A home front or homefront is the civilian populace of the nation at war as an active support system for its military.

 American Civil War
 Economic history of the American Civil War
 Economy of the Confederate States of America
 Home front during World War I
 German occupation of Belgium during World War I
 Economic history of World War I
 History of Germany during World War I#Home front
 History of the United Kingdom during the First World War
 United States home front during World War I
 Home front during World War II
 Australian home front during World War II
 German occupation of Belgium during World War II
 Canada in World War II#Home front
 German military administration in occupied France during World War II
 Vichy France
 Nazi Germany
 Netherlands in World War II
 Pacific Islands home front during World War II
 Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
 Polish culture during World War II
 United Kingdom home front during World War II
 United States home front during World War II
 Women in the World Wars
 Women in World War I
 Women in World War II

Homefront or Home front may also refer to:

Military
 Home Front Command, an Israeli military command

Film and television
 The Home Front (1940 film), a Canadian documentary short directed by Stanley Hawes
 Homefront (2013 film), an American action-thriller directed by Gary Fleder
 Home Front (2020 film), a French drama directed by Lucas Belvaux
 Home Front (1988 film), a 1988 British television film by Nick McCarty in the anthology series ScreenPlay
 Home Front (TV series), a lifestyle television series airing on TVNZ's channel Television One
 Homefront (1994 TV series), British BBC TV show series about interior design
 Homefront (American TV series), 1990s American ABC TV show series set in the 1940s
 Homefront (2012 TV series), British ITV drama about the wives of soldiers fighting in Afghanistan
 "Homefront" (Brothers & Sisters episode), episode of Brothers & Sisters TV series
 "Homefront" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), episode from the fourth season of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
 "Homefront", episode from the thirteen season of the television series NCIS
 "The Home Front" (The 4400), episode of the science fiction television series The 4400
 The Home Front, a 1943 animated short in the Private Snafu series

Literature
 Homefront, a 1986 book by Patti Davis, née Reagan; see
 Homefront, a 2005 novel by Chuck Logan
 The Home Front, a 1932 book by Sylvia Pankhurst
 "Mars: The Home Front", a 1996 short story by George Alec Effinger

Music
 Home Front (band), a Canadian post-punk musical group of the 2020s

Radio
 Home Front (BBC radio series), BBC Radio 4 drama set in Britain during World War I
 Homefront, the former title of the radio program, Today's Homeowner with Danny Lipford

Video games
 Homefront (video game), a video game released in 2011
 Homefront: The Revolution, a 2016 video game (a reboot of the first Homefront)

Homefront


Adolf af Nassau (født før 1250, død 2. juli 1298) var Tysklands konge fra 1292 til 1298.

Konge 1292 – 1298
Kong Rudolf 1. af Habsburg døde i 1291. Året efter valgte kurfyrsterne Adolf af Nassau som konge. Fyrsterne afsatte imidlertid Adolf igen allerede i 1298. Samtidigt valgte de Albrecht 1. af Tyskland (en søn af Rudolf 1.) til modkonge.

Adolf nægtede at acceptere sin afsættelse, men den 2. juli 1298 faldt han i Slaget ved Göllheim i nutidens Donnersbergkreis i Pfalz.

Adolf af Nassau var den anden af Tysklands ti såkaldte grevekonger.

Greve af Nassau
Adolf af Nassau var søn af greve Walram 2. af Nassau og Adelheid af Katzenelnbogen.
Adolfs far døde i 1276, og i 1277 blev Adolf greve af den del af Nassau, der ligger syd for floden Lahn.

Familie
Adolf af Nassau var gift med Imagina von Isenburg-Limburg. Én af deres børn var Gerlach 1., greve af Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein-Weilburg.

Konger fra Tyskland
Grever af Nassau
Walramiske linje af Huset Nassau

Adolf af Nassau (tysk konge)


Odorín este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Spišská Nová Ves din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 955 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Odorín este atestată documentar din 1263.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Odorín


USS Honolulu (CL-48) of the United States Navy was a  light cruiser active in the Pacific War (World War II). Honolulu was launched in 1937 and commissioned in 1938. The ship served in the Battle of Tassafaronga, the Battle of Kula Gulf, the Battle of Kolombangara and the Battle of Peleliu. She was taken out of action by serious torpedo damage just before the Battle of Leyte Gulf. She was repaired, but not in time to rejoin the war. She was decommissioned in 1947 and was held in reserve until she was scrapped in 1959.

Inter-war period
The second Navy ship named for the city of Honolulu, Hawaii, she was launched on 26 August 1937 at the New York Navy Yard, sponsored by Helen Poindexter (the daughter of Joseph B. Poindexter, the Governor of Hawaii), and commissioned on 15 June 1938.

After a shakedown cruise to England, Honolulu engaged in fleet problems and exercises in the Caribbean Sea. She steamed from New York on 24 May 1939 to join the Pacific Fleet, arriving at San Pedro, California, on 14 June. For the remainder of the year, she engaged in exercises along the West Coast. During the first half of 1940, Honolulu continued operations out of Long Beach, California, and after an overhaul at the Puget Sound shipyard, she steamed out of Long Beach Naval Shipyard on 5 November for duty from Pearl Harbor. She operated there through 1941.

World War II
On December 7, 1941, Honolulu was moored in the Navy Yard when the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor. Honolulu suffered only minor hull damage from a near miss from a bomb that exploded under the water.

Following repairs, she sailed on 12 January 1942 to escort a convoy to San Francisco, California, arriving on 21 January. The cruiser continued convoy escort duty to Australia, Samoa, and the United States until late May.

With the Japanese pushing north towards Alaska, Honolulu departed on 29 May to strengthen forces in that area. After two months of continuous operations out of Kodiak, Alaska, she proceeded to Kiska in the Aleutian Islands on 7 August, to begin bombardment of the island. On 21 August, she screened the first American landings in the Aleutians at Adak Island. After shipyard work at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Honolulu departed from San Francisco on 3 November 1942, escorting a convoy to Nouméa in the South Pacific. Later that month, Honolulu sailed from Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides Islands to intercept a Japanese Navy convoy attempting to reinforce their positions on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. The Battle of Tassafaronga began shortly before midnight on 30 November, continuing through the night. One Japanese destroyer was sunk by American cruiser gunfire, but four cruisers were hit by Japanese torpedoes, with one of the cruisers, , sinking. Honolulu escaped serious damage in this notable Japanese victory that had very little impact on the fighting on Guadalcanal.

Honolulu operated out of Espiritu Santo in early 1943 with Task Force 67 (TF 67) in an attempt to engage the "Tokyo Express". During May, she engaged in bombardments of New Georgia in the Solomons. Honolulu departed from Espiritu Santo on 28 June for more bombardments in the Solomons. After supporting the landings on New Georgia Island on 4 July, she opened fire on enemy ships in the Battle of Kula Gulf, knocking out one destroyer and assisting in the destruction of others.

The battle-proven cruiser had another opportunity to confront the Japanese fleet on 13 July, in the Battle of Kolombangara. Shortly after midnight, contact was made with an enemy cruiser-destroyer force in "The Slot". At 0110, Honolulu opened fire on a . After three salvos, the target burst into flames and was soon dead in the water. Honolulu shifted fire to an enemy destroyer, which was immediately hit and disappeared. At 0211, a torpedo struck the starboard side of Honolulu, blowing off her bow. The task force then retired to Tulagi for temporary repairs, and then departed for the large naval base at Pearl Harbor. On 16 August, Honolulu arrived at Pearl Harbor for major repairs. She then proceeded to the shipyard at Mare Island, near San Francisco, for more work.

After the additional repairs at Mare Island, Honolulu departed from San Francisco on 17 November to continue her role in the struggle against Japan. She arrived at Espiritu Santo on 11 December, and then resumed operations in the Solomons later that month. On 27 December, she engaged in the bombardment of an enemy barge, troop, and supply concentration on Bougainville Island. In the early months of 1944, the cruiser continued bombardments and patrols in the Solomon Islands. She screened the landings on Green Island on 13 February, before retiring from the Solomons to begin preparations for the Saipan and Guam operations in the Mariana Islands.

Honolulu took part in bombardments of the southeastern part of Saipan Island in early June as the Navy and Marines leaped across the Pacific. While bombarding Guam in mid-June, Honolulu was deployed northwest to intercept the Japanese fleet. She returned to Eniwetok Atoll on 28 June for replenishments, before providing support for the invasion of Guam. She remained on station for three weeks, performing great service with her accurate gunfire, before returning to Purvis Bay on Florida Island in the Solomons on 18 August. Honolulu steamed out on 6 September to provide fire support for the landings in the Palau Islands, such as at Peleliu Island and Anguar, remaining in this area during September unopposed by the Japanese fleet. America now had decisive command of the sea, and therefore nearly full freedom of operations.

