead of 15).
 Five substitutes, with five interchanges (instead of 8).
 Seven minute halves (instead of 40-minute halves, in fifteen-a-side).
 Maximum of two minutes half-time (instead of ten minutes).
 Matches drawn after regulation are continued into golden point extra time, in multiple 5-minute periods.
 All conversion attempts must be drop-kicked (instead of having the option to place-kick).
 Conversions must be taken within 30 seconds of scoring a try (instead of 90 seconds). Prior to 2016, the limit had been 40 seconds.
 Three player scrums (instead of eight players).
 Kick-offs: in sevens, the team which has just scored kicks off, rather than the conceding team, as in fifteen-a-side.
 Yellow cards net a 2-minute suspension (instead of 10 minutes) to the offender.
 Referees decide on advantage quickly (where one play usually ends advantage, unlike in fifteens).
 In major competitions, there are additional officials present (in-goal touch judges) to judge success of kicks at goals, which means the game is not delayed waiting for touch judges to move into position to judge conversion attempts.

Gameplay

Positions and gameplay
Teams are composed of seven players – three forwards and four backs. Scrums are made up of three players from each team. The chart below shows a team's typical formation at scrum time, with three forwards bound into the scrum, a scrum-half waiting to retrieve the ball once it exits the scrum, and three backs positioned to receive a pass.
The numbers shown here are for illustrative purposes only. Unlike rugby fifteens, where a player's number corresponds to his position, numbering in rugby sevens is more flexible. In a squad of twelve players, the players will be numbered one through twelve. The starting players can have any of the twelve numbers, not necessarily one through seven. No set numbers differentiate positions; for example, numbers one through three are not reserved for forwards, but can be worn by any squad player.

In open play, a typical defensive formation involves a line of six defenders, with one sweeper behind the line. With the attacking team using all seven players against the defending team's six in the line, the attacking team often attempts to move the ball to create an overload. The defensive line can be put under pressure if the defending team makes a tackle and commits players to the ruck; with fewer players in the defending line, it leaves more space for the attacking team to exploit.

Pace of the game
Rugby sevens tends to be played at a faster pace than rugby fifteens. Because of the faster nature of the game, sevens players are often backs or loose forwards in fifteens rugby. The differences are most notable on game restarts. Because scrums in sevens involve three players forming one row instead of eight players forming three rows, scrums tend to assemble more quickly, require fewer restarts, and the ball exits the scrum more quickly. Penalties in sevens are generally taken with a quick tap, instead of a kick for touch and a line out, resulting in the ball being put back in play more quickly. When a player is tackled and a ruck is formed, the ball tends to exit the ruck more quickly, as the attacking team generally has only three players involved in the ruck – the tackled player, one support player, and one scrum-half.

History

Origins

At Loretto School in Musselburgh, Scotland, the then headmaster Hely Hutchinson Almond got the schoolboys to play short-sided matches in the 1860s and 1870s. This was to improve the players' passing. A full rugby union match, at the time, was twenty-a-side and individualism was the style. Almond stated that he:
urged on his boys in the sixties that if only they would pass constantly and systematically to each other, they would baffle any side unaccustomed to such tactics.
Almond, a pioneer in collectivism in rugby union, struggled to get his schoolboys to get used to the system. The schoolboys stated this was 'funking'; but by 1872 he was organising eleven-a-side matches with Edinburgh Academicals. In 2007, Almond was nominated for the IRB Hall of Fame but was not inducted.

Collectivism did eventually take hold with new clubs, and Scotland exported it through Sevens around the world, and sides like New Zealand and South Africa quickly realised the benefits of collectivism. The bigger clubs in Scotland were reluctant to change their ways. They were winning, and could attract the best individualists from other clubs to maintain their position. In 1895 the Scottish Referee newspaper was still criticising West of Scotland for not using the collective method.

In England, the push for smaller sides eventually resulted in the formation of rugby league; and there was experimentation with numbers in the north of England prior to the split. There was a six-a-side tournament in Huddersfield in September 1879, played under regular rules but with 10 minute halves. Other tournaments were played over the next few years across the North before being replaced by a nine-a-side game. Matches attracted large crowds and raised thousands to support the clubs or local hospital charities. In August 1890, Yorkshire suspended 8 teams and in September Lancashire banned games with less than 15-a-side over allegations of professionalism; short sided games effectively ended in England.

Scotland

Rugby sevens was initially conceived in 1883 by Ned Haig and David Sanderson, who were butchers from Melrose, Scotland as a fund-raising event for their local club, Melrose RFC. The first-ever sevens match was played at The Greenyards, the Melrose ground, where it was well received. Two years later, Tynedale was the first non-Scottish club to win one of the Borders Sevens titles at Gala in 1885.

Rugby union sevens' popularity in the Borders spread north throughout Scotland:- Aberdeen hosting Sevens in 1889; Edinburgh hosting Sevens in 1896; Glasgow hosting Sevens in 1898; Dundee hosting Sevens in 1901. The popularity of Sevens exploded in the 1920s and 1930s. From the 19th century to today, over 150 Sevens tournaments in Scotland are known; and though some tournaments have folded; new tournaments continue to be born.

Sevens remain popular in Scotland; and the Melrose Sevens annually attracts around 12,000 spectators to the small Borders town. The Melrose Sevens centenary tournament in 1983 attracted 17,500 fans.

International spread

England

A rugby sevens tournament was played by St. Helens Cricket Club on 29 May 1886; and the final took place a week later. A rugby sevens tournament was organised by Warrington F.C. (a rugby club) on their athletics day on 14 August 1886 but it was not repeated. A rugby sevens match was played in Chorley, Lancashire as part of the Chorley Rugby and Athletic club's sports day on 22 July 1888; another match looks to have taken place the following year on 24 August 1889. The Rainford Athletics Club hosted a Sports Day on 7 August 1888 with a 3 team rugby sevens tournament, but this was a one-off and not repeated. Sevens then ended in England and it would be a long wait for any future English Sevens tournaments to arrive, with the exception of a Whitsuntide event, which included sevens, at Hexham in 1894 which seemed to go ahead without official backing. The Hexham Whitsuntide Sports committee tried to invite Hawick RFC as their star guests, but without backing this did not come off.

For a long time the English Rugby Union held against rugby sevens being played in England. English clubs, particularly those close to the Scottish border and aware of the game's success in Scotland, wanted to play their own tournaments. Their pleas went in vain.

