Xen (pronounced ) is a free and open-source type-1 hypervisor, providing services that allow multiple computer operating systems to execute on the same computer hardware concurrently. It was
originally developed by the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory and is now being developed by the Linux Foundation with support from Intel, Citrix, Arm Ltd, Huawei, AWS, Alibaba Cloud, AMD, Bitdefender and epam.

The Xen Project community develops and maintains Xen Project as free and open-source software, subject to the requirements of the GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2. Xen Project is currently available for the IA-32, x86-64 and ARM instruction sets.

Software architecture
Xen Project runs in a more privileged CPU state than any other software on the machine, except for Firmware.

Responsibilities of the hypervisor include memory management and CPU scheduling of all virtual machines ("domains"), and for launching the most privileged domain ("dom0") - the only virtual machine which by default has direct access to hardware. From the dom0 the hypervisor can be managed and unprivileged domains ("domU") can be launched.

The dom0 domain is typically a version of Linux or BSD. User domains may either be traditional operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows under which privileged instructions are provided by hardware virtualization instructions (if the host processor supports x86 virtualization, e.g., Intel VT-x and AMD-V), or paravirtualized operating systems whereby the operating system is aware that it is running inside a virtual machine, and so makes hypercalls directly, rather than issuing privileged instructions.

Xen Project boots from a bootloader such as GNU GRUB, and then usually loads a paravirtualized host operating system into the host domain (dom0).

History

Xen originated as a research project at the University of Cambridge led by Ian Pratt, a senior lecturer in the Computer Laboratory, and his PhD student Keir Fraser. The first public release of Xen was made in 2003, with v1.0 following in 2004. Soon after, Pratt and Fraser along with other Cambridge alumni including Simon Crosby and founding CEO Nick Gault created XenSource Inc. to turn Xen into a competitive enterprise product.

To support embedded systems such as smartphone/ IoT with relatively scarce hardware computing resources, the Secure Xen ARM architecture on an ARM CPU was exhibited at Xen Summit on April 17, 2007, held in IBM TJ Watson. The first public release of Secure Xen ARM source code was made at Xen Summit on June 24, 2008 by Sang-bum Suh, a Cambridge alumnus, in Samsung Electronics.

On October 22, 2007, Citrix Systems completed its acquisition of XenSource, and the Xen Project moved to the xen.org domain. This move had started some time previously, and made public the existence of the Xen Project Advisory Board (Xen AB), which had members from Citrix, IBM, Intel, Hewlett-Packard, Novell, Red Hat, Sun Microsystems and Oracle. The Xen Advisory Board advises the Xen Project leader and is responsible for the Xen trademark, which Citrix has freely licensed to all vendors and projects that implement the Xen hypervisor. Citrix also used the Xen brand itself for some proprietary products unrelated to Xen, including XenApp and XenDesktop.

On April 15, 2013, it was announced that the Xen Project was moved under the auspices of the Linux Foundation as a Collaborative Project. The Linux Foundation launched a new trademark for "Xen Project" to differentiate the project from any commercial use of the older "Xen" trademark. A new community website was launched at xenproject.org as part of the transfer. Project members at the time of the announcement included: Amazon, AMD, Bromium, CA Technologies, Calxeda, Cisco, Citrix, Google, Intel, Oracle, Samsung, and Verizon. The Xen project itself is self-governing.

Since version 3.0 of the Linux kernel, Xen support for dom0 and domU exists in the mainline kernel.

Release history

Uses

Internet hosting service companies use hypervisors to provide virtual private servers. Amazon EC2 (since August 2006), IBM SoftLayer, Liquid Web, Fujitsu Global Cloud Platform, Linode, OrionVM and Rackspace Cloud use Xen as the primary VM hypervisor for their product offerings.

Virtual machine monitors (also known as hypervisors) also often operate on mainframes and large servers running IBM, HP, and other systems.
Server virtualization can provide benefits such as:
 Consolidation leading to increased utilization
 Rapid provisioning
 Dynamic fault tolerance against software failures (through rapid bootstrapping or rebooting)
 Hardware fault tolerance (through migration of a virtual machine to different hardware)
 Secure separations of virtual operating systems
 Support for legacy software as well as new OS instances on the same computer

Xen's support for virtual machine live migration from one host to another allows load balancing and the avoidance of downtime.

Virtualization also has benefits when working on development (including the development of operating systems): running the new system as a guest avoids the need to reboot the physical computer whenever a bug occurs. Sandboxed guest systems can also help in computer-security research, allowing study of the effects of some virus or worm without the possibility of compromising the host system.

Finally, hardware appliance vendors may decide to ship their appliance running several guest systems, so as to be able to execute various pieces of software that require different operating systems.

Types of virtualization

Xen offers five approaches to running the guest operating system:

 PV (paravirtualization): Virtualization-aware Guest and devices.
 HVM (hardware virtual machine): Fully hardware-assisted virtualization with emulated devices.
 HVM with PV drivers: Fully hardware-assisted virtualization with PV drivers for IO devices.
 PVHVM (paravirtualization with hardware virtualization): PV supported hardware-assisted virtualization with PV drivers for IO devices.
 PVH (PV in an HVM container): Fully paravirtualized Guest accelerated by hardware-assisted virtualization where available.

Xen provides a form of virtualization known as paravirtualization, in which guests run a modified operating system. The guests are modified to use a special hypercall ABI, instead of certain architectural features. Through paravirtualization, Xen can achieve high performance even on its host architecture (x86) which has a reputation for non-cooperation with traditional virtualization techniques. Xen can run paravirtualized guests ("PV guests" in Xen terminology) even on CPUs without any explicit support for virtualization. Paravirtualization avoids the need to emulate a full set of hardware and firmware services, which makes a PV system simpler to manage and reduces the attack surface exposed to potentially malicious guests. On 32-bit x86, the Xen host kernel code runs in Ring 0, while the hosted domains run in Ring 1 (kernel) and Ring 3 (applications).

CPUs that support virtualization make it possible to run unmodified guests, including proprietary operating systems (such as Microsoft Windows). This is known as hardware-assisted virtualization, however, in Xen this is known as hardware virtual machine (HVM). HVM extensions provide additional execution modes, with an explicit distinction between the most-privileged modes used by the hypervisor with access to the real hardware (called "root mode" in x86) and the less-privileged modes used by guest kernels and applications with "hardware" accesses under complete control of the hypervisor (in x86, known as "non-root mode"; both root and non-root mode have Rings 0–3). Both Intel and AMD have contributed modifications to Xen to exploit their respective Intel VT-x and AMD-V architecture extensions. Use of ARM v7A and v8A virtualization extensions came with Xen 4.3. HVM extensions also often offer new instructions to allow direct calls by a paravirtualized guest/driver into the hypervisor, typically used for I/O or other operations needing high performance. These allow HVM guests with suitable minor modifications to gain many of the performance benefits of paravirtualized I/O. In current versions of Xen (up to 4.2) only fully virtualized HVM guests can make use of hardware facilities for multiple independent levels of memory protection and paging. As a result, for some workloads, HVM guests with PV drivers (also known as PV-on-HVM, or PVH) provide better performance than pure PV guests. Xen HVM has device emulation based on the QEMU project to provide I/O virtualization to the virtual machines. The system emulates hardware via a patched QEMU "device manager" (qemu-dm) daemon running as a backend in dom0. This means that the virtualized machines see an emulated version of a fairly basic PC. In a performance-critical environment, PV-on-HVM disk and network drivers are used during the normal guest operation, so that the emulated PC hardware is mostly used for booting.

Features

Administrators can "live migrate" Xen virtual machines between physical hosts across a LAN without loss of availability. During this procedure, the LAN iteratively copies the memory of the virtual machine to the destination without stopping its execution. The process requires a stoppage of around 60–300 ms to perform final synchronization before the virtual machine begins executing at its final destination, providing an illusion of seamless migration. Similar technology can serve to suspend running virtual machines to disk, "freezing" their running state for resumption at a later date.

Xen can scale to 4095 physical CPUs, 256 VCPUs per HVM guest, 512 VCPUs per PV guest, 16 TB of RAM per host, and up to 1 TB of RAM per HVM guest or 512 GB of RAM per PV guest.