Battle of Leyte

Honolulu departed from the staging area at Manus Island in the Admiralty Islands on 12 October, and steamed towards the Philippines for the invasion of Leyte. She began a bombardment from Leyte Gulf on 19 October, and the next day she began screening the landings. At 1600, on 20 October an enemy torpedo plane was sighted as it aimed its torpedo at Honolulu. Despite the skillful maneuvering of Captain Thurber to evade, the torpedo found its mark on her port side. 64 men were killed and 35 were injured.

Honolulu sailed out the next day, arriving at Manus on 29 October for temporary repairs, and then steamed for Norfolk, Virginia, on 19 November, arriving on 20 December via Pearl Harbor, San Diego, California, and the Panama Canal. Honolulu remained at Norfolk for the duration of the war, undergoing repairs and alterations which included the installation of four twin 5in/38 gun mounts, and after a shakedown cruise in October 1945, she steamed to Newport, Rhode Island, for duty as a training ship. Honolulu arrived at Philadelphia on 8 January 1946 and was decommissioned there on 3 February 1947, and joined the Reserve Fleet at Philadelphia. Stricken on 1 March 1959, Honolulu was sold for scrapping to Bethlehem Steel, Baltimore, Maryland, on 12 October 1959. Honolulu was scrapped at Sparrow Point, Maryland, on 19 August 1960.

Awards
Honolulu received eight battle stars for World War II service.
Navy Unit Commendation, for 5-Jul-1943 to 14-Jul-1943 around the time of the Battle of Kula Gulf and the Battle of Kolombangara, 12-Sep-1944 to 20-Oct-1944 around the time of the Battle of Peleliu and Battle of Leyte and 30-Nov-1942, the Battle of Tassafaronga.

See also
Vice Admiral Robert W. Hayler, commanding officer of Honolulu, August 1942 – March 1944. Received two Navy Crosses during his service with Honolulu.

Footnotes

Notes

Citations

References

External links

Brooklyn-class cruisers
Ships built in Brooklyn
1937 ships
World War II cruisers of the United States
Ships present during the attack on Pearl Harbor
Ships of the Aleutian Islands campaign
Maritime incidents in July 1943

USS Honolulu (CL-48)


Smjörvatnsheiði er heiði og forn fjallvegur sem liggur milli Jökulsárhlíðar og Vopnafjarðar. Sæluhús er á heiðinni og gamalt símahús. Pálmi Hannesson rektor í Menntaskólanum í Reykjavík (1929–1956) taldi Smjörvatnsheiði með erfiðustu heiðum er hann hafði farið yfir á Íslandi.

Heiðar á Íslandi
Íslenskir fjallvegir

Smjörvatnsheiði


23685 Toaldo este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
23685 Toaldo este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul San Vittore din Bologna. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,61 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 11,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 23001-24000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

23685 Toaldo


Harry Patrick Clarke (Dublín, Irlanda, 17 de marzo de 1889 - Coira, Suiza, 6 de enero de 1931) fue un ilustrador y artífice de vitrales irlandés.

Fue una de las figuras descollantes de la escuela Artes y Oficios (Arts and Crafts) de las Islas Británicas. Su obra muestra el influjo del modernismo y del incipiente art decó; y, en concreto en cuanto a lo que se refiere a los vitrales, el del simbolismo.

La familia

El artesano de Leeds Joshua Clarke, que se ocupaba de labores de restauración en las iglesias y de la manufactura de vitrales, se trasladó en 1887 a Dublín por motivos de trabajo. Su esposa, Bridget, traería al mundo a su hijo Walter el año siguiente; y, justo un año después, a Harry. La familia se completaba con las hijas: Dolly y Kathleen.

En 1892, Joshua destinó a taller parte de la casa que habitaban, en el número 33 de la calle North Fredrick, y así abrió un negocio propio.

Aprendizaje

Desde muy joven, Harry se interesó por la lectura, conoció el arte visual, especialmente el del llamado modernismo, y en 1905 empezaría a aprender el arte del vitral en el taller paterno, en el que pasaría muchas horas.

Recibió su educación secundaria en el Belvedere College de Dublín, una institución de los jesuitas cercana a la casa familiar. Ya entonces mostraba un considerable talento y un interés por las artes plásticas.

Ya de mozo, en la Exposición Internacional de Irlanda de 1907, contempló por primera vez la obra de uno de los artistas que más influirían en su trabajo posterior: Aubrey Beardsley. De igual modo, le gustaban los estilos de Rossetti, E.J. Sullivan, etc.

Ese mismo año comenzó a asistir a las clases diarias en la Escuela de Arte de Dublín (Dublin Art School), llamada hoy Escuela Nacional de Arte y Diseño (en irlandés, Coláiste Náisiúnta Ealaíne is Deartha; en inglés, National College of Art and Design), y allí continuó el aprendizaje que había iniciado en el taller de su padre, en el que seguía trabajando.

En esa misma etapa de su vida, por su obra The Consecration of St. Mel, Bishop of Longford, by St. Patrick (La consagración de San Mel, obispo de Longford, por San Patricio) obtuvo la medalla de oro de vitrales en el concurso nacional de 1910 convocado por la Junta de Educación (Board of Education).

Ilustración de libros y de folletos

Ese mismo año, para proseguir con su aprendizaje en el campo que le interesaba y aprovechando una beca que le había sido concedida, se trasladó a Londres, y allí buscó empleo en la ilustración de libros. Contrató sus servicios la editorial de George G. Harrap, que le hizo dos encargos que no llegarían a cumplirse, en parte por desavenencias. Uno era la ilustración del poema The Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner, de Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Clarke puso manos a la obra, pero el trabajo que llegó a hacer fue destruido durante el Alzamiento de Pascua, en 1916. El otro encargo era para una edición ilustrada de El rizo robado, de Alexander Pope.

No obstante, el mismo año 1916 sería el de su primer trabajo llevado a la imprenta: una edición ilustrada de los cuentos de hadas de Andersen, con 16 láminas en color y más de 24 monocromáticas.

En 1919, se publicó una edición de historias de Edgar Allan Poe reunidas en la colección Cuentos de misterio y de imaginación (Tales of Mystery & Imagination), con ilustraciones en blanco y negro de Harry Clarke. Se publicaría otra edición en 1923 con 8 láminas en color y más de 24 monocromáticas, también de la autoría de Clarke unas y otras. Los trabajos de Clarke para esta última edición le granjearon una buena reputación como ilustrador. Era aquella la época dorada de los almanaques de regalo (gift-books), y el trabajo de Clarke podía ser comparado y se puede comparar con los del inglés Aubrey Beardsley, el danés Kay Nielsen y el francés Edmund Dulac.

A ese trabajo le siguieron:

 1920: Las ilustraciones para The year's at the spring; an anthology of recent poetry, preparada por Lettice D'Oyly Walters. Eran 12 láminas en color y más de 14 monocromáticas.

 1922: Las ilustraciones para los cuentos de hadas de Charles Perrault.

 1924: A History of a Great House (Historia de una gran casa), que se trataba de un folleto de promoción del whisky Jameson, encuadernado en rústica.

 1925: Las ilustraciones para el Fausto de Goethe. Esta edición contaba con 8 láminas en color y otras 70, unas monocromáticas y otras dicromáticas. Ésta es quizá su obra más conocida, y prefigura lo que sería después la imaginería de la psicodelia.

 1925: Las ilustraciones para Elixir of Life (El elixir de la vida), de Geofrey Warren: otra obra publicitaria de la marca de whisky Jameson, con ilustración de Clarke en cada página. Se considera que este libro es el más hermoso de cuantos se han publicado sobre esta bebida. Se conserva un ejemplar en la Biblioteca Nacional de Irlanda.

 1928. Su último trabajo de ilustración conocido fue para una antología de la obra de Algernon Charles Swinburne: Selected Poems (Poemas escogidos).

Vitrales

Joshua Clarke había muerto en 1921, y Harry y su hermano Walter se habían hecho cargo del taller. Desde 1917 hasta 1928, los hermanos Walter y Harry Clarke, que se habían casado con las hermanas Margaret y Minnie Crilly, habían hecho más de 130 vitrales, aceptando más de 40 encargos entre los hechos por entidades de las Islas Británicas, de África y de Australia.

La vidriería de Harry Clarke presenta las siguientes características:

 La finura del dibujo, inhabitual en esa arte.

