The  was a small elite group of swordsmen that was organized by commoners and low rank samurai, commissioned by the  (military government) during Japan's Bakumatsu period (late Tokugawa shogunate) in 1863. It was active until 1869. It was founded to protect the shogunate representatives in Kyoto at a time when a controversial imperial edict to exclude foreign trade from Japan had been made and the Chōshū clan had been forced from the imperial court. They gained considerable fame in the Ikedaya incident and the August 18 coup events, among others. The men were drawn from the sword schools of Edo.

History

Japan's forced opening to the west in 1854, which required it to open its shores for trade or face military conflict, exacerbated internal political instability. One long-standing line of political opinion was  (meaning, "revere the emperor, expel the barbarians"). Loyalists (particularly in Chōshū Domain) in Kyoto began to rebel. In response, the Tokugawa shogunate formed the  on October 19, 1862. The  was a squad of 234  (samurai without masters) drawn from the sword schools of Edo.

The squad's nominal commander was the hatamoto Matsudaira Katamori, and their leader was Kiyokawa Hachirō, a  from Shōnai Domain. The 's mission was to protect Tokugawa Iemochi, the 14th , during an important trip to Kyoto to meet with the Emperor Kōmei. There had not been such a meeting since the third  of the Tokugawa , Tokugawa Iemitsu, had visited Kyoto in the 17th century. Tokugawa Iemochi, the head of the military government, the , had been invited to discuss how Japan should enact the recent imperial edict calling for the expulsion of foreigners.

Although the  was funded by the Tokugawa , the leader Kiyokawa Hachirō and others had strong loyalties to the emperor and planned to gather other  in Kyoto to police the city from insurgents. On March 26 (lunar calendar February 8), 1863, Kiyokawa led the  out of Edo as the vanguard of  Iemochi's procession to Kyoto, which they arrived on April 10 (lunar calendar February 23), 1863.

When Kiyokawa's scheme was revealed in Kyoto, he immediately commanded the  to return to Edo. The members were disbanded and then returned to Edo where they would later form the  under the patronage of Shōnai Domain. However, nineteen  members, mainly from the Mito clan, remained and formed the .

Founding members
Serizawa's faction:

 Serizawa Kamo
 Niimi Nishiki
 Hirayama Gorō
 Hirama Jūsuke
 Noguchi Kenji
 Araya Shingorō
 Saeki Matasaburō

Kondō's faction:

 Kondō Isami
 Hijikata Toshizō
 Inoue Genzaburō
 Okita Sōji
 Nagakura Shinpachi
 Saitō Hajime
 Harada Sanosuke
 Tōdō Heisuke
 Yamanami Keisuke

Tonouchi's faction:

 Tonouchi Yoshio
 Iesato Tsuguo
 Abiru Eisaburō
 Negishi Yūzan

Initially, the  were called , meaning " of Mibu". At the time, Mibu was a village south west of Kyoto, and was the place where they were stationed.  was initially formed in three factions under Serizawa (the  group), Kondō (the  group) and Tonouchi. Abiru Eisaburō later died of illness, a month after arriving in Kyoto.

Internal strife soon developed within the group, Tonouchi was assassinated by Kondō on Yojō bridge, Serizawa had ordered a member, Iesato Tsuguo, to commit  for deserting, Negishi Yūzan also deserted and returned to Edo, where he joined the .

Matsudaira Katamori, after the careful evaluation of the political scene in Kyoto, felt it was needed to change the scope of the 's mission from protecting the shogunate to patrolling the streets of Kyoto and restoring order in the name of the Tokugawa . On August 18, 1863, the  was renamed the .

The new name  may have been coined by Matsudaira Katamori (the  of the Aizu clan) around this time. The opposition forces included the Mori clan of the Chōshū and the Shimazu clan of Satsuma.

The  were led by Serizawa Kamo ( 1830, Mino Province), Niimi Nishiki, and Kondō Isami ( 1834, Musashi Province – he came from a small dojo in Edo called ). The  submitted a letter to the Aizu clan, another powerful group who supported the Tokugawa regime, requesting permission to police Kyoto. The request was granted.

Saeki Matasaburō, having killed Araya Shingorō, was believed to be killed by a Chōshū samurai Kusaka Genzui on September 22, 1863.

On September 30, 1863 (lunar calendar August 18), the Chōshū (anti-Tokugawa) clan were forced from the imperial court by the Tokugawa, Aizu and Satsuma clans. The  were sent to aid the Aizu and guard the gates of the imperial court. The opposition forces included the Mori clan of the Chōshū and the Shimazu clan of Satsuma.

Serizawa's erratic and disruptive behavior in Kyoto eventually led to Matsudaira Katamori of Aizu giving the  an order to assassinate Serizawa and his group. On October 19, 1863, Niimi Nishiki, a member of the Serizawa faction was forced by Yamanami Keisuke and Hijikata Toshizō to commit seppuku for breaking regulations. On October 30 (or October 28), a few selected  members led by Hijikata went into the Yagi Gennojō's house and assassinated Serizawa, his woman Oume, and Hirayama Goro, with Hirama Jūsuke being the only survivor who fled that night. All this infighting left Kondō as leader. Three months later, Noguchi Kenji was ordered to commit  for an unknown reason.

On July 8, 1864, in an incident at the Ikedaya Inn in Kyoto, thirty  suppressed a cell of twenty Chōshū revolutionaries, possibly preventing the burning of Kyoto. The incident made the squad more famous and led to soldiers enlisting in the squad.

Squad hierarchy after Ikedaya
 : Kondō Isami, fourth master of the Tennen Rishin-ryū
 : Yamanami Keisuke
 : Hijikata Toshizō
 : Itō Kashitarō
 Spies: Shimada Kai and Yamazaki Susumu.

:

 Okita Sōji (instructor in Kenjutsu).
 Nagakura Shinpachi (instructor in Kenjutsu).
 Saitō Hajime (instructor in Kenjutsu).
 Matsubara Chūji (instructor in Jujutsu).
 Takeda Kanryūsai (instructor in military strategies).
 Inoue Genzaburō
 Tani Sanjūrō (instructor in spearing skills).
 Tōdō Heisuke
 Suzuki Mikisaburō
 Harada Sanosuke

Members of the group

At its peak, the  had about 300 members. They were the first samurai group of the Tokugawa era to allow those from non-samurai classes (farmers and merchants, for example) to join. Many joined the group out of a desire to become samurai and be involved in political affairs. However, it is a misconception that most of the  members were from non-samurai classes. Out of 106  members (among a total of 302 members at the time), there were 87 samurai, eight farmers, three merchants, three medical doctors, three priests, and two craftsmen. Several of the leaders, such as Sannan, Okita, Saitō, Nagakura, and Harada, were born samurai.

regulations
The code of the , famously created by Hijikata Toshizō, included five articles, prohibiting deviation from the samurai code (), leaving the , raising money privately, taking part in others' litigation, and engaging in private fights. The penalty for breaking any rule was . In addition, if the leader of a unit was mortally wounded in a fight, all the members of the unit must fight and die on the spot and, even in a fight where the death toll was high, the unit was not allowed to retrieve the bodies of the dead, except the corpse of the leader of the unit.

Uniform

The members of the  were highly visible in battle due to their distinctive uniforms. Following the orders of the  commander Serizawa Kamo, the standard uniform consisted of the  and  over a kimono, with a white cord called a  crossed over the chest and tied in the back. The function of the  was to prevent the sleeves of the kimono from interfering with movement of the arms. The  wore a light chainmail suit beneath their robes and a light helmet made of iron.

The uniform was best defined by the , which was colored . In the old days of Japan, during the ritual, the samurai committing  would wear an . Thus the colour, in the samurai's eyes, characterized an honourable death. The  sleeves were trimmed with "white mountain stripes", resulting in a very distinctive uniform.

Boshin War
In 1867, when Tokugawa Yoshinobu withdrew from Kyoto, the  left peacefully under the supervision of the , Nagai Naoyuki. The new emperor had been named the head of a new government (meaning the end centuries of military rule by the ). This marked the beginning of the Boshin civil war.

Following their departure from Kyoto, the  were one of the shogunate forces fought in the Battle of Toba–Fushimi against the Imperial forces consisting of allied forces of Chōshū, Satsuma and Tosa in January 1868 where Kondō would suffer a gunshot wound at Fushimi during the battle.

The  returned to Edo, where it was later reformed into a unit known as the  and departed from Edo for Kōfu Castle on March 24 on orders to suppress uprisings there. However, upon receiving news on March 28 that the Kōfu Castle was taken by the Imperial forces led by Itagaki Taisuke, they settled at a town of Katsunuma  east of Kōfu.

On March 29, 1868, the  resisted an attack by the Imperial forces at the Battle of Kōshū-Katsunuma for about two hours but lost, with eight dead and more than thirty wounded, while the Imperial forces had only one dead and twelve wounded. The surviving members were scattered and retreated to Edo.

Right after the Battle of Kōshū-Katsunuma, Nagakura Shinpachi,  Harada Sanosuke and some of the members left the  after disagreements with long-time comrades Kondo and Hijikata and later formed a new unit  with a former Tokugawa retainer Haga Gidou as its commander.

On April 11, 1868, the  departed Edo again and set up a temporary headquarters at the Kaneko family estate, northeast of Edo. They would later move to a new headquarters in Nagareyama on April 25, 1868.

However, on the same day, the Imperial forces' Staff Officer Kagawa Keizō of Mito Domain received news that an armed unit had set up camp at Nagareyama and dispatched the forces there.

Death of Kondō Isami
During their training at Nagareyama on April 26, 1868, the  members were caught by surprise by the 200-strong Imperial forces, the Imperial forces' vice-chief of staff Arima Tota of Satsuma Domain ordered Kondō to go with them to their camp at Koshigaya. Kondō was later brought to Itabashi on April 27 for questioning. Kondō was declared guilty of participation in the assassination of Sakamoto Ryōma on April 30, 1868 and was beheaded three weeks later at the Itabashi execution grounds on May 17, 1868.

Battle of Aizu
Due to Hijikata being incapacitated as a result of the injuries sustained at the Battle of Utsunomiya Castle in May 1868, the  fought in defense of Aizu territory under Saitō Hajime in the Battle of Shirakawa in June 1868. After the Battle of Bonari Pass in October 1868, when Hijikata decided to retreat from Aizu, Saitō and a small group of  parted with Hijikata and continued to fight alongside the Aizu Domain  against the Imperial forces until the very end of the Battle of Aizu, where he and a handful of surviving members were apprehended and became the prisoners-of-war.

Joining with the Republic of Ezo
In December 1868, Hijikata and the rest of the surviving  joined the forces of the Republic of Ezo in the north.

The  numbers decreased to around one hundred in this period and they fought on despite the fall of Edo and clear defeat of Tokugawa. In the Battle of Miyako Bay on 6 May 1869, Hijikata led a daring but doomed raid to steal the imperial warship , in the early morning, from the  warship, a number of oppositionists, including Nomura Risaburō, managed to board the ship, but were soon mowed down by its Gatling gun. Many others including the captain of  were also killed by gunfire from the Imperial ships. The battle lasted only thirty minutes and the survivors and  retreated to Hakodate.

On the fourth week of May 1869, Hijikata led 230 Republic of Ezo forces and the surviving  against the 600 strong Imperial forces during the Battle of Futamata for sixteen hours and were forced to retreat. The Imperial forces attacked again on the next day, only to retreat. On the following night, Hijikata led a successful raid on the Imperial forces' camp, forcing them to flee. Hijikata and his forces would later retreat to Hakodate on June 10.

End of the
Hijikata was killed from a gunshot wound on June 20 (lunar calendar May 11), 1869, during the Battle of Hakodate in Hokkaido. Before his death, he wrote of his loyalty to the Tokugawa on the death poem sent by his page Ichimura Tetsunosuke to the house of his brother-in-law:

A remaining group of survivors, under the last commander Sōma Kazue, who had been under Nagai Naoyuki's supervision at Benten Daiba, surrendered three days later on June 23, (lunar calendar May 14), 1869, marked the end of the . The forces of the Republic of Ezo would later surrender on June 27, (lunar calendar May 18), 1869, which marked the end of the Boshin War.

A few core members, such as Nagakura Shinpachi, Saitō Hajime, and Shimada Kai survived the war. Some members, such as , went on to become prominent figures.

Monument
In 1875, Nagakura Shinpachi, with the help of the physician Matsumoto Ryōjun and several surviving former  comrades including Saitō Hajime among others, erected the monument for Kondō Isami, Hijikata Toshizō, and the fallen comrades of the  at Jutoku-ji temple boundary known as Graves of  in Itabashi, Tokyo and held requiems for their past comrades' souls.

