Earth Crisis is an American metallic hardcore band from Syracuse, New York, active from 1989 until 2001, reuniting in 2007. Since 1993 the band's longest serving members are vocalist Karl Buechner, lead guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian Edwards and drummer Dennis Merrick. Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998.

The band has released eight studio albums, three compilations, two live albums and six music videos. The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues. Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement.

History

Initial career (1989–1995)

The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together. Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar. Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to "keep that torch burning", as Buechner said. "The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison. We wanted people to know they can believe in us." Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they "would stand against", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen.

Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York. After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows. Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework. He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian "Bulldog" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project. Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold. Earth Crisis' four-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority.

In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records. For this album, Riccardi was replaced by Dennis Merrick. Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann.

Destroy the Machines, their first full-length record, was released in 1995 and would eventually become the best-selling album in the history of Victory Records. Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick. During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied.

Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001)

1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album. Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann.  The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn.

The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after. With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music. Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys.

In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives. They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse, New York. After the band's breakup in 2001, Buechner, Bulldog and Erick Edwards went on to form Freya, a band named for the Norse goddess of fertility. Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated.

Reformation (2007–2009)

On January 27, 2007, the reunited Earth Crisis played the Maryland Metal and Hardcore Festival. Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter. Earth Crisis headlined the Firestorm Fest in early 2008, in the midst of a US tour.

On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media. They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project. The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009.

In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth.

Latest releases: (2010–present)
In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick would only be available for certain dates.

In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat. The album was mixed and mastered by Zeuss. The tracks "Raise" and "Total War" were released online as an album teaser.

Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014. A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork.

Musical style and influences
Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All. After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations. Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends. Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as "heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory." In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats.

Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were "taken about as far as possible", but it followed a structure more akin to the "post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel. Dennis Merrick said: "On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick". Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal. Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they "resurrected" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses.

Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as "a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers." According to Stereo Killer, it was "arguably the band's heaviest offering" but with "more traditional verse/chorus/verse" material. Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but "with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in", the band stated. Scott Crouse said that he always tried "to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability" and that these two albums were the first to "hit that mark". Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as "some elements of melodic metalcore" and faster songs.

When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden.

Lyrics, views and activism

The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either "educational" or encourage direct-action. Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse. On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front. In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics "read like passages" taken from "direct-action essays" of these institutions. Other subjects include criticism against white supremacy and, especially on Breed the Killers, oppressive governments. 2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights. Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively. The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends  and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs. According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined "youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics".

In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: "I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability. Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us." He added that "Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation." Their message disjoined from the "posicore" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action. However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: "destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary. We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system", said Buechner.

The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations. In their live shows, there is usually literature about PETA, Greenpeace and others distributed. They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them. Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: "We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing. We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations."

Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances. They also do not have a religious agenda and think that that is mainly a personal choice.

Legacy
Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals. MetalSucks said: "For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were. You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene". Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that "Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s" through "the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews", becoming "one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history."

Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre. According to Andrew O'Neill, "Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore" and "the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble" shortly after those records were released.

To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture. Haenfler said that, while "earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner", Earth Crisis "made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene" as a "self-described 'vegan straight edge' band", "inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely." They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message "imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had", according to Peter Daniel Young.

Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as "Firestorm" for straight edge and "Ultramilitance" for eco-terrorists. They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse.

Comments from other musicians
Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young.

Members

Current members
 Karl Buechner – vocals (1991–2001, 2007–present), bass (1989)
 Scott Crouse – lead guitar (1991–2001, 2007–present)
 Ian "Bulldog" Edwards – bass (1991–2001, 2007–present)
 Dennis Merrick – drums (1993–2001, 2007–present)
 Erick Edwards – rhythm guitar (1998–2001, 2007–present)

Former members
 DJ Rose – vocals (1989)
 John Moseman – guitar (1989)
 Jesse Buckley – drums (1989)
 Ben Read – rhythm guitar (1991–1994)
 Kris Wiechmann – rhythm guitar (1994–1998)
 Michael Riccardi – drums (1991–1993)

Former touring musicians
 Jim Winters – rhythm guitar (1993–1996)
 Andy Hurley – drums (2010)

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums
 Destroy the Machines  (1995, Victory Records)
 Gomorrah's Season Ends (1996, Victory Records)
 Breed the Killers (1998, Roadrunner Records)
 Slither (2000, Victory Records)
 Last of the Sane (2001, Victory Records)
 To the Death (2009, Century Media Records)
 Neutralize the Threat (2011, Century Media Records)
 Salvation of Innocents (2014, Candlelight Records)

EPs
 All Out War (EP) (1992, Conviction Records, re-released 1995 on Victory Records)
 Firestorm (EP) (1993, Victory Records, re-released 1995)
 Forced to Kill (7") (2009, Seventh Dagger Records)
 The Discipline (EP) (2015, Bullet Tooth Records)
 Vegan for the Animals (EP) (2022, Fiveonone Music)

Music videos
 "Broken Foundation" (1996)
 "Killing Brain Cells" (2000)
 "Provoke" (2000)
 "Nemesis" (2000)
 "To Ashes" (2009)
 "Total War" (2011)

Live and compilation albums
 The California Takeover (1996), Victory Records, split live album with Strife and Snapcase)
 The Oath That Keeps Me Free (1998, Victory Records)
 Forever True – 1991–2001 (Compilation) (2001, Victory Records)
 The Return of the California Takeover (live) (2021, Fiveonone Music)

See also
Animal rights and punk subculture

References

External links

Metalcore musical groups from New York (state)
Musical groups from Syracuse, New York
Straight edge groups
Musical groups established in 1989
Victory Records artists
Equal Vision Records artists
Century Media Records artists
Hardcore punk groups from New York (state)
American veganism activists
Political music groups
Environmental musical artists
Candlelight Records artists

Earth Crisis


التكاليف الثابتة:  ، هي جزء من التكلفة الكلية، و العكس من التكاليف المتغيرة، وهي التكاليف التي لا تتغير بحجم الإنتاج وتتعلق بتكلفة الأصول الثابتة كالخدمات المتوفرة للإنتاج والعمليات المختلفة فيه، وكذلك المباني والأرض. وتتنوع التكاليف الثابتة بين تكلفة المواد الأولية الضرورية لأي نشاط إنتاجي فمثلا تخفيض أو زيادة زمن الإنتاج لا يؤثر في رفع أو خفض تكلفة المواد الأولية لإنتاج المنتج

التكاليف الثابتة في الاقتصاد هي نفقات الأعمال التي لا تعتمد على مستوى السلع أو الخدمات المنتجة. أما التكاليف الثابتة في المحاسبة الإدارية، فيتم تعريفها بأنها المصاريف التي لا تتغير كتابع لنشاط الأعمال التجارية. بحكم التعريف، لا توجد أية تكاليف ثابتة على المدى الطويل. مجموع التكاليف الثابتة والتكاليف المتغيرة يعطي التكاليف الكلية

أمثلة
من الأمثلة على التكاليف الثابتة: تكاليف الكهرباء، والتأمين والإيجار.

المصادر

اقرأ أيضا
 تكلفة متغيرة
 تكلفة كلية
 تكلفة حدية
 إيراد حدي
 تكلفة متوسطة

اقتصاد إنتاجي
تكاليف
محاسبة إدارية

تكلفة ثابتة


Augustine Azuka Okocha ( ; born 14 August 1973), commonly known as Jay-Jay Okocha, is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He won 73 caps for the Nigeria national team between 1993 and 2006, scoring 14 goals, and was a member of three FIFA World Cup squads. He is regarded as one of the greatest football players from Africa.

He played across multiple leagues, starting his career at Enugu Rangers in the Nigerian Professional Football League before moving to Borussia Neunkirchen in the Oberliga Südwest, Germany's third division, in July 1990. He would play in the Bundesliga, Süper Lig, Ligue 1, Premier League, EFL Championship, and Qatar Stars League before his retirement in 2008.

Club career
Augustine Azuka "Jay-Jay" Okocha was born in Enugu, Enugu State. His parents lived in Iwo local Government, Osun State, Nigeria. The name Jay-Jay was passed down from his elder brother James, who started playing football first; his immediate elder brother, Emmanuel was also called Emma Jay-Jay, but the name stuck with Okocha instead. He began playing football on the streets just like many other football stars, usually with a makeshift ball.

In an interview with BBC Sport he said, "As far as I can remember, we used to play with anything, with any round thing we could find, and whenever we managed to get hold of a ball, that was a bonus! I mean it was amazing!" In 1990, he joined Enugu Rangers. In his time at the club he produced many spectacular displays, including one where he rounded off and scored a goal against experienced Nigerian goalkeeper Willy Okpara in a match against BCC Lions. Later that year, he went on holiday to West Germany, the country that had just won the 1990 FIFA World Cup, so he could watch German league football. His friend Binebi Numa was playing in the Third Division for Borussia Neunkirchen, and one morning Okocha accompanied Numa to training, where he asked to join in. The Neunkirchen coach was impressed with Okocha's skills and invited him back the next day before offering him a contract. A year later, he joined 1. FC Saarbrücken, but stayed only a few months with the 2. Bundesliga side before a move to the Bundesliga with Eintracht Frankfurt.

Eintracht Frankfurt
Okocha joined Eintracht Frankfurt in December 1991, where he linked up with many well-known players including Ghanaian international striker Tony Yeboah and later Thomas Doll. He continued to shine for the German side, one highlight being a goal he scored against Karlsruher SC, dribbling in the penalty box, even going past some players twice, and slotting the ball past goalkeeper Oliver Kahn. The goal was voted Goal of the Season by many football magazines, and also voted as 1993 Goal of the Year by viewers of Sportschau (an ARD German TV sports programme). In 1995, Okocha, Yeboah and Maurizio Gaudino were all involved in a feud with manager Jupp Heynckes, which led to their departure from the club.

Yeboah and Gaudino later left for England, while Okocha stayed until the end of the season when Frankfurt were relegated to the 2. Bundesliga, before signing for Süper Lig club Fenerbahçe. In the Bundesliga he scored 18 goals in 90 matches.