 La riqueza cromática, suscitada en buena parte por una visita que había hecho de joven a la Catedral de Chartres para ver las vidrieras de ese templo. Clarke era muy aficionado a la gama del azul oscuro.

 La integración de las tiras de plomo que unen las piezas del vitral como parte del diseño general de este. Puede que su uso del trazo grueso en las ilustraciones monocromas derive de su técnica en la vidriería.

La obra de Clarke en este campo consta de muchos trabajos religiosos, pero también de muchos profanos:

 En la obra religiosa, destacan los trabajos de la Capilla Honan (Honan Chapel) del University College Cork (Colegio Universitario de Cork), constituyente de la Universidad Nacional de Irlanda. Harry Clarke acabó esa labor en 1917.

 Trabajos destacados de su obra profana:

 La vidriera que ilustra el poema de 1819 de John Keats La víspera de Sta. Inés (The Eve of St. Agnes). Esa vidriera se conserva hoy en la Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery de Dublín.

 La Vidriera de Ginebra (Geneva Window).

Puede que sus vitrales más contemplados hayan sido los destinados a adornar el establecimiento Bewley's Café de la calle Grafton de Dublín.

Muerte de los hermanos Clarke
Tal vez agotados por lo intenso de su trabajo, tal vez intoxicados por los productos que empleaban, tal vez por una causa y por otra, Walter y Harry Clarke murieron con poco tiempo de diferencia: Walter, hacia 1930; y Harry, a principios de 1931, aquejado de tuberculosis, mientras intentaba recobrarse en Suiza: no había cumplido aún los 42 años.

Galería
Ilustraciones para los cuentos de Edgar Allan Poe

Notas y referencias

 Nicola Gordon Bowe. 1994. The Life and Work of Harry Clarke. Irish Academic Press.

 Martin Moore Steenson. 2003. A Bibliographical Checklist of the Work of Harry Clarke. Books & Things.

 John J Doherty. 2003. Harry Clarke - Darkness In Light A film on the life and work of Harry Clarke. Camel Productions.

 Lucy Costigan y Michael Cullen. 2010. Strangest Genius: The Stained Glass of Harry Clarke. The History Press Ireland.

Enlaces externos

En inglés:

 Sobre Harry Clarke .

 Sobre Harry Clarke.

 Árbol genealógico de Harry Clarke.

 Libros ilustrados por Harry Clarke en Wikisource.

 Libros ilustrados por Harry Clarke en el Proyecto Gutenberg.

 Sobre las vidrieras de Harry Clarke.

 Vidrieras de Harry Clarke.

 Vidrieras de Harry Clarke y otras en la Iglesia de Glenamaddy (Galway).

Ilustradores de Irlanda
Vidrieros
Alumnado del National College of Art and Design
Nacidos en Dublín
Fallecidos en Coira
Fallecidos por tuberculosis

Harry Clarke


Nina Bulatović (født 9. december 1996) er en montenegrinsk håndboldspiller, som spiller i ŽRK Budućnost og Montenegros kvindehåndboldlandshold.

Hun blev udtaget til landstræner Bojana Popović' trup ved VM i kvindehåndbold 2021 i Spanien, hvor det montenegrinske hold blev nummer 22.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Montenegro

Nina Bulatović


Vinayaki je hinduistička božica s glavom slona. Upravo zbog njenog izgleda, često ju se povezuje s Ganeshom, bogom mudrosti sa slonovom glavom. Poznata je i kao Stri Ganesha ("ženski Ganesha"), Vainayaki, Gajananā ("ona s licem slona"), Vighneshvari ("gospodarica zapreka") i Ganeshani. Pretpostavlja se da je ona Ganeshina shakti — ženska energija.

U džainizmu i budizmu, Vinayaki je jasno identificirana kao zasebno božanstvo. U budističkim tekstovima, ona je poznata kao Ganapatihridaya — "Ganeshino srce", dok se u nekim hinduističkim spisima žene s glavama slona pojavljuju kao demoni ili proklete božice. Tekst Matsya Purana spominje Vinayaki kao Matriku, koju je stvorio bog Šiva — Ganeshin otac — te se tu ona može smatrati Šivinom shakti. Spomenuta je na popisu shakti u tekstu Linga Purana. Budistički sveti tekst Aryamanjusrimulakalpa spominje božicu kao kćer boga Ishane (Īśāna).

Izvori i bilješke

Hinduističke božice
Surlaši

Vinayaki


Brooks Brothers er en amerikansk tøjproducent, der blev grundlagt i 1818. Det ældste nulevende tøjproducent i landet, og hovedkvarteret ligger på Madison Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. Den blev grundlagt som familieejet virksomhed og det ejes i dag af den italienske milliardær Claudio Del Vecchio. tøj til det asiatiske marked. Mærket producerer også tøj til kvinder, og Zac Posen har været den kreative direktør siden juni 2014.

Horween Leather Company leverer læder til Brooks Brothers' fodtøj.

Beklædningsmæssige introduktioner
Virksomheden har introduceret mange nyskabelser indenfor tøjindustrien på det amerikanske marked.

 Ready-to-wear i 1849
 I 1896 anvendte John E. Brooks, barnebarn af Henry Sands Brooks, button-down krave på skjorte efter at have set det hos engelske polospillere.
 Engelske foulard-slips blev introduceret af Francis G. Lloyd i 1890'erne før han blev gjort til direktør for virksomheden.
 Ivy League jakkesæt, 1895
 Lyserøde skjorter til jakkesæt til koksgrå jakkesæt
 Harris Tweed blev introduceret i 1900
 Madras blev introduceret fra Indien via Brooks Brothers i 1902
 Shetland-sweater blev introduceret 1904
 Polo-frakke blev introduceret omkring 1910
 Letvægts jakkesæt til sommerbrug. De første kom i jernbanefløjl og seersucker i begyndelsen af 1930'erne
 Argyle-mønster blev introduceret i 1957, hvor Brooks Brothers blev den første producent af sokker til mænd med dette mønster
 Strygefri skjorter i 100% bomuld blev introduceret i 1998

Notable kunder

Cary Grant, Clark Gable, Jimmy Stewart, Barry Fitzgerald, Fred Astaire, Nina Foch og Maria Riva er blandt den lange liste af kendte personer fra Hollywood, der benyttede Brooks Brothers i 1940'erne.

Statsmænd
Brooks Brothers leveret tøj til 40 ud af 45 af de amerikanske præsidenter, inklusive Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover, Franklin Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama og Donald Trump.

Barack Obama bar en frakke, halstørklæde og handsker ved sin indsætteles i 2009.

Den tidligere franske præsident Jacques Chirac køber, skjorter hos Brooks Brothers.

Musik, film og kunst
Brooks Brothers er officiel leverandør for Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra.

Andy Warhol er kendt of rat bære tøj fra Brooks Brothers.

De hvide skjorter til Archie Bunkers kostumer i All in the Family var fra Brooks Brothers.

Brooks Brothers leverede tøj til Mad Men. I oktober 2009 leverede firmaet et limited edition "Mad Men Edition"-jækkesæt.

Stephen Colbert fik fremstillet alle sine jakkesæt til The Colbert Report og The Late Show with Stephen Colbert hos Brooks Brothers.

Brooks Brothers bruges ofte at kostumedesignere til folk som Ben Affleck i Pearl Harbor, Gene Hackman i The Royal Tenenbaums og Will Smith i Ali. The company produced made-to-measure period costumes for Denzel Washington's The Great Debaters.

George Clooney bærer tøj fra Brooks Brothers igennem hele filmen Up in the Air, og der blev optaget scener i en af Brooks Brothers lufthavnsbutikker. Mændene i filmenThe Adjustment Bureau bærer Brooks Brothers. I november 2011 annoncerede Brooks Brothers, at de havde designet tøj til Kermit the Frog i filmen The Muppets. Skuespillerne fra Slumdog Millionaire bar tøj fra Brooks Brothers ved Academy Awards-uddelingen i 2009.

Brooks Brothers fremstillede tøj til alle mændene til 2013-udgaven af The Great Gatsby, hvilket var omkring 1500 genstande.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Brooks Brothers, Rockefeller Center, New york City

Beklædningsvirksomheder fra USA
Tøjmærker
Etableret i 1818

Brooks Brothers


بوبي لينكس هي توزيعة لينكس يتم إقلاعها بواسطة القرص الحي وتتميز بصغر حجمها وتركيزها على مبدأ سهولة الاستخدام . تعمل جميع تطبيقات التوزيعة بالإضافة إلى نظام التشغيل بأكمله من خلال شرائح ال RAM . تشتمل التوزيعة على عدة تطبيقات منها SeaMonkey ، AbiWord ، Sodipodi ، Gnumeric بالإضافة إلى مشغل الوسائط المتعددة الحر Xine .
تتوفر التوزيعة على مستوداعت خاصة بها كما تعتمد على مستودعات أبونتوا الضخمة وخاصة أبونتو طويلة الدعم ويمكن تثبيت برامج بمتداد .deb و .pet
تم تطوير التوزيعة من الصفر على يد باري كولر ولا تستند على أي توزيعة أخرى، في [2015-11-17] تم إطلاق آخر إصدار للتوزيعة وهو 6.3 .