In popular culture
The  have become a staple of Japanese popular culture in general, and of period dramas () in particular.

The  have often been adapted in television drama, for example  (, its birth to end) (TBS, 1961); and  (NTV, 1967). In 2004, the Japanese television broadcaster NHK made a year-long television drama series following the history of the , called , which aired on Sunday evenings.
An early film, The Legend of  (1963) was based on a 1928 novel of the same name.
 In 1969, a full-length film, : Assassins of Honour, starring Toshiro Mifune was released.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066372 "Shinsengumi: Assassins of Honour] IMDB website.</ref> It depicted the rise and fall of the .
 The 1999 film Taboo () depicted the  one year after the Ikedaya affair. The film shows the 's strict code and acceptance of homosexuality among the samurai members.
 In 2003, a Japanese samurai drama, When the Last Sword Is Drawn, depicted the end of the , focusing on various historical figures such as Saitō Hajime.
 Manga artist Nobuhiro Watsuki is a self-proclaimed fan of the  and many of his characters in  are based on its members, including Sagara Sanosuke (inspired by Harada Sanousuke); Shinomori Aoshi (modeled after Hijikata Toshizō); Seta Sōjirō (based on Okita Souji); and Saitō Hajime.
The 2003 manga,  or Goodbye  by Kenji Morita depicted the life of Hijikata Toshizō. The manga  presents a fictional tale of a girl joining the  in disguise and falling in love with Okita Soji.
 The manga Peacemaker Kurogane by Nanae Chrono is a historical fiction taking place during the end of the Tokugawa period, following a young boy. Ichimura Tetsunosuke, who tries to join the .
The anime series Soar High! Isami features three 5th graders who are fictional descendants of the  and they fight against the evil organization, the Black Goblin.
The game series/anime series/anime movie franchise  (, ) follows a girl, looking for her lost father (a doctor who worked with the ). The premise mixes supernatural elements and fictional enemies and historical events. The  characters are fictionalized adaptations of the real members and retain their real names throughout the show.
 (2015) is a free-to-play collectible card browser video game developed by Nitroplus and DMM Games. It has spawned multiple different anime series,  (2016) and  (2018), both for a younger audience, as well as the more sophisticated  (2017). In the  universe, the legendary swords, spears, and guns of famous warriors from Japan's feudal past are granted human form and come to life in a swashbuckling historical adventure. The swords of  heroes like Okita Souji, Hijikata Toshizo, and Isami Kondo are featured. One of the most prominent characters in  is Hijikata's long sword, which bore the name Izuminokami Kanesada.
The 2004 video game , which was developed by Genki and published by Konami, is based on the . In March 2012, the stand-alone expansion for Total War: Shogun 2, Fall of the Samurai features the  as recruitable agents used for assassination and bribery, and as an elite combat unit capable of fighting both at range and in melee.
 Moeyo Ken is a video game and also an anime series about girl members of the .
  ("Burn My Sword") is the name of a famous 1964 novel by Ryōtarō Shiba about the Boshin War (1868 to 1869 CE) from the point of view of Hijikata Toshizō. It is regarded by  fans as the 'bible' of  fiction and was the first literary work to focus on Hijikata; previously,  stories tended to focus on the commander Isami Kondo. Shiba also published short stories about the . His  fiction has not yet been translated into English; it is available in Japanese and Chinese.
  Japanese television  period drama was broadcast on TV Asahi in 1998.
The  appear in the mobile game Fate/Grand Order as one of two teams players can side with during the GUDAGUDA 2: Meiji Restoration event. Members of this team include Servant versions of Okita Souji and Hijikata Toshizo, which are both limited Servants.  is also the name of Toshizo's Noble Phantasm, which gets much stronger as his HP gets lower. Furthermore, in GUDAGUDA 5: Yamanataikoku, servant versions of 3 other members, Saitou Hajime, Keisuke Yamanami and Serizawa Kamo, are introduced, with Saitou Hajime and Keisuke Yamanami being currently playable.
 The  feature heavily in the plot of the 2014 video game . In this game, main protagonist Sakamoto Ryoma, a 19th-century doppelgänger of main series protagonist Kazuma Kiryu, becomes the group's third unit captain under the alias of Saito Hajime.
The  appears in the app . Players are confrontations to  members by Koi Koi.
 In the manga Golden Kamuy and its anime adaptation, Hijikata appears as the leader of one of the contending groups trying to locate a cache of gold on Hokkaido soon after the Russo-Japanese War. He would have been in his seventies at the time the story takes place.
 The manga and anime Gintama features its own alternate reality version of the Shinsengumi as regular characters, including members with surnames such as Kondo, Hijikata, and Okita.

 See also
 Battotai
 Ishin shishi
 Ryōtarō Shiba
 Samurai
 Hwarang

 Further reading
 Stephane Lun 倫世豪. A Guide on Shinsengumi: the background and management. 2021 Kindle Paperwhite version. Amazon.com
 Ryōtarō Shiba, Moeyo Ken 燃えよ剣(Burn My Sword). 1972
 Ryōtarō Shiba, Shinsengumi Keppu Roku 新選組血風錄 (Shinsengumi: Chronicles of Blood and Tempest). 2004
 Hillsborough R. Shinsengumi: the Shogun's last samurai corps. 2005 .
 Hillsborough R. Samurai sketches: from the bloody final years of the shogun. 2001
 Kikuchi A. 菊地明 and Aikawa T. 相川司. Shinsengumi Jitsuroku 新選組実錄". Chikuma-shobō 筑摩書房, Tokyo 1996.
 Ōishi M. 大石学. Shinsengumi: Saigo no Bushi no Jitsuzō 新選組:最後の武士」の実像. Chūōkōron-shinsha 中央公論新社, Tokyo, 2004.
 Sasaki S. 佐々木克. Boshin sensō: Haisha no Meiji ishin'' 戊辰戦争 : 敗者の明治維新. Chūōkōron-shinsha 中央公論社, Tokyo,1977.

Notes

References

External links

 SHINSENGUMI 新選組 Shinsengumi Website
 Hajimenokizu A site dedicated to Saitou Hajime and the Shinsengumi in various fictional and historical incarnations.
 Samurai archives – Shinsengumi

Boshin War
Japanese warriors
Meiji Restoration
Defunct law enforcement agencies of Japan
1863 establishments in Japan
Japanese words and phrases

Shinsengumi


Hockey Canada (which merged with the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association in 1994) is the national governing body of ice hockey and ice sledge hockey in Canada. It is a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation and controls the majority of organized ice hockey in Canada. There are some notable exceptions, such as the Canadian Hockey League, U Sports (formerly known as Canadian Interuniversity Sport), and Canada's professional hockey clubs; the former two are partnered with Hockey Canada but are not member organizations. Hockey Canada is based in Calgary, with a secondary office in Ottawa and regional centres in Toronto, Winnipeg and Montreal.

History
The Canadian Amateur Hockey Association was founded on December 4, 1914, when 21 delegates from across Canada met at the Chateau Laurier in Ottawa. The organization was made to oversee the amateur level of the sport at the national level. The Allan Cup, originally donated in 1908 by Sir H. Montagu Allan, was selected as the championship of amateur hockey in Canada. William Northey, the trustee of the Allan Cup, was named the first ever chairman, while Dr. W. F. Taylor was named the inaugural president. The Memorial Cup was the junior amateur championship of Canada.

In 1920, after the Winnipeg Falcons won the Allan Cup over the University of Toronto, they represented Canada at the 1920 Summer Olympic Games.  Canada would go 3-0-0 to win the sport's first ever Olympic gold medal.

The Ottawa and District Amateur Hockey Association joined in 1920, followed by the Maritime Amateur Hockey Association in 1928.

On June 30, 1947, the CAHA, the National Hockey League and the Amateur Hockey Association of the United States made an agreement that no player under the age of 18 could be signed as a professional player without the permission of their amateur club.  That same year, the International Ice Hockey Federation changed the rules on amateur status.  The rule change means the 1948 Allan Cup champion Royal Montreal Hockey Club were not eligible for the 1948 Winter Olympics, so the CAHA sent the RCAF Flyers instead and were victorious.

At the 1952 Winter Olympics, the Edmonton Mercuries won their nation's last Olympic gold until 2002.

In 1961, the Trail Smoke Eaters won Canada's 19th and last world championship for 33 years at the 1961 World Ice Hockey Championships.  In 1964, Father David Bauer formed  Canada's national team in response to the success of the programs set up by the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Sweden.  Three years later, the CAHA opened its first ever national office, located in Winnipeg.

The Newfoundland Amateur Hockey Association, led by association president Don Johnson, entered the CAHA in 1966.  Johnson became CAHA president in 1975.  The New Brunswick Amateur Hockey Association left the Maritime AHA brand in 1968 and entered the CAHA as a member.

1968 to 1994

In 1968, the Hockey Canada organization was founded to oversee Canada's national teams.

In 1970, the CAHA's 13 Junior A league were divided into two tiers.  Tier I, the Western Canada Junior Hockey League, the Ontario Hockey Association, and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, were eligible to compete for the Memorial Cup.  The ten leagues of Tier II, would compete for the Manitoba Centennial Cup, donated by the Manitoba Amateur Hockey Association (See: Canadian Junior Hockey League).

Also in 1970, Canada pulled out of IIHF competition and would not return to the fold until 1977 in protest of the IIHF's soft stance on Soviet and Czechoslovakian teams using "professional amateurs" in international competition but not allowing professional players to compete for Canada.

In 1972, Canada and the Soviet Union competed in the 1972 Summit Series.  Canada's team was composed of NHL stars, while the Soviet players were from the Red Army.  The NHLers won the series 4-3-1.  Two years later, the World Hockey Association represented Canada and lost the series 1-4-3.  In 1976, the Canada Cup was formed as a best-on-best championship.

In 1974, the Nova Scotia Amateur Hockey Association and Prince Edward Island Amateur Hockey Association are formed out of the dissolution of the Maritime AHA.

The World Junior Ice Hockey Championships was held for the first time.  Canada, who sent Memorial Cup champion teams in early years, eventually set up a national team and won their first gold medal at the 1982 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.

In 1975, the QMJHL, WCJHL, and the renamed Ontario Major Junior Hockey League form an umbrella organization known as the Canadian Major Junior Hockey League.  With the creation of the CMJHL, the three league began initiating compensation talks with the NHL and WHA without CAHA input.  In 1980, the CMJHL separated from the CAHA, only staying loosely affiliated with the national body.  With the separation of the CMJHL, Tier II was promoted to simply Junior A, although the Tier II title still persists in hockey vernacular.  To this day, the CMJHL (now Canadian Hockey League) releases its players to Hockey Canada to play at the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.

In 1983, the first Abby Hoffman Cup was awarded to the Burlington Ladies as the Canadian national senior champions of women's hockey.

In 1990, the forerunner to the Canadian Junior Hockey League was created as an umbrella organization, within the CAHA, to oversee Junior A hockey.

The Canada women's national ice hockey team was formed in 1987 and won the first (unofficial) world championship that year.  The 1990 IIHF Women's World Championship was the first official event, also won by Canada.

In 1994, Team Canada ended a 33-year drought by winning the 1994 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships.

1994 to present

In 1994, Hockey Canada and the CAHA merged into one organization.  Also, the International Olympic Committee elected to allow professional players to compete at the Olympics and created a women's event at the games.  That same year, Hockey North became the 13th branch of Hockey Canada.

The Canadian men and women won gold at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.  The Canadian men win their first gold medal in fifty years, while the women win their first in two tries.

In 2004, the Canada men's national ice sledge hockey team was welcomed into the Hockey Canada fold, and Mark Aubry was named the Chief Medical Officer of Hockey Canada.

In 2006, the Canadian women won gold at the 2006 Olympics and the sledge team conquered gold at the 2006 Winter Paralympics.

The Clarkson Cup, donated by the Governor General of Canada Adrienne Clarkson, was created in 2006, and was first awarded in 2009 to the Canadian national senior champions of women's hockey.  The Clarkson Cup replaced the Abby Hoffman Cup.

Team Canada's men's and women's teams won gold in both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, hosted by Vancouver and Sochi respectively.

Tom Renney retired as chief executive officer of Hockey Canada on July 1, 2022, and was succeeded by Scott Smith who also served as president.

On July 4, 2023, Katherine Henderson was announced as the next chief executive officer and president.