England finally hosted its first Sevens tournament in 1921 as the Scottish game crept south over the border. This was on 23 April 1921 by Carlisle rugby club; they beat a Hawick 'B' side in the final. Next was on 3 September 1921 in north east England at the Percy Park Sevens in North Shields. It was close to the Scottish Borders and Scottish sides were invited to play in the tournament with local English sides. The final was contested between Selkirk and Melrose; with Selkirk winning the event.

First played in 1926, the Middlesex Sevens were set-up by Dr J.A. Russell-Cargill, a London-based Scot. The tournament was intended as a fundraiser for King Edward VII Hospital. It raised £1,600; at a time when standard admission was a shilling, and stand seats cost five shillings. This became England's premier Sevens tournament:- it had some formidable figures on its sub-committee such as Wavell Wakefield and Bill Ramsay; it was close to London – and 10,000 spectators attended the second Middlesex tournament; and it helped rugby in London develop –  featuring the aforementioned Wavell Wakefield, Carl Aarvold (later Recorder of the City of London) of Blackheath FC, Wick Powell of London Welsh RFC, and John Tallent, who would later become chairman of the Four Home Unions Tours Committee. Invitation sides graced the Sevens tournament:- such as Sale RFC in 1936, which included such players as Wilf Wooller and Claude Davey of  and Ken Fyfe of  amongst their backs; and in 1939, Cardiff RFC, which included players such as Wilf Wooller again, and Les Spence and Wendy Davis.

India

The Earl of Dalhousie became Governor-General of India in the middle of the nineteenth century. He took his summers in the Indian western Himalayas. His base there, also called Dalhousie, and the neighbouring Khajjiar region, remains known as a 'Little Scotland of India'. Teams from Dalhousie and Chamba played various sports against one another at the Khajjiar Gymkhana. The Chamba side was a mixed civilian and native side; the Dalhousie side was a military side. On 29 June 1886 at 1am they played a rugby sevens match, as the Dalhousie players favoured rugby union; and the Chamba players, that had already beaten Dalhousie in cricket and association football, confidently obliged. The Dalhousie side unsurprisingly won the match; with the newspaper report seeming to blame Chamba's native players for the loss, a sad reflection of the times.

New Zealand

Sevens then spread from Scotland to Dunedin; a Scottish expatriate city in New Zealand. The first Dunedin Sevens tournament was the Charity tournament in aid of Dunedin hospital on 28 September 1889. From Dunedin, sevens spread north to Christchurch where Canterbury Rugby Union held a Sevens tournament on 16 September 1893. On 23 May 1894, sevens had almost reached the North Island with a tournament in Nelson.

Australia

The first notice of a Sevens tournament in Australia is that of Central Queensland Rugby Union's tournament in Rockhampton on 4 July 1891. The Wanderers won the tournament beating the Waratahs and the Berserkers.

Ireland

In Ireland, Douglas RFC of Cork attempted to host a Sevens tournament on 8 December 1900. However, due to inclement weather this did not come off. The first Sevens tournament in Ireland was then the Belfast tournament of 30 April 1921 in aid of the Warriors Day fund. This was run by the northern branch of the IRFU.

Argentina

The next country to host a Sevens tournament was Argentina; arriving again via Scottish expatriates. The Buenos Aires Cricket & Rugby Club hosted their own Sevens event on 9 July 1921. The Buenos Aires club defeated Belgrano Athletic Club in the final. The Buenos Aires club went on to host Sevens tournaments on 9 July every year; however a pitch-invasion tradition at the final meant that no further winners were recorded until 1937. The 9 July is Argentina's Independence Day holiday; and a feast is often prepared in celebration. It is said that the pitch invasion tradition started when a bell, announcing that food was ready, rang out during the final.

National side tournaments

First international tournament

The first-ever officially sanctioned tournament for national teams was the 1973 International Seven-A-Side Tournament held at Murrayfield as part of the "Scottish Rugby Union's Celebration of Rugby" centenary celebrations.

Hong Kong Sevens

Due to the success of the format, the Scottish connection continued in the establishment of the Hong Kong Sevens in the 1970s. Founded largely by expats such as "Tokkie" Smith, the Hong Kong Sevens were ahead of their time and an influential force in the modernisation of rugby union. For example, the Hong Kong Sevens was one of the first rugby union tournaments to attract major sponsorship when the airline Cathay Pacific sponsored the inaugural tournament in 1976. They also provided a level of cosmopolitan international competition, which tended not to exist in rugby before the first Rugby World Cup in 1987, especially since  was not seen as one of the "Big Eight". By 1986, the Hong Kong Sevens were held up as a positive example to others, although many of the smaller nations' teams were largely made up of expatriates.

World Cup

The Rugby World Cup Sevens, in which the Melrose Cup is contested, was launched in 1993.

International development

Rugby sevens continues to be popular in the Scottish Borders, where the ten most prestigious tournaments make up a league competition known as the Kings of the Sevens. In honour of the role of Melrose RFC in the creation of rugby sevens, the club was inducted, along with Haig, to the IRB Hall of Fame in 2008. Top club sides and international sides frequently enter the Sevens tournaments in Scotland; the Melrose Sevens, as the founding event of the sport, being the most prestigious.

Sevens has also taken strong root in the Pacific island nations of Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, as well as in Kenya. In many minor rugby nations, such as in Poland, development has tended to concentrate on rugby sevens as a means of introducing the sport to people. Rugby sevens has become popular in places such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Dubai, which are not so successful in the fifteen-a-side code. In addition, seven of the 15 current "core teams" that compete in all legs of the World Series represent nations that are not within the recognised top tier of the 15-man game – Fiji, Samoa, Kenya, the United States, Canada, Portugal, and Japan.
Recently there has been the introduction of many new teams to the sevens circuit such as Russia and Germany.

Rugby league sevens

Rugby league also has a long heritage in the seven-a-side game. The world record rugby league crowd for sevens was 80,000 in Roundhay Park, Leeds, 1932, before a royal audience. In the modern era, however, small-sided rugby league has concentrated on the Nines format, which boasts similar adaptations to the league code as sevens does with the union code.

Major tournaments

World Rugby Sevens Series

The World Series was a series held every season since the 1999–2000 inaugural season. Each season the Sevens Series held from seven to eleven tournaments, from around October and concluding around June. Most tournaments see 16 teams competing – mostly "core teams" that participate in each event, but also some teams that win the right to participate in select events. The last tournament was held in the 2022-2023 season.