المميزات
يمكن لتوزيعة بوبي لينكس أن تكون ذا فائدة عند العمل على الحواسيب القديمة أو استخدامها كنظام إنقاذ بديل في حالة تلف القرص الصلب مثلاً أو حتى استخدامها كنظام تشغيل متكامل لأغراض الاستخدام العامة ويمكن إقلاعها عن طريق أكثر من وسيط ك :
 قرص فلاش USB أو أي وسيط تخزين USB آخر .
 القرص المضغوط CD-ROM مع حرية الاختيار بين ستة توزيعات مشتقة .
 أقراص ال Zip Drive كال SuperDisk فئة LS-120/240
 قرص صلب داخلي .
 شبكة حاسوب .
 أحد تطبيقات محاكاة النظم أو ما يعرف بال Emulator .
 أحد الأقراص المرنة القابلة للإقلاع والتي تقود باقي نظام التشغيل للعمل من على وحدة فلاش ال USB .

تاريخ الإصدارات

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لتوزيعة Puppy Linux .

توزيعات لينكس
يو إس بي لايف
توزيعات لينكس خفيفة

بوبي لينكس


Triploporellaceae, porodica zelenih algi iz reda Dasycladales, u koju su uključena tri fosilna roda s ukupno pet vrsta.

Rodovi i broj vrsta
 Deloffrella Granier & Michaud, 2
 Draconisella Granier & Michaud, 2
 Triploporella G.Steinmann, 1

Izvori

Dasycladales

Triploporellaceae


11409 Horkheimer este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11409 Horkheimer este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa în cadrul programului LONEOS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,19 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 2,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

11409 Horkheimer


An Leiothrix distichoclada in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Theodor Carl Karl Julius Herzog. An Leiothrix distichoclada in nahilalakip ha genus nga Leiothrix, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Leiothrix (Eriocaulaceae)

Leiothrix distichoclada


Premiul Academiei Europene de Film pentru cel mai bun film este acordat anual de Academia Europeană de Film începând cu anul 1988.

Câștigători și nominalizați

Anii 1980

Anii 1990

Anii 2000

Anii 2010

Anii 2020

Premiile Academiei Europene de Film
Fondări în 1988


Ernst Gabriel (* 6. Januar 1902 in Bremen; † 6. Januar 1974) war ein deutscher Politiker (SPD) aus Bremen. Er war Mitglied der Bremischen Bürgerschaft.

Biografie

Ausbildung und Beruf
Gabriel war als Oberwerkmeister in Bremen tätig.

Politik

Gabriel war Mitglied der SPD in Bremen.

Er war von 1952 bis 1967 für die SPD 15 Jahre lang Mitglied der Bremischen Bürgerschaft und in verschiedenen Deputationen und Ausschüssen der Bürgerschaft tätig.

Quellen
 Norbert Korfmacher: Mitgliederverzeichnis der Bremischen Bürgerschaft 1946 bis 1996 (= Kommunalpolitik. Band 1). LIT, Münster 1997, ISBN 3-8258-3212-0.

Mitglied der Bremischen Bürgerschaft (ab 1945)
SPD-Mitglied
Deutscher
Mann
Geboren 1902
Gestorben 1974

Ernst Gabriel


Tsibanobalka  es un selo del ókrug urbano de la ciudad-balneario de Anapa del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en la orilla izquierda del arroyo Tsybanova, que desemboca en el mar Negro, 10 km al norte de la ciudad de Anapa y 128 km al oeste de Krasnodar. Tenía 4 512 habitantes en 2010.

Es cabeza del municipio rural Primórskoye, al que pertenecen asimismo Nízhniaya Gostagaika, Vérjneye Dzhemete, Piatijatki, Voskresenski, Kapustin, Krásnaya Skala, Krasni, Krasni Kurgán y Peschani. El municipio tenía un total de 9 363 habitantes en 2010.

Historia

Fue fundada en la década de 1870 por el jorunzi Pável Tsyban, al que se le habían concedido estas tierras tras ser retirado del servicio.

Nacionalidades

De los 4 490 habitantes que tenía en 2002, el 84.7 % era de etnia rusa, el 4 % era de etnia ucraniana, el 2 % era de etnia armenia, el 1.9 % era de etnia griega, el 1.4 % era de etnia alemana, el 1.1 % era de etnia tártara, el 1 % era de etnia gitana, el 0.6 % era de etnia bielorrusa, el 0.2 % era de etnia azerí, el 0.1 % era de etnia adigué y el 0.1 era de etnia georgiana.

Transporte

Al norte de la localidad se encuentra el aeropuerto de Viatiázevo, que sirve a Anapa.

Por la localidad pasa la carretera federal M25 Novorosíisk-Port Kavkaz.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde  este enlace.
 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Цибанобалка.
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net .

Localidades de la Ciudad de Anapa del krai de Krasnodar
Localidades establecidas en 1870

Tsibanobalka


يونغزتاون  هي مدينة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في ولاية أوهايو، تبعد حوالي 105 كيلومتر جنوب شرق كليفلاند، أوهايو ونحو 100 كليومتر شمال غرب بيتسبرغ، بنسيلفانيا. تبلغ مساحتها 89 كليومتر مربع، فيما يبلغ عدد سكانها 73,818 نسمة حسب احصائية 2007.المدينة تقع على مسافة 10 ميلا (16 كم) إلى الغرب من خط ولاية بنسلفانيا، في منتصف المسافة بين مدينة نيويورك وشيكاغو عبر الطريق السريع 80. سميت المدينة باسم مكتشفها جون يونغ

التركيبة السكانية
قام مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بتحديد بيانات التركيبة السكانية ليونغزتاون في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان يوركفيل 1,230 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 534 أسرة وعدد العائلات 330 عائلة مقيمة في القرية. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 600 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للقرية بنسبة 97.07% من البيض و1.63% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.98% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر.
بلغ عدد الأسر 534 أسرة كانت نسبة 27.9% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 45.7% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 13.1% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، وكانت نسبة 38.2% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 33.3% من أصل جميع الأسر من أفراد ونسبة 18.5% كانوا يعيش معهم شخص وحيد يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً فما فوق. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.88، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 2.25.
بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 41 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 22.8% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 9.0% بين الثامنة عشر والأربعة وعشرون عاماً، ونسبة 23.0% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين حتى الرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 19.8% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين حتى الرابعة والستين، ونسبة 25.4% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 94.3 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 83.8 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في القرية 29,583 دولار، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 37,250 دولار. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 31,063 دولار مقابل 20,909 دولار للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالقرية 15,957 دولار. وكانت نسبة 7.4% من العائلات ونسبة 10.0% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 16.9% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 4.3% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان يوركفيل 1,079 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 498 أسرة وعدد العائلات 291 عائلة مقيمة في القرية. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 570 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للقرية بنسبة 98.1% من البيض و0.1% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و1.4% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.4% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر.
بلغ عدد الأسر 498 أسرة كانت نسبة 23.5% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 40.2% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 13.1% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 5.2% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 41.6% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 36.1% من أصل جميع الأسر من أفراد ونسبة 15.6% كانوا يعيش معهم شخص وحيد يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً فما فوق. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.69، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 2.11.
بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 46.4 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 17% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 8.6% بين الثامنة عشر والأربعة وعشرون عاماً، ونسبة 22.6% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين حتى الرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 29.8% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين حتى الرابعة والستين، ونسبة 22.1% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 47.5% ذكور و52.5% إناث.