Sexual assault incidents

In June 2022, a scandal emerged over Hockey Canada's handling of sexual assault allegations surrounding the organization, stemming from its May 2022 settlement of alleged abuses by members of Canada's junior team in 2018. Minister for Sport Pascale St-Onge suspended federal funding of Hockey Canada via Sport Canada, and called for an audit over whether taxpayer money was used to pay out these settlements. Later that month, the Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage opened an inquiry into the settlement. which revealed a history of sexual misconduct cases raised against Hockey Canada, and that the organization had spent C$7.6 million out of a "National Equity Fund"—funded with player registration fees—to help pay out settlements in 21 sexual misconduct cases since 1989.

Amid calls for leadership changes at Hockey Canada, Smith and the entire board of directors resigned on October 11, 2022.

Exceptional player status
Hockey Canada helps determine if an underage player is eligible for "exceptional status". Exceptional player status allows for skilled, underage hockey players to enter the major junior circuit early. Since 2005, eight players have been granted exceptional status: John Tavares, Aaron Ekblad, Sean Day, Connor McDavid, Joseph Veleno, Shane Wright, Connor Bedard and Michael Misa. Seven have gone number one in their respective major junior drafts while three players have been selected first overall in their respective NHL drafts.

List of presidents
List of Canadian Amateur Hockey Association presidents (1914–1994), and Hockey Canada presidents (1994–present). Prior to the merger of the two organizations in 1994, Hockey Canada leadership included Max Bell, Charles Hay, Doug Fisher, Lou Lefaive, Bill Hay, and Derek Holmes.

 1914–1915, W. F. Taylor
 1915–1919, James T. Sutherland
 1916–1918, J. F. Paxton (acting president)
 1919–1920, Frederick E. Betts
 1920–1921, H. J. Sterling
 1921–1922, W. R. Granger
 1922–1924, Toby Sexsmith
 1924–1926, Silver Quilty
 1926–1928, Frank Sandercock
 1928–1930, W. A. Fry
 1930–1932, Jack Hamilton
 1932–1934, Frank Greenleaf
 1934–1936, E. A. Gilroy
 1936–1938, Cecil Duncan
 1938–1940, W. G. Hardy
 1940–1942, George Dudley
 1942–1945, Frank Sargent
 1945–1947, Hanson Dowell
 1947–1950, Al Pickard
 1950–1952, Doug Grimston
 1952–1955, W. B. George
 1955–1957, Jimmy Dunn
 1957–1959, Robert Lebel
 1959–1960, Gordon Juckes
 1960–1962, Jack Roxburgh
 1962–1964, Art Potter
 1964–1966, Lionel Fleury
 1966–1968, Fred Page
 1968, Lloyd Pollock
 1969–1971, Earl Dawson
 1971–1973, Joe Kryczka
 1973–1975, Jack Devine
 1975–1977, Don Johnson
 1977–1979, Gord Renwick
 1979–1998, Murray Costello
 1998–2014, Bob Nicholson
 2014–2016, Tom Renney
 2016–2022, Scott Smith
 2023–present, Katherine Henderson

Affiliated organizations
 British Columbia Amateur Hockey Association
 Hockey Alberta
 Hockey Eastern Ontario
 Hockey Manitoba
 Hockey New Brunswick
 Hockey Newfoundland and Labrador
 Hockey North
 Hockey Northwestern Ontario
 Hockey Nova Scotia
 Hockey PEI
 Hockey Québec
 Hockey Saskatchewan
 Ontario Hockey Federation

Organizations in cooperation with Hockey Canada
 Canadian Junior Hockey League

On-ice officials
 Hockey Canada Officiating Program

Non-member partners
 Canadian Hockey League
 U Sports

National competitions
Allan Cup Senior "AAA"
Clarkson Cup Women's Senior
Centennial Cup Junior "A"
Telus Cup Midget (Minor)
Esso Cup Female Midget (Minor)
National Women's Under-18 Championship
Canada Games - Winter Men's U16 and Women's U18

Inter-branch
Fred Page Cup Eastern Region Junior "A"
Dudley Hewitt Cup Central Region Junior "A"
Anavet Cup Western Canada Junior "A"
Doyle Cup Pacific Canada Junior "A"
Don Johnson Cup Maritime Canada Junior "B"
Keystone Cup Western Canada Junior "B"
Maritime-Hockey North Junior C Championships Maritime/Hockey North Junior "C"
Western Shield Western Canada Female Senior "A" and "B"

Defunct
Alexander Cup Major Senior
Hardy Cup Senior "AA"/Intermediate "A"
Edmonton Journal Trophy Western Canada Intermediate "A"
Esso Women's Nationals Women's Senior
Abbott Cup Western Canada Junior "A"
J. Pius Callaghan Cup Atlantic Canada Junior "A"
Western Canada Cup Western & Pacific Junior "A"
Brewers Cup Western Canada Junior "C"

International competitions

Run by Hockey Canada
World U-17 Hockey Challenge
World Junior A Challenge
World Sledge Hockey Challenge
Hlinka Gretzky Cup (Men's U18, in partnership with the Czechia and the Slovak federations).

Run by the IIHF
Ice Hockey World Championships
IIHF World Junior Championship
IIHF World U18 Championships
IIHF World Women's U18 Championships
IIHF World Women's Championships

Run by other organizations
4 Nations Cup (Women's)
World Cup of Hockey (Men's)
Winter Olympics
Youth Olympic Games
World Para Ice Hockey Championships
Winter Paralympics

References

External links

 Hockey Canada website
 International Ice Hockey Federation website

1914 establishments in Canada

Canada
Organizations based in Calgary
Sports organizations established in 1914

Hockey Canada


Jorge (dit Jordi) Frederico Magraner, né le  à Casablanca et mort assassiné le  dans le district de Chitral au Nord du Pakistan, est un zoologue, cryptozoologue et ethnologue franco-espagnol.

Il est connu pour ses recherches scientifiques axées sur les "Hominidés Reliques" de l'Asie centrale où il recueillit de nombreux témoignages de 1987 à 2002 au Nord du Pakistan sur l'existence de l'homme sauvage communément appelé « Barmanou ». Il a également étudié et défendu le peuple Kalash et sa culture, avant d'être tué, vraisemblablement par des fondamentalistes islamistes.

Biographie

Enfance

Jorge dit « Jordi » (en catalan) passe son enfance à Valence (Espagne), le berceau familial, puis en 1964, fuyant le régime franquiste, sa famille s'installe à Valence dans la Drôme. Très tôt, Jordi Magraner manifeste une véritable passion pour la nature. Adolescent, il part volontiers dans les montagnes, entraînant avec lui de jeunes camarades pour leur faire découvrir d'autres horizons que les cités. Il est animé par un esprit d'aventure et de découverte, peu enclin à accepter les certitudes toutes faites sans les avoir testées, et toujours en quête d'une société plus juste.

Études et expériences

De 1978 à 1982, il est membre d'un centre ornithologique du Rhône-Alpes (Société d'étude et de protection des vertébrés). Cette passion pour la nature avait conduit Jordi Magraner à poursuivre des études d'agriculture le menant jusqu'à un DEA (un master aujourd'hui) en zoologie et il travaillera dans cette branche jusqu'en 1983. De 1984 à 1987, il exerce la fonction de chargé d'étude en zoologie et procède à des études d'impact écologique à l'occasion des grands chantiers de construction d'autoroutes dans la région Rhône-Alpes ainsi qu'à l'inventaire faunistique des zones humides, la protection de l'environnement des zones naturelles d'intérêt écologique, floristique et faunistique du Vercors au parc régional du Vercors et en Isère. De 1991 à 1993 il rattaché au laboratoire des Reptiles et Amphibiens du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris). Jusqu'en 1989, il est chargé d'études en zoologie pour le compte du ministère des Transports (CETE de Lyon), de parcs naturels et d'associations de protection de la nature.

Recherches, missions et expéditions

En 1977 Jordi découvre le livre de Bernard Heuvelmans et Boris Porchnev L'homme de Néanderthal est toujours vivant grâce à Suzanne Marius. Il est surpris que depuis la parution de leur livre en 1974, la science officielle n'ait pas tout mis en œuvre pour étudier la question. Jordi espérait que le  allait finir par aboutir dans cette recherche. En 1987 Jordi eu l'opportunité de se lancer dans cette aventure scientifique grâce à de nombreuses personnes comme Anne Dambricourt Malassé, docteur du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.

Jordi fait de nombreux voyages naturalistes à travers toute l'Europe afin de se préparer aux hautes montagnes qu' il avait choisi d'explorer dans le cadre de ses recherches, à savoir les montagnes de l'Hindou Kouch dans le Nord du Pakistan, zones reculées et encore peu exploitées par l'homme et n'ayant jamais été l'objet de précédentes recherches sur les hommes sauvages.

De 1987 à 1988, puis en 1990, il partit avec Yannick et Erik L'Homme dans le district de Chitral au Nord du Pakistan pour l'étude des hominidés reliques. Ils recueillirent des témoignages de bergers, de bûcherons et de familles locales sur les hommes sauvages locaux nommés "barmanou" au physique archaïque. Au terme de ces expéditions, il est convaincu que le barmanou est l'Homme pongoïde, un hominien décrit par Heuvelmans et Sanderson en 1968.

En 1990, Jordi décida de contacter le  et lui montrer son travail qu'il approuva et l'encouragea à poursuivre. Jordi créé une association "Troglodytes" dans le but de soutenir toutes recherches allant dans ce sens. Jusqu'en 1993, il était aussi vacataire en herpétologie au Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelles de Paris où il poursuit ses observations sur des amphibiens et rencontre des anthropologues qui savent apprécier les résultats concernant ces "hominidés reliques". Il trouve un important soutien auprès de plusieurs professeurs, parmi lesquels Théodore Monod et Jean Chaline.

Ses recherches permettent alors de développer d'autres perspectives de recherche en préhistoire et en histoire des civilisations de l'Asie centrale, dans la grande tradition des explorateurs. Bien connu de la communauté européenne séjournant au Pakistan, Jordi Magraner assure l'intérim de la direction de l'Alliance française de Peshawar de 1994 à 1995. Il travaille ensuite pour l'ONG GTZ, au Nouristan, et aide à l'approvisionnement de cliniques isolées dans ces zones difficiles d'accès. En 1995 il participe également activement à l'organisation de missions préhistoriques franco-pakistanaises pour le compte du laboratoire de Préhistoire du Muséum en collaboration avec le département d'archéologie de l'université de Peshawar. Depuis, les résultats emportent la reconnaissance des plus grands spécialistes du peuple humain préhistorique d'Asie centrale.

Jordi et le peuple Kalash

En 1998 il fonde une association, le Groupe d'études et de sauvegarde des civilisations de l'Hindou Kouch (GESCH), dans le but d'aider les dernières populations polythéistes d'Asie centrale, les Kalash, à redécouvrir et  transmettre leur religion, notamment grâce à la formation dispensée par les "Conteurs de la tradition". Aujourd'hui les Kalash ne comptent qu'entre deux et trois mille âmes confrontées jour après jour à l'extension du fondamentalisme, retranché dans ces zones montagneuses, véritables forteresses. Jordi Magraner, le , fut sauvagement assassiné dans sa maison à Krakal (district de Chitral, Province de la frontière Nord Ouest du Pakistan), un meurtre commandité et organisé par des fondamentalistes que Jordi dérangeaient avec toutes ses investigations allant à l'encontre des pensées rigides et exécutoires d'un régime extrémiste encore omniprésent dans ces régions à ce jour. Un étudiant se trouvant dans la maison de Jordi a lui aussi été assassiné ce jour-là.

L'assassinat de Jordi Magraner fauche littéralement les recherches en cours et laisse les Kalash dans un dénuement dramatique. Pour ne pas perdre la richesse de ses travaux non publiés, par respect pour l'homme et son œuvre, ses proches ont créé l'association des "Amis de Jordi Magraner" afin d'aider à la récupération de ses biens. Dans le même esprit humaniste, une demande a été adressée à l'UNESCO pour inscrire la religion Kalash au patrimoine mondial de l'humanité. Jordi Magraner est resté parmi les Kalash et a été inhumé dans la tradition Kalash. Sa tombe a été faite par les habitants de la vallée de Bumburet (Kalash et musulman).

Publications et médias

Le grand public français, espagnol ou belge a eu l'occasion à maintes reprises de l'entendre s'exprimer dans le cadre d'émissions télévisées ou de lire les exploits de ses expéditions poursuivies au cœur de l'Hindou Kouch, en Asie centrale. Écran témoin en 1991 sur la chaîne RTBF ; Sur Canal Nou en Catalogne; TV DUES, Catalan en 1993; L'Odyssée de l'étrange sur TF1 animé par Jacques Pradel en 1995 ; Un film de Pascal Sutra-Fourcade fut diffusé sur Arte en février 1998, rediffusé à nouveau et encore après l'annonce par l'AFP de Peshawar de son assassinat.