New Zealand has been the dominant force in the Sevens Series, winning 13 out of the 23 seasons, including the first six seasons from 1999–2000 to 2004–05. In recent years, however, several other teams have challenged New Zealand's dominance. Fiji won the Series in 2005–06 and again in 2014–15 and 2015–16; South Africa won in 2008–09 and 2016–17; and Samoa claimed the 2009–10 crown. Other strong contenders include England and Australia, each of whom have had several top four finishes in recent seasons. The 2015 London Sevens, saw the United States win their first-ever tournament in the World Series.

Notable World Series players include England's Dan Norton, who has scored more tries (>230) than any other player; and England's Ben Gollings, who has scored more points (2,652) than any other player.

World Rugby Women's Sevens Series

The Rugby Women's Sevens Series was held every season since the 2012-13 inaugural season. Each season the Sevens Series held from five to six tournaments, usually starting around November and concluding around June. Most tournaments see 12 teams competing – mostly "core teams" that participate in each event, but also some teams that win the right to participate in select events. The last series was held in the 2022-2023 season

New Zealand have been the most dominant team in the series since its establishment by winning four of the six competitions held up to and including 2018.

SVNS

In 2023 World Rugby re-branded the Sevens series to a new World Rugby SVNS Series (known for sponsorship reasons as the HSBC SVNS). World Rugby announced it will fully combine the men's and women's tours aligning with the Olympic competition model, with both taking place on the same weekends in the same cities and venues starting in December 2023 in Dubai and will conclude in Madrid in June 2024. The idea is to bring about a festival type atmosphere in each city across the world. Both men and women's teams will earn the same with equal participation fees. The new format will showcase the twelve best men's and women's teams, which will conclude in a Grand Final weekend where the top eight teams will compete to be crowned Series champions. The teams ranked ninth to twelfth will compete against the top four teams from a new Challenger Series in a relegation play-off to see who secures their place in the 2024–2025 season.

Summer Olympics

The International Olympic Committee voted in 2009 to include rugby sevens on the program for the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. There were two open spots for sports and initially seven sports began the bidding for inclusion in the 2016 program.  The event debuted in an Olympic program at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics.

Two issues related to differences between the structures of rugby union and the Olympics were sorted out before the 2016 Olympic Games. The issue of a combined British team has proven less of a problem in rugby union. World Rugby chief executive Mike Miller endorsed the concept of a combined British sevens team in 2011 for the 2016 Olympics and beyond. Another issue is the status of Northern Ireland. World Rugby recognises the Irish Rugby Football Union as the sport's governing body for the entire island of Ireland. By contrast, the International Olympic Committee recognises the British Olympic Association as the governing body of the UK Olympic team, while the Olympic Council of Ireland usually fields teams representing all of Ireland in sports which are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Northern Irish sevens players play for the Irish team.

In the men's competition Fiji won the gold medal in the sport's Olympic debut, with Great Britain taking the silver and South Africa the bronze. The women's gold medal was won by Australia, with New Zealand taking silver and Canada bronze.

World Cup Sevens

The Rugby World Cup Sevens is held every four years and is the premier international rugby sevens tournament outside of the Olympic Games. The first tournament was held at Murrayfield in 1993 with England becoming the first team to win the event. Fiji and New Zealand are the most successful, with Fiji winning two World Cups and New Zealand winning three World Cups. In the men's competition teams compete for the Melrose Cup and in the women's competition, launched in 2009, teams compete for the Women's Rugby World Cup Sevens Trophy.

Beginning with the 2018 edition, which was held in San Francisco, United States, the World Cup Sevens is held in the middle of the Summer Olympic cycle, two years after each Olympics. As part of the drive to include Sevens as an Olympic sport, World Rugby proposed ending the World Cup event entirely to ensure the Olympic event had the greatest prestige.  However, following feedback, World Rugby and the IOC recognised the benefit to keeping the typically much larger World Cup event (24 teams), but to align it timewise with the more streamlined Olympic tournament (12 to 16 teams).

Commonwealth Games

Rugby sevens has been played at each of the Commonwealth Games every four years since its first appearance at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and was the first major international multisports event to include the sport. Rugby sevens is a "Core" sport by the Commonwealth Games Federation, necessitating its appearance at all future games. The New Zealand team has won the gold medal four times with South Africa winning the tournament at Glasgow 2014 beating the defending champions in the final.  Through the 2014 Games in Glasgow, it was the last remaining male-only sport at the Commonwealth Games, after women's boxing was added for those Games. Women's sevens made its Commonwealth Games debut in the 2018 Games. The New Zealand teams won the gold medal in both the men's and women's competitions.

Regional tournaments

Rugby sevens is played at various regional multi-sport competitions, including the Asian Games and the Pacific Games. Rugby union was formerly played at the World Games, but this has ceased as rugby is now an Olympic sport.

Asian Games

A men's rugby sevens was introduced at the Asian Games in 1998. A women's tournament was added in 2010.

Pan American Games

Men's rugby sevens at the Pan American Games has been held every four years since the 2011 Pan American Games, with Canada, Argentina, and the United States placing for medals each time. Women's rugby sevens was later added to the program for the 2015 Pan American Games.

European Sevens Championship

The Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series serves as a regional qualifier for two types of tournaments. The top two finishing teams each year who are not core members of the World Rugby Sevens Series advance to the Hong Kong Sevens, the qualifying tournament for teams vying to achieve core team status in the World Rugby Sevens Series. The Europe Grand Prix also serves as a regional qualifier for major quadrennial tournaments, such as the summer Olympics and the Rugby World Cup Sevens.

In Europe, Portugal dominated in sevens during the Championship era (2002–10); only twice the team did not win the trophy, in 2007 and 2009, when both times the championships were won by Russia.
In the Grand Prix Series era from 2011 to the present, the champions became England and France; both teams won the trophy twice in a row. Portugal won the first edition, while Russia is the current champion.

Premier Rugby Sevens

Premier Rugby Sevens is a standalone, professional rugby sevens circuit based in North America and sanctioned by USA Rugby as the highest level of domestic sevens. The league began play in 2021 and has been scheduled opposite to the World Rugby Sevens Series in order to feature top American and other international caliber players.

Women's rugby sevens

Women's rugby sevens has been dominated by New Zealand, with either the New Zealand team (1999–2001) or Aotearoa Maori Women's Rugby sevens team (playing as New Zealand), winning the annual Hong Kong Sevens tournament from 1997 until 2007. The United States won the Hong Kong Sevens in 2008 by defeating Canada in the final (New Zealand failed to send a team).