Fenerbahçe
Okocha joined Turkish club Fenerbahçe for approximately £1 million following Eintracht Frankfurt's relegation to the 2. Bundesliga. In his two seasons with the team, he amassed 30 goals in 62 appearances, many of them coming from direct free kicks, which became something of a trademark for him at the club.

Okocha acquired Turkish citizenship during his time at the club and chose the name Muhammed Yavuz while playing.

Paris Saint-Germain
In 1998, French side Paris Saint-Germain spent around £14 million to sign Okocha, making him the most expensive African player at the time. In his four-year stint with PSG, he played 84 matches and scored 12 goals. He also served as a mentor for young Brazilian footballer and future Ballon d'Or winner Ronaldinho during his time in Paris.

In the 2001 UEFA Intertoto Cup Okocha would go on to score 5 goals and help them win it along Aston Villa F.C. and ES Troyes AC.

Bolton Wanderers
On 18 June Okocha joined Bolton Wanderers on a free transfer after leaving PSG in the summer of 2002 following the FIFA World Cup. His debut season, despite being hampered by injuries, made him a favourite with the Bolton fans, with the team printing shirts with the inscription "Jay-Jay – so good they named him twice". He steered the team away from relegation with seven goals, including one later voted the team's Goal of the Season in the vital league win against West Ham United. This was also chosen as Bolton's best ever Premier League goal by a fan vote in 2008. The next season saw Okocha receive more responsibility as he was given the captain's armband following Guðni Bergsson's retirement. As captain he led Bolton to the 2004 Football League Cup final, their first cup final in nine years, where they finished runners-up to Middlesbrough.

In 2006, Okocha was stripped of the captaincy—something he said he had seen coming, as there had been a change in attitude from some staff members. This was likely due to his proposed move to the Middle East, which had been the subject of growing speculation. At the end of the season, he refused a one-year extension in order to move to Qatar.

Following Bolton's relegation from the Premier League in 2012, Okocha stated that his spell at the club was now rendered a waste of time, because the club had not invested and improved on the foundations that were laid during his time there.

In 2017, Okocha was voted the best player to have ever played for Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok/Macron Stadium.

Hull City
After just one season in Qatar, Football League Championship side Hull City signed Okocha on a free transfer in 2007, after the player had been linked to Real Salt Lake and Sydney FC. It was a move he made saying that "God had told him to do so". He was however unable to contribute greatly to Hull's promotion campaign due to fitness and constant injury problems, playing only 18 games and scoring no goals. Hull still succeeded in winning promotion to the Premier League for the first time in their 104-year history. At the end of the season, after changing his mind on a proposed retirement due to Hull's promotion, he was released by the club, which ultimately sent him into retirement.

In 2012 he came out of retirement and signed with Bengal Premier League Soccer team Durgapur Vox Champions however the season was postponed and league itself folded in 2013 before him making any appearance for the team.

International career
Okocha made his official debut for Nigeria in their 2–1 1994 FIFA World Cup Qualifier away loss against Ivory Coast in May 1993. It was not until his second cap and home debut that he became a favourite with the Nigerian supporters. With Nigeria trailing 1–0 against Algeria, in a match they needed to win, he scored from a direct free kick to equalise, before helping the team to a 4–1 win, eventually securing qualification to their first World Cup. In 1994, he was a member of both the victorious 1994 African Cup of Nations squad  and the World Cup squad who made it to the second round before losing a dramatic match against eventual runners-up Italy.

In 1996, Okocha became a key member of an arguably more successful Nigerian side, their Olympic gold winning side at the Atlanta Games, later nicknamed the "Dream Team" by the Nigerian press after the USA 1992 Olympics gold winning basketball team, as they overcame Brazil in the semi-finals, before coming back from 2–0 down to 3–2 up against Argentina in the final. At the 1998 FIFA World Cup, Okocha played for a disappointing Super Eagles side who failed to live up to expectations, again reaching the round of 16, albeit with less impressive performances save for their 3–2 opening win against Spain. This did not destroy interest in Okocha, who had entertained fans with his trademark skills and dribbles and went on to be named in the squad of the tournament.

Okocha again joined the Super Eagles in the 2000 African Cup of Nations, which Nigeria co-hosted with Ghana. He scored three goals in the tournament, two in the opening game against Tunisia, and was given a standing ovation by the nearly 60,000 in attendance when he left the field. The Super Eagles then went all the way to the final against Cameroon, with Okocha captaining his side and scoring the equaliser to tie the game 2–2 before losing in the penalty shootout at the end of extra time. He then captained the Super Eagles to the following 2002, 2004 and 2006, consecutively finishing all three tournaments in third place.

He made a return to the Super Eagles for a testimonial against an African select side in Warri. The game featured former players Daniel Amokachi, Alloysius Agu, John Fashanu, Benjani and Sulley Muntari. Nigeria won the match 2–1 with Okocha scoring the winning goal after appearing for the side in the second half. In March 2004, he was named one of the top 125 living footballers by Pelé.

Style of play
A quick, talented, and skilful playmaker, Okocha usually played as an attacking midfielder, and is widely considered by pundits internationally as the best Nigerian footballer ever, and as one of the best African players of all time. He is still remembered by Fenerbahçe fans as one of the legends of the club and country. Okocha was known for his confidence and trickery with the ball, technique, creativity, flair, close control, and dribbling skills, as well as his turn of pace and his use of feints, in particular his version of the stepover (nicknamed the Okocha stepover) and his trademark turns. Due to his skill and nickname, he was described as being 'so good that they named him twice' (a line immortalised in a terrace chant while Okocha played for Bolton Wanderers). Despite his ability, however, he was also known for being inconsistent.

Post-playing career
In late 2014 Okocha was added to the FIFA football game series as a "Legend" which honours his years as a great footballer.

Okocha was elected as the Chair of the Delta State Football Association on 21 February 2015. In April 2015, he expressed his interest in becoming the president of the Nigeria Football Federation.

On 15 May 2016, Okocha played in a charity match as part of "Team John McGinlay" against "Team Tony Kelly" at the Macron Stadium and scored a hat-trick in his team's 6–2 win.

In June 2019, it was reported that Okocha had been charged with alleged money laundering in Scotland.

Okocha has served as a football pundit for African sports broadcaster, Supersports since 2019, providing analysis for major tournaments, including the African Cup of Nations and the European championships.

On 14 November 2021, Okocha played in a charity match as part of a team of Bolton Wanderers Legends against the current Bolton first team, with the match helping to raise money for the mother of Bolton player Gethin Jones, after she was diagnosed with motor neuron disease. The Bolton first team won 7–4, with Okocha scoring a penalty for the Legends team.

In an interview he told why he never played for big clubs like Real Madrid CF was because of wage issues and racism. He also told them that the money they offer him was like he was doing them a favor.

Personal life
Okocha is a member of the Anioma community, a sub-group of the Igbo people. His older brother Emmanuel is also a former footballer who played for the Nigerian national team. He has a nephew, Alex Iwobi, who plays for Fulham and Nigeria.

Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Nigeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Okocha goal.

Honours
Borussia Neunkirchen
Saarland Cup: 1989–90, 1991–92
Oberliga Südwest: 1990–91

Fenerbahçe
Prime Minister's Cup: 1998
Atatürk Cup: 1999

Paris Saint-Germain
Trophée des Champions: 1998
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2001

Bolton Wanderers
Football League Cup runner-up: 2003–04

Hull City
Football League Championship play-offs: 2008

Nigeria U23
Summer Olympic Games: 1996

Nigeria
Africa Cup of Nations: 1994
Afro-Asian Cup of Nations: 1995

Individual
Goal of the Year (Germany): 1993
Nigerian Footballer of the Year: 1995, 1997, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005; runner-up: 1996
African Footballer of the Year runner-up: 1998; third place: 2003, 2004
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team (Reserve): 1998
BBC African Footballer of the Year: 2003, 2004
BBC Goal of the Month: April 2003
Premier League Player of the Month: November 2003
Africa Cup of Nations Top Scorer: 2004
Africa Cup of Nations Best Player: 2004
Bolton Wanderers Player of the Year: 2004–05
 IFFHS All-time Africa Men's Dream Team: 2021

See also
 Jay Jay Okocha Stadium

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Igbo sportspeople
Footballers from Enugu
Nigerian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Rangers International F.C. players
Borussia Neunkirchen players
Eintracht Frankfurt players
Fenerbahçe S.K. footballers
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Qatar SC players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Bundesliga players
Süper Lig players
Ligue 1 players
Premier League players
Qatar Stars League players
English Football League players
African Footballer of the Year winners
Olympic footballers for Nigeria
Nigeria men's international footballers
1994 African Cup of Nations players
1994 FIFA World Cup players
1995 King Fahd Cup players
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2000 African Cup of Nations players
2002 African Cup of Nations players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2004 African Cup of Nations players
2006 Africa Cup of Nations players
Africa Cup of Nations-winning players
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Nigeria
Olympic medalists in football
FIFA 100
Nigerian expatriate men's footballers
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in France
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in England
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Qatar
Naturalized citizens of Turkey

Jay-Jay Okocha


Le Fiat Someca SOM 511 est un modèle de tracteur agricole produit par Someca, filiale française du constructeur italien Fiat Trattori.

Dernier descendant du Fiat Someca SOM 40, ce tracteur très proche du Fiat OM 512 / 513 R est produit dans l'usine française de Bourbon-Lancy de 1964 à 1966.

Historique
Le Fiat Someca SOM 40, construit de 1957 à 1964, est un produit-phare de la gamme Someca, amélioré à plusieurs reprises.

Le SOM 511 est la dernière évolution du SOM 40, simplement doté d'un moteur un peu plus puissant ; il s'agit du modèle italien Fiat OM 512 / 513 R modifié. Sa production ne dure que deux ans, sa conception ancienne et son confort insuffisant devenant des handicaps face à la concurrence.

