Lush Gjergji (Gornja Stubla, Kosovo, 21. ožujka 1949.), albanski katolički svećenik s Kosova, teolog, biograf Majke Tereze, s kojom je ostvario više od stotinu susreta.

Prve četiri godine osnovne škole završio je u rodnome mjestu, petu godinu u Vitini, a posljednje tri godine u Žegri na Kosovu. Klasičnu gimnaziju pohađao je u Dubrovniku (1963. - 1967.). Prvu godinu studija filozofije slušao je u Splitu (1967.  -1968.), a ostale godine studija i magisterij iz filozofije, u Rimu na Papinskom sveučilištu "Urbaniana" (1968.-1973), gdje je diplomirao i teologiju.

Istodobno je na Državnomu sveučilištu u Rimu "La Sapienza" studirao i doktorirao psihologiju 1975. s temom Uloga albanske žene u obitelji i društvu. Godinama je glavni urednik vjersko-kulturnog časopisa Drita, kao i istoimene katoličke izdavačke kuće sa sjedištem prvo u Uroševcu, kasnije u Prizrenu, a zatim u Prištini.

Služio je u ovim župama: u Uroševcu (1975.-1993.), u Binaču (1993.-2006.) i u Prizrenu (2007.-2009.). Bio je ravnatelj Radio Marije Kosovo.

Jedan je od najistaknutijih kosovskih intelektualaca. Organizirao je program savjetovanja, rehabilitacije i stručnoga obrazovanje za više od 20 tisuća udovica i silovanih muslimanki. Uspio je smanjiti krvnu osvetu na Kosovu, koja je donedavno bila jako izražena, na minimum, pomirbom zaraćenih obitelji.

Član je Saveza pisaca Kosova, član katoličkih novinara i publicista Europe i član Europske akademije.

Do sada je objavio više od 60 knjiga: 28 na albanskome, 15 na talijanskomu i 17 na hrvatskomu jeziku, od kojih 15 posvećenih sv. Majci Terezi.

Izvori

Kosovski katolički svećenici

Lush Gjergji


Kasim ef. Dobrača (Rogatica, 1910. — Sarajevo, 3. studenog 1979.), bošnjački teolog, inicijator Sarajevske rezolucije, te jedan od čelnika Odbora narodnog spasa.

Životopis
Kasim Dobrača je rođen 1910.godine u Vraglovima pokraj Rogatice. Poslije mekteba i osnovne škole došao je u Sarajevo 1920. godine i upisao Gazi Husrev-begovu medresu. Po završetku medrese, prelazi na Šerijatsku sudačku školu koju završava 1928. godine. Potom odlazi u Kairu, gdje upisuje Al-Azhar. Na tom sveučilištu je studirao islamske teološke znanosti i usporedo arapski jezik i književnost. Diplomirao je 1935. godine i vratio se u Sarajevo, gdje je godinu dana radio kao učitelj vjeronauka u Realnoj gimnaziji u Mostaru i srednjoškolskom internatu društva Gajret. Zatim je postavljen za muderisa u Islamskoj ženskoj vjerskoj školi, a zatim u Gazi Husrev-begovoj medresi. Predavao je niz vjerskih predmeta: akaid, fikh, hadis, ahlak, povijest islama i imamet-hatabet-vaz, te arapski jezik i književnost. U medresi se zadržao sve do svibnja 1947. godine, kada je uhićen.

Inicijatore i organizatore potpisivanja Sarajevske rezolucije su nove vlasti poslije Drugog svjetskog rata proglasile narodnim izdajnicima. Kasima Dobraču je kazneno vijeće okružnog suda u Sarajevu osudilo na 15 godina zatvora.
Povodom poboljšanja odnosa Jugoslavije i Egipta, nekoliko Bošnjaka je pušteno iz zatvora prije isteka kazne, na uslovnu slobodu. Među njima je bio i Kasim Dobrača koji je poslije deset godina torture u zeničkom zatvoru, narušenog zdravlja, pušten na uslovnu slobodu.

Poslije puštanja iz zatvora, 1956. godine je postavljen za knjižničara Gazi Husrev-begove knjižnice, gdje je radio na obradi orijentalnih rukopisa Plod njegovog rada su dvije knjige "Kataloga arapskih, turskih i perzijskih rukopisa Gazi Husrev-begove biblioteke u Sarajevu". U ovoj knjižnici je radio sve do kolovoza 1979. godine kada je umirovljen. Kasim Dobrača je bio poznat kao dobar vaiz, pa je jedno vrijeme bio stalni vaiz u Begovoj džamiji, a držao je vazove po mnogim mjestima u Bosni i Hercegovini kao i seminarima Udruge ilmijje. Pisao je tekstove koje je objavljivao u Glasniku VIS-a, El-Hidaji, Novom beharu, Kalendaru Gajreta i drugim listovima, u kojima je objavio oko stotinu kraćih tekstova u vidu članaka, rasprava ili monografija, kao i desetak tekstova s tematikom iz kulturne povijesti Bošnjaka.

Preminuo je u Sarajevu, 3. studenog 1979. godine, dva mjeseca poslije objavljivanja feljtona Parergon, autora Derviša Sušića u sarajevskom dnevnom listu Oslobođenje, a u kojem je Dobrača napadan kao pripadnik Islamske zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini koja je ovim feljtonom predstavljena kao profašistička organizacija koja je sarađivala s Hitlerom.

Djela
 Kadijanje i Ahmendije (Sarajevo, 1938)
 Katalog arabskih, turskih i perzijskih rukopisa. Svezak 1 (Sarajevo, 1963)
 Kloni se zla: islamsko gledanje na štetne navike (Sarajevo, 1974)
 Orijentalni medicinski rukopisi u Gazi Husrev-begovoj biblioteci u Sarajevu (Sarajevo, 1997)
 Vazovi II (Sarajevo, 2012)

O Dobrači
 Kasim ef. Dobrača: život i djelo (Sarajevo, 2005) – Ferid Dautović

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Tekst koji je povodom godišnjice smrti Kasima ef. Dobrače objavljen na internet stranici Islam Bosna 19. studenog 2009.
 Tekst pod nazivom "Nacionalizam i patriotizam u islamu", objavljen na internet stranici Medžlisa Islamske zajednice Sanski Most

Životopisi, Rogatica
Prosvjetitelji
Bošnjački imami

Kasim Dobrača


21. etape af Tour de France 2021 er et linjeløb, som ender på  Avenue des Champs-Élysées i centrum af Paris den 18. juli 2021. Det er sidste etape og afslutningen på løbet siden starten 26. juni.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Officielle hjemmeside

21
Sport i Paris

21. etape af Tour de France 2021


Símun Pauli Rasmussen úr Konoy (født 5. januar 1876 på Kunoy, død 9. juli 1956) var en færøsk lærer, fagforeningsmand og politiker (SF).

Han var uddannet lærer i 1896 og underviste på skolen i hjembygden Kunoy 1896–1899. Efter et mellemspil på et år som privatlærer i København blev han derefter lærer i bygden Gøta fra 1905–1945. Símun Pauli úr Konoy var indvalgt i Lagtinget fra Eysturoy 1906–1910 og 1914–1928, og repræsenterede Sjálvstýrisflokkurin. Han var medlem af Færøernes skolestyre (Føroya skúlastjórn) 1918–1925, bestyrelsesmedlem i Føroya Lærarafelag 1914–1927, og formand for fiskernes fagforbund Føroya Fiskimannafelag 1911–1926. Han sad desuden i kommunalbestyrelsen i Gøtu kommuna 1910–1930, og var borgmester de fleste af årene.

Referencer
 Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit, bind 2 (2002), s. 311–312. (PDF )

Eksterne henvisninger

Lærere fra Færøerne
Fagforeningsfolk fra Færøerne
Politikere fra Sjálvstýrisflokkurin
Borgmestre fra Færøerne
Skolefolk fra Færøerne
Personer fra Norderøerne

Símun Pauli úr Konoy


Ivica Jakopic (Zagreb, Hrvatska, 12. prosinca 1989.) Hrvatski je borac mješovitih borilačkih vještina.

Od 19. svibanja 2007. godine je aktivan u profisionalnim borbama MMA.

Biografija

Ivica Jakopic je Rođen je u Zagreb - u i živi u Sveti Ivanu - u Zelini.

Profisionalni mma borac s više od 20 profesionalnih borbi i Nogometni sudac (od 2007.).

Postignuća i nagrade

Savate Box
2. mjesta u Savate Box - u (2014., 2015., 2018.),

Grapplingu
2. mjesto (na otvorenom prvenstvu Srbije) u grapplingu (2009.),
2. mjesto (na otvorenom prvenstvu Hrvatske) u cage grapplingu (2012.),
3. mjesto (prvenstvo Hrvatske) u grapplingu (2011).

MMA Borbe

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 FIGHT HISTORY - PRO
 Hrvatski Savate Savez
  Intervju Ivica Jakopic
 FIGHTER DETAILS - Ivica Jakopic
 Fight Club Zelina

 mfc Danijel Arandelovic vs Ivica Jakopic
 Nemanja Kovac vs Ivica Jakopic
  m1 global - Ivica Jakopic
  Dusan Dzakic vs Ivica Jakopic
  Ivica Jakopic vs Mohammed Grabinski
 Mixed martial arts
 mma core - fights - Ivica Jakopic
  Telekom sport
 Super Lutas
 Vikend u znaku sporta - Ivica Jakopic

Hrvatski MMA borci

Ivica Jakopic


Geobaenus es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.  Es el único género de la tribu Geobaenini.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Geobaenus australasiae Guerin-Meneville, 1830
 Geobaenus ingenuus Peringuey, 1896
 Geobaenus lateralis Dejean, 1829
 Geobaenus natalensis Basilewsky, 1949

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Geobaenus en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Harpalinae

Geobaenus


A pork pie is a traditional English meat pie, usually served either at room temperature or cold (although often served hot in Yorkshire). It consists of a filling of roughly chopped pork and pork fat, surrounded by a layer of jellied pork stock in a hot water crust pastry. It is normally eaten as a snack or with a salad.

History

Modern pork pies are a direct descendant of the raised meat pies of medieval cuisine, which used a dense hot water crust pastry as a simple means of preserving the filling. In France the same recipes gave rise to the modern . Many medieval meat pie recipes were sweetened, often with fruit, and were meant to be eaten cold: the crust was discarded rather than being eaten. A particularly elaborate and spectacular recipe described in medieval recipe collection The Forme of Cury was a meat pie featuring a crust formed into battlements and filled with sweet custards, the entire pie then being served flambeed: a distant descendant of this dish, with hollow pastry turrets around a central pork pie, was still current in the 18th century under the name "battalia pie". Hannah Glasse's influential 1747 recipe collection included a recipe for a "Cheshire pork pie", having a filling of layers of pork loin and apple, slightly sweetened with sugar, and filled with half a pint (285ml) of white wine. By the 19th century sweetened fruit and meat combinations had become less common, and the raised crust pork pie took its modern form.

Types

Traditional pies use a mix of fat and cured meat, giving the filling a pink colour. They are often produced in moulds or forms, giving the outside of the pie a very regular shape. This method is simpler and cheaper for volume production, and hence the more common choice for commercial manufacturers.

As the meat shrinks when the pie is cooked, traditional recipes specified that clarified butter or a hot pork stock was poured into the pie after baking. This would set when cool, filling the gap between meat and pastry and preventing air from reaching the filling and causing it to spoil. Commercial makers use a 6% solution of gelatin at between , added into the pie immediately after baking.