The inaugural Women's Rugby World Cup Sevens tournament took place in Dubai together with the men's tournament during the first weekend of March 2009. England defeated Canada 12–0 in the Bowl final while Australia edged New Zealand 15–10 in extra-time to become the first to win the Women's Rugby World Cup.

WR, then known as the International Rugby Board (IRB), organised its first official women's sevens tournament outside of the World Cup as part of the 2011 Dubai Sevens. This was part of a plan to launch a full IRB International Women's Sevens Series for 2012–13. The international series was officially christened as the IRB Women's Sevens World Series in an IRB announcement on 4 October 2012. The series, as planned, launched for the 2012–13 season and initially featured events in Dubai, the US, China and the Netherlands. Two additional events were planned for the 2013–14 series, but in the end only one of these events, in Brazil, took place. For the 2014–15 series, China dropped from the schedule, while Canada and England hosted new events. The series was rechristened for 2014–15 as the World Rugby Women's Sevens Series, following the November 2014 renaming of the IRB as World Rugby. The 2015–16 series included only five events; the England and Netherlands events were dropped and an event in France was added. The 2016–17 series returned to six events with the launch of an event in Japan.

Women's rugby sevens was included in the 2016 Olympic Games due to the IRB's successful bid to reintroduce rugby to the Summer games. Australia claimed the gold medal for the event, beating New Zealand in the final with a score of 24–17. Canada claimed the bronze medal after beating Great Britain 33–10 in the third place play-off. WR also successfully pushed for the inclusion of women's sevens in the 2018 Commonwealth Games.

Many of the Scottish Sevens club tournaments run women's events as part of their Sevens.

Sevens vs Fifteens
As sevens has proven a commercial and competitive success, sevens is starting to become divorced from the 15-man game. Former Wales rugby union player and current pundit John Taylor wrote in 2010, stating:

See also

Rugby X
Tag Rugby
Mini rugby
American Flag Rugby
Beach rugby
Touch rugby
Rugby tens
 Rugby league sevens
Seven-a-side football (association football)

References

Works cited

 Bath, Richard (ed.) The Complete Book of Rugby (Seven Oaks Ltd, 1997 )

 Bath, Richard (ed.) The Scotland Rugby Miscellany (Vision Sports Publishing Ltd, 2007 )
 Jones, J.R. Encyclopedia of Rugby Union Football (Robert Hale, London, 1976 )
 McLaren, Bill Talking of Rugby (1991, Stanley Paul, London )
 Massie, Allan A Portrait of Scottish Rugby (Polygon, Edinburgh; )

 Starmer-Smith, Nigel (ed) Rugby – A Way of Life, An Illustrated History of Rugby (Lennard Books, 1986 )

References

External links

 World Rugby Sevens Series official website
 World Rugby Women's Sevens Series official website
 The RugbyRugby Guide- Coaching 7s (archived)
 Ultimate Rugby Sevens
 Rugby Sevens – History & Tournaments
 Guide to playing training and coaching sevens rugby
 2011 Refereeing Sevens Handbook (archived)
 A Brief History of Seven a Side Rugby (archived)
 Dubai Rugby Sevens – Dubai Calendar – Dubai Events Official Listings (archived)
 The Road to Rio (archived)

Tournament sites

World Rugby Sevens Series
 Singapore Sevens
 Hong Kong Sevens
 NZ Sevens
 Dubai Sevens
 USA Sevens
 Edinburgh Sevens

Other Sevens tournaments
  Punta del Este Sevens
 Istanbul Rugby Sevens
 Rhino Mendip Sevens
 Braidholm 7s, Glasgow, Scotland
 Noosa, Queensland, Australia

sevens
Sports originating in Scotland
Summer Olympic sports
Sevens

Rugby sevens


Ernest Lluch é uma estação das linhas T1, T2 e T3 da Trambaix e da Linha 5 do Metro de Barcelona.

História
A estação de bonde foi inaugurada em 3 de abril de 2004 com a inauguração da Trambaix, com o nome de Sant Ramon até janeiro de 2010, e estava localizada no Camí de la Torre Melina, mas no final de agosto de 2008, devido à eliminação da curva que fica entre o Caminho da Torre Melina e a Rodovia de Collblanc foi transferida para a sua localização atual localizada a poucos metros da anterior.

A estação de metrô foi inaugurada em 25 de julho de 2021, a previsão inicial era que a estação fosse aberta ao público em 2014.

Origem do nome
O nome da estação é uma homenagem ao político socialista e professor universitário Ernest Lluch catalão que foi assassinado por terroristas do grupo Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) quando chegava em sua casa que ficava a menos de 500 metros da estação.

Localização
A estação está localizada entre a Avinguda de Xile e a Carretera de Collblanc no distrito Les Corts na cidade de Barcelona.

Acessos à estação

 Cementiri de Sants
 Avinguda de Xile

Ligações externas

Estações do Metro de Barcelona
Estações ferroviárias inauguradas em 2021
2021 na Espanha

Estação Ernest Lluch


En fløjtespiller fortæller - om fem fjender er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2008, der er instrueret af Maiken Enggaard og Lotte Bach.

Handling
Filmen følger livet i den lille landsby Mogue i Panama, hvor de oprindelige Emberá-indianere har levet gennem mange generationer. Landsbyen ligger dybt inde i regnskoven med floden som eneste forbindelse til omverdenen. Indianernes uberørte liv og omgivelser bliver i stigende grad truet af modstandere udefra i form af hotelmagnater, oliekoncerner, guldgravere, træindustrien osv. Emberá-indianerne kæmper i dag sammen med deres tidligere fjende, Kuna-indianerne, for at bevare den enestående natur, videreføre de unikke traditioner og ikke mindst slås de for at sikre yngre generationer en værdig fremtid.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2008

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark


Jordi Bianciotto i Clapés (Barcelona, 8 de octubre de 1964) es un periodista y crítico musical catalán. Autor de numerosas biografías y libros relacionados con el ámbito del pop-rock, es crítico de El Periódico de Catalunya desde 1995, y escribe habitualmente en las publicaciones Rockdelux y Enderrock.
Colaborador de la Gran Enciclopedia Catalana, el diario en línea Nació Digital y el programa radiofónico El món a RAC1.

