Steven Ross Purcell (born October 1, 1961) is an American cartoonist, animator, game designer and voice actor. He is the creator of the media franchise Sam & Max, for which Purcell received an Eisner Award in 2007. The series has grown to incorporate an animated television series and several video games.

A graduate of the California College of Arts and Craft, Purcell began his career creating comic strips for the college newsletter. He performed freelance work for Marvel Comics and Fishwrap Productions before publishing his first Sam & Max comic in 1987. Purcell was hired by LucasArts as an artist and animator in 1988 and worked on several LucasArts adventure games, including the first three Monkey Island games,  Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade and Sam & Max Hit the Road.

Purcell collaborated with Nelvana to create a Sam & Max television series in 1997, and briefly worked as an animator for Industrial Light & Magic after leaving LucasArts.

Career

Early career
Purcell entered into a career with comic books while an undergraduate at the California College of the Arts in 1980; he produced comic strips for the weekly newsletter. These strips featured Sam and Max, an anthropomorphic dog and rabbit duo who work as vigilantes and private investigators; Purcell drew the first strip the night before the deadline. Following his graduation in 1982, Purcell became involved in freelance illustration, working briefly for Marvel Comics, Chaosium, and on Steven Moncuse's Fish Police series. Moncuse approached Purcell about the possibility of another comic book series to accompany his well-performing Fish Police series in 1987. Purcell agreed, and wrote his first feature-length comic using the characters of Sam and Max. The 32-page comic was published by Fishwrap Productions in 1987. The comic contained two Sam & Max stories: "Monkeys Violating the Heavenly Temple", a name that Purcell found on a firework and thought was appropriate; and "Night of the Gilded Heron-Shark". Purcell published a further story in a 1987 issue of Critters titled "Night of the Cringing Wildebeest". These three stories established the basics for Purcell's future work with the characters.

LucasArts
Purcell was hired by LucasArts, then known as Lucasfilm Games, as an animator in 1988, but was subsequently laid off when the project he was working on was canceled. He was rehired to produce art for the graphic adventure game Zak McKracken and the Alien Mindbenders. Purcell was later commissioned to create the cover artwork for Maniac Mansion and the first two Monkey Island games and researched into whips for the adventure game version of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. He worked with animation in several LucasArts adventure games, published three more Sam & Max comic books during this time, and began creating brief comic strips for LucasArts' quarterly newsletter, The Adventurer. The characters eventually became involved as training material for LucasArts programmers working with SCUMM, the core game engine used by LucasArts adventure games; Purcell created versions of Sam and Max in their office for new programmers under Ron Gilbert to practice on. References to the characters were occasionally made in unrelated LucasArts adventure games as a clandestine appearance in backgrounds. Purcell wrote the six-issue comic book series Defenders of Dynatron City for Marvel Comics in 1992.

After a positive reaction to the Sam & Max strips in The Adventurer and wanting to expand into other franchises following Maniac Mansion and Monkey Island, LucasArts offered to create a graphic adventure game on the characters in 1992. Sam & Max Hit the Road was conceived and developed by a small team headed by Purcell, Sean Clark, Michael Stemmle and Collette Michaud. Purcell decided to base the game on one of his earlier Sam & Max stories, the 1988 story "On The Road". In 1995, Purcell combined all published Sam & Max printed media into a 154-page paperback compilation titled Sam & Max: Surfin' the Highway. After producing the cover art for Herc's Adventures and concept art for The Curse of Monkey Island, Purcell left LucasArts.

Later work
Purcell joined with story editor Dan Smith from Canadian studio Nelvana to create an animated television series of Sam & Max in 1996. The result was the 1997 series The Adventures of Sam & Max: Freelance Police, broadcast on Fox Kids in the United States, YTV in Canada and Channel 4 in the United Kingdom. Purcell wrote the jokes for each installment of the 24-episode series, and wrote the scripts for four episodes. Despite the violence and profanity common in the Sam & Max franchise having been toned down due to the target audience of children, Purcell was content that the characters maintained their moral ambiguity. Some parent groups in the United States attempted to have the series pulled from networks due to content issues; Purcell was pleased that they "had managed to ruffle some feathers along the way". Two Sam & Max comic strips appeared in Fox's Totally Fox Kids Magazine in 1998 to accompany the series; other Sam & Max strips appeared in Wizard and Oni Double Feature. During the development of the television series in 1997, Purcell co-authored and illustrated the Hellboy Christmas Special with Mike Mignola and Gary Gianni. After the conclusion of the Sam & Max animated series, Purcell was briefly employed by Industrial Light & Magic to work on digital effects for a film version of Frankenstein. Despite his work, the project was canceled; Purcell believes that some of the development work morphed into ILM's contributions to Van Helsing. While at ILM, Purcell was involved in a project to create an animated film based on Monkey Island; while the project did not reach fruition, Purcell began posting concept art he had produced for the film on his personal blog several years after.

Pixar and Telltale Games
After the brief stint at ILM, Purcell moved to Pixar. Despite being employed by Pixar, Purcell acted as an advisor in the development of Sam & Max: Freelance Police, a sequel to Sam & Max Hit the Road that began development in 2002 under LucasArts. Purcell provided Michael Stemmle's development team with concept art and assisted in the creation of the game's plot. Despite its smoothly proceeding development, LucasArts abruptly canceled the project in March 2004. Purcell was unable to understand why development halted; he described himself as "frustrated and disappointed" at the decision.

In 2005, LucasArt's license with Purcell that gave them the right to produce games based on the Sam & Max franchise expired; this allowed Purcell to take the franchise to Telltale Games, a new company formed by members of Stemmle's development team. A new episodic series of Sam & Max games, Sam & Max Save the World, was announced. Purcell's work on the new game series encompassed design and writing, as well as the design of the game's cover art; despite his work, Purcell described it as "minimal" due to the effectiveness of the team. At the same time, Purcell began a Sam & Max webcomic hosted on the Telltale Games website. The webcomic ran for twelve issues, and it earned Purcell an Eisner Award for "Best Digital Comic" when the comic finished its run in 2007. Purcell assisted with design and writing when Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space began development in 2007. Through Telltale Games, he released two sketchbooks of his Sam & Max work and a 20th anniversary edition of Sam & Max: Surfin' the Highway in 2008. Purcell later painted the cover art for Telltale's Tales of Monkey Island.

At Pixar's story development department, Purcell contributed screenplay material and voice work for the 2006 film Cars, and designed the character of the Screamin' Banshee in the short Mater and the Ghostlight. Providing scripts and voice work for three games based on Cars, Purcell became involved with THQ's video game adaptations of Pixar films. Purcell was credited for involvement with Pixar's 2007 film Ratatouille; he provided the voice for the character of Carl in George & A.J.—a 2009 short based on the film Up. Purcell was key for Pixar's 2012 film Brave, co-directing the film alongside Brenda Chapman and Mark Andrews in addition to providing work for the screenplay; Brave constituted Purcell's biggest role in a Pixar project to date.

In 2014, Purcell wrote and directed the Pixar Christmas special Toy Story That Time Forgot which aired on ABC on December 2, 2014. Purcell is not considering the possibility of Pixar adapting Sam & Max into a film, as the characters' moral ambiguity is inconsistent with traditional Pixar stories. Purcell was among 75 Pixar employees laid off by The Walt Disney Company as part of an ongoing company-wide restructuring.

Personal life
Purcell grew up in California, where he still resides. In a 2000 interview, Purcell said that he had been drawing all his life, and that he still possesses drawings from when he was three years old. Noting that his line of creative work depends entirely on things one learns, Purcell describes himself as an "average" student at school, but wishing that he had tried harder at some classes. After studying film-making courses at junior college, Purcell enrolled in the California College of the Arts to read fine art; he now holds a bachelor's degree there. Purcell befriended Mike Mignola, and later Art Adams while at the college. Citing the Marx Brothers, Peter Sellers and Monty Python as among his interests, he says that he is inspired by "creative people who have made their seemingly most self-indulgent artistic whims into a career". During the development of Sam & Max Hit the Road in 1993, Purcell married fellow lead designer Collette Michaud; the wedding cake was topped with figurines of Sam and Max as a bride and groom. Purcell has two sons.

The characters of Sam and Max were created in Purcell's youth; Purcell's younger brother Dave originally came up with several comics around the idea of a dog and rabbit detective duo. Dave would often leave unfinished comics around the house. Deliberately making the characters mix up each other's names, shoot at each other and mock the way in which they had been drawn, Steve, in a case of sibling rivalry, would sometimes finish the stories in parodies of their original form. This developed from Steve mocking his brother's to the creation of his own stories with the characters. In the late 1970s, Dave Purcell gave Steve the rights to the characters; he signed them over in a contract on Steve's birthday and allowed him to develop the characters in his own way. Purcell believes that his younger brother has recovered and forgiven him from their earlier years. Having kept one as a pet in his youth, Purcell has an interest in rats, which are commonly featured in his artistic work.

Credited works

Films

Shorts

Television

Bibliography

 Amazing High Adventure (1984) – cover artwork
 Different Worlds #33, #35, #36 and #37 (1984) – cover artwork
 New Mutants #43 (1986) – pencils
 Fish Police #6 (1987) – pencils
 Fish Police #7 (1987) –  pencils, inks and letters
 Fish Police #9 (1987) – pencils and inks
 Alpha Flight #47 (1987) – pencils
 Sam & Max: Freelance Police special edition (1987)
 Critters #19: Sam & Max in "Night of the Cringing Wildebeest" (1987)
 Tournament of Dreams (1987) – cover artwork
 RuneQuest (1987–88) – cover artwork
 Gumby's Winter Fun Special (1988) – writing
 GrimJack #52: Sam & Max in "Fair Wind to Java" (1988)
 Sam & Max: Freelance Police special (1989)
 Critters #50: Sam & Max in "The Damned Don't Dance" (1990)
 Marvel Comics Presents #41: "Wolverine" (1990) – pencils and inks
 Sam & Max: Freelance Police: "Bad Day on the Moon" (1992)
 Sam & Max: Freelance Police special color edition (1992)
 Fast Forward #3 (1992) – pencils, inks and color
 Defenders of Dynatron City (1992)
 The Collected Sam & Max: Surfin' The Highway (1995)
 Dark Horse Presents #107: "Rusty Razorclam, President of Neptune" (1996) – writing
 Hellboy Christmas Special (1997) – writing, pencils, ink and color
 Wizard: Sam & Max in "Belly of the Beast" (1997)
 Oni Double Feature #10: Sam & Max in "Skeptical Investigators" (1998)
 Totally Fox Kids Magazine #10: Sam & Max in "Something's Not Right Here" (1998)
 Totally Fox Kids Magazine #31: Sam & Max in "Action Figure Surgery" (1998)
 Batman Villains Secret Files and Origins #1: "If A Man Be Clay!" (2005)
 Sam & Max: The Big Sleep (2005–2007)
 The Age of S&M (2006)
 The Effigy Mound (2007)
 Sam & Max: Surfin' The Highway anniversary edition (2008)
 Brave: One Perfect Day (2012)

Video games

 Zak McKracken and the Alien Mindbenders (1988) – artwork
 Their Finest Hour (1989) – testing
 Pipe Dream (1989) – artwork
 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure (1989) – animation, artwork and whip research
 Maniac Mansion (1987) – artwork
 Loom (1990) – animation, graphics and artwork
 The Secret of Monkey Island (1990) – graphics and artwork
 Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge (1991) – animation, graphics and artwork
 ToeJam & Earl (1991) – Original concept art Character Designs
 Zombies Ate My Neighbors (1993) – artwork
 ToeJam & Earl in Panic on Funkotron (1993) – Original concept art Character Designs
 Sam & Max Hit the Road (1993) – design, graphics and artwork
 The Horde (1994) – artwork
 Mortimer and the Riddles of the Medallion (1996) – artwork
 Herc's Adventures (1997) – artwork
 The Curse of Monkey Island (1997) – artwork
 Cars (2006) – writing and additional voices
 Cars: Radiator Springs Adventures (2006) – writing and additional voices
 Cars Mater-National Championship (2007) – writing and additional voices
 Sam & Max Save the World (2006–2007) – writing and design
 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space (2007–2008) – writing and design
 Tales of Monkey Island (2009) – artwork
 Sam & Max: The Devil's Playhouse (2010) – artwork
 Sam & Max: This Time It's Virtual (2020) – writing and design and the voice of Duncan Dills

References

External links

1961 births
21st-century American screenwriters
American comics artists
American comics writers
American film directors
American male voice actors
American male screenwriters
American video game designers
American webcomic creators
Place of birth missing (living people)
Animators from California
California College of the Arts alumni
Living people
Lucasfilm people
Role-playing game artists
Pixar people
Screenwriters from California
21st-century American male writers

Steve Purcell


Ellen Larsen (født 27. september 1912 i København; død 11. marts 1991) var dommer samt styrelsesmedlem i Den Danske Forening.