تاريخ
سميت جون يونغ على اسم النيويوركي الأصل «جون يونغ» الذي استكشف المنطقة في 1796، واستقر هناك بعد ذلك.
في فبراير اشترى يونغ ملكية 63 كليومتر مربع من شركة الأرض الغربية بمبلغ16,085 $.
وفي 1797 تأسست يونغ تاون وسجلت رسمياً كمدينة في 19 اوغسطس عام 1802. تمتلك المدينة أحد أهم الجامعات في ولاية أوهايو (يونقزتاون ستيت)

التركيبة السكانية
وفقا لتعداد عام 2010، يونغزتاون تحتوي على 26,839 عوئل و15,150 فتاة في المدينة.تبلغ الكثافة السكانية 755.2/km ² (1958.5/sq ميل) .البنية عنصرية من المدينة 47.0٪ أبيض، 45.2٪ افريقى، أمريكية أصلية 0.4٪، 0.4٪ آسيوية، 0.02٪ جزري مسالمة، 3.3 وبعض سباق أخرى، و3.7٪ من اثنان أو كثير أجناس. هيسبنيك أو لاتيني من أي جنس كان 9.3٪ من السكان. بين السكان من اصل إسباني و5.7٪ من بورتوريكو، 1.9٪ المكسيكية، 0.1٪ الكوبي، و0.7٪ من أصل إسباني أو بعض الدول الأخرى لاتيني.

اقتصاد
تحتل المدينة المرتبة العاشرة في الولايات المتحدة من حيث أفضل مكان لبدأ أي مشروع.

تعليم
تشتهر المدينة بجامعة يونغزتاون، من أفضل الجامعات في ولايه أوهايو .تم بناء هذة الجامعة بتاريخ 1908، حينما كانت جامعة خاصة.في تاريخ 1967 هذه الجامعة صارت تتبع للحكومة.

مراجع

يونغزتاون (أوهايو)
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1796
مدن أوهايو
مدن في مقاطعة ترمبول (أوهايو)
مدن في مقاطعة ماهوننغ (أوهايو)
مقرات المقاطعات في أوهايو

يونغزتاون (أوهايو)


කිව්ආර්පීඩියා යනු, ඔවුන් විසින් අභිරුචි භාෂාවකින්,  පරිශීලකයන් වෙත  විකිපීඩියා ලිපි සැපයීමට සලසන,   කිව්ආර් කේත භාවිතා කරන, ජංගම වෙබ් පදනම් කර ගත් පද්ධතියකි.

කිව්ආර්පීඩියා


Ferdy Mayne (født 11. marts 1916, død 30. januar 1998) var en tysk skuespiller, bl.a. kendt fra film som Ørneborgen og Vampyrernes nat, hvor han spiller vampyrgreven Count Von Krolock.

Filmografi
 Vampyrernes nat (1967)

Eksterne henvisninger

Filmskuespillere fra Tyskland

Ferdy Mayne


හදීස් සහ මුස්ලිම් ඉතිහාසයට අනුව මුහම්ද් නබි (සල්) තුමා මදීනාවට විගමනය කිරිමෙන් පසු එහිදී ස්වාධීන මුස්ලිම් සමාජයක් බිහි කර, ඔහුගේ අනුගාමිකයින් (සහාබා) විශාල පිරිසකට කුර් - ආනය කියවා, ඉගෙනගෙන, උගන්වන ලෙසට අණ කළහ. මෙසේ කුර්- ආනය ගායනා කළ අනුගාමිකයින් කුර්රා ලෙස හදුන්වයි. ඒ වන විට බොහෝ සහබා වරැන්ට ලිවීමට හෝ කියවීමට හැකියාව නොතිබුණු නිසා ඔවුන් එකළ විසු යුධ සිරකරැවන්ගෙන් අකුරැ කියවීමට ඉගෙන ගත්හ. මුල් කාලයේදී කුර් - ආනයේ කොටස් ගල් පුවරැවල, සත්ව ඇටකටු වල සහ රට ඉදි ගස්වල පතු වල ලියා තබන ලදී. සුන්ති සහ ෂියා මුලාශ්‍ර වයලින් දැකගත හැකි  අන්දමට මුහම්මද් තුමාගේ කුර් - ආන භාවිතය ඉස්ලාමයට හැඩගැසීමක් ලෙසටත්, යාඥා කිරීමටත්, කියවිමේ පිළිවෙලත් යන දේවල් හදුන්වයි. කුර් - ආනයන මුහම්මද් නබි (සල්) තුමාගේ කාලය තුළ ග්‍රන්ථයක් ලෙස පැවතුණෙ නැත.

	ඉස්ලාමීය අධ්‍යනයන් පිළිබද විද්වතෙක් වන වෙල්ච්, ඉස්ලාමීය විෂ්ව කෝශයේ සදහන් කරන ආකාරයට හෙලිදරව් කිරීම් වලින් අනතුරැව මුහම්මද් නබි (සල්) තුමා සිටි කැළඹුණු තත්ත්වය විස්තර කර ඇති ආකාරය සැබෑ ලෙස ගත හැක. එම අවස්ථාව වලදී මුහම්මද් නබි (සල්) තුමා සිටි පරිග්‍රාහී තත්ත්වය, හෙළිදරව් කිරීම්වල අධිමානුෂික මුලය ඔප්පු කළ හැකි සාක්ෂියක් බව වෙල්ච් පවසයි. නමුත් යම් විචාරකයන් මුහමද් නබි තුමා ආදි අරාබියේ විසු ශාස්තුකාරයන් හෝ ඉන්ද්‍රජාලිකයින් සේ යක්ෂාවශේෂ වී ඇතැයි පවසයි. වෙල්ච් පවසන තවත් කරැණක් නම් මුහම්මද් නබි තුමාගේ මෙම හැසිරීම, ඔහු අනාගත ශාස්තෘවරයෙක් ලෙස හදුනා ගැනීමට පෙර සිටි පැවතිදී නැතහොත් ඉන් පසු ඇති වු දෙයක්ද යන්න පැහැදිලි නොවේ යන්නයි.

	කුර් - ආනය සදහන් කරන අන්දමට මුහමද් (සල්) තුමා "උම්මි" හෙවත් "සාක්ෂර නොවු" පුද්ගලයෙකි. නමුත් වේල්ච් පෙන්වා දෙන අන්දමට "උම්මි" යන වදනය ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථ කියවා නැති යන අර්ථයද කියා සිටියි.ඔහුගේ තර්කය අනුව මුහම්මද් නබි තුමා ඔහුගේ වෙළදාම් කටයුතු කරගෙන යාම සදහා යම් තරමකින් හෝ ලීවීමේ හා කියවිමේ හැකියාවක් තිබෙන්නට ඇත.

කුර්- ආනයේ ඉතිහාසය - අනාගත වක්තෘවරයාගේ යුගය


Sidney "Sonny" Hertzberg (nacido el  en Brooklyn, Nueva York y fallecido el  en Woodmere, Nueva York) fue un jugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó cinco temporadas entre la BAA y la NBA, además de jugar en la ABL. Con 1,78 metros de estatura, jugaba en la posición de base.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante dos temporadas en los Beavers del City College of New York, donde tuvo como compañero de equipo a Red Holzman, logrando en 1941 la tercera posición del NIT.

Profesional
Comenzó su andadura profesional en el equipo de la ciudad de Nueva York de la ABL, donde jugó cuatro temporadas, viendo como el equipo se denominó de tres formas diferentes, Jewels, Americans y Gothams, equipo del que fue capitán y máximo anotador. En 1944 lideró al equipo con 9,2 puntos por partido, y dos años más tarde hizo lo propio, promediando 11,8. Llegó a anotar 38 puntos en un partido cuando la duración de los mismos era de 40 minutos. en esas dos temporadas acabó como tercer máxmo anotador de la liga.

En  se unió a los New York Knicks, equipo formado para una nueva competición, la BAA, disputando el 1 de noviembre de ese año el primer partido de la historia de la competición, y logrando la primera victoria ante Toronto Huskies. Acabó la temporada como segundo mejor anotador del equipo, tras Bud Palmer, promediando 8,7 puntos por partido.

El año siguiente fue traspasado a los Washington Capitols, donde en su segunda temporada en el equipo llegó a disputar las Finales, en las que cayeron ante Minneapolis Lakers. Hertzberg, que jugó como suplente de Fred Scolari, promedió 7,4 puntos y 1,9 asistencias por partido.

En  fue traspasado a los Boston Celtics a cambio de Chick Halbert. En su primera temporada con los Celtics acabó como segundo mejor anotador, tras Bob Kinney, promediando 10,2 puntos, a los que añadió 2,9 asistencias por partido. Jugó una temporada más, tras la cual regresó a la ABL, proclamándose campeón en 1953.