En 1989 comenzó a escribir en la publicación musical Popular 1. Posteriormente colaboró en Diari de Barcelona, La Vanguardia y Avui. Su firma ha pasado por revistas como Cultura (editada por el Departamento de Cultura y Medios de Comunicación de la Generalidad de Cataluña), CNR, Efe Eme, Factory, Fantastic Magazine, Nativa, El Temps, Ritmos del Mundo, Woman y otras. Colabora en el programa radiofónico El món a RAC1. Fue asesor musical de la serie televisiva Pets & Pets, producida por el Institut de Cinema Català para TV3, y del ciclo De Prop, organizado por Caixa Catalunya en La Pedrera, Barcelona. Fue guionista del programa Música moderna, de Barcelona Televisió. Ha sido miembro del jurado de los premios Altaveu Frontera (San Baudilio de Llobregat) y Puig-Porret (del Mercat de Música Viva de Vic), así como del ciclo En Ruta (AIE) y de los premios de canción de autor Barnasants. En 2020 obtuvo un premio ARC (Associació Professional de Representants, Promotors i Mànagers de Catalunya) por "haber dado voz a las iniciativas musicales realizadas durante la pandemia".

Es autor de los libros de memorias de la cantante mallorquina Maria del Mar Bonet (2017) y del dúo catalán Estopa (2020), y del texto de los libretos de los boxsets antológicos de Christina Rosenvinge (Un caso sin resolver, Warner, 2011) y Joan Manuel Serrat (Discografia, Sony Music, 2018). Coguionista, conjuntamente con el director, Joan López Lloret, del documental Maria del Mar, alrededor de Maria del Mar Bonet, coproducido por Som Batabat y Televisió de Catalunya, y emitido por el espacio Sense Ficció, de TV3, en 2019. En 2022 fue comisario, junto con Hortènsia Galí, de la exposición Jordi Sierra i Fabra. 50 Anys creant històries, sobre este escritor barcelonés, en el Palau Robert, de Barcelona.

Obras

 1994 Pink Floyd. Welcome to the machine (Ed. La Máscara; traducido al francés, italiano y portugués)
 1995 Nirvana (Ed. La Máscara)
 1996 Björk (Ed. La Máscara; traducido al francés, italiano y portugués)
 1996 Pixies. Planet of Sound (Ed. La Máscara; traducido al francés, italiano y portugués)
 1997 Jimi Hendrix (La Máscara)
 1997 PJ Harvey (La Máscara; traducido al francés, italiano y portugués)
 1997 La censura en el rock (Ed. La Máscara)
 1998 Neil Young, con Conxita Parra (Ed. La Máscara)
 1998 La gran guía del rock en CD (La Máscara)
 1999 Cadáveres bien parecidos, actualización del libro originalmente publicado por Jordi Sierra i Fabra (Ed. La Máscara; traducido al francés: La fureur de mourir)
 2000 La revolución sexual del rock (La Máscara)
 2000 Abba. Planeta kitsch (Ed. La Máscara)
 2005 Bob Dylan, actualización del libro originalmente publicado por Jordi Sierra i Fabra (Ed. Folio, 2005)
 2008 El fenomen Springsteen, en catalán, con Mar Cortés y Josep Antoni Vilar (Ed. Ara Llibres)
 2008 Guía universal del rock. De 1990 hasta hoy (Ed. Robinbook)
 2008 Altaveu, 20 Anys, en catalán (libro-disco, Ed. Altaveu)
 2009 Guía universal del rock. De 1970 a 1990 (Ed. Robinbook)
 2010 El FIMPT de Vilanova i La Geltrú: bressol dels festivals, en catalán (libro-disco con Ferran Riera (Ed. FIMPT)
 2011 Guía universal del rock. De 1954 a 1970 (Ed. Robinbook)
 2011 Bruce Springsteen en España, con Mar Cortés (Ed. Quarentena)
 2013 Deep Purple. La saga (Ed. Quarentena)
2014 Pablo Alborán. Mil secretos que contarte (Ed. Grijalbo)
 2014 501 cançons catalanes que has d'escoltar abans de morir, en catalán (Ed. Ara Llibres)
 2017 Maria del Mar Bonet, intensament, en catalán (Ed. Ara Llibres)
 2018 Maria del Mar Bonet, intensidades (Ed. Milenio)
2019 Discmedi, 30 Anys, en catalán (Ed. Grup Enderrock)
2020 El libro de Estopa (Ed. Espasa-Planeta)

Obras colectivas

 2004 Teen Spirit. De viaje por el pop independiente (Ed. Mondadori, Reservoir Books). Con Quim Casas, Juan Manuel Freire, Luis Lles y Oriol Rossell; coordinado por Javier Blánquez y Omar Morera
2009 Más es más. Sociedad y cultura en la España democrática, 1986-2008 (Ed. Vervuert-Iberoamericana). Con Vladimir de Semir, Carles Geli y Sergi Sánchez. Editado por Jordi Gracia y Domingo Ródenas de Moya
2012 Bruce Springsteen. De 'Greetings from Asbury Park' a la tierra prometida (Ed. Random House Mondadori). Edición de Magela Ronda, con Manel Fuentes, Fernando Navarro, Salva Trepat, Javier Pérez de Albéniz, Ignacio Julià, Nando Cruz y otros.
2018 Història musical del Palau (1908-2018), en catalán (Ed. Huygens). De Pere Andreu Jaroid, con Joan Anton Cararach, Maricel Chavarría, Ana María Dávila, Maricarmen Palma y otros.

Referencias

Críticos musicales
Periodistas de Barcelona
Periodistas de España del siglo XX
Guionistas de televisión de España
Periodistas de España del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Barcelona

Jordi Bianciotto


Cynthia Ellen Nixon ()  o actriță americană. Ea este cunoscută pentru rolul lui Miranda Hobbes din serialul Totul despre sex (1998-2004) difuzat de HBO, pentru care a câștigat Premiul Emmy în 2004. A fost nominalizată la cinci Globuri de Aur.

Viața timpurie
Nixon s-a născut în New York City, New York, ca fiica lui Anne Elizabeth (născută Knoll; 1930–2012), originară din Chicago, Illinois, și Walter E. Nixon, Jr., un jurnalist de radio din Texas. Nu există nici o legătură de rudenie cu președintele Richard Nixon. Ea a absolvit Colegiul Hunter și a urmat cursurile Colegiului Barnard. În primăvara anului 1986, ea a studiat în străinătate prin Semester at Sea.