Jordi fit de nombreuses conférences à Lyon, Valence, Bourgoin-Jallieu, Dijon, Paris, Cambridge, Bollène ...

Des articles dans de nombreux magazines comme Grands Reportages, Ano Cero, Archeologia, VSD, 3ème Millénaire...

Jordi publie un compte rendu de deux missions d'étude dans le district de Chitral au Pakistan en 1991 que l'on peut consulter sur internet.

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Gabi Martinez, Histoire vraie de l'homme qui cherchait le yéti (Solo para gigantes), traduit de l'espagnol par Stéphanie Maze, préface d'Erik L'Homme, Autrement, 2019, 458 p.

Naissance en décembre 1958
Décès en août 2002
Zoologiste français
Zoologiste espagnol
Décès à 43 ans
Cryptozoologue

Jordi Magraner


Næfurhlynur (fræðiheiti: Acer griseum) er lauffellandi trjátegund sem oftast nær 6 - 9 m hæð. Hann er ættaður frá mið Kína.

Tilvísanir

Næfurhlynur


Albert Jan Rasker (* 10. Februar 1906 in Zwolle; † 23. Juni 1990 in Enschede) war ein niederländischer evangelischer Theologe der Niederländisch-reformierten Kirche und Hochschullehrer.

Leben
Rasker studierte nach Erlangung seiner Hochschulreife Evangelische Theologie an der Reichsuniversität von Groningen. Nach bestandener Prüfungsarbeit an der Reichsuniversität zum Thema "Godgeleerdheid" wurde ihm 1935 sein Diplom überreicht. Mit seiner Dissertation zu Kants Religionsphilosophie wurde er zum Doktor der Theologie promoviert. Später habilitierte er sich mit systematisch-theologischen Arbeiten und wurde zum Professor ernannt.

Rasker gehörte zu den Gründervätern der Christlichen Friedenskonferenz (CFK). Schon bei der zweiten Vorkonferenz für die Einberufung einer "Allchristlichen Friedensversammlung" arbeitete er mit. Er ließ sich auch in einen Ausschuss zur Fortsetzung der Arbeit wählen.

In der Diskussion bei der Dritten CFK 1960 sprach er die Bedeutung des Symbols "Schwerter zu Pflugscharen" an:

Veröffentlichungen
De Ethiek en het probleem van het booze. Een studie naar aanleiding van de ethische en godsdienstphilosophische geschriften van Immanuel Kant (Diss.), Assen 1935
Die Macht der Versöhnung und die Ohnmacht der Gewalt, Zürich : Vereinigg "Freunde d. Neuen Wege", [um 1959]
Theologie und Revolution, Hamburg : Reich, 1969
Wir wählen das gefährliche Leben, München : Kaiser, 1961, [Vom Verf. erw., neubearb. u. übers. Ausg.]
Brief an Milan Machovec = (Mistr dialogu Milan Machovec : sborník k nedožitým osmdesátinám českého filosofa / [editoři Kamila Jindrová, Pavel Tachecí, Pavel Žďárský], S. 226–233)
De Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk vanaf 1795. Geschiedenis, theologische ontwikkelingen en de verhouding tot haar zusterkerken in de negentiende en twintigste eeuw, Kampen 1986
Calvinus oecumenicus, = In de waagschaal, 15 (1), 11–13, 1959

Literatur
Johannes Jacobus Poortman:  Repertorium der Nederlandse wijsbegeerte, Verlag Wereldbibliotheek, 1948

 K. E. Biezeveld: RASKER, ALBERT JAN. In: Biografisch Lexicon voor de geschiedenis van het Nederlands Protestantisme. Uitgeverij  Kok, Kampen 2001, ISBN 90-435-0384-3, Bd. 5, S. 416–418

Einzelnachweise

Reformierter Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Systematischer Theologe
Mitglied der Christlichen Friedenskonferenz
Person des Christentums (Niederlande)
Niederländer
Geboren 1906
Gestorben 1990
Mann

Albert Jan Rasker


Drago Jilek (Sarajevo, 2. svibnja 1912. – Beograd?, poslije ožujka 1950.), hrvatski visoki obavještajni dužnosnik u NDH i poslijeratni politički emigrant.

Životopis
Rođen 2. svibnja 1912. godine. S velikosrpskom karađorđevićevskom Jugoslavijom sukobio se u ranoj mladosti jer je bio veliki hrvatski domoljub. Upisao je studij prava u Zagrebu. Godine 1939. uhitili su ga jer je dijelio protujugoslavenske letke. Iz istražnog je zatvora pušten pa je nastavio studirati pravo na zagrebačkom Pravnom fakultetu. Kao student dočekao je početak Travanjskog rata.

Početkom rata nije bilo sasvim sigurno kakve će biti državne granice NDH. Oko dodjele Bosne vodila su se talijansko - njemačka nadmudrivanja i taktiiranja, što je sve povećavale strah hrvatskih vlasti da bi Bosna i Hercegovina mogle biti istrgnute iz hrvatske države, što su smatralo poraznim. Zato su žurili poslati u Sarajevo postrojbu od kojih 1000 ljudi. Već 20. travnja 1941.  ta je postrojba poslana. Nakon što su došli u Sarajevo, pročitan je proglas vojskovođe Slavka Kvaternika, pun blagonaklonih riječi o muslimanima. Muslimani su najčešće i bili na čelu velikih župa u Bosni i Hercegovini koje je NDH uspjela uspostaviti već do lipnja 1941. godine. Iz te odabrane postrojbe izdvojili su se dragovoljci koje su predvodili Bećir Lokmić, Jozo Zubić i Drago Jilek i oformili udarnu ustašku skupinu Crnu legiju.
U Sarajevu je postao zamjenik povjerenika za Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Pretkraj 1941. postao je povjerenik nadzorne službe (UNS) u Zemunu, zatim povjerenik Ureda II UNS-a u Sarajevu i napokon pročelnik IV Odjela Ureda II UNS-a (protukomunistički odjel) u Zagrebu. Kad je smijenjen Eugen Dido Kvaternik, Jilek je postao zapovjednik Ustaške nadzorne službe (UNS) u činu bojnika. No, i on je te dužnosti ubrzo razriješen. Krajem rata se povukao s vojskom NDH i civilima u Austriju. Preživio je englesku izdaju na Bleiburgu i izbjegao je Bleiburšku tragediju. Sklonio se u Italiju.

Logično, Jugoslavija ga je smatrala neprijateljskom hrvatskom emigracijom. U godinama neposredno nakon završetka Drugog svjetskog rata OZNA je napadala prvenstveno one hrvatske emigrante koji su imali dobre veze sa savezničkim centrima moći, u koje je spadao Jilek.
OZNA je lov na glavne dužnosnike NDH i vođe protujugoslavenskog Pokreta otpora, koji su preživjeli poslijeratna uhićenja i likvidacije započela nakon sloma akcije Deseti travanj. Najtraženiji su bili poglavnik Ante Pavelić, doglavnik i ministar unutarnjih poslova NDH Mate Frković i šef Ustaške nadzorne službe (UNS) Drago Jilek. Agenti su 1948. godine dobili zadaću organizirati otmicu i odvođenje u Jugoslaviju dr. Mate Frkovića, što nije uspjelo. Pavelić im je bio skriven i nedostupan pa je sljedeći bio Drago Jilek. Jilek je bio ostao u skupini dužnosnika NDH koji su ostali u susjednim zemljama u Europi, koji su očekivali skori rat demokratskog Zapada protiv despotskog komunističkog Istoka. Božidar Kavran pristupio je organiziranju križarskih skupina (akcija Deseti travanj). Jilekova je zadaća u tome bila voditi brigu o odabiru časnika koji će se vraćati u domovinu, te organizirati hrvatsku dojavnu službu i uspostaviti kontakt sa stranim obavještajnim službama, ponajprije američkom. Vrijeme je tad uglavnom provodio na putu između logora za izbjeglice u Austriji i Italiji. No, neuspjeh akcije Deseti travanj rezultirao je da se povukao u Rim. Tajanstveno je nestao 16. ožujka 1949. nestao, a sve što je ostalo bila je lokva krvi na pločniku ispred njegovoga stana u Rimu. Malo je toga nosio sa sobom, vrlo malo imovine, tek isprave na lažno ime, likvidnu gotovinu (zlatnike) i sat, radi točnosti, sve što je iskusnom obavještajcu trebalo. Sve ključne informacije pamtio je i ništa nije zapisivao, da ne bi odao nikog niti odao ikoju akciju.
Bivši Vjesnikov novinar Đorđe Ličina, Udbin propagandist, tvrdio je u svojoj knjizi "Dvadeseti čovjek" da su Jileka "u Argentini ubili njegovi suradnici". Drugi jugoslavenski autori, poput Mile Milatovića i Vladimira Dedijera optuživali su Andriju Hebranga i pozivali se na "sadržaj tzv. Jilekove torbice". Iz tih pretpostavka naslućuje se da je Jilek bio otet i odveden u Jugoslaviju. Analiziranjem Jilekova dosjea u Hrvatskom državnom arhivu otkriveno je da je bio otet u Rimu i odveden u Beograd. Zabilježena je Jilekova izjava koju je ondje dao 8. ožujka 1950. pod pseudonimom Drago Duvnjaković.

Jugokomunistički milicijski istražitelji pokušavali su svim silama od visokih dužnosnika NDH iznuditi "dokaze", odnosno prisilne iskaze u kojima bi lagali da se tajnika CK KPH Andrija Hebrang izdajnički držao u ustaškom zatvoru i da je pristao surađivati s ustašama, te time opravdali još jednu unutarnju komunističku čistku nepoželjnih i nepodobnih, u kojoj su smaknuli Hebranga. Uzore su našli u montiranim političkim procesima u Ljubljani 1948. godine, tzv. Dachauskim procesima. Ondje su komunisti podmećali drugim komunistima. Stare komuniste i logoraše iz Dachaua prisiljavali su priznati da su bili agenti Gestapoa i da su bili poslije rata agenti zapadnih tajnih službi. Jilek nije bio jedini visokopozicionirani obavještajac kojega je OZNA ilegalno držala u zatvoru i pokušavala iskoristiti. Mnogo ustaško osoblje nije podleglo takvim prisilama. Ustaški istražitelj koji je istraživao Hebranga Tibor Vaško, nije pristao na to, ni Miroslav Fulanović (pomoćnika Eugena Kvaternika, zapovjednika UNS-e), šefa obavještajne službe Eriha Lisaka, Stjepana Damića, šef obavještajne služne za cijelu NDH, Krešimira Šuklje, istražitelja, Mirka Vutuca i Aleksandra Benaka, čelnike političke policije i druge, pa tako i Dragu Jileka koji je bio zapovjednik Ustaške nadzorne službe i još obnašao i druge dužnosti. Dugo je odbijao jugoslavenskoj policiji takve izjave. Radi prisiljavanja Jilka, jugoslavenski su agenti nakon što su oteli Jilka dugo vremena još pokušavali oteti i njegovu suprugu, čime bi pomogli slamanju Jileka. Nisu prezali ni posezanja u dalekoj Južnoj Americi. Jilkova je supruga bila u Paragvaju gdje je radila kao ljekarnica, i agenti su ju pokušali oteti na radnom mjestu u ljekarni. Supruga se energično oduprijela, vikom je skrenula pozornost susjedstvu koje se uzbunilo pa su se jugoslavenski agenti povukli i pobjegli. Novine su o oba pokušaja otmice na široko pisale.

Jilekova se sudbina nije znala sve dok u Hrvatskom državnom arhivu nije pronađen njegov dosje. Iz sadržaja dosjea izgleda da je zatočen u Beogradu na višegodišnjem ispitivanju u zatvoru, te potom najvjerojatnije likvidiran. Jilekov suradnik Ivica Krilić, također hrvatski emigrant u Rimu, izjavio je da su Jileka otela trojica oznaša. Jedan od njih je za nagradu za tu akciju promaknut na šefovski položaj u OZNI u Zadru i poslije je bio ministar vanjskih poslova bivše Jugoslavije.<ref>Direktno.hr  Autor Direktno.hr VIDEO: Partizanski PTSP: kasapio nad jamom pa ubio sebe, ženu i djecu -
Udbaške likvidacije, pa i Jilkovu istraživala je preko sedam godina Komisija za utvrđivanje ratnih i poratnih žrtava i njezino Vijeće za utvrđivanje poratnih žrtava komunističkog sustava ubijenih u inozemstvu. Metodologija rada bitno je bila drugačija od metoda profesionalnih istražitelja, zbog čega su bili ograničene mogućnosti, što je umanjilo vjerodostojnost nalaza. Rad su zasnovali na dokumentima, arhivima, svjedočanstvima, napisima u inozemnom tisku i publikacijama hrvatske emigracije. Gordana Turić, Bože Vukušić i Vice Vukojević podnijeli su izvješće 30. rujna 1999. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Slobodna Dalmacija Hrvati u inozemstvu žrtve državnog terora SFRJ poslije 1945. GODINE (3) - Nemilosrdne likvidacije političkih emigranata

Životopisi, Sarajevo
Dužnosnici NDH
Hrvatska politička emigracija (1945. – 1989.)