Estadísticas en la BAA y la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Vida posterior
Tras retirarse, Hertzberg trabajó como ojeador de los New York Knicks, y posteriormente como analista deportivo en varias cadenas de televisión. Falleció el 24 de julio de 2005, víctima de un ataque al corazón.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Hertzberg en NBA.com
 Ficha de Sonny Hertzberg en ultimatenba.com

Baloncestistas de Nueva York
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los CCNY Beavers
Baloncestistas de los New York Knicks
Baloncestistas de los Washington Capitols
Baloncestistas de los Boston Celtics
Baloncestistas de los Manchester British-Americans
Baloncestistas de los New York Gothams
Fallecidos por infarto agudo de miocardio

Sonny Hertzberg


Osmanski most kod današnjeg Hana na Cetini, bivši most. Nalazio se na starom trgovačkom putu koji je još u starom vijeku vodio iz Salone preko Cetine u unutrašnjost rimske provincije Dalmacije, a u srednjem vijeku iz Splita preko Klisa ka Livnu i dalje. Bio je iznimno važan za promet ljudi i roba. Nalazio se je dvjesta metara od današnjeg kamenog mosta iz 1846./49. godine.

Vjerojatno je nastao tako što su ga Turci vjerojatno obnovili, ali nije poznato jesu li napravili sasvim novi na istoj lokaciji ili na postojećem rimskom mostu izvršili popravke i nadogradnje.
Turski most datira iz 16. ili 17. stoljeća. Uz njega su podigli i prenoćište s gostionicom, odnosno han. Potreba za njim je bila zbog brojnih trgovačkih karavana iz Bosanskog pašaluka koje su ovuda prolazile ka Splitu. Od hana je nastao i toponim Han. Obranu ovog strateški važnog objekta činile su dvije kule na njegovim dvama krajevima. Most je zabilježio u svojem putopisu Evlija Ćelebi 1660. godine. Zapisao je da je imao sedam okna te dvije kule s željeznim pomičnim vratima. Srušen je u Sinjskom (Malom ratu) (1714. – 1718.), ratu u kojem se je odvila slavna sinjska bitka 1715. godine. Nakon oslobađanja od Osmanlija kraj je došao pod Mletačku Republiku. Budući da je most bio srušen, Cetinu se je kod Hana prelazila lađom (kerepom).

Izvori

Pješački mostovi u Hrvatskoj
Građevine u Sinju
Hrvatske zemlje pod osmanskom vlašću
Mostovi na Cetini

Osmanski most na Hanu na Cetini


مها الجابري مطربة سورية من حلب الكبيرة صاحبة صوت جميل قوي مكنها من أداءاصعب قوالب الغناء العربي مثل الدور والقصيده ولحن لها كبار الملحنين السوريين والمصريين اشتهرت في الستينيات والسبعينيات من القرن الماضي.

من أشهر أغنيات مها الجابري شو بيصعب عليّ التي كتب كلماتها نظمي عبد العزيز ولحنها إبراهيم جودت وحققت نجاحا كبيرا واغنية كتير علينا لو حبينا وهي من الأغاني السورية الطربيه المميزة. ومن الاغنيات الجميلة أيضا قصيدة أفديه إن حفظ الهوى أو صيغة شعر كمال الدين بن النبي. وكان أبو العلا محمد قد لحنها وغناها بصوته في العشرينات من القرن العشرين قبل أن تغنيها أم كلثوم بعد ذلك وأداء مها الجابري للقصيدة لا يقل روعة واتقانا عن أدائهما وغنت من كلمات ولحن ياسر المالح اغنيتين وهما (أمي)، و (عندما كنت صغيرة). الملحن المصري الكبير سيد مكاوي عندما استمع إلى صوت مها الجابري أعجب به. فلحن لها قصيدة (موطن النجوم) شعر بدوي الجبل، كان ذلك عام 1977 خلال إحدى زيارات مها إلى القاهرة. ومن اغانيها (بالله يا دار) من الشعر القديم ولحن محمد محسن و (أنت ياحبيبي) كلمات عدنان قيطاز ولحن سليم سروة، وغنت لأمير البزق محمد عبد الكريم لحن (يللي قلبي مانساك) كلمات محمد علي حمادة، و (ياعاشقي) كلمات ياسر المالح ولحن سليم سروة. وغنت (باز في نهر) وهو لحن خليجي كلمات خالد العيان ولحن محمود الكويتي. كما لحن لها الملحن اللبنانيّ بهاء الدين الروّاس أغنية قلب الصخر حنّ ولان.

من اغاني مها الجابري أغنية الحبايب التي اعاد غنائها المطرب جورج وسوف بتوزيع جديد وكانت من الاغاني التي ساهمت بإطلاقه بقوة. وقد قامت الهيئة العامة لدار الاسد للثقافه والفنون في دمشق باصدار اسطوانة لها مؤخرا ضمن سلسلة اعلام الموسيقى والغناء في سوريا وذلك تكريما لها وتحتوي الاسطوانه على معظم الأغاني الهامة ل مها الجابري.

بعض اغاني مها الجابري
 كتير علينا لو حبينا
 الحبايب
 شوبيصعب عليي
 أفديه ان حفظ الهوى
 عندما كنت صغيره
 بالله يادار
 باز في نهر
 امي
 ياعاشقي
 موطن النجوم
 قلب الصخر

آل الجابري
أشخاص من حلب
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة (أشخاص أحياء)
مغنيات سوريات

مها الجابري


تاج البابا أو تاج البابوية هو لباس الرأس للبابا وهو على شكل ثلاثة مستويات ويسمى بالتاج الثلاثى ويرجع هذا الشكل للقرن 14 من الميلاد ويسمى باللاتينية triregnum
وقد كان هذا التاج يتم ارتداءه من قبل باباوات الكنيسة الكاثوليكية الرومانية منذ وقت مبكر من القرن 8 إلى القرن 20 . واستخدم آخيرا من قبل البابا بولس السادس

ومن عام 1143 حتى عام 1963 وضع رسميا تاج البابوية على رأس البابا ، خلال حفلة تتويجه ، وكان كما ذكرنا مسبقا أنها ذات شكل ثلاثي.

التاريخ
تم أخذ فكرة التاج البابوى من قبعة الفريغانى المخروطية الشكل
وكان تاج الأساقفة والباباوات على شكل طفاية أو شمعة

مراجع

تاريخ البابوية
تيجان
درعيات فاتيكانية
شارات رسمية
ملابس
ملابس رومانية كاثوليكية دينية

تاج البابا


Marinko Slipac (Novi Travnik, 1961.), hrv.bh. samostalni umjetnik i znanstvenik iz Novog Travnika.

Životopis
Rodio se i odrastao u novotravničkom prigradskom naselju Rankovićima, uz Stari-Carski hrast. Osnivač je i voditelj Udruge Baština iz Novog Travnika koja upravlja Zavičajnom zbirkom i botaničkim vrtom. Idejni autor projekta Divovi Središnje Bosne. Povod ideji bila je 2011. godina koja je proglašena za Međunarodnu godinu šuma. Slipac je vodio projekt. Izlagao je samostlno i skupno na više desetaka izložba u BiH i Hrvatskoj. Sudjelovo na više likovnih kolonija u Bosni i Hercegovini i Hrvatskoj. Samostalno je izlagao na sedam samostalnih (Novi Travnik, Travnik, Sarajevo, Zenica, Bugojno i Jajce). Tehnika kojom slike su akrilika na platnu i kombinirane tehnike. Slika prirodu, sakralne trenutke, a treći skup slika je "poigravanje s bojama". Autor više tekstova kataloga umjetničkih i muzejskih izložbi. Scenograf za brojna kulturna zbivanja. Vodio je Zavičajnu zbirku Baština u Novome Travniku od 2004. do 2016. godine. Napisao je više znanstvenih arheoloških i etnoloških znanstvenih radova. Sudionik znanstvenih simpozija. Suautor je monografije Guča Gora (2009.) i autor knjige Tradicijski obrti Hrvata u Bosni i Hercegovini (2017.). Autor je triju dokumentarnih filmova iz područja botanike (Stari – Carski hrast, Divovi Središnje Bosne i Tise u Bosni i Hercegovini).

Priznanja
Nagrađen priznanjima za djelovanje u području kulture.

Izvori

Životopisi, Novi Travnik
Hrvatski etnolozi iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Hrvatski slikari iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Hrvatski fotografi iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Bosanskohercegovački arheolozi

Marinko Slipac


Wu (; Wu romanization and IPA:  [] (Shanghainese),  [] (Suzhounese), Mandarin  []) is a major group of Sinitic languages spoken primarily in Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, and the part of Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River, which makes up the cultural region of Wu. Speakers of various Wu languages sometimes inaccurately labelled their mother tongue as Shanghainese when introduced to foreigners. The Suzhou dialect was the prestige dialect of Wu as of the 19th century, and formed the basis of Wu's koiné dialect, Shanghainese, at the turn of the 20th century. The languages of Northern Wu are mutually intelligible with each other, while those of Southern Wu are not.