Melton Mowbray pork pie

The Melton Mowbray pork pie is named after Melton Mowbray, a town in Leicestershire. While it is sometimes claimed that Melton pies became popular among fox hunters in the area in the late eighteenth century, it has also been stated that the association of the pork pie trade with Melton originated around 1831 as a sideline in a small baker and confectioners' shop in the town, owned by Edward Adcock. Within the next decade a number of other bakers then started supplying them, notably Enoch Evans, a former grocer, who seems to have been particularly responsible for establishing the industry on a large scale. Whether true or not the association with hunting provided valuable publicity, although one local hunting columnist writing in 1872 stated that it was extremely unlikely that "our aristocratic visitors carry lumps of pie with them on horseback".

The main distinctive feature of a Melton pie is that it is made with a hand-formed crust. The uncured meat of a Melton pie is grey in colour when cooked and the meat is chopped, rather than minced. As the pies are baked free-standing, the sides bow outwards, rather than being vertical as with mould-baked pies. Melton Mowbray pork pies are served at room temperature, unlike pork pies in Yorkshire which may be served hot.

In the light of the premium price of the Melton Mowbray pie, the Melton Mowbray Pork Pie Association applied for protection under European protected designation of origin laws as a result of the increasing production of Melton Mowbray-style pies by large commercial companies in factories far from Melton Mowbray, and recipes that deviated from the original uncured pork form. Protection was granted on 4 April 2008, with the result that only pies made within a designated zone around Melton (made within a  zone around the town), and using the traditional recipe including uncured pork, are allowed to carry the Melton Mowbray name on their packaging.

There is a tradition in the East Midlands of eating pork pies for breakfast at Christmas. While its origin is unclear, the association of pork pies with Christmas dates back to at least the mid-19th century and it was by far the busiest time of year for the Melton manufacturers.

Pork pies in Yorkshire
In Yorkshire, pork pies are often served hot, accompanied with gravy or with mushy peas and mint sauce. It is also a common combination served at Bonfire Night celebrations. In Yorkshire slang a pork pie is sometimes called a "growler", a term probably derived from the "NAAFI growler" of earlier naval and army slang.

An annual pork pie competition is held in April at The Old Bridge Inn, Ripponden, Yorkshire.

Variations

The "gala pie" is a variety of pork pie where the filling includes a proportion of chicken and a hard-boiled egg (also known as a Grosvenor pie). Gala pies are often baked in long, loaf-type tins, with multiple eggs arranged along the centre.

Smaller, , varieties, sometimes branded as a "picnic pie", often have additional ingredients added to the filling such as apples, pickles and bacon.

In some cases the solid pastry top is replaced by a pastry lattice, allowing the meat filling to be seen. A recent development is to have a layer of Branston pickle inserted under the lattice crust. Occasionally the top crust is dispensed with altogether in favour of a layer of cranberries sealed into place with aspic.

See also

 Pork pie hat, so called because of its resemblance to a pork pie
 "Pork pies" (telling "porkies") is Cockney rhyming slang for "lies".
 Rabbit pie
 Tourtière, a Québécois meat pie typically made with pork
 Meat pie
 List of pies, tarts and flans

References

Citations

Sources

External links

 The Melton Mowbray Pork Pie Association, an association of pie makers
 The Pork Pie Appreciation Society
 Photos showing the steps in constructing a rather large pork pie
 Pork pie in What Am I Eating? A Food Dictionary

British pies
British pork dishes
British snack foods
English cuisine
Savoury pies
Victorian cuisine
Street food in the United Kingdom

Pork pie


Centrul Sportiv Boris Trajkovski (în , Sportski centar Boris Trajkovski) din Skopje este o arenă multi-funcțională. Aceasta este situată în municipalitatea Karpoš din Skopje, Macedonia. Este denumită după fostul președinte, Boris Trajkovski, care a murit într-un accident de avion în 2004. Acesta are o capacitate maximă de 6.000 de locuri pentru handbal, de 8.000 de locuri pentru baschet și 10.000 pentru concerte. Pe această arenă își joacă meciurile de acasă echipa națională de baschet (bărbați și femei), echipa națională de handbal (bărbați și femei) și echipa națională de volei (bărbați și femei). Arena mai are patru restaurante și un bar sportiv. Acesta a fost una din cele două arene folosite pentru Campionatul European de Handbal feminin din 2008.

Istoric
Construcția a început în iunie 2004, cu orașul Skopje ca principal investitor. Acesta a fost introdusde fostul primar Risto Penov ca unul dintre proiectele de maximă importanță. Termenul inițial stabilit de către autoritățile orașului pentru finalizarea a fost un an, dar problemele din timpul construcției au dus la depășirea acestui termen. La început, în timp ce se săpa fundația, s-a rupt pânza freatică și tot șantierul a fost inundat. Acest lucru a adus costuri suplimentare de aproximativ un milion de euro, lipsa fondurilor ducând în mai multe rânduri la oprirea lucrărilor. La învestirea lui Trifun Kostovski în calitatea de primar, orașul a început negocierile cu guvernul pentru continuarea construcțiilor. Au fost purtate negocieri cu guvernul, dar s-au încheiat fără succes. În februarie 2007, guvernul a semnat un acord pentru preluare. A fost înființată compania "Boris Trajkovski" pentru a gestiona conducerea arenei, cu fiecare investitor primind unui anumit număr de acțiuni. Prima echipă care a jucat pe această arenă a fost Harlem Globetrotters, în ceremonia de deschidere de la 22 mai 2008. În 2011, prim-ministrul Nikola Gruevski a aprobat modificarea arenei și a deschis un patinoar de hochei și o pistă de karting. Guvernul a finanțat cele mai multe investiții, care au fost în valoare de 430.000 de euro. Între 18 și 20 mai 2012, arena a găzduit cea de-a 20-a ediție a Cupei Macedoniei la handbal.

Galerie

Note

Legături externe
 Site oficial (Macedonean)

Sport în Skopje

Centrul Sportiv Boris Trajkovski


Bilješke
NK Vrlovka Kamanje je kažnjena oduzimanjem 2 boda

Izvori

 Krešimir Perušić - 100 godina nogometa u Karlovačkoj županiji 1903-2003, Karlovac 2004., ISBN 953-9969-0-6, str. 301

1987-88 2
Karlovac-2

2. općinska nogometna liga Karlovac 1987./88.


MTU. Daimler-Chrysler otomotiv grubunun ağır motor birimidir.

Firma uçaklar için jet motoru, hafif, orta ve ağır zırhlı araçlar, askeri gemiler, sivil deniz taşıtları, endüstriyel uygulamalar, demiryolu ve  elektrojen grupları için çok geniş ürün ve güç yelpazesinde entegre tahrik sistemleri, dizel motorlar ve bu motorların kontrol / izleme ünitelerini üretip, geliştirmektedir.

Bağlantılar
 MTU-881 KA 500 Dizel Motoru

Almanya merkezli motor üreticileri
DaimlerChrysler
Rolls-Royce
Friedrichshafen
Baden-Württemberg merkezli şirketler
Almanya merkezli savunma şirketleri
1900'lerde Almanya'da kurulan oluşumlar
1909'da Avrupa'da kurulan oluşumlar
1909'da kurulan imalat şirketleri

MTU (firma)


USS Dayton was a  light cruiser of the United States Navy, which were built during World War II. The class was designed as a development of the earlier s, the size of which had been limited by the First London Naval Treaty. The start of the war led to the dissolution of the treaty system, but the dramatic need for new vessels precluded a new design, so the Clevelands used the same hull as their predecessors, but were significantly heavier. The Clevelands carried a main battery of twelve  guns in four three-gun turrets, along with a secondary armament of twelve  dual-purpose guns. They had a top speed of .

The ship was launched 19 March 1944 by New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey, sponsored by Mrs. H. Rueger, and commissioned 7 January 1945, Captain Paul William Steinhagen in command. Construction for Dayton was underwritten in part by the citizens of the City of Dayton Ohio through the purchase of war bonds.

Design

The Cleveland-class light cruisers traced their origin to design work done in the late 1930s; at the time, light cruiser displacement was limited to  by the Second London Naval Treaty. Following the start of World War II in September 1939, Britain announced it would suspend the treaty for the duration of the conflict, a decision the US Navy quickly followed. Though still neutral, the United States recognized that war was likely and the urgent need for additional ships ruled out an entirely new design, so the Clevelands were a close development of the earlier s, the chief difference being the substitution of a two-gun  dual-purpose gun mount for one of the main battery  gun turrets.

Dayton was  long overall and had a beam of  and a draft of . Her standard displacement amounted to  and increased to  at full load. The ship was powered by four General Electric steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Rated at , the turbines were intended to give a top speed of . Her crew numbered 1285 officers and enlisted men.

The ship was armed with a main battery of twelve 6 in /47 caliber Mark 16 guns in four 3-gun turrets on the centerline. Two were placed forward in a superfiring pair; the other two turrets were placed aft of the superstructure in another superfiring pair. The secondary battery consisted of twelve  /38 caliber dual-purpose guns mounted in twin turrets. Two of these were placed on the centerline, one directly behind the forward main turrets and the other just forward of the aft turrets. Two more were placed abreast of the conning tower and the other pair on either side of the aft superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense consisted of twenty-eight Bofors  guns in four quadruple and six double mounts and ten Oerlikon  guns in single mounts.

The ship's belt armor ranged in thickness from , with the thicker section amidships where it protected the ammunition magazines and propulsion machinery spaces. Her deck armor was  thick. The main battery turrets were protected with  faces and  sides and tops, and they were supported by barbettes 6 inches thick. Daytons conning tower had 5-inch sides.

Service history

The keel for Dayton was laid down at the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey, on 8 March 1943. She was launched on 19 March 1944 and was commissioned for active service on 7 January 1945 with the hull number CL-105. After completing her shakedown cruise, she traveled to the Pacific Ocean, arriving in Pearl Harbor on 15 May. There, she took part in combat training, before getting underway to join the 3rd Fleet for offensive operations against Japanese forces. She reached San Pedro Bay, Leyte, in the Philippines on 16 June. There, she joined Task Force 38, and she was assigned to the subordinate unit Task Group 38.1, along with five aircraft carriers, three fast battleships, four other cruisers, and several destroyers.

Two weeks later, on 1 July, the fleet sortied to carry out a series of air strikes on Japanese targets in the Home Islands. Dayton formed part of the anti-aircraft screen that protected the aircraft carriers during these operations. The attacks began on 7 July and were carried out intermittently over the following eleven days. During this period, on 18 July, Dayton was temporarily transferred to Task Group 35.4, along with the cruisers , , and  and eight destroyers. The unit carried out a sweep for Japanese coastal shipping that night, but failed to locate any significant targets. Dayton thereafter returned to TG 38.1 and remained with it for the next month during the initial occupation operations. The ships entered Sagami Bay on 27 August with the rest of TF 38 to begin preparations for the formal surrender of Japan, which took place aboard the battleship  on 2 September. Dayton entered Tokyo Bay on 10 September as part of the occupation force. She remained there through 7 November, apart from a brief voyage to Eniwetok for periodic maintenance. Dayton left Japan on 7 November and reached San Pedro, California, twelve days later. The ship received one battle star during her short wartime career.

On 24 January 1946, Dayton departed San Pedro for Pearl Harbor, arriving there on the 30th. From there, she got underway bound for Japan, but while still en route on 7 February, she received a change in orders transferring her to the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. She took part in training exercises held off Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, later that year before sailing for her new home port at Norfolk, Virginia. The ship embarked on a tour of the Mediterranean Sea on 3 February 1947. During the cruise, she participated in maneuvers off Malta, visited a series of foreign ports including Istanbul, Turkey, and acted as the flagship of Commander of Naval Forces, Mediterranean. She arrived back in the United States on 30 November, stopping first at Boston. She thereafter took part in training operations held off the coast of New England, operating out of Newport, Rhode Island into 1948. Another voyage to the Mediterranean followed from 9 February to 26 June. Dayton was then decommissioned on 1 March 1949 at Boston. After more than a decade in the reserve fleet, the ship was stricken from the naval register on 1 September 1961 and sold to ship breakers on 6 April 1962.