Drago Jilek


El Papiro 20 (en la numeración Gregory-Aland), designado como 20, es una copia del Nuevo Testamento en griego. Es un manuscrito en papiro de la Epístola de Santiago, pero solo contiene los Capítulos 2:19-3:9. El manuscrito ha sido asignado paleográficamente a principios del .

Descripción

El tamaño original de las hojas era de 17 por 12 cm.

El texto está escrito claramente en letras semicursivas verticales. Se utilizan en su mayoría los Nombres Sagrados (nomina sacra), pero πατηρ/pater/padre y ανθρωπος/anthropos/hombre están escritos en su totalidad.

El texto griego de este códice es una representación del tipo textual alejandrino (en lugar de protoalejandrino). Aland lo ubicó en la Categoría I. Este manuscrito muestra la coincidencia más grande con el Códice Sinaítico y el Vaticano, pero no con los códices Efraemi, Regio y otros manuscritos alejandrinos posteriores.

Philip Comfort ha conjeturado que el escriba que escribió el 20 también fue el mismo que escribió el 27, porque las letras griegas α, β, δ, ε, λ, ι, μ, ν, ο, π, ρ, σ, ψ, υ, φ, ω están formadas idénticamente en ambos códices.

Actualmente se guarda en la Biblioteca Universitaria de Princeton (AM 4117) en Princeton.

Véase también

 Lista de papiros del Nuevo Testamento
 Papiros de Princeton

Referencias

Lectura adicional

 B. P. Grenfell & A. S. Hunt, Oxyrhynchus Papyri IX, (Londres 1912), pp.9-11.

Enlaces externos

 Robert B. Waltz. NT Manuscripts: Papiro, 20 (en inglés)
 Imágenes del 20 en la Biblioteca Universitaria Princeton
 P. Oxy. 1171 Oxirrinco en línea (en inglés)

Papiros del Nuevo Testamento
Manuscritos bíblicos del siglo III
Manuscritos del Nuevo Testamento en griego antiguo

Papiro 20


التصفيات التمهدية

التصفيات النهائية

كأس كوسافا
كرة القدم الإفريقية في 1998
منافسات رياضية دولية تستضيفها زامبيا

كأس كوسافا 1998


Štefurov este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Svidník din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 114 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Štefurov este atestată documentar din 1414.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Štefurov


The Number Painter, also known as The Mad Painter, was the title character of a series of comedy live-action short films produced for the children's television program Sesame Street. This series of slapstick films — each one ran anywhere from one minute to 90 seconds — were used to teach children number recognition, including appearance and symbolic representation of Arabic numerals, and how the number is drawn. As such, "The Number Painter" contrasted with the show's other animated and live-action number-related skits, where the primary focus was on counting.

There were ten "Number Painter" skits produced in the series, one each for the numbers 2 through 11. The number 1 skit was not produced, since it was not featured in individual Sesame Street segments during the era when the films were produced and aired.  Although the numbers showcased up to 12 in this same era, the number 12 film was not produced either, with the number 11 being the last segment in the "Number Painter" series.

The title character and protagonist in these movies, portrayed by Paul Benedict, was an eccentric character who enjoys painting numbers in a series of public and private locations. His outfit consists of a black-and-white striped shirt, gray pants held up with suspenders, black Chuck Taylor Converse sneakers, and a paint-splattered smock, topped with a black bowler hat. He carries a can of paint and a brush, along with a cut-out of the number he intends to paint. The Painter never spoke on-camera, although his thoughts were heard using voice over.

The films were produced in 1971, and the first film in the series — that for the number 2 — aired on February 23, 1972. Given Sesame Street's format of replaying and recycling its vignettes, the Painter skits continued to be rebroadcast into the 1980s, concurrent with Benedict going on to be a regular in the sitcom The Jeffersons and recurring co-star Stockard Channing launching a film and TV career. Robert Dennis composed the jaunty piano score in each of the segments. Eliot Noyes Jr. directed and produced the series.

Skit format
The skits in each of the films followed the same basic format. The Painter announces that he is going to paint a specific number, all while scouting out a suitable location to engage in said activity; he would then pull a model of that number from his smock to emphasize its shape to the viewers.

Any one of a number of objects were fair game to the Painter, including sailboat sails, slices of bread, umbrellas, rubber balls, elevator doors and even a bald man's head. At one point (in the #8 film), the Painter's work became the subject of a dramatic, large-font newspaper headline ("PAINTER STRIKES AGAIN!"). Several of the films ended with the Painter having to deal with people who were upset over his activities.

Supporting characters

Mac
Portrayed by Broadway actor Jerome Raphael, Mac was the most frequent target of the Number Painter's antics. He appeared in seven of the skits, including the owner of a boat (#2), a baker (#6), a passenger in an elevator (#7), an unassuming homeowner enjoying a lazy afternoon in his swimming pool (#8), an operator of a street-cleaning truck (#9), and a janitor (#10 and 11). Usually, Mac managed to foil—either deliberately or unwittingly—the Painter's work; only once was the Painter able to get the upper hand—in the #8 film, Mac drowned himself as a result of his defeat.  His death was reconned, however, in the next film (#9).

The Woman
Stockard Channing — who went on to greater fame in Grease and The West Wing—appeared in four of the sketches, playing the woman at the picnic (#3); the woman holding the umbrella (#4); the woman inside the elevator having her plastic handbag painted on (#7); and, finally, the doctor saying "Next" to her patients (#11).

Sketch list

References

Television characters introduced in 1972
Fictional painters
Sesame Street segments
Number

The Number Painter


Divan, Klasik Türk müziğinde en az üçer kıtalık şiirlerden bestelenen şarkıları tanımlar. Bu kıtalar birbirlerinden ara nağmelerle ayrılır. Her kıtanın başında genellikle "ah", "yâr" gibi bir terennüm sözcüğü eklenir. Kıtalardan biri yer yer ritimsiz okunacak şekildedir. Bir diğer kıta da "doğaçlama" görüntüsü vermesi amacıyla tümüyle ritimsiz olarak bestelenir.

Klasik Türk müziği formları

Divan (müzik)


Allahs børn er en dokumentarfilm instrueret af Ulrik Holmstrup efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Mens den hektiske pakistanske hverdag haster forbi uden for skolens mure, står tiden stille indenfor. I et kæmpe bygningskompleks med sale, studierum og biblioteker lever mere end tusinde drenge i et kvindeløst samfund. Drengene bruger det meste af dagen på lektier og bønner, og skolen giver dem det religiøse, moralske og politiske fundament for deres fremtid: Jihad, hellig krig. Det anslås, at Taleban siden midten af 90'erne har rekrutteret 80-100.000 unge soldater fra de såkaldte Madrassaer i Pakistan. Hvad der får en familie til at aflevere børn på 5-6 år til disse religiøse kostskoler, er svært at forstå, men for mange familier kan det være vejen til overlevelse. Filmen giver et unikt indblik i en lukket verden - skolen, der former islamiske præster, jihad-krigere og fundamentalister.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2002

Islam
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Allahs børn


"Posavsko-podmajevička grupna nogometna liga" je bila jedna od četiri grupne lige "Međuopćinskog nogometnog saveza Brčko" i liga šestog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1980./81.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bio klub "Posavac" iz Ugljare.

Ljestvica

 Bosanska Bijela – naziv za naselje Bijela

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Međuopćinska liga Brčko 1980./81.
 Posavska grupna liga 1980./81.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Iljo Dominković: 65 žutih ljeta : NK "Bok" od 1950. do 2015., Orašje, 2015., , str. 82-85

Posavsko-podmajevička
1980-81
1980-81 Posavsko-podmajevička

Posavsko-podmajevička grupna nogometna liga 1980./81.


Bajamar puede referirse a:

 Marea baja o Bajamar, contrario de pleamar.
 Bajamar (La Laguna), entidad singular de población del municipio de español de San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife.
 Playa de Bajamar. Playa española en la localidad de Vélez-Málaga.

Enlaces externos

Bajamar


جامعة نامور هي جامعة كاثوليكية بلجيكيّة من مدينة نامور، عاصمة إقليم والونيا. تأسّست سنة 1831 إثر استقلال بلجيكا عن مملكة هولندا المتحدة. تأسّست في الأصل على يد مجموعة من اليسوعيين.

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1831 في بلجيكا
جامعة وكليات يسوعية
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1831

جامعة نامور


Sagotia racemosa est une espèce d'arbre appartenant à la famille des Euphorbiaceae. C'est l'espèce type du genre Sagotia Baill..

Le nom Sagotia rend hommage à Paul Antoine Sagot (1821-1888), botaniste, agronome et explorateur français, qui travailla beaucoup sur la Guyane.

En Guyane, il est connu sous le nom de Bois lait (Créole)[?!? bien qu'il ne produise pas de latex !?!].
On l'appelle aussi Ahka au Venezuela (Barí), et Arataciú au Brésil.

Description
Sagotia racemosa est un petit arbre ou un arbuste haut de .

Les feuilles sont simples, alternes, longues de  pour  de large, glabres ou glabrescents, de forme elliptique, oblongue ou oblongue-obovale, courtement acuminées, aiguës ou subobtuses à l'apex, aiguës à obtuses à la base, subcoriacées.
Les nervures penninervées sont saillantes sur les deux faces.
On compte 12-14 paires de nervures latérales en boucle.
Les nervures tertiaires sont réticulées.
Les pétioles sont sillonnés, longs de , pulvinés et fléchis à l'apex et à la base.

Les fleurs sont monoïques.
L'inflorescence en grappes terminales uni-sexuées ou avec les fleurs femelles à la base, est peu pubérulente, glabrescente, longue de , et constituée de courts racèmes mesurant  long.
Le rachis et les pédicelles de l'inflorescence sont glabres et longs de .
Les bractées linéaires ou lancéolées sont caduques.

Les fleurs mâles (♂) comportent 5 sépales imbriqués, de forme orbiculaire-ovale, et 5 pétales blancs, plus longs (environ ), imbriqués, de forme orbiculaires-obovales, ondulés.
Les pédicelles sont longs de .
On compte environ 20 étamines, insérées sur un réceptacle glabre, à filets courts, et avec des anthères à loges divergentes.

Les fleurs femelles (♀) ont un calice qui comporte 5 sépales verts, persistants-accrescents, glabres, mesurant , et de forme linéaire-oblongue, lancéolée-spathulée, linéaire-oblancéolée, linéaire-lancéolée ou elliptique-lancéolée.
Les pétales sont absents.
Les pédicelles initialement longs de , grossissent jusqu'à  à la fructification.
L'ovaire est tomenteux, et contient 3 loges uni-ovulées.
Le style est blanc, bipartite, long de .

Le fruit est une capsule ovoïde, déprimée-globuleuse, longue de  pour environ  de diamètre, trilobée à l'apex, courtement pubérulente, avec les sépales persistants bien visibles, étalés en étoile, devenant rougeâtres, de forme étroitement oblongue, atteignant jusqu'à  de longueur.
Il se divise à maturité en 3 coques bivalves, longues de .

Les graines caronculées mesurent ±  de long.

Les grains de pollen de Sagotia racemosa sont omniaperturés à épines striées et à infratectum granulaire.

Répartition
On rencontre Sagotia racemosa de la Colombie amazonienne au Brésil (Amazonas, Amapá, Pará, Maranhão), en passant par le Venezuela, le Guyana, le Suriname et la Guyane.

Écologie
Sagotia racemosa est une mésophanérophyte ( de haut), à feuilles simples, mésophylle (surface foliaire de ).
Elle affectionne les forêts ripicoles de plaine, autour de  d'altitude.

En Guyane, ce petit arbre de sous-bois peu fréquent, est présent dans les forêts non inondées, et fleurit en août-septembre.

Sagotia racemosa survit au passage du feu par rejet de souche.

Utilisation
Au Venezuela, Sagotia racemosa est employé pour des usages médicinaux traditionnels, et comme bois de feu chez les Barí.

Sagotia racemosa est utilisé au Brésil pour confectionner des sachets parfumés pour la maison. Son écorce entre dans la composition du traditionnel banho de São João [bain de la Saint-Jean] à Belém, qui aurait la faculté de nettoyer à la fois le corps et l'esprit de toute malédiction et de prémunir contre le mauvais œil tout en favorisant le bonheur, la prospérité, les bonnes affaires, les richesses et la chance de toutes sortes.