Caractéristiques
Le tracteur Fiat Someca SOM 511 est équipé d'un moteur diesel Fiat-OM à injection directe avec démarreur électrique. Le moteur est un  (alésage  et course ) en ligne d'une cylindrée de  développant une puissance de  à . Alors que le  possède un circuit électrique en , le SOM 511 est alimenté en , tension beaucoup plus courante.

La boîte de vitesses mécanique comporte quatre rapports avant et un rapport arrière sur deux gammes. La quatrième vitesse avant étant la même quelle que soit la gamme choisie, le tracteur ne dispose en réalité que de sept vitesses avant et sa vitesse maximale est de .

Le SOM 511 possède une prise force arrière tournant à  mais sa commande n'est pas d'un usage facile. le dispositif permettant l'attelage d'une remorque est par contre très complet.

Le poste de pilotage du SOM 511 n'est pas un modèle d'ergonomie et le siège du conducteur est mal suspendu ; ces caractéristiques, sans importance lorsque le SOM 40 est sorti, deviennent réellement pénalisantes sept ans plus tard. Le SOM 511 est toutefois apprécié de ses utilisateurs pour son excellente adhérence et la facilité de son entretien.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 .

Tracteur agricole Fiat Someca
Engin agricole des années 1960

Fiat Someca SOM 511


Popis Nacionalnih spomenika Bosne i Hercegovine.

Nacionalni spomenici Bosne i Hercegovine su:

Vidi
Popis ugroženih spomenika Bosne i Hercegovine

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Povjerenstvo za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika Privremeni popis nacionalnih spomenika Bosne i Hercegovine
Povjerenstvo za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika Popis ugroženih spomenika Bosne i Hercegovine

Nacionalni spomenici Bosne i Hercegovine


Costa Crociere Sp A. ( Italian pronunciation:   ), djeluje kao Costa Cruises ( Italian    ), talijanska je kompanija osnovana 1854. i organizirana kao podružnica Carnival Corporation & plc u potpunom vlasništvu od 2000. godine. Sa sjedištem u Genovi, Italija, tvrtka prvenstveno opslužuje talijansko tržište.

Povijest
Osnovana je 1854. godine od strane Giacomo Coste, tvrtka je izvorno upravljala teretnim brodovima, noseći maslinova ulja i tekstil. Godine 1924. tvrtka je proslijeđena sinovima osnivača (Federico, Eugenio i Enrico) i započeli su s trgovačkim aktivnostima, kupujući brod, Ravenna. 1947. Naziv tvrtke promijenjen je u Linea C.

Komercijalne aktivnosti nastavile su još godinu dana do 1948., uvođenjem putničkih usluga, počevši s redovnim linijama između Italije i Južne Amerike, na kojoj je vozio brod, Anna C. Ona je označila početak planiranih operacija između Italije i Južne Amerike, nakon što je bila prva brodska linija koja je prešla Južni Atlantski ocean nakon Drugog svjetskog rata.

Godine 1959. tvrtka je postupno nudila sve luksuznije i kvalitetnije odmore umediteranskoj i karipskoj regiji. Linea C preuzela je vlasništvo nad svojim prvim naručenim brodom 1964. godine, a do 1980. godine preuzela je još 12 brodova, čime je tvrtka postala najveća svjetska flota putničkih brodova.  Linea C je 1986. godine promijenila ime u Costa Cruises i fokusirala se na krstarenja.

U ožujku 1997. Carnival Corporation i Airtours PLC kupili su Costa Cruise za 300 milijuna dolara. Costa Cruises je u to vrijeme bio vodeća europska tvrtka za krstarenja s tržišnim udjelom od 19% Carnival i Airtours stekli su po 50% u kompaniji.

Kao podružnica tvrtke Carnival Corporation & plc
Carnival Corporation je 2000. godine u potpunosti kupio Costa Crociere nakon što je Carnival otkupio Airtours-ov 50-postotni udjel u Costa-u za 525 milijuna dolara. Carnival Corporation i P&O Princess Cruises su se 2002. godine spojili u Carnival Corporation & plc, spajajući imovinu obje tvrtke u jednu korporaciju. Od 2018. godine Costa je ostvarivala otprilike 12 % prihoda Carnival Corporation & plc's

2004. godine Costa Crociere kupio je dionice u AIDA krstarenjima u Njemačkoj . Carnival Corporation i Orizonia Group su 2007. stvorili su Ibero krstarenja zajedničkim ulaganjima. Ibero je apsorbiran u Costa Cruises 2014. godine.

U 2012. godini, tvrtka je dobila međunarodnu pažnju kada se Costa Concordia 13. siječnja 2012.  nasukala te djelomično potopila. U katastrofi je poginulo 32 ljudi.  Šest tjedana kasnije, tvrtka je ponovno bila top tema te je popunjavala naslove kada je zbog požara Costa Allegra 13 sati ostala bez struje u vodama blizu Somalijekojom su vrebali gusari prije nego što je brod odveden pod vuču.

U veljači 2018. godine Costa je najavila partnerstvo s nogometnim klubom Juventus .

U prosincu 2019.  Costa je predstavila Costa Smeralda i time postala 2 kompanije koja upravlja brodom koji je u potpunosti pogonjen ukapljenim prirodnim plinom (LNG), nakon što je AIDA predstavila AIDAnova ranije. Costa Smeraldi trebao bi se 2021. pridružiti njezin sestra LNG brod, Costa Toscana. Dana 30. siječnja 2020. Costa Smeralda bila je u karanteni s oko 6.000 putnika u talijanskoj luci Civitavecchia nakon dva sumnjiva slučaja Covid-19 .

Položaj na tržištu
Od 2015. godine, Talijani su bili većina s 30%rezerviranja za većinu kružnih putovanja, a slijede ih Francuzi, Nijemci i Španjolci. Sjevernoamerikanci su činili samo oko 5 do 15% putnika na većini brodova.  Engleski je također proglašen "univerzalnim" jezikom na svakom brodu Costa, a svi članovi posade moraju biti sposobni sporazumiti se na njemu

Tijekom intervjua s Travel Pulseom 2015., Scott Knutson, potpredsjednik prodaje i marketinga za Costa Cruises Sjeverna Amerika podijelio je svoje razmišljanje o položaju Coste u kruzer industriji   Najvažnije je imati na umu da smo međunarodni proizvod. Jedinstveno smo pozicionirani kao jedini međunarodni brend koji svoje usluge nije prilagodio američkom tržištu. Ta autentičnost omogućava nam odlazak na određeni segment tržišta. To su oni odmori koji vole međunarodno iskustvo - hranu, vino, uslugu.

Flota

Klasa luminoze (hibridni duh / klasa Vista)

Buduća flota

Izvori

Costa Crociere


Das 81. Critérium International war ein Rad-Etappenrennen, das vom 24. bis zum 25. März 2011 auf der Insel Korsika stattfand. Die Rundfahrt wurde in drei Etappen über eine Gesamtdistanz von 275 Kilometern ausgetragen. Das Rennen war Teil der UCI Europe Tour 2012 und dort in die Kategorie 2.HC eingestuft.

Die Teilnehmer

Etappen

Weblinks

2012
Radrennen 2012
Sportveranstaltung in Porto-Vecchio

Critérium International 2012


Thomas Kaminski (født 23. oktober 1992 i Dendermonde, Belgien) er en belgisk fodboldspiller, der spiller som målmand for den belgiske 1. divisionsklub KV Kortrijk. Han har tidligere spillet i bl.a. R.S.C. Anderlecht og var i sæsonen 2015-16 været udlejet til danske F.C. København.

Under lejeopholdet i FCK opnåede Kaminsky blot to kampe i Superligaen, men nåede at spille seks pokalkampe, herunder finalen i DBU Pokalen 2015-16. Efter udløbet af lejeaftalen returnerede Kaminsky til Anderlecht og skiftede umiddelbart efter til KV Kortrijk.

Noter
1.  på fransk
2.  på fransk
3.
4.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Belgien
Deltagere ved det europæiske mesterskab i fodbold 2020
Fodboldspillere fra FC København
Fodboldspillere fra K.F.C Germinal Beerschot
Fodboldspillere fra Oud-Heverlee Leuven
Fodboldspillere fra RSC Anderlecht
Fodboldspillere fra Anorthosis Famagusta
Personer fra København

Thomas Kaminski


An Cryptostylis leptochila in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Mueller ngan George Bentham. An Cryptostylis leptochila in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cryptostylis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cryptostylis

Cryptostylis leptochila


Touraj Keshtkar (; Shiraz, Irán, 26 de mayo de 1987), más conocido como Tooji, es un cantante, pintor, modelo y conductor de televisión noruego nacido en Irán.

Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 2012

Tooji representó a Noruega en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 2012, celebrado en Bakú, Azerbaiyán, con la canción «Stay». A pesar de ser una de las candidaturas más populares, quedó en el último lugar de la clasificación de la final, con 7 puntos.

Referencias

Cantantes masculinos de Noruega
Iraníes
Personas homosexuales de Noruega
Participantes en Eurovisión 2012
Representantes de Noruega en Eurovisión
Participantes en el Melodi Grand Prix 2012
Artistas ganadores del Melodi Grand Prix
Personas homosexuales de Irán
Presentadores gais
Músicos gais
Nacidos en Shiraz

Tooji


Heffron Drive este o trupă americană formată din Kendall Schmidt și  Dustin Belt, amândoi avându-și originile în Kansas. Trupa a fost de fapt înființată în 2008, după ce aceștia s-au întâlnit, amândoi locuind pe strada Heffron Drive - de unde și numele trupei - din Burbank, Statele Unite. În 2009 însă, Kendall a intrat în altă trupa, Big Time Rush, iar Dustin a continuat pe cont propriu.
În anul 2013, trupa Big Time Rush s-a desființat, iar Kendall și Dustin au devenit din nou o echipă în Heffron Drive.
Melodii:
    Parallel (2014)
    Eyes on You (2015)
    Rain Don't Come (2016)
    Don't Let Me Go (2016)
    Living Room (2017)
    One Way Ticket (2017)
    Happy Mistakes (2015)
    Slow Motion (2017)

Formații americane
Formații pop
Fondări în 2008

Heffron Drive


Japansk rødhals () er en fugleart, der lever i Japan.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fluesnappere
Rødhals

Japansk rødhals


Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, 11.º Duque de Richmond, 11.º Duque de Lennox e 6.º Duque de Gordon (8 de janeiro de 1955), denominado Lord Settrington até 1989 e depois Conde de March e Kinrara até 2017, é um aristocrata britânico e proprietário da Goodwood House em West Sussex. Ele é o fundador do Goodwood Festival of Speed e do Goodwood Revival.