Footnotes

Notes

Citations

References

External links

Cleveland-class cruisers
Ships built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation
1944 ships
World War II cruisers of the United States

USS Dayton (CL-105)


U Hrvatskoj je od početka godine do sredine svibnja 2022. zabilježeno 8 755 požara na otvorenim prostorima, objektima te prometnim sredstvima. U usporedbi s istim razdobljem 2021. ukupan broj požara porastao je za 45,24 posto.

Najviše požara zabilježeno je u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji (882), a potom slijede Karlovačka sa 442, Ličko-senjska sa 415, Zadarska sa 393 te Zagrebačka sa 380 požara. Međutim, kada se gleda veličina zgarišta, procjenjuje se da je požar najviše štete učinio na području Sisačko-moslavačke županije gdje je izgorjelo 11,7 hektara. Potom slijede Karlovačka s preko 8,9 hektara zgarišta, Ličko-senjska sa sedam tisuća hektara, Šibensko-kninska sa 3,2 tisuće hektara.

Vatrogasci su najviše posla imali tijekom ožujka, dok su travanj i svibanj bili mirniji.

Izvori

Požari u Hrvatskoj
Požari u 21. stoljeću

Požari u Hrvatskoj 2022


An Lepanthes menatoi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Roberto Vásquez. An Lepanthes menatoi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepanthes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lepanthes

Lepanthes menatoi


D. João de Ataíde e Azevedo (Penafiel, Rans, Honra de Barbosa, novembro de 1587 – Pombal (?), c. 1650) foi um escritor e comandante militar português na guerra da restauração.

Biografia
Era filho segundogénito de D. Francisco de Ataíde e Azevedo, senhor das honras de Barbosa e Ataíde e de sua mulher D. Brites da Silva, herdeira do morgadio de Parada (em Guilhabreu) e do vínculo instituído por Urraca Lourenço da Cunha no ano de 1269.

Dois dos seus tios paternos - o mártir jesuíta, Beato Inácio de Azevedo de Ataíde Abreu Malafaia, e o governador de Ceilão e Vice-rei da Índia, D. Jerónimo de Azevedo - foram figuras relevantes no Império português do século XVI e início do século XVII.

Na sua condição de filho segundo, que o afastava da herança da casa dos pais, começou por seguir a carreira eclesiástica, estudando teologia e sendo admitido como colegial no Colégio Real de São Paulo em 11 de maio de 1613. Mas rapidamente desistiu de prosseguir os seus estudos, preferindo seguir a carreira militar.

Participou na guerra da Restauração, na frente alentejana, primeiro como capitão de cavalos e depois – entre 1644 e 1647/8 – como comissário geral da cavalaria do Alentejo.

Em 1641, levantou à sua custa uma companhia de cavalos, que comandou, sendo assim um dos primeiros combatentes portugueses na fronteira do Alentejo.

Comandou uma importante operação militar em dezembro de 1643, na qual conseguiu capturar, perto de Arronches, um rico proprietário português, Sebastião Correia da Silva, que se passara para o lado espanhol. Desde o início da guerra este nacional português dedicava-se a incursões militares no Alentejo, feitas a partir de Badajoz, com sistemática destruição de propriedades e pilhagem de gado.

A importância desta captura foi relevante ao ponto de levar a Coroa a conceder a D. João de Ataíde a comenda de São Salvador de Fornelos, na Ordem de Cristo, que lhe foi confirmada por Alvará de 27 de julho de 1647.

Distinguiu-se também na batalha de Montijo, em 1644.

Em 5 de julho de 1647, as forças que comandava sofreram uma emboscada do exército espanhol em Atalaia da Terrinha, algo que muito desagradou ao recém-nomeado Governador das Armas do Alentejo, Martim Afonso de Melo, 2.º Conde de São Lourenço, que afastou assim D. João de Ataíde do cargo de comissário geral da cavalaria.

Sofreu também um processo e consequente condenação, por causa do comportamento da cavalaria no combate da Atalaia da Terrinha. Mas soube defender-se com grande competência, interpondo recursos que resultariam na anulação da sentença de perda do posto.

Pôde assim reassumir o seu cargo, como se infere de uma carta do governador das armas Martim Afonso de Melo, mencionando uma operação levada a cabo por D. João de Ataíde em junho de 1648, na qual este comandou uma incursão portuguesa ao outro lado da fronteira, em represália pelo fracassado assalto espanhol a Olivença, ocorrido no dia 18 desse mesmo mês.

D. João de Ataíde conseguiu assim impor o seu regresso à frente de combate do Alentejo, provando que não apenas ganhara o processo legal e mantivera o seu posto, como também que só acabaria por sair do cargo por sua livre vontade e com a sua honra e prestígio intactos.

Depois de 1648, retirou-se para os domínios que possuía na região de Coimbra (Pombal), deixando definitivamente a fronteira do Alentejo e a carreira das armas. Surge ainda referido em documentos em finais de 1652, tendo assim falecido depois dessa data.

Obra literária
Foi insigne na arte de cavalaria (além de "muito destro em tourear") e escreveu entre os anos de 1644 e 1647 um Tratado militar sobre a cavalaria, que ficaria em manuscrito, dedicado ao Rei D. João IV, com 180 páginas e intitulado "Regras militares da cauallaria ligeira / compostas per Dom João de Azeuedo e Attayde, Comissario Geral da caualaria, do exercito, e Prouincia de Alentejo". (Há planos em curso no sentido de editar e publicar este tratado).

Casamento e descendência
Casou em Pombal, a 19.07.1623, com D. Catarina de Sá e Sousa, filha de Cristóvão de Sá Sotomaior (neto paterno de Heitor de Sá, primo coirmão de Mem de Sá, 3.º governador-geral do Brasil) e de sua mulher Antónia de Figueiredo e Sousa.

Do casamento nasceu uma única filha:

D. Isabel de Ataíde (Coimbra, Sé Velha, baptizada em 09.10.1624 - Lisboa, Mercês, Rua Formosa, 23.02.1683), que casou em Coimbra, Sé Velha, a 27.10.1647, com Gonçalo da Costa Coutinho, Governador de Aveiro, Buarcos e Figueira, com  a seguinte geração:

 João da Costa de Ataíde, governador da ilha da Madeira e Fidalgo-cavaleiro da Casa Real em 1672; sem geração.

 Gaspar da Costa de Ataíde, alcaide-mor de Sortelha, que se casou com Catarina Helena Rosa de Lima (herdeira de seu pai, Cristóvão de Sousa Coutinho, senhor de Baião), com geração; um dos netos deste casal foi Fernando da Costa de Ataíde e Teive de Sousa Coutinho, Governador e Capitão General dos Estados do Grão Pará e Maranhão de 1763 a 1772.

 D. Leonor Maria de Ataíde (c. 1648 - Lisboa, Mercês, Rua Formosa, 30.11.1720), que casou em Lisboa, freguesia das Mercês, em 23.02.1675, com Sebastião de Carvalho e Melo (c. 1625 - Lisboa, Mercês, 26.01.1719); são os avós paternos de Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1.º Marquês de Pombal.

 José da Costa de Ataíde, que estudou em Coimbra e fez carreira na Índia, "retirando-se depois para Pombal".

Militares da Guerra da Restauração
Escritores de Portugal do século XVII
Historiadores de Portugal do século XVII
Nobres de Portugal do século XVII
Fidalgos de Portugal
Comendadores da Ordem de Cristo
Naturais de Penafiel
Família Ataíde

João de Ataíde e Azevedo


An Malleola forbesii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Henry Nicholas Ridley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Malleola forbesii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Malleola, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Malleola

Malleola forbesii


In France, the  () is a competitive examination for civil service in the French public education system. Candidates for the examination, or agrégatifs, become agrégés once they are admitted to the position of professeur agrégé. In France, professeurs agrégés are distinguished from professeurs certifiés, recruited through the CAPES training. The agrégés are usually expected to teach in sixth-form colleges (lycées) and universities, while the certifiés usually teach in secondary schools (collèges), although there is a significant overlap.

The examination may require more than a year of preparation. The difficulty and selectivity (quota) vary from one discipline to another: there are about 300 such positions open each year for mathematics alone, but usually fewer positions are made available for humanities and social sciences (for example, 61 positions for philosophy were offered in 2018) and perhaps only one seat in some rarely taught foreign languages such as Japanese.

In addition to the vast majority of agrégés teaching in lycées, some agrégés teach in the preparatory classes to the grandes écoles or at the university level. Some agrégés teach in regular universities but do not, nominally, do scientific research as other university academics do; the positions are known as PRAG. Some positions including research (agrégé préparateur, AGPR) exist in the , but they are very few.

The  is typically open only to holders of a five-year university diploma (master's degree) or above. There is also an internal  for professeurs certifiés, but it lacks the prestige of the external one although it remains selective (90 laureate/215 who passed the writing exams/873 who tried the writing exams/2001 candidates in 2010 in History-Geography). The following discusses the external one.

The competitive exam generally consists of a written section (admissibility) which, for humanities and social sciences, is composed of numerous essays and analyses of documents up to 7 hours in duration. This stage is when most candidates are eliminated.

The remaining candidates then have to go through an oral session (admission), composed of different exams in which candidates must demonstrate their ability to prepare and give lessons on any topic within the scope of his discipline. The oral exams provide the opportunity to verify that the candidates possess the appropriate speaking skills and have mastered the main exercises of their discipline; for example, in the Agrégation of Classics (French, Greek, Latin), candidates have to translate and comment on classical texts and texts from French literature. It is a way to establish whether candidates are able to fulfill requirements that they are going to need to satisfy.

In most disciplines, the lessons expected extend well above the secondary education level; indeed, the candidate may even have to present a lesson appropriate for the second, third, or even fourth years of specialized courses at the university level. One reason is that the agrégés should be able to teach in special undergraduate sections of high schools, known as preparatory classes to the grandes écoles and very similar in nature to grammar schools, and the level may be far above the normal level of the first or second year of college education.

The  is also used as an unofficial national ranking system for students, giving a fair comparison between students of different universities. That is especially true in the humanities, for which the  is highly selective and supposedly demonstrates erudition of the candidate.

Students of the , as well as graduate students who have just completed their master's degree, often dedicate an entire year of their curriculum to prepare for the .

List of agrégations

 Enseignement des langues vivantes
 Agrégation d'allemand (Agrégation of German language)
 Agrégation d'anglais (Agrégation of English language)
 Agrégation d'arabe (Agrégation of Arabic language)
 Agrégation de chinois (Agrégation of Chinese language)
 Agrégation d'espagnol (Agrégation of Spanish language)
 Agrégation d'hébreu moderne (Agrégation of Hebrew language)
 Agrégation d'italien (Agrégation of Italian language)
 Agrégation de japonais (Agrégation of Japanese language)
 Agrégation de polonais (Agrégation of Polish language)
 Agrégation de russe (Agrégation of Russian language)
 Agrégation de portugais (Agrégation of Portuguese language)

 Lettres et sciences humaines
 Agrégation d'histoire (Agrégation of history)
 Agrégation de géographie (Agrégation of geography)
 Agrégation de grammaire (Agrégation of grammar)
 Agrégation de lettres classiques (Agrégation of classics)
 Agrégation de lettres modernes (Agrégation of modern literature)
 Agrégation de philosophie (Agrégation of philosophy)

 Économie
 Agrégation de sciences économiques et sociales (Agrégation of economics and social sciences)
 option histoire et géographie du monde contemporain (history and geography of modern world - from the industrial revolution)
 option science politique et droit public (political science and public law)
 Agrégation d'économie/gestion  (Agrégation of economics and management) :
 option A : économie et gestion administrative,
 option B : économie et gestion compatible et financière,
 option C : économie et gestion commerciale,
 option D : économie, informatique et gestion.