L'extrait d'écorce de Sagotia racemosa aurait des vertus inhibitrices du virus du Chikungunya.

Chimie
Le bois de Sagotia racemosa contient des méthyl-phénanthrènes.

Taxonomie
Des études ont été menées sur les variations morphologiques de Sagotia racemosa et sa division en variétés.

Protologue
En 1860, le botaniste Baillon propose le protologue suivant :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Espèce d'Euphorbiaceae (nom scientifique)
Flore en Amérique du Sud

Sagotia racemosa


මාදු ගඟ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පිහිටි ඉතාම වැදගත් පරිසර පද්ධතියක් සහිත ගංගාවකි.

මාදු ගඟ මුහුදට යාවන ගං මෝය හෙවත් මුවදොර පිහිටා ඇත්තේ කොළඹ සිට ගාල්ල අතර ගාලුපාර ආසන්න ව ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බලපිටිය සහ කරන්දෙණිය යන බල ප්‍රදේශවලට අයත්වයි. මාදු ගඟ ජලජ පරිසර පද්ධතියේ ප්‍රධාන ජල සැපයුම් මාර්ග වන්නේ බොරලැස්ස ඇළ, හීන් ඇළ සහ මාගල ඇළයි.

ලංකාවේ ඉතාමත් වටිනා කඩොලාන පරිසර පද්ධතියකට උරුමකම් කියන මාදු ගඟ දුපත් සමූහයකින් මැදිවී තිබේ. දුපත් හැටහතරකින් සමන්විත පාරිසරික නිර්මානයක් ලෙස පැවසෙන මාදු ගඟ තුළ අද වන විට දුපත් හැටහතරක් දැකිය නොහැකි වී තිබේ. ජල මට්ටම් ඉහළ යාමෙන් ජලය තුළ ගිලී ගොඩබිමට සම්බන්ධ වීම එකළග ඇති කුඩා දුපත් යාවීම පස ඛාදනය වී කුඩා දුපත් දියවී යාම ආදී කරැණු නිසා මෙසේ දුපත් ගණන අඩුවන්නට ඇතැයි විස්වාශ කෙරේ. මෙහිලා මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිතව කුඩා දුපත් රැසක් ඇති බවට පිළිගැනේ. මෙම දුපත් 16 අතරින් විශාලතම දුපත හෙක්ටයාර 39කට ආසන්න වපසරියෙන් යුක්තය. එම දුපත හැදින්වෙන්නේ මාදු යනුවෙනි. මාදු ගඟ යන නම ව්‍යවහාරයට පැමිණ ඇත්තේ ද මාදූව නිසා බවට විශ්වාස කෙරේ.

මාදු ගඟේ ඓතිහාසික පසුබිම

මාදු ගඟ පිහිටා ඇති බලපිටිය ග්‍රාමය පැරණි සාහිත්‍ය ග්‍රන්ථ වල සඳහන් වන්නේ වැලිතොට හෝ වැලිතර නමිනි.ගිරා සංදේශයේත් කෝකිල සංදේශයේත්  පරෙවි සංදේශයේත් මයුර සංදේශයේත් සිදත් සඟරාවේත් වැලිතොට යන ග්‍රාම නාමය අපට හමුවේ.
එසේම දෙවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජ සමයේ දී ආක්‍රමණය සඳහා ජාවක හමුදාවක් ගොඩබැස ඇත්තේ වැලිතොට තොටමුණටය.මේ අවස්ථා‍වේදී දේවපතිරාජ අමාත්‍යවරයා තම බල සේනා සමඟ එක්ව ආක්‍රමණික ජාවක හමුදාව සමුල ඝාතනය කිරිම සදහා රැදී සිටියේ මේ ප්‍රදේශයේදීය.වැලිතොට බලසේනා රැස්කර දැමීම නිසා පසුව බලපිටිය බවට පත්වූ බවට ජනප්‍රවාදයේ සඳහන් වේ.ලක්දිවට දළදා වහන්සේ රැගෙන ආ හේමමාලා කුමරිය හා දන්ත කුමරු මහසෙන් රජ සමයේදී අනුරාධපුරයට නොගොස් දකුණු වෙරළේ වැලිනදී තොටමුණෙන් කොත්දුවට වැඩමවා සිට කිත්සිරි මෙවන් රජු සිහසුනට පත්වු පසු නැවත ගිය බව ජනප්‍රවදයේ පවතින තවත් විශ්වාසයකි.කොත්දුවේ දළදාවහන්සේ වැඩසිටි නිසා එම කොත් දුවට පරිවාර වන පරිදි අවට ගම් බිම් වල විහාරස්ථාන 23 පමන මෙම තෙත් බිම් කලාපයේ අදටද දැකගත හැකි ය.

මාදු ගඟේ ජෛව විවිධත්වය

ශාක ප්‍රජාව
		මාදු ගඟ කඩොලාන පරිසර පද්ධතියකට හොඳ උදාහරණයකි. බෙරිය, රතුමිල්ල, කිරල, එළකඩොල්, තෙලකීරිය හා මල් කඩොල් වැනි කඩොලාන ශාක මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිතව පවතී. රතමිල්ල නම් කඩොලාන ශාකය ලංකාවට ආවේණික නැතත් එය ලංකාවේද දැකගත හැක්කේ මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිතවය.

		එසේම මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිත ප්‍රදේශයේ ඇති ශාක ප්‍රජාව අතර නා, බෝවිටියා, වල්දෙල්, ඉදි, කුරුදු වැනි ශාකද ඕලු, නෙලුම්, කෙකටිය වැනි ජලජ පැලෑටිද රැසක් අපට දැකගතහැකි වේ.

සත්ව ප්‍රජාව
		මාදු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිත ජීවත්වන සත්ව විශේෂ ගත් විට ක්ෂීරපායී විශේෂ 18ක් පමණ මේ ආශ්‍රිතව ජීවත් වන බවට සොයා ගෙන තිබේ.කළුවදුරන්, වව්ලන්, මීයන්, දිය බල්ලන්, නරියන්, හදුන් දිවියන් ,ඉත්තෑවන්, මුගටින්, හෝතඹුවන් ,උරුලෑවන්, කලවැද්දන් එම ක්ෂීරපායීන් අතර වේ.එසේම පිඹුරා, ඇහැටුල්ලා, ආහරකුක්කා, නිදිමාපිලා, ගැරඩියා, දිය නයා, තිත් පොළඟා, කුණකටුවා ,ගල් ඉබ්බා, කිරි ඉබ්බා, පළාකටුස්සා, ගරාකටුස්සා, පිනුම්කටුස්සා, කබරගොයා, තලගොයා ආදී උරග හා උභයජීවී සාමාජිකයෝද රැසක් සිටිති.
		ලෝක සංරක්ෂණ සංගමය සිදුකරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකදී උරග විශේෂ 28ක් ද උභයජීවී විශේෂ 13ක් ද සිටින බව හෙලි වී තිබේ. එමෙන්ම සමනල විශේෂ 60ක් ද ජලජ ගොළුබෙලි විශේෂ රාශියක් හා කිවුල්දිය හා මිරිදිය මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 50ක් පමණද සිටින බව සොයාගෙන ඇත.

		කුරැලු පාරාදීසයක් ලෙස සැලකෙන මාදු ගඟ පරිසර පද්ධතියේ පක්ෂි විශේෂ 100ක් පමණ දැකගත හැක.දියකාවුන්, කොකුන්, කොරවක්කන්, පිළිහුඩුවන් මෙන්ම ලංකාවට ආවේණික කුරුල්ලන් වන ගිරා මලිත්තා,හිස දුඹුරු දෙමලිච්චාද මාදු ගඟ තුරුලතා වල නිතර ගැවසේ.

ගැලරිය

මේවාද බලන්න
මාදු තෙත් බිම

ගංගා - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

මාදු ගඟ


The Opéra Bastille (, "Bastille Opera House") is a modern opera house in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, France. Inaugurated in 1989 as part of President François Mitterrand's Grands Travaux, it became the main facility of the Paris National Opera, France's principal opera company, alongside the older Palais Garnier; most opera performances are shown at the Bastille along with some ballet performances and symphony concerts, while Palais Garnier presents a mix of opera and ballet performances.

Designed by Uruguayan architect Carlos Ott, it is situated facing Place de la Bastille. It may seat 2,723 people in total, with a main theatre, concert hall and studio theatre.

History

Background and construction

The idea of a new "popular and modern" opera house in Paris first arose in the 1880s, only years after the opening of the Palais Garnier. It would remain virtual for a century and reemerge periodically due to the recurrent "crisis at the Opera" and to the limitations imposed on modern opera production by the palais Garnier. It was notably promoted in 1965–1968 by stage director Jean Vilar, the most prominent figure in "popular theatre" at the time, who had been commissioned a reform project for the National Opera Theatre and echoed composer Pierre Boulez' provocative appeal to "blow up opera houses", as well as by senior civil servant François Bloch-Lainé in a 1977 report on the Opera's management and perspectives.

In 1981, the newly elected President François Mitterrand included a new opera house in his large monument-building programme known as the "Grands Travaux". The project was originally part of the Cité de la musique, a complex of musical institutions in North-Eastern Paris. It was quickly decided to separate it and to build it in the Bastille area of Paris, a relatively working-class district that also evoked the French Revolution and was a traditional starting or ending point for demonstrations. The following year, an international competition was launched, under supervision of the Opéra Bastille Public Corporation (EPOB), to select an architect. 756 entries were received, and, in November 1983, the competition was won by little-known architect Carlos Ott, an Uruguayan living in Canada. It was said that the jury, who—as it is common with architectural competitions—did not know the names or track-records of the entrants, mistakenly assumed the design was by the distinguished American architect Richard Meier.

Construction began in 1984 with the demolition of the gare de la Bastille train station, which had opened in 1859 and closed in 1969, and where art expositions had been held thereafter. In 1986, the new right-wing government led by Jacques Chirac considered canceling the project, but eventually decided it was too advanced and gave it the green light again. President Mitterrand remained personally involved throughout the building process, to the point that the planning team referred to him to decide on the seats' colour following internal disagreement. (He chose black.)

In the original project, the house also included a small concert hall and a multi-purpose hall ("salle modulable"). The latter was a public request by Pierre Boulez, who had long been publicly lamenting the lack of a proper venue for contemporary music and experimental performances in Paris. However, due to the construction delays, it was eventually shelved, much to Boulez' irritation, and a similar facility was eventually built as part of the Cité de la musique. The concert hall, known as the Bastille Amphitheatre (amphithéâtre Bastille), was maintained and built.

After massive budget overruns, the final construction cost was at 2.8 billion French francs.

The building was inaugurated by François Mitterrand on 13 July 1989, on the eve of the 200th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, in the presence of thirty-three foreign heads of state or heads of government. A semi-staged gala concert, directed by Robert Wilson under the title la Nuit avant le jour (The Night Before the Day), was conducted by Georges Prêtre and featured singers such as Teresa Berganza and Plácido Domingo. The Paris Opera's traditional Bastille Day free concert was given there the following day.

The opera house was unfinished at the time of the official inauguration, and did not see its first opera performance until 17 March 1990, with Hector Berlioz' les Troyens, directed by Pier Luigi Pizzi.

Troubles and controversies

The Opéra Bastille's management and reputation were marred by a number of controversies and scandals in the house's first decade, from before its opening.

In 1987, conductor Daniel Barenboim, who had previously led the orchestre de Paris, was hired to become the house's first Artistic Director, and began planning the first seasons. In January 1989, six months before inauguration, the company's board chairman Pierre Bergé, otherwise head of the Yves Saint Laurent fashion house, fired Barenboim, reportedly after the conductor's refusal to cut his pay by half as well as due to his modernist stance, which Bergé deemed unfit for a "popular" opera house. It was also noted that Barenboim had been hired by a right-wing government, while Bergé was a prominent supporter and donor of the Socialist Party. This decision proved extremely controversial in the artistic field: Patrice Chéreau backed off the staging of the inaugural gala, composer Pierre Boulez resigned from the Board of Directors, and Herbert von Karajan and Georg Solti, along with several other prominent conductors, signed a letter of protest and called for a boycott of the opéra Bastille, canceling their own concerts there. This made the search for a new artistic director difficult; in May, Bergé was finally able to announce the appointment of Korean pianist and conductor Myung-whun Chung, then young and practically unknown in France. Chung took the pit for the first opera performance in May 1990.