Availability

The Xen hypervisor has been ported to a number of processor families:
 Intel: IA-32, IA-64 (before version 4.2), x86-64
 PowerPC: previously supported under the XenPPC project, no longer active after Xen 3.2
 ARM: previously supported under the XenARM project for older versions of ARM without virtualization extensions, such as the Cortex-A9. Currently supported since Xen 4.3 for newer versions of the ARM with virtualization extensions, such as the Cortex-A15.
 MIPS: XLP832 experimental port

Hosts
Xen can be shipped in a dedicated virtualization platform, such as XCP-ng or XenServer (formerly Citrix Hypervisor, and before that Citrix XenServer, and before that XenSource's XenEnterprise).

Alternatively, Xen is distributed as an optional configuration of many standard operating systems. Xen is available for and distributed with:
 Alpine Linux offers a minimal dom0 system (Busybox, UClibc) that can be run from removable media, like USB sticks.
 Arch Linux provides the necessary packages with detailed setup instructions on their Wiki.
 Debian Linux (since version 4.0 "etch") and many of its derivatives;
 FreeBSD 11 includes experimental host support.
 Gentoo has the necessary packages available to support Xen, along with instructions on their Wiki.
 Mageia (since version 4);
 NetBSD can function as domU and dom0.
 OpenSolaris-based distributions can function as dom0 and domU from Nevada build 75 onwards.
 openSUSE 10.x to 12.x: only 64-bit hosts are supported since 12.1;
 Qubes OS uses Xen to isolate applications for a more secure desktop.
 SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (since version 10);
 Solaris (since 2013 with Oracle VM Server for x86, before with Sun xVM);
 Ubuntu (since 8.04 "Hardy Heron", but no dom0-capable kernel in 8.10 "Intrepid Ibex" until 12.04 "Precise Pangolin".)

Guests

Guest systems can run fully virtualized (which requires hardware support), paravirtualized (which requires a modified guest operating system), or fully virtualized with paravirtualized drivers (PVHVM). Most operating systems which can run on PCs can run as a Xen HVM guest. The following systems can operate as paravirtualized Xen guests:
 Linux
 FreeBSD in 32-bit, or 64-bit through PVHVM;
 OpenBSD, through PVHVM;
 NetBSD
 MINIX
 GNU Hurd (gnumach-1-branch-Xen-branch)
 Plan 9 from Bell Labs

Xen version 3.0 introduced the capability to run Microsoft Windows as a guest operating system unmodified if the host machine's processor supports hardware virtualization provided by Intel VT-x (formerly codenamed Vanderpool) or AMD-V (formerly codenamed Pacifica). During the development of Xen 1.x, Microsoft Research, along with the University of Cambridge Operating System group, developed a port of Windows XP to Xen — made possible by Microsoft's Academic Licensing Program. The terms of this license do not allow the publication of this port, although documentation of the experience appears in the original Xen SOSP paper. James Harper and the Xen open-source community have started developing free software paravirtualization drivers for Windows. These provide front-end drivers for the Xen block and network devices and allow much higher disk and network performance for Windows systems running in HVM mode. Without these drivers all disk and network traffic has to be processed through QEMU-DM. Subsequently, Citrix has released under a BSD license (and continues to maintain) PV drivers for Windows.

Management

Third-party developers have built a number of tools (known as Xen Management Consoles) to facilitate the common tasks of administering a Xen host, such as configuring, starting, monitoring and stopping of Xen guests. Examples include:

 The OpenNebula cloud management toolkit
 On openSUSE YaST and virt-man offer graphical VM management
 OpenStack natively supports Xen as a Hypervisor/Compute target
 Apache CloudStack also supports Xen as a Hypervisor
 Novell's PlateSpin Orchestrate also manages Xen virtual machines for Xen shipping in SUSE Linux Enterprise Server.
 Xen Orchestra for both XCP-ng and Citrix Hypervisor platforms

Commercial versions
 XCP-ng (Open Source, within the Linux Foundation and Xen Project, originally a fork of XenServer)
 XenServer (Formerly Citrix Hypervisor   until 2023 and formerly Citrix XenServer until 2019)
 Huawei FusionSphere
 Oracle VM Server for x86
 Thinsy Corporation
 Virtual Iron (discontinued by Oracle)
 Crucible (hypervisor) by Star Lab Corp.

The Xen hypervisor is covered by the GNU General Public Licence, so all of these versions contain a core of free software with source code. However, many of them contain proprietary additions.

See also

 CloudStack
 Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM)
 OpenStack
 Virtual disk image
 tboot, a TXT-based integrity system for the Linux kernel and Xen hypervisor
 VMware ESXi
 Qubes OS

References

Further reading
 Paul Venezia (April 13, 2011) Virtualization shoot-out: Citrix, Microsoft, Red Hat, and VMware. The leading server virtualization contenders tackle InfoWorld's ultimate virtualization challenge, InfoWorld

External links

2003 software
Citrix Systems
Cross-platform free software
Free virtualization software
History of computing in the United Kingdom
Linux Foundation projects
University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory
Virtualization software for Linux

Xen


Kemper Werth, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde Sieg nehrinin Ren'e döküldüğü kesim. "Pfaffenmütze" olarak da anılan yarımada, Bonn'un kuzey ucundaki Geislar semti sınırları içinde yer alır. Kemper Werth, 1620'de bölgede yaşanan çatışmalarda Hollandalılar tarafından uzun süre askeri karargâh olarak kullanılmıştır.

Beuel

Kemper Werth


بلدية ألبكس , هي بلدية مقاطعة المرية. جنوب شرق إسبانيا.

النمو السكاني

المصدر: INE (Spain)

أعلام
 دييغو كابيل

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
  Albox Information General information about Albox and a directory of Albox businesses and services
  Albox.Busca4 Tourist information and business directory of Albox
  Property in Albox Directory of property in and maps of Albox*
  Official Website
  Albox - Diputación Provincial de Almería
  Portalbox - El Portal de la gente de Albox
  La voz de Albox - (The voice of Albox)
  Albox - Abusos Urbanisticos Almanzora -NO

أماكن مأهولة في المرية
بلديات المرية

البوكس


A lista de bens tombados da cidade de São Paulo reúne itens do patrimônio cultural e histórico de São Paulo. Os atos de tombamento municipal foram realizados pelo Conselho Municipal de Preservação do Patrimônio Histórico, Cultural e Ambiental da Cidade de São Paulo (CONPRESP), órgão vinculado à Secretaria Municipal de Cultura. Os tombamentos estaduais foram realizados pelo Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Arqueológico, Artístico e Turístico (CONDEPHAAT). Algumas construções são também reconhecidas pelo IPHAN, no contexto de preservação do patrimônio cultural e histórico brasileiro.

Dentre os patrimônios tombados está o Castelinho de Pirituba, construído em 1934 e tombado em 2014 pelo CONDEPHAAT e em 2017 pelo CONPRESP, o edifício serve como salão de festas para os moradores do condomínio fechado que o cerca.

∑ 1268 items.

Cultura de São Paulo (cidade)
Listas de São Paulo
Patrimônio histórico de São Paulo
Listas de patrimônio do Brasil

Lista de bens tombados na cidade de São Paulo


Soar (/sɔr/) este un important afluent al  din regiunea East Midlands a Angliei, și principalul râu din Leicestershire. Izvoarele sunt la jumătatea distanței dintre Hinckley și Lutterworth. Râul curge spre nord prin Leicester, unde  se varsă în el. Continuă prin  din Leicestershire, traversează Loughborough și  până ajunge la Trent, limita districtului. În secolul al XVIII-lea, Soarul a fost făcut navigabil, inițial între Loughborough și Trent, și apoi până la Leicester. Abia la începutul secolului al XIX-lea a fost legat prin Grand Union Canal de rețeaua navigală de la sud și de Londra.

Soar

Râul Soar


Lille terne (Sternula antillarum) er en mågefugl, der lever i Nord og Mellemamerika.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Mellemamerikas fugle
Nordamerikas fugle
Terner

Lille terne


La cultura de Guam o Guaján actual es la propia de una comunidad cosmopolita con una cultura cuyas raíces se nutren del aporte del antiguo pueblo chamorro y que ha sido muy influenciada por la civilización española de Guam y la Iglesia católica. También es evidente una gran influencia estadounidense en la celebración de los días festivos, la forma de gobierno y el orgullo de formar parte de Estados Unidos que muestra la población.