Although both Agrégations are labeled as Agrégation of economics, the Agrégation of economics and social sciences is more oriented towards political economy whereas the Agrégation of economics and management is more oriented towards business economics.

 Enseignement des sciences naturelles et physiques
 Agrégation de mathématiques (Agrégation of mathematics)
 option informatique théorique
 option statistique et probabilités
 option calcul scientifique
 option algèbre formelle
 Agrégation de sciences de la vie - sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers (Agrégation of biology-geology)
 Agrégation de sciences physiques (Agrégation of physics-chemistry)
 option physique
 option chimie
 option physique appliquée
 option procédés physico-chimiques
 Agrégation d'informatique (Agrégation in computer science) which was created in 2022

 Enseignement professionnel et technique
 Agrégation de biochimie - génie biologique (Agrégation of biochemistry - biology)
 Agrégation de génie civil (Agrégation of civil engineering)
 Agrégation de génie mécanique (Agrégation of mechanical engineering)
 Agrégation de génie électrique (Agrégation of electrical engineering)
 Agrégation de génie informatique (Agrégation of informatical engineering)
 Agrégation de mécanique (Agrégation of mechanics)

 Enseignements artistiques
 Agrégation d'arts :  (Agrégation of arts)
 option arts plastiques (Agrégation of visual arts)
 option arts appliqués (Agrégation of applied arts)
 option histoire des arts (Agrégation of arts' history)
 Agrégation de musique (Agrégation of music)

 Enseignement d'éducation physique
 Agrégation d'éducation physique et sportive (Agrégation of physical education and sports)

In higher education
In some disciplines of higher education such as law, legal history, political science, economics, management, there exists an  for the professorship positions, called agrégation de l'enseignement supérieur. In this competitive exam, the candidate also has to give several lessons in front of a committee.
Usually there are three lessons, spread over several months, except in economics, where there are only two lessons.
The first and the last lessons have to be prepared alone, during eight hours, in a library of basic titles selected by the committee. For the remaining lesson, when it exists, the candidate has a full 24 hours to prepare for the examination, and may use several libraries as well as a team of "helpers" (usually doctoral candidates or fellow candidates, but never full professors).

Some anticonformist sociologists like Pierre Bourdieu have argued that this exam measures a candidate's social connections as much their ability to present a lesson, especially considering the composition of the examining committee.

 Agrégation de droit (Agrégation of law)
 Agrégation de droit privé (Agrégation of private law)
 Agrégation de droit public (Agrégation of public law)
 Agrégation d'histoire du droit (Agrégation of legal history)
 Agrégation de science politique (Agrégation of political science)
 Agrégation d'économie (Agrégation of economics ; not to be confused with the agrégations for secondary education that are the agrégation de sciences économiques et sociales and  the agrégation d'économie et de gestion)
 Agrégation de gestion (Agrégation of management ; not to be confused with the agrégation for secondary education that is the agrégation d'économie et de gestion)

Some well known agrégés

philosophers Alain Badiou (philosophy), Henri Bergson (philosophy), Jean-Paul Sartre (philosophy), Simone de Beauvoir (philosophy), Raymond Aron (philosophy), Michel Foucault (philosophy) Jacques Derrida (philosophy), André Glucksmann (philosophy), Alain Finkielkraut (Modern Letters), Luc Ferry (philosophy), Louis Althusser (philosophy), Simone Weil (philosophy), André Comte-Sponville (philosophy), Jean-François Lyotard (Philosophy), Catherine Malabou (philosophy)
anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss (philosophy), etc.
politicians Jean Jaurès (philosophy), Georges Pompidou (Letters), Alain Juppé (Agrégation in Classics), Jacques Legendre (Agrégation in History and Geography), Laurent Fabius (lettres modernes), Marisol Touraine (Agrégation in Economics and Social Science), Bruno Le Maire (Modern Letters), Aurélie Filippetti (Classics), Laurent Wauquiez (History), François Bayrou (Classics), Xavier Darcos (Classics), etc.
writers Jean-Paul de Dadelsen (agrégé in German), translator of Nathan Katz among others., , translator of Virgil, Julien Gracq (Agrégation in History and Geography), aka: Louis Poirier, Jules Romains aka: Louis Farigoule (philosophie), Daniel-Rops (histoire-géographie) aka: Henri Petiot, Henri Queffélec (lettres), Jean-Louis Curtis (English), Patrick Grainville (Agrégation in Modern Letters), Dominique Fernandez (Agrégation in Italian), Danielle Sallenave (letters), etc.;
hellenist Jacqueline de Romilly (Classics), etc., linguist Georges Dumézil (Classics);
mathematician Cédric Villani, recipient of Fields Medal;
physicists Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physics, and Philippe Nozières;

See also
Habilitation

References

Further reading

 Chervel André, Compere Marie-Madeleine, "Les candidats aux trois concours pour l'agrégation de l'Université de Paris (1766–1791)", juin 2002
 Verneuil, Yves, Les agrégés: histoire d'une exception française. Paris, Belin, 2005, 367 p.

Education in France
French Civil Service

Agrégation


Ton Smerdel () a fost un filolog clasicist, latinist, traducător, poet, critic literar, scriitor, eseist și profesor universitar croat.

Biografie
S-a născut în Silba. După absolvirea liceului de filologie clasică la Split, a urmat studii universitare de filologie clasică și a început să traducă operele unor poeți antici, publicând în deceniul cuprins între 1961 și 1970 opt volume de poezie în limba latină la Zagreb și Skopje.  Acest lucru arată amploarea interesului și talentului său literar. În plus, Smerdel a scris în tinerețe poezii în limba croată, deși nu au atins valoarea celor scrise în limba latină.

Spre deosebire de poezii pe care le-a scris în întreaga viață, Smerdel a publicat cărți de eseuri în anii războiului, ceea ce a făcut ca ele să fie uitate timp de mulți ani pe rafturile bibliotecilor. Abia al treilea volum din colecția Moștenirea catolică croată a secolului al XX-lea, publicat de Glas Koncila sub îngrijirea lui Božidar Petrač, Ton Smerdel: Duh umjetnosti. Eseji, prir. Vlado Vladić, potrivit intenției de a deschide câteva pagini uitate ale culturii și literaturii croate, arată valoarea  lui Smerdel ca gânditor de inspirație creștină.

Înainte de război, el a scris la revista Klasje naših ravni și la publicațiile catolice Nedjelju, Hrvatsku prosvjetu, Franjevački vijesnik, Hrvatsku stražu, Narodnu politiku, Novu reviju, Obitelj, Orlovska misao. După război a continuat să scrie studii de filologie clasică și să traducă din marii clasici. În timpul războiului a publicat cărți de eseuri: Susreti s knjigama i piscima (1943), Borba za sklad (1944), Susreti s knjigama i piscima II (1944) și Stvaralačka radost (1945). Manuscrisul studiului în cinci părți Putovi ljepote – eseji o stvaralaštvu (1946) a fost publicat abia în 2009. A scris și publicat eseuri în perioada ciocnirii ideologiilor, fiind adesea critic în special cu privire la bolșevism, care este diferit de "marxismul la modă (de salon)".

Cea mai mare parte a activității lui Smerdel a fost dedicată artei și culturii elenistice. În 1952 a publicat traducerea în limba croată a volumului Oda i fragmenata de Pindar. El a tradus din greacă textul imnului olimpic în 1969 și a colaborat la realizarea ediției din 1968 a Bibliei de la Zagreb.

După război, a publicat în revistele Platon din Atena, Maruliću, Crkvi u svijetu etc. A publicat șapte cărți de poeme în limba latină, ceea ce-l înscrie printre cei mai prolifici poeți neolatini ai lumii.

Lucrări
(listă incompletă)
 volume de poezii:
 Drvorezi, 1942. (copertă creată de Slavko Kopač)

 volume editate postum:
 Ton Smerdel: Duh umjetnosti. eseuri, ed. Vlado Vladić, 2009.
 Ton Smerdel: Izabrane pjesme latinske i hrvatske, texte latine alese și traduse de Mato Marčinko, texte croate alese de Božidar Petrač, 2007.

Note

Bibliografie
 Vladimir Lončarević: Borac za sklad, Vijenac br. 398, 4. lipnja 2009.
 Pindar. Ode i fragmenti, (s grčkog jezika preveo Ton Smerdel), Zagreb, Matica hrvatska, 1952.

Nașteri în 1904
Decese în 1970
Scriitori croați
Filologi

Ton Smerdel


An Eria latiuscula in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames ngan Charles Schweinfurth. An Eria latiuscula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eria

Eria latiuscula


Mosaic, 1993-1997 yılları arasında National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) bünyesinde geliştirilmiş bir web tarayıcısı.

World Wide Web'in bilinirliğinin artmasına sebep olmuştur. Ayrıca Dosya aktarım iletişim kuralı, Ağ Haber Aktarım Protokolü ve Gopher gibi daha önceki internet protokollerini de çalıştırabilen bir istemciydi. Sezgisel arayüzü, güvenilirliği, Microsoft Windows bağlantı noktası ve basit kurulumu, web'deki ve Microsoft işletim sistemlerindeki popülerliğine katkıda bulundu. Mosaic ayrıca görüntüleri ayrı bir pencerede göstermek yerine metinle satır içinde görüntüleyen ilk tarayıcıydı.

Mosaic, 1992'nin sonlarından itibaren University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign'de Ulusal Süper Bilgisayar Uygulamaları Merkezi'nde (NCSA) geliştirilmiştir. 7 Ocak 1997'de ise geliştirilmesi tamamen durduruldu.

1995'ten başlayarak Mosaic, Netscape'deki pazar payını kaybetti ve proje sona erdiğinde, 1997'ye kadar sadece çok az bir kullanıcısı kaldı. Microsoft, Mosaic'i 1995 yılında Internet Explorer oluşturmak için lisansladı.

Tarihçe
ViolaWWW'yu denedikten sonra David Thompson, bunu NCSA yazılım tasarım grubuna gösterdi. Bu, NCSA'da çalışan iki programcı olan Marc Andreessen ve Eric Bina'ya Mosaic'i yaratma konusunda ilham verdi. Andreessen ve Bina başlangıçta xixaic adı verilen Unix'in X Pencere Sistemi için NCSA Mosaic'i tasarladı ve programladı. Daha sonra, Aralık 1991'de, o zaman Senatör ve gelecekteki Başkan Yardımcısı Al Gore tarafından yaratılan ve tanıtılan Gore Bill'i geçti ve Mosaic projesine finansman sağlandı. Ardından Aralık 1992'de geliştirme çalışmalarına başlandı. Marc Andreessen projeyi 23 Ocak 1993'te duyurdu. İlk alfa sürümü (0.1a) Haziran 1993'te yayınlandı ve ilk beta sürümü (0.6b) yayınlandı. Microsoft Windows ve Macintosh için ise Eylül ayında piyasaya sürüldü. Commodore Amiga'da ise AMosaic Ekim 1993'e kadar mevcuttu. Unix için NCSA Mosaic (X Pencere Sistemi) sürüm 2.0 10, Kasım 1993'te piyasaya sürüldü.