Filmografie

Filme

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1966
Actrițe americane din secolul al XX-lea
Actrițe americane din secolul al XXI-lea
Actrițe din New York City
Câștigătorii premiilor Grammy
Oameni în viață
Câștigători ai premiilor Tony

Cynthia Nixon


Album Top-40 er den officielle danske top 40 albumhitliste, der offentliggøres hver tirsdag midnat på Hitlistens hjemmeside. Listen kombinerer de 40 mest populære albummer fra lovligt download af musik, salg af musikalbummer på enten CD eller vinyl, samt streaming af tracks. Data er indsamlet af M&I Service på vegne af IFPI Danmark.

Historie
I 1993 lancerede IFPI og analyseinstituttet AIM Nielsen en hitliste over de 40 mest solgte albums (ikke indeholdende kompilations som fx Absolute Music) på formatterne CD, vinyl og kassette. Hitlisten var baseret på salget fra butikkerne til kunderne, og dækkede 40% af det samlede musiksalg. Ved hitlistens lancering skulle en udgivelse sælges for mindst 110 kroner for at kunne komme på hitlisten. Listen blev offentliggjort i Ekstra Bladet, på P3 og i musikbladet Mix.

Album-hitlisten blev i slutningen af 1998 for første gang lanceret på internettet på hjemmesiden musik.org.

I september 2005 blev download og fysisk salg kombineret i Album Top 40.

Fra og med den 21. november 2014 er streaming integreret i Album Top-40. For at kunne sammenlægge streaming med salg af downloads, CD'er og vinyl, anvendes der en omregningsfaktor, hvor 1000 streams svarer til ét album.

I juni 2015 besluttede IFPI at musikudgivelser fra og med den 10. juli 2015 skal udkomme om fredagen. Initiativet, der støttes af mere end 45 lande, er lavet for at ensarte udgivelsen af musik på verdensplan. Hidtil er musik blevet udgivet i lande som Danmark om mandagen, i Tyskland om fredagen, og i USA om tirsdagen. Fremover vil Hitlisten derfor blive offentliggjort om onsdagen (første gang den 15. juli 2015), da optællingsperioden vil gå fra fredag til torsdag (i stedet for mandag til søndag). Dette gælder dog ikke Airplay-listen.

Statistik

Flest uger som nummer ét
(36 uger) ÷ – Ed Sheeran (2017–18)
(25 uger) Rasmus Seebach – Rasmus Seebach (2009–10)
(23 uger) Midt om natten – Kim Larsen (1983–84)
(22 uger) Lukas Graham (Blue Album) – Lukas Graham (2015–16)
(18 uger) Mer' end kærlighed – Rasmus Seebach (2011–12)
(16 uger) Ingen kan love dig i morgen – Rasmus Seebach (2013–14)
(15 uger) Lukas Graham – Lukas Graham (2012–13)
(15 uger) Wings of Love – Brødrene Olsen (2000)
(12 uger) Når sjælen kaster op – Tobias Rahim (2022–23)
(12 uger) Carnival – Gilli (2022)
(12 uger) Christmas – Michael Bublé (2018–22)
(12 uger) Aquarium – Aqua (1997)
(11 uger) Starboy – The Weeknd (2016–17)
(11 uger) Purpose – Justin Bieber (2016)
(11 uger) 21 – Adele (2011–12)
(10 uger) A Star Is Born (soundtrack) – Lady Gaga og Bradley Cooper (2019)
(9 uger) Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon – Pop Smoke (2020–21)

Største ugesalg
(49.000 eksemplarer) Ingen kan love dig i morgen – Rasmus Seebach (2013)
(42.000 eksemplarer) Mer' end kærlighed – Rasmus Seebach (2011)
(39.000 eksemplarer) Aquarius – Aqua (2000)
(33.000 eksemplarer) Gammel hankat – Kim Larsen & Kjukken (2006)
(31.000 eksemplarer) Verden ka' vente – Rasmus Seebach (2015)

Se også
Track Top-40
Hitlisten.nu

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 IFPI's officielle hitlister fra 2001-

Hitlister fra Danmark

Album Top-40


Akhmed Jakubovitj Kotijev (russisk: Ахмед Якубович Котиев, født 15. januar 1968 i Vladikavkas) er en tidligere professionel bokser fra Rusland. Han har været verdensmester i WBO-regi.

Hans professionelle karriere begyndte i 1991 i Moskva med to sejre på points. Allerede i sin tredje kamp boksede han om det russiske mesterskab, men tabte i letweltervægt på points til Viktor Baranov. I juli 1994 besejrede han i Berlin den dobbelte EM-udfordrer Mark McCreath. I en kamp mod Mark Ramsey vandt han i maj 1995 det ledige WBC - mesterskab i Weltervægt. I januar 1998 fulgte hasn denne titel op med den interkontinentale Mestertitel hos WBO med en knockout - sejr over belgieren Douglas Bellini.

Med en pointsejr ved enstemmighed blandt dommerne mod den hidtil ubesejrede amerikaner Leonard Townsend (29-0) i februar 1998 i Stuttgart vandt han WBO's verdensmesterskab. Han forsvarede denne titel i mai 1998  med en enstemmig sejr over argentineren Paulo Sánchez (22-3) og ligeledes i november mod Santos Cardona fra Puerto Rico,(37-7).  I april 1999 vandt han på knockout over Peter Malinga (24-4) og i november 1999 på points mod Daniel Santos (21-1). I en revanchekamp i maj 2000 tabte han sin VM - titel til Santos, som vandt på knockout. Herefter indstillede Akhmed Jakubovitj Kotijev sin karriere.

Verdensmestre i boksning
Boksere fra Rusland

Akhmed Kotijev


Der Gellenbach ist ein knapp zehn Kilometer langer Zufluss der Ems. Er bildet als Grenzbach die knapp 5 km lange Grenze zwischen Ostbevern und Telgte.