Historical linguists view Wu of great significance because it distinguished  itself from other varieties of Chinese by preserving the voiced initials of the ancient Middle Chinese and by preserving the checked tone as a glottal stop. The phonological divergence between Wu and other Chinese is significant, for instance, the phrase "Shanghainese language" () is pronounced as [] in Wu and  in Beijing Mandarin. Wu and the Suzhou dialect in particular is perceived as soft in the ears of Mandarin speakers; hence there is the idiom "the tender speech of Wu" ().

The decline of Wu began from around 1986, when students were banned from speaking "uncivilized dialects" during class, a term used by the State Language Commission to refer to all Chinese languages other than Standard Chinese.  In 1992, students in Shanghai were banned from speaking Wu at all times on campuses. Since the late 2000s, Wu mostly survived in kitchens and theatres, as a "kitchen language" among the elderly housewives and as a theatrical language in folk Yue opera, Shanghai opera and Pingtan. As of now, Wu has no official status, no legal protection and there is no officially sanctioned romanization.

Names

Speakers of Wu varieties are mostly unaware of this term for their speech, since the term "Wu" is a relatively recent classificatory imposition on what are less clearly defined and highly heterogeneous natural forms. Saying someone "speaks Wu" is therefore akin to saying someone "speaks a Romance language"; it is not a particularly defined entity like Standard Mandarin or Hochdeutsch.

Most speakers are only vaguely aware of their local variety's affinities with other similarly classified varieties, and will generally only refer to their local Wu variety rather than to the dialect family as a whole. This is typically done by affixing  ('speech') to a location's endonym. For example,  () is used for Wenzhounese. Affixing ' is also common, and more typical of the Taihu division, as in  () for the Jiaxing dialect.

Wu
; Shanghainese ; Suzhounese ; Wuxinese ; 'Wu language'

The formal name and standard reference in dialectology literature.

Wuyue language

A poetic and historical name, highlighting the roots of the language in antiquity, specifically the culture of the Wu and Yue states during the Warring States period.
 Goetian, derived from the Japanese spelling of Wuyue (; ), is among the alternative names listed by Ethnologue.

Wu topolect

A derogatory and self-deprecating yet common name that belittles the status of Wu languages as a "dialect" of a singular "Chinese language", usually used by academics in state-administered universities.

Jiang–Zhe speech

A non-standard name meaning 'the speech of Jiangsu and Zhejiang', occasionally used to highlight the fact that the language is spoken across two provinces.

Jiangnan speech

A non-standard, uncommon name linking the language to the cultural region of Jiangnan. This is not to be confused with the Jiangnan Industrial Groups Koiné spoken in Xiangtan, which is classified as a variety of Mandarin.

History
Wu Chinese is the most ancient of the six major southern Chinese varieties, tracing its origin to more than 3,000 years ago, when the Zhou princes Taibo and Zhongyong migrated from the Guanzhong region in modern Shaanxi to the Wuxi–Suzhou area of the Jiangnan region, where they established the state of Wu. The northern language they brought formed the foundation of Wu Chinese. By the Six Dynasties era, Wu had already been developing for a millennium and differed considerably from the northern speech. When large numbers of northern Chinese migrated to Jiangnan following the fall of the Western Jin dynasty, they discovered great discrepancies between the two varieties of Chinese. This is recorded in contemporary texts such as the Shi Shuo Xin Yu. The Japanese  readings of Chinese characters (obtained from the Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period) are from the ancient Wu Chinese of this period. However, as Wu Chinese has been under strong influence from the north throughout history, many of its ancient features have been lost. The language of today is largely descendant from the Middle Chinese of the Sui–Tang era (6–8th centuries), as is true of most contemporary Chinese languages, with Min Chinese languages being notable exceptions. However, many of the ancient Wu features have been preserved in Min, as the latter began its life as the Old Wu spoken by migrants to Fujian during the century that marked the transition from the late Han dynasty to the Three Kingdoms and the Western Jin.

Substrate influences
Wu is considered the most ancient southern Chinese variety, since the Jiangnan region was the first area settled that was non-contiguous with the northern Chinese states. Proto-Min or Old Wu–Min is also the language from which the Min dialects evolved as the populace migrated farther south, so some knowledge of this language would not only offer insight into the development of these dialects and Sino-Tibetan but also into the indigenous languages of the region, knowledge of which would also be invaluable towards establishing the phylogeny of related Asian languages and towards reconstructing them.

According to traditional history, Taibo of Wu settled in the area during the Shang dynasty, bringing along a large section of the population and Chinese administrative practices to form the state of Wu. The state of Wu might have been ruled by a Chinese minority along with sinified Yue peoples, and the bulk of the population would have remained Yue until later migrations and absorption into the greater Chinese populace (though many likely fled south as well). Many have wondered about what effect the Yue people's language may have had on the dialect spoken there, since, for example, names and other social practices in the state of Yue are markedly different from the rest of Chinese civilization.

Bernhard Karlgren, on the other hand, noted that the Tang koiné was adopted by most speakers in China (except for those in Fujian) with only slight remnants of "vulgar" speech from pre-Tang times, which he believed were preserved among the lower classes, albeit this makes many presumptions about Tang China's class structure and sociolinguistic situation. Most linguists today refer to these remnants as dialectal strata or substrata. In many ways, the koiné can be considered the language from which Wu varieties evolved, with the earlier language leaving behind a pre-Tang dialectal stratum which itself may have included a substratum from the Yue languages.

Western dialectologists have found a small handful of words that appear to be part of an Austroasiatic substratum in Wu and Min languages. Mandarin Chinese also possesses some words of Austroasiatic origin, such as the original name of the Yangtze River,  (; Old Chinese {{transl|och|*krung, cf. Old Vietnamese ), which has evolved into the general word for 'river'. Min languages, which were less affected by the koiné, appear to possess an Austroasiatic substratum, such as a Min word for 'shaman' or 'spirit healer', such as in Jian'ou Min   which appears to be cognate with Vietnamese , Mon , and Santali , which all have meanings similar to the Min word. However, Laurent Sagart points out that the resemblance between the Min word for 'shaman' or 'spirit healer' and the Vietnamese term with the same meaning is likely coincidental.

The most notable examples are the word for "person" in some Wu varieties as , usually written as   in Chinese, and the word for 'wet' in many Wu and Min dialects, with a  initial which seemingly shows no relation to the Chinese word   but cognate with Vietnamese . Min languages notably retain the bilabial nasal coda for this word. However, Sagart shows that the Min words for 'wet', 'duckweed', and 'small salted fish', which seem to be cognates with Vietnamese , , , are either East Asian areal words if not Chinese words in disguise ('duckweed', 'wet'), and long shots ('salted fish').

Li Hui identifies 126 Tai-Kadai cognates in Maqiao Wu dialect spoken in the suburbs of Shanghai out of more than a thousand lexical items surveyed. According to the author, these cognates are likely traces of "old Yue language" ().

Analysis of the Song of the Yue Boatman, a song in the Yue language transcribed by a Chinese official in Chinese characters, clearly points to a Tai language rather than an Austroasiatic one. Chinese discussion of Wenzhounese often mentions the Tai affinities the dialect possesses. The Zhuang languages in Guangxi and western Guangdong, for example, are also Tai, so it would appear that Tai populated southern China before the Chinese expansion. The term Yue was applied indiscriminately to any non-Chinese in the area that the Chinese encountered. The impact of these languages still appears to be fairly minimal overall.

Though Sino-Tibetan, Tai–Kadai, Austronesian and Austroasiatic are mostly considered to be unrelated to each other, Sagart has proposed some possible phylogenetic affinities. Specifically, Tai–Kadai and Sino-Tibetan could possibly both belong to the Sino-Austronesian language family (not to be confused with Austroasiatic) due to a scattering of cognates between their ancestral forms, and there is also some, albeit much more tenuous, evidence to suggest that Austroasiatic should also be included, however his views are but one among competing hypotheses about the phylogeny of these languages, see the Sino-Austronesian languages article for some further detail.

It does appear that Wu varieties have had non-Sinitic influences, and many contain words cognate with those of other languages in various strata. These words however are few and far between, and Wu on the whole is most strongly influenced by Tang Chinese rather than any other linguistic influence.

Migrations
As early as the time of Guo Pu (276–324), speakers easily perceived differences between dialects in different parts of China including the area where Wu varieties are spoken today.

According to records of the Eastern Jin, the earliest known dialect of Nanjing was an ancient Wu dialect. After the Wu Hu uprising and the Disaster of Yongjia in 311, the Jin Emperor and many northern Chinese fled south, establishing the new capital Jiankang in what is modern-day Nanjing.
The lower Yangtze region became heavily inundated by settlers from Northern China, mostly coming from what is now northern Jiangsu province and Shandong province, with smaller numbers of settlers coming from the Central Plains. From the 4th to the 5th century, Northern people moved into Wu areas, adding characteristics to the lexicon of Northern Wu, traces of which can still be found in Northern Wu varieties today.