1994'ten 1997'ye kadar Ulusal Bilim Vakfı, Mosaic'in daha da gelişmesini destekledi.

1994 yılında SCO, SCO's Open Desktop Unix'in değiştirilmiş bir versiyonu olan ve Mosaic'i kullanan ilk ticari ürün olan Global Access'i piyasaya sürdü.

Dış bağlantılar
 Modern Linux sistemleri için Mosaic

Kaynakça

1993 yazılımları
Çapraz platform yazılımları
Gopher istemcileri
Web tarayıcıları tarihi
Mac OS web tarayıcıları
OS/2 web tarayıcıları
POSIX web tarayıcıları
Windows web tarayıcıları
Durdurulmuş web tarayıcıları

Mosaic


Nancy Scheper-Hughes (Nova Iorque, 1944) é antropóloga, educadora e autora. Ela é Professora Emérita de Antropologia do Chanceler e diretora e co-fundadora (com Margaret Lock) do programa de doutorado em Antropologia Médica Crítica da Universidade da Califórnia, Berkeley. Ela é conhecida por escrever sobre antropologia do corpo, fome, doença, medicina, maternidade, psiquiatria, psicose, sofrimento social, violência e genocídio, esquadrões da morte e tráfico humano .

Scheper-Hughes realizou trabalho de campo no Nordeste do Brasil, Argentina, Israel, África do Sul, Moldávia, Filipinas e Estados Unidos. Como diretora fundadora da Organs Watch, ela é consultora sobre tráfico humano para órgãos da União Européia, Interpol, Escritório das Nações Unidas sobre Tráfico Humano e Vaticano . Ela testemunhou (pro bono) em vários processos contra traficantes de pessoas. Ela foi testemunha do comércio de órgãos que trouxe pacientes renais israelenses de Israel, Europa e Nova York para Durban, África do Sul e 'vendedores de rins' de comunidades pobres em Recife. Em suas primeiras investigações de um anel internacional de corretores e seus vendedores de órgãos vivos com sede em Nova York, Nova Jersey e Israel levaram a várias prisões pelo FBI .

Vida
Scheper-Hughes nasceu em Nova York, Nova York . Ela foi educada no Queens College e depois na University of California, Berkeley, onde obteve seu bacharelado em Ciências Sociais em 1970 e seu doutorado em Antropologia em 1976. Ela foi bolsista de pós-doutorado do Instituto Nacional de Saúde Mental (NIMH) no Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Humano da Universidade de Harvard, de 1979 a 1980.

Realizações

Pesquisas etnográficas
O primeiro livro de Scheper-Hughes, Saints, Scholars and Schizophrenics: Mental Illness in Rural Ireland (1979), foi um estudo da loucura entre fazendeiros solteiros e ganhou o prêmio Margaret Mead da Society for Applied Anthropology em 1980. O livro estabeleceu a capacidade de Scheper-Hughes de provocar polêmica por meio de sua escrita. Especialmente na Irlanda, muitos leitores ficaram ofendidos com seu retrato da desintegração da vida familiar rural irlandesa devido ao colapso da economia agrária. Na edição do 20º aniversário do livro, Scheper-Hughes forneceu uma atualização sobre as transições pelas quais a comunidade estava passando na época de sua pesquisa original. Ela também discutiu os desafios e a ética da etnografia, questões que vêm à tona à medida que os antropólogos trabalham cada vez mais em comunidades que podem ler e criticar seu trabalho.

Em seu livro posterior Death without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday life in Brazil (1993), ela discute a violência entre mães que se recusam a cuidar de seus filhos doentes. Mais uma vez, seu trabalho teve muitas críticas, dentro e fora do Brasil, devido à representação de mulheres forçadas por circunstâncias terríveis a racionar seu amor e favor para bebês e crianças que pareciam ter a melhor chance de sobrevivência e (ainda mais controverso) sua descrição de mães "colaborando" e "apressando" a morte de bebês considerados carentes de vontade ( desejo ), jeitinho ( jeito ) ou gosto ( gosto ) pela vida. Morte sem choro tornou-se uma espécie de clássico no campo da antropologia médica.

Além de suas monografias completas, Scheper-Hughes publicou sobre AIDS / HIV no Brasil e em Cuba, direitos humanos, esquadrões da morte, apartheid e violência em favelas na África do Sul e abuso sexual na Igreja Católica, cunhando ou popularizando tais termos como "corpo consciente" (1987, com Margaret Lock), "economia política das emoções" (1993a), "ética do bote salva-vidas" (1993b), "neocanibalismo" (2001), "cidadania sexual" (1994b ), o "continuum genocida", a "antropologia militante" e a antropologia "com os pés no chão" (1995). Um dos temas centrais que unificam os estudos de Scheper-Hughes é como a violência marca os corpos dos vulneráveis, pobres e privados de direitos com uma intimidade aterrorizante. Seu trabalho na América Latina, África do Sul, Irlanda e Europa Oriental traça a invisibilidade insidiosa da violência cotidiana, que muitas vezes torna os vulneráveis e explorados em seus próprios guardas e carrascos.

Além de sua própria pesquisa original, ela ajudou a divulgar o trabalho de estudiosos como o psiquiatra radical italiano Franco Basaglia, o educador brasileiro Paulo Freire e o médico e ecologista radical brasileiro Josué de Castro, para um público norte-americano mais amplo.

Ativismo
Scheper-Hughes serviu como voluntária do Peace Corps no Brasil na década de 1960. Trabalhou como ativista e com movimentos sociais no Brasil (em defesa dos trabalhadores rurais, contra os esquadrões da morte e pelos direitos das crianças de rua) e nos Estados Unidos (como trabalhadora dos direitos civis e como trabalhadora católica para os sem-teto doentes mentais e contra a pesquisa de armas nucleares no Laboratório Nacional Lawrence Livermore ) e internacionalmente em defesa dos direitos daqueles que vendem seus rins.

Em 1999, Scheper-Hughes juntou-se a três outros professores para lançar a Organs Watch, uma organização dedicada à pesquisa sobre o tráfico global de órgãos humanos, rastreando os movimentos de pessoas e órgãos em todo o mundo, bem como as desigualdades globais que facilitam esse comércio. .

Em outubro de 2008, participou do programa da BBC HARDtalk expressando sua forte oposição à livre compra e venda de órgãos, mesmo que houvesse supervisão do governo por meio de regulamentação. Sua razão para esta posição é que ela sente que acabará por corromper todo o campo por causa da inevitabilidade de corretores se envolverem em satisfazer as demandas de compradores ricos por doadores de maior qualidade. Ela se opõe ao programa regulamentado de doação de órgãos do governo iraniano, envolvendo recompensas em dinheiro, e prevê que ele irá falhar. Sua preferência é por doações voluntárias gratuitas de familiares ou amigos. Ela caracterizou os esforços dos pacientes que esperam por um transplante de órgão para salvar suas vidas por meio da compra de um órgão substituto de um voluntário como apenas "uma nova forma de fetichismo de mercadoria". Ela lamenta o fato de que, para os pacientes moribundos à espera de um transplante, "no contexto tardio ou pós-moderno orientado para o consumidor, a antiga prescrição de virtude no sofrimento e graça na morte só pode parecer patentemente absurda". Ela recomenda, em vez disso, que as agora letalmente longas listas de espera para transplantes de órgãos sejam cortadas questionando "os direitos das crianças e das pessoas com mais de 70 anos de estar na lista de espera".

No entanto, em 2010, Nancy Scheper-Hughes já apoiava a compensação legal por doações de órgãos. Ela também diz que as indenizações já são pagas no sentido "não pergunte, não diga". Por trás disso está o desespero devido à escassez de doações de órgãos.

Na década de 2000, Scheper-Hughes investigou uma quadrilha internacional de vendedores de órgãos com sede em Nova York, Nova Jersey e Israel . Ela entrevistou várias centenas de doadores de órgãos do terceiro mundo e relatou que todos eles sentiram que haviam sido explorados e muitas vezes ficavam doentes, incapazes de trabalhar e de obter assistência médica. Alguns deles foram levados a doar órgãos e ameaçados com uma arma quando tentaram resistir. Alguns transplantes ocorreram nos principais hospitais da cidade de Nova York, e Scheper-Hughes disse que o pessoal do hospital sabia que transplantes ilegais estavam ocorrendo. Ela informou o Federal Bureau of Investigation, o que levou a prisões vários anos depois.

Prêmios
O primeiro livro de Scheper-Hughes, Saints, Scholars and Schizophrenics: Mental Illness in Rural Ireland (1979), um estudo da loucura entre fazendeiros solteiros, ganhou o prêmio Margaret Mead da Society for Applied Anthropology em 1980. Em abril de 2007, Scheper-Hughes recebeu o primeiro prêmio Berkeley William Sloane Coffin Jr. O prêmio reconhece a liderança moral entre os membros da comunidade da Universidade da Califórnia, Berkeley. O prêmio leva o nome de William Sloane Coffin, capelão da Universidade de Yale e ativista do Movimento dos Direitos Civis e do movimento pela paz .

Escritos

 2003  Commodifying Bodies. Co-edited with Loïc Wacquant. London: Sage Publications. Series in Theory, Culture, and Society.
 2001 Saints, Scholars and Schizophrenics Berkeley: University of California Press. 20th Anniversary edition. Expanded and updated with new preface and epilogue
 1999  Small Wars: The Cultural Politics of Childhood. Co-edited with Carolyn Sargent. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 1993 Death without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Second edition, paperback).
 1979   Saints, Scholars and Schizophrenics: Mental Illness in Rural Ireland. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Notas
Este artigo foi inicialmente traduzido, total ou parcialmente, do artigo da Wikipédia em inglês, cujo título é «Nancy Scheper-Hughes».

Referências

Nascidos em 1944
Antropólogas dos Estados Unidos
Naturais de Nova Iorque (cidade)

!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Nancy Scheper-Hughes


Earle Bryan Combs (May 14, 1899 – July 21, 1976) was an American professional baseball player who played his entire career for the New York Yankees (1924–1935). Combs batted leadoff and played center field on the Yankees' fabled 1927 team (often referred to as Murderers' Row). He is one of six players on that team who have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame; the other five are Waite Hoyt, Herb Pennock, Tony Lazzeri, Lou Gehrig and Babe Ruth.

Combs led the league in triples three times and was among the top ten in the category in several other seasons. He suffered a fractured skull and other injuries from a crash into an outfield wall in 1934, then retired after another injury the next season. Nicknamed "the Kentucky Colonel", Combs was known as a gentleman on and off the field. He remained in baseball as a coach for many years after his retirement as a player.

Biography

Early years
Combs was born in Pebworth, Owsley County, Kentucky. As a child, he played baseball games with tree limbs as bats and with baseballs made out of string and the material of old shoes.

College
Combs left Pebworth in 1917 to enter Eastern Kentucky State Normal School in Richmond. In those early days, Eastern prepared its students to become teachers. On completion of a two-year program, graduates were often employed in rural one-room schools. They were often responsible for forty or more students, ranging in age from six to teen-age in grades 1–8, so the work required much management skill.

In his first year at Eastern, Combs put on a stellar performance in a faculty-student baseball game and was encouraged to join the school team by Dr. Charles Keith (Dean of Men and baseball coach). He hit .591 at Eastern during his last season. After graduating from Eastern, Combs went back to his native Owsley County and taught in one-room schoolhouses in both Ida May and Levi.