Geographie
Der Gellenbach entspringt in Ostbevern/Lehmbrock genau dort, wo auch die Fleiergosse ihr Quellgebiet hat. Allerdings fließt der Gellenbach genau in entgegengesetzter Richtung und bildet seit  1. Januar 1975, dem Zeitpunkt der Gebietsreform in Nordrhein-Westfalen, die Grenze zwischen Brock und Vadrup. Der Bach erreicht hinter dem Naturschutzgebiet Brüskenheide das Gebiet von Greven. Er unterläuft den Dortmund-Ems-Kanal und zieht naturbelassen durch die Bockholter Berge. Bei Gimbte mündet er in die Ems.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

1Gellenbach
Fluss in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Fluss in Europa
Geographie (Ostbevern)

Gellenbach


Broscosoma es un género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Relación de especies:

 Broscosoma baldense Rosenhauer, 1846
 Broscosoma businskae Dvorak, 1998
 Broscosoma convexum Deuve, 1983
 Broscosoma deuvei Lassalle, 1982
 Broscosoma doenitzi Harold, 1881
 Broscosoma gracile Andrewes, 1927
 Broscosoma guttiliforme Deuve, 1985
 Broscosoma janatai Deuve, 2008
 Broscosoma jintangense Deuve, 2008
 Broscosoma kalabi Deuve, 1993
 Broscosoma monticola Habu, 1973
 Broscosoma moriturum Semenov, 1900
 Broscosoma relictum Waissmandl, 1936
 Broscosoma ribbei Putzeys, 1877
 Broscosoma rolex Morvan, 1995
 Broscosoma schawalleri Deuve, 1990
 Broscosoma semenovi Belousov & Kataev, 1990
 Broscosoma sichuanum Deuve, 1990
 Broscosoma uenoi Habu, 1973
 Broscosoma xuechengense Deuve, 2008

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Broscina

Broscosoma


Eva Le Gallienne (født 11. januar 1899, død 3. juni 1991) var en britisk skuespiller, som hovedsageligt arbejde på teater. En broadway-stjerne inden 21 års-alderen besluttede Le Gallienne sig til at oprette Civic Repertory Theatre på Broadway, hvor hun både var direktør, producent og hovedrolleskuespiller. Noteret for sin dristighed og idealisme, blev hun en banebrydende figur i den amerikanske Repertory Movement, som banede vejen for Off-Broadway i dag. En alsidig og veltalende skuespiller selv (spiller alt fra Peter Pan til Hamlet) blev Le Gallienne også en respekteret sceneinstruktør, direktør, producent og manager. Ms Le Gallienne dedikeret bevidst sig til Theatre of Art i modsætning til Show Business of Broadway og dedikeret sig til at opgradere teaterets kvalitet. Hun drev Civic Repertory Theatre Company i 10 år (1926-1936) og producerede 37 skuespil i den tid. Hun formåede Broadways 1100-pladsers Civic Repertory Theatre på 107 West 14th Street fra 1926-32, som var hjemsted for sit firma, hvis skuespillere inkluderede sig selv, Burgess Meredith, John Garfield, J. Edward Bromberg, Paul Leyssac, Florida Friebus, David Manners, og Leona Roberts.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Storbritannien
Personer fra London
Briter i 1900-tallet
Emmy-vindere
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Eva Le Gallienne


Coal Hill may refer to:

 Coal Hill, Arkansas
 Coal Hill, Ohio
 A hill located in Jingshan Park to the north of the Forbidden City in Beijing
 Coal Hill in McCone County, Montana
 Coal Hill Coal Railroad, a railroad in Mt Washington, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 Coal Hill School, a fictional London school in the Doctor Who universe

See also
Coleshill  (disambiguation)

Coal Hill


German Naval Yards Holdings GmbH (GNYH) é um grupo de estaleiros alemão que combina três estaleiros na Kieler Förde sob seu guarda-chuva: German Naval Yards Kiel (sucessor de Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft), Nobiskrug (Rendsburg) e de Lindenau (Kiel).

O grupo é uma subsidiária 100% da Privinvest, um grupo europeu de estaleiros que também possui outras empresas navais, como CMN na França e Isherwoods na Grã-Bretanha.

Em 2014, os estaleiros GNYH geraram um volume de negócios de aprox. 250 milhões de euros com cerca de 1.000 colaboradores.

Visão geral
A German Naval Yards Holdings atua em duas áreas de negócios principais: a German Naval Yards Kiel (GNY Kiel) é especializada no projeto e construção de grandes embarcações navais, como fragatas, corvetas e navios de patrulha offshore; enquanto a Nobiskrug é uma das principais construtoras de super-iates. O estaleiro Lindenau se concentra em serviços de reparo e manutenção.

Sob o guarda-chuva do GNYH, os três estaleiros vizinhos operam sob gestão e administração conjuntas com o objetivo de utilizar suas instalações de forma complementar. A GNY Kiel possui a maior doca seca da região do Mar Báltico (426 metros de comprimento), bem como um guindaste com peso de elevação de até 900 toneladas. A Nobiskrug utiliza uma doca com 160 metros de comprimento e uma doca seca com 200 metros de comprimento. O estaleiro Lindenau possui 480 metros de cais.

História

A German Naval Yards Holdings mantém uma longa tradição de construção naval no fiorde de Kiel. As bases para o grupo estaleiro alemão foram lançadas em 2009, quando a Privinvest comprou a Nobiskrug, na época realizada através da Abu Dhabi MAR Holding. O estaleiro com sede em Rendsburg, fundado em 1905, é especializado na construção de super-iates fabricados individualmente com mais de 60 metros de comprimento.

Em 2011, o grupo adquiriu a GNY Kiel. As raízes da GNY Kiel estão nas atividades de navios civis da Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft. Também tem uma longa tradição naval, pois todas as classes de fragatas atualmente operadas pela Marinha Alemã foram construídas neste estaleiro. A GNY Kiel anteriormente operava sob os nomes de HDW Gaarden e ADM Kiel. Ao todo, o estaleiro tem uma história de mais de 175 anos, começando com a primeira empresa predecessora, Schweffel & Howaldt, em 1838.

Em 2013, a Privinvest comprou o estaleiro Lindenau em Kiel, que havia se tornado insolvente. A Lindenau foi fundada em 1919 como "Schiffswerft Memel - Lindenau & Cie". na Prússia Oriental e foi reconstruída em Kiel-Friedrichsort após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Dentro do grupo GNYH, Lindenau hoje se concentra em reparo e manutenção.

Em 2014, a Privinvest agrupou seus estaleiros alemães sob a égide da German Naval Yards Holdings. O grupo explicou este nome com foco na construção naval e a aquisição completa da propriedade dos três estaleiros pela Privinvest.

Problemas atuais
Atualmente, duas fragatas MEKO A200 são construídas nos estaleiros GNYH, um super-iate e uma plataforma offshore (em abril de 2015).

Em maio de 2015, foi anunciado que a GNYH construiria quatro corvetas para Israel junto com a ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems.