Ele é presidente do British Automobile Racing Club, patrono da TT Riders Association e membro honorário do British Racing Drivers Club, do Guild of Motoring Writers e do 500 Owners Club.

Apaixonado por cinema e fotografia desde os 10 anos, Lord Settrington deixou o Eton College na primeira oportunidade e aos 17 trabalhou para o diretor de cinema Stanley Kubrick no filme Barry Lyndon.

Complexo Goodwood
O Conde de March, como era então conhecido, mudou-se de Londres para a sede da família em Goodwood House para assumir a administração da propriedade, seguindo a tradição familiar do duque entregar a administração da propriedade ao herdeiro aparente quando este completar quarenta anos.

O automobilismo em Goodwood foi iniciado por seu avô, Freddie Richmond, que abriu o Goodwood Motor Circuit em 1948. O Conde de March estabeleceu o Festival de Velocidade de Goodwood em 1993. Ele então trouxe o automobilismo de volta ao circuito, que havia fechado em 1966, com a criação do Goodwood Revival em 1998.

O Complexo Goodwood (Goodwood Estate) cobre 12.000 acres ao norte de Chichester. A Goodwood Estate Company é um portfólio diversificado de negócios que inclui: Goodwood Racecourse, uma fazenda orgânica de 4.000 acres, dois campos de golfe de dezoito buracos, Goodwood Aerodrome and Flying School e um hotel de 91 quartos. O Grupo emprega mais de 550 pessoas e atrai 800.000 visitantes à propriedade a cada ano. A sede da Rolls-Royce Motor Cars também fica no Estate.

O nome de Conde de March aparece no videogame Gran Turismo 6, quando ele envia aos jogadores um convite relacionado ao Goodwood Festival of Speed.

Casamento e descendência
O Duque de Richmond foi casado duas vezes e tem três filhos e duas filhas. Ele se casou primeiro em 1976 com Sally Clayton, filha de Maurice Clayton. Tiveram uma filha:
 Lady Alexandra Gordon-Lennox (n. 1985)

Ele e sua primeira esposa se divorciaram em 1989 e em 30 de novembro de 1991, se casou em segundas núpcias com A Honorável Janet Elizabeth Astor (n. 1961), filha de William Astor, 3º Visconde Astor. Eles têm uma filha e três filhos:

 Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, Conde de March e Kinrara (n. 1994), herdeiro aparente dos ducados.
 Lord William Rupert Charles Gordon-Lennox (n. 1996)
 Lady Eloise Cordelia Gordon-Lennox (n. 2000)
 Lord Frederick Lysander Gordon-Lennox (n. 2000)

Em janeiro de 2016, ele e a duquesa (então conde e condessa de March) foram atacados e amarrados em um grande roubo de joias em Goodwood.

Títulos e estilo
 8 de janeiro de 1955 – 2 de novembro de 1989: Lord Settrington
 2 de novembro de 1989 – 1 de setembro de 2017: O Muito Honorável Conde de March e Kinrara
 1 de setembro de 2017 – presente: Sua Graça, o Duque de Richmond, Lennox, Aubigny e Gordon

Duques de Richmond
Duques de Lennox
Família Lennox

Charles Gordon-Lennox, 11.º Duque de Richmond


A posteriori, "sonradan gelen" anlamındaki Latince felsefi kavram. Genellikle "sonradan gelen bilgi" anlamında kullanılır ve deneyimle, algılarla edinilen bilgiyi ifade eder. Kant'tan bu yana bilgi felsefesindeki temel kavramlardan birini oluşturur. Usçular ile Saul Kripke ve Noam Chomsky gibi kimi günümüz düşünürleri dışında genellikle, deneyden türetilen tüm bilgilerin "a posteriori" olduğu kabul edilir.

İç bağlantılar
 A priori
 Bilgi felsefesi
 Usçuluk
 Immanuel Kant
 Saul Kripke
 Noam Chomsky

Notlar ve kaynaklar

Epistemoloji kavramları
Kantçılık
Latince felsefi kavramlar

A posteriori


Charles Brady may refer to:

 Charles Brady (artist) (1926–1997), American-born painter in Ireland
 Charles E. Brady, Jr. (1951–2006), American physician and NASA astronaut

See also

Charles Brady


Emmanuel Auricoste fue un escultor francés, nacido el año 1908 en París y fallecido el  en Leucate.

Vida y obras
Siguió las enseñanzas de Bourdelle y Charles Despiau.

Entre sus obras se encuentra un relieve en el palacio de Chaillot (1937); un monumento a Chateaubriand en la Biblioteca Ambrosiana de Milán (1938); una puerta de bronce del palacio de la Sociedad de Naciones en Ginebra  (1939); o una estatua de Fénelon frente a la catedral de Cambrai (1947). En Marvejols (Lozère) dejó un «Vert galant» - Enrique IV de Francia (1956 - ) y la célebre «Bestia de Gévaudan» (1958 - ). Una estatua dedicada al poeta Léon-Paul Fargue se encuentra en el  Petit-Palais de París.

En Mont-de-Marsan se puede ver una Venus en bronce de Emmanuel Auricoste, junto a una Rolande de Robert Wlérick (1882-1944) y la Repentir de  Albert Pommier (1880-1944); todas ellas instaladas en el jardín Saint Vincent, muy cerca de la antigua capilla romana.

Fue profesor en la Escuela de Bellas Artes de Orléans y de la Académie de la Grande Chaumière en París. Emmanuel Auricoste fue nombrado profesor de la Ecole nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs en 1963 y fue uno de los miembros fundadores del Salón de Mayo (Salon de Mai), junto con sus amigos Alberto Giacometti y Germaine Richier.

Emmanuel Auricoste estuvo casado con la pintora Régine Auricoste.

Notas y referencias
Obituario: Auricoste-est-decede L'Humanité, artículo del 17 de agosto de 1995 (en francés)

Notas

Enlaces externos

 flickr.com: Imágenes Obras de Emmanuel Auricoste
picasaweb.google.com:

Enlaces externos

Escultores de París
Escultores de Francia del siglo XX
Escultores del art déco
Nacidos en París

Emmanuel Auricoste


La plage de Joatinga est une plage brésilienne située dans le quartier de Joá, à l'ouest de la ville de Rio de Janeiro. C'est une petite plage, longue de moins de 300 m, que l'on peut parcourir à pied d'un bout à l'autre en moins de dix minutes. Elle n'est pas accessible les jours de marée haute, car les vagues recouvrent la bande de sable.

Caractéristiques
Elle est assez fréquentée par des personnalités à la recherche d'un endroit plus réservé. Elle est également très appréciée des surfeurs, car les vagues ont un grand potentiel. C'est cependant, en majorité, la présence des pratiquants de bodyboard, qui se trouvent principalement du milieu de la plage à l'extrême droite, là où la présence des surfeurs est moindre. Pour les amateurs de soleil, c'est une plage moins intéressante, car, en fin d'après-midi, l'ombre des immeubles recouvre la bande de sable.

À l'extrémité gauche de la plage, à Ponta do Marisco, se trouve le club privé de la Costa Brava.

Articles connexes
 Joá
 Liste des plages de la ville de Rio de Janeiro

Références

Source de traduction

Liens externes

 «Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro - prefeitura.rio»
 «Secretaria Municipal de Conservação e Meio Ambiente - SECONSERMA»

Joatinga
Joatinga

Plage de Joatinga


Două sate din județul Argeș poartă numele Rudeni:
 Rudeni, Mihăești
 Rudeni, Șuici

Rudeni, Argeș


« Gauche : quelle majorité électorale pour 2012 ? » est une note de réflexion de 82 pages élaborée en mai 2011 par la fondation Terra Nova, un club de réflexion proche de l'aile droite du Parti socialiste, qui a  à sa publication, critiquée par les sondeurs, les politiques de tous bords et les universitaires.

Cette analyse, associant sociologie, histoire et sciences politiques, proposait de manière schématique trois stratégies possibles. L'une des trois stratégies proposées prenait ses distances avec l'ouvriérisme et conseillait, selon ses détracteurs, de ne plus chercher à représenter les ouvriers, voire de les  pour mettre en avant des concepts tournant autour de la jeunesse, des femmes et des immigrés. Cette interprétation est cependant démentie par Terra Nova et la note est critiquée avec virulence par la gauche dès sa publication puis pendant dix ans, la nouvelle direction de Terra Nova s'en désolidarisant dès 2014.

Cette étude sera abondamment citée, la plupart du temps pour la critiquer, dans plusieurs campagnes pour l'élection présidentielle en France, notamment celle de 2012, puis au moment de la percée d'Éric Zemmour dans celle de 2021, dont les soutiens estiment que .

Contexte

Depuis sa fondation à l'été 2008, la fondation Terra Nova est présidée par Olivier Ferrand et a déjà publié plus de 550  « notes d'actualité » au cours de ses deux premières années d'existance, des notes . La fondation propose à la presse des partenariats, notamment à Rue89, Métro et le Nouvel Observateur ou encore Libération, ce dernier lui sous-traitant, aux débuts de la fondation, deux pages mensuelles d'analyses.

Le 10 mai 2011, elle publie cette note de réflexion qui , un an exactement avant le second tour de l'élection présidentielle française de 2012.