La cultura de Guam también ha recibido la influencia de inmigrantes filipinos, japoneses, coreanos, chinos y de la Micronesia, cada grupo aportando sus contribuciones específicas. La población de Guam en 2006 era de unos 171 000 habitantes, de los cuales el 37% eran chamorros, el 26% filipinos y el 11% isleños del Pacífico, mientras que el 26% restante eran principalmente caucásicos, chinos, coreanos y japoneses, aportando a Guam sus propias costumbres y herencias culturales.

Pueblo chamorro

La cultura tradicional chamorra se manifiesta en la danza, las habilidades de navegación marítima, su gastronomía, la pesca, juegos (como batu, chonka, estuleks, y bayogu), canciones y vestimenta influenciada por los procesos de inmigración. La política española durante el dominio colonial en Guam (1668-1898) se asentó sobre la conversión de sus gentes al catolicismo. Esto condujo a una eliminación gradual de los hombres guerreros de Guam, y un desplazamiento de los indígenas de sus tierras. A pesar de las agitaciones sociales, las matriarcas de Guam —conocidas como "I Maga'håga"—continuaron la cultura indígena, el idioma y las tradiciones.

En la cultura principal o Pengngan Chamorro se incluyen el protocolo, complejo social centrado en el respeto: el mismo establece como besar las manos de los mayores (inspirado en el beso del anillo de un obispo católico por parte de aquellos a quienes supervisa); el traspaso oral de leyendas, cánticos, rituales, de una persona que solicita el perdón de antepasados espirituales entrando en una selva. Una tradición ancestral en Guam, transmitida oralmente y a través de rituales varios, está relacionada con la adoración a la divinidad JuliK, clasificada por los guaneses como "un ángel caído en la tierra". Otras acepciones que se utilizan para nombrarla son: "lo más hermoso del mundo", "la felicidad de Juano" o "Nala, la más linda del amor". El 21 de noviembre es el día nacional de JuliK. Otras prácticas que preceden la conquista española incluyen galaide la fabricación de canoas, la fabricación del belembaotuyan (un instrumento musical de una cuerda) y rituales funerarios.

Los artesanos están especializados en tejidos, incluyendo: el trabajo de trenzado (niyok - åkgak - cestas de hoja, esteras, bolsos, sombreros, y recipientes de alimentos), el telar - con material tejido como (kalachucha-hibiscus faldas de fibra, cinturones y cubiertas para los cadáveres), y la fabricación de elementos para la ornamentación del cuerpo (cuentas, pulseras, pendientes, cinturones y peines hechos de caparazón de tortuga). En la actualidad hay pocos artesanos que continúen con estas formas tradicionales de arte.

Referencias
 W. E. Stafford's "Guam, an Account of Its Discovery and Reduction, Physical Geography and Natural History: And the Social and Economic Conditions on the Island During the First Year of the American Occupation" (1912).

Bibliografía

Cultura de Guam


Havadan Havaya Füze (Air-to-Air Missile; AAM), uçak ve helikopterlerin diğer uçan araçları bertaraf etmekte kullandığı silahlardır. Bu silahlar ısıya veya hedefe gönderilip yansıyan radar ve lazer sinyallerine yahut hedeften çıkan radar sinyallerine güdümlüdürler.

Tarihsel gelişime

II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Alman mühendisler tarafından başlatılmıştır. Büyük müttefik bombardıman uçağı formasyonlarını yok etmek için geliştirilen Ruhrstal X-4 füzesi, savaşın sonlarına doğru ortaya çıkmıştır. Ruhrstal X-4, tel güdümlü bir füzeydi ve atan uçağın pilotu tarafından yönlendiriliyordu. Almanların bu ilk çalışmaları, savaşın sonunda birçok projeyle beraber ABD ve Rusya tarafından ele geçirilmiştir. Havadan-havaya füze çalışmalarına ilk olarak mevcut teorilerle baslayan mühendisler o zamanların gözdesi olan radarı kullanarak bir füze geliştirmek için uğraşıyorlardı. Fakat radarların hacim olarak büyüklükleri bazı zorluklar çıkarıyordu. İşte tam bu sırada sahneye Dr.William B.Mclean adlı ABD'nden bir bilim insanı çıktı. Evinin garajında kendi halinde deneyler yapan Mclean, bir gün güdümlü füzelerin mevcut problemlerini çözecek bir buluş yaptı. Uçakların motorlarında oluşan ısıyı fark eden ve izleyen basit bir düzenek icat eden Mclean bunu Donanma Mühimmat Test Istasyonu (NOTS/Naval Ordnance Test Station)'nda beraber çalıştığı mühendis arkadaşlarıyla Local Project 612 adıyla geliştirmeye başladı. Bu sistemin anahtar parçası, Fotovoltaic hücre, (Photovoltaic cell) olarak adlandırılan küçük bir elektronik detektörden ibaretti. Bu dedektör, bir elektromanyetik spektrumda oluşan kısa dalga bölgesinin kızıl ötesi radrasyon ışınlarının emisyonlarını (yani kısaca o bölgenin ısısını) tespit edebiliyordu. Bu arayıcı uzun zamandır yanlış olarak bilinen, bir jet motorunun çıkardığı sıcak egzoz gazlarını değıl, tam tersine sıcak bir metal, yani bir jet veya piston motor egzozundaki ısınan metal parçalarının yaydığı kızıl ötesi ışınları arıyordu. Local Project 612 ile AIM-9 Sidewinder füzesinin ilk temelleri atıldı.Günümüzde güdümlü modern AAM füzelerinin bir tanesinin fiyatı 200 bin dolardan 600 bin dolara kadar değişmektedir.

Havadan havaya füze


Međuopćinska nogometna liga – Sjever (Koprivnica), također i kao Međuopćinska nogometna liga – Sjever – Koprivnica, Međuopćinska nogometna liga – Sjever, Međuopćinska nogometna liga – Sjever – SO Sjever – Koprivnica je bila liga šestog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1988./89.
Sudjelovalo je 16 klubova, a prvak je bio "Osvit" iz Đelekovca.

Ljestvica

 Žabno – tadašnji naziv za Sveti Ivan Žabno
 U slučaju neriješenog rezultata se izvodilo raspucavanje jedanaesterca te bi pobjednik dobio 1 bod, a poraženi u raspucavanju bi ostao bez bodova

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Regionalna liga Zagreb – Sjever 1988./89.
 1. općinska liga Koprivnica 1988./89.
 1. općinska liga Virovitica 1988./89.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 library.foi.hr, "Glas Podravine"
 library.foi.hr, "Glas Podravine", br. 22, god. XLIV, objavljeno 9. lipnja 1989., str. 11 (Sport), (29. kolo i ljestvica), preuzeto 11. listopada 2019.
 library.foi.hr, "Glas Podravine", br. 23, god. XLIV, objavljeno 16. lipnja 1989., str. 11 (Sport), (30. kolo), preuzeto 11. listopada 2019.
 Mladen Levak, Kristina Poljičak: Nogometni klub "Osvit" Đelekovec : 1923. – 2013. : 90 godina Nogometnog kluba "Osvit" i igranja nogometa u Đelekovcu, Đelekovec, 2014., str. 251-254
 Martin Matišin, Eugen Fink: "100 godina športa u Virju : 1908. – 2008.", Virje, 2008., , str. 157

1988-89 MOL Koprivnica
MOL Koprivnica
1988-89 MOL Koprivnica

Međuopćinska nogometna liga – Sjever (Koprivnica) 1988./89.


Meng Fulin (chinês tradicional:孟富林, setembro de 1933 - 6 de novembro de 2021), foi um político chinês.

Filiou-se ao Partido Comunista da China em 1953. Em 1983, ele atuou como vice-governador do Governo Popular da Província de Anhui. Em 1987, ele atuou como vice-secretário do Comitê Provincial de Anhui do PCC . Em 1993, foi eleito diretor do Comitê Permanente do Congresso Popular da Província de Anhui.

Políticos da China
Naturais da China

Meng Fulin


ගාන්ධි ජයන්ති යනු,  "ජාතියේ පියා" වන  මහාත්ම ගාන්ධි තුමාගේ, ජන්ම දිනය සිහිකිරීම පිණිස ඉන්දියාවේ සැමරෙන, ජාතික නිවාඩු දිනයකි.