Early baseball career

Combs continued to play baseball in his spare time. He played for High Splint (Harlan County coal company team) in the Pine Mountain League (summer of 1921) and hit .444. He also played semi-pro baseball for the Lexington, Kentucky based Lexington Reos of the Blue Grass League. It was in Lexington (in 1922) that Combs drew the attention of the Louisville Colonels of the American Association. After scouting him, Louisville offered him a contract which provided a salary that exceeded the $37 per month ($ today) he made as a teacher in Owsley County.

His Louisville debut was unsettling; he committed several outfield errors. The last one gave the opposition the two runs they needed to win the game. Distraught afterward, Combs said, "As I went after the dropped ball I was tempted to keep right on going, climb the fence and not stop running until I got to Pebworth." He had married Ruth McCollum, his high school sweetheart, the year before and was concerned about his future.

Joe McCarthy, the manager of the Colonels and later his manager with the Yankees, knew what Combs could do and told him, "Look, if I didn't think you belonged in center field on this club I wouldn't put you there, and I'm going to keep you there." Combs soon found his stride, hitting .344 in 1922 and .380 in 1923 for the Colonels and also earning a reputation for speedy ball-hawking in the outfield and reckless base- stealing on offense.

Major league years
In 1924, the New York Yankees won a spirited bidding war and bought Combs' contract for $50,000 ($ in current dollar terms). This was a rather large sum at that time, but it bore fruit for the Yankees as Combs proved an immediate success in New York. In his rookie season (summer of 1924), Combs played center field and hit .400 before breaking an ankle sliding into home plate at Cleveland's League Park on June 15. Except for one pinch-hitting appearance, he saw no more action that rookie season.

The following year, manager Miller Huggins made Combs the Yankees' leadoff hitter. He held this position for the remaining eleven years of his playing career. He hit .342 and scored 117 runs in 1925. In his best year (1927), he hit .356 with 231 hits, 131 runs scored, 36 doubles and a league-leading 23 triples. He led the league in triples again the next year, batting .310 and finishing sixth in Most Valuable Player voting. He hit .345 in 1929, then .344 in 1930, again leading the league in triples.

Combs suffered a serious accident in July 1934. On a 100+-degree day at St. Louis' Sportsman's Park, he crashed into the outfield wall going for a fly ball, sustaining a fractured skull, a broken shoulder and a damaged knee. He was reportedly near death for several days, and was hospitalized for more than two months. The next season, he attempted a comeback but suffered another serious injury. That injury, coupled with the knowledge that the Yankees were set to bring up a rookie center fielder named Joe DiMaggio the next season, led to Combs' decision to retire at the age of 36.

For his career Combs hit .325, had an on-base average of .397 and averaged nearly 200 hits, 75 walks and only 31 strikeouts a season. He was a part of three World Series championships (in 1927, 1928 and 1932). He also set the Yankees' team record for most triples in a season (23 in 1927). He hit no lower than .282 in any of his eleven seasons, and scored no fewer than 113 runs from 1925 through 1933. In four World Series, Combs hit .350 with a .443 on-base average. He averaged 17 triples a season, and had a lifetime fielding percentage seven points better than the league average.

Miller Huggins once said, "If you had nine Combs' on your ball club, you could go to bed every night and sleep like a baby". Joe McCarthy (another longtime Yankee manager) said, "They wouldn't pay baseball managers much of a salary if they all presented as few problems as did Earle Combs." Said Babe Ruth: "Combs was more than a good ballplayer; he was always a first-class gentleman." American sportswriter and baseball historian Fred Lieb wrote of Combs, "If a vote were taken of the sportswriters as to who their favorite ballplayer on the Yankees would be, Combs would have been their choice."

After his retirement as a player, he remained in the game as a coach for almost two decades. He was offered a coaching job with the Yankees in 1936, and started his new position by instructing his replacement (DiMaggio) on the nuances of Yankee Stadium's outfield. He coached for the Yankees through 1944, for the St. Louis Browns in 1947 and for the Boston Red Sox (1948–1952). When he announced his retirement from the Boston coaching staff in March 1953, he said that he was going to spend more time with family and his Kentucky farm. He returned to coaching for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1954.

Life after baseball
After retiring from baseball in 1954, Combs returned to his 400-acre farm in Madison County. He served as the Kentucky state banking commissioner during Governor (and former Baseball Commissioner) A. B. 'Happy' Chandler's second administration (1955–1959), and on Eastern's Board of Regents (1959–1975). In November 1962, he laid the foundation stone for Earle B. Combs Hall, a dormitory at Eastern. In June 1970, the Little League field at Irvine-McDowell Park in Richmond was named in his honor. In 2006, he was inducted as a charter member of Eastern's Athletics Hall of Fame, and the university provides an athletic scholarship in his honor each year.

Combs was selected for induction into the Hall of Fame in 1970 by the Veterans Committee. When he learned of the honor, he said "I thought the Hall of Fame was for superstars, not just average players like me." Sabermetrician Bill James has listed Combs as one of ten examples of Hall of Fame inductees who do not deserve the honor.

Combs and his wife Ruth (1901–1989) had three sons, Earle Jr, Charles and Donald. After a long illness, he died on July 21, 1976 (age 77) in Richmond, Kentucky. He is interred in the Richmond Cemetery.

Career statistics

In four World Series covering 16 games (1926, 1927, 1928 and 1932), Combs batted .350 (21-for-60) with 17 runs, three doubles, one home run, 9 runs batted in, and 10 base on balls.

See also

List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders
List of Major League Baseball triples records
List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise

References

External links

earlecombs.com – Official website
The Baseball Biography Project

1899 births
1976 deaths
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Major League Baseball center fielders
New York Yankees players
Baseball players from Kentucky
Philadelphia Phillies coaches
New York Yankees coaches
Boston Red Sox coaches
St. Louis Browns coaches
Eastern Kentucky Colonels baseball players
People from Owsley County, Kentucky
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players

Earle Combs


مرشح تمرير النطاق أو مرشح تمرير النطاق  عبارة عن جهاز لتمرير الترددات في نطاق معين ويمنع أو توهين الترددات التي لا تنتمي إلى هذا النطاق.

أنواعه
يتم تقسيم مرشح تمرير النطاق على أساسين هامين في علم الإلكترونيات والاتصالات:
 مرشح تمرير النطاق السلبي أو العادي: يعتبر الأساس في تكوين المرشحات ويتألف من ثلاث عناصر كهربائية أساسية هي الملف، المكثف، والمقاومة بتركيب معين يحقق شرط الترشيح.
 مرشح تمرير النطاق الفعال: تدخل في تركيبه عناصر إلكترونية تحتاج لطاقة أو تغذية راجعة مثل مكبر العمليات. يعتبر هذا النوع من المرشحات أكثر كفاءة من المرشح العادي.

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 مرشح الترددات العالية
 مرشح إيقاف النطاق
 مرشح الترددات المنخفضة
 خفض الضجيج
 مرشح مضاد للتشوهات

تصميم إلكتروني
مرشحات
معالجة الإشارة

مرشح تمرير النطاق


Fejér. Orta Macaristan'da bir ildir. Merkezi İstolni Belgrad'dır. Yüzölçümü 4359 km², nüfusu 426,000'dir.

Bölge 20.000 yıl önce iskan edildi. Birçok Roma eyaleti bu bölgede kuruldu. Orta Çağ'da Hunlar ve Avarlar bölgeye geldi. Macarlar'ın bu bölgeye yerleşmesi 895 ve 900 yılları arasında oldu.

Fejér, 1543 ve 1688 yılları arasında Osmanlı yönetimine girdi. Osmanlı'dan sonra yerel yönetim 1692 yılında yeniden düzenlenmiştir.

Kasabaları

Mór (14,731)

Sárbogárd (13,461)

Bicske (11,103)

Ercsi (8406)

Gárdony (8127)

Enying (7191)

Polgárdi (6582)

Martonvásár (5180)

Velence (4845)

Adony (3823)

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Fejér


La batalla de Cambrai, también conocida como la primera batalla de Cambrai y Schlacht von Cambrai, fue la primera gran ofensiva de tanques en la historia y comenzó el 20 de noviembre de 1917 en el marco de la Primera Guerra Mundial, cerca de la ciudad de Cambrai en Francia, una posición de suministro clave para la Siegfriedstellung alemana (conocida como la Línea Hindenburg).

Los británicos esperaban de esta batalla no solo un gran avance sobre el sistema de posiciones alemán, sino, sobre todo, dar al curso de la guerra un giro decisivo a favor de la Triple Entente mediante el uso de tanques. Las líneas del frente habían estado más o menos quietas durante más de tres años, y millones de soldados habían muerto en inútiles ataques frontales.

A finales de 1917, la Entente quería pasar de la guerra de trincheras a una guerra de movimientos contra Alemania con el apoyo de nuevas tecnologías de armas y con los Estados Unidos como un nuevo aliado, por lo que la batalla de Cambrai fue vista como el preludio del derrocamiento final del Imperio alemán.

La batalla, en la que un total de alrededor de 95 000 soldados resultaron heridos, asesinados o capturados, terminó el 7 de diciembre de 1917 y no trajo ningún gran éxito o cambio en la situación general de ninguna de las partes.

Antecedentes

Situación inicial
La Primera Guerra Mundial en 1917 estuvo marcado por el colapso del Imperio ruso. Los alemanes intervinieron cada vez más en el frente oriental para acelerar este colapso. Esto debilitó a las tropas alemanas en el frente occidental, debido a que varias unidades de tropas, con todo el armamento y provisiones incluidos, fueron reubicadas desde el frente occidental hacia el frente oriental.

La Triple Entente quiso aprovechar esta debilidad y por ello lanzó varias grandes ofensivas en el frente occidental, que, sin embargo, no supusieron cambios significativos. Los franceses intentaron un gran avance en Aisne y Champaña, y se utilizaron más tropas y armas que en la batalla de Verdún. Las grandes pérdidas provocaron una mala moral en el lado francés, tras lo cual estallaron motines, a los que la dirección militar francesa reaccionó con severas sanciones.

En 1917, Estados Unidos y Grecia se unieron a la guerra del lado de la Entente, lo que aumentó notablemente la autoconfianza de la Entente y la certeza de la victoria después de todos los reveses.

El 20 de mayo de 1917, los británicos lanzaron una gran ofensiva en Flandes. Las pérdidas fueron elevadas y hubo poca ganancia de terreno. La ofensiva fue cancelada en noviembre. Después de las agotadoras ofensivas de 1916, que terminaron en auténticas batallas de desgaste, los generales tuvieron que darse cuenta de que las tácticas anteriores no podían producir ningún cambio, decidiéndose a elaborar nuevas estrategias. Los británicos se concentraron cada vez más en sus tanques, cuyo número creció de manera constante. De la movilidad y el valor de combate de esta arma, esperaban un cambio de la guerra de trincheras a la guerra de movimientos. Pero mientras tanto, los tanques habían perdido el efecto psicológico que provocaron en sus primeras misiones, y su armadura todavía era relativamente débil y no podía resistir el fuego concentrado de lanzallamas, ametralladoras o artillería. Además, los tanques apenas podían avanzar por terrenos accidentados y embarrados, por lo que no podían utilizarse especialmente bien en Flandes.

Los alemanes confiaron en sus tropas de choque y unidades de despliegue rápido para poder contrarrestar las ofensivas enemigas de manera efectiva. Esta táctica fue especialmente moldeada y desarrollada por Oskar von Hutier, quien buscaba nuevas formas efectivas de usar solo unas pocas unidades altamente especializadas. Esta táctica también recibió el nombre de «táctica Hutier» en su honor. Debido al gran éxito de esta nueva maniobra, von Hutier era muy temido por la Entente.