Depuis octobre 2009, les adhérents du Parti socialiste avaient approuvé à 67,91 %, le principe des primaires ouvertes pour la présidentielle de 2012 et la primaire citoyenne de 2011 doit désigner son candidat à cette élection, avec un vote prévu début octobre 2011. Terra Nova revendique la paternité de cette innovation mais personne ne pense que cette « boîte à idées » ait eu une quelconque influence sur la décision prise par la première secrétaire du PS Martine Aubry, de le soumettre au vote des militants, selon une enquête publiée en 2010 dans Le Monde diplomatique, journal par ailleurs très sceptique sur un mode de désignation qui .

A cinq mois de cette primaire, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, pilier de l'aile droite du PS et proche de la direction de fondation Terra Nova, semble bien placé dans les sondages pour la présidentielle de 2012. Ceux publiés en avril et mai 2011 prévoient alors une nette victoire du PS au second tour face au président sortant, quel que soit son candidat. François Hollande est donné gagnant avec entre 56% et 60%, Martine Aubry avec 56% et Dominique Strauss-Kahn avec entre 63% et 65%. Mais ce dernier devra abandonner. Quatre jours seulement après la publication de la note de Terra Nova, l'attention des politiques et de la presse est captée par un nouvel événement, l'affaire Dominique Strauss-Kahn, qui éclate à New-York, où il est accusé d'agression sexuelle par Nafissatou Diallo, l'employée de l'hôtel dont il était client.

Les trois propositions
Titrée "Gauche : quelle majorité électorale pour 2012 ?", la note est signée par Romain Prudent, Bruno Jeanbart et le président de Terra Nova Olivier Ferrand, proche de Dominique Strauss-Kahn et décédé un an plus tard.

Le texte formule trois propositions de stratégie électorale, sur la base d'analyse sociologiques et historiques plus ou moins étayées. Il estime, dans l'un des 3 choix possibles, qu'une  électorale de gauche émerge : « la France de demain », jugée  que les précédentes et . Mai 68 aurait causé « une première rupture entre la gauche et la classe ouvrière » et entrainé la première vers un  , affirme la note, sans étayer, en soulignant que les derniers sondages d'opinion placent le Front national en tête du vote ouvrier, catégorie jugée en , d'où l'obsolescence d'un , selon cette note, qui propose de s'y adapter en mettant plutôt en valeur les jeunes, femmes et immigrés.

Terra Nova a reçu un mois et demi après cette note, le , une récompense importante, le prix Think Tank français de l'année 2011, décerné par l'assemblée des chambres françaises de commerce et d'industrie, l'observatoire français des think-tanks et le groupe de communication et de lobbying i&e.

Réactions politiques immédiates
Dès sa publication, la note a déclenché une tempête de protestations, d'abord à gauche, puis à droite. Le PCF déclare que Terra Nova se  et un porte-parole de Ségolène Royal critique aussi cette note, jugeant qu'il est impossible de gagner . S'éloigner d'eux serait une , déclare  le groupe dit "Solférino 2012", regroupant 60 députés proches de Martine Aubry. Les critiques viennent même de l'aile droite du PS: Bruno Le Roux, proche de François Hollande, dénonce un débat  et le strauss-kahnien Pierre Moscovici une . Le plus critique est Jean-Luc Mélenchon, dont le parti devient célèbre pour  et qui  afin de la , souligne L'Humanité. La polémique s'envenime. Terra Nova répond lors de la présidentielle suivante que Mélenchon ne se livre en fait qu'à « une opération rituelle de purification » et que le changement de régime qu'il veut est empreint de .

A droite, le secrétaire général de l'UMP Jean-François Copé a fustigé le , les  des socialistes et le Front national leur "abandon des classes populaires".

La polémique ne retombant pas, dans l'année qui suit, la notoriété de Terra Nova est remarquée par la presse pour avoir augmenté d'un tiers. Selon une enquête de l'institut IPSOS effectuée du 27 au 30 mars 2012, c'est est le plus connu des think tanks devant l'Institut Montaigne: 36% de notoriété, contre 24% novembre 2011

Démentis puis prise de distance de Terra Nova
La polémique nationale incluant tous les partis amène un démenti très rapide de Terra Nova, qui estime que sa note a été présentée de manière déformée.  déclare alors à l'AFP Olivier Ferrand, qui dément fermement proposer au PS d'abandonner les milieux populaires et souligne n'avoir fait que distinguer plusieurs stratégies, sans trancher entre elles. Olivier Ferrand signe un mois plus tard une tribune où il dément à nouveau conseiller d'abandonner les classes populaires.

Terra Nova lance le 24 janvier suivant, avec Respect Magazine, un appel aux candidats à la présidentielle 2012, baptisé « France métissée ». Trois des quatre candidats les mieux placés, François Hollande, Nicolas Sarkozy et Jean-Luc Mélenchon  lui répondent , mais froidement. Terra Nova échoue ainsi à leur faire signer un pacte sur la  «France métissée», du type de celui rédigé lors de la présidentielle de 2007 sur les questions de l'écologie par Nicolas Hulot. Olivier Ferrand, président de Terra Nova, déplore alors que «la diversité, comme les quartiers populaires font aujourd'hui partie des sujets orphelins de la campagne» et que sur la quinzaine de propositions de son appel, , par François Hollande, une défiscalisation incitative d'emplois réservés aux habitants des quartiers populaires. L'éditorialiste Éric Zemmour, dans Le Figaro, s'empare alors de la notoriété de Terra Nova, estimant que dans son  meeting de Marseille,  et que dès le lendemain, il a baissé dans les sondages car il .

Olivier Ferrand décède le 30 juin 2012 peu après l'élection de François Hollande. En 2014, trois ans après la note contestée de 2011, Thierry Pech, nouveau directeur de Terra Nova, a publiquement pris ses distances avec ce document. Dans les années suivantes, il a dénoncé des  qui selon lui ne , puis musclé son discours, en reprochant cette fois à la gauche de promouvoir «des gens qui parlent un langage technocratique et désincarné», tirant les conclusions nécessaires, selon lui, de ces polémiques en titrant en 2021 un tribune dans le Monde « Il ne suffit pas de déclarer sa fidélité aux classes populaires pour les rencontrer ». Dans un livre publié en 2021, il évoque cette fois les foyers modestes confrontés à la hausse des prix de l'énergie, sons considération d'âge, de sexe ou d'origine, en estimant que les propriétaires bailleurs de devraient plus avoir . L'hebdomadaire Valeurs Actuelles estime cependant de son côté que .

Positions des universitaires
Les universitaires sont également très critiques envers cette note. La démographe Michèle Tribalat la conteste en estimant que les populations immigrées sont en réalité conservatrices et difficilement prêtes , notamment le "mariage pour tous". L'analyse de Terra Nova s'inscrit dans les luttes symboliques qui mobilisent les figures du « beauf » et du « bobo », le second apparaîssant alors comme le « cœur de cible » de l'électorat visé par la fraction dominante « sociale-libérale » du PS, observe le sociologue Gérard Mauger en 2014, période où il constate que .

Livre d'Hervé Algalarrondo
Le journaliste Hervé Algalarrondo, rédacteur en chef adjoint au service politique du Nouvel Observateur, y consacre un des chapitres de son essai publié quelques mois après la première polémique, en octobre 2011, et titré La Gauche et la préférence immigrée. Le livre fait à la fois l'éloge de la note et la dénonciation de l'usage qu'en aurait fait le PS, qui selon lui s'en serait inspiré. Salué par les magazines Marianneet Valeurs actuelles l'ouvrage dénonce un programme socialiste pour l'élection 2012 dominé par la . Cette mesure , y écrit l'auteur, selon Valeurs actuelles. L'auteur y invente le terme de « prolophobie », qui qualifierait une crainte de la part du PS d'un monde ouvrier que ce parti jugerait raciste et acquis à la droite, d'anciens leaders de Mai 68 ralliés au PS reprochant aux ouvriers d'avoir accepté les accords de grenelle.

Cinq ans plus tard, ce livre subit cependant une critique virulente dans l'ex-journal de l'auteur, qui a fusionné avec le site d'informations Rue89, et où un des journalistes, Martin Deleixhe, dénonce , ne citant ni donnée économique ni étude sociologique pour étayer sa thèse et se reposant uniquement sur . Martin Deleixhe se demande en particulier .

Analyse des sondeurs
Entre-temp, selon Jérôme Fourquet, spécialiste des sondages de l'Ifop, les mauvais conseils de Terra Nova auraient expliqué l'échec de Claude Bartolone aux élections régionales de 2015 face à la candidate de la droite Valérie Pécresse, qu'il avait présentée comme celle qui défend , lui-même se faisant le défenseur des « minorités », ce qui a contribué à placer , avec pour conséquence de provoquer le basculement des votes des électeurs du Front national vers la droite.

Lors de la primaire française de la droite et du centre de 2016, et bien que la nouvelle direction de Terra Nova l'aient depuis dénoncée, la note de 2011 aurait également coûté à Alain Juppé sa défaite, selon Jérôme Fourquet.

En voulant « extrémiser » son adversaire François Fillon, en l'attaquant sur l'IVG et sa conception « traditionnaliste », Alain Juppé n'a fait  contre lui. Comme Claude Bartolone, Alain Juppé aurait voulu, selon Fourquet, s'adresser à la , définie par Terra Nova comme étant une France  En procédant ainsi,

Conséquences
Cette note "a déchiré la gauche française" et son esprit a ensuite constitué "la matrice originelle du macronisme", analysera le magazine Marianne, en constatant qu'une décennie plus tard, rien qu'à son évocation les mots de « suicide »« tragédie » et « erreur ontologique » revenaient à gauche. En réaction à cette matrice, le populisme de gauche, incarné par Jean-Luc Mélenchon, a prospéré.

La presse et les politiques l'ont entre temps commentée pendant des années, Le Figaro la résumant en 2014 à un projet de .

Au cours des deux années qui ont suivi, Terra Nova a été critiquée, notamment  dans Charlie Hebdo, pour une supposée influence du « lobby bancaire ». L'économiste Gaël Giraud motive son désengagement de Terra Nova ainsi : .