Referências

Empresas de defesa e segurança da Alemanha
Estaleiros da Alemanha

German Naval Yards Holdings


Marxisme-leninisme er en politisk filosofi eller verdenssyn der bygger på marxistisk-leninistiske ideer, der søger at etablere socialistiske stater og udvikle dem yderligere. Marxist-leninister går ind en bred vifte af synspunkter afhængig af deres forståelse af marxismen-leninismen, men generelt støtter de idéen om et avantgardeparti, et etpartistyre, statskontrol over økonomien, internationalisme, modstand mod liberalt demokrati og modstand mod kapitalismen. I Kina, Cuba, Laos og Vietnam er marxismen-leninismen fortsat de herskende partiers officielle ideologi.

Marxismen-Leninismen støtter oprettelsen af en etpartistat under ledelse af det kommunistiske parti som et middel til at udvikle socialisme og derefter kommunisme. Den marxist-leninistiske stats politiske struktur indebærer et kommunistisk partis ledelse af den revolutionær socialistisk stat, der repræsenterer proletariatets vilje og regering. På grundlag af demokratisk centralisme er det kommunistiske parti den ledende politiske institution i den marxist-leninistiske stat.

Marxismen-Leninismen sigter mod at skabe et internationalt kommunistisk samfund. De kommunistiske partier kæmper mod kolonialisme og imperialisme, går ind for dekolonisering og understøtter anti-koloniale kræfter. Patierne støtter anti-fascistiske internationale alliancer og arbejder for skabelsen af "folkefronter" mellem kommunistiske og ikke-kommunistiske anti-fascister mod stærke fascistiske bevægelser.

Marxismen-leninismen var den officielle ideologi Sovjetunionens kommunistiske parti (SUKP) og de øvrige regerende partier, i det der udgjorde Østblokken.

Partier i Danmark

En række partier og organisationer i Danmark har erklæret at bygge på marxisme-leninismens ideer, eller marxisme-leninismen Mao Zedong-tænkningens ideer, også kaldet maoisme, blandt andet:

 Danmarks Kommunistiske Parti (DKP) (stiftet 1919, siden 1991 yderst svækket)
 Kommunistisk Arbejdskreds (KAK) (stiftet 1963, ophørt 1980) (maoister)
 Kommunistisk Arbejderforbund marxister-leninister (KAm-l) (stiftet 1973, nedlagt 1983) (maoister)
 Kommunistisk Arbejderparti (KAP) (stiftet 1976, nedlagt 1994) (maoister)
 Danmarks Kommunistiske Parti/Marxister-Leninister (stiftet 1979, nedlagt 2006, fussioneret med andre i Kommunistisk Parti)
 Kommunistisk Parti i Danmark (stiftet 1993)
 Arbejderpartiet Kommunisterne (stiftet 2000)
 Kommunistisk Parti (stiftet 2006)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 definition på marxists.org
 Fundamentals of Marxism–LeninismSovietisk tekstbog der forklarer Marxismen-leninismen
 definition på leksikon.org
 Pons, Silvo and Service, Robert (eds.). A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism. Princeton, New Jersey, USA; Oxfordshire, England, UK: Princeton University Press

Marxisme-leninisme


Catedrala din Zagreb este un monument istoric și de arhitectură din Zagreb, cu hramul Adormirii Maicii Domnului și regilor Ștefan I și Ladislau I ai Ungariei. Turlele sale înalte de 108 m sunt considerate ca fiind simboluri ale Zagrebului, fiind vizibile din majoritatea cartierelor orașului. Lăcașul este catedrala Arhidiecezei de Zagreb.

Istorie
În 1093, când regele Ladislau I a mutat scaunul episcopului de la Sisak la Zagreb, acesta a proclamat biserica existentă drept catedrală. Lucrările de construcție la catedrală au început la scurt timp după moartea acestuia și s-au încheiat în 1217. Tot în 1217, catedrala a fost consacrată în prezența regelui Andrei al II-lea. În 1242, în cursul marii invazii mongole, catedrala nou construită a fost distrusă. Episcopul Timotei (1263–1287) a început să construiască o nouă catedrală, monumentală, integrând în ea rămășițele fostei catedrale. Acesta a dedicat noua catedrală sfântului rege Ștefan I al Ungariei. La sfârșitul secolului al XV-lea Imperiul Otoman a invadat Croația. A fost momentul în care a început construirea de ziduri de apărare în jurul catedralei, unele dintre ele încă intacte și astăzi. În secolul al XVII-lea, un turn de pază renascentist a fost ridicat pe latura de sud și a fost folosit ca punct militar de observație din cauza amenințării otomane.

Catedrala a fost grav avariată în timpul cutremurului din 9 noiembrie 1880. Nava principală s-a prăbușit, iar turnul a fost avariat fără a mai putea fi reparat vreodată. Reconstrucția catedralei în stil neogotic a fost condusă de arhitectul franco-german Hermann Bollé. Reconstrucția turlei de sud a început în 1938, dar a fost oprită atunci când comuniștii au venit la putere. Lucrările au fost reluate în 1968, atunci când partea superioară a turlei de nord a fost renovată. Ulterior, acoperișul învechit a fost complet renovat și înlocuit cu plăci de cupru. În 1987 arhiepiscopul Franjo Kuharić a fondat Comitetul Arhiepiscopiei din Zagreb pentru Reconstrucția Catedralei. Tot atunci a fost selectat și un grup operativ de experți. Reconstrucția a început în 1990. Aceasta se desfășoară de atunci în faze și priorități. Comitetul publică periodic raportul privind stadiul actual al lucrărilor.

Catedrala a fost vizitată de papa Benedict al XVI-lea pe 5 iunie 2011, unde acesta a oficiat vecernia de duminică și s-a rugat la mormântul lui Aloysius Stepinac.

Arhitectură
Planul său cu trei abside poligonale și cu ferestre înguste seamănă cu modelul arhitectural francez, detaliile navelor sale adăugate ulterior corespund cu modelele de construcție moderne din arhitectura germană, iar sculpturile imaginative reflectă influenta școlilor cehe. Toate acestea indică nu numai introducerea timpurie a stilului gotic în nordul Croației, ci și internaționalizarea artei și importanța Episcopiei Zagrebului.

Clădirea are 46 m lățime și o înălțime maximă de 108,2 m, fiind cea mai înaltă clădire din Croația. Turla nordică (108,16 m) este cu 4 cm mai mică decât cea sudică (108,2 m).

Note

Catedrala
Biserici cu hramul Sfânta Maria
Catedrale din Croația
Biserici cu hramul Sfântul Ladislau
Arhitectură neogotică

Catedrala din Zagreb