One prominent historical speaker of the Wu dialect was Emperor Yangdi of the Sui dynasty and his Empress Xiao. Emperor Xuan of Western Liang, a member of Emperor Wu of Liang's court, was Empress Xiao's grandfather and he most likely learned the Wu dialect at Jiankang.

After the Taiping Rebellion at the end of the Qing dynasty, in which the Wu-speaking region was devastated by war, Shanghai was inundated with migrants from other parts of the Wu-speaking area. This greatly affected the variety of Shanghai, bringing, for example, influence from the Ningbo dialect to a dialect which, at least within the walled city of Shanghai, was almost identical to the Suzhou dialect. As a result of the population boom, in the first half of the 20th century, Shanghainese became almost a lingua franca within the region, eclipsing the status of the Suzhou variety. However, due to its pastiche of features from different languages, it is rarely used to infer historical information about the Wu group and is less representative of Wu than the Suzhou variety.

Written sources
There are few written sources of study for Wu, and research is generally concentrated on modern speech forms rather than texts. Written Chinese has always been in the classical form, so Wu speakers would have written in this classical form and read it in a literary form of their dialect based on the phonetic distinctions outlined in rhyme dictionaries. Therefore, no text in classical Chinese from the region would give a clear notion about the actual speech of the writer, although there may have been cleverly disguised puns based on local pronunciations that are lost on modern readers or other dialect speakers. Yue opera, for example, is performed in the Shaoxing dialect, however the register is more literary than oral.

There are still a number of primary documents available, but they do not always give a clear sense of the dialects' historical pronunciation. They do often offer insight into lexical differences. Most of the sources for diachronic Wu study lie in the folk literature of the region. Since the average person was illiterate and the literate were often traditionalists who possibly perceived their local form of Chinese as a degenerated version of a classical ideal, very little was recorded, although local vocabulary often sneaks into written records.

A "ballad–narrative" () known as "The Story of Xue Rengui Crossing the Sea and Pacifying Liao" (), which is about the Tang dynasty hero Xue Rengui, is believed to have been written in the Suzhou dialect of Wu.

The main sources of study are from the Ming and Qing period, since the dialectal differences were not as obvious until Ming times, and lie in historical folk songs, tanci (a kind of ballad or lyric poem), local records, legendary stories, baihua novels, educational material produced for the region, notes which have survived among individuals' effects, the linguistic descriptions made by foreigners (primarily by missionaries), and the Bibles translated into Wu dialects. These all give glimpses into the past, but except for the bibles, are not so useful for phonological studies. They are, however, of tremendous importance for diachronic studies of vocabulary and to a lesser extent grammar and syntax.

The diachronic study of written Ming and Qing Wu, the time when the dialects began to take on wholly unique features, can be placed into three stages: the Early Period, the Middle Period, and the Late Period.

The "Early Period" begins at the end of the Ming dynasty to the beginning of the Qing in the 17th century, when the first documents showing distinctly Wu characteristics appear. The representative work from this period is the collection of folk songs gathered by Feng Menglong entitled "Shan Ge" . The majority of early period documents record the Wu varieties of southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang, so any discussion in this section is primarily relevant to Northern Wu or the Taihu division. Along with some other legends and works, the following list contains many of the documents that are either written in Wu or contain parts where dialects are used.

 San Yan , a trilogy of collected stories compiled by Feng Menglong
 Er Pai , two short story collections by Ling Mengchu
 Xing Shi Yan , a novella recorded by Lu Renlong
 Huan Sha Ji , an opera by Liang Chenyu
 Mo Hanzhai dingben chuanqi , Feng Menglong
 Qing zhong pu
 Doupeng xianhua , early Qing baihua novel
 Guzhang jue chen , late Ming novel collection
 Bo zhong lian

These works contain a small handful of unique grammatical features, some of which are not found in contemporary Mandarin, classical Chinese, or in contemporary Wu varieties. They do contain many of the unique features present in contemporary Wu such as pronouns, but clearly indicate that not all of the earlier unique features of these Wu dialects were carried into the present. These works also possess a number of characters uniquely formed to express features not found in the classical language and used some common characters as phonetic loans (see Chinese character classification) to express other uniquely Wu vocabulary.

During the Ming dynasty, Wu speakers moved into Jianghuai Mandarin speaking regions, influencing the Tairu and Tongtai dialects of Jianghuai. During the time between the Ming dynasty and early Republican era, the main characteristics of modern Wu were formed. The Suzhou dialect became the most influential, and many dialectologists use it in citing examples of Wu.

The "Middle Period" () took place in the middle of the Qing dynasty in the 18th century. Representative works from this section include the operas (especially kunqu operas) by Qian Decang () in the collection , and the legends written by  or what are known as "", as well as huge numbers of tanci () ballads. Many of the common phenomena found in the Shan Ge are not present in works from this period, but we see the production of many new words and new means of using words.

The "Late Period" () lasts from late Qing to Republican China, in the 19th and 20th centuries. The representative works from this period are Wu vernacular novels ( or ) such as The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai and The Nine-tailed Turtle. Other works include:

 Haitian Hongxue Ji
 The Nine-tailed Fox
 Officialdom Unmasked
 Wuge Jiaji
 He Dian

Wu-speaking writers who wrote in vernacular Mandarin often left traces of their native varieties in their works, as can be found in Guanchang Xianxing Ji and Fubao Zatan ().

Another source from this period is from the work of the missionary Joseph Edkins, who gathered large amounts of data and published several educational works on Shanghainese as well as a Bible in Shanghainese and a few other major Wu varieties.

Works in this period also saw an explosion of new vocabulary in Wu dialects to describe their changing world. This clearly reflects the great social changes which were occurring during the time.

There are currently three works available on the topic:
  (Ming and Qing Wu and Modern Dialect Research) by Shi Rujie ()
  (Studies of Wu words found in Ming and Qing literature) by Chu Bannong ()
  (Dictionary of Ming and Qing Wu) edited by Shi Rujie ()

Post-1949

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the strong promotion of Mandarin in the Wu-speaking region yet again influenced the development of Wu Chinese. Wu was gradually excluded from most modern media and schools. Public organizations were required to use Mandarin. With the influx of a migrant non-Wu-speaking population, the near total conversion of public media and organizations to the exclusive use of Mandarin as well as radical Mandarin promotion measures, the modernization and standardization of or literacy in Wu languages became improbable and left them more prone to Mandarinization. The promotion measures, which at present mostly consist of signs like the one pictured, are primarily aimed at limiting the usage of local dialects in conducting public or administrative affairs, although it, like the smoking ban, is commonly violated and it is not so uncommon to hear people speaking local dialects in a government office or a bank. The usage of local dialects in all other spheres is officially tolerated. Standardization of dialects, however, may be perceived as a precursor to possible regionalism, so this, too, would most likely be deterred. On the other hand, few speakers consider their dialect important enough to be written or standardized. To most speakers, dialects are in essence a wholly oral phenomenon.

It is not uncommon to encounter children who grew up with a regional variant of Mandarin as their parent tongue with little or no fluency in a Wu variety at all. However, this is primarily when parents are speakers of different languages and communicate in Mandarin and more rarely due to the parents' attitudes towards using language or dialect, which most associate with the warmth of home and family life. Many people have noticed this trend and thus call for the preservation and documentation of not only Wu but all Chinese varieties. The first major attempt was the Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects, which surveyed 2,791 locations across the nation, including 121 Wu locations (a step up from the two locations in PKU's earlier surveys), and led to the formation of an elaborate database including digital recordings of all locations; however, this database is not available to the general public. The atlas's editor, Cao Zhiyun, considers many of these languages "endangered" and has introduced the term  ('languages in danger') or 'endangered dialects' into the Chinese language to raise people's attention to the issue, while others try to draw attention to how the dialects fall under the scope of UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage and as such deserve to be preserved and respected.

More TV programs are appearing in Wu varieties and nearly every city/town has at least one show in their native variety. However, they are no longer permitted to air during primetime. They are generally more playful than serious and the majority of these shows, such as Hangzhou's  "Old Liutou tells you the news", provide local or regional news in the dialect, but most are limited to fifteen minutes of airtime. Popular video sites such as Youku and Tudou also host a variety of user-uploaded audio and visual media in many Wu languages and dialects, most of which are dialectal TV shows, although some are user-created songs and the like. A number of popular books are also appearing to teach people how