Pour Laurent Léger, journaliste à Charlie Hebdo, en 2013, le poids des financiers est devenu considérable au sein de Terra Nova : BNP Paribas y siège, ainsi qu'Ernst et Young, un des principaux cabinets d'audit financier au monde. Mais le journaliste pointe tout particulièrement la banque Rothschild, également présente par le biais de l'un de ses associés au sein du conseil d'administration, Guillaume Hannezo, lequel

Notes et références

Parti socialiste (France)


Le Texas Tommy est une danse sociale de couple vigoureuse originaire de San Francisco au début du  siècle.

Histoire
Après le grand tremblement de terre de San Francisco en 1906 et les incendies qui le suivent, la Barbary Coast, le quartier chaud de la ville, est reconstruit et prend une nouvelle vie en tant qu'attraction touristique, lieu de salles de danse, de théâtres, de boutiques et de restaurants. Des spectacles de danse et de variétés conçus pour attirer les touristes remplacent la prostitution comme principale activité de la région. Bon nombre des engouements de danse ayant fait rage au travers de l'Amérique au cours des années 1900 et 1910 sont originaires de cette section de San Francisco. Le Thalia, la plus grande et la plus populaire salle de danse de la côte Pacifique, était le lieu de naissance du Texas Tommy. « Tommy » était un terme d'argot pour prostituée.

Les pas du Texas Tommy pourraient avoir été apporté en 1905 depuis St-Louis à la côte Barbary par Albert 'Dutch Mike' English. La danse aurait par la suite été nommée en l'honneur de la prestation d'une danseuse texane noire.

Vers 1910, le Texas Tommy est un succès dans un cabaret malfamé appelé Purcell's, un établissement noir, mais il devient respectable lorsqu'il devient dansé à l'hôtel huppé Fairmont, le lieu le plus populaire pour la danse de salon à San Francisco. Qui a inventé le Texas Tommy reste obscur. Très probablement, les mouvements emblématiques de la danse sont exécutés par des convives de Purcell's, et un visiteur innovant les adapte ensuite pour les salles de bal. Certains historiens disent que Johnny Peters, un Afro-Américain, développe le Texas Tommy quelque temps avant 1910. Quoi qu'il en soit, après la publication de la partition de The Texas Tommy Swing le , l'orchestre maison du Fairmont joue fréquemment le morceau pour ses convives. Il ne faut pas longtemps avant que le Texas Tommy soit dansé à Broadway, dans Ziegfeld Follies de 1911, interprété par Vera Maxwell, Harry Watson Jr. et l'ensemble. Il est également inclus en tant que numéro dans Darktown Follies, une comédie musicale entièrement noire produite hors-Broadway en 1913. Peters et Ethel Williams, maîtres de la danse, l'exécutent sur scène, comme ils l'ont régulièrement fait au Fairmont.

Tout comme le pas de l'ours et d'autres nouvelles danse du début du  siècle, le Texas Tommy deçoit de nombreuses critiques, et est interdit dans de nombreuses villes, dont notamment New York.

Description

Première danse swing?
Certains historiens de la danse sociale ont fait valoir que le Texas Tommy serait la première danse swing, basé sur le fait qu'il s'agirait de la première danse sociale à 8 temps à inclure un , un pas de séparation depuis la position fermée durant lequel les partenaires sont plus éloignés l'un de l'autre et ne se tiennent plus que par un bras. Le Texas Tommy aurait influencé la création du lindy hop qui a gardé le swingout caractéristiques du Texas Tommy.

Danse vigoureuse
Ethel Williams, qui contribue à populariser la danse à New York en 1913, l'a décrite comme un . Les pas de base sont suivis d'un pas de séparation, une position ouverte qui permettait des acrobaties, des bouffonneries, des improvisations et des parades. Travaillant à partir d'un vieux film de la danse, elle l'a également décrite comme ayant un schéma de base de  et a identifié une  de quatre « pas et coup de pied » qui « s'accordent avec la manière ouverte et improvisée que le Texas Tommy a été décrit comme ayant dans de nombreuses références écrites ».

Un critique du numéro de Texas Tommy dans Ziegfeld Follies de 1911 décrit la danse en ces termes :
Un écrivain plus moderne l'a exprimé en termes plus simples, disant qu'il s'agissait . Le terme  a ensuite été utilisé pour nommer un mouvement de danse de séparation (swingout) typique qui était une caractéristique du lindy hop dans les années 1930.

Spectacle à l'Orpheum Theater de Salt Lake City
Un spectacle dansant de Texas Tommy est donné à l' de Salt Lake City au début de l'année 1912. Il est décrit comme suit :

Dans le même article, le journaliste décrit les figures du Texas Tommy comme étant .

Danseurs de « Texas » à Buffalo

Une danseuse donnant une représentation de « Texas » à Buffalo en avril 1912 décrit son interprétation comme suit :

La journaliste qui l'interviewe décrit le spectacle :

Comparaisons avec d'autres danses
Le journal The Salt Lake Tribune décrit la danse comme ressemblant au cake-walk et la danse aurait été superficiellement similaire à la danse Apache. La similarité avec la danse Apache tient dans des intéractions sexys entre les partenaires, de rapides mouvements adroits d'apparence sauvage et les deux danses sont tournoyantes avec des connexions et des contacts forts en position ouverte et fermée.

Le Texas Tommy, contrairement aux danses animales des années 1910, n'est une imitation d'aucun animal. Contrairement à celles-ci, le Texas Tommy n'est pas une danse progressive, c'est-à-dire que les danseurs tournoient dans un espace limité et ne suivent pas une ligne de danse autour de la piste de danse. De plus, l'improvisation est aussi autorisée, mais il est moins axé sur les mouvements droles ou ridicules et cherche plutôt le défi des virtuosités athlétiques.

Texas Tommy Swing

La chanson « Texas Tommy Swing » est composée par Sid Brown, avec des paroles de Val Harris, et est publiée par la World's Fair Publishing Company à San Francisco en janvier ou février 1911. La couverture de la partition a été conçue sous la forme d'une une de journal, avec le titre « La danse qui pousse le monde entier à regarder ». Le faux journal comprend des réimpressions de trois articles du San Francisco Examiner intitulés « Pavlowa donne son aval au Texas Tommy Swing », «  a aimé le Texas Tommy Swing » et « L'histoire de la danse », qui est transcrite ici :

Galerie

Bibliographie

Sources d'époque

Sources modernes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes
 La chanson « Texas Tommy Swing » du Quatuor américain.
 images de Texas Tommy
 Texas Tommy
 Library of dance

Danse swing
Histoire de San Francisco
Danse aux États-Unis

Texas Tommy


Lucretias Voldførelse (originaltitel The Rape of Lucrece) er et episk digt af William Shakespeare fra 1594, der genfortæller legenden om Lucretia. Shakespeare havde i dedikationen til et tidligere digt, Venus og Adonis (1593), lovet sin mæcen jarlen af Southampton, at han ville skrive et "alvorligere digt". Derfor har Lucretias Voldførelse en seriøsere tone.

Historisk baggrund
Lucretias voldførelse findes både i Ovids Fasti og Livius' version af Roms historie. I 509 f.Kr. voldtog kong Tarquin af Roms søn, Sextus Tarquinius, Lucretia, som var gift med Collatinus, en af kongens trofaste mænd. Lucretia begik selvmord, og hendes lig blev vist frem på Roms Forum af kongens nevø. Det indledte oprør imod Tarquinerne anført af Lucius Junius Brutus. Det førte til, at kongefamilien blev forvist, og den romerske republik blev stiftet.

William Shakespeare
Digte

Lucretias Voldførelse (digt)


යංගේ ඔෂංක බුද්ධික මෙන්ඩිස් (උපත 1979 ජූනි 22)  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උපන් ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෙකි .  වමත් පිතිකරුවෙක්, පිට දඟ පන්දු යවන්නෙක් සහ ඉඳහිට කඩුලු රකින ක්‍රීඩකයෙක්,  ඔහු 2002 සිට සිංගප්පූරු ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමට ක්‍රීඩා කර ඇත.  මීට පෙර බ්ලූම්ෆීල්ඩ් ක්‍රිකට් සහ මලල ක්‍රීඩා සමාජය වෙනුවෙන් පළමු පෙළ සහ ලැයිස්තු ඒ ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩා කර ඇත. නිජබිම ශ්‍රී ලංකාවයි.

චරිතාපදානය
1979 දී ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉපදුන බුද්ධික මෙන්ඩිස් සිය ක්‍රිකට් දිවිය ආරම්භ කළේ බ්ලූම්ෆීල්ඩ් ක්‍රිකට් සහ මලල ක්‍රීඩා සමාජය ක්‍රීඩා කරන අතර එය 1999 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී නොන්ඩිස්ක්‍රිප්ට් ක්‍රිකට් සමාජයට එරෙහිව ඔහු ක්‍රීඩා කලේය. 2000 පෙබරවාරියේ ඔහුපළමු පෙළ ක්‍රීඩා සමාජ තරග ක්‍රීඩා කළේය.

ඔහු 2004 දී ක්වාලාලම්පූර්හි ACC කුසලානයේ දී දස්කම් දැක්වූ අතර, ඊට අමතරව Hong-kong සමඟින් නේපාලයට එරෙහිව ACC වේගවත් පිතිකරණයකින් තරඟාවලියට සහභාගී විය. නැවත 2006 දී, ඔහු ක්වාලාලම්පූර්හි ACC කුසලානය සමඟින්, ACC ප්‍රිමියර් ලීග් තරගයක් සමඟ නේපාලයට එරෙහිව ක්‍රීඩා කළේය.

ඔහු 2007 දී පළමු වරට මැලේසියාවේ සිට සෞදර කුසලාන තරගයට ක්‍රීඩා කළ අතර, මෙම වාරයේ කුවේට් හි ACC විස්සයි20 කුසලානයට ද ක්‍රීඩා කළේය. ඔහු 2008 දී ජර්සි හි පැවති එම සමස්ත ලෝක ක්‍රිකට් ලීගයේ 5 වැනි කොටසේදී සිංගප්පූරුව නියෝජනය කළේය.