Planificación de la ofensiva

En junio de 1917, John Frederick Charles Fuller y Henry Hugh Tudor propusieron un ataque con tanques cerca de Cambrai. El general Julian Byng, comandante del Tercer Ejército británico, aceptó la propuesta y cambió el plan, que solo servía para conquistar Cambrai, para intentar romper las líneas alemanas. Su fin era que todo el frente alemán debía abrirse paso en el punto, lo que habría sido un éxito extremadamente importante y decisivo para las condiciones de la guerra de trincheras en ese momento, ya que una guerra de movimientos ahora habría sido posible nuevamente. Pero el comandante en jefe, Sir Douglas Haig, pospuso el ambicioso y atrevido ataque porque quería completar primero las operaciones de Passchendaele (Tercera batalla de Ypres). Pero cuando estalló la lucha allí, Haig aprobó el plan como Operation GY en septiembre de 1917.

Cambrai fue elegido como objetivo principalmente porque, a diferencia de Flandes o la región del Somme, el terreno parecía más adecuado para un ataque masivo de tanques. El suelo en Flandes se ablandaba rápidamente y los tanques se atascaron en el barro. Esto fue particularmente fatal en la batalla de Passchendaele. El área alrededor de Cambrai también estaba equipada con menos obstáculos naturales (ríos, raíces, etc.). Una operación exitosa era importante después de que la confianza en las armas blindadas había disminuido.

El plan era complicado; su plan básico era romper las líneas alemanas mediante un ataque concentrado en un estrecho frente de cinco kilómetros entre el canal du Nord y el canal de Saint-Quentin. El tercer ejército británico proporcionó más de la mitad de sus 19 divisiones para este ataque, aunque 14 de ellas habían estado presente poco antes durante la tercera batalla de Ypres.

 En el norte, el primer día, el IV Cuerpo (56.ª, 36.ª, 62.ª y 51.ª divisiones) bajo el mando del general Charles Woollcombe debía atacar entre Mœuvres y Havrincourt e intentar tomar Flesquières y Graincourt. El V Cuerpo (inicialmente sólo la 40.ª división, a finales de noviembre también las 2.ª y 47.ª) al mando del general Edward Fanshawe, que estaba en la segunda línea detrás de esto, iba a seguir este ataque más tarde, para asegurar el área conquistada.
 En el sur, el III Cuerpo (6.ª, 20.ª y 12.ª divisiones) bajo el mando del general William Pulteney lideraron el impulso principal en dirección a Marcoing, Crèvecœur y Bonavis. Este cuerpo iba a ser precedido por el cuerpo de tanques para lograr el mayor avance, luego los cuerpos de caballería (1.ª, 2.ª y 5.ª divisiones de caballería) bajo el mando del general Charles Kavanagh deberían intentar expandir rápidamente la cabeza de puente sobre el canal Escalda con el objetivo en Masnieres. Además, la 29.ª división se dispuso como reserva. En el extremo derecho, en la zona noreste de Épehy, la 55.ª división del VII Cuerpo (general Thomas Snow) acompañó el ataque hacia el noreste y cubrió la operación hacia el este contra Honnecourt.

Durante el ataque, se utilizaron nuevas estrategias en la aún joven guerra de tanques, que combinaba ataques de tanques, aire e infantería. Los tanques aparecieron especialmente en la primera ola de ataques. La infantería siguió a una distancia de 45-50 metros para despejar el campo de batalla, especialmente las trincheras, de tropas enemigas. Algunos de los tanques llevaban fajinas (palos atados con cuerdas), que luego arrojaban a las trincheras, con el fin de que puedan pasar los tanques y la infantería. Además, los llamados «tanques portadores de armas» estaban destinados a transportar armas por el campo de batalla. Sin embargo, su tarea se modificó durante la batalla, por lo que se utilizaron para el transporte de suministros y personal, que rápidamente se volvió una tarea mucho más importante.

El 12 de noviembre, alrededor de 80 a 100 tanques con infantería ya habían estado trabajando juntos en las tácticas para la batallas en las trincheras. Como hubo falta de tiempo, las unidades restantes ya no pudieron practicar, lo que significó que estas unidades en particular sufrieron grandes pérdidas durante la batalla. El Cuerpo de Tanques se unió con 476 tanques para la batalla. Más de 350 tanques estaban operativos. 216 tanques deben estar en la sección del III Cuerpo durante la primera oleada de ataque, con 96 tanques en reserva. Las tres brigadas de tanques asignadas se concentraron entre Havrincourt y La Vacquerie, y atacaron el canal Scheldt en dirección a Ribécourt y Crèvecœur. El Cuerpo de Tanques fue comandado por el general de brigada Hugh Elles desde un Mark IV apodado Hilda.

Dado que el Jagdstaffel 11 alemán (Jasta 11) había sido reubicado en aeródromos cerca de Cambrai, los británicos desplegaron 14 escuadrones de vuelo recién formados del Royal Flying Corps especialmente para su uso en Cambrai, con el fin de estar preparados contra una intervención de aviones de combate alemanes al mando de Manfred von Richthofen. .

Las posiciones alemanas formaban parte de la Línea Hindenburg, y, en consecuencia, se encontraban bien desarrolladas y aseguradas por una doble línea de defensa, con una tercera en construcción. Antes de la batalla, las divisiones que habían sufrido grandes pérdidas en Ypres fueron reubicadas allí para descansar y refrescarse. El XIV Cuerpo de Reserva alemán y el «Grupo Caudry» ubicados en esta sección tenían siete divisiones (en el norte, las 240.ª y 20.ª divisiones, y la 20.ª división de milicia; en el centro, la 54.ª división y la 9.ª división de reserva; en el sur, la 183.ª división y la 79.ª división de reserva), y pertenecían al Segundo Ejército alemán al mando del general Georg von der Marwitz. Una octava, la 107.ª división de infantería, ya estaba en camino desde Rusia, ya que las tropas allí ahora estaban libres debido a la retirada de los rusos de la guerra.

Cronología

Ofensiva británica

La alineación de las tropas británicas al comienzo de la batalla era, de derecha a izquierda (desde una perspectiva británica): 55.ª división (Jeudwine), 12.ª división (Scott), 20.ª división (Smith), 6.ª división (Marden), 51.ª división (Harper), 62.ª división (Braithwaite) y 36.ª división (Nugent). La 29.ª división (De Lisle) estaba lista en reserva.

A las 6:20 a.m. del 20 de noviembre de 1917, comenzó el bombardeo de artillería y a las 6:15 a.m. se sucedió la primera oleada de ataque con tanques, que fue apoyado por granadas de humo. El uso de granadas de humo hizo que las tropas alemanas apenas tuvieran oportunidades de observar, por lo que no fue posible el fuego de artillería ni el reconocimiento aéreo. Además, dado que la niebla se confundió con gas, se dio una alarma de gas, lo que significó que la infantería en las trincheras se vio afectada en su desempeño.

A diferencia de las ofensivas anteriores, en las que el bombardeo se mantuvo durante días, a veces incluso semanas, el bombardeo de artillería inicial en Cambrai fue muy breve. Por un lado, los alemanes se iban a sorprender por el inicio temprano del ataque terrestre; por otro lado, no querían que el área fuera intransitable para sus propios tanques con demasiados agujeros de proyectil.

A pesar de mantener el mayor secreto militar del lado británico, los alemanes habían sido advertidos y habían activado su alerta media. Anticiparon un avance británico en Havrincourt e incluso el uso de tanques.

Al comienzo de la ofensiva, a pesar del aumento de la alerta alemana, el elemento sorpresa estaba del lado británico, y todo el sistema de posiciones alemán, con una excepción, se perdió en unas pocas horas. Los británicos habían logrado romper la línea del frente en un ancho de doce kilómetros y penetrar más de seis kilómetros de profundidad. Las unidades británicas sufrieron solo pérdidas menores, el 2.º Batallón de la 20.ª división ligera informó cuatro muertos y el 14.º batallón siete más.

En el flanco derecho, Bonavis y Lateux-Wald fueron tomados por la 12.ª división antes de que se atrincheraran como se les fue ordenado. La 20.ª división ligera capturó La Vacquerie y tomó un puente importante sobre el canal de St. Quentin en Masnières. Este puente fue importante durante toda la batalla para permitir que la caballería hiciera un ataque rápido sobre Cambrai. Sin embargo, el puente fue destruido; según diversas fuentes, ya sea por un tanque británico que dañó el puente con su peso al intentar cruzarlo, o por la explosión del puente por los alemanes. Esto ralentizó el cruce del canal e imposibilitó los ataques efectivos de la caballería.

La 6.ª división alcanzó y capturó Ribécourt y Marcoing. Sin embargo, en el curso de su avance hacia Cambrai, encontraron una considerable resistencia alemana a última hora de la noche y fueron rechazados.

La 51.ª división no logró capturar a su primer objetivo, Flesquières. Flesquières fue el punto más fuerte de la defensa alemana. Los defensores al mando del Mayor Krebs atacaron a los tanques británicos que avanzaban con fuego de artillería pesada y pudieron destruir 40 tanques frente a la localidad.

El fracaso de la 51.ª división expuso los flancos de las otras divisiones. Este fracaso probablemente se debió principalmente a una falta de coordinación entre los tanques y las unidades de infantería, ya que el comandante de la 51.ª división, el general de división George Montague Harper, como comandante tradicional, desconfiaba de los vehículos blindados. Después del primer avance de las líneas alemanas alrededor de las 8:30 a.m., dejó descansar a sus hombres y así sacudió al horario británico en esta sección del frente. Cuando se reanudó la lucha, retiró a su infantería casi 100 metros detrás de los tanques que avanzaban, en lugar de colocarlos a ambos lados de los tanques, como lo preveía el plan de ataque real. Por lo tanto, sus soldados de infantería estaban sin cobertura y tuvieron que retirarse ante el primer fuego enemigo. Los tanques que avanzaban solos también eran objetivos fáciles para los cañones alemanes y fueron puestos fuera de combate uno por uno. Otros tanques pudieron apagar las baterías alemanas poco después, pero ya era demasiado tarde. Los alemanes defendieron ferozmente Flesquières hasta altas horas de la noche. Pasar por alto el lugar estaba fuera de cuestión para los británicos, ya que no había un orden correspondiente.

La 62.ª división capturó Havrincourt y Graincourt, y luego avanzó a las alturas del bosque de Bourlon. La 36.ª división llegó hasta el estrecho de Bapaume-Cambrai.

En la noche del 20 de noviembre terminó el primer gran ataque con tanques. El frente alemán había sido perforado en un ancho de 16 kilómetros y una profundidad de nueve kilómetros, pero la importante colina de Bourlon no había sido tomada.

Dependiendo de la fuente, se capturaron entre 4000 y 8000 alemanes y fueron tomadas 100 armas de artillería. Los británicos habían perdido 4000 hombres y 49 tanques por impactos directos. Sin embargo, muchos de los tanques restantes resultaron gravemente dañados y más de 40 sufrieron roturas.

La noche siguiente, el alto mando alemán pudo enviar refuerzos desde las filas traseras muy rápidamente, de modo que se ofreció una mayor resistencia cuando la batalla continuó a la mañana siguiente. Aunque ahora se podía tomar Flesquières, ya que los alemanes se habían retirado del lugar, el avance británico finalizó en sus cercanías.