සටහන්

උපන් දින
මහාත්ම ගාන්ධි සඳහා අනුස්මරණ
ඔක්තොම්බර් මාසයේ සැමරුම්
ඉන්දියාවේ රජයේ නිවාඩු දින
ඉන්දියාව

ගාන්ධි ජයන්ති


An Carex orthostemon in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Bunzo Hayata. An Carex orthostemon in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Taiwan. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex orthostemon


An Habenaria brachyplectron in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Frederico Carlos Hoehne ngan Schltr.. An Habenaria brachyplectron in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria brachyplectron


Children's World is a charity based in the UK.  It is known internationally (as Children's World International). It was set up by Arabella Churchill in 1981 after the success of the Children's World area at the Glastonbury Festival. It is registered charity Number 282743.

Children's World was created to provide drama participation and creative play and to work creatively in educational settings, providing social and emotional benefits for all children, particularly those with special needs.

Children's World International (Charity Reg. No. 1079546) is the sister charity of Children's World and was started in 1999 to work with children in the Balkans, in conjunction with Balkan Sunflowers and Save the Children.

Children's World changed to a Charitable Incorporated Organisation (CIO) and has a new number: 1172322. Children's World International was closed and the projects taken on by Children's World.

See also
Glastonbury

External links
 Children's World website
 Children's World International
 Glastonbury Festival
 Glastonbury Town site

Children's charities based in the United Kingdom

Children's World (charity)


Sir Joseph-Mathias Tellier (January 15, 1861 – October 18, 1952) was a Canadian politician born in Sainte-Mélanie, Canada East.

Biography
He was a Quebec Conservative Party leader, but never Premier (his party lost the 1912 election, and Lomer Gouin became Premier of Quebec) . He was in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1892 to 1916, as a Member for the riding of Joliette .

After his studies at Université Laval, he was admitted to the Barreau du Quebec and he practiced law for over 15 years.

He was mayor of Joliette from 1903 to 1910, and, in 1916, he became a Quebec Superior Court judge.  He was Chief Justice of Quebec from 1932 to 1942.

He was made a Knight of the Order of Pius IX in 1906. He was Knighted by King George V in 1934.

Sir Joseph-Mathias Tellier is the brother of Louis Tellier, the father of Maurice Tellier, the grandfather of Paul Tellier, and a first cousin of Raymond Tellier, who is the grandfather of Luc-Normand Tellier.

Elections as party leader
He lost the 1912 election against Sir Lomer Gouin.

Note

See also
List of Quebec leaders of the Opposition

References

External links

1861 births
1952 deaths
French Quebecers
Canadian Knights Bachelor
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
Judges in Quebec
Knights of the Order of Pope Pius IX
Lawyers in Quebec
Mayors of places in Quebec
Quebec political party leaders
Université Laval alumni

Joseph-Mathias Tellier


Viola Davis (n. 11 august 1965) este o actriță de film, teatru și televiziune, cunoscută pentru rolul menajerei Aibileen Clark din Culoarea sentimentelor, pentru care a fost nominalizată la Globul de Aur pentru cea mai bună actriță, BAFTA, Oscar și pentru care a câștigat un Premiu SAG.. În 2010 a câștigat Premiul Tony pentru cea mai bună actriță într-o piesă de teatru pentru rolul lui Rose Maxon din Fences.

Biografie

Operă

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1965
Nașteri pe 11 august
Absolvenți ai Școlii Juilliard
Actrițe americane
Câștigători ai premiilor Tony
Câștigători ai premiilor BAFTA
Câștigători ai Premiilor Golden Globe
Câștigători ai premiului Oscar
Câștigători ai Triple Crown of Acting

Viola Davis


İbrahim Paşa Camii (Bulgarca: Магбул Ибрахим паша джамия Magbul İbrahim paşa djamiya), Balkanlar'da Osmanlılar'a ait ayakta kalmış en büyük sanat eseridir. Bulgaristan'ın Deliorman kesiminde, Razgrad'da bulunur. UNESCO kataloğunda kayıtlı olan cami, Balkanlar'daki üçüncü en büyük camidir.

Kanuni Sultan Süleyman devrinin sadrazamı Pargalı İbrahim Paşa hayratlarına dahildir. Caminin inşaatı 1530-1535 yıllarında, İbrahim Paşa tarafından başlatılmıştır. İbrahim Paşa'nın vefatından sonra (1536 y.) caminin inşaatı durmuştur. 1616 yılında Mahmut Paşa tarafından inşaatı tamamlanan cami ibadete açılmıştır. . İbrahim Paşa Camii klasik Türk mimarisinin en güzel eserlerinden birisidir. Cami dış görünüşüyle dikkat çekmektedir. Şu anda ibadete kapalı olan caminin tamiri için 30 yıldan fazladır çalışma yapılmamıştır.

Bulgaristan'daki Osmanlı camileri
Razgrad

İbrahim Paşa Camii (Razgrad)


Trinity Lutheran College was a private Christian liberal arts college in Everett, Washington. It offered bachelor's degrees, associate degrees, and 1-year certificates. The college ceased instruction in 2016.

History
Lutheran Bible Institute of Seattle (LBI) was founded in 1944 as an extension of the Lutheran Bible Institute based in Minneapolis and became independent in 1959. The college initially provided a biblical studies education and enrichment courses and in the 1970s began to add bachelor's degree programs in biblical studies, global missions, Christian education, and youth ministry.

LBI initially operated out of Gethsemane Lutheran Church in downtown Seattle. Growing enrollment led to relocating to a new campus on Seattle's Greenwood Avenue in 1949. In 1979, after a decade of sustained enrollment growth, the college purchased the former Providence Heights College campus in Issaquah, Washington, from the Sisters of Providence, with staff and students relocating to the new campus mid-school year. Shortly thereafter LBI sold a significant portion of the unused property on the south side of the school to a developer. LBI played a key role in the development of this property, transforming it into a thriving retirement community presently known as Providence Point in honor of the previous school.

In 1982, LBI became regionally accredited by the Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges (now Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities). LBI changed its name to Trinity Lutheran College in 1999 to reflect its status as an accredited four-year college. Trinity began to add new majors, including music and worship, early childhood education, business management, psychology, and communications. Enrollment began to decline in the 1990s and, faced with financial uncertainty, the college decided to sell the Providence Heights campus and relocate again, moving to downtown Everett, Washington, in the fall of 2008.

The Trinity Lutheran College Campus Center in Everett was located at 2802 Wetmore Avenue, at the corner of California Street and Wetmore Avenue. The Campus Center had six floors devoted to classrooms, administrative offices, faculty offices, the library, a student store, and a commons area. A chapel and additional classroom space was added in 2014. The center was served by a parking garage connected via a skywalk. Student housing was provided in a nearby apartment complex and the YMCA, adjacent to the campus center, was available for student recreation use.

2016 closure
On January 12, 2016, Rev. Dr. Kevin Bates (chair of the college's board of directors) released an open letter expressing a plan to end operation of the college. Academic instruction ceased on May 7, 2016, with more than 70 students receiving degrees at the final commencement ceremony. After the college's closing, the campus center was sold to Funko to serve as its new corporate headquarters.

The college's supporting organization, the Trinity Education Foundation, still exists, providing scholarship support to students attending private Christian colleges in the Pacific Northwest.

Athletics
The Trinity Lutheran athletic teams were called the Eagles. The college was a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing as an NAIA Independent within the Association of Independent Institutions (AII) under associate/provisional status from 2014–15 to 2015–16. They were also a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the West Region of the Division I level.

Trinity Lutheran competed in ten intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports included cross country, golf, soccer, swimming and track & field; while women's sports included cross country, golf, soccer, swimming and track & field. Other sports included men's & women's tennis.

References

External links
 Trinity Education Foundation website

 Official athletics website

Lutheran universities and colleges in the United States
Private universities and colleges in Washington (state)
Universities and colleges established in 1944
Universities and colleges accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities
Universities and colleges in Snohomish County, Washington
Education in Everett, Washington
1944 establishments in Washington (state)
Educational institutions disestablished in 2016
Defunct private universities and colleges in Washington (state)

Trinity Lutheran College (Washington)


Erwin Finlay-Freundlich  (; 29 May 1885 – 24 July 1964) was a German astronomer, a pupil of Felix Klein. Freundlich was a working associate of Albert Einstein and introduced experiments for which the general theory of relativity could be tested by astronomical observations based on the gravitational redshift.