Although his term was later extended to last until 2000, Chung was fired in 1994 after the right-wing coalition's election victory, the end of Pierre Bergé's board tenure and a power play with the company's Director designate, Hugues Gall, who cancelled his contract; at the height of the conflict, Chung was physically prevented from entering the building despite a judicial ruling in his favour.

The building was as much a source of trouble as the leadership conflicts. As early as 1991, a few of the 36,000 Burgundy limestone panels covering the facade began to fall, which led to the installation of safety nets over some external walls in 1996; they were dubbed "condoms with holes" by the disgruntled Director. Several major alterations had to be carried out in the following years, including that of the soundproofing structure and adjusting the orchestra pit's acoustics; each change proved complex and sometimes involved court proceedings to determine who was responsible.<ref> Leloup, Michèle: Opéra Bastille : Vous avez dit « populaire » ?". L'Express, 2001-05-10.</ref> The facade problems were not solved until 2009 with the installation of new tiles made of composite material and attached differently. However, many nets are still in place on facades in 2022.

 Operations
The Opéra Bastille was originally expected to become the company's sole opera venue, with the Palais Garnier turned into a dedicated ballet venue. However, this strict division was abandoned in the 1990s when some operas were performed at the Palais Garnier and the company's ballet also danced at the Bastille. Since then, most opera performances take place at the modern house with some ballet performances and a few symphony concerts every season, while the traditional house presents a mix of opera and ballet performances.

Hugues Gall, who took over as the Paris National Opera's Director in 1995, was originally an opponent of the Bastille project, famously quipping that the new opera house was "the wrong answer to a problem that did not exist". In his nine-year term, he is however credited with stabilising the company's administrative, artistic and financial situation, partly due to the possibilities offered by the modern theatre: higher revenues due to the larger seating capacity, wider range of technical means for stage directors, better working environment, higher scheduling flexibility.

 Design

The Opéra Bastille is located on the place de la Bastille. In order to make it "blend into" the landscape, the square was not remodelled to be aligned with it in a general parallel plan, but the left-hand side of the facade was left partly hidden behind an older and smaller building, which was expected to give the impression that the opera house had been part of the area for a very long time. The building then elongates itself behind the facade following a generally triangular shape, hidden by other buildings around. The theatre is "surmounted by the opaque cube of the stage building and wrapped in gridded walls of glass… the Opera stands sociably open to the world outside, whereas the foyers, with their broad overview of the city, have the slick, impersonal look of an airport lounge." These foyers run around the theatre's auditorium on several levels and give the external glass facade its round shape.

Access to the entrance hall is directly from the square at street level. Although a monumental external staircase leading to the first-level foyer and a direct underground access from the Bastille subway station to the entrance hall were built, they were eventually closed.

The theatre's auditorium was designed with 2,723 seats, later reduced to 2,703. It is organised in an arena format with two huge balconies at the back, with a few narrow balconies on the sides. It was a conscious, egalitarian, departure from the Palais Garnier, which has several dozen types of seats and does not offer stage visibility from all of them. Every seat at the Opéra Bastille offers an unrestricted view of the stage, it is the very same type of seat with the same level of comfort, and there are no boxes. Subtitles are visible from every seat except for those at the very back of the arena and of the first balcony. In 2005, two small standing room areas were created at the back of the arena; tickets are sold for €5, only on the evening of the performance. There is no "royal" or "presidential box"; instead, one of the regular seats in the arena, on the "VIP" row (row 15) just after the central aisle, is considered the presidential seat, although not all Presidents since 1989 have been avid opera-goers.

Due to its size, the auditorium is frequently—and unfavourably—called a "vessel", and, compared to other world-class opera houses, the acoustics have been described as at best disappointing. One technical feature destined to make it better is that the floor of the orchestra pit is actually a small elevator, which makes it possible to adapt the pit to the requirements of the performance, elevating it for a smaller orchestra and lowering it for a larger and louder one; in its largest configuration, the pit has room for 130 players.

The hall is generally cold in colour due to the prominence of grey granite, black or white stone and black fabric in the structure and decoration as well as to the lightning from the giant white glass ceiling, although the use of pearwood for the seats and handrails and of oak for the floor brings a warmer, light brown touch. This modern design has been controversial ever since the house's opening, with part of the audience preferring the elaborately ornate and gilded decoration of the traditional Palais Garnier.

The backstage occupies an enormous area (5,000 m2), six times larger than the stage: the stage area is flanked left and right with areas of the same size, and these three areas are replicated towards the back of the theatre. A system of rails and a rotating dock make it possible to roll entire sets on and off on giant motorised platforms in a few minutes and to store these platforms on the available backstage spots; quick changes of set enable the artists to rehearse a work in the afternoon and to perform another one in the evening within the same space, something impossible at the Palais Garnier. The use of such platforms also makes it considerably easier to use three-dimensional sets rather than traditional flat images. Under the stage is a giant elevator, which is used to lower unused set platforms to an underground storehouse as large as the backstage itself.

The building also includes a rehearsal room that identical in size and shape to the theatre's pit and stage areas.

References
Notes

Sources
 Beauvert, Thierry: Opera Houses of the World. New York: The Vendome Press, 1995.
  Jourdaa, Frédérique: À l'Opéra aujourd'hui. De Garnier à Bastille. Paris: Hachette, 2004.
  Rémy, Pierre-Jean [a.k.a. Angrémy, Jean-Pierre]: Bastille, rêver un opéra. Paris: Plon, 1989.
  Saint-Pulgent, Maryvonne de: le Syndrome de l'opéra. Paris: Robert Laffont, 1991.
  Urfalino, Philippe (ed.): Quatre voix pour un opéra. Une histoire de l'opéra Bastille''. Paris: Métailié, 1990.

External links

 Opéra Bastille on the Paris National Opera's website (in English)

Bastille
Buildings and structures in the 12th arrondissement of Paris
Place de la Bastille
Carlos Ott buildings
Music venues completed in 1989
Paris Opera
Music venues in France
20th-century architecture in France

Opéra Bastille


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CyanogenMod, de obicei abreviat CM, a fost un sistem de operare open-source pentru smartphone-uri și tablete bazat pe platforma mobilă Android. Acesta era dezvoltat ca software gratuit și open source bazat pe versiunile oficiale de Android de la Google, cu anumite adaosuri de cod original.

CyanogenMod includea mai multe opțiuni suplimentare de personalizare și de modificare a interfeței de utilizator. De asemenea, oferea un plus de performanță prin extinderea limitelor de viteză ale procesorului prin CPU overclocking.

CyanogenMod oferea experiența Android autentică, fără zeci de aplicații inutile, ascunse sau vizibile, care îngreunează sistemul de operare. Aceste aplicații pot fi descărcate ulterior de utilizator. CyanogenMod mizează pe performanță și capacitatea de viață a bateriei, oferind în același timp o interfață grafică simplă, intuitivă și atractivă.

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La data de 24 decembrie 2016, a fost anunțat că CyanogenMod nu va mai fi dezvoltat în urma întreruperii activității Cyanogen Inc., compania care a susținut anterior proiectul. CyanogenMod a fost continuat sub numele de LineageOS, un proiect al comunității care a preluat în mare parte codurile open source din CyanogenMod. La 1 ianuarie 2017, toate serviciile Cyanogen au fost  oprite.  Prima versiune a CyanogenMod a fost dezvoltată pentru HTC Dream.

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CyanogenMod 14

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Cyanogen Inc. este o companie cu sediul în Seattle și Palo Alto, California. Ea a anunțat oficial în luna septembrie 2013 că are scopul de a comercializa CyanogenMod.

Referințe

Vezi și
 LineageOS

Link-uri externe
  (a se vedea, de asemenea, wiki  oficial și lista de dispozitive acceptate )
 Android Open Source Project

 Cyanogen Confirmă Distincția Între Cyanogen OS comercial și CyanogenMod, noiembrie 13, 2014
Telefoane inteligente
Android
Software cu sursă deschisă
Sisteme de operare mobile
Distribuții Linux înglobate

CyanogenMod


Maria Mohor a fost o actriță română de teatru. Maria Mohor a fost a doua soție a lui Victor Ion Popa.,

Biografie
Maria Mohor a jucat în piese de teatru ca Vicleniile lui Scapin de Molière, în 1932 în Take, Ianke și Cadîr;  în 1938 în Electra de Sofocle (rol titular) și în Hamlet.

Referințe și note

Anul nașterii lipsă
Anul decesului lipsă
Actrițe române din secolul al XX-lea
Actrițe din secolul al XX-lea
Actrițe de film române
Actrițe de radio române
Actrițe de teatru române
Actrițe de voce române
Actrițe române
Bucureșteni
Decese în București
Românce din secolul al XX-lea

Maria Mohor


Tualatin ist der Name

 Einer Stadt in Oregon/USA, siehe Tualatin (Oregon)
 Eines Volkes der amerikanischen Ureinwohner, siehe Atfalati
 Eines Flusses in Oregon/USA, siehe Tualatin River
 Eines Gebirges in Oregon/USA, siehe Tualatin Mountains
 Eines Mikroprozessors, siehe Intel Pentium III

Tualatin


is a Japanese manga artist, best known as the creator of the multicultural hit, Shaman King.

Career
Hiroyuki Takei started drawing manga with writer EXIAD on SD Département Store Series which they created for a fanzine. Early in his career, he became the assistant to Tamakichi Sakura on  as  in 1992 and Kōji Kiriyama (Ninku). At that time, he also submitted his first yomikiri Dragdoll Group to the Tezuka Award but was rejected. In 1994, Takei submitted his short story Anna the Itako to the 48th Tezuka Award and won the honorable mention. He was later introduced to Nobuhiro Watsuki and became his assistant along with Eiichiro Oda on Rurouni Kenshin.

Takei published his short story Death Zero in Weekly Shōnen Jump winter special and Butsu Zone in the summer special of 1996. A reworked version of Butsu Zone became his first manga series published in Weekly Shōnen Jump of 1997. Takei's longest-running series, Shaman King began serialization in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump in 1998, though was forced to conclude in 2004. In 2007, Takei returned three years after the conclusion of Shaman King with a new Weekly Shōnen Jump series, entitled Jumbor Barutronica. Set in the distant future, construction workers pilot mecha. One of them is killed and his memories are implanted in his clone, a thirty-year-old man in a five-year-old superpowered construction tool body. The series was canceled after ten issues and released in one volume.

During the Jump Festa 2008, Shueisha announced a kanzenban reprint of Shaman King. This release reprinted the entire series in 27 volumes complete with new covers while concluding the never-before-published "true ending." On March 4, 2008, Japanese publisher Shūeisha announced that Takei would be collaborating on Karakuri Dôji Ultimo with American comic creator Stan Lee. The project launched with the new Jump SQ.II (Jump Square Second) spinoff manga magazine on April 18, 2008. The announcement of the partnership was made in the April issue of Jump Square magazine.

As of 2010, Takei is working on two monthly series Jumbor, written by  and Karakuri Dôji Ultimo with Stan Lee.

On February 15, 2017, when answering a fan's question, Hiroyuki Takei revealed on his official Twitter that he received an offer for an anime remake of his representative work Shaman King, but had to turn it down because they were not able to use the first anime's voice actors and soundtrack music. In June 2020, a new anime television series was announced, which aired from April 1, 2021 to April 21, 2022 and featured several returning cast members from the 2001 anime series in both the Japanese and the English dub.

Inspiration
Takei named Hirohiko Araki's series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure and Baoh as his favorite manga when he was younger. In an interview with Shonen Jump, he also cited Taiyo Kosoku by Baru, Blade of the Immortal by Hiroaki Samura, and Hellboy by Mike Mignola as favorites. Takei has also been influenced by American comic books, Mecha anime and Osamu Tezuka.