යොමු කිරීම්

ජීවමාන ජනයා
1979 උපත්

බුද්ධික මෙන්ඩිස්


الطُّقْسُوس أو التكسوس   هو  من النباتات يتبع ال الطقسوسية من  السرويات.

أنواع الطقسوس
 طقسوس توتي
 طقسوس قصير الأوراق
 طقسوس كندي
 طقسوس شرافي
 طقسوس فلوريدا
 طقسوس باكستاني
 طقسوس كروي
 طقسوس سومطري
 طقسوس واليشياني
 طقسوس هونويلياني
 طقسوس متوسط
 طقسوس صيني

مراجع

جنس صنوبرية
طقسوس
نباتات ثنائية المسكن

طقسوس


Le  est un genre de roman populaire japonais conçu pour un public de filles. Typiquement publié dans les magazines , il est le principal type de fiction pour fille avec le  manga ; les deux genres s'influencent mutuellement, se font concurrence et collaborent tout au long de leur histoire respective.

Apparu au début du , ce genre met en avant les sentiments de ses protagonistes, use régulièrement de la narration à la première personne et d'un style qui utilise des éléments non-verbaux pour décrire l'état émotionnel des personnages. Le genre est, depuis sa création, régulièrement critiqué par les cercles littéraires japonais pour sa soi-disant médiocrité, du fait qu'il s'agit d'une littérature féminine et populaire pour un public d'adolescentes.

Définition
Le  est un genre littéraire en prose qui peut contenir des éléments dramatiques ou poétiques, et prendre diverses formes : roman, nouvelle, essai, journaux intimes.

Le genre est typiquement divisé en quatre sous-catégories qui correspondent à des périodes chronologiques :
 La traduction japonaise de classiques littéraires étrangers destiné aux filles, comme la Petite Princesse de Frances Hodgson Burnett ;
 La prose publiée dans les magazines  de la première moitié du , avec par exemple  de Nobuko Yoshiya ;
 Le   des années 1960 et 1970, avec par exemple les œuvres de Seiko Tanabe ;
 Les  publiés dans des magazines  comme Cobalt, avec par exemple les œuvres de Saeko Himuro.

Notes & références

Notes lexicales bilingues

Références

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

  manga ;
 Littérature féminine.

Liens externes

Shōjo shōsetsu


Walton-on-the-Naze is a seaside town on the North Sea coast. It is part of the parish of Frinton and Walton, in the Tendring district in Essex, England. The town is located north of Clacton and south of the port of Harwich; Frinton-on-Sea lies to the south of the town. The town has a population of 12,054, according to the 2011 census; in 1931, the parish had a population of 3,071. The town attracts many visitors; The Naze and the pier are the main attractions.

The parish was earlier known as Eadolfenaesse and then as Walton-le-Soken. The name Walton is a common one meaning a 'farmstead or village of the Britons', while 'Soken' denotes the soke (an area of special jurisdiction) that included Thorpe, Kirby and Walton, which were not under the see of London but under the chapter of St Paul's Cathedral.

Walton had a HM Coastguard team and was home to the Thames MRCC (Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre), organising rescues from Southwold to Herne Bay. It closed in June 2015, as part of a Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) modernisation programme, transferring its operations to a national centre in Fareham on the south coast. Walton-on-the-Naze railway station is on a branch of the Sunshine Coast Line. Along the coast there are many fossils to be found, some have been found to be up to 50 million years old. Rocks include red crag and London clay.

The Naze

"Naze" derives from Old English næss "ness, promontory, headland". In 1722 Daniel Defoe mentions the town calling it "Walton, under the Nase".

The Naze is a peninsula north of the town. It is important for migrating birds and has a small nature reserve. The marshes of Hamford Water behind the town are also of ornithological interest, with wintering ducks and Brent geese. Many bird watchers visit at migration times.

The Hanoverian tower (more commonly known as the Naze Tower) at the start of the open area of the Naze was a sea mark to assist ships on this otherwise fairly featureless coast. It is now privately owned and open to visitors.

During the Second World War the Naze was home to a radar station, with some of its aerials mounted on the tower.

Originally, Walton was a farming village situated miles inland. Over the centuries a large extent of land has been lost to the sea due to coastal erosion. The site of the medieval village of Walton now lies nine miles out to sea; its old church finally succumbed in July 1798. Its last service was held on 22 July 1798. This loss of land to the sea is recorded on a Canon's stall in St Paul's Cathedral with the inscription Consumpta per Mare.

The Naze continues to erode rapidly (at about 2 metres per year), threatening the tower and wildlife. The Naze Protection Society was formed to campaign for erosion controls. The Naze has become popular for school fieldwork to investigate erosion and ways to protect the coast. Protection includes a sea wall, a riprap, groynes and a permeable groyne as well as drainage. Millions of tons of sand have been added to the beach to replenish it and stop the cliff eroding. However, the cliff near Naze Tower is greatly eroded. It is receding fast, and within 50 years Naze Tower may tumble into the sea like the pill boxes that can be seen on the beach.

The cliffs themselves are a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), the base of which is London Clay (54 million years old) which is overlaid with a 2-million-year-old sandy deposit of Red Crag. This sandy deposit contains many fossils including bivalve and gastropod shells, sharks' teeth and whale bones. The clay base is considered one of the best sites for pyritised fossils (mainly wood), and for bird bones (which are very rare); in 1998, David Attenborough estimated that over 600 specimens of bird fossil had been found at the site.

Climate
Like the rest of the British Isles, Walton-on-the-Naze has an oceanic climate, with slightly more marine influence than nearby inland areas due to its position on the North Sea coast.

Walton Pier

The original 150 ft pier was built in 1830, one of the earliest in the country. It was built for landing goods and passengers on steamers to Walton, and was lengthened to 330 ft in 1848. The pier was badly damaged in a storm in January 1871. A second pier opened in 1880, which also did not last. In 1895, the Walton Pier & Hotel Company Ltd opened a replacement pier 500 ft longer than the original. in 1898, The Coast Development Company extended the pier to 2610 ft, becoming the third longest pier in the country. When the new pier opened in 1895, an electric tramway was installed to take passengers from the steamers to the front of the pier. This was in use until 1935 when it was upgraded to a battery-powered carriage. In 1945 fire damaged the pier, and the carriage was replaced by a diesel locomotive train. This was removed during the 1970s. In February 2021, part of the pier collapsed into the sea during Storm Darcy.

In 1937, the pier was bought by Charles Goss, who formed the New Walton Pier Company. At the time, the pier featured a pavilion at the seaward end, an amusement arcade, a tent that served as a theatre, and the Seaspray Lounge. In October 2011, the pier was put up for sale for £2.5 million, and was taken off the market in February 2012. In July 2016, the pier was bought by Russell Bolesworth for an unspecified amount. In 2022, the pier underwent a major revamp with a large arcade area, and was reopened to the public on July 16, 2022.

The Walton and Frinton lifeboat has been moored afloat near the end of the pier since 1900.

War memorial
The unusual war memorial commemorates a Halifax crew who all died when they crashed on the Naze. It also has a tribute to Herbert George Columbine, who was awarded the VC and after whom the local leisure centre is named, and a tribute to those lost from HMS Conquest during World War I.

Lifeboat house
The old lifeboat house on East Terrace dates from 1884: it now houses the Walton Maritime Museum. It was designed by C H Cooke and is a grade II listed building.

Notable residents
 Frank Paton, artist, moved to Walton-on-the-Naze shortly before his death in 1909.
 Ben Raemers, professional skateboarder, lived in Walton-on-the-Naze and grew up there, where he first started skateboarding at the age of 10.

Governance
Although the civil parish is now shown under Frinton and Walton, an electoral ward in the name of Walton still exists. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 4,372. On 1 April 1934 the parish was abolished to form "Frinton and Walton".

Cultural references
Hamford Water and the town of Walton-on-the-Naze are the location of Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons series book, Secret Water.

The town is referred to in the episode 'General Hospital' of the Blackadder Goes Forth series. When Lieutenant George is injured and sent to the military infirmary, Captain Blackadder visits him with the ulterior motive of getting his hands on the food sent to George by his family, whom Blackadder refers to as a "collection of inbred mutants". When George retorts that his family are not inbred, Blackadder replies, "Come on, somewhere outside Saffron Walden there's an uncle who's seven feet tall with no chin and an Adam's apple that makes him look as though he's constantly trying to swallow a ballcock!", to which George replies, "I have not got any uncles like that! Anyway, he lives in Walton-on-the-Naze".

Walton features as a turning point in the song "Tracy Jacks" from the album Parklife by Blur. The song's character, Tracy Jacks, takes "the first train to Walton" and stands "on the seafront". (Three of the band's members grew up in Colchester, from where one can take a train to Walton-on-the-Naze.)

The first iteration of "The Stig", an anonymous, petrol-guzzling race car driver, created for and featuring in the 'Top Gear' television series, was killed off in 2003 when he accidentally drove "The 'Top Gear' Jag" off the deck of a Royal Navy aircraft carrier. In February 2009, it is revealed he survived the accident when a group of men playing frisbee on Walton-on-the-Naze's Central beach witnessed "The Stig", wearing his iconic black overalls and helmet, emerge from the waves, initially mistake their frisbee for a steering wheel, before turning and running down the beach and disappearing under the Pier.

Walton was the inspiration for the fictional Balford-le-Nez in Elizabeth George's detective story Deception on His Mind.

The seaside and pier of Walton were referred to briefly in an episode of EastEnders on 3 April 2017. During a scene between Martin and Stacey Fowler, Martin says that his sister Michelle and her friend Rachel took him and his other sister Vicki "down to the seaside, you know. Walton-on-the-Naze." Martin continues to talk about what they did on their trip to Walton. "Paddling, took us up the pier, bit of ice cream, building the sandcastles. The lot." Martin also references that they booked a caravan during their Walton trip, though the specific caravan site is not mentioned.