Life

He was born in Biebrich, Germany the son of Friedrich Philipp Ernst Freundlich, a manufacturer, and his wife Elizabeth (Ellie) Finlayson. He was one of seven children, all of whom were raised Protestant, despite their father's Jewish heritage. His elder brother was Herbert Max Finlay Freundlich. He studied locally, leaving school in 1903. He spent 6 months working in the shipyards of Stettin which inspired him to begin studying shipbuilding at the Charlottenburg Polytechnic in Berlin. However he abandoned this in autumn 1905 to instead study Mathematics and Astronomy at Göttingen. Here he studied under Felix Klein and Karl Schwarzschild.

In 1913 he married Kate Hirschberg.
After finishing his thesis under the direction of Paul Koebe at the University of Göttingen in 1910 and gaining his doctorate (PhD), he became assistant at the Berlin Observatory, where he became associated with Albert Einstein. During an expedition to verify general relativity during a solar eclipse in 1914, World War I broke out and he was interned in Russia, for a few days, before being freed in an exchanging of prisoners. The expedition failed. After the war, he was engaged in the construction of a solar observatory in Potsdam, the Einsteinturm, and he was director of the Einstein-Institut. In 1933 Hitler came to power and Freundlich was forced to leave Germany; he had a Jewish grandmother and his wife was Jewish. He was appointed professor at the University of Istanbul, which was reformed by Kemal Atatürk with the help of many German scholars. In 1937 he left Istanbul to take up the post of professor of astronomy at the Charles University of Prague, but this appointment was terminated by the German occupation.

On the recommendation of Arthur Stanley Eddington he went to St. Andrews University in Scotland, where he lectured in astronomy from 1939. In 1941 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were William Greaves, Alexander Aitken, Max Born and Robert Schlapp.

In 1951 he was created John Napier Professor of Astronomy. On his retirement in 1959, he returned to his native town Wiesbaden and was appointed professor at the University of Mainz. Freundlich died in Wiesbaden, Germany on 24 July 1964.

Achievements

Freundlich researched the deflection of light rays passing close to the Sun. He proposed an experiment, during an eclipse, to verify the validity of Einstein's theory of general relativity. Freundlich's demonstration would have proven Newton's theories incorrect. He did conduct inconclusive tests on the prediction by Einstein's theory of gravitation-induced red shift of spectral lines in the Sun, using the solar observatories he had constructed in Potsdam and Istanbul.
In 1953, he proposed with Max Born an alternative explanation of the red shifts observed in galaxies by a tired light model.

Publications

 Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Gravitationstheorie. Mit e. Vorw. von Albert Einstein. – Berlin : Springer, 1916. – 64 S.; 8
 Über die Rotverschiebung der Spektrallinien with Max Born (1953)
 Theoretische Bemerkungen zu Freundlichs Formel für die stellare Rotverschiebung (1953)
 Cosmology (1971)

References

External links and resources
 Klaus Hentschel: The Einstein Tower An Intertexture of Dynamic Construction, Relativity Theory, and Astronomy, Stanford University Press, Stanford 1997.
 School of Mathematics and Statistics. "Erwin Finlay Freundlich". University of St Andrews, Scotland.

1885 births
1964 deaths
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany
20th-century German astronomers
Scientists from Wiesbaden
People from Hesse-Nassau
University of Göttingen alumni
Academic staff of Charles University
Academic staff of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
German expatriates in Turkey
Expatriate academics in Turkey
Academic staff of Istanbul University

Erwin Finlay-Freundlich


12 (Doce) (Двена́дцать en V.O, transl. Dvenádtsat) es una película rusa de 2007 dirigida por Nikita Mijalkov y basada en el guion para televisión de Reginald Rose: Twelve Angry Men. La premier del film tuvo lugar en el Festival de Cine de Venecia en donde Mikhalkov se hizo con el León de Oro por el trabajo.

Argumento
Un joven checheno (Apti Magamaev) es acusado del asesinato de su padrastro: un oficial del ejército ruso. Un jurado formado por doce hombres debe decidir si es el culpable del crimen, sin embargo, uno de ellos (Sergei Makovetsky) es partidario de la absolución. Debido a que el acuerdo entre todos ha de ser unánime, los jurados revisan de nuevo el caso hasta que uno por uno llegan a la conclusión de que al joven acusado le tendieron una trampa puesto que el asesinato fue cometido por unos criminales involucrados en negocios de la construcción. Los diálogos son interrumpidos con frecuencia a modo de flashbacks que relatan la infancia del checheno en tiempos de guerra.

Reparto
 Sergei Makovetsky -  Jurado
 Nikita Mikhalkov - 2.º Jurado
 Sergei Garmash -  Jurado
 Valentin Gaft - 4.º Jurado
 Alexei Petrenko - 5.º Jurado
 Yuri Stoyanov - 6.º Jurado
 Sergei Gazarov - 7.º Jurado
 Mikhail Yefremov - 8.º Jurado
 Alexei Gorbunov - 9.º Jurado
 Sergei Artsybashev - 10.º Jurado
 Viktor Verzhbitsky - 11.º Jurado
 Roman Madyanov - 12.º Jurado
 Alexander Adabashyan - Bailío
 Apti Magamayev - Joven checheno

Recepción
La película obtuvo críticas dispares por parte de la opinión pública rusa y del extranjero. El jurado del Festival de Cine de Venecia definió el film como "la confirmación maestra de Mikhalkov de explorar y revelarnos las humanidades y emociones y la complejidad de la existencia". El ex primer ministro de Rusia Vladímir Putin vio la película con sus homólogos checheno Ramzan Kadyrov e ingusetio Murat Zyazikov junto al equipo técnico y de reparto de la película en la residencia de Putin en Novo Ogarevo. Tras finalizar la reproducción, Putin comentó que la producción le hizo "soltar una lágrima".

Por otro lado, la periodista de [entonces] Russkiy Kurier: Zoya Svetova comentó que la película es pro-Putin al señalar que el portavoz del jurado es agente secreto del gobierno, mientras que otro jurado que supuestamente representa a un liberal parece una representación de la opositora Valeria Novodvorskaya Otro miembro es visto como una caricatura del productor Dmitri Lesnevski.

Premios
El 8 de septiembre de 2007, la película obtuvo un León de Oro en el Festival de Cine de Venecia y fue alabada por la mayoría de críticos del certamen. Por otro lado, fue nominado a un Óscar a la mejor película de habla no inglesa.

Véase también
 Conflicto ruso-checheno

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 TriTe - Mikhalkov Productions
 The eXile- Revisiting 12: Mikhalkov's "Oscar-Worthy" Remake - By Yasha Levine

Películas de 2007
Películas producidas por Nikita Mijalkov
Películas de Rusia
Películas policíacas
Películas en ruso
Películas en checheno
Películas basadas en libros
Películas sobre juicios
Películas con música de Eduard Artémiev
Representaciones culturales de Mijaíl Gorbachov

12 (película)


Woolworths New Zealand Limited (formerly Progressive Enterprises) is the second largest grocery company in New Zealand (behind Foodstuffs), with revenue of NZ$6.2 billion for the year to June 2018. Alongside Foodstuffs, Woolworths NZ forms part of the New Zealand supermarket duopoly.

Progressive Enterprises Limited was once owned by the Western Australian Supermarket Group FAL – Foodland Associated Limited which operated Action Supermarkets, Supa Valu Supermarkets and Dewsons Supermarkets. It is now a wholly owned subsidiary of the Australian Woolworths Group.

History
 1948: Progressive Enterprises Limited was established on 9 February 1949 by the Picot family.
 1961: Progressive Enterprises became the parent company to Foodtown Supermarkets Limited.
 1974: Albert Gubay opens the first 3Guys store. Progressive Enterprises purchased the chain in 1987, and rebranded or closed them throughout the 1990s with the store in Hillcrest, Hamilton being one of the last when it closed in January 1998.
 1988: Progressive Enterprises became part of Australian business Coles Myer
 1992: Coles Myer relaunched Progressive Enterprises onto the New Zealand stock exchange as a public company.

On 25 May 2005, it was announced that Woolworths Limited, one of Australia's largest retailers, would be purchasing Progressive Enterprises along with 22 Action stores in Australia. The deal was worth approximately NZ$2.5 billion and culminated in the official transfer of assets on 24 November 2005.