El principal objetivo de los británicos ahora residía en la conquista de las alturas del bosque cerca de Bourlon y el avance adicional en Fontaine. Una feroz batalla estalló frente al bosque. Aunque lograron abrirse paso hasta Fontaine por un corto tiempo el 21 de noviembre, la defensa alemana hizo retroceder a los británicos al día siguiente. El bosque seguía siendo ferozmente disputadas, ya que el mariscal de campo Haig insistió en su conquista. Reemplazó a la 62.ª división, fuertemente diezmada, por la 40.ª división (Ponsonby), que continuó la lucha en la mañana del 23 de noviembre, pero logrando pocos progresos a cambio. Aunque logró llegar a la cima del cerro, sufrió pérdidas de casi 4000 hombres en apenas tres días. Se enviaron cada vez más unidades británicas a esta sección del frente como refuerzos hasta que se estancaron los suministros. El último intento fallido fue realizado el 27 de noviembre por la 62.ª división con el apoyo de 30 tanques. El general Byng no continuó la ofensiva británica con suficiente determinación: los refuerzos franceses no se desplegaron, el cuerpo de tanques no formó ninguna reserva, mientras que los alemanes aumentaban constantemente sus tropas. En general, la ofensiva británica podría verse como un fracaso porque no había logrado sus ambiciosos objetivos (avance total y conquista de Cambrai). El 27 de noviembre, los tanques británicos se retiraron del frente para una revisión completa. El 28 de noviembre llegó la orden de detener nuevos avances y los soldados se atrincheraron en sus posiciones. Al mismo tiempo, las condiciones meteorológicas empeoraron y empezó a nevar.

Segunda batalla de Cambrai

En el curso de la Ofensiva de los Cien Días del Mariscal Foch de agosto a noviembre de 1918, el Primer, Tercer y Cuarto Ejércitos británicos, el Primer Ejército Francés, el cuerpo canadiense y las tropas australianas y estadounidenses atacaron en el área de Saint-Quentin - Cambrai, forzando un avance de 65 km de ancho a través de la línea Hindenburg. Hubo una segunda batalla en Cambrai el 8 y 9 de octubre de 1918, en la que los británicos, aprendiendo de sus errores en 1917, procedieron con el apoyo de infantería adecuado. Cambrai fue completamente retomada el 9 de octubre. Las tropas alemanas luego se retiraron a nuevas posiciones defensivas detrás del río Selle.

Bibliografía
 Terry C. Treadwell: Cambrai, The First Tank Battle. Cerberus Publishing, Londres 2004, 2006. ISBN 1-84145-042-1.
 Gerald Gliddon: VC's of the First World War – Cambrai 1917. Sutton, Londres 2004. ISBN 0-7509-3409-3.
 Guntram Schulze-Wegener (Chefredakteur): Militär & Geschichte. Pabel-Moewig, Rastatt 2004, Nr. 17, S. 6–21.
 Hedley Paul Willmott: Der erste Weltkrieg. Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 2003, S. 220–223. ISBN 3-8067-2549-7.
 Jack Horsfall: Cambrai, The Right Hook (Battleground Europe). Cooper, Londres 2000, ISBN 0-85052-632-9.
 Alan Jack Smithers: Cambrai, The First Great Tank Battle 1917. Pen & Sword Books, Londres 1992, ISBN 0-85052-268-4.

Cambrai (1917)
Cambrai (1917)
Cambrai (1917)
Cambraiquepedo (1917)
Francia en 1917
Conflictos en 1917
Cambrai 1917
Norte

Batalla de Cambrai (1917)


Ruševine rimokatoličke crkve sv. Petra nalaze su u mjestu Nečujmu na Šolti.

Opis
Ruševine se nalaze u uvali Nečujam. Crkva je sagrađena u 14. – 15. stoljeću. Građena je priklesanim kamenom, a sačuvana je samo polukružna apsida, s povišenim svetištem sa zidanim antependijem te bočni zidovi u temeljima. Na unutrašnjim zidovima vidljivi su tragovi oslika. Pripadala je splitskom prepoštu Dujmu Balistiću, prijatelju Marka Marulića. Neposredno uz crkvu su ostaci antičkog zida. Pored ove crkve nalazi se i zavjetna crkvica Bogorodice (Gospe Ostrovske) izgrađena 1938.g.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4887 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralne građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Nečujam
Pear, Nečujam

Crkva sv. Petra u Nečujmu


أن ديفييس Ann Davies (الثامن والعشرين من أكتوبر 1912- 1975) خفائية occultist أمريكية.

بناة الأديتوم (Builders of the Adytum (B.O.T.A
كخليفة للدكتور بول فوستر كيس Paul Foster Case على رأس بناة الأديتوم، شغلت أن ديفييس الرئاسة العامة Prolocutor General حتى وفاتها سنة 1975. ولقد عملت على توسيع المنهاج الدراسي للمدرسة بإثراء ومراجعة دروس«الأسترولوجيا الباطنية» Esoteric Astrology التي كتبها كيس، وكذا كتابة دروس «تطوير القوى المافوق حسية» Developing SuperSensory Powers، «القطبية الجنسية» Sexual Polarity، «الارتقاء التأملي لشجرة الحياة» Meditational Ascent of the Tree of Livingness و «التعاليم القبلانية عن الانبعاث» Qabalistic Doctrines of Rebirt.

حسب بيان النعي الذي أصدره بناة الأديتوم، فقد ولدت أن ديفييس يوم 28 أكتوبر 1912 في كليفلاند بأوهايو.

المؤلفات المنشورة
- This is Truth About the Self

- Inspirational Thoughts on the Tarot

- Monograph on Principles of Health and Diet

معلومات هامة عن محاضرات أن ديفييس ومقالاتها عن القبالة، التارو الخفائي، التأمل والأسترولوجيا متوفرة في الموقع الرسمي لبناة الأديتوم.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 [ http://www.bota.org ] الموقع الرسمي لمدرسة بناة الأديتوم

غموضيون أمريكيون
غموضيون
مواليد 1912
وفيات 1975

أن ديفييس


Penikese Island is a  island off the coast of Massachusetts, United States, in Buzzards Bay. It is one of the Elizabeth Islands, which make up the town of Gosnold, Massachusetts.  Penikese is located near the west end of the Elizabeth island chain.

History

Penikese Island entered the historical record in 1602 AD when the English explorer Bartholomew Gosnold and some of his crew visited the island. Their visit frightened four visiting Wampanoag Indians into hiding, and the explorers stole their canoe.

Originally tree covered, at some later time the tree cover was lost, and the island was later used for pasturing sheep.  To this day, it remains primarily grass covered.  Ownership changed hands several times before the island was purchased by John Anderson, a businessman, who used it for vacationing.

In early 1873, Louis Agassiz, the famous Swiss-American naturalist, persuaded Anderson to give him the island and $50,000 to endow a school for natural history where students would study nature instead of books. The school opened in July 1873, initially headed by Louis Agassiz. Following his death in December, his son Alexander Agassiz ran the school. The school was closed following a fire in 1875, but some of the former students opened in 1888 the Marine Biological Laboratory, in nearby Woods Hole.

In 1904, following local opposition to two previously selected sites on the mainland, the state of Massachusetts purchased the island for $25,000 to use as a leprosy hospital to isolate and treat all Massachusetts residents with the disease. When opened, the Penikese Island Leper Hospital had five patients. After being open for 16 years, it was closed in 1921 and the thirteen patients were transferred to the federal leprosy hospital in Carville, Louisiana. At the closing of the hospital, the state burnt and then dynamited the buildings, and all that remains of it are stone gate posts and a small cemetery.

The island remains under the ownership of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and is primarily a bird sanctuary. There is no permanent population on the island. A residential school for troubled boys operated on the island from 1973 until 2011.  and now offered environmental education experiences. There may also be visitors and researchers on island from time to time, as the island is publicly owned and is still used at times for biological research.  Beginning in 1990, the island was used as a test site for efforts to reintroduce the endangered American burying beetle, which appears to have succeeded; by 1997 the population had persisted for at least five generations since the last release.

Penikese Island School

The Penikese Island School (PIS) was founded in 1973 as a non-profit 501(c)(3). PIS was a private rehabilitation school for teenage delinquent boys. The goal of the school was to teach by example, modeling responsible adult behavior in a spartan environment. Boys were exposed to life with earnest adults who enforced a code of behavior, as an alternative to incarceration. PIS aimed to provide an experience they hoped would help boys remanded to involuntary custody become productive citizens, instead of developing into adult criminals. The first student was from New Bedford and he had harpooned a policeman.

Having a school on the island is a benefit to the state and its efforts to protect endangered nesting birds, as the presence of staff on the island  helps deter illegal hunters and campers.

During the mid 1990's, the original founders of PIS were no longer in charge. New leadership continued the program to 2011, when funding from the state of Massachusetts was no longer available. In the fall of 2015, a long-term opioid-addiction treatment facility named Penikese began operation on the island. According to several newspapers, the treatment center shut down in 2017 after a lack of funding.

In 2019 PIS began offering programs with a new mission focused on place-based environmental education. Penikese Island is a safe, serene, and unspoiled environment, providing the perfect setting for fostering environmental literacy and stewardship. The new mission is to provide students with access to experiential, nature-based and STEAM-focused educational programs in the island's unique and unspoiled natural environment. The overarching goal of the current educational programming is to get students off their screens and out into nature. Programming aims to expand scientific literacy, inspire curiosity and creativity, and build appreciation and understanding of the wider world. PIS currently operates school trips during the academic year and a STEAM camp for girls and gender expansive youth during the summer.

References

External links
 The Penikese Island School website
 Cuttyhunk Historical Society, the Museum of the Elizabeth Islands

Defunct hospitals in Massachusetts
Elizabeth Islands
Leper colonies
Coastal islands of Massachusetts
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts

Penikese Island


Antonio Felice Zondadari (1665–1737)
 Antonio Felice Zondadari (1740–1823)

Desambiguações de antropônimos

Antonio Felice Zondadari


جون لودون ماك أدم  هو مهندس اسكتلندي ولد في(21 أيلول / سبتمبر 1756 وتوفي في 26 تشرين الثاني / نوفمبر 1836).
كان المسؤول على الطرق في اسكتلندا ثم بريستول، ويعتبر أول من نفذ نظام تعبيد الطرق بالحجر المكسر الذي لا زال يحمل حتى الآن اسمه.
وأدخله فيما بعد إلى باريس بفرنسا في عام 1849.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من الثورة الصناعية
أشخاص من جنوب أيرشاير
كتاب غير روائيين إسكتلنديون
مخترعون إسكتلنديون
مهندسون إسكتلنديون
مهندسون مدنيون إسكتلنديون
مواليد 1756
وفيات 1836

جون لودون ماك آدم


Luminița-Maria Jivan (n. ) este o fostă deputată română, aleasă în legislatura 2016-2020.

Controverse
Pe 7 aprilie 2020 Luminița Jivan a fost trimisă în judecată de procurorii DNA. Acesta este acuzată de folosirea influenței sau autorității în scopul obținerii pentru sine sau pentru altul de foloase necuvenite. În acest dosar au mai fost trimiși în judecată alți 3 parlamentari Dorel Căprar, Florin Tripa și Ioan Chisăliță.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2016-2020 (Camera Deputaților)
 Parlamentul României

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Nașteri în 1985
Politicieni români în viață
Deputați români 2016-2020
Membri ai Partidului Social Democrat
Politiciene române din secolul al XXI-lea

Luminița-Maria Jivan


Isla Mondoleh (en francés: Île Mondoleh; en inglés: Mondoleh Island) es una isla en el país africano de Camerún integrada en la Región del Sudoeste (Southwest Province) frente al Océano Atlántico en la Bahía de Ambas, en las coordenadas geográficas  al norte de la isla ecuatoguineana de Bioko, frente a la península monkey (mono) al este de la isla Ambas, y al sur de la isla Bobias. 258 kilómetros al oeste de la capital del país Yaundé

Véase también
 Geografía de África
 Geografía de Camerún

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Camerún

Isla Mondoleh