Works

Serializations
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! From !! To !! English Translated Title !! Serialized in !! Volumes !! Information
|-
| 1997
| 1997
| Butsu Zone
| Weekly Shōnen Jump
| 3 tankōbon, 2 kanzenban
|
|-
| 1998
| 2004
| Shaman King
| Weekly Shōnen Jump
| 32 tankōbon, 27 kanzenban, 35 eBooks
| Final kanzenban released in 2009 with previously unpublished material.
|-
| 2007
| 2007
| Jumbor Barutronica
| Weekly Shōnen Jump
| 1 tankōbon, 2 kanzenban
|
|-
| 2009
| 2015
| Karakuri Dôji Ultimo
| Jump SQ (2009—2011), Jump SQ.19 (2012—2015)
| 12 tankōbon
| Stan Lee (concept)
|-
| 2010
| —
| Jumbor
| Ultra Jump
| 7 tankōbon
| Hiromasa Mikami (writer)
|-
| 2012
| 2014
| Shaman King: Flowers
| Jump X
| 6 tankōbon
|
|-
| 2015
| —
| Hyper Dash! Yonkurō
| CoroCoro Aniki
| 4 tankōbon (on-going)
| Spin-off of Zaurus Tokuda's Dash! Yonkuro
|-
| 2015
| 2018
| Nekogahara
| Shōnen Magazine Edge
|5 tankōbon
|
|-
|2018
|—
|Shaman King: The Super Star
|Shōnen Magazine Edge
|5 tankōbon (on-going)|
|}

One-shots

Shaman King specials

FanzinesJumbor Japon (Self-published and sold out at Comiket 73)

Unreleased
 (Concept/Script:EXIAD)
 (Rejected submission for the Tezuka Awards)

Character design
Anna Kyoyama from Shaman King is the mascot for the police station in the Aomori Prefecture.
 was a series of toys and a manga created for Takara Tomy. Takei was hired as art supervisor and one of his assistants, , drew the manga which ran in V Jump during issue number 8 to 10 in 2006. The series was canceled after 3 chapters and never met the intended 197 pages announced in the first chapter.
Takei did the character design of  and his axe True Hash for Phantasy Star Portable 2.
Takei did the character design of Garo: The Animation.
Takei did the original character designs for the original anime series, Shine On! Bakumatsu Bad Boys!.
Takei did the original character designs for the Bikkurimen anime series based on the stickers from the wafer snack, Bikkuriman.

Other works
 Illustrator for the Cardfight!! Vanguard'' Trading Card Games.

References

External links
Official Twitter
Hiroyuki Takei - the soul of Shaman King - Documentary portrait of Hiroyuki Takei

1972 births
Living people
Manga artists from Aomori Prefecture
Yomogita, Aomori

Hiroyuki Takei


Et sted at være er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1960 med instruktion og manuskript af Tørk Haxthausen.

Handling
Filmen fortæller om fritidsmuligheder, der gives de unge, og om, hvordan de reagerer på dem. Filmen præsenterer de 14-18 årige, som de er mellem jævnaldrende på gaden, på markedspladsen, i kaffebaren og i ungdomsklubben. Ud fra en sympatisk indstilling til vitaliteten og energien i deres livsudfoldelse prøver filmen indirekte at pege på nødvendigheden af at skabe det bedst mulige miljø for de unge og fremhæver ungdomsklubben som en mulighed, der bør udnyttes endnu bedre, end det var tilfældet tidligere.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1960

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Et sted at være


Aravaipa Canyon Wilderness est une zone sauvage de  située dans l'État américain de l'Arizona.

Accès
La Wilderness, créée en 1984, est administrée par le Bureau of Land Management et est située au nord-est de Mammoth, en Arizona, à environ  au sud-est de Phoenix. L'accès des piétons à la réserve n'est autorisé qu'avec l'autorisation préalable du personnel de la réserve. La zone est populaire pour ses loisirs, en particulier ses sentiers de randonnée et ses activités tout-terrain. Les visiteurs peuvent faire une randonnée jusqu'à la cabane abandonnée sur le site de Parsons Grove dans la réserve d'Aravaipa Canyon à partir de 2013 .

Géographie
L'Aravaipa Canyon Wilderness forme la frontière nord-ouest de la chaîne de montagnes Galiuro. Le désert comprend les  le long du canyon d'Aravaipa, des plateaux environnants et des neuf canyons latéraux. L'Aravaipa Canyon Preserve du Nature Conservancy protège également  de terres privées et est contigu à la Wilderness du BLM.

Références

 BLM Aravaipa Canyon Wilderness page
 Conservation de la nature Réserve du canyon d'Aravaipa
 Wilderness.net Page sur la nature sauvage du canyon d'Aravaipa

Wilderness en Arizona
Aire protégée créée en 1984
Aire protégée relevant du Bureau of Land Management en Arizona
Gorge en Arizona
Aire protégée de l'UICN - catégorie Ib

Aravaipa Canyon Wilderness


Godofredo de Amiens (en francés, Geoffroy d'Amiens) (1066–1115) fue un obispo de Amiens. Es venerado como santo por la Iglesia católica.

Biografía

Godofredo nació en 1066 en Moulincourt, en la diócesis de Soissons. Tercer hijo de una familia noble, a una edad temprana su tío, el obispo de Soissons, lo envió para ser educado en un monasterio cerca de la Péronne.

A los 25 años, fue ordenado sacerdote por el obispo de Noyon y se convirtió en el abad de la abadía de Nogent-sous-Coucy. En Nogent, que estaba en decadencia, Godofredo se volcó en la restauración de orden material y moral del convento, hasta el punto de que el arzobispo de Reims le quiso confiar la abadía de Saint Rémi, que era más importante. Godofredo lo rechazó diciendo «Dios me prohíbe abandonar a una esposa pobre por una rica»

En 1104, Godofredo fue nombrado obispo de Amiens. En su desempeño como obispo se encontró con muchos problemas. Era rechazado por la nobleza y la burguesía, a los que criticaba por su conducta respecto a los pobres, queriendo mejorar las relaciones entre todos ellos. Se vio afectado por la revuelta de los campesinos contra los señores feudales y preocupado por las amenazas de guerra civil, prefirió retirarse al monasterio de la Gran Cartuja (la Grande Chartreuse) para llevar una vida de penitencia.

En 1115, fue llamado de regreso a su puesto por los habitantes de Amiens, donde le esperaban los mismos problemas.

Cayó enfermo y se retiró a la abadía de Saint-Crépin en Soissons, donde murió el 8 de noviembre de 1115.

Celebración en España
En algunos lugares del territorio, como en algunos pueblos de la zona de la Ribera del Duero en Castilla y León, se celebra la tradicional fiesta de San Godofredo el 28 de diciembre. La tradición popular recoge la elaboración de dulces navideños y canciones de temática navideña con ritmos modernos, fecha en la que no falta el vino ni la cerveza.

Bibliografía
 Essai sur Saint Geoffroy, évêque d'Amiens - Guérard - 1843
 Histoire de la ville d'Amiens depuis les gaulois jusqu'à nos jours - R.de Hyacinthe Dusevel - 1848 - Amiens (France) - Page 259 - (Gallica)
 Le livre des saints et des prénoms - Alain Guillermou - 1976 - Page 146

Enlaces externos

Santos católicos de Francia del siglo XII
Obispos de Francia del siglo XII
Obispos de Amiens
Historia de Amiens
Obispos santos de Francia
Personas de Noyon

Godofredo de Amiens


කොඩ්ඩියාර් බලකොටුව ලන්දේසින් විසින් ලංකාවෙහි ඉදිකරන ලද පළමු බලකොටුව වේ. එය 1622 වර්ෂයේ ගොඩනංවන ලද්දකි.

පෘතුගීසීන් දිවයිනෙන් එලවා දමනු වස් ලන්දේසින් සමග අැතිකරගත් ගිවිසුමක් ප්‍රකාරව, මහනුවර සෙනරත් රජු විසින් කොඩ්ඩියාර් හී (වත්මන් මුතූර්) බලකොටුවක් ඉදිකිරීමට ලන්දේසින්ට ඉඩ ලබාදෙන ලදී. නමුත් අඩක් ඉදිකොට තිබූ බලකොටුව, ත්‍රිකුණාමලයෙහි ඒ වන විට බලය පැවති පෘතුගීසින් විසින් විනාශ කර දමන ලදී. කෙසේ වූවත් පසුව ලන්දෙසින් විසින් පෘතුගීසින් පරාජය කිරීමෙන් අනතුරුව, 1658දී බලකොටුව නැවත ගොඩනංවන ලදී.

ආශ්‍රිත

වැඩිදුර කියවීම්

බලකොටු - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

කොඩ්ඩියාර් බලකොටුව


A tiletamina é um anestésico dissociativo farmacologicamente classificado como um antagonista do receptor NMDA. Sua estrutura química está relacionada à da cetamina . Em forma de cloridrato, possui aparência de cristais brancos inodoros.

O fármaco é utilizado na medicina veterinária em associação medicamentosa sob o nome comercial Telazol (tiletamina/zolazepam, em solução 10:1) em forma de anestésico injetável para aplicação em cães e gatos. A tiletamina também é usada em combinação com a xilazina (Rompun) para imobilizarmamíferos de grande porte, como ursos polares e bisontes-das-florestas .

A tiletamina é contraindicada em pesoas com escore ASA de III ou mais, bem como em animais com sinais do sistema nervoso central (SNC), hipertireoidismo, doença cardíaca, doença pancreática ou renal, gravidez, glaucoma ou lesões oculares penetrantes.

O uso recreativo de telazol tem sido reportado. Ainda, estudos em animais indicam que a tiletamina produz efeitos recompensadores e de reforço relevantes para o potencial de abuso.

Antagonistas do receptor NMDA
Cetonas
Anestésicos gerais
Drogas dissociativas

Tiletamina


Goran Stolevski est un réalisateur et scénariste australien.

Biographie

Filmographie partielle

Au cinéma
 2007 : Ambassador (court métrage)
 2008 : Blood (court métrage)
 2008 : Picture of a Good Woman (court métrage)
 2012 : Frankie's Big Heart (court métrage)
 2015 : Today Is Not the Day (court métrage)
 2016 : You Deserve Everything (court métrage)
 2017 : Would You Look at Her (court métrage)
 2017 : Everything We Wanted (court métrage)
 2018 : My Boy Oleg (court métrage)
 2022 : You Won't Be Alone
 2023 : Housekeeping for Beginners (Domakinstvo za Pocetnici)

À la télévision
 2018 : Nowhere Boys (série télévisée, 3 épisodes)

Récompenses et distinctions

Notes et références

Liens externes

Réalisateur australien
Scénariste australien
Date de naissance non renseignée (XXe siècle)
Lieu de naissance inconnu

Goran Stolevski


Slovacia are 10 de ani de învățământ obligatoriu. Elevii merg la școală cinci zile pe săptămână, de luni până vineri. Zilele de sâmbătă ca zile de școală au fost anulate înainte de anii 1980. Vacanța de vară este de la 1 iulie până la sfârșitul lunii august (la universități, de asemenea, în luna iunie), o săptămână în jurul sărbătorii de Crăciun și de Paște, în primăvară, și în zilele de sărbătoare oficială.

Un an școlar este format din două semestre. Primul se termină, în toate școlile, la sfârșitul lunii ianuarie , cel de-al doilea înainte de începutul vacanței de vară. Elevii din învățământul primar și gimnazial studiază, de obicei, în clasă, circa 6 ore pe zi. Sistemul educației este finanțat de stat de și toate manualele și materialele de instruire la nivel preuniversitar sunt libere (returnate la sfârșitul semestrului) - în majoritatea cazurilor, cel puțin. Cu toate acestea, există și școli private care sunt cu plată.

Educația în Slovacia

Educația în Slovacia


Mektep () ya da Mekteb () ya da Mektephane () (Diğer harf çevirileri: makteb, mekteb, mektep, maktab), el- küttab olarak da anılır. ( ) (Arabic: "school"), ilkokul anlamına gelen Arapça sözcüktür. Çocuklara İslami konuları, okuma, yazma ve grameri öğretme önceliği olan bir kurum olsa da  diğer pratik ve teorik konularda da eğitim vermiştir. 20. yüzyıla kadar mektepler İslam dünyasında kitlesel eğitimin yegane adresi olmuştur.

Arapçada sadece ilkokul anlamına gelse de, Afganistan'da kullanılan Dari Dilinde okul anlamına da gelir. İbn-i Sina da mektep sözcüğünü okul anlamında kullanmıştır. Mektep ya da el- küttab Mısır ve diğer müslüman çoğunluklu ülkelerde eski moda eğitim yeri olarak da bilinir. Bir şeyh yerde oturan bir grup öğrenciyi eğitir. İslam ve Kur'an Arapçası öğretilir. Kur'an'ı ezberlemeye odaklanmıştır. Çağdaş okulların gelişimiyle mekteplerin sayısı azalmıştır.

Çağdaş Arapçada ofis veya kütüphane anlamına da gelmektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
Medrese
Şeyh
Osmanlı'da eğitim
İlmiye sınıfı

Kaynakça

Osmanlı eğitim kurumları
İslam okulları
Eğitim terimleri

Mektep


Angola millî basketbol takımı, Angola'yı uluslararası turnuva ve maçlarda temsil eden basketbol takımıdır. 2002 Dünya Şampiyonası'nda Türkiye ile maç yaptılar.

Takım kadrosu
28 Ağustos 2010 itibarıyla

Antrenör:  Luís Magalhães

Afrika Şampiyonası

Basketbol
Millî basketbol takımı
Afrika'daki millî basketbol takımları

Angola millî basketbol takımı