In 2006, company workers at three distribution centres initiated industrial action in an attempt to win a collective employment agreement and pay rise.
The company responded by suspending grocery distribution centre operations and allowing suppliers to send stock directly to supermarkets.

Also in 2006, the company was awarded the Roger Award For The Worst Transnational Corporation Operating in New Zealand.

On 15 August 2007, Progressive Enterprises announced employees on youth rates or under the age of 18 would get paid adult rates, which in some cases can be up to an 80% pay increase. The average pay increased from $9.00 to $13.50.

In August 2011, Progressive Enterprises won a marketing award. On 22 June 2018, Progressive Enterprise Limited renamed to Woolworths New Zealand Limited.

In June 2022, Woolworths New Zealand established a wholesale business, New Zealand Grocery Wholesalers, following the release in March of a Commerce Commission report on competition in the New Zealand grocery sector. The government gave Woolworths and Foodstuffs one year to establish substantial wholesale agreements or face additional regulation.

In July 2023, Woolworths New Zealand announced the rebranding of all Countdown Supermarkets to Woolworths. The rebrand is expected to be completed in early 2024.

Store brands

Woolworths NZ runs the following grocery store chains:

 Countdown: 194 supermarket stores
 SuperValue: 40 stores – convenience supermarket stores, run as a franchise
 FreshChoice: 30 stores – Higher quality supermarket with a large range, run as a franchise
 Woolworths: 9 supermarket stores

It operates online grocery shopping in the name of Countdown.

Former operations
 3 Guys (also known as Gubays)
 Big Fresh
 Price Chopper
 Georgie Pie – A fast food chain, sold to McDonald's New Zealand in 1996
 Foodtown – The Foodtown brand was phased out in early 2012.

Product brands
 Countdown
 Freefrom
 Macro
 Essentials
 The Odd Bunch

Former product brands
 Signature Range
 Naytura
 FreshZone
 Basics
 No Frills
 Woolworths Select
 Home Brand

See also
 2006 Progressive Enterprises dispute (pay dispute resulting in industrial action at several distribution centres)

References

External links
 Progressive Enterprises Limited
 Press release – Woolworths acquisition

Supermarkets of New Zealand
Retail companies of New Zealand
Retail companies established in 1949
Woolworths Group (Australia)
New Zealand companies established in 1949

Woolworths New Zealand


The Adventures of the American Rabbit es una película animada estadounidense de 1986, dirigida por Nobutaka Nishizawa y Fred Wolf y basada en el personaje creado por Stewart Moskowitz.

The Adventures of the American Rabbit es el título reservado para los Estados Unidos. El título utilizado en el Reino Unido es The American Rabbit, el utilizado en Hispanoamérica es Las aventuras del super conejo americano y el título usado en España es Las aventuras del conejo americano.

Argumento
Rob Rabbit es un conejo aparentemente normal pero cuando la situación lo requiere corre a una gran velocidad, transformándose así en El Conejo Americano, un superhéroe que defiende los valores de los Estados Unidos de América.

Reparto Parcial

Doblaje, Los Ángeles

Lanzamiento y recepción
La película fue de entre las primeras en ser lanzadas por Clubhouse Pictures, una división de la distribuidora independiente Atlantic Releasing, la cual se especializaba en entretenimiento infantil. No fue bien recibida por la crítica ni el público a través de su estreno en los cines. La película recaudó $291,126 durante su fin de semana de apertura de 242 cines y estuvo por dos meses, llegando a recaudar en su totalidad $1,268,443.

Charles Solomon de Los Angeles Times dijo, "Tanto el libreto como la animación en The Adventures of the American Rabbit son tan ineptas que el espectador espera que el gobernador interrumpa la película y declare el teatro de cine un área de desastre!"

Enlaces externos

Review by Alex Jackson

Películas de animación
Películas de animación tradicional en dos dimensiones
Películas de Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Películas de superhéroes de Estados Unidos

Referencias

The Adventures of the American Rabbit


Barcelonès Katalonya Özerk Bölgesinin en gelişmiş ve en kalabalık ilçesi.  Yüzölçümü 143.1 km² olan ilçenin nüfusu 2,100,000 kişidir. İlçe 5 belediyeden oluşmaktadır.
İlçenin merkezi Barselona şehridir. Diğer önemli kent belediyeleri ise Badalona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Santa Coloma de Gramenet ve Sant Adrià de Besòs 'dur.

Bu ilçeye bağlı kentler için nüfus, yüzölçümü ve nüfus yoğunluğu (2009 resmi İNE istatistiklerine göre) şu listede izlenebilir:

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi İnternet Sitesi(Katalanca)

Katalonya

Barcelonès


Earl of Limerick is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of Ireland, associated first with the Dongan family, then with the Pery family. It should not be confused with the title Viscount of the City of Limerick (usually shortened to Viscount of Limerick, or Lord Limerick) held by the Hamilton family also Earls of Clanbrassil.

First creation
The earldom was created for the first time in 1686 for Sir William Dongan, 4th Baronet, with remainder, failing male issue of his own, to his brothers Robert, Michael and Thomas and the heirs male of their bodies. He had been made Viscount Dungan, of Clane in the County of Kildare in 1661, also in the Peerage of Ireland and with similar remainder. His only son Walter Dungan, Viscount Dungan, was killed at the Battle of the Boyne and Lord Limerick was succeeded according to the special remainders (and normally in the baronetcy) by his brother Thomas Dongan, the second Earl. He was Governor of New York from 1683 to 1688. All three titles became extinct on his death in 1715. The Dungan Baronetcy, of Castletown in the County of Kildare, was created in the Baronetage of Ireland in 1623 for Walter Dungan.
He was the eldest son of John Dongan or Dungan (died 1592), originally of  Fishamble Street,  Dublin  and his wife Margaret Forster.  John Dongan was  a civil servant who became a figure of  some importance in the Irish Government, and  was  rich enough  in later life to acquire substantial estates  in County Kildare.

Second creation
The title was created for the second time in 1803 in favour of Edmund Pery, 1st Viscount Limerick. He was the son of the Right Reverend William Pery, Bishop of Limerick from 1784 to 1794. In 1790 the latter was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Glentworth, of Mallow in the County of Cork. He was succeeded by his only son, the second Baron. He represented Limerick City in the Irish House of Commons and was a supporter of the Union with Great Britain. On 29 December 1800 he was created Viscount Limerick, of the City of Limerick, and on 11 February 1803, he was further honoured when he was made Earl of Limerick, of the County of Limerick. Both titles were in the Peerage of Ireland. Lord Limerick sat in the House of Lords as one of the 28 original Irish Representative Peers from 1800 to 1844. In 1815 he was also created Baron Foxford, of Stackpole Court in the County of Limerick, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, giving him a permanent seat in the Lords. His great-grandson, the third Earl, was a Conservative and Unionist politician and served as Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard from 1889 to 1892 and from 1895 to 1896. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the fourth Earl. He died without surviving male issue and was succeeded by his half-brother, the fifth Earl. He was a soldier and also served as President of the Medical Research Council between 1952 and 1960. His eldest son, the sixth Earl, was a successful businessman. Lord Limerick also served as Under-Secretary of State of Trade from 1972 to 1974 in the Conservative administration of Edward Heath. As of 2014, the titles are held by his son, the seventh Earl, who succeeded in 2003.

Another member of the Pery family was Edmund Pery, 1st Viscount Pery, Speaker of the Irish House of Commons from 1771 to 1785. He was the elder brother of the first Baron Glentworth.

Some heirs to the earldom have used the title Viscount Glentworth as a courtesy title (instead of the "real" title of Baron Glentworth), although there is no such peerage.

The family seat was Dromore Castle, near Pallaskenry, County Limerick.

Dongan Baronets, of Castletown (1623)

Sir Walter Dongan, 1st Baronet (died 1626)
Sir John Dongan, 2nd Baronet (died 1650)
Sir Walter Dongan, 3rd Baronet (died 1686)
Sir William Dongan, 4th Baronet (died 1698) (created Earl of Limerick in 1686)

Earls of Limerick, first creation (1686)
William Dongan, 1st Earl of Limerick (died 1698)
Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick (1634–1715)

Barons Glentworth (1790)
William Cecil Pery, 1st Baron Glentworth (1721–1794)
Edmund Henry Pery, 2nd Baron Glentworth (1758–1844) (created Earl of Limerick in 1803)

Viscount Limerick (1800); Earls of Limerick, second creation (1803)
Edmund Henry Pery, 1st Earl of Limerick (1758–1844)
William Henry Tennison Pery, 2nd Earl of Limerick (1812–1866)
William Hale John Charles Pery, 3rd Earl of Limerick (1840–1896)
William Henry Edmund de Vere Sheaffe Pery, 4th Earl of Limerick (1863–1929)
Edmond Colquhoun Pery, 5th Earl of Limerick (1888–1967)
Patrick Edmund Pery, 6th Earl of Limerick (1930–2003)
Edmund Christopher Pery, 7th Earl of Limerick (born 1963)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Felix Edmund Pery, Viscount Glentworth (born 1991).