Ellen Larsen var datter af købmand Christian Larsen og hustru Olga, f. Andersen.

Hun blev student i Gentofte i 1931 og blev cand.jur. fra Københavns Universitet i 1939. I 1941 blev hun sekretær ved Københavns Byret og fuldmægtig i 1946. Hun blev konstitueret dommer i Østre Landsret og Københavns Byret 1952-1955. I 1955 dommer i Københavns Byret, 1965 i Frederiksberg Birkerets 2. afdeling, og 1966-1979 i Frederiksberg Birkerets 1. afdeling.

Hun var styrelsesmedlem i Den Danske Forening 1987-1991. Sammen med overtoldvagtmester Georg Schjørmann havde hun indkaldt til et indledende møde på Hotel Admiralen i København den 7. oktober 1986, hvortil var indbudt læserbrevsskribenter, der var modstandere af den liberale flygtningepolitik.

Christian Larsen & Dommer Ellen Larsens Legat støtter forskning i blære- og infektionssygdomme.

Ellen Larsen var Ridder af Dannebrog.

Referencer

Jurister fra Danmark
Dommere fra Danmark
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog (afdøde)

Ellen Larsen


This following is a current list of the chancellors, vice-chancellors and visitors of universities in the United Kingdom. In most cases, the chancellor is a ceremonial head, while the vice-chancellor is chief academic officer and chief executive.

In Scotland, the principal is the chief executive and is usually ex officio vice-chancellor, which is a purely titular position.

Long service
Since the development of the university sector in the UK there have been several hundred individuals appointed to the role of Vice-Chancellor (or Director, President, Principal). A small number of Vice-Chancellors have served in this capacity for 15 years or more, with some portion of this time in office as a Vice-Chancellor in the UK. They include:

47 Years: George Baird (Edinburgh 1793-1840);

43 Years: Sir Henry Reichel (Bangor 1884-1927);

36 Years: George Campbell (Aberdeen 1759-95);

35 Years: Duncan Macfarlan(Glasgow 1823-58), John Mackay (Dundee 1895-1930);

34 Years: Hector Boece (Aberdeen 1500-34), Sir Hector Hetherington GBE (Glasgow 1936-61 Liverpool 1927-36);

33 Years: Neil Campbell (Glasgow 1728-61);

31 Years: Sir James Irvine (St Andrews 1921-52), Sir Emrys Evans (Bangor 1927-58);

30 Years: Patrick Sharp (Glasgow 1585-1615), William Robertson (Edinburgh 1762-92);

29 Years: John Adamson (Edinburgh 1623-1652), Sir James Donaldson (St Andrews 1886-1915);

28 Years: Charles Thorp (Durham 1834-1862), Thomas Roberts (Aberystwyth 1891-1919), Arthur Lowie (Heriot-Watt 1900-28), Ellen Charlotte Higgins (RHC 1907-35);

27 Years: John Stirling (Glasgow 1701-28);

26 Years: George Smith (Aberdeen 1909-35), Sir Charles Evans (Bangor 1958-1984), Michael Driscoll (Taylor's 2015-ff Middlesex 1996-2015);

25 Years: John Strang (Glasgow 1626-51), William Lake (Durham 1844-69), John Caird (Glasgow 1873-98), John Murray (Exeter 1926-51), Sir Albert Sloman (Essex 1962-51), Sir Aubrey Trotman-Dickenson(Cardiff 1968-93);

24 Years: William Leechman Glasgow 1761-85), Sir William Halliday (KCL 1928-52);

22 Years: Edward Wright (Glasgow 1662-84), Sir David Brewster (St Andrews 1837-59), Dame Margaret Tuke (Bedford 1907-29), James Smail OBE (Heriot-Watt 1928-50), Baron Stopford (Manchester 1934-56);

21 Years: Henry Charteris (Edinburgh 1599-1620), Sir Edward Ross (SOAS 1916-37), Geraldine Jebb CBE (Bedford 1930-51), Bill Bevan CBE (Cardiff 1966-87), Tim Wheeler (Chester 1998-2019);

20 Years: William Taylor (Glasgow 1803-23), Sir John LeFevre (London 1842-62), Sir Donald MacAlister KCB (Glasgow 1909-29), Sir Frederick Rees (Cardiff 1929-49), Sir Alexander Carr-Saunders (London 1937-57), Sir Philip Morris (Bristol 1946-66), Sir Robert Aitken (Birmingham 1953-68 Otago 1948-53), Baron Butterworth (Warwick 1965-85), John Watson (St Andrews 1966-86), Sir Cyril Philips (SOAS 1956-76), Sir Graeme Davies (London 2003-10 Glasgow 1995-2003 Liverpool 1986-91), Sir Colin Campbell (Nottingham 1988-2008), Sir Timothy O'Shea (Edinburgh 2002-18 Birkbeck 1998-2002);

19 Years: John Lee (Edinburgh 1840-59), Thomas Edmonds (Aberwystwyth 1872-91), Sir Oliver Lodge (Birmingham 1900-19), Sir Ralph Turner (SOAS 1937-56), Frank Thistlethwaite CBE (East Anglia 1961-80), Sir Fraser Noble (Aberdeen 1976-81 Leicester 1962-76), Baron Chilver (Cranfield 1970-89), Raymond Rickett (Middlesex 1972-91), Anthony Kelly CBE (Surrey 1975-94), Sir Michael Stirling (Birmingham 201-09 Brunel 1990-2001), Alan Gilbert AO (Manchester 2004-10 Melbourne 1996-2004 Tasmania 1991-96), Paul Wellings CBE (Wollongong 2012-21 Lancaster 2002-12), Gerald Pillay OBE (Liverpool Hope 2003-22), David Green CBE (Worcester 2003-ff), David Latchman CBE (Birkbeck 2003-ff);

18 Years: William Wishart (secundus) (Edinburgh 1736-54), Archibald Davidson (Glasgow 1785-1803), John Jones (Cardiff 1883-1901), Sir William Muir KCSI (Edinburgh 1885-1903), William Beveridge (LSE 1919-37), Sir Raymond Priestley (Birmingham 1938-52 Melbourne 1934-38), Ifor Evans (Aberwystwyth 1934-52), Sir James Mountford (Liverpool 1945-63), Sir Steve Smith (Exeter 2002-20);

17 Years: Sir Alexander Grant (Edinburgh 1868-85), Ernest Griffiths (Cardiff 1901-18), Sir Franklin Sibly (Reading 1929-46), Edith Batho (RHC 1945-62), Bertrand Hallward (Nottingham 1948-65), Sir Edward Appleton GBIE KCB (Edinburgh 1948-65), Anthony Steel OBE (Cardiff 1949-66), Hugh Nisbet CBE (Heriot-Watt 1950-67), Sir Derman Christopherson (Durham 1961-78), Geoffrey Templeman CBE (Kent 1963-80), Sir Samuel Curran (Strathclyde 1964-81), Brian Flowers (London 1985-90 Imperial 1973-85), Geoffrey Sim OBE (Sheffield 1974-91), Baron Sutherland (Edinburgh 1994-2002, London 1990-94, KCL 1985-90), Sir Martin Harris (Manchester 1992-04, Essex 1987-92), Tessa Blackstone (Greenwich 2004-11 Birkbeck 1987-97), Frank Hartley (Cranfield 1989-2006), Dame Glynis Breakwell DBE (Bath 2001-18), Brian Cantor CBE (Bradford 2013-19 York 2002-13), Sir Michael Arthur (UCL 2013-21 Leeds 2004-13), Sir Peter Gregson (Cranfield 2013-21 Queens Belfast 2004-13), George Holmes (Bolton 2005-ff);

16 Years: Sir Alfred Dale (Liverpool 1903-1919), Sir Peter Noble (KCL 1952-68), Sir Charles Carter (Lancaster 1964-80), Frederick Crawford (Aston 1980-96), Sir Michael Thompson (Birmingham 1987-96 East Anglia 1980-86), Sir John Kingman (Bristol 1985-2001), Sir Adrian Smith (London 2012-18 QMC 1998-2008), Sir Alan Langlands (Leeds 2013-20 Dundee 2000-09), Calie Pistorius (Hull 2009-17 Pretoria 2001-09), Sir David Eastwood (Birmingham 2009-21 East Anglia 2002-06), Richard Davies (Swansea 2003-19), Alice Gast (Imperial 2014-22 Lehigh 2006-14), John Cater CBE (Edge Hill 2006-ff);

15 Years: Duncan Bunch (Glasgow 1460-75), Richard Jeff (KCL 1843-68), Elizabeth Reid (Bedford 1849-64), Thomas Barley (Glasgow 1858-73), Alfred Barry (KCL 1868-83), Thomas Hamilton (Queens Belfast 1908-23), Sir Charles Robertson (Birmingham 1923-38), Sir Thomas Holland KCSI KCIE (Edinburgh 1929-44), Sir Irvine Masson (Sheffield 1938-53), Baron Morris (Leeds 1948-63), Sir Sydney Caine KCMG (LSE 1957-67 Malaya 1952-57), Sir Robert Aiken (Birmingham 1953-68), Sir Charles Wilson (Glasgow 1961-76), Sir Alec Merrison (Bristol 1969-84), Sir David Harrison CBE (Exeter 1984-94 Keele 1979-84), Sir Howard Newby CBE (Liverpool 2008-14 West England 2006-08 Southampton 1994-2001), Brenda Gourley (Open 2002-09 Kwa-Zulu Natal 1994-2002), Dame Janet Finch DBE (Keele 1995-2010), Malcolm McVicar (UCLAN 1998-13), David VandeLinde (Warwick 2001-06 Bath 1992-2001), Steven Schwartz AM (Macquarie 2006-11 Brunel 2002-06 Murdoch 1996-2002), Frank Morgan OBE (Bath Spa 1997-2012), Sir Bob Burgess (Leicester 1999-2014), Paul O'Prey CBE (Roehampton 2004-19), Dame Janet Beer DBE (Liverpool 2015-22 Oxford Brooks 2007-15), Hugh Brady (Imperial 2022-ff Bristol 2015-22 UCD 2004-13), Colin Riordan (Cardiff 2012-ff Essex 2007-12).

italics: Driscoll, Green, Latchman, Holmes, Cater, Brady and Riordan are currently in office (as at September 2022).

See also
Lists of university leaders
List of vice-chancellors of the University of Cambridge
List of vice-chancellors of the University of Oxford
List of vice-chancellors of the University of London
List of vice-chancellors of the University of Wales, Lampeter

References

University Chancellors and Vice-Chancellors

United Kingdom
British

List of chancellors and vice-chancellors of British universities


Livsfare - Miner er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1946 instrueret af Ole Palsbo efter eget manuskript.
Filmen omhandler minerydningsarbejdet i Danmark efter 2. Verdenskrig.

Handling
Tyske sprængkommandoer under dansk og engelsk ledelse fjerner og uskadeliggør de tyske landminer fra dansk jord. Man ser bl.a., hvordan de tyske soldater marcherer gennem det ryddede felt for at kontrollere.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danmark under 2. verdenskrig
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1946
Landminer

Livsfare - Miner


Arremon es un género de aves paseriformes de la familia Passerellidae, conocidos vulgarmente como cerqueros, cuyos miembros habitan en el neotrópico: Sudamérica, Centroamérica y México.

Lista de especies
Según la clasificación del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (versión 2.9, 2011) este género está formado por las siguientes especies:
 Arremon taciturnus - cerquero pectoral;
 Arremon semitorquatus - cerquero semiacollarado;
 Arremon franciscanus - cerquero franciscano;
 Arremon flavirostris - cerquero piquiamarillo;
 Arremon aurantiirostris - cerquero piquinaranja;
 Arremon schlegeli - cerquero alidorado;
 Arremon abeillei - cerquero coroninegro;
 Arremon brunneinucha - cerquero coronicastaño;
 Arremon virenticeps - cerquero verdilistado;
 Arremon atricapillus - cerquero cabecinegro;
 Arremon costaricensis - cerquero costarricense;
 Arremon torquatus - cerquero cabecilistado;
 Arremon basilicus - cerquero de Bangs;
 Arremon perijanus - cerquero de Perijá;
 Arremon assimilis - cerquero picofino;
 Arremon phaeopleurus - cerquero de Sclater;
 Arremon phygas - cerquero de Berlepsch;
 Arremon crassirostris - cerquero carisucio;
 Arremon castaneiceps - cerquero capirrufo.

Este género incluye ahora especies tradicionalmente colocadas en los géneros Buarremon y Lysurus.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Géneros de aves
Taxones descritos por Louis Pierre Vieillot

Arremon


La Ruta Estatal de Arizona 386, y abreviada SR 386 (en inglés: Arizona State Route 386) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Arizona. La carretera inicia en el sur desde cCerca del Observatorio Nacional de Kitt Peak hacia el norte en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 19,1 km (11.88 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta Estatal de Arizona 386 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Arizona por sus siglas en inglés ADOT.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de ADOT

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Arizona

Ruta Estatal de Arizona 386


Aegiphila, rod drveća i grmova iz porodice Lamiaceae raširen od Meksika i Floride na jug do Urugvaja i sjeverne Argentine. Postoji 141 priznata vrsta, a tipična je A. martinicensis.

Rod je opisan 1767

Vrste

 Aegiphila aculeifera Moldenke
 Aegiphila alba Moldenke
 Aegiphila anomala Pittier
 Aegiphila aracaensis Aymard & Cuello
 Aegiphila arcta Moldenke
 Aegiphila australis Moldenke
 Aegiphila bogotensis (Spreng.) Moldenke
 Aegiphila boliviana Moldenke
 Aegiphila brachiata Vell.
 Aegiphila bracteolosa Moldenke
 Aegiphila brenesii Hammel
 Aegiphila buchtienii Moldenke
 Aegiphila capitata Moldenke
 Aegiphila casseliiformis Schauer
 Aegiphila catatumbensis Moldenke
 Aegiphila caucensis Moldenke
 Aegiphila caymanensis Moldenke
 Aegiphila cephalophora Standl.
 Aegiphila conturbata Moldenke
 Aegiphila cordata Poepp.
 Aegiphila cordifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Moldenke
 Aegiphila coriacea Moldenke
 Aegiphila costaricensis Moldenke
 Aegiphila cuatrecasasii Moldenke
 Aegiphila cuneata Moldenke
 Aegiphila dentata Moldenke
 Aegiphila deppeana Steud.
 Aegiphila duckei Moldenke
 Aegiphila elata Sw.
 Aegiphila elegans Moldenke
 Aegiphila elongata Moldenke
 Aegiphila exiguiflora Moldenke
 Aegiphila falcata Donn.Sm.
 Aegiphila farinosa Moldenke
 Aegiphila fasciculata Donn.Sm.
 Aegiphila fendleri Moldenke
 Aegiphila ferruginea Hayek & Spruce
 Aegiphila filipes Mart. & Schauer
 Aegiphila floribunda Moritz & Moldenke
 Aegiphila fluminensis Vell.
 Aegiphila foetida Sw.
 Aegiphila froesii Moldenke
 Aegiphila glabrata Moldenke
 Aegiphila glomerata Benth.
 Aegiphila gloriosa Moldenke
 Aegiphila goeldiana Huber & Moldenke
 Aegiphila goudotiana Moldenke
 Aegiphila grandis Moldenke
 Aegiphila graveolens Mart. & Schauer
 Aegiphila hastingsiana Moldenke
 Aegiphila herzogii Moldenke
 Aegiphila hirsuta Moldenke
 Aegiphila hirsutissima Moldenke
 Aegiphila hoehnei Moldenke
 Aegiphila hystricina Aymard & Cuello
 Aegiphila insignis Moldenke
 Aegiphila integrifolia (Jacq.) B.D.Jacks.
 Aegiphila intermedia Moldenke
 Aegiphila killipii Moldenke
 Aegiphila laeta Kunth
 Aegiphila laevis (Aubl.) J.F.Gmel.
 Aegiphila lanata Moldenke
 Aegiphila laxiflora Benth.
 Aegiphila lehmannii Moldenke
 Aegiphila lewisiana Moldenke
 Aegiphila longifolia Turcz.
 Aegiphila longipetiolata Moldenke
 Aegiphila lopez-palacii Moldenke
 Aegiphila loretensis Moldenke
 Aegiphila luschnathii Schauer
 Aegiphila macrantha Ducke
 Aegiphila martinicensis Jacq.
 Aegiphila mediterranea Vell.
 Aegiphila medullosa Moldenke
 Aegiphila membranacea Turcz.
 Aegiphila microcalycina Moldenke
 Aegiphila minasensis Moldenke
 Aegiphila moldenkeana López-Pal.
 Aegiphila mollis Kunth
 Aegiphila monstrosa Moldenke
 Aegiphila montana Moldenke
 Aegiphila monticola Moldenke
 Aegiphila mortonii Moldenke
 Aegiphila multiflora Ruiz & Pav.
 Aegiphila narinensis Rueda
 Aegiphila nervosa Urb.
 Aegiphila novofrifurgensis Moldenke
 Aegiphila novogranatensis Moldenke
 Aegiphila obducta Vell.
 Aegiphila obovata Andrews
 Aegiphila obtusa Urb.
 Aegiphila odontophylla Donn.Sm.
 Aegiphila ovata Moldenke
 Aegiphila panamensis Moldenke
 Aegiphila paraguariensis Briq.
 Aegiphila pauciflora Standl.
 Aegiphila pavoniana Moldenke
 Aegiphila pennellii Moldenke
 Aegiphila pernambucensis Moldenke
 Aegiphila perplexa Moldenke
 Aegiphila peruviana Turcz.
 Aegiphila plicata Urb.
 Aegiphila pulcherrima Moldenke
 Aegiphila purpurascens Moldenke
 Aegiphila quararibeana Rueda
 Aegiphila quinduensis (Kunth) Moldenke
 Aegiphila racemosa Vell.
 Aegiphila riedeliana Schauer
 Aegiphila rimbachii Moldenke
 Aegiphila roraimensis Moldenke
 Aegiphila saltensis Legname
 Aegiphila salticola Moldenke
 Aegiphila scandens Moldenke
 Aegiphila schimpffii Moldenke
 Aegiphila skutchii Moldenke
 Aegiphila smithii Moldenke
 Aegiphila sordida Moldenke
 Aegiphila spicata (Rusby) Moldenke
 Aegiphila spruceana Moldenke
 Aegiphila standleyi Moldenke
 Aegiphila steinbachii Moldenke
 Aegiphila sufflava Moldenke
 Aegiphila swartziana Urb.
 Aegiphila sylvatica Moldenke
 Aegiphila ternifolia (Kunth) Moldenke
 Aegiphila trifida Sw.
 Aegiphila triflora Moldenke
 Aegiphila truncata Moldenke
 Aegiphila uasadiana J.R.Grande
 Aegiphila ulei (Hayek) B.Walln.
 Aegiphila umbraculiformis Moldenke
 Aegiphila uniflora Urb.
 Aegiphila valerii Standl.
 Aegiphila vallensis Moldenke
 Aegiphila velutinosa Moldenke
 Aegiphila venezuelensis Moldenke
 Aegiphila verticillata Vell.
 Aegiphila villosa (Aubl.) J.F.Gmel.
 Aegiphila vitelliniflora Klotzsch
 Aegiphila volubilis Moldenke
 Aegiphila wigandioides Lundell

Izvori

Ajugoideae

Aegiphila


Sardinsk sanger (Sylvia sarda) er en spurvefugl, der lever på Korsika, Sardinien og nærliggende øer.

Noter
  Netfugl.dk
  Avibase - the world bird database

Sylviasangere
Italiens fugle
Europas fugle

Sardinsk sanger


Mission: Impossible 2 (titled onscreen as Mission: Impossible II and abbreviated as M:i-2) is a 2000 action spy film directed by John Woo and produced by and starring Tom Cruise. It is the sequel to Mission: Impossible (1996) and the second installment in the Mission: Impossible film series. The film also stars Dougray Scott, Thandiwe Newton, Richard Roxburgh, John Polson, Brendan Gleeson, Rade Šerbedžija and Ving Rhames. In the film, Ethan Hunt (Cruise) teams with professional thief Nyah Nordoff-Hall (Newton) to find but not destroy a genetically modified disease held by rogue Impossible Missions Force (IMF) agent Sean Ambrose (Scott), who is Nordoff-Hall's former lover.

Mission: Impossible 2 was theatrically released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on May 24, 2000, and grossed $546 million worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of that year. Initial reaction from critics was mixed, with praise for the action sequences and Woo's direction, but criticism for the characterization, deeming the film inferior to the first film. A sequel, Mission: Impossible III, was released in 2006.

Plot

Dr. Vladimir Nekhorvich, a bio-genetics scientist, sends a message to the IMF for Dimitri (Ethan Hunt's cover name), his old friend. He warns that his employer, Biocyte Pharmaceuticals, forced him to develop a biological weapon to profit from the cure. He injects himself with the Chimera virus and carries its remedy Bellerophon in a bag. However, IMF agent Sean Ambrose, who was disguised as Dimitri, goes rogue, betrays Nekhorvich, and steals Bellerophon.

IMF director Swanbeck informs Ethan about Ambrose's actions and tasks him with recovering the virus and its cure. He has him recruit Nyah Nordoff-Hall, a professional thief and Ambrose's ex-girlfriend. Despite her initial reluctance, Ethan gets her to trace Ambrose to Sydney, where Biocyte laboratories are located; this is achieved by her wearing an injectable tracking device. Ethan assembles his team, old friend and computer hacker Luther Stickell and helicopter pilot Billy Baird, and heads to Sydney while Nyah pretends to rekindle her relationship with Ambrose. Ambrose meets with Biocyte's CEO, John McCloy, and shows him a video of Chimera infecting one of Nekhorvich's colleagues before blackmailing McCloy into cooperating with him.

Nyah steals the memory card containing the video and delivers it to Ethan. They learn that Chimera has a 20-hour dormant period, and Bellerophon is only effective if used within that window. When Nyah returns the memory card to Ambrose, she places it in the wrong pocket of his jacket. Ethan's team kidnaps McCloy and learns that the only Bellerophon samples were taken by Nekhorvich and are in Ambrose's hands. However, Ambrose does not have the virus, which Nekhorvich injected himself with. Ethan prepares to break into Biocyte headquarters to destroy the virus samples, but Ambrose, posing as Ethan via disguise, tricks Nyah into revealing their plan.

Ethan destroys all but one sample of Chimera before Ambrose's team engages him in a firefight. At a stalemate, Ambrose orders Nyah to retrieve the virus, but she injects herself with it instead and begs Ethan to kill her to destroy the virus. Ethan refuses and flees the facility, promising to get her the cure.

Ambrose releases Nyah to wander the streets of Sydney, intending to start a pandemic. He offers to sell Bellerophon to McCloy in exchange for stock options to make him billions as Biocyte's majority shareholder. Ethan infiltrates Ambrose's base and engages in a fight with Ambrose's right-hand man Hugh Stamp, with the latter seemingly winning. Hugh brings a subdued Ethan to Ambrose, who executes him. However, Ambrose discovers that the dead "Ethan" is actually Stamp, while the real Ethan had stolen the remaining Bellerophon samples. Enraged, Ambrose and his men chase after Ethan. Meanwhile, Luther and Billy locate Nyah, who has wandered to a cliffside to kill herself and prevent an outbreak.

After a long chase, Ethan kills most of Ambrose's men. He subdues Ambrose in a fistfight on the beach and later shoots him in self-defense. Luther arrives at the beach, acquires Bellerophon from Ethan, and injects Nyah with it. The IMF clears Nyah's criminal record and Ethan starts a vacation with her in Sydney.

Cast

 Tom Cruise as Ethan Hunt: An agent of the Impossible Missions Force (IMF).
 Dougray Scott as Sean Ambrose: A rogue IMF agent who possesses Bellerophon.
 Thandiwe Newton (credited as Thandie Newton) as Nyah Nordoff-Hall: A professional thief brought on to assist Ethan in tracing Ambrose.
 Richard Roxburgh as Hugh Stamp: Ambrose's right-hand man.
 John Polson as Billy Baird: A helicopter pilot.
 Brendan Gleeson as John C. McCloy: CEO of Biocyte in Australia.
 Rade Šerbedžija as Dr. Vladimir Nekhorvich: Creator of Chimera at Biocyte.

 Ving Rhames as Luther Stickell: A computer hacker and IMF agent.

Additionally, Anthony Hopkins appears in an uncredited cameo appearance as Mission Commander Swanbeck.

Production
According to screenwriter Robert Towne, several action sequences were already planned for the film prior to his involvement and before the story had been written. Ian McKellen was offered the part of Mission Commander Swanbeck but turned it down.

The studio expressed concern about the safety of filming Tom Cruise's entrance scene, in which he is free solo climbing at Dead Horse Point State Park in Moab, Utah. Cruise refused to drop the idea because he could not think of a better way to reintroduce the character. There was no safety net as he filmed the sequence, but he did have a harness and a thin wire. He tore his shoulder when performing the jump from one part of the cliff to another.

Thandiwe Newton discussed her unpleasant on-set experiences with Cruise during the shooting of the balcony sequence in a 2020 interview. According to Newton, Cruise was heavily stressed over the expectations of the sequel being good and was upset during the shooting of said scene because she had "the shittiest lines". The two decided to reverse roleplay each other as practice. However, it was unhelpful for her and pushed her "into a place of terror and insecurity". After the shooting was finished for the day, she contacted Jonathan Demme, telling him what happened. Looking back on that day, Newton said about Cruise, "Bless him. And I really do mean bless him because he was trying his damnedest."

During the final fight scene between Ethan Hunt and Sean Ambrose, Tom Cruise insisted that a real knife be used. The knife was attached to a cable and was carefully measured to stop a quarter of an inch from Tom Cruise's eyeball, and the actor asked Dougray Scott to put his full strength down on the knife to get a realistic look for the scene.

Music

The film's original score was composed and conducted by Hans Zimmer and features vocals performed by Lisa Gerrard. In addition, the film includes contemporary music such as Limp Bizkit's rendition of Lalo Schifrin's Mission: Impossible theme entitled "Take a Look Around" as well as Metallica's "I Disappear".

While Ethan is rock climbing during his holiday, Zap Mama's remixed version of "Iko Iko" plays on the soundtrack.

Release

Home media
Mission: Impossible 2 was released on VHS and DVD on November 7, 2000, with a rare Japanese LaserDisc release following on April 3, 2001 (released late in the format's life), with a potential North American release of this LaserDisc being cancelled in mid-2001. A Blu-ray release followed on June 3, 2008, and an Ultra HD Blu-ray version was released on June 26, 2018.

Reception

Box office
On opening day, Mission: Impossible 2 made $12.5 million, making it the fourth-highest-grossing Wednesday opening, behind Men in Black, Independence Day and Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. At that time, it had the largest number of screenings, playing at 3,653 theaters and beating Scream 3. The film would go on to hold this record until it was surpassed by Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone the following year. It grossed $57,845,297, crossing over Toy Story 2 to have the third-highest-grossing opening weekend of all time, behind The Lost World: Jurassic Park and The Phantom Menace. Moreover, the film surpassed its predecessor Mission: Impossible for not only having the highest-grossing opening weekend for a film based on a TV show, but also the largest opening weekend for any Paramount film. It also dethroned Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me for scoring the biggest opening weekend for a spy film. The latter record would be held until 2002 when it was given to Austin Powers in Goldmember. Three years later in 2005, War of the Worlds surpassed Mission: Impossible 2 for having the highest-grossing opening weekend for a Paramount film. Then in 2007, The Simpsons Movie took the record for having the biggest opening weekend for a film based on a TV show. As for Mission: Impossible 2, it earned $91.8 million in its first six days, becoming the second-largest Memorial Day opening weekend, just after The Lost World: Jurassic Park.

When Mission: Impossible 2 first opened, the film was ranked number one at the box office, topping out Dinosaur. It held on to the number one spot for two weekends until it was overtaken by Gone in 60 Seconds. Around this time, the film went on to become the highest-grossing film of the year domestically, beating Gladiator. It would remain so until that December when it was dethroned by How the Grinch Stole Christmas. The film eventually grossed $215,409,889 in its North American release and $330,978,216 in other territories, totaling $546,388,105 worldwide, the highest-grossing film of 2000. It is John Woo's highest-grossing film of all time, surpassing Face/Off, and was the highest-grossing film in the Mission: Impossible series until the release of the fourth film, Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol, in 2011.

Critical response
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes indicates Mission: Impossible 2 has an overall approval rating of 56% based on 155 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Your cranium may crave more substance, but your eyes will feast on the amazing action sequences." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 59 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, down from the first film's "B+".

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three stars, stating "if the first movie was entertaining as sound, fury, and movement, this one is more evolved, more confident, more sure-footed in the way it marries minimal character development to seamless action." Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly felt the film was a "throwaway pleasure" but also "a triumph of souped-up action." Ella Taylor of LA Weekly said that "every car chase, every plane crash, every potential drop off a cliff is a masterpiece of grace and surprise." Desson Howe of The Washington Post said that "[John] Woo [...] takes complete command of the latest technology to create brilliant action sequences." Lou Lumenick of the New York Post said, "Check your brains at the popcorn stand and hang on for a spectacular ride."

J. Hoberman of The Village Voice called the film "a vaguely absurd thriller filled with elaborately superfluous setups and shamelessly stale James Bond riffs." Dennis Harvey of Variety said the film is "even more empty a luxury vehicle than its predecessor" and that it "pushes the envelope in terms of just how much flashy packaging an audience will buy when there's absolutely nada inside." Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader said that "no hero or villain winds up carrying any moral weight at all."

In a retrospective commentary in 2012, Brad Brevet noted the film has significant similarities in plot and themes to Alfred Hitchcock's 1946 film Notorious.

Mission: Impossible 2 was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards at the 2000 ceremony, including Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Supporting Actress for Thandiwe Newton. It was also nominated for a Stinker Award at the 2000 ceremony for Worst Song (Limp Bizkit's "Take a Look Around").

See also
 List of Mission: Impossible filming locations

References

External links

Mission: Impossible (film series)
2000 films
2000 action thriller films
2000s spy action films
2000s American films
English-language German films
American sequel films
American spy action films
American action adventure films
American action thriller films
German sequel films
German spy action films
German action adventure films
German action thriller films
2000s English-language films
Films scored by Hans Zimmer
Films about terrorism
Films based on television series
Films directed by John Woo
Films produced by Tom Cruise
Films set in Spain
Films set in Australia
Films shot in Australia
Films set in Sydney
Films shot in Sydney
Films shot in Utah
Films with screenplays by Brannon Braga
Films with screenplays by Ronald D. Moore
Films with screenplays by Robert Towne
Cruise/Wagner Productions films
Paramount Pictures films
Weapons of mass destruction in fiction
2000s German films

Mission: Impossible 2


Strukdorf, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Segeberg iline bağlı bölge. 7,30 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 259 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Siegfried Krause tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-trave-land.de

Segeberg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Strukdorf


Finanssektorens Arbejdsgiverforening, forkortet FA, er en medlemsstyret arbejdsgiverorganisation for virksomheder i den danske finanssektor. FA er også en af hovedorganisationerne på det danske arbejdsmarked. FA's medlemsvirksomheder tæller både pengeinstitutter, forsikringsselskaber, pensionsselskaber, realkreditinstitutter og it-finansvirksomheder. FA er både arbejdsgiverforening og hovedorganisation. FA varetager overenskomstforhandlingerne med arbejdstagerorganisationerne på det finansielle område og er med til at sætte og påvirke den politiske dagsorden på det arbejdsmarkedspolitiske og det uddannelsespolitiske område. FA deltager også i eksempelvis trepartsforhandlinger og har sæde i blandt andet Arbejdsmiljøklagenævnet. Endelig er FA sine medlemsvirksomheders foretrukne rådgiver og sparringspartner i ansættelsesretslige spørgsmål.

Historie
FA blev stiftet 2. november 1989, da de tre daværende arbejdsgiverforeninger på det finansielle arbejdsmarked fusionerede. Målet var at skabe en stærkere og mere slagkraftig organisation, der kunne matche fagforbundene på finansielle arbejdsmarked. De tre organisationer, der fusionerede, var Danske Bankers Forhandlingsorganisation (DBF), Sparekassernes Forhandlingsorganisation (SFO) og Forsikringsselskabernes Forhandlingsorganisation (FFO).

FA's formænd
FA har gennem årene haft disse formænd:

 Henrik Thufason, Den Danske Bank, 1989-1990
 Gert Kristensen (fungerende formand), Bikuben, maj-juni 1990
 Søren Møller Nielsen, Danske Bank, 1990-1992
 Preben Kendal, Unibank, 1992-1995
 Søren Møller Nielsen, Danske Bank, 1995-2001
 Jørn Kristian Jensen, Nordea, 2001-2005
 Jørgen Klejnstrup, Danske Bank, 2005-2006
 Lars Stensgaard Mørch, Danske Bank, 2006-2009
 Anders Jensen, Nordea, 2009-2012
 Helle Havgaard, Danske Bank, 2012-2014
 Torben Laustsen, Nordea, 2014-2017
 Henriette Fenger Ellekrog, Danske Bank, 2017-2019
 Jesper Nielsen, Danske Bank, 2019-2019-
 Mads Skovlund Pedersen, Nordea, 2019-2022
 Karsten Breum, Danske Bank, 2022-

Referencer

Arbejdsgiverforeninger fra Danmark
Etableret i 1989

Finanssektorens Arbejdsgiverforening


El Patronato Pro Historia Peninsular de Yucatán (ProHispen) es una asociación civil mexicana, de carácter cultural, sin fines de lucro, domiciliada en Mérida, Yucatán, orientada al propósito de rescatar, difundir y preservar el patrimonio histórico y cultural de la península de Yucatán.

El Patronato, que opera un centro cultural abierto al público en la ciudad de Mérida, Yucatán, forma parte de la Asociación Mexicana de Archivos y Bibliotecas Privados, A.C. (AMABPAC) de México.

Creación
El 14 de noviembre de 1994 un grupo de ciudadanos interesados en rescatar, difundir y preservar el patrimonio histórico y cultural de la península de Yucatán integraron una asociación civil a la que denominaron Patronato Pro Historia Peninsular de Yucatán (Prohispen) para emprender la tarea. Encabezó el esfuerzo la señora Margarita Díaz Rubio de Ponce quien preside la asociación.

Prohispen inició su labor impartiendo cursos y conferencias sobre los diversos aspectos de la historia y la cultura peninsular tales como los episodios registrados durante la guerra de castas, la historia de Yucatán a la llegada de los españoles, las diferentes épocas de la cultura maya. También realizó diversos talleres de creación literaria.

Tareas emprendidas
Placas Conmemorativas
Para interesar a la sociedad yucatanense en su patrimonio arquitectónico y urbano y preservar determinados edificios públicos y privados, se implementó un programa de colocación de Placas Conmemorativas en los sitios donde vivieron personajes ilustres u ocurrieron hechos relevantes de la historia. Se han colocado 34 placas en las ciudades de Mérida e Izamal, y en las villas de Chemax, Hoctún y Chankom.

Reconocimiento a Empresas
Se incorporó un programa denominado Reconocimiento a Empresas que tienen 100 años o más de antigüedad y que permanecen en poder de la misma familia fundadora, como un aliciente para que la continuaran trabajando los descendientes. Hasta la presente fecha se han reconocido 10 empresas yucatecas que continúan laborando después de un siglo de existencia.

Concurso de poesía "José Díaz Bolio"
Para motivar e impulsar a los jóvenes valores en la poesía se estableció el Concurso de Poesía José Díaz Bolio, cuya primera edición inició en el año 2001 a nivel estatal, pero que se ha transformado en un concurso regional peninsular, que ya incluye a los estados vecinos de Quintana Roo y Campeche. Se han llevado a cabo 10 certámenes de poesía.

Premio de ensayo histórico "Ignacio Rubio Mañé"
Se instauró en 2007 para estimular investigación histórica. Está orientado a estudiantes e investigadores de los tres estados de la Península. Se han efectuado 3 certámenes de este orden.

Nuevos valores en la música de concierto
A partir del mes de septiembre de 2011, Pro Historia Peninsular de Yucatán (Prohispen), implementó un programa denominado Nuevos Valores en la Música de Concierto en coordinación con la Escuela Superior de Artes de Yucatán  (Esay), para que los alumnos de la licenciatura en artes musicales tuviesen un foro donde presentar los avances obtenidos en su formación musical.

Acervos
Para fomentar el rescate de material documental que constituya un acervo de información tanto para el público en general como para los especialistas e investigadores de las ciencias sociales tanto de Mérida, como de la península yucateca, de México y de otras partes del mundo se han constituido, entre otros fondos:

 Fondo Jorge Ignacio Rubio Mañé.- El primer fondo documental y bibliográfico con que contó fue el del historiador Jorge Ignacio Rubio Mañé, exdirector del Archivo General de la Nación y miembro de diversas academias de genealogía e historia de México, España y América Latina.

 Fondo José Díaz Bolio.- El segundo acervo que enriqueció a Prohispen fue el del escritor José Díaz Bolio, poeta, músico, periodista y antropólogo. Existe un archivo de imágenes, artículos periodísticos y libros del escritor.

 Fondo Renán Irigoyen Rosado.- Primer cronista vitalicio de la ciudad de Mérida, escritor y periodista con varios libros en su haber sobre la cultura maya, la fundación de la ciudad de Mérida y otros aspectos de la vida cotidiana de Yucatán.

 Fondo Felipe Escalante Ruz.- Exdirector de la Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán y funcionario universitario. Está conformado por documentos periodísticos, ensayos y otros escritos de este yucateco.

 Fondo Raúl Rosado Espínola.- Fue técnico del radar del Aeropuerto Internacional de la ciudad de Mérida investigador que reunió una colección de documentos y fotografías sobre los 100 años de la Historia de la Aeronáutica en Yucatán, escribiendo al mismo tiempo cuatro libros acerca de la aviación peninsular.

 Fondo Nidia Esther Rosado Bacelis.- Fue educadora, periodista y escritora, pionera de la Educación Audiovisual en Yucatán, exdirectora de la Escuela Normal de Profesores Rodolfo Menéndez de la Peña, Medalla Yucatán en 1987. En este acervo se encuentran los 12 libros que escribió de varios géneros literarios.

 Mapoteca Prohispen.- Es una colección de 268 mapas y planos de la ciudad de Mérida, de edificios particulares,  de la Península de Yucatán, de América Central, del Mar Caribe, de Norteamérica, del Golfo de México y del globo terráqueo que van del año de 1500 al 2006.

 Fondo Antonia Georgina Alemania Jiménez Trava.- Prohispen recibió en donación una colección de libros y reconocimientos que de quien fuera en vida la primera mujer en estudiar Derecho y graduarse de abogado en Yucatán.

Biblioteca
La biblioteca del centro cultural contiene las colecciones particulares de tres escritores ilustres: Jorge Ignacio Rubio Mañé con 1,000 ejemplares, José Díaz Bolio con 500 volúmenes, Nidia Esther Rosado Bacelis con 850 libros, y la colección denominada Biblioteca Yucatanense, en proceso de integración, que cuenta con 1,000 obras literarias aproximadamente, con información sobre la cultura maya y la historia de la península de Yucatán a partir de la llegada de los españoles hasta la época actual.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial de PROHISPEN

Historia del estado de Yucatán
Centros culturales de México


Gnutz Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı bölge. 22,93 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2004 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1199 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Markus Mehrens tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-nortorfer-land.de

Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Gnutz


Olaylar
 6 Kasım - II. Constantius, Julianus'u Batının Sezarı ilan etti.

Doğumlar

Ölümler

355


An Oreobolopsis in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Oreobolopsis in nahilalakip ha familia nga Cyperaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Oreobolopsis

Oreobolopsis


Submarines of the Soviet Navy were developed by numbered "projects", which were sometimes but not always given names. During the
Cold War, NATO nations referred to these classes by NATO reporting names, based on intelligence data, which did not always correspond with the projects. See:

 List of NATO reporting names for ballistic missile submarines
 List of NATO reporting names for guided missile submarines
 List of NATO reporting names for hunter-killer and experimental submarines

The NATO reporting names were based on the British (and later American) habit of naming submarines with a letter of the alphabet indicating the class, followed by a serial number of that class. The names are the radiotelephonic alphabet call sign of a letter of the alphabet. For security purposes, the "pennant numbers" of Soviet submarines were not sequential, any more than those of Soviet surface vessels were.

Most Russian (and Soviet) submarines had no "personal" name, but were only known by a number, prefixed by letters identifying the boat's type at a higher level than her class.  Those letters included:
 К (K): крейсерская (kreyserskaya, "cruiser")
 ТК (TK): тяжёлая крейсерская (tyazholaya kreyserskaya, "heavy cruiser")
 Б (B): большая (bolshaya, "large")
 С (S): средняя (srednyaya, "medium")
 М (M): малая (malaya, "small")

Any of those prefixes could have С (S) added to the end, standing for специальная (spetsialnaya) and meaning "designed for special missions":

 New weapon, engines and armament testing
 Submarines for long-range radio communications
 Target submarines for anti-submarine training
 Rescue service submarines
 Covert operations

Diesel-electric

Russo-Japanese War

   single unit/one off unit (class of its own)

World War I era

 Narval-class submarine

 Amerikansky Golland (Holland 602GF/602L type)

World War II era

Post-World War II era

Attack submarines

Guided missile submarines

Ballistic missile submarines

Auxiliary submarines

Nuclear-powered

Attack submarines

First generation

Second generation

Third generation

Fourth generation

Guided missile submarines

First generation

Second generation

Third generation

Fourth generation

Ballistic missile submarines

First generation

Second generation

Third generation

Fourth generation

Auxiliary submarines

See also
List of Russian naval engineers

Footnotes

 Showell, Jak M. U-Boat Century, German Submarine Warfare 1906-2006. Chatham Publishing, Great Britain (2006). .

External links
 Bellona

Soviet and Russian
Submarines

List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes


Le dème de Vólakas, en  / Dímos Vólakos, est un ancien dème du  district régional d'Élide, en Grèce-Occidentale. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème de Pýrgos.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte  .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème en Grèce-Occidentale
Élide

Dème de Vólakas


Itzcoatl ( , "Obsidian Serpent", ) (1380–1440) was the fourth king of Tenochtitlan, and the founder of the Aztec Empire, ruling from 1427 to 1440. Under Itzcoatl the Mexica of Tenochtitlan threw off the domination of the Tepanecs and established the Triple Alliance (Aztec Empire) together with the other city-states Tetzcoco and Tlacopan.

Biography
Itzcoatl was the natural son of tlàtoāni Acamapichtli and an unknown Tepanec woman from Azcapotzalco. He was elected as the king when his predecessor, his nephew Chimalpopoca, was killed by Maxtla of the nearby Tepanec āltepētl (city-state) of Azcapotzalco. Allying with Nezahualcoyotl of Texcoco, Itzcoatl went on to defeat Maxtla and end the Tepanec domination of central Mexico.

After this victory, Itzcoatl, Nezahualcoyotl, and Totoquilhuaztli, king of Tlacopan, forged what would become known as the Aztec Triple Alliance, forming the basis of the eventual Aztec Empire.

Itzcoatl next turned his attention to the chinampas districts on the south shores of Lakes Xochimilco and Chalco. Fresh water springs lining these shores had allowed the development of extensive raised gardens, or chinampas, set on the shallow lake floors. Successful campaigns against Xochimilco (1430), Mixquic (1432), Cuitlahuac (1433), and Tezompa would secure agricultural resources for Tenochtitlan and, along with the conquest of Culhuacan and Coyoacán, would cement the Triple Alliance's control over the southern half of the Valley of Mexico.

With this string of victories, Itzcoatl took the title Culhua teuctli, "Lord of the Culhua", while Totoquilhuaztli, king of Tlacopan, took the title Tepaneca teuctli, "Lord of the Tepanecs".

In 1439, Itzcoatl undertook a campaign outside the Valley of Mexico against Cuauhnahuac (Cuernavaca).

According to the Florentine Codex, Itzcoatl ordered the burning of all historical codices because it was "not wise that all the people should know the paintings". Among other purposes, this allowed the Aztec state to develop a state-sanctioned history and mythos that venerated Huitzilopochtli.

Itzcoatl also continued the building of Tenochtitlan: during his reign temples, roads, and a causeway were built. Itzcoatl established the religious and governmental hierarchy that was assumed by his nephew Moctezuma I upon his death in 1440.

In January 2021 the INAH proposed moving the statues of Ahuizotl and Itzcóatl, known as the Indios Verdes, from the Parque del Mestizaje in Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City to the Paseo de la Reforma. "The transfer means a reading of the urban space, recovering the historical discourse that gave rise to the formation of a set of monuments and roundabouts on Paseo de la Reforma, conceived at the end of the 19th century, with the idea of honoring the Reformation, a great transformation that it meant for Mexico, but to recover a historical reading that began precisely by underlining the Mexican splendor and the importance of the pre-Hispanic or Mesoamerican antecedents of our country ", Diego Prieto, director of INAH said.

Family
Itzcoatl was a son of Acamapichtli and half-brother of Huitzilihuitl. He was an uncle of Chimalpopoca and Moctezuma I.

He married princess Huacaltzintli and had a son Tezozomoc

See also

List of Tenochtitlan rulers
 History of the Aztecs

Notes

References

External links

Tenochca tlatoque
15th-century monarchs in North America
15th-century indigenous people of the Americas
15th century in the Aztec civilization
1380 births
1440 deaths
Book burnings

Itzcoatl


Patuljasta eliptična galaktika (galaktike dE) je eliptična galaktika. Oznake je dE (dwarf ellipticals). Znatno je manja od ostalih eliptičnih galaktika. Uobičajene su u galaktičkim skupinama i skupovima. Obično prate druge galaktike.

Primjeri
Među najbližim patuljastim eliptičnim galaktikama je M32, satelite galaktike Andromede. Godine 1944. Walter Baade potvrdio je postojanje patuljastih eliptičnih galaktika NGC 147 i NGC 185 kao članova Mjesne skupine rješivši ih u individualne zvijezde. Rješavanje zvijezda u NGC 147 i NGC 185 bilo je jedino moguće jer ove galaktike su bile galaktike u bliskom susjedstvu. 1950-ih su također otkrivene galaktike dE u obližnjim skupovima Peći i Djevice.

Vidi
 Model Lambda-CDM (model Lambda-hladna tamna tvar)

Izvori

Patuljasta
Morfološki tipovi galaksija

Patuljasta eliptična galaktika


Die Erzgebirgssparkasse ist eine deutsche öffentlich-rechtliche Sparkasse mit Sitz in Annaberg-Buchholz (Sachsen).

Geschichte
Zum 1. Januar 2012 fusionierten die Sparkasse Mittleres Erzgebirge, die Sparkasse Erzgebirge und die Kreissparkasse Aue-Schwarzenberg zur Erzgebirgssparkasse. Damit wurde die Erzgebirgssparkasse die drittgrößte Sparkasse in Sachsen und die viertgrößte in Ostdeutschland. Die Fusion der drei Sparkassen erfolgte fast vier Jahre nach Bildung des Erzgebirgskreises infolge der Sächsischen Kreisreform 2008. Zum 1. Januar 2014 wurde die Erzgebirgssparkasse von der Sachsen-Finanzgruppe in die Trägerschaft des Erzgebirgskreis übertragen.

Geschäftsgebiet
Das Geschäftsgebiet entspricht dem heutigen Erzgebirgskreis und umfasst die ehemaligen Landkreise Annaberg, Stollberg, Mittleres Erzgebirge und Aue-Schwarzenberg im Südwesten des Freistaates Sachsen.

Organisationsstruktur
Die Erzgebirgssparkasse unterliegt als Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts den Rechtsgrundlagen des Sparkassengesetzes (Gesetz über die öffentlich-rechtlichen Kreditinstitute im Freistaat Sachsen und die Sachsen-Finanzgruppe), der Sparkassenverordnung Sachsen und der Satzung der Erzgebirgssparkasse.

Die Organe der Anstalt sind Vorstand und Verwaltungsrat. Träger der Erzgebirgssparkasse ist der Erzgebirgskreis. Sie ist Mitglied im Ostdeutschen Sparkassenverband und über diesen dem Deutschen Sparkassen- und Giroverband angeschlossen.

Die Erzgebirgssparkasse ist an folgenden Institutionen beteiligt:

 Ostdeutscher Sparkassenverband
 Beteiligungsgesellschaft der Sparkassen des Freistaates Sachsen mbH
 Sparkassen-Kapitalbeteiligungs-Fonds Erzgebirge GmbH
 RFS Retail Finance Service GmbH
 Beteiligungsgesellschaft für Sparkassendienstleitungen Ost mbH & Co. KG
 S-Direkt Marketing GmbH & Co. KG
 Deutsche Sparkassen Leasing AG & Co. KG
 Monolith Grundstücksverwaltungsgesellschaft mbH & Co.
 Golfpark Westerzgebirge GmbH + Co. KG

Geschäftsausrichtung und Geschäftszahlen
Die Erzgebirgssparkasse betreibt als Sparkasse das Universalbankgeschäft. Auf dem Gebiet der Privat- und Geschäftskunden hat sie einen Marktanteil von ca. 70 % in ihrem Geschäftsgebiet.

Im Verbundgeschäft arbeitet das Kreditinstitut u. a. mit der Ostdeutschen Landesbausparkasse (LBS), der DekaBank, der Sparkassen-Versicherung Sachsen und der Deutschen Leasing zusammen.

Gesellschaftliches Engagement
Die Erzgebirgssparkasse ist der größte nicht staatliche Förderer der Region und engagiert sich für das Gemeinwohl, die Region, deren Kultur und Menschen. Sie unterstützt Vereine, Schulen, Kommunen und soziale Einrichtungen. Darüber hinaus ist das Erzgebirge eine der sportlichsten Regionen des Freistaates Sachsen. Das diesbezügliche Engagement der Erzgebirgssparkasse kommt beispielsweise durch das Erzgebirgsstadion des FC Erzgebirge Aue (von 2011 bis 2017 offiziell Sparkassen-Erzgebirgsstadion) und die Sparkassen-Skiarena der Wintersportler des WSC Erzgebirge Oberwiesenthal zum Ausdruck. Die Förderungen werden über Sponsoringverträge, Spenden und über die Stiftungen der Sparkasse realisiert. 2010 erfolgte die Auszeichnung als "Premier-Bank des Jahres" im Wettbewerb Großer Preis des Mittelstandes der Oskar-Patzelt-Stiftung.

Weblinks
 KBFE - Kapitalbeteiligungsfonds Erzgebirge GmbH

Literatur
 Beatrice Falk, Friedrich Hauer: Immer mit der Zeit gegangen - Die Geschichte der Sparkasse Mittleres Erzgebirge. Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft Marienberg mbH, Marienberg 2003. ISBN 3-931770-51-6.

Einzelnachweise

Erzgebirge
Unternehmen (Annaberg-Buchholz)
Wirtschaft (Erzgebirge)

Erzgebirgssparkasse


Gould est une ville située dans l'État américain de l'Arkansas, dans le comté de Lincoln.

Histoire

Économie

Géographie

Démographie

Notes et références

Comté de Lincoln (Arkansas)
Ville en Arkansas

Gould (Arkansas)


Metaxyaceae, malena porodica papratnica iz razreda Cyatheales. Porodici pripada rod Metaxya, raširen od južnog Meksika do Brazila, kao i na nekim otocima, uključujući Trinidad i Guadeloupe.

Molekularne studije koje uspoređuju sekvence gena među papratima sugeriraju da Metaxyaceae treba smatrati primitivnim rođakom porodice cijatovki (Cyatheaceae).

Rodovi
 Amphidesmium Schott ex Kunze sinonim za  Metaxya C. Presl
 Metaxya C. Presl

Izvori

Cyatheales

Metaxyaceae


Schijndel (; Schijndelsk dialect: Skèndel) var indtil 31. december 2016 en kommune og en by i den sydlige provins Noord-Brabant i Nederlandene.

Per 1.januar 2017 skal Schijndel slå sig sammen med Sint-Oedenrode og Veghel i en ny kommune kaldt Meierijstad.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Schijndel Kommunens hjemmeside
 Schijndel Toen en Nu - Schijndels historie
 Schijndel Startside

Byer i Nord-Brabant
Tidligere kommuner i Nord-Brabant

Schijndel


Sylheti (Sylheti Nāgarī:  ;  ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by an estimated 11 million people, primarily in the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh, Barak Valley of Assam, and northern parts of Tripura in India. Besides, there are substantial numbers of Sylheti speakers in the Indian states of Meghalaya, Manipur and Nagaland as well as diaspora communities in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and the Middle East.

It is variously perceived as either a dialect of Bengali or a language in its own right. While most linguists consider it an independent language, for many native speakers Sylheti forms the diglossic vernacular, with standard Bengali forming the codified lect. Some incorrectly consider it as a "corrupt" form of Bengali, and there is a reported language shift from Sylheti to Standard Bengali in Bangladesh, India and the diaspora; though Sylheti has more vitality than Standard Bengali in the United Kingdom.

Name

Sylheti is eponymously named after Sylhet, referring to the dialect or language spoken of that area. According to  the vernacular was called Sylhettia by the Europeans after the town of Sylhet. Though the speakers at that time referred to it as Jaintiapuri, Purba Srihattiya, or Ujania with the latter meaning "the language of the upper country".

Sylheti is also known as Sylhetti, Sylheti Bangla, Sileti, Siloti, Syloti, and Syloty.

History
Sylheti belongs to the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, that evolved from Magadhi Prakrit. The lowlands around Sylhet were originally inhabited by ancient Khasi people (Austroasiatic); and the earliest known Indo-Aryan settlements were made in the 6th century under Kamarupa king.  Sylhet (Srihatta) then emerged as a center of lowland territorialism after the 10th century.  The 11th century Bhatera grants from the Srihatta kings Kesavadeva and Isanadeva were written in Sanskrit.  Another notable copper plate inscription was found in the village of Paschimbhag in Rajnagar, Moulvibazar that was issued by King Srichandra during the 10th century.

The Muslim Conquest of Sylhet in 1303 CE extended the migratory movements of Muslims from western lands, who settled among the native population and greatly influenced the local language. Thus Sylheti derived a large number of words from Persian and Arabic, cultivating the Perso-Arabic influence on the vernacular. A script was developed in the region called Sylheti Nagri, which primarily focused on disseminating Sufi poetry, known as puthi. Its earliest known work had been written during the 1600s, called Bhedsar by Syed Shah Husayn Alam. The literature was transcribed in the standard form of late Middle Bengali, though its phonology and some of its vocabulary was strongly influenced by Sylheti. The script was read and taught culturally among households and was not institutionalised, as the Islamic dynasties who ruled over Bengal established Persian alongside Arabic as the official languages. Printed texts of the script reached its peak during the late 19th century, however its use became obsolete by around the middle of the 20th century.

The earliest appearance of a documentation of Sylheti vocabulary was in the Government Report on the History and Statistics of Sylhet District by T. Walton, B.C.S. in 1857, which contained a list of peculiar words used in Sylhet. Many terms that were listed here differ from modern Sylheti – highlighting its evolution. In 1868, another short glossary of local terms in various districts of the Dacca Division (which included Sylhet) were written up and compared to standard Bengali to allow ease in understanding local vernaculars. Despite being annexed to the Assam Province during colonial rule, Sylheti speakers felt a linguistic affinity with the rest of Bengal. Bengali literature had some influence from Sylheti, popular songwriters or poets such as Hason Raja or Shah Abdul Karim, significantly contributed to the literature. Sylhet was reunited with Bengal following a referendum in 1947.

Status
According to Simard, Dopierala and Thaut, Sylheti is a "minoritised, politically unrecognised, and understudied language." It is currently not officially recognised as a language in either Bangladesh or India. Many native speakers consider it to be a slang or corrupt version of Standard Bengali and not an independent language; and there is a reported language shift to Standard Bengali and a decrease in the number of native speakers since parents are not teaching it to their children. In Bangladesh there is a diglossia where Sylheti is one among other low status regional dialects while Standard Bengali, the official language, has a high status.

In the Indian state of Assam where Assamese is the state language, Standard Bengali language serves as an additional official language in its Barak Valley districts; which host a majority Sylheti-speaking population.

In the United Kingdom, British schools have begun enlisting Sylheti in their syllabi. BBC News has also broadcast online videos relating to COVID-19 in five major South Asian languages including Sylheti.

Classification

 notes that the language of eastern Sylhet is not intelligible to Bengalis from the west, though he still classed it as Bengali, grouping it under "Eastern Bengali".  too calls it a dialect of Bengali and places it in the eastern Vangiya group of Magadhi Prakrit and notes that all Bengali dialects were independent of each other and did not emanate from the literary Bengali called "sadhu bhasha". Among the different dialect groups of the eastern dialects, to which Sylheti belonged, Sylheti and Chittagonian have phonetic and morphological properties that are alien to standard Bengali and other western dialects of Bengali, and these differences are such that Sylheti is more distant to standard Bengali than is Assamese. Recent scholarship notes that these morpho-phonological and mutual intelligibility differences are significant enough that Sylheti could claim itself as a language on its own right. Ethnologue groups Sylheti in Bengali–Assamese languages; whereas Glottolog gives further subgrouping and places it in the "Eastern Bengali" group alongside Hajong, separately from the Bengali dialects.

Language-dialect controversy
The classification of Sylheti is contentious—Chalmers (1996) suggested that it was generally identified as a dialect of Bengali though there were efforts to recognise it as a language. Anecdotal evidence suggests that Sylhetis, who could also speak in Standard Bengali, considered the two languages to be mutually intelligible. On the basis of the anecdotal evidence of mutual intelligibility, regionality and the fact that Sylheti is spoken by a predominantly rural community,  concludes that Sylheti could be considered a dialect of Bengali. Simard, Dopierala and Thaut have pointed out that the intelligibility could be an effect of prior exposure of Sylheti speakers to Standard Bengali, and that the academic consensus is that mutual intelligibility ranges from "unintelligible" to "hardly intelligible". On the basis of phonology and phonetics, lexicon, grammatical structure and a lack of mutual intelligibility, some recent linguists claim that Sylheti is not merely a dialectal variation of Bengali but a language in its own right.

Phonologically Sylheti is distinguished from Standard Bengali and other regional varieties by significant deaspiration and spirantisation, leading to major restructuring of the consonant inventory and the development of tones. Grierson had classified Sylheti as an Eastern Bengali dialect and had noted that it "possess all the peculiar characteristics of the extreme Eastern Bengali type."

As majority of the diaspora in the United Kingdom speak Sylheti, it created an environment that was somewhat uninfluenced by Standard Bengali, inevitably leading some to view Sylheti as a distinct language. During the 1980s there were unsuccessful attempts to recognise Sylheti as a language in its own right by a small group in the London borough of Tower Hamlets, which lacked support from the Sylheti community itself.

Literature
Halat-un-Nabi, a puthi written by Sadeq Ali is considered to be the most prominent literature in Sylheti Nagri.

The presence and influence of Shah Jalal and Shri Chaitanya dev is found in the Sylheti literature. According to Syed Mostafa Kamal, (approximately 1650 AD) the Baul tradition was founded based on the combination of Chaitanyavad and Jaganmohani ideologies, that mystic literature influenced and seen in the Vaishnava Padavali. As a result, Sylhet is considered as the spiritual capital of mysticism and the fertile land of Baul music. A great number of poets enriched Sylheti literature. Among them, Hason Raja, Radha Raman, Syed Shah Noor, Shitalong Shaha, Durbin Shaha are noteworthy. The main theme of the Nagri literature are mainly religious, Islamic history, tradition, stories and Raga, Baul and mystic music. 140 books have been found including 88 printed books (in Nagri script).

Geographical distribution

Sylheti is the primary language of Sylhet region which today comprises the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh and Karimganj district of Assam, India. Within the Sylhet Division, it is primarily spoken in the districts of Sylhet and Moulvibazar, as well as in certain upazilas of Sunamganj and Habiganj. This is contrary to popular belief that Sylheti is spoken everywhere in the Sylhet Division. Anecdotal evidence claims that the people of Sylhet District, when visiting places like Habiganj, are often startled that the locals do not converse in Sylheti but rather in Habiganji, which is transitional to the dialects of Sylhet, Greater Mymensingh and Brahmanbaria.

It is also primarily spoken in the districts of Cachar and Hailakandi of Assam, which alongside Karimganj make up the Barak Valley, as well as in the northern parts of Tripura and the western edge of Manipur. There is also a significant population of Sylheti speakers in the Hojai district of Assam (since before Partition), Shillong in Meghalaya, and the state of Nagaland. A few numbers are also located in Kolkata, most of whom are migrants from Assam.

Outside the Indian subcontinent, the largest Sylheti diaspora communities reside in the United Kingdom and North America. In the UK, there are around 400,000 Sylheti speakers. The largest concentration live in east London boroughs, such as Tower Hamlets. In the United States, most are concentrated in New York City borough's such as the Bronx, and there are significant numbers in Hamtramck, Michigan where they constitute the majority of Bangladeshis in the city. There are also small numbers located in Toronto, Canada. Significant Sylheti-speaking communities reside in the Middle East of which most are migrant workers, and in many other countries throughout the world.

Writing system
Sylheti currently does not have a standardised writing system. Historically in the Sylhet region, the Sylheti Nagri script was used alongside the Bengali script. Sylheti Nagri was however mostly limited to writing religious poetry. This written form was identical to those written in the Dobhashi register due to both lacking the use of tatsama and using Perso-Arabic vocabulary as a replacement. As per Dobhashi custom, many Sylheti Nagri texts were paginated from right to left. The orthography of the script equates with Sylheti, it has fewer characters as compared with the Bengali script due to fewer phonemes found in Sylheti. An endangered script, it has since seen a revival mostly by academics and linguists.

Standard Bengali is the medium of instruction in Bangladesh. some may therefore write in Sylheti using the Bengali–Assamese script. In United Kingdom, publishers use Latin script for Sylheti and according to the Sylheti Translation and Research (STAR), Latin (Roman) script is the most used script for writing Sylheti. The New Testament in Sylheti was published in the Sylhet Nagri script along with versions in the Latin and in the Bengali–Assamese script, in 2014.

Lexicon
Sylheti shares most linguistic properties with Standard Bengali, with a lexical similarity of 53.2%.

Phonology
The phoneme inventory of Sylheti differs from both Standard Rarhi Bengali as well as the typical Bangladeshi Standard. It is characterised by a loss of breathiness and aspiration contrasts, leading to a significant reduction in its phoneme inventory and to the development of tones. In particular, the following developments are seen:
 Both voiced and voiceless aspirated stops have become unaspirated ( → ;  → ).
 The voiceless labials have spirantised to homorganic fricatives ( → ;  → ).
 The velar stops have become velar fricatives ( → ;  → ), although  can be heard as an allophone of  when preceded by high vowels .
 The post-alveolar affricates have spirantised to alveolar fricatives ( → ;  → ;  → ;  → ).
 Among the voiceless stops only the dental /, / and retroflex /, / stops have remained stops. In some analyses, the dental–retroflex distinction (/, /) is replaced by highly unusual dental–alveolar one (/, /), although this source appears to contradictorily merge these previous stops into a single stop (//).

Tone
Sylheti is tonal. This is rare among the Indo-Aryan languages, but not unheard of, e.g., in Punjabi, Dogri, Chittagonian, Gawri (Kalam Kohistani), Torwali, some Eastern Bengali varieties, etc. There are two types of tonal contrasts in Sylheti: the emergence of high tone in the vowels following the loss of aspiration, and a level tone elsewhere.

A more recent study shows that there is a three-way tonal system in Sylheti words with more than two syllables (the high tone is replaced by low tone according to this analysis).

It is considered that these tones arose when aspirated consonants lost their aspiration. Sylheti continues to have a long history of coexisting with tonal Tibeto-Burman languages including various dialects of Kokborok such as Reang. Even though there is no clear evidence of direct borrowing of lexical items from those languages into Sylheti, there is still a possibility that the emergence of Sylheti tones is due to external influence, as the indigenous speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages by and large use Sylheti as a common medium for interaction.

Grammar
Sylheti grammar is the study of the morphology and syntax of Sylheti.

Nouns

Case
When a definite article such as -gu/ţa (singular) or -guin/ţin (plural) is added, nouns are also inflected for number. Below are two tables which show the inflections of an animate noun,   ('student'), and an inanimate noun,   ('shoe').

All of the inflected nouns above have an indefinite article preceding their case markers. There are some basic rules to keep in mind about the cases, apart from the "default" nominative.

For the genitive case, the ending may change, though never with a definite article attached. A noun (without an article) which ends in a consonant or the inherent vowel,  ô, is inflected by adding  -ôr to the end of the word (and deleting the inherent vowel if applicable). An example of this would be the genitive of  gus 'meat' being  gustôr 'of meat' or '(the) meat's'. A noun which ends in any vowel apart from the inherent vowel will just have a  -r following it, as in the genitive of  fua being  fuar '(the) boy's'. The genitive ending is also applied to verbs (in their verbal noun forms), which is most commonly seen when using postpositions (for example:  hikar lagi, 'for learning').

For the locative case, the marker also changes in a similar fashion to the genitive case, with consonants and the inherent vowel having their own ending,  -ô, and all other vowels having another ending,  -t. For example,  silôţô 'in Sylhet',  dáxát 'in Dhaka', etc.

Measure words
When counted, nouns must also be accompanied by the appropriate measure word. The noun's measure word (MW) must be used in between the numeral and the noun. Most nouns take the generic measure word gu/ţa/xán, although there are many more specific measure words, such as zôn, which is only used to count humans.

Measuring nouns in Sylheti without their corresponding measure words (e.g. aţ mekur instead of aţ-ţa mekur 'eight cats') would typically be considered ungrammatical. However, omitting the noun and preserving the measure word is grammatical and not uncommon to hear. For example, Xáli êx-zôn táxbô. (lit. 'Only one-MW will remain.') would be understood to mean 'Only one person will remain.', since zôn can only be used to count humans.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns
Sylheti personal pronouns are somewhat similar to English pronouns, having different words for first, second, and third person, and also for singular and plural (unlike for verbs, below). Sylheti pronouns, like their English counterparts, do differentiate for gender. Sylheti has different third-person pronouns for proximity. The first are used for someone who is nearby, and the second are for those who are a little further away. The third are usually for those who are not present. In addition, each of the second- and third-person pronouns have different forms for the familiar and polite forms; the second person also has a "very familiar" form (sometimes called "despective"). It may be noted that the "very familiar" form is used when addressing particularly close friends or family as well as for addressing subordinates, or in abusive language. In the following tables, the abbreviations used are as follows: VF=very familiar, F=familiar, and P=polite (honor); H=here, T=there, E=elsewhere (proximity), and I=inanimate.

The nominative case is used for pronouns that are the subject of the sentence, such as "I already did that" or "Will you please stop making that noise?"

The objective case is used for pronouns serving as the direct or indirect objects, such as "I told him to wash the dishes" or "The teacher gave me the homework assignment". The inanimate pronouns remain the same in the objective case.

The possessive case is used to show possession, such as "Where is your coat?" or "Let's go to our house". In addition, sentences such as "I have a book" () or "I need money" () also use the possessive (the literal translation of the Bengali versions of these sentences would be "There is my book" and "There is my need for money" respectively).

Indefinite and negative pronouns
Bengali has no negative pronouns (such as no one, nothing, none). These are typically represented by adding the negative particle  (nae) to indefinite pronouns, which are themselves derived from their corresponding question words. Common indefinite pronouns are listed below.

Relative pronouns
The relative pronoun  (ze) and its different variants, as shown below, are commonly employed in complex sentences. The relative pronouns for animate objects change for number and honour, but those for inanimate objects stay the same.

Adjectives
Adjectives do not inflect for case, gender, or number in Sylheti and are placed before the noun they modify.

Some adjectives form their opposites by prefixing  ô- (before consonants) or  ôn- (before vowels), or sometimes  ni-; for example, the opposite of  (shômbôb, 'possible') is  (ôshômbôb, 'impossible'), the opposite of  (matra, 'speaker') is  (nimatra, 'quite').

Demonstrative adjectives – 'this' and 'that' – correspond to  i and  ou respectively, with the definite article attached to the following noun. Thus, 'this book' would translate to  i boi-ṭa, while 'those books' would translate to  ou boi-ṭa.

Comparatives and superlatives
Sylheti adjectives form their comparative forms with  (arô, 'more'), and their superlative forms with  (shôb táki, 'than all'). Comparisons are formed by using genitive form of the object of comparison, followed by the postposition  (táki/tóne/se, 'than') or the postposition  (laxan, 'like') and then by  (arô, 'more') or  (xôm, 'less'). The word for more is optional, but the word for less is required, so in its absence more is inferred. Adjectives can be additionally modified by using  (bakka/bout/ônex, 'much') or  (ônex beshi, 'much more'), which are especially useful for comparing quantities.

Verbs
Sylheti verbs are highly inflected and are regular with only few exceptions. They consist of a stem and an ending; they are traditionally listed in Sylheti dictionaries in their "verbal noun" form, which is usually formed by adding -a to the stem: for instance,  (xôra, to do) is formed from the stem . The stem can end in either a vowel or a consonant. Verbs are conjugated for tense and person by changing the endings, which are largely the same for all verbs. However, the stem vowel can often change as part of the phenomenon known as vowel harmony, whereby one vowel can be influenced by other vowels in the word to sound more harmonious. An example would be the verb to write, with stem lex-:  (lexô, 'you all write') but also  (lekí, 'we write'). If verbs are classified by stem vowel and if the stem ends in a consonant or vowel, there are nine basic classes in which most verbs can be placed; all verbs in a class will follow the same pattern. A prototype verb from each of these classes will be used to demonstrate conjugation for that class; bold will be used to indicate mutation of the stem vowel. Additionally, there are irregular verbs, such as  (zaoa, to go) that change the first consonant in their stem in certain conjugations.

Like many other Indo-Aryan languages (such as Standard Bengali or Assamese), nouns can be turned into verbs by combining them with select auxiliary verbs. In Sylheti, the most common such auxiliary verb is  (xôra, '''to do'); thus, verbs such as joke are formed by combining the noun form of joke () with to do () to create . When conjugating such verbs the noun part of such a verb is left untouched, so in the previous example, only  would be inflected or conjugated (e.g.: I will make a joke becomes ; see more on tenses below). Other auxiliary verbs include  and , but the verb  enjoys significant usage because it can be combined with foreign verbs to form a native version of the verb, even if a direct translation exists. Most often this is done with English verbs: for example, to vote is often referred to as  (, where  is the transliteration of vote).

 Copula
Sylheti is considered a zero copula language in some aspects.
 In the simple present tense there is no verb connecting the subject to the predicative (the "zero verb" copula). There is one notable exception, however, which is when the predicative takes on the existential, locative, or possessive aspects; for such purposes, the incomplete verb  (as) is used, which is conjugated according to the rules given below.
 In the past tense, the incomplete verb  is always used as the copula, regardless of the nature of the predicative.
 For the future tense and non-finite structures, the copula is supplied by the verb  (ówa), with the only exception being the possessive predicative for which the verb  (táxa, 'to remain') is utilised.

The following table demonstrates the rules above with some examples.

 Negation
There are three sentence negators employed in Sylheti:
 The zero verb copula is negated using the incomplete negator , which is conjugated as  (1),  (2),  (3).
 Existential sentences that use the verb  are negated with  (nai), which does not need to be conjugated.
 All other verbs (with the exceptions of the ones listed above) are negated using the universal negative particle  (nae).  is typically placed after the finite verb (see examples below), but can also be placed at the end of the sentence, which negates the whole sentence.  can be used in all tenses except two: the present perfect and the past perfect.
 Verbs in the present perfect and the past perfect tenses are negated using the suffix  (na) which can also refer to "no" in yes–no questions.

Person
Verbs are inflected for person and honour, but not for number. There are five forms: first person, second person (very familiar), second person (familiar), third person (familiar), and second/third person (polite). The same sample subject pronouns will be used for all the example conjugation paradigms:  (),  (),  (),  (),  (),  () and  (). These have the following plurals respectively:  (),  (),  (),  ()/ (),  ()/ () and  ().

Comparison

A notable characteristic of spoken Sylheti is the correspondence of the  and , pronounced as a voiceless velar fricative to the  or  of Bengali and voiceless glottal fricative to the /x/ of Assamese respectively.

Comparison with Standard Bengali
A phrase in:
Standard Bengali:  .
Sylheti: / ex deshôr gail arôx deshôr mát.

which literally means 'one land's obscenity is another land's language', and can be roughly translated to convey that a similar word in one language can mean something very different in another.

Another example:

   in Standard Bengali means 'cloud'.
   in Eastern Bengali means 'rain' or 'cloud'.
 /মেঘ megh in Sylheti means 'rain'.
 In Pali, मेघ megha'' means both 'rain' and 'cloud'.

See also
Bengali–Assamese languages
Languages of India
Languages of Bangladesh
Tibeto-Burman languages
Barman language
Meitei language

References

Bibliography

Notes

Bengali dialects
Eastern Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of Bangladesh
Languages of Assam
Sylheti language
Tonal languages in non-tonal families

Sylheti language


The Grammy Award for Best New Age, Ambient or Chant Album is presented to recording artists for quality albums in the new-age music genre at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position".

Originally called the Grammy Award for Best New Age Recording, the honor was first presented to Swiss musician Andreas Vollenweider at the 29th Grammy Awards in 1987 for his album Down to the Moon. Two compilation albums featuring Windham Hill Records artists were nominated that same year. The record label was founded by William Ackerman, later an award nominee and 2005 winner for the album Returning. From 1988 to 1991 the category was known as Best New Age Performance. from 1992 to 2023, the award was presented as Best New Age Album. Beginning in 2001, award recipients included the producers, engineers, and/or mixers associated with the nominated work in addition to the recording artists. As of 2023, the category will be known as Best New Age, Ambient or Chant Album.

While "new-age" music can be difficult to define, journalist Steven Rea described the genre as "music that is acoustic, electronic, jazzy, folky and incorporates classical and pop elements, Eastern and Latin influences, exotic instrumentation and environmental sound effects." According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards, the award is presented for instrumental or vocal new-age albums "containing at least 51% playing time of newly recorded material", with seasonal recordings not being eligible. The addition of the award category reflected a "coming of age" of the music genre, though some musicians classified as new age dislike the term "new age" and some of its negative connotations.

Multiple wins
As of 2015, Paul Winter holds the record for the most wins in this category, having won six times (four times as the leader of the group Paul Winter Consort). Winter is the only musician to win the award consecutively; he received an award in 1994 for Spanish Angel as a member of his ensemble and another in 1995 for Prayer for the Wild Things as a solo artist. Irish musician Enya has received four awards. Kitarō holds the record for the most nominations, with sixteen (with only one win, in 2001). All five volumes of Kitarō's Sacred Journey of Ku-Kai series were nominated for Best New Age Album.

Pianist Peter Kater held the record for most nominations without a win, with 12, until he finally won his first Grammy (for Dancing on Water) in 2018. He also holds the record from the most consecutive nominations, with 11, having been nominated every year between 2007 and 2018.

Native American flutist R. Carlos Nakai is the only artist to be nominated for more than one work within the same year—for the 42nd Grammy Awards he was nominated alongside Paul Horn for Inside Monument Valley and for his own album Inner Voices.

Recipients

 Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.

See also
 List of new-age music artists
 List of New Age topics

References

General

Specific

External links
Grammy.com: Best New Age Album at 53rd Annual Grammy Awards Pre-Telecast

1987 establishments in the United States
Album awards
Awards established in 1987
New Age Album


Niederdombach ist ein Gemeindeteil der Stadt Herrieden im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Das Dorf liegt am Höllmühlbach, der 100 Meter weiter westlich als linker Zufluss in die Altmühl mündet. Der Ort liegt in einem Talbecken umgeben von Ackerland und Grünland mit vereinzeltem Baumbestand. 0,75 km nordöstlich erhebt sich der Kronberg, dort steht auch die Bildsäule zur Heiligen Dreifaltigkeit. 0,5 km nördlich befindet sich die bewaldete Anhöhe Rotenberg (). Im Südwesten jenseits der Altmühl liegt das Flurgebiet Speckwiesen.

Die Staatsstraße 2249 führt nach Neunstetten zur Staatsstraße 1066 (0,9 km südöstlich) bzw. über die Weißenmühle und Rauenbuch nach Leutershausen (4,5 km nordwestlich).

Geschichte
Der Ort wurde 1275 als "Tunnenbach" erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Im Jahre 1397 wurde der Ort "Tünbach" genannt.

Niederdombach gehörte gemäß einer Auflistung von 1830 zu einem "die Brünst" oder "die Brunst" genannten, seit dem Mittelalter stellenweise gerodeten umfangreichen Waldgebiet zwischen Leutershausen und Kloster Sulz mit dem Hauptort Brunst. Die Brünst war für ihre gute Rinderviehzucht bekannt; ihre 22 Dörfer galten als reich.

Im 16-Punkte-Bericht des Fürstentums Ansbach von 1684 werden für Niederdombach 7 Mannschaften verzeichnet: 1 Anwesen unterstand dem brandenburg-ansbachischen Stiftsamt Ansbach und 6 Anwesen dem eichstättischen Oberamt Wahrberg-Herrieden. Das Hochgericht übte das brandenburg-ansbachische Hofkastenamt Ansbach aus, die Dorf- und Gemeindeherrschaft und den Hirtenstab hatten das Oberamt Wahrberg-Herrieden.

1732 wie auch 1801 gab es im Ort sieben Haushalte, von denen sechs dem eichstättischen Oberamt Wahrberg-Aurach und einer Ansbach untertan waren. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Ansbach.

Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde Niederdombach dem Steuerdistrikt und der Ruralgemeinde Neunstetten zugewiesen. Am 1. Januar 1972 wurde diese im Zuge der Gebietsreform nach Herrieden eingemeindet.

Baudenkmäler
 katholische St.-Antonius-Kapelle, kleiner massiver Satteldachbau mit Ziergiebel, Putzgliederung, bezeichnet 1736, mit Dachreiter, mit Ausstattung, in der Ortsmitte in der Nähe des Höllmühlbaches
 Am Forst: Bildstock mit Dreifaltigkeitsrelief, 1730, 1100 m außerhalb am Weg zur Höllmühle
 Grobwiesen: Wegkreuz, Gusseisen, zweites Drittel 19. Jahrhundert, 100 Meter außerhalb in Richtung Neunstetten
 St 2249: Wegkreuz, Kruzifix auf Steinsockel, erste Hälfte 20. Jahrhundert, 100 Meter außerhalb in Richtung Leutershausen

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist römisch-katholisch geprägt und nach St. Veit (Neunstetten) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner evangelisch-lutherischer Konfession waren ursprünglich nach St. Laurentius (Elpersdorf bei Ansbach) gepfarrt, heute ist die Pfarrei Herrieden zuständig.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Ortsteil von Herrieden
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Ersterwähnung 1275
Dorf
Ort an der Altmühl

Niederdombach


Alberto Pellegrino () a fost un scrimer italian specializat pe floretă și spadă, laureat cu patru medalii olimpice pe echipe, inclusiv două de aur, din trei participări. A fost și triplu campion mondial pe echipe (în 1955, 1957 și 1958).

S-a apucat de scrimă la floretă, armă la care s-a clasat pe locul 5 la Campionatul Mondial pentru juniori din 1950. După ce s-a retras din activitate competițională a devenit arbitru și conducător de club. A fost membru în consiliul director al Federației Italiane de Scrimă din 1993 până la moartea sa, fiind și vicepreședinte începând cu martie 1994. În paralel era inginer, activându-se în Tunisia, Franța și Italia.

Pentru realizările sale a fost numit Cavaler al republicii Italia în 1960 și a primit medalia de aur a valorii sportive în 1964. În onorarea sa clubul de scrimă "Società del Giardino" din Milano organizează în fiecare an Trofeul "Alberto Pellegrino" la spadă.

Referințe

Legături externe

Scrimeri olimpici italieni
Floretiști
Spadasini
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1956
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1960
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1964
Medaliați olimpici cu aur italieni
Medaliați olimpici cu argint italieni

Alberto Pellegrino


The Abdul-Aziz al-Samarrai Mosque is an Islamic mosque located in Fallujah, Iraq.

The mosque came to worldwide attention when Sunni militants inside the mosque directed small-arms and rocket fire at US Marines. US forces returned fire, when a Cobra helicopter fired a Hellfire missile at the base of the mosque's minaret and an F-16 intentionally dropped a bomb on the mosque. A US Marines brigadier general said the mosque would ordinarily have protection under the Geneva Convention, but added that the attacks from inside the building caused it to lose its status. It was initially claimed that forty rebels had been killed in the strike, but it was later stated that no bodies were actually found at the scene. Other sources claim as many as 50 were killed in the attack.

See also

 Islam in Iraq
 List of mosques in Iraq

References

Mosques in Iraq
Fallujah

Abdul-Aziz al-Samarrai Mosque


Mazeppa Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Mazeppa Township (Minnesota)
 Mazeppa Township (South Dakota)

Mazeppa Township