The band Bas Jan have a song named Walton On The Naze, which tells of the protagonist's experience in the town, on their 2018 album Yes I Jan.

"Port Walton" is also featured in Assassin's Creed Valhalla as a military base in Essexe, garrisoned by West Saxon troops. The protagonist Eivor attacks the base to free a number of Rollo's warriors, who had earlier been captured in an ambush on their camp by Saxon soldiers.

References

Further reading

External links

Towns in Essex
Seaside resorts in Essex
Populated coastal places in Essex
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Beaches of Essex
Tendring

Walton-on-the-Naze


හසාන් රෝහානී (,  සම්මත පර්සියානු: ; උපතින් හසාන් ෆෙරේඩූන් () 1948 නොවැම්බර් 12 දිනදී) යනු,  සත්වන සහ 2013 වසරෙහි සිට වර්තමාන  ඉරාන ජනාධිපතිවරයා වෙයි.

හසාන් රෝහානී


William Ellsworth Glasscock (December 13, 1862 – April 12, 1925) was an American politician who served as the 13th Governor of West Virginia as a Republican from 1909 to 1913.

Glasscock worked for several years as a teacher, becoming the superintendent of schools in 1887 before leaving education to become the clerk of the county circuit court in 1890. He was admitted to the bar in 1903 and began practicing law. He worked as an attorney for Senator Stephen B. Elkins. At Elkins' recommendation, Glasscock was appointed as the internal revenue collection for the District of West Virginia in 1905 by President Theodore Roosevelt.

In 1908, Glasscock resigned from this position to run for governor. He ran as the Republican nominee for Governor of West Virginia in 1908, beating Louis Bennett Sr. by 12,133 votes. In his last year as governor, he declared martial law three times, sending troops to quell violent Coal Wars. Glasscock then returned to practicing law.

Biography
Glasscock was born on a farm near Arnettsville, Virginia, now  part of Monongalia County, West Virginia on December 13, 1862. He was educated in the local public school system and graduated from West Virginia University in Morgantown, West Virginia. In 1888, he married Mary Miller.

He died in Morgantown, West Virginia and was buried in Oak Grove Cemetery.

References

External links
 Biography of William E. Glasscock
 Inaugural Address of William E. Glasscock
 The * West Virginia & Regional History Center at West Virginia University has two collections of William E. Glasscock's papers, A&M 6 and A&M 1447

1862 births
1925 deaths
Republican Party governors of West Virginia
Politicians from Morgantown, West Virginia
West Virginia University alumni
Methodists from West Virginia
20th-century American politicians
Lawyers from Morgantown, West Virginia
Burials at Oak Grove Cemetery (Morgantown, West Virginia)

William E. Glasscock


Kokoreç, Anadolu ve Balkanlarda, koyunun ince bağırsağından ve mumbardan yapılan, şişe sarılarak kor ateşte kızartılan bir çeşit yemek.

Hazırlanışı
Kokoreç yapımında kullanılan bağırsaklar büyükbaş veya küçükbaş hayvanlara ait olabilmekle birlikte lezzet açısından süt kuzusundan elde edilen bağırsağın kullanımı tercih edilir. Öncelikle bağırsaklar içten ve dıştan temizlenir. Kokorecin iç kısmı bumbardan, dış kısmı ince bağırsaktan yapılır. Uzunca bir şişe bumbarlar geçirilerek başlanır. Daha sonra ince bağırsaklar şişin etrafına defalarca dolanır. Ara ara ince yağ tabakaları yerleştirilir.

Şişler genellikle kokoreç için özel hazırlanmış mangallarda yatay bir konumda asılı bir şekilde ve döndürülerek pişirilir. Kızartmadan sonra kesit kesit alınarak, bol baharatlanır. (İsteğe bağlı olarak) iki bıçak yardımıyla kuşbaşı büyüklüğünde doğranır. En çok tercih edilen baharatlar kimyon, kekik ve  acı kırmızı pul biberdir.

Servis edilişi
Tabakta veya ekmek arasında tüketilir. Garnitürle servis edildiği de olur. Garnitür olarak domates, biber turşusu ve hıyar turşusuyla beraber yenir. İsteğe bağlı olarak bir içecekle tüketilebilir.

Türkiye

Türkiye'de kokoreç genelde sokakta satılan bir yiyecektir ve restoran menülerinde çoğunlukla bulunmaz. Kokoreç için özel hazırlanmış mangallı tezgâhlarda kömür ateşinde pişirilir. Sokakta ayaküstü yendiğinden genellikle (değişik boyutlarda) ekmek arası olarak tüketilir. Kokorecin yanında en çok tercih edilen içecekler ayran, turşu suyu ve şalgam suyudur.

Yörelere Göre Çeşitleri

Balıkesir Göbel Kuzu Kokoreci / Balıkesir Kuzu Kokoreci
Balıkesir Göbel Kuzu Kokoreci / Balıkesir Kuzu Kokoreci 10.07.2023 tarihinde Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu tarafından tescillenmiş ve coğrafi işaret almıştır.

Yunanistan
Yunanlar kokoreci geleneksel olarak her yıl paskalyada tüketirler. Herhangi bir zamanda da bulmak mümkündür. Çoğu Yunan tavernasında kokoreç bulunur. Gardouba (γαρδούμπα) veya gardoubakia (γαρδουμπάκια) Yunan kokorecinin tavada ya da fırında yapılan bir çeşididir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Sakatat
 Türk mutfağı
 Yunan mutfağı

Kaynakça

Türk mutfağındaki sakatat yemekleri
Yunan mutfağı
Bizans mutfağı
Osmanlı mutfağı
Kuzu yemekleri
Paskalya'daki yiyecekler
Türk mutfağındaki sokak yemekleri
Sokak yiyecekleri
Sandviçler
Fast food

Kokoreç


A estação ferroviária Sainagar Shirdi (código da estação: SNSI) é uma estação ferroviária na cidade de Shirdi, estado de Maharashtra, na Índia. Sainagar Shirdi é um terminal ferroviário e pertence à Central Railways da Indian Railways. Está localizado a cerca de 3 km do Templo Sagrado de Shri Sai Baba Samadhi. A autoridade do templo Shri Sai Baba Sansthan Trust opera ônibus gratuitos da estação para o templo.

História
A linha conectando a cidade sagrada de Shirdi ao ramal Manmad-Daund foi concluída em 2009. As obras começaram em 2003. A nova estação ferroviária, Sainagar Shirdi, está bem conectada com muitos trens diretos para lugares diferentes. O Manmad-Puntamba-Sainagar Shirdi é uma linha de bitola larga que foi eletrificada em 2011-12. Antes desta ligação ferroviária, os peregrinos chegavam à cidade por estrada depois de desembarcar nas estações ferroviárias de Kopargaon, Nagarsol, Manmad e Nashik Road.

Instalações para passageiros
A estação possui duas salas de espera, uma para a Classe Alta e outra para os portadores de passagens da Classe Geral. As salas de espera são muito pequenas e difíceis de lidar com grande número de passageiros. A Indian Railways fez uma reforma completa com uma transformação massiva na estação sob a iniciativa de embelezamento e redesenvolvimento da Railway. A estação, que se enquadra na divisão Solapur da zona ferroviária central, foi embelezada com pinturas nas paredes e atualizada com várias instalações ultramodernas. Algumas das instalações e amenidades recém-introduzidas incluem o novo Foot over Bridge (FOB), uma nova praça de alimentação, elevadores, novo banheiro, câmeras CCTV, serviço Wi-Fi, sistema de orientação de ônibus, instalação de irrigação de trem na segunda plataforma junto com plantação de árvores.

A estação não possui vestiários e nenhum tipo de banca de livros. A linha férrea termina na estação ferroviária de Shirdi e nenhum trem sai mais longe, o que dificulta a captura de outros trens se alguém perder o trem.

Uma cantina IRCTC está presente na primeira plataforma da estação. Isso fornece serviços domésticos e de encomendas. Os lanches são vendidos por outros vendedores.

Estações ferroviárias inauguradas em 2009
Índia

Estação Ferroviária de Sainagar Shirdi


, también conocida como triangle choke en inglés, es una técnica de estrangulación sanguínea usada en varios tipos de artes marciales, en la que se emplean las piernas para rodear la cabeza y un brazo del oponente en la forma de un triángulo. Este movimiento actúa como una restricción vascular lateral que hace presión sobre la arteria carótida para interrumpir el flujo de sangre al cerebro.

Esta técnica fue innovada originalmente en el reglamento del kosen judo, y es usada hoy en día en disciplinas como judo, jiu-jitsu brasileño y artes marciales mixtas. Es considerada una de las 36 técnicas de constricción de la lista shime-waza de la escuela Kodokan. Su invención se atribuye a Yaichibei Kanemitsu.

Ejecución
El sankaku-jime es usado desde una posición tendida boca arriba, aplicada desde la guardia abierta. La presa sobre el brazo del oponente es un factor que influye en la frecuencia de uso de esta técnica en las artes marciales mixtas debido a la breve vulnerabilidad de un brazo mientras se ejecutan golpes contra el oponente en la posición mencionada.

La ejecución de esta técnica consiste fundamentalmente en rodear con las piernas el cuello y un brazo del oponente pasando una pierna sobre un hombro y la otra por debajo de la axila opuesta, enlazándolas detrás y haciendo presión con ellas. Existen algunas variantes de esta técnica que difieren en la colocación del oponente, ya que este puede ser apresado de cara al usuario o de espaldas a él.

Cuando es realizada correctamente, puede dejar inconsciente al rival en cuestión de menos de 10 segundos, con un tiempo de recuperación más o menos similar.

Acción defensiva
Para escapar de un sankaku-jime, el defensor debe primero elevar la cabeza para disipar la potencia completa de la sumisión, y posteriormente apartar el brazo lejos de la oposición con la carótida. Una vez fuera del peligro inmediato de perder la consciencia, el defensor puede concentrarse en revertir la llave o escapar de ella.

Referencias

Técnicas de las artes marciales
Técnicas de judo

Sankaku-jime