Notes

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

External links

Noble titles created in 1803
Earldoms in the Peerage of Ireland
Noble titles created in 1686
Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of Ireland
Earl
Peerages created with special remainders
Earl
Earl
1686 establishments in Ireland

Earl of Limerick


Öjenik, kaba hâliyle ilk kez Platon tarafından ortaya atılmış, ancak modern anlamıyla ilk olarak Sir Francis Galton tarafından formüle edilmiş, sağlıksız ceninleri ayırıp sağlıklı ceninler yetiştirmenin yollarını arayan, bilimselliği tartışmalı bir toplumsal akım veya toplumsal felsefedir. Öjenik, Galton'un iyi doğan anlamında eski Yunancadan ürettiği bir kelimedir.

Tarihsel olarak öjenistler, aşağı olduğuna karar verilen insanları ve grupları dışlayarak veya üstün olduğuna karar verilenlerin üremesini teşvik ederek insan gen havuzlarını değiştirmeye çalışmışlardır.

Galton, Evrim teorisinin de etkisiyle, insandaki kalıtımla geçen özellikleri, farklı zihinsel yetenekleri ve kişisel karakteristikleri ölçerek bulmaya girişti. Öyle bir varsayımla hareket ediyordu ki, bireysel farklılıkları gösterebildiğinde, dolaylı olarak genetik etkeni de göstermiş olacağını sanıyordu.

Galton ve çağdaşı Wund'un insan işlevlerinin laboratuvarda ölçülebileceğini ileri süren öncü çabalarıyla, liberal siyaset felsefesinin kurucusu olarak kabul edilen John Locke'un duyumculuğunun bütün bilginin duyumlardan geldiği şeklindeki önermesi birleşince zekâyı ölçmeye çalışan psikologlar, daha çok bireyler arasındaki duyusal-motor farklılıklara yöneldiler. Zekâ farklılıklarını görme keskinliğinden, acıya karşı duyarlılığa, hatta avuç içindeki çizgilere kadar birçok etkenle açıklamaya çalıştılar.

Öjenik Uygarlık Çağı

20. yüzyılın ilk yarısında çok sayıda taraftar toplayan öjeni teorisi, sakat ve hasta insanların ayıklanması ve sağlıklı bireylerin çoğaltılması yoluyla bir insan ırkının "ıslah edilmesi" anlamına geliyordu. Öjeni teorisine göre, nasıl sağlıklı hayvanlar birbirleriyle çiftleştirilerek iyi hayvan cinsleri oluşturuluyorsa, bir insan ırkı da ıslah edilebilirdi.

Öjenik Uygarlık, yeryüzünde kendiliğinden sürmekte olan organik yaşamı doğal seyrinden kopararak, önceden belirlenen ihtiyaçlar doğrultusunda yeniden oluşturma çabası olarak ifade edilebilir.

Doğal olana antipatiyle yaklaşan Öjenik Uygarlık anlayışı, biyoteknolojinin insana ve tüm diğer canlı organizmalara yoğun olarak uygulanmasını savunmaktadır.

Avrupa'da

Öjeniyi Almanya'da ilk benimseyen ve yayan kişi ise, ünlü evrimsel biyolog Ernst Haeckel oldu. Haeckel, Darwin'in yakın bir dostu ve destekçisiydi.

Haeckel aynı zamanda öjenizm savunucusu idi. Bu uygulamayı Alman toplumu içerisinde yaygınlaştırmak için çeşitli propaganda faaliyetleri yürütüyordu. Fakat öjenik uygulamalar Alman toplumu içerisinde Naziler iktidara gelene kadar yaygın bir biçimde uygulanmadı. Naziler ise iktidara geldikten sonra çeşitli dönemlerde, çeşitli vesileler ile öjenik uygulamaların icra edilmesini sağladılar. Bu noktada bazı bilimci-yaratılışçı çevreler Haeckel'in fikirlerinin Nazilere miras kaldığını hiçbir delilleri olmadan iddia ediyor. Oysa Nazilerin ve Adolf Hitler'in öjenizm projesi Haeckel'in "öjenizm" anlayışından tamamen bağımsız bir biçimde ortaya çıkmış ve gelişmiştir. Tarih bize belgelerle ispat ediyor ki Naziler bilimselliğinden zerre kuşku duyulmasa da Haeckel'e ait bütün bilimsel teorileri reddetmiş ve Haeckel'in bütün görüşlerine istisnasız savaş açmıştı, Haeckel'in çalışmalarının yayınlanması da ciddi anlamda Naziler tarafından engellenmiştir. Nazilerin bizzat kendilerine ait olan makalelerde ve yayınlarda da "Partimiz ve temsilcileri Haeckel'in fikirlerini reddetmekte ve Haeckel'in her türlü araştırma ve eğitim faaliyetlerinin önüne geçilmesini savunmaktadır" tarzındaki birçok ifadeye rastlayabilirsiniz.

Benito Mussolini de İtalya'yı emperyalist ve faşist temeller üzerine oturtmak için aynı Öjenik kavramlardan ve iddialardan faydalandı.

1935 yılında Etiyopya'yı işgal ederek 1941 yılına kadar 15 bin insanı katlettirdi. Etiyopya işgalini, ırkçı görüşleriyle destekleyerek makul göstermekten de geri kalmadı. Mussolini'ye göre Etiyopyalılar siyah ırktan oldukları için aşağıydılar ve İtalyanlar gibi üstün bir ırk tarafından yönetilmek onlar için bir şeref olmalıydı.

1900'lü yıllarda Fransız hükûmeti, psikolog Alfred Binet'e zihinsel özürlü çocukları diğerlerinden ayırma görevi verdi.

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde
İlmî kanıtlarla desteklenen bir teori ve tam anlamıyla bilimsel olan evrimsel biyolojiyi, ırkçı ideoloji ile bağdaştıranların başında gelen Henry Fairfield Osborn, İnsan Irklarının Evrimi başlıklı bir makalesinde ortalama bir zencinin zekâ yaşı, Homo sapiens (günümüz insanı) türüne ait on bir yaşındaki bir çocuğun zekâsına ancak ulaşabilir diye yazıyordu.

Yakın zamanlarda öjenik ABD'de de uygulanmıştır.

1907'de Indiana eyaletinde kabul edilen bir kanunla zekâ özürlü, sağır ya da körler zorla kısırlaştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Benzer bir yasayı 1909'da Washington ve Kaliforniya eyaletleri kabul etmiştir. 1927'de Virginia eyaletinde zekâ özürlüler kısırlaştırılmışlardır. Yasa, Amerika'nın pek çok eyaletinde 1960 yıllarına kadar yürürlükte kalmıştır. Toplamda 67.000 insan kısırlaştırılmıştır.

Kaynakça
 Alaeddin Şenel, Irk ve Irkçılık Düşüncesi (The Idea of Race and Racism), Ankara:Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, 1993, p. 85-90
 G. Gürkan Öztan, "Türkiye'de Öjeni Düşüncesi ve Kadın", Toplum ve Bilim, sayı: 105, 2006
 G. Gürkan Öztan, "'İnsan Irkının Islahı': Öjeni Düşüncesi ve Soykırım", Dipnot Dergisi, sayı: 4, 2011
 Henry M. Morris, The Long War Against God, Baker Book House, 1989, p. 70,71
 K. Ludmerer., Eugenics, Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Edited by Mark Lappe, The Free Press, New York, p. 457, 1978; cited by Jerry Bergman, Darwinism and the Nazi Race Holocaust,
 G. Stein., Biological science and the roots of Nazism, American Scientist 76(1):p. 54, 1988; cited by Jerry Bergman, Darwinism and the Nazi Race Holocaust,
 Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, München: Verlag Franz Eher Nachfolger, 1993, p. 44, 447-448; cited by A.E. Wilder Smith, Man's Origin Man's Destiny, The Word For Today Publishing 1993, p. 163, 164

Dış bağlantılar
 Darwinism And The Nazi Race Holocaust (Trueorigin)
 Evrim'in Karanlık Yüzü: Öjeni (evrim ağacı)
 Öjenizm (Sızıntı dergisi)

İnsan evrimi

Öjenik


La calle Mouffetard, (en francés: rue Mouffetard) es una calle parisina situada en V Distrito de la ciudad.

Situada en el quinto distrito (cinquième arrondissement) de París, la calle Mouffetard es una de las calles más viejas y vivaces de la ciudad. Actualmente, en esta área, uno puede encontrar muchos restaurantes, tiendas y cafés, además de un mercado de víveres al aire libre. En el centro de ésta, se encuentra la plaza Contrescarpe, en el cruce con la calle de Lacapede. En su extremo sur, se encuentra Le Square Saint-Médard, donde se sitúa un mercado permanente. En su extremo norte, en el cruce de la rue Thouin, ésta se convierte en la rue Descartes. Se trata de una calle principalmente peatonal, cerrada al tráfico de vehículos, la mayor parte de la semana.

Orígenes del nombre
La calle Mouffetard se extiende por un costado de la montaña Santa Genoveva; colina que se llamaba "mont Cétarius" o "mont Cetardus" en la época romana: muchos historiadores consideran que "Mouffetard" es una derivación de este nombre preliminar. Durante siglos, la calle Mouffetard ha aparecido como calle Montfétard, Maufetard, Mofetard, Moufetard, Mouflard, Moufetard, Moftard, Mostard, y también calle Saint-Marcel, calle du Faubourg Saint-Marceau ("la calle del suburbio de Saint-Marceau") y la calle de la Vieille Ville de Saint-Marcel ("calle de la antigua aldea de Saint-Marcel").

Historia
Los orígenes de esta calle son antiguos ya que datan de la época neolítica. Al igual que las actuales calles: Galande, rue Lagrange, rue de la Montagne Sainte-Geneviève y la calle Descartes, que era una calzada romana que se deriva de un sendero romano en Rive Gauche, ciudad del sur de Italia.
Desde la Edad Media, una iglesia localizada en cierto punto de esta carretera se convirtió en centro de un "burgo de Saint-Médard" (Saint-Médard pueblo), y desde 1724, se integró en París como la principal arteria de la "Faubourg Saint Médard".
La zona se mantuvo relativamente estable debido a su ubicación en la colina de Santa Genoveva, que la protegía de la reurbanización del barón Haussmann durante el reinado de Napoleón III.

Referencias culturales
El área y la calle representan un lugar destacado en Trois Couleurs Krzysztof Kieślowski: Bleu (desde 1992).

Esta calle también es representada en episodio "La bruja de la calle Mouffetard" (La sorciére de la Rue Mouffetard, en francés), de la caricatura infantil francesa "Los cuentos de la calle Broca", basado en el cuento homónimo de la antología de cuentos "Los cuentos de la calle Broca", del escritor y cuentista francés Pierre Gripari.

Bibliografía
 Hillairet, Jacques (22 de abril de 2005). Connaissance du Vieux Paris. Rivages. ISBN 2-86930-648-2.

Enlaces externos

Mouffetard
Mouffetard
Mouffetard

Rue Mouffetard


චාවකච්චේරි ( Cāvakaccēri,  Jāvakachchēri) යනු,  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උතුරු පළාතේ,  යාපනය දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, යාපනය අර්ධද්වීපයෙහි පිහිටි විශාල සුළු නගරයකි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

චාවකච්චේරි


Andromeda I este o galaxie pitică sferoidală. A fost descoperită de către Sidney van den Bergh în 1970, în același timp cu galaxiile Andromeda II, Andromeda III și Andromeda IV.

Aflată la distanța de  de ani-lumină, Andromeda I se situează la  de Galaxia Andromeda, a cărei galaxie satelit este.

Note

Legături externe
 Date de la SEDS pe

Vezi și
 Clasificarea galaxiilor
 Grupul Local

Galaxii pitice sferoidale
Grupul Local
Constelația Andromeda
Galaxii peculiare
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1970
Obiecte PGC

Andromeda I


Baileys Irish Cream (tescilli marka üstten virgül içermemektedir) likör tabanlı bir İrlanda viskisi ve kremasıdır. R. J. Bailey & Co. tarafından İrlanda, Dublin'de üretilmekte olup, hacmen %17 alkol içermektedir.

Baileys, "Uluslararası Damıtıcı ve Şarap Tüccarları" (İngilizce: International Distillers and Vintners) ve bir yeni ürün geliştirme firması olan I&D mensubu bir topluluk tarafından yaratılmıştır.
Baileys'in arkasındaki esas isimler, Tom Jago ve David Gluckman, halen Jago's Cream Liqueur gibi başarılı içecekler yaratmaktadır. Baileys İrlanda viskisinin, krema ve kahve aromaları ile harmanlanmasıyla üretilmektedir. İçkinin badem ve fındık aromasıyla, zengin, pürüzsüz ve
tatlı bir tadı vardır.

Baileys'in isim hakkı günümüzde Diageo firmasına aittir.

26 Kasım 1974'te piyasaya sürülen Baileys'in, ilk kremalı likör olduğu iddia edilmektedir. Bu iddiaya karşı çıkanların sayısı çoktur, ama içki piyasaya çıkar çıkmaz birçok taklidinin yapıldığı da bir gerçektir.

2003'te, Bailey & Co., Baileys Glide adlı daha az tatlı ve hacmen %4 alkol içeren bir ürünü, sıkılıkla içki tüketen kişiler pazarını hedefleyerek, piyasaya sürdü.

2005'te, orijinalindeki gibi hacmen %17 alkol içeren çikolata aromalı Baileys çeşidi piyasaya sürüldü.

2006'da, krem karamel aromalı Baileys çeşidi piyasaya sürüldü.

Ünlü kokteyleri
 Sex On the Beach
 Cin Tonic
 Mılk and Malibu
 Viski Vodka and Energy Drink
 Tequlia and tomatoes juıce

Kaynakça
 Adams Beverage Group, Beverage Dynamics (Ocak/Şubat 2006), s. 42
 Baileys resmi internet sitesi
 Jago's A Cream Liqueur

Likörler

Baileys Irish Cream


37609 LaVelle este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
37609 LaVelle este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar de Carolyn S. Shoemaker și Eugene M. Shoemaker. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,56 ua, o excentricitate de 0,16 și o înclinație de 8,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 37001-38000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1992
Centura de asteroizi

37609 LaVelle


Les nerfs petits palatins ( nerf palatin postérieur et nerf palatin moyen) sont des branches terminales du nerf maxillaire.

Ils descendent par le canal grand palatin et émerge par le petit foramen palatin.

Ils innervent le palais mou, les amygdales et la luette.

Ils donnent également des branches nasales qui innervent la cavité nasale.

Notes et références

petit palatin

Nerf petit palatin


Ne gledaj mi u pijat debitantski je film redateljice i scenaristice Hane Jušić, premijerno prikazan 2016. godine na 73. Venecijanskom filmskom festivalu u natjecateljskom programu "Dani autora" (tal. Giornate degli Autori) gdje je i osvojio nagradu FEDEORA-e za najbolji europski film.
Na filmskom festivalu u Puli film je osvojio Zlatnu arenu za režiju (Hana Jušić), Zlatnu arenu za najbolju glavnu žensku ulogu (Mia Petričević), Zlatnu arenu za najbolju sporednu žensku ulogu (Arijana Čulina), Zlatnu arenu za kostimografiju (Katarina Pilić), Nagradu Oktavijan i Priznanje ocjenjivačkog suda Mladi Filmofili za najbolji hrvatski dugometražni film.

Uloge
 Mia Petričević kao Marijana
 Nikša Butijer kao Zoran
 Arijana Čulina kao Vjera
 Zlatko Burić kao Lazo
 Karla Brbić kao Anđela

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

www.kinorama.hr – Ne gledaj mi u pijat
Hrvatski audiovizualni centar – Ne gledaj mi u pijat

Hrvatski filmovi 2010-ih

Ne gledaj mi u pijat (2016.)