Tanım ve semptomlar
İnme, beyindeki zayıf kan akışının hücre ölümüne neden olduğur tıbbi durumdur. Başlıca iki türü vardır: kan akışının olmaması nedeniyle iskemik ve kanama nedeniyle hemorajik. Her ikisi de beynin bölümlerinin düzgün çalışmayı durdurmasına neden olur.
İnmenin belirti ve semptomları, vücudun bir tarafında hareket edememe veya hissetmeme, anlama sorunları veya konuşma, baş dönmesi veya bir tarafta görme kaybı'nı içerebilir. İşaretler ve semptomlar genellikle inme meydana geldikten hemen sonra ortaya çıkar. Semptomlar bir veya iki saatten az sürerse inme geçici iskemik atak (TIA), ayrıca mini inme olarak da adlandırılır.
Bir hemorajik inme ayrıca bir şiddetli baş ağrısı ile ilişkili olabilir. İnmenin semptomları kalıcı olabilir. Uzun vadeli komplikasyonlar arasında pnömoni ve mesane kontrolünün kaybı yer alabilir.

İnme veya iskemik beyin-damar hastalığı, merkezi sinir sistemine giden damarların hastalıkları sonucu gelişen tıkanıklıklar ya da damar dışına kanamaların yol açtığı ani ya da iktal, fokal veya global nörolojik belirti gelişimidir.
Belirtiler 24 saati geçmeden tamamen düzelirse geçici iskemik atak, 24 saati geçip 3 hafta içinde düzelme gösterirse geri dönücü iskemik nörolojik defisit şeklinde adlandırılır.
Hafif belirtilerin gözden kaçabildiği ya da beynin nispeten sessiz kalan bir bölgesinin tutulduğu durumlarda tesadüfen görüntülemelerde tespit edilen inmelere sessiz enfarkt ya da sessiz inme denmektedir. İnmenin bu çeşidinde, birçok küçük lezyonun zamanla birikimiyle çeşitli sendrom ve özel klinik tablolar da gelişebilmektedir.

Nedenleri, tanı ve patofizyolojisi
İnme için ana risk faktörü yüksek tansiyon'dur. Diğer risk faktörleri arasında tütün içimi, obezite, yüksek kan kolesterolü, diabetes mellitus, önceki bir TIA, son dönem böbrek hastalığı ve atriyal fibrilasyon vardır. İskemik inme tipik olarak bir kan damarının tıkanmasından kaynaklanır, ancak daha az yaygın nedenler de vardır. Hemorajik felç, ya doğrudan beyne doğru kanama ya da beyin zarları arasındaki boşluğa doğru kanama nedeniyle olabilir. Yırtılmış bir beyin anevrizması nedeniyle kanama olabilir. Teşhis genelde fiziksel muayeneye dayanır ve CT taraması veya MRI taraması gibi tıbbi görüntüleme tarafından desteklenir. CT taraması kanamayı ekarte edebilir ancak erken dönemde genellikle bir CT taramasında görünmeyen iskemiyi mutlaka dışlamayabilir. Risk faktörlerini belirlemek ve diğer olası nedenleri dışlamak için elektrokardiyogram (EKG) ve kan testi gibi diğer testler yapılır. Düşük kan şekeri benzer semptomlara neden olabilir.

Önleme ve tedavi
Önleme, risk faktörlerini azaltmayı, beyne giden arterleri açma ameliyatı, sorunlu olanlarda karotis daralması ve atriyal fibrilasyonu olan kişilerde warfarin içerir. Aspirin veya statin'ler hekimler tarafından korunma amacıyla önerilebilir. İnme veya GİA genellikle acil bakım gerektirir. Bir iskemik inme, üç ila dört buçuk saat içinde belirlenirse, pıhtıyı parçalayabilen bir ilaç ile tedavi edilebilir. Bazı hemorajik felçler cerrahiden yarar sağlar. Kaybedilen fonksiyonun geri kazanılmasına yönelik tedaviye inme rehabilitasyonu denir ve ideal olarak bir inme ünitesinde yapılır; ancak bunlar dünyanın pek çok yerinde yoktur.

Patofizyoloji
Ortalama bir yetişkin beynine kan akımı olağan koşullarda dinlenme halinde dakikada 100 gram beyin dokusu başına 50-55 ml, aynı koşullarda oksijen tüketim miktarı da dakikada 100 gram beyin dokusu başına 165 mmol ölçülmüştür. Kan akımı dakikada 100 gram beyin dokusu başına 18 ml'nin altına düşerse beynin elektriksel etkinliği kaybolur. Kan akımı 100 gram beyin dokusu başına dakikada 8 ml'ye düşerse hücre zarı yetmezliği eşiği geçilmiş olur, geri dönüşümsüz hücre hasarı gelişmeye başlar. Beyin kan akımının bu derece bozulması, ilk 12-15 saniye içinde elektriksel aktivitenin baskılanmasına, 2-4 dakika içinde kortikal hücrelerin sinaptik uyarılabilirliklerinin engellenmesine, 4-6 dakika içinde de elektriksel uyarılabilirliğin bütünüyle yitmesine yol açmaktadır. Aerobik glikoliz yapılamayınca hücre içinde sodyum ve kalsiyum iyonları birikir, doku içine eksitotoksik nörotransmiterler salınır, laktat düzeylerinde artmayla giden lokal asidoz, serbest radikal üretimi, hücre şişmesi, lipazların ve proteazların aşırı aktivasyonu ve sonuçta hücre ölümü gerçekleşir. Kan akımı yeniden sağlanır ve sinir hücrelerinin oksijen gereksinimi karşılanırsa, zarar geri çevrilebilir. Enfarkt gelişimi sırasında lokal vazodilasyon, kan sütununun stazıyla beraber eritrositlerin segmentasyonu, ödem ve son olarak da beyin dokusunun nekrozu gözlenir. Enfarkt bir kez gelişince beyin dokusu önce yumuşar, ardından sıvılaşır ve ardından mikroglia hücreleri tarafından artıkların temizlenmesi sonucunda bir boşluk oluşur. Oluşan boşluğu doldurma amaçlı, çevreleyen beyin dokusundaki astrogliya hücreleri çoğalırlar, boşalan alanı doldururlar ve yeni kılcal damar ağı oluşur.,

Etiyoloji
Enfarkt gelişiminde birçok etmen rol oynar. Olağan perfüzyonun şiddetli arteriyel stenoz, ateroskleroz, bunlarla birlikte tromboz gelişimi gibi nedenlerle oluşan tıkanmalar sonucunda azalmasıyla hemodinamik enfarktlar gelişir. Kalp, alt ekstremite venleri gibi kaynaklardan gelen bir trombüs parçasının ileride bir kafaiçi dalı tıkadığı duruma embolizm adı verilir. Lokal ateroskleroz ya da lipohiyalinoz sonucunda tıkanma oluyorsa küçük damar hastalığı denebilir. Arter diseksiyonu, birincil ya da ikincil vaskülitler, hiperkoagülabilite durumları, vazospazm, sistemik hipotansiyon, hiperviskozite, moyamoya hastalığı, fibromusküler displazi, venöz sinüs tıkanıklığı ya da bir kitlenin damara basısı gibi durumlar ise iskemik inmenin daha nadir görünen nedenleridir.

Epidemiyoloji
Yalnız Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde yıllık 500.000 kişinin yeni ya da tekrarlayıcı inme nedeniyle hastaneye başvuruda bulunduğu bilinmektedir. Her ne kadar bilhassa gelişmiş ülkelerde yıllar içinde yeni tedavi edici ve önleyici yaklaşımlar geliştirilmesiyle inmeye bağlı ölüm oranlarında düşme izlenmişse de toplumların yaş ortalamalarının artmasından dolayı hâlen ölüm sebepleri arasında ikinci sırada yer almaktadır. İnme geliştikten sonraki 5 yıl içinde %45-61 oranında ölüm, %25-37 oranında yeni bir inme gelişmektedir. Mortalite ile sonuçlanmayan vakalarda da inme yüksek bir morbiditeye neden olmaktadır; hastaların yaklaşık %31'i günlük hayatını sürdürmekte yardıma muhtaçken, %20'si yardımsız yürüyememekte, %16'sı bir hastane ya da bakımevine yatırılmaktadır.

Risk faktörleri
Yapılan çalışmalarda bilhassa ileri yaşın, erkek olmanın, Afrika kökenli olmanın, sosyoekonomik seviyenin düşük olmasının, ailede inme öyküsü olmasının, yüksek seyreden kan basıncının, diyabetin, dislipidemilerin ve kalp hastalıklarının, sigara ve yüksek miktarda alkol kullanımının, şişmanlığın inme için önde gelen risk faktörleri olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu risk faktörlerinin sadece aterosklerozu hızlandırarak değil, aynı zamanda hemostatik ve mikrodolaşım bozuklukları, uyku uyanıklık düzenindeki bozulmalar ve çevresel bazı etmenlerin de araya girmesine bağlı değişikliklerle de inme görülme sıklığını arttırdıkları gözlenmiştir. Bu risk faktörlerinin bir kısmı sabittir, yani tedavisi mümkün değildir, kalan kısmı ise değişkendir, yani tedavi edilebilir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Nörolojik bozukluklar
Kardiyovasküler hastalıklar
Tıbbi acil durumlar

İnme


Elizabeth  Jennings (20 de julio de 1926 – 25 de octubre de 2001) fue una poeta inglesa.

Biografía
Jennings nació en Boston (Lincolnshire). Cuando tenía seis años de edad, su familia se mudó a Oxford, donde residiría durante el resto de su vida. Cursó sus estudios universitarios en el St Anne's College de Oxford. Después de graduarse, comenzó a trabajar como bibliotecaria.

Los primeros poemas de Jennings fueron publicados en periódicos tales como Oxford Poetry, New English Weekly, The Spectator, Outposts y Poetry Review, pero su primer libro no se publicó hasta que cumplió veintisiete años de edad. Los poetas líricos que, según ella, la influenciaron son Hopkins, Auden, Graves y Muir. Su segundo libro, A Way of Looking, ganó el premio Somerset Maugham y marcó un punto de inflexión, ya que el dinero que obtuvo como parte del premio le permitió pasar casi tres meses en Roma, en lo que fue una revelación. Llevó sus creencias religiosas a una nueva dimensión e inspiró su imaginación.

Considerada una tradicionalista más que una innovadora, Jennings es reconocida por su poesía lírica y por  mastery of form.  Sus obras presentan una simplicidad de métrica y ritmo compartidos con Philip Larkin, Kingsley Amis y Thom Gunn, todos miembros del grupo de poetas ingleses conocido como The Movement. Siempre dejó claro que aunque las experiencias de su vida, (durante la cual sufrió de severas enfermedades mentales) contribuyeron a crear las temáticas de sus obras, no escribía poesía autobiográfica de manera explícita. Su catolicismo profundo influenció gran parte de su trabajo.

Falleció en un asilo de ancianos en Bampton (Oxfordshire) y está sepultada en el cementerio de Wolvercote (Oxford).

Premios y honores selectos
1953: Premio del Arts Council of Great Britain al mejor libro de poemas por Poems
1955: Premio Somerset Maugham por A Way of Looking.
1987: Premio Literario W.H. Smith por Collected Poems 1953–1985
1992: Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
2001: Doctorate of Divinity Honorario, de la Universidad de Durham

Publicaciones

Colecciones de poemas
Poems. Oxford: Fantasy Press, 1953
A Way of Looking. Londres: André Deutsch, 1955
A Sense of the World. Londres: André Deutsch, 1958
Song For a Birth or a Death. Londres: André Deutsch, 1961
The Sonnets of Michelangelo (traducido por Jennings). Londres: Folio Society, 1961
Recoveries. Londres: André Deutsch, 1964
The Mind has Mountains. Londres: Macmillan, 1966
The Secret Brother and Other Poems for Children. Londres: Macmillan, 1966
Collected Poems 1967. Londres: Macmillan, 1967
The Animals' Arrival. Londres: Macmillan, 1969
Lucidities. Londres: Macmillan, 1970
Relationships. Londres: Macmillan, 1972
Growing Points. Cheadle: Carcanet, 1975
Consequently I Rejoice. Cheadle: Carcanet, 1977
After the Ark. Oxford University Press, 1978
Selected Poems. Cheadle: Carcanet, 1979
Moments of Grace. Manchester: Carcanet, 1980
Celebrations and Elegies. Manchester: Carcanet, 1982
Extending the Territory. Manchester: Carcanet, 1985
Collected Poems 1953-1985. Manchester: Carcanet, 1986
Tributes. Manchester: Carcanet, 1989
Times and Seasons. Manchester: Carcanet, 1992
Familiar Spirits. Manchester: Carcanet, 1994
In the Meantime. Manchester: Carcanet, 1996
A Spell of Words: Selected Poems for Children. Londres: Macmillan, 1997
Praises. Manchester: Carcanet, 1998
Timely Issues. Manchester: Carcanet, 2001
New Collected Poems. Manchester: Carcanet, 2001

Selecciones y antologías editadas por Jennings
The Batsford Book of Children's Verse (ilustrado). Londres: Batsford, 1958
An Anthology of Modern Verse: 1940-1960. Londres: Methuen, 1961
Wuthering Heights and Selected Poems by Emily Brontë. Londres: Pan Books, 1967
A Choice of Christina Rossetti's Verse. Londres: Faber and Faber, 1970
The Batsford Book of Religious Verse. Londres: Batsford, 1981
A Poet's Choice. Manchester: Carcanet, 1996

Críticas
"The Difficult Balance". London Magazine 6.9 (1959): 27–30
"The Restoration of Symbols: The Poetry of David Gascoyne". Twentieth Century 165 (junio de 1959): 567–577
Let's Have Some Poetry! (para niños).  Londres: Museum Press, 1960
"Poetry and Mysticism: on re-reading Bremond". Dublin Review 234 (1960): 84–91
"The Unity of Incarnation: a study of Gerard Manley Hopkins". Dublin Review 234 (1960): 170–184
Every Changing Shape: Mystical Experience and the Making of Poems. Londres: André Deutsch, 1961; Manchester: Carcanet, 1996 ISBN 978-1857542479
Poetry Today (British Council y National British League). Londres: Longmans, Green and Co., 1961
"Emily Dickinson and the Poetry of the Inner Life". Review of English Literature 3.2 (abril de 1962): 78–87
Frost (Robert Frost). Edimburgo: Oliver and Boyd, 1964
Christianity and Poetry. Londres: Burns & Oates, 1965
Reaching into Silence: a study of eight twentieth-century visionaries. Nueva York: Barnes & Noble, 1974
Seven Men of Vision: an appreciation. Londres: Visa Press, 1976
"The State of Poetry". Agenda 27.3 (otoño de 1989): 40–41

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Elizabeth Jennings Project. Perfil y obras.
 Perfil y poemas (audio) en Poetry Archive
 Archivo de Elizabeth Jennings de la Universidad de Delaware
 Archivo de Elizabeth Jennings de la Universidad de Georgetown
 "The Poetry of Elizabeth Jennings" Poetry nation No 5 1975

Poetas del Reino Unido del siglo XX
Escritores católicos
Poetisas del Reino Unido

Elizabeth Jennings


John Wilbur ( - ) est un éminent ministre quaker américain et penseur religieux qui est à l'avant-garde d'une controverse qui conduit à "la deuxième scission" de la Société religieuse des amis aux États-Unis.

Biographie
Wilbur est né de parents quakers à Hopkinton, Rhode Island. Wilbur est reconnu comme aîné en 1802 et comme ministre en 1812. Wilbur est le professeur de l'école locale des Quakers pendant de nombreuses années. En 1822, il est nommé à un important comité des Quakers de la Nouvelle-Angleterre pour enquêter sur le mouvement "nouvelle lumière" à Lynn, Massachusetts. Il devient connu comme un représentant du quakerisme traditionnel.

En 1831, Wilbur fait son premier voyage en Angleterre et y rencontre une poussée évangélique croissante parmi les Quakers, ce qui le rend mal à l'aise. Les quakers ont traversé un schisme quelques années plus tôt impliquant Elias Hicks. Au cours de ce voyage britannique, Wilbur écrit une série de lettres à George Crossfield ; ces lettres sont des déclarations bien reçues de la doctrine Quaker et sont régulièrement rééditées depuis cette époque.

Le corps principal des Quakers est appelé orthodoxe parce qu'ils sont restés orthodoxes en termes de christianisme. Mais maintenant, Wilbur croit que certains Quakers orthodoxes, en particulier ceux d'Angleterre, sont tellement alarmés par l'hétérodoxie perçue de Hicks qu'ils sont allés trop loin dans l'autre sens. Il voit que ce groupe abandonne la pratique traditionnelle des Quakers consistant à suivre les conseils intérieurs immédiats de Dieu en faveur de l'utilisation de leur propre raison pour interpréter et suivre la Bible. Ils mettent l'accent sur une froide acceptation intellectuelle de la Bible au lieu d'une expérience vitale et directe du Saint-Esprit dans son cœur. Wilbur cite les premiers Quakers, tels que Robert Barclay, William Penn et George Fox pour faire valoir que la vision traditionnelle des Quakers est que la lumière intérieure a priorité sur le texte de la Bible. En même temps, il convient que la Bible est inspirée par Dieu et est utile comme guide, tout comme les premiers Quakers.

Wilbur retourne aux États-Unis en 1833. Il s'implique dans une dispute avec Joseph John Gurney, un ministre quaker d'Angleterre qui prononce des discours à travers les États-Unis. Gurney est fortement impliqué dans la rédaction de l'épître de la London Yearly Meeting en 1836. Dans cette épître, les Quakers d'Angleterre expriment officiellement leur adoption des vues plus évangéliques que Wilbur a rencontrées et désapprouvées. Pendant le séjour de Gurney aux États-Unis, Wilbur fait des commentaires privés contre les opinions de Gurney à certains de ses associés lors de la réunion annuelle de la Nouvelle-Angleterre (qui comprend des quakers dans l'est de 80% de la Nouvelle-Angleterre) et des connaissances lors de la réunion annuelle de Philadelphie.

En 1838, certains membres de la réunion annuelle de la Nouvelle-Angleterre accusent Wilbur d'avoir fait des déclarations désobligeantes contre Gurney en violation du principe de gestion des conflits en passant par les canaux appropriés. Ils ordonnent à South Kingston Monthly Meeting (l'organisme local auquel il appartient) de le discipliner, mais les Quakers locaux soutiennent Wilbur. Ensuite, la réunion trimestrielle de Rhode Island (un groupe intermédiaire) dissous la réunion mensuelle de South Kingston et rattache ses membres à la réunion mensuelle de Greenwich. Cette dernière réunion désavoue Wilbur en 1843. Ce reniement est confirmé par sa réunion trimestrielle puis par la réunion annuelle également.

Wilbur continue dans le mouvement des Quakers avec le soutien de nombreux membres partageant les mêmes idées. En 1845, une division a lieu en Nouvelle-Angleterre sur le traitement inhabituel de Wilbur et de ses partisans. Le plus petit corps, comprenant environ cinq cents membres, est appelé les «Wilburites» pour leur soutien à John Wilbur. Le plus grand corps est appelé les "Gurneyites" pour leur soutien à Joseph J. Gurney. Au cours des années suivantes, d'autres réunions annuelles se divisent: New York en 1846 et Ohio, Indiana et Baltimore en 1854. Les Quakers Wilburites entrent plus tard en communion avec une branche appelée les Amis Conservateurs.

Wilbur fait un deuxième voyage en Angleterre en 1853–1854. Il meurt en 1856, la même année que deux autres Quakers Wilburites de premier plan, Thomas B. Gould et Job Otis.

Notes et références

 Wilbur, John. Journal de la vie de John Wilbur, un ministre de l'Evangile dans la Société des Amis ; avec des sélections de sa correspondance . Providence RI : George H. Whitney, 1859.
 Wilbur, John. Lettres à un ami, sur certaines des doctrines primitives du christianisme . Philadelphie: The Tract Association of Friends, 1995.
 Wilbur, John. Un récit et une exposition des actes tardifs de la réunion annuelle de la Nouvelle-Angleterre, avec certaines de ses réunions subordonnées et leurs comités, en relation avec la controverse doctrinale existant actuellement dans la Société des amis . New York: Piercy & Reed, imprimeurs, 1845

Références

Liens externes

Décès en mai 1856
Naissance en juillet 1774
Quaker américain
Décès à 81 ans

John Wilbur


Le Noël de la Vierge Marie sous-titré Berceuse, op. 54, est une œuvre de la compositrice Mel Bonis, datant de 1900.

Composition
Mel Bonis compose son Noël de la Vierge Marie sur un poème de Madeleine Pape-Carpantier. L'œuvre est dédiée à sa nièce Louise Aboilard . Elle existe en deux versions : l'une pour voix et orchestre, l'autre pour voix et piano ou orgue.

La première version présente deux manuscrits : le brouillon et le propre, avec conducteur seul, daté de 1905. Cette version est publiée à titre posthume par les éditions Furore en 2019. La deuxième version, présente deux manuscrits : l'un en ré majeur, daté de 1901, l'autre en mi majeur, calligraphié, sans date. C'est une version en ré majeur qui est publiée chez Hachette en 1900, puis rééditée sous le titre Berceuse de Noël par les éditions Demets en 1903, puis par les éditions Armiane en 2003 et en 2014.

Analyse
L'œuvre a un thème traité de façon pastorale, le thème traité étant celui de la contemplation de la Vierge Marie devant son enfant qui vient de naître. Le Noël de la Vierge Marie est une exception dans son traitement du sujet religieux, car il possède non pas une simple partie de clavier, mais aussi un accompagnement orchestral. Mel Bonis emploie le thème de la berceuse (Marie berce son enfant) proposé par le sous-titre de l'œuvre, mais elle l'associe au caractère religieux. Cela fait ressortir deux thématiques essentielles dans son œuvre vocale : le caractère mystique et la dévotion familiale.

L'œuvre débute en ré majeur et évolue vers le la mineur en introduisant à la fin une tierce picarde, symbole de lumière et de clarté, s'opposant à un texte évoquant l'obscurité : . Elle présente une introduction et une conclusion très tourmentées. La pièce présente un fort chromatisme, sur un rythme syncopé et dans un tempo . C'est une page troublée où l'écriture contrapuntique s'entremêle dans les cordes, où les instruments à vent servent souvent de doublure. Elle laisse place à une partie centrale en la mineur, basée sur trois strophes pour lesquelles la musique n'est que reprise et qui gravite entre la voix, quelques renforcements instrumentaux de la mélodie et un accompagnement sinueux de la partie d'alto. Il faut noter la proximité mélodique du début de la partie centrale avec le thème du Dies Irae.

Réception
L'œuvre est interprétée en 1909 par Jane Arger.

Discographie

Références

Sources

 Archives consultables à l'Association Mel Bonis.

Liens externes

Œuvre de Mel Bonis
Mélodie française
Œuvre réalisée en 1905

Noël de la Vierge Marie


Pandemonium est une comédie horrifique américaine réalisée par Alfred Sole et sortie en 1982.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre original : Pandemonium
 Réalisation : Alfred Sole
 Scénario : Jaime Klein et Richard Whitley
 Musique : Dana Kaproff
 Décors : Charles Graffeo
 Costumes : Roberta Weiner
 Photographie : Michel Hugo
 Montage : Eric Jenkins
 Producteur : Doug Chapin
 Producteur associé : Jaime Klein et Richard Whitley
 Producteur délégué : Barry Krost
 Sociétés de production : United Artists, TMC Venture et Krost/Chapin Productions
 Société de distribution : MGM/UA Entertainment Company
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur — 2,35:1
 Genre : comédie horrifique
 Durée : 82 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 États-Unis :

Acteurs principaux
 Tom Smothers : Cooper
 Carol Kane : Candy
 Paul Reubens : Johnson
 Eve Arden : la jardinière
 Candice Azzara : Bambi
 Eileen Brennan : la mère de Candy
 Judge Reinhold : Glenn
 Kaye Ballard : la mère de Glenn
 Donald O'Connor : le père de Glenn
 Tab Hunter : Blue Grange
 David Lander : Pepe
 Phil Hartman : le journaliste
 Debralee Scott : Sandy
 Marc McClure : Randy
 Teri Landrum : Mandy
 John Paragon : le prisonnier
 Lynne Marie Stewart : l'hôtesse de l'air
 Gary Allen :  Fuller
 Sydney Lassick : un homme à l'arrêt de bus
 Edie McClurg : la mère de Blue
 Lenny Montana : le coach
 Richard Romanus : Jarrett

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1982
Comédie horrifique américaine
Film de Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Film d'United Artists
Film se déroulant en Indiana
Film tourné à Los Angeles

Pandemonium (film, 1982)


نادي انتر كلوب نادي كرة قدم أنغولي يلعب في دوري الدرجة الممتازة و يمثل بلادة في بطولات الأندية الأفريقية.

إنجازات فريق كرة القدم
 بطولة أنغولا (2)
 الفوز بالبطولة: 2007، 2010
 كأس أنغولا لكرة القدم (2)
 الفوز بالكأس : 1986، 2003
 كأس السوبر الأنغولي (2)
 الفوز: 2001، 2008
 كأس إفريقيا للأندية الفائزة بالكؤوس (0)
 الفوز:
 الوصيف: 2001

أندية رياضية في أنغولا
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1953
أندية كرة قدم في أنغولا
أندية كرة قدم في لواندا
تأسيسات سنة 1953 في أنغولا

إنتر كلوب


ZZOT je neformalna umjetnička organizacija koja je djelovala u Zagrebu od sredine osamdesetih godina 20. stoljeća do prve polovice devedesetih. Primarno polje djelovanja skupine bili su strip i grafika a to se očituje i u nazivu skupine koji je onomatopeja zvuka svemirskih pištolja/lasera u stripovima. Osnivači grupe su bili Željko Zorica - Šiš, Helena Klakočar, Milan Manojlović i arhitektica Nina Haramija. U kasnijoj fazi grupi su se pridružili Kruno Mavar, Dragan Ruljančić, slikarica Mirjana Vukadin i scenograf Miljenko Sekulić - Sarma. Osim objavljivanja stripova u Poletu i srodnim studentskim revijama, grupa je aktivna i na izložbenom planu diljem Europe. Osebujnim likovnim jezikom, grafičkim oblikovanjem, koji vuče korijene iz ekspresionizma i "bad paintinga" ZZOT otvara pogled u multimedijalni svijet suvremene umjetnosti. Svojim stilom, tehnikom i zahvatima radovi grupe ZZOT izmiču dosadašnjim okvirima hrvatske animacije i stripa i daju nove mogućnosti grafičkoj umjetnosti.

Izvori

Kultura u Zagrebu

ZZOT


Campanula grossekii er tegund af klukkuætt (Campanulaceae), ættuð frá Rúmeníu til Balkanskaga.

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Bláklukkur

Campanula grossekii


Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara  (16 May 1924 – 27 August 2019) was a Gambian politician who served as Prime Minister from 1962-70, and then as the first President of the Gambia from 1970-94.

Jawara was born in Barajally, MacCarthy Island Division, the son of Mamma Fatty and Almami Jawara. He was educated at the Methodist Boys' School in Banjul (Bathurst) and then attended Achimota College in Ghana. He trained as a veterinary surgeon at the University of Glasgow's School of Veterinary Medicine, then completed his training at the University of Liverpool and the University of Edinburgh. He returned to The Gambia in 1953 and married Augusta Mahoney, beginning work as a veterinary officer. He decided to enter politics and became secretary of the new People's Progressive Party (PPP) and was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1960 election. He became the leader of the PPP and then the country's first Prime Minister in 1962, only the second-ever head of government following Pierre Sarr N'Jie's term as Chief Minister.

Under Jawara, The Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1965. He remained as Prime Minister and Elizabeth II remained as head of state as Queen of the Gambia. In 1970, The Gambia became a republic, and Jawara was elected as its first President. The greatest challenge to Jawara's power came in 1981 when an attempted coup d'état took place and soldiers from neighbouring Senegal were forced to intervene, with 400 to 800 deaths reported by the end of the coup attempt. Following the coup attempt, Jawara and Senegalese President Abdou Diouf announced the creation of the Senegambia Confederation, but it proved to be short-lived and ultimately collapsed eight years later in 1989.

Jawara continued to rule until 1994 when a coup d'état led by Yahya Jammeh seized power. Following this, he went into exile, but returned in 2002, and lived in retirement in The Gambia until his death in 2019.

Childhood and early education
Dawda Jawara was born in 1924 to Almammi Jawara and Mamma Fatty in the village of Barajally Tenda in the central region of The Gambia, approximately  from the capital, Banjul, then called Bathurst. One of six sons, Dawda was the lastborn on his mother's side and a younger brother to sister Na Ceesay and brothers Basaddi and Sheriffo Jawara.

Their father Almammi, who had several wives, was a well-to-do trader from an aristocratic family who commuted from Barajally Tenda to his trading post in Wally Kunda. His family, the Jawaras, had once served as members of the Gbara of Old Mali.

Dawda from an early age attended the local Arabic schools to memorize the Quran, a rite of passage for many Gambian children. There were no primary schools in Barajally Tenda: the nearest was in Georgetown (Janjanbureh), the provincial capital, but this boarding school was reserved for the sons of the chiefs.

Around 1933, young Jawara's formal education was sponsored by a friend of his father, a trader named Ebrima Youma Jallow, whose trading post was across the street from Alammi's in Wally-Kunda. Dawda was enrolled at Mohammedan primary school where he was taught by I.M. Garba-Jahumpa. After graduation from Mohammedan, Jawara won a scholarship to an all-boys High School, where he enjoyed all his classes, but showed the greatest aptitude in science and mathematics. Upon matriculation in 1945, he worked as a nurse until 1947 at the Victoria Hospital in Bathurst (now Banjul). The limited career and educational opportunities in colonial Gambia led to a year's stint at Prince of Wales College and School in Achimota, Accra, in the then Gold Coast, where he studied science. While at Prince of Wales College and School (popularly known as Achimota College), Jawara showed little interest in politics at a time when Ghana and many colonies in Africa were beginning to become restless for political independence or internal self-government. While he was happy to have met Ghana's founding father, Kwame Nkrumah, the impact did not prove significant at the time.

After attending Achimota College, Jawara won a scholarship to Scotland's Glasgow University to study veterinary medicine. At the time, colonial education was intended to train Africans for the most menial of clerical tasks in the civil service. And it was rare for Gambians to be awarded scholarships in the sciences. It was at Glasgow University in the late 1940s, that Jawara's interest in politics began. In 1948 he joined the African Students Association and was later elected secretary-general and president, respectively. Also, while at Glasgow, Jawara honed his political interests and skills by joining the Student Labour Party Organization, Forward Group, and became active in labour politics of the time. Though never a "leftist", Jawara immersed himself in the Labour Party's socialist politics and ideology. At Glasgow Jawara met Cheddi Jagan, who later became Premier of British Guiana, now Guyana. Jawara classified this period in his life "as very interesting politically". It was a moment of rising Pan-Africanist fervour and personal growth politically. He completed his studies in 1953. He later returned to Scotland to gain a further diploma in tropical veterinary medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1957.

Return to The Gambia

When Jawara returned home in 1953 after completing his studies as a veterinary surgeon, he first served as a veterinary officer. In 1955 he married Augusta Mahoney, daughter of Sir John Mahoney, a prominent Aku in Bathurst. The Aku, a small and educated group, are descendants of freed slaves who settled in The Gambia after manumission. Despite their relatively small size, they came to dominate both the social, political, and economic life of the colony. Many opponents claim that it was pragmatic, albeit an unusual, fulfillment of Jawara's wish to marry a well-to-do Anglican woman.

As a veterinary officer, Jawara traveled the length and breadth of The Gambia for months vaccinating cattle. In the process, he established valuable social contacts and relationships with the relatively well-to-do cattle owners in the protectorate. This group, with the district chiefs and village heads, in later years formed the bulk of his initial political support. As noted, British colonial policy at that time divided The Gambia into two sections; the colony and the protectorate. Adults in the colony area, which included Bathurst and the Kombo St. Mary sub-regions, were franchised, while their counterparts in the protectorate were not. Political activity and representation at the Legislative Council were limited to the colony.

At the time of his return to The Gambia, politics in the colony were dominated by a group of urban elites from Bathurst and the Kombo St. Mary's areas. At a meeting in 1959 at Basse, a major commercial town almost at the end of The Gambia River, the leadership of the People's Progressive Society decided to change its name to challenge the urban-based parties and their leaders. Thus was born the Protectorate People's Party.

The same year, a delegation headed by Sanjally Bojang (a well-off patron and founding member of the new party), Bokarr Fofanah and Madiba Janneh, arrived at Abuko to inform Jawara of his nomination as secretary of the party. Jawara resigned his position as chief veterinary officer in order to contest the 1960 election. The Protectorate People's Party was renamed the People's Progressive Party (PPP) to make the party inclusive as opposed to the generally held perception of it being a Mandinka-based party. Over time, the PPP and Jawara would supersede the urban-based parties and their leaders. This change is what Arnold Hughes termed a "Green Revolution", a political process in which a rural elite emerges to challenge and defeat an urban-based political petty-bourgeoisie.

Jawara's ascendance to the leadership of the party was hardly contested. As one of the few university graduates from the protectorate, the only other possible candidate was Dr. Lamin Marena from Kudang.

Self-government in The Gambia

In 1962, Jawara became prime minister, which laid the foundation for PPP and Jawara domination of The Gambia's political landscape. With Jawara's rise to power after the 1962 elections, the colonial administration began a gradual withdrawal from The Gambia, and self-government was granted in 1963. Jawara was appointed Prime Minister in the same year, and independence came on February 18, 1965. This completed The Gambia's peaceful transition from colonial rule.

With a small civil service, staffed mostly by the Aku and urban Wollofs, Jawara, and the PPP sought to build a nation and develop an economy to sustain both farmers and urban dwellers. Many in the rural areas hoped that political independence would bring with an immediate improvement in their life circumstances. These high expectations, as in other newly independent ex-colonies, stemmed partly from the extravagant promises made by some political leaders. In time, however, a measure of disappointment set in as the people quickly discovered that their leaders could not deliver on all their promises.

During the self-government period of 1962-–65, promising overtures were made from Jawara to Senegal. In November 1962, Jawara asked the United Nations (UN) to appoint experts to assess the future of Senegal and The Gambia together, which U Thant, the Secretary-General, agreed to. The British attitude was said to be one of "friendly encouragement". In March 1964, following a visit from Léopold Sédar Senghor, intentions to coordinate The Gambia's and Senegal's economic programmes were announced. Particular focus was to be placed on the field of agriculture.

1981 attempted coup
The greatest challenge to Dawda Jawara's rule (other than the coup that ended his power in 1994) was an attempted coup in 1981, headed by a disgruntled ex-politician turned Marxist, Kukoi Samba Sanyang. The coup, which followed a weakening of the economy and allegations of corruption against leading politicians, occurred on July 29, 1981, and was carried out by the leftist National Revolutionary Council, composed of Kukoi Samba Sanyang's Gambia Socialist Revolutionary Party and elements of the "Field Force" (a paramilitary force which constituted the bulk of the country's armed forces).

President Jawara immediately requested military aid from Senegal which deployed 400 troops to the Gambia on July 31, and by August 6 2,700 Senegalese troops had been deployed and they had defeated the coup leaders' forces. Between 500 and 800 people were killed during the coup and the resulting violence.

The attempted coup reflected the desire for change, at least on the part of some civilians and their allies in the Field Force. Despite Kukoi's failure to assume power, the attempted coup revealed major weaknesses within the ruling PPP and society as a whole. The hegemony of the PPP, contraction of intra-party competition, and growing social inequalities were factors that could not be discounted. Also crucial to the causes of the aborted coup was a deteriorating economy whose major victims were the urban youth in particular. In his 1981 New Year message, Jawara explained The Gambia's economic problems thus:

The most striking consequence of the aborted coup was the intervention of the Senegalese troops at the request of Jawara, as a result of the defense treaty signed between the two countries in 1965. At the time of the aborted coup, Jawara was attending the Wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer in London and flew immediately to Dakar to consult with President Abdou Diouf. While Senegal's intervention was ostensibly to rescue President Jawara's regime, it had the effect of undermining Gambian sovereignty, which was something that had been jealously guarded by Gambians and Jawara in particular. Yet it was relinquished expediently. The presence of Senegalese troops in Banjul was testimony to Jawara's growing reliance on Senegal, which consequently was a source of much resentment.

Senegambian Confederation

Three weeks after the aborted coup and the successful restoration of Jawara by Senegalese troops, Presidents Diouf and Jawara, at a joint press conference, announced plans for the establishment of the Senegambian Confederation. In December 1981, five months after the foiled coup, the treaties of confederation were signed in Dakar. The speed with which the treaties were signed and the lack of input from the bulk of The Gambian population suggested to many that the arrangement was an exercise in political expedience. President Jawara was under great pressure because of the repercussions of the aborted coup and the Senegalese government. Under the treaty with Senegal, Diouf served as president and Jawara as his vice president. A confederal parliament and cabinet were set up with several ministerial positions going to The Gambia. Additionally, a new Gambian army was created as part of a new confederate army.

The creation of a new Gambian army was cause for concern for many observers. Such an institution, it was felt, would by no means diminish the recurrence of the events of July 30, 1981, nor would it guarantee the regime's stability. By agreeing to the creation of an army, Jawara had planted the very seeds of his eventual political demise. The army would in time become a serious contender for political office, different from political parties only in its control over the instruments of violence. Such an atmosphere, however, as the events of 1994 would show, was fertile ground for coups and counter coups. Perhaps more importantly, the creation of a new army diverted limited resources that could have otherwise been used to enhance the strong rural development programmes of the PPP government. The confederation collapsed in 1989.

Jawara did not resort to the authoritarian and often punitive backlash that follows coups in most of Africa. Instead, he made overtures of reconciliation, with judicious and speedy trial and subsequent release of over 800 detainees. Individuals who received death sentence convictions were committed to life in prison instead, and many prisoners were released for lack of sufficient evidence. More serious offenders were tried by an impartial panel of judges drawn from Anglophone Commonwealth countries. International goodwill toward the regime was immediate and generous and before long, Jawara had begun a process of political and economic reconstruction of the country.

Economic reform

The Gambia was incorporated into the world economy as a supplier of agricultural exports (largely groundnuts) and tourism. Since independence, there has been little change in the structure of the economy, which remains very heavily dependent on groundnut production. Agriculture and tourism are the dominant sectors and also the main sources of foreign exchange, employment, and income for the country. Thanks to the growing economy, the government introduced in the 1970s the policy of 'Gambianisation', which led to an expansion of the state's role in the economy. There was a 75 percent increase in total government employment over the period from 1975 to 1980.

In mid-1985, The Gambia under Jawara initiated the Economic Recovery Program (ERP), one of the most comprehensive economic adjustment programmes devised by any country in sub-Saharan Africa. With the aid of a team of economists from the Harvard Institute for International Development and the International Monetary Fund, The Gambia greatly reformed the economic structure of the country. Under ERP, in 1985–86, the deficit was 72 million Dalasis, and it increased to 169 million Dalasis in 1990–91. However, by mid-1986, just a year after the ERP was established, the revival of The Gambian economy had begun. The government reduced its budget deficit, increased its foreign exchange reserves, and eliminated its debt service arrears.

Under the ERP, economic opportunities became more abundant, and many private businessmen and public officials turned to illegal means to make profit. Corruption created a serious legitimacy crisis for the PPP. Several cases of corruption were revealed and these seriously indicted the PPP regime. The Gambia Commercial Development Bank collapsed, largely due to its failure to collect loans. The Asset Management and Recovery Corporation (AMRC) was set up under an Act of Parliament in 1992, but the PPP government was not willing to use its influence to assist AMRC in its recovery exercise. This was particularly embarrassing because the people and organisations with the highest loans were close to PPP. In an embezzlement scheme at The Gambia Cooperative Union (GCU), fraud was revealed in Customs, and through the process of privatisation, it was discovered that many dummy loans had been given to well-connected individuals at GCDB.

A group of para-statal heads and big businessmen closely associated with the PPP (nicknamed the Banjul Mafia) were seen as the culprits responsible for corruption in the public sector. Driven to make profit, many elites did not refrain from manipulating state power to maintain a lifestyle of wealth and privilege. Corruption had become a serious problem in The Gambia, especially during the last two years of the PPP rule.

By 1992, The Gambia was one of the poorest countries in Africa and the world, with a 45-year life expectancy at birth, an infant mortality rate of 130 per 1000 live births, a child mortality rate of 292 per 1000, and an under-five mortality rate of 227 per 1000. At that time, 120 out of every 1000 live births died of malaria. The Gambia also had a 75 percent illiteracy rate, only 40 percent of the population had access to potable water supply, and over 75 percent of the population were living in absolute poverty.

Structural adjustment programmes implemented in response to the economic crisis resulted in government fragmentation, privatisation, less patronage in co-opting various groups and growing corruption. The 30 years the PPP regime operated with diminished resources and therefore could no longer rule as it always had. The credibility of the competitive party system was severely challenged as Jawara's PPP was unable to show that good economic management could lead to benefits for the majority of society.

Regime survival

With Jawara's precarious hold on power at Gambian independence, his low caste status constituted a grave handicap and one which threatened to overshadow his strengths (most notably, a university education). The two pre-independence challenges to Jawara's position demonstrated his vulnerability and illustrated the fact that he could not rely upon the undivided loyalty of the party's founding members. At independence, Jawara's lieutenants regarded him as their representative, almost a nominal leader, and clearly intended him to promote their personal advancement.

Given these circumstances, Jawara's task was to overcome his low caste status, assert his authority over the party, and secure control over its political direction. In doing this, he did not use coercion. Politically inspired "disappearances" were never an element of PPP rule; neither opponents nor supporters suffered harassment or periods of detention on fabricated charges. That Jawara was able to eschew coercive techniques and still survive reflected an element of good fortune, and yet his skillful political leadership was also crucial. Within his own party Jawara was fortunate to be surrounded by individuals willing to refrain from violence to achieve their goals, and yet much of the credit for this restraint must go to Jawara—his skillful manipulation of patronage resources, cultivation of affective ties and shrewd balancing of factions within the PPP. Lacking the coercive option, and given that affective ties, which had to be earned, were a medium- to long-term resource, Jawara initially relied heavily on instrumental ties and distribution of patronage. His limited resource base posed an obvious, though not insurmountable, problem.

Within the ruling group, ministerial positions—which provided a generous salary, perks and for some, access to illicit wealth—constituted the most sought after form of patronage and yet, before 1970, the number of ministerial posts did not exceed seven.

By 1992, the number remained a comparatively modest fourteen. Despite these limits, Jawara skillfully used all the various permutations of patronage distribution (appointment, promotion, termination, demotion, and rehabilitation) to dramatise his power over subordinates' political futures and entrench himself as a leader.

After independence, in response to the pre-1965 challenges to his authority, Jawara moved to reduce the size, cohesion, and authority of the founding members as a group. Many of the party's earliest adherents (even those who showed no outward sign of disloyalty) lost ministerial posts during the early years of PPP rule. Jawara may not have used force, but neither was he hampered by sentiment; his pragmatism and willingness to demote, or even drop, former supporters in order to strengthen his personal political position was apparent. Jawara further strengthened his political position with the incorporation of new sources of support within the ruling group.

His enthusiasm for political accommodation stemmed from the closely related imperatives of weakening the influence of the PPP's original members and avoiding political isolation. The original group resented the fact that newcomers had not participated in the early struggle for power and yet were now enjoying the fruits of their labour. The secondary factor of ethno-regional considerations compounded this resentment; those who were co-opted came from all ethnic groups in the former colony and protectorate.

Jawara's popular support and cultivation of affective ties were crucial for easing the pressure on scarce patronage resources. Although the skillful distribution of patronage and associated tolerance of corruption (to be discussed later) played an important role in the PPP's survival, Jawara did not rely on elite-level resource distribution as heavily as some of his counterparts.

Corruption and political survival

For many years observers viewed corruption in The Gambia as significantly less prevalent than in many other African states. In retrospect, this view appears overstated, though it is true that corruption did not reach the heights seen elsewhere. Jawara himself refrained from excessive self-enrichment and many of his lieutenants followed suit. Conflicting survival imperatives—in particular, the need for foreign aid and popular support, both of which were unlikely to be forthcoming under a thoroughly corrupt regime, persuaded Jawara to set some limits on "allowable" corruption. The possibility of exposure in parliament or by the press provided a further constraint.

Nevertheless, events during the closing years of the People's Progressive Party rule together with post-coup revelations and inquiries suggest that corruption was both a significant phenomenon and one which played an important role in the PPP's survival. Jawara understood the political advantages of corruption. Fundamentally, corruption formed an important component of the patronage network, facilitating elite accumulation. It provided a means of creating and sustaining mutually beneficial and supportive relationships between PPP politicians (headed by Jawara), senior civil servants, and Gambian businessmen.

Initially, then, corruption played a significant part in the survival of the PPP, uniting political, bureaucratic, and business interests in a series of mutually beneficial and supportive relationships. In the longer term, however, it served to undermine the regime. Perhaps the first indication of this occurred in 1981 when, during the coup attempt of that year, Kukoi Samba Sanyang cited "corruption and the squandering of public funds" as a primary motive of intervention. No doubt there was a strong element of opportunism in Sanyang's actions, yet the fact that he seized upon corruption as a suitable justification for his actions reflected increasing public awareness of the problem.

Just a month prior to the coup, Reverend Ian Roach had spoken out publicly against corruption, the local press reported numerous instances of low-level bureaucratic theft, and higher up, Jawara's leniency towards the ministers and civil servants towards the end of the 1970s was widely resented. The increased public awareness of corruption weakened the PPP regime and furnished the 1994 conspirators with a suitable pretext for intervention. Since many soldiers reportedly regarded their unsatisfactory living conditions as a manifestation of corruption, it also gave them a motive. Jawara may have underestimated the real risk a new army would pose to himself and the country, and in fact, may have dragged his feet in dealing accordingly with corruption. To this accusation he responded:

Many African leaders are aware of the positive relationship between popular support and elite acquiescence. However, resource shortages had more likely than not persuaded leaders to priorities in favour of elites. In The Gambia, two additional factors persuaded Jawara to pursue a somewhat different route to political survival. On the one hand, the PPP needed to win successive multi-party elections. On the other, Jawara's rejection of coercion as a survival technique meant that overt public challenges could not simply be suppressed; it was vital the latent threat posed by specific societal groups remain dormant. Fortunately, Jawara did have a great deal of public support.

1994 coup

In December 1991, Jawara announced that he would not seek re-election in 1992. After 30 years of leading his country, he decided to retire. However, his announcement was met with panic, so he consented to stand for re-election again. The question of his retirement continued to loom over The Gambia's political future, however, and dissent mounted. He was re-elected with 56% of the vote.

On 22 July 1994, a group of soldiers led by Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh stormed the capital. The coup was successful and Jawara was exiled until 2002. Compared with the previous attempt to overthrow Jawara, though, this coup was deemed "bloodless". Jawara escaped unharmed: he was taken to Senegal by an American warship that was in the area when the coup began. Jawara had hoped that his work would create an economically prosperous society based on his priorities: democracy, unity, and tolerance for personal differences. However, the new self-appointed, five-man ruling council dissolved the constitution and established a nationwide curfew until democracy was reinstated (at least on paper).

He returned to The Gambia as an elder statesman, but was forbidden to take part in politics for the rest of his life. He went to Nigeria in 2007 after being selected to head a West African team (ECOWAS) to assess Nigeria's preparedness for its April 2007 presidential election. He then took residence in the town of Fajara where he died.

On 3 February 2017, Jawara was visited at his home by the newly elected President Adama Barrow and pledged to render support to Barrow's government.

When he died, Sir Dawda was the last living Gambian who had been conferred a knighthood (in 1966) under the monarchy of the Gambia.

Depiction on Gambian currency
Sir Dawda's portrait is depicted on various banknotes and coins of The Gambian dalasi from 1971 to 1994.

References

The Gambia Echo
Freedom Newspaper

External links

More stories of ex-Gambian president's legacy

1924 births
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Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
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Leaders ousted by a coup
Alumni of Achimota School
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Presidents of the Gambia
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Conflicts in 1981
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Alumni of the University of Glasgow

Dawda Jawara


As used here, an experimental or research and development aircraft, sometimes also called an X-plane, is one which is designed or substantially adapted to investigate novel flight technologies.

Argentina
 FMA I.Ae. 37 glider – testbed for production fighter

Australia
 GAF Pika – manned test craft for drone program

Brazil
 Baumgartl PB-60 – towed experimental rotor kite

Canada

AEA Silver Dart (1909) – First aircraft to fly in Canada
Avro Canada Avrocar – Ducted fan VTOL
Birdman Project 102 –
Canadair CL-52 – jet engine testbed (converted Boeing B-47)
Canadair CL-84 Dynavert – tilt-wing VTOL
de Havilland Canada C-8A – Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft
de Havilland Canada C-8A – Air-Cushion Landing System
de Havilland Canada C-8A – Augmentor Wing
Marsden Gemini – variable-geometry glider
NRC tailless glider – tailless flying wing
UTIAS Ornithopter No.1

France

 Aérocentre NC.130 1939 – High-altitude flight
 Aérospatiale Ludion 1967 – Thrust vectored rocket VTOL
 Arsenal-Delanne 10 – Tandem wing
 Arsenal VG 70 – High speed research
 Arsenal O.101 – Aerodynamic research
 Arsenal 2301/SFECMAS 2301 and SFECMAS 1301 – Supersonic research glider
 Breguet-Dorand Gyroplane Laboratoire – Experimental helicopter
 Breguet-Richet Gyroplane – Experimental helicopter
  – Monoplane testbed
 Dassault Balzac V – VTOL testbed
 Dassault Mirage IIIV – VTOL testbed
 Dassault Milan – Canard research
 Dassault Mirage G – Variable geometry
 Dassault LOGIDUC – Unmanned combat aerial vehicle UCAV development
 Dassault nEUROn –  UCAV technology demonstrator
 Farman F.1010 – Heavy cannon flight testing
 Farman F.1020 – Semi-circular wing
 Fouga Gemeaux – Engine testbed
 Gastambide-Levavasseur Variable Surface Aircraft – Variable chord wing testbed
 Gérin Varivol – Variable chord wing testbed

 Hanriot HD.28 – tested a Vee tail
 Hurel-Dubois HD.10 – Very high aspect ratio wings
 Leduc 0.10 – Ramjet
 Leduc 0.21 – Ramjet
 Makhonine Mak-10 – Variable span wing
 Messier Monoplace Laboratorie – Retractable bicycle undercarriage testbed.
 Nord 500 – VTOL tilt ducted fan research aircraft
 Nord 1402/1405 Gerfaut – Delta wing research aircraft
 Nord 1500 Griffon – Ramjet
 Nord 1601 – Swept wing research aircraft
 Payen PA-22 – Tandem delta/normal wings
 Payen Pa 49 – Tandem delta/normal wings
 Potez-CAMS 160 – 5/13th scale six engine aerodynamic testbed for development of CAMS 161
 Robin X4 – Materials and configuration testbed
 SNECMA Atar Volant – Vertical lift jet
 SNECMA Coléoptère – Vertical lift annular wing
 Sud Est SE-1210 scale aerodynamic testbed for SE-1200 transatlantic flying boat
 Sud-Ouest Ariel – Tip-jet rotor helicopter
 Sud-Ouest Farfadet – Convertiplane
 Sud-Ouest Triton – First French jet aircraft

Germany

 Akaflieg Berlin B 9 1943. – Prone pilot
 Albatros L.81 – Elektron metal structure testbed
 AVA AF 1 – Augumented lift
 DFS 194 1940 – Tailless rocket aircraft used in development of Me 163
 DFS 346 1948 – Supersonic reconnaissance aircraft used for research
 Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet TransSonische Tragflügel (TST) – Transonic supercritical wing research
 Dornier Do 29 – Tilt rotor STOL

 Dornier Do 31 – Experimental VTOL transport
 EWR VJ 101 – Experimental tiltjet VTOL fighter
 Fieseler Fi 158 – Testbed for radio control system
 Flettner airplane – Magnus effect test vehicle
 Flettner Fl 185 – Gyrodyne
 Focke-Wulf F 19 – Multi-engined canard demonstrator
 Fokker V.1 – Structures and aerodynamics testbed
 Göppingen Gö 8 – Development aircraft for Do 214
 Göppingen Gö 9 – Pusher (behind tail) aerodynamic testbed for Dornier Do 335 development
 Gotha Go 147 – Tailless research aircraft

 Heinkel He 119 – High-performance research aircraft
 Heinkel He 176 – Rocket research aircraft
 Heinkel He 178 – Jet engine research aircraft
 Horten H.III – Flying wing
 Horten H.IV – Flying wing
 Horten Ho VI – Flying wing
 Junkers J 1 – Pioneering all-metal cantilever monoplane (1915)
 Junkers EF 61 – Pressurization
 Junkers Ju 49 – High-altitude test aircraft
 Lippisch Delta IV – Delta wing
 Lippisch DM-1 1944 – Delta wing glider
 Lippisch Ente – Rocket-powered canard technology demonstrator
 Lippisch P.13a – Coal-powered delta wing
 Messerschmitt Me P.1101 – Variable geometry (swing-wing) jet
 Opel RAK.1 – Rocket propulsion technology demonstrator
 RFB X-113 – Wing in ground effect vehicle
 RFB X-114 – Wing in ground effect vehicle
 Sack AS-6 – Disk wing technology demonstrator
 Schmeidler SN.2 – Wing flaps
 VFW VAK 191B – VTOL fighter
 Zeppelin-Lindau V I – All-metal stressed skin construction

Italy

 Ambrosini Sagittario 1953 – Swept wing research aircraft
 Bossi-Bonomi Pedaliante 1936 – Human-powered aircraft
 Caproni Campini N.1 1940 – Jet engine research
 Jona J-6 – Tilting wing stabilisation system
 Lualdi-Tassotti ES 53 – Gyro stabilized helicopter
 Piaggio P.111 – High-altitude research
 S.C.A. SS.2 – Experimental canard
 S.C.A. SS.3 Anitra – Experimental canard
 Stipa-Caproni – Ducted prop research

Poland
 Flugtechnische Fertigungsgemeinschaft Prag FGP 227 – Scale proof of concept for German BV 238
 Lala-1 – Jet biplane testbed for PZL M-15 Belphegor

Japan

 Gasuden Koken 1937 – Long range experimental aircraft
 Honda MH02 1993 – Over wing engines, forward swept wing
 Kawasaki Ki-78 1942 – High speed research aircraft
 Kayaba Ku-2 1940 – Tailless glider
 Kayaba Ku-3 – Tailless glider
 Kayaba Ku-4 – Tailless research aircraft
 Kimura HK-1 – Tailless glider
 Mitsubishi RP-1 – Experimental helicopter
 MXY-6 – Canard scale testbed for Kyushu J7W
 X1G – High-lift device based on Saab 91 Safir
 National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) Asuka – STOL
 Shin Meiwa UF-XS – Proof of concept demonstrator for Shin Meiwa US-1A
Mitsubishi T-2CCV - Experimental aircraft for CCV technology
 Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin – Advanced stealth technology demonstrator

Russia/Soviet Union

Alexeyev – Ekranoplans
Antonov A-40 1942 – Tank glider
Antonov 181 – Blown channel wing demonstrator
Bartini Beriev VVA-14 1972 – Ekranoplan ground effect vehicle
Bartini Stal-6 – High speed aircraft
Chyeranovskii BICh-3 – Tailless delta research aircraft
Chyeranovskii BICh-11 – Flying wing to test wingtip rudders
Chyeranovskii BICh-16 – Human-powered ornithopter
Chyeranovskii BICh-18 – Human-powered ornithopter
Chizhevski BOK-1 – High-altitude research aircraft
Chizhevski BOK-5 – Tailless research aircraft
Grigorovich I-Z – Recoilless cannon evaluation
Grushin Octyabrenok – Tandem wing
Ilyushin Il-76LL – Engine testbeds (5)
Kozlov PS – Visiblity (covered in transparent material)
MAI EMAI – Magnesium construction
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8 Utka – Pusher canard proof of concept (1945)
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105 – Lifting body
Mikoyan Project 1.44 – Technology demonstrator
Mikoyan-Gurevich N – Mixed propulsion system

Moskalyev SAM-9 Strela – Delta wing
NIAI RK – Telescopic wings
NIAI RK-I – Telescopic wings
Nikitin PSN-2 – Glider bombers
Sukhanov Diskoplan – Disk wings
Sukhoi T-10 – Technology demonstrator
Sukhoi T-58VD – VTOL research aircraft
Sukhoi Su-47 – Technology demonstrator
Thermoplan – Heavy lift lenticular-shaped hybrid airship technology demonstrator
Tsybin LL – Forward swept wing
Tsybin NM-1 – Proof of concept
Tupolev Tu-95LAL – Nuclear-powered aircraft
Ushakov – Flying submarines
Yakovlev Yak-36 – VTOL technology demonstrator
Yakovlev Yak-42LL – Progress D-236 propfan engine testbed
Yakovlev Yak-1000 – Supersonic technology demonstrator
Zveno project – Parasite fighters

Spain

 Cierva C.4 1923 – Experimental autogyro, first to fly
 Cierva C.6 1924 – Experimental autogyro

Sweden
 Saab 201 - Aerodynamic testbed for Saab 29 Tunnan
 Saab 202 – Aerodynamic testbed for Saab 32 Lansen
 Saab 210 1952 – Aerodynamic testbed for double delta concept for Saab 35 Draken

Switzerland
 Solar Impulse Project – Solar power technology demonstrator

United Kingdom

Armstrong Whitworth Ape 1926 – Variable configuration aerodynamic test vehicle
Armstrong Whitworth A.W.52 1947 – Jet powered flying wing
Avro 707 1949 – Aerodynamic proof of concept for Avro Vulcan delta wing bomber
Avro Ashton – Jet engine research vehicle based on Avro Tudor
BAC 221 – High speed delta wing research
Baynes Bat – Experimental tailless glider
Blackburn B-20 – Retractable hull seaplane
Boulton Paul P.6 – Wing research
Boulton Paul P.92 – Half-scale proof of concept for turret fighter
Boulton Paul P.111 – Delta-wing research aircraft
Boulton Paul P.120 – Delta-wing research aircraft
Bristol 138 – High-altitude research aircraft
Bristol 188 – High speed flight research
British Aerospace EAP – Technology demonstrator
Cierva W.9 – Experimental helicopter with anti-torque jet efflux
de Havilland DH 108 Swallow – Swept wing tailless transsonic research aircraft
English Electric P.1A – Supersonic research aircraft
modified Fairey Battle – Engine testbed for Rolls-Royce Exe, Fairey Prince (H-16) and Napier Dagger.
Fairey Delta 1 – Delta-wing research aircraft
Fairey Delta 2 – Delta-wing research aircraft
Fairey Jet Gyrodyne – Jet-powered rotor technology demonstrator
Folland Fo.108 – Engine test bed
General Aircraft GAL.56 –  Tailless swept wing glider
Gloster E.28/39 – Jet engine research
Gloster Meteor F8 "Prone Pilot" – Prone position flight control research
Gloster Trent Meteor – Turboprop propulsion
Hafner A.R.III Gyroplane – Experimental autogyro
Handley Page H.P.17 – Aerodynamic slot research
Handley Page H.P.20 – Aerodynamic slot research
Handley Page H.P.75 Manx – Tailless flight research
Handley Page HP.88 – Handley Page Victor aerodynamic testbed
Handley Page HP.115 – Low speed delta-wing research
Hawker P.1052 – Swept wing testbed
Hawker P.1072 – Armstrong Siddeley Snarler rocket booster testbed
Hawker P.1127 – V/STOL technology demonstrator, led to Hawker Harrier
Hillson Bi-mono – Slip-wing research
Hunting H.126 – Blown flap research
Miles M.3E Gillette Falcon – High speed flight research
Miles M.30 – Blended wing body design
Miles M.35 Libellula – Tandem-wing fighter testbed
Miles M.39B Libellula – Tandem-wing research
Miles M.52 – Supersonic flight research
Parnall Parasol – Wing pressure and aileron testing
Parnall Peto – Experimental submarine-launched aircraft.
Parnall Prawn – Flying boat testing buried engine with variable-angle thrust line
Reid and Sigrist R.S.4 Bobsleigh – Prone-pilot research
Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig – Low speed VTOL control test rig

Saro Shrimp – Experimental half-scale flying boat for development of cancelled Saunders-Roe S.38
Saunders-Roe SR.53 – Mixed rocket/jet propulsion development aircraft for cancelled Saunders-Roe SR.177
Short Cockle – Metal construction technology demonstrator for flying boats
Short Mussel – Testing metal construction techniques for aircraft floats
Short S.6 Sturgeon – Tested aluminium construction techniques for aircraft
Short S.31 – Half-scale model for Short Stirling development
Short SB.1 – Tailless glider for isoclinic wing research
Short SB.4 Sherpa – Powered isoclinic wing research
Short SB.5 – English Electric Lightning wing research
Short SC.1 – VTOL research
Short Silver Streak – Stressed skin construction, developed into Short Springbok
Supermarine 508 – Development aircraft with vee tail
Supermarine 525 – Swept wing development aircraft for Supermarine Scimitar program
Vickers Type 618 Nene-Viking – Jet engine testbed
Vickers Type 470 and Type 486 Wellington – Whittle jet engine testbeds
Vickers Type 602 Wellington Mark X – Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop testbed
Westland-Hill Pterodactyl – Tailless monoplane testbeds
Youngman-Baynes High Lift – Youngman flap testbed

United States

X-planes

Bell X-1 – Supersonic flight and sound barrier
Bell X-2 – Mach 2–3 supersonic flight
Douglas X-3 Stiletto – Sustained supersonic flight
Northrop X-4 Bantam – Tailless aircraft
Bell X-5 – Variable-sweep wing
Convair X-6 – Nuclear reactor test aircraft (for nuclear-powered aircraft)
Lockheed X-7 – Unmanned ramjet and guidance test missile
Aerojet General X-8 – Sounding rocket (became Aerobee)
Bell X-9 Shrike – Guided missile
North American X-10 – Unmanned missile technology demonstrator
Convair X-11 – Single engine missile testbed for Atlas
Convair X-12 – Three engine missile testbed for Atlas
Ryan X-13 Vertijet – Tail sitter VTOL jet
Bell X-14 – Thrust vectoring VTOL jet
North American X-15 – Hypersonic rocket-powered research aircraft (Mach 6)
Bell X-16 - High-altitude reconnaissance jet
Lockheed X-17 – Research rocket testing high mach re-entry
Hiller X-18 – Tiltwing STOVL cargo aircraft
Curtiss-Wright X-19 – VTOL tiltrotor
X-20 Dyna-Soar – Spaceplane program
Northrop X-21 – Laminar flow wing
Bell X-22 – Ducted fan V/STOL
Martin X-23 PRIME – Lifting body reentry vehicle testbed
Martin Marietta X-24 – Lifting body test aircraft
Bensen X-25 – Single-seat autogyro
Schweizer X-26 Frigate – Sailplane
Lockheed X-27 Lancer – high-performance technology demonstrator based on Lockheed CL-1200
Pereira X-28A Sea Skimmer – Single-seat flying boat for US Navy

Grumman X-29 – Forward-swept wing test aircraft
Rockwell X-30 – Single-stage-to-orbit spacecraft
Rockwell-MBB X-31 – Extreme angle of attack test aircraft
Boeing X-32 – Joint Strike Fighter Program technology demonstrator
Lockheed Martin X-33 – Unmanned scale demonstrator for VentureStar single stage to orbit spacecraft
Orbital Sciences X-34 – Reusable launch vehicle testbed
Lockheed Martin X-35 – Joint Strike Fighter Program technology demonstrator, developed into F-35 Lightning II
McDonnell Douglas X-36 – Tailless fighter research agility aircraft
Boeing X-37 – Reusable unmanned spacecraft
NASA X-38 – Crew return vehicle for International Space Station (cancelled after tests)
X-39 – Reserved for USAF/DARPA program use
Boeing X-40 Space Maneuver Vehicle – Testbed for X-37 guidance and flight characteristics
X-41 Common Aero Vehicle – Classified DARPA/NASA maneuvering re-entry vehicle
X-42 Pop-Up Upper Stage – Classified rocket upper stage
NASA X-43 Hyper-X – Hypersonic scramjet
Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA – Multi-axis tailless aircraft concept
Boeing X-45 – Unmanned combat air vehicle
Boeing X-46 – Unmanned combat air vehicle (proposal only)
Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus – Unmanned combat air vehicle
Northrop Grumman X-47B Iron Raven – Aircraft carrier capable unmanned combat air vehicle technology demonstrator
Boeing X-48 – Blended wing aircraft
Piasecki X-49 – Compound helicopter technology demonstrator
Boeing X-50 Dragonfly – Gyrodyne unmanned aerial vehicle
Boeing X-51 Waverider – Mach 5+ scramjet missile demonstrator
Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing – Wing warping flight demonstrator
Gulfstream X-54 – Supersonic boom intensity research and demonstration aircraft
Lockheed Martin X-55 – Advanced composites technology demonstrator
Lockheed Martin X-56 – Flutter suppression and gust load testing unmanned testbed
NASA X-57 Maxwell - Electric-powered light aircraft
Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST - Low-boom supersonic aircraft
Generation Orbit X-60 - Air-launched single stage suborbital rocket vehicle
Dynetics X-61 Gremlins - Unmanned aerial vehicle
General Dynamics X-62 VISTA - Variable stability, thrust vectoring (formerly known as NF-16D VISTA)

Other experimental types

 Acme Sierra 1959 – Technology demonstrator
 AstroFlight Sunrise 1974 – Solar powered drone
 Ball-Bartoe Jetwing 1977 – Blown wing research
 Bell D-292 1985 – Advanced Composite Airframe Program
  Bell L-39 1946 – Swept wing research
 Bell Model 65 1954 – Tiltjet VTOL
 Bell XV-15 1977 – Tiltrotor VTOL, precursor to V-22 Osprey
 Bell 533 1962 – US Army high speed helicopter experiments
 Boeing ecoDemonstrator 2012 – Airliner fuel efficiency and noise reduction technologies
 Budd BB-1 Pioneer 1931 – Stainless steel construction
 Burnelli RB-1 1921 – Lifting body proof of concept vehicle
 Chrysler VZ-6 1959 – Ducted fan
 Convair NB-36 1955 – Nuclear propelled aircraft testbed
 Curtiss-Wright VZ-7 1958 – Quadcopter
 Curtiss-Wright X-100 1963 – Tilt rotor VTOL (developed into X-200 and X-19)
 Custer Channel Wings 1953 – Blown half-barrel wings
 Doak VZ-4 1958 – Tilt-fan VTOL
 Douglas D-558-I Skystreak 1947 – Supersonic research
 Douglas D-558-II Skyrocket 1948 – Supersonic research
 Fairchild VZ-5 1959 – Deflected air VTOL
 Farrar LSG-1 Bird Flight Machine 1969 – Glider to research bird flight

 General Dynamics F-16XL 1982 – Relaxed stability delta wing, boundary layer suction laminar flow
 General Dynamics F-16 VISTA 1992 – Variable stability, thrust vectoring (Redesignated X-62 Vista in 2021)
 General Electric GE36 testbed 1986 – Propfan engine testbed on a modified Boeing 727
 Goodyear Inflatoplane 1956 – Inflatable rescue aircraft technology demonstrator
 Gossamer Albatross 1979 – Human-powered flight
 Gossamer Condor 1977 – Human-powered flight
 modified Grumman Gulfstream II – Engine testbed for the NASA Propfan Test Assessment (PTA)
 Hiller VZ-1 Pawnee 1955 – Direct lift rotor platform
 Hypersonic Technology Vehicle 2 2010 – Hypersonic glider
 Kaman K-125 1947 – Intermesh twin rotor helicopter, servo-flap control
 Kaman K-16 – Modified Grumman Goose for tiltwing V/STOL research
  Lockheed Altair 1938 – Twinned engine testbed (both engines were in a single cowl)
 NASA Dryden Lockheed C-140 Jetstar 1964 – Electronic variable stability, propfan engine (1981) and laminar flow wing testbed (1985)
 Lockheed Have Blue – Stealth technology demonstrator
 Lockheed Vega Winnie Mae – high-altitude research – confirmed existence of jet stream
 Lockheed QT-2 – Quiet Thruster noise suppression experiments
 Lockheed XC-35 – Pressurized cabin development

 Lockheed XV-4 Hummingbird – Jetlift VTOL
 LTV XC-142 – VTOL transport technology demonstrator
 Martin 162A Tadpole Clipper – Proof of concept aircraft
 Martin XB-26H Marauder – Tandem undercarriage
 McDonnell Douglas MD-81 UHB – General Electric GE36 and PW-Allison 578-DX propfan engine testbed
 NASA AD-1 – Oblique Wing
 NASA Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology experimental aircraft  – ALTUS, Pathfinder and Helios
 NASA Hyper III –
 NASA M2-F1 – Lifting body/re-entry vehicle
 NASA Pathfinder – Solar-powered aircraft
 Northrop F-5 Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstrator – Shockwave reduction

 Northrop HL-10 – Lifting body/re-entry vehicle research
 Northrop M2-F2 – Lifting body/re-entry vehicle research
 Northrop M2-F3 – Lifting body/re-entry vehicle research
 Northrop N-1M – Flying wing research
 Northrop N-9M – Flying wing proof of concept aircraft for Northrop YB-35
 Northrop Tacit Blue – Stealth technology demonstrator
 Piasecki PV-2 – Helicopter technology demonstrator
 Piasecki VZ-8 Airgeep – Liftfan VTOL research
 Piasecki PA-97 1980 - Heavy lifter
 Republic XF-84H "Thunderscreech" – Supersonic propeller testbed
 Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor – Inversely tapered swept wing
 Rockwell HiMAT – Maneuverability and control research
 Rockwell XFV-12 – Augmented wing vectored thrust VTOL
 Rotary Rocket Roton 1999 – Single stage to orbit helicopter rocket
 Ryan VZ-3 Vertiplane 1958 – Blown flap VTOL research
 Ryan XV-5 Vertifan 1964 – Fan lift VTOL research
 Sawyer Skyjacker II – Low aspect ratio research aircraft

 Scaled Composites Proteus 1998 – Telecommunication relay testbed
 Schweizer SGS 1-29 1958 – Laminar flow research on wings made of metal
 Sikorsky S-69 1981 – Compound co-axial research
 Sikorsky S-72 1976 – Helicopter/aircraft hybrid research
 Sikorsky S-75 1984 – Advanced Composite Aircraft Program
 Sikorsky S-76 SHADOW 1985 – Sikorsky Helicopter Advanced Demonstrator and Operator Workload
 Stinson L-1 Vigilant – One example modified for boundary layer experiments
 Travel Air 2000 – One modified for Besler steam powered aircraft
 Vertol VZ-2 – tilt wing VTOL research
 Vought V-173 – Disk wing research for Vought XF5U
 Vought V-326 – High-altitude test aircraft
 Vought-Sikorsky VS-300 – Helicopter

See also
List of German WW II prototypes and projects

References

Lists of aircraft by role

List of experimental aircraft


Šiso (Crna kopriva, šizo, lat. Perilla frutescens),  ljekovita je i jestiva biljka koja raste u Indiji, Nepalu, Kini, Japanu i Koreji. Pripada u prorodicu Lamiaceae. Ljekoviti odnosno jestivi su listovi i sjemenke biljke. Kod nas se ova biljka uzgaja najčešće tek kao ukras.

Podrijetlo
Smatra se da biljka potječe iz Indije ili Kine. Udomaćila se i u Sjevernoj Americi.

Opis
Perila je jednogodišnja biljka,visine do 90 cm.Listovi su nasuprotni,do 12 cm dugi,i do 8 cm široki,ovalni,na jednoj strani zašiljeni,nazubljenog ruba.Plodovi su sitni,slični sezamu.

Kemijski sastav
Sadrži oko 25.2–25.7% lipida.

Biljka proizvodi periloksin,spoj koji inibira encim ciklooksigenazu.

Od znanih kemotipova biljke spomenimo, PA (vodeća komponenta: perila aldehidi,jedino se taj koristi u kulinarstvu). Drugi su kemotipovi PK (perila keton), EK (esholcia keton), PL (perilen), PP (fenilpropanodi: miristicin, dilapiol, elemicin), C (citral)  te tip bogat rosefuranom.

Perila keton je toksičan za neke životinje  ,prije svega krave i konje. Ovi   uzrokuju pulmonarne edeme,pojava se ponekad naziva perila toksikoza.

Oksim perilaldehida (perilartin) se u Japanu koristi kao umjetno sladilo,te je oko 2,000 puta slađi od sukroze.

Poseban okus purpurnog varijeteta biljke (šizo) posljedica je prisutnosti perila aldehida.

Ljekovitost
Biljka se koristi u tradicionalnoj kineskoj i japanskoj medicini(Kampo), i to kod astme,kašlja,prehlade i bronhitisa,te povraćanja.U sjevernoj Indiji stabljike se koriste kao analgetik i antiabortiv.

Jestivost
Sasvim mladi se listovi mogu jesti kao salata,dok se stariji mogu koristiti kao začin odnosno za bojenje hrane(purpurni varijetet).Iz sjemenki se dobiva kvalitetno jestivo ulje.

Dodatna literatura
 Acton, Q. Ashton, ed. (2012). Advances in Lamiaceae Research and Application. Atlanta, GA: ScholarlyEditions. .

Galerija

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Perilla frutescens pfaf.org

Elsholtzieae
Ljekovito bilje

Šiso


La Trastienda Club ist ein bekannter Nachtclub in Buenos Aires, Argentinien. Der Club, welcher unter anderem für Konzerte genutzt wird, befindet sich in Montserrat. Eröffnet wurde "La Trastienda Club" im Jahr 1993 in einem Gebäude, welches in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts errichtet wurde. Das Gebäude fasst 400 Sitzplätze, bei Steh-Konzerten kann eine Kapazität von 1.000 Besuchern erreicht werden.

La Trastienda Club gehört zu den bekanntesten Café-Konzert-Veranstaltungsorten und gilt auch als einer der bedeutendsten Treffpunkte für Weltmusik-, Funk- und Jazz-Veranstaltungen. Aber auch Konzerte aus anderen Genres fanden bereits im La Trastienda Club statt.

Weblinks
 latrastienda.com

Einzelnachweise

Musik (Buenos Aires)
Nachtclub
Bauwerk in Buenos Aires
Unternehmen (Buenos Aires)
Dienstleistungsunternehmen (Argentinien)
Veranstaltungsstätte in Argentinien

La Trastienda Club


Chokher Bali (Bengalisch:  ); (wörtliche Übersetzung Sandkörnchen im Auge)  ist ein bengalischer Film von Rituparno Ghosh, besetzt mit Aishwarya Rai in der Hauptrolle. Der Film basiert auf Rabindranath Tagores gleichnamigen Roman. Der Film wurde in Hindi synchronisiert, in dieser Sprache international vermarktet und bei etlichen Filmfestivals gezeigt, unter anderem beim Internationalen Filmfestival von Locarno, beim Chicago International Film Festival und beim Toronto International Film Festival. Die Originalfassung dauert 167 Minuten, die deutsche Fassung ist auf 120 Minuten gekürzt. An den Kinokassen wurde er zum Hit.

Handlung
Bengalen 1902: Die junge Witwe Binodini, eine außergewöhnlich gebildete und moderne Frau, wird im Haus der reichen Rajlakshmi, ebenfalls einer Witwe, aufgenommen. Deren Sohn Mahendra hat vor kurzem die junge und naive Ashalata geheiratet und wohnt im selben Haus. Zwischen den ungleichen Frauen Binodini und Ashalata entspinnt sich eine enge Freundschaft, und sie geben sich den liebevollen Kosenamen "Chokher Bali" (Sandkörnchen im Auge).

Mahendras Stiefbruder Behari, der sich im heiratsfähigen Alter befindet und eine Frau sucht, entwickelt auch eine Zuneigung zu Binodini. Doch deren gesellschaftlicher Status als Witwe lässt eine Heirat nicht zu. Stattdessen pflegen sie eine geistig-intellektuelle Freundschaft. Während Behari für die politische Unabhängigkeit von England kämpft, setzt sich Binodini gegen alle Tradition für die Freiheit und die Rechte von Witwen ein.

Doch auch Mahendra fühlt sich von der starken Binodini angezogen, und die beiden beginnen eine Affaire. Als Ashalata die Liebesbriefe von Binodini und Mahendra findet, bricht für sie eine Welt zusammen, und sie verlässt ihren Mann, obwohl sie bereits schwanger ist. Auch Binodini, und schließlich auch Mahendra verlassen das Haus. Sie alle treffen sich in Benares wieder, wo Mahendra und Ashalata wieder zusammenkommen. Behari macht Binodini einen Heiratsantrag, doch sie verschwindet.

Kritik

Auszeichnungen
National Film Award
National Film Award/Bester Film in Bengalisch an Rituparno Ghosh
National Film Award/Beste Ausstattung an Indranil Ghosh
National Film Award/Bestes Kostümdesign an Bibi Ray und Sushanto Pal

Nominierungen

Internationales Filmfestival von Locarno – Golden Leopard – an Rituparno Ghosh

Chicago International Film Festival – Golden Hugo – an Rituparno Ghosh

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Review bei molodezhnaja.ch
 Interview mit Rituparno Ghosh bei Rediff.com

Filmtitel 2003
Indischer Film
Filmdrama
Rabindranath-Tagore-Verfilmung

Sandkörnchen im Auge


Editha Marie Gabrielle Anna, princesse de Bavière, née le  au château de Hohenburg près de Lenggries et morte à Munich le , est une princesse de Bavière, membre de la maison de Wittelsbach.

Biographie

Famille
La princesse Editha, née en 1924 au château de Hohenburg, est la seconde fille du prince héritier Rupprecht de Bavière et de sa seconde épouse la princesse Antonia de Luxembourg.

Editha de Bavière a un frère aîné : Heinrich (1922-1958), une sœur aînée : Irmingard (1923-2010) et trois sœurs cadettes : 1) Hilda (1926-2002), 2) Gabriele (1927-2019) et 3) Sophie (née en 1935). Elle a également un autre frère aîné, Albert de Bavière (1905-1996), seul enfant survivant, issu de la première union de son père avec Marie Gabrielle en Bavière.

Jeunesse
À la suite de l'élection d'Adolf Hitler, les membres de la famille Wittelsbach ont commencé à souffrir de la persécution par les nazis. Dès le début du  Reich, le palais des Wittelsbach à Munich leur est confisqué et sert à partir d' de siège munichois de la Gestapo, puis à partir de 1934-1935, de prison de la Gestapo. Le château de Leutstetten, résidence d'été de la famille, leur est également confisqué.

À partir de 1936, Irmingard et sa sœur Editha sont envoyées au pensionnat du couvent du Sacré-cœur en Angleterre à Roehampton. L'année suivante, ses sœurs Hilda et Gabriele les rejoignent. Son frère Heinrich est également venu en Angleterre en 1938 et a étudié à l'Université d'Oxford.

Exil

Durant une partie de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, à l'invitation du roi d'Italie Vittorio Emanuele, Editha vécut en exil en Italie. Le roi avait envoyé sa voiture à Munich afin de permettre à sa famille de quitter le pays. Privée de ses biens en Allemagne, sa famille vécut grâce au soutien des amis et parents. Son père Rupprecht réussit à se cacher des nazis à Florence où il a travaillé dans un appartement du Palazzo Pecori-Giraldi. En , Editha et ses sœurs parviennent à quitter l'Allemagne afin de trouver refuge au grand-duché de Luxembourg où règne leur tante maternelle, la grande-duchesse Charlotte.

Mariages et descendance
Le , elle épouse à Milan Tito Brunetti (1905-1954), ingénieur, fils de Giovanni Brunetti et d'Assunta Spinelli. Ils deviennent parents de trois enfants :

 Serena Brunetti, née à Milan le , épouse en 1971 Giovanni Pozzolini, né en 1937, divorcés, puis elle se marie en secondes noces en 1987 avec Vieri Fiori, né en 1942, docteur ès sciences économiques et commerciales, dont postérité des deux unions ;
 Carlotta Brunetti, née à Milan le , épouse en 1975 Michael de Longueval, comte von Buquoi, né en 1941, dont postérité ;
 Antonia Brunetti, née à Viareggio le , épouse en 1982 Erich comte von Waldburg zu Zeil und Trauchburg, ingénieur économiste, né en 1952, dont postérité.

Tito Brunetti meurt dans un accident de voiture, près de Plaisance en Émilie-Romagne le , à l'âge de .

Editha se remarie, à Tegernsee, le  et le lendemain, au même lieu, selon le rite évangélique, avec Gustav Schimert (1910-1990), docteur en médecine et professeur à l'université de Munich, fils de Gustav Johannes Schimert et de Margit Antal de Magyardellö. Ils ont trois fils :

 Andreas Schimert, né à Munich le , diplômé d'une école de commerce, épouse en 1993 Dorothee Bauer, née en 1961, dont postérité ;
 Christian Schimert, né à Munich le , architecte, épouse en 1994 Leena Nehru, née en 1963, dont postérité ;
 Konstantin Schimert, né à Munich le , licencié en philosophie, épouse en 2011 Karina Frowein, née en 1968, dont postérité.

Mort
Veuve de Gustav Schimert, depuis le , Editha de Bavière meurt, le , à l'âge de , à Munich.

Honneurs
Editha de Bavière est :
  Dame noble de l'ordre de la Croix étoilée, Autriche-Hongrie ;
  Dame d'honneur de l'ordre de Thérèse (Royaume de Bavière) ;
  Dame de l'ordre de Sainte-Élisabeth (Royaume de Bavière).

Ascendance de Editha de Bavière

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Ordre de succession à l'ancien trône de Bavière

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

Liens externes

 .

Maison de Wittelsbach
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de Thérèse
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de Sainte-Élisabeth
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de la Croix étoilée
Naissance en septembre 1924
Naissance à Lenggries
Décès en mai 2013
Décès à Munich
Décès à 88 ans
Princesse de Bavière du XXe siècle
Princesse de Bavière du XXIe siècle

Editha de Bavière


Ovo je dvadeset i šesto izdanje Euro Cupa. Naslov je obranio Ferencváros.

Kvalifikacije

Natjecanje

Ždrijeb je održan 20. listopada 2017. godine u Ostiji u Italiji.

Četvrtzavršnica

Prvi susreti igraju se 8. studenog, a uzvrati 9. prosinca 2017. godine.

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Poluzavršnica

Prvi susreti igraju se 24. siječnja, a uzvrati 28. veljače 2018. godine.

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Završnica

Prvi susret se održava 31. ožujka, a uzvrat je 18. travnja 2018. godine.

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Izvori

2017-18

LEN Eurokup 2017./18.


Keita Sugimoto (født 13. juni 1982) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Nagoya Grampus og Tokushima Vortis.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Keita Sugimoto


Um mapa de contato de proteína representa a distância entre todos os possíveis pares de resíduos de aminoácidos de uma estrutura de proteína tridimensional usando uma matriz bidimensional binária. Para dois resíduos  e , o elemento  da matriz é 1 se os dois resíduos estão mais próximos do que um limiar predeterminado e 0 caso contrário. Várias definições de contato foram propostas: A distância entre o átomo Cα - Cα com limiar de 6-12 Å; distância entre átomos Cβ - Cβ com limiar de 6-12 Å (Cα é usado para Glicina); e distância entre os centros de massa da cadeia lateral.

Resumo
Os mapas de contato fornecem uma representação mais reduzida de uma estrutura de proteína do que suas coordenadas atômicas 3D completas. A vantagem é que os mapas de contato são invariáveis a rotações e translações. Eles são mais facilmente previstos por métodos de aprendizado de máquina. Também foi demonstrado que sob certas circunstâncias (por exemplo, baixo teor de contatos erroneamente previstos) é possível reconstruir as coordenadas 3D de uma proteína usando seu mapa de contato.

Os mapas de contato também são usados para sobreposição de proteínas e para descrever a semelhança entre as estruturas das proteínas.  Eles são previstos a partir da sequência de proteínas ou calculados a partir de uma determinada estrutura.

Previsão do mapa de contatos
Com a disponibilidade de grandes números de seqüências genômicas, torna-se viável analisar tais seqüências para coevolução de resíduos. A eficácia desta abordagem resulta do fato de que uma mutação na posição i de uma proteína é mais provável de estar associada a uma mutação na posição j do que a uma retromutação em i se ambas as posições estiverem funcionalmente acopladas (por exemplo, participando de um domínio enzimático, ou por ser adjacente em uma proteína dobrada, ou ainda por ser adjacente em um oligômero dessa proteína).

Existem vários métodos estatísticos para extrair tais pares de resíduos acoplados de um alinhamento de múltiplas sequências: frequências observadas versus esperadas de pares de resíduos (OMES);  a correlação de substituição baseada em McLachlan (McBASC);  análise estatística de acoplamento; Métodos baseados em Informação Mútua (MI);  e recentemente a análise de acoplamento direto (DCA).

Os algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina foram capazes de aprimorar os métodos de análise de MSA, especialmente para proteínas não homólogas (ou seja, MSA rasas).

Gráfico HB
O conhecimento da relação entre a estrutura de uma proteína e seu comportamento dinâmico é essencial para a compreensão da função da proteína. A descrição de uma estrutura tridimensional de proteína como uma rede de interações de ligação de hidrogênio (gráfico HB)  foi introduzida como uma ferramenta para explorar a estrutura e função das proteínas. Ao analisar a rede de interações terciárias, a possível disseminação de informações dentro de uma proteína pode ser investigada.

Elementos de estrutura secundária no gráfico HB

Nas representações do gráfico HB, os padrões característicos dos elementos da estrutura secundária podem ser facilmente reconhecidos, como segue:

 As hélices podem ser identificadas como tiras diretamente adjacentes à diagonal.
 Folhas-beta antiparalelas aparecem no gráfico HB como uma diagonal cruzada.
 Folhas-beta paralelas aparecem no gráfico HB como paralelas à diagonal.
 Os laços aparecem como quebras na diagonal entre os motivos de folha beta na diagonal cruzada.

Exemplos de uso

Citocromo P450s
O citocromo P450s (P450s) são enzimas xenobióticas metabolizadoras de hemo ligadas à membrana que usam oxigênio molecular e elétrons da NADPH citocromo P450 redutase para oxidar seus substratos. CYP2B4, um membro da família do citocromo P450, é a única proteína dentro desta família cuja estrutura de raios X na forma aberta 11 e fechada 12 foi publicada. A comparação das estruturas abertas e fechadas das estruturas CYP2B4 revela rearranjo conformacional em larga escala entre os dois estados, com a maior mudança conformacional em torno dos resíduos 215-225, que é amplamente aberto no estado livre de ligante e fechado após a ligação do ligante; e a região ao redor do loop C próximo ao heme.

Examinação do gráfico HB do estado fechado e aberto do CYP2B4 revelou que o rearranjo das ligações de hidrogênio terciárias estava em excelente acordo com o conhecimento atual do ciclo catalítico do citocromo P450.

Veja também

 Gráfico de Ramachandran

Referências

Estrutura proteica
Proteómica

Mapa de contato de proteína


Galmyg (Cecidomyiidae) er en familie af myg. Der findes omkring 5000 arter af galmyg over hele verden. Den danske galmygfauna er ikke godt undersøgt, og der findes angivelser af antal arter i Danmark fra ca. 300 til ca. 600

Udseende
Galmyg er hvide, bleggule, grønne eller brune. De bliver 1-8 mm lange, men er oftest under 4 mm. Galmyg er spinkle med lange, tynde ben. Galmyg har hårede vinger, lange antenner, og højst fire ribber på vingerne nær vingekanten. Hunnerne har tit et langt læggerør til at placere deres æg i deres værtsplanter.

Levevis
De fleste galmyg lægger deres æg i planter som danner galler hvori larverne udvikles. Andre arter lægger æg i rådnende materiale, fugtig jord eller planter. Disse arters larver æder mider, plantemateriale eller svampe. Mange arter gør skade på dyrkede planter.

Mange galmygarter er knyttet til en eller flere nærtstående plantearter hvor de danner karakteristiske galler. Ofte er gallens udseende og værtsplanten nok til en sikker artsbestemmelse.

Larven af bladlusgalmyg (Aphidoletes aphidimyza) spiser bladlus og bruges i havebrug til biologisk bekæmpelse af bladlus.

Billeder

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Galmyg på Vestre Hus Børnenaturcenters hjemmeside

Myg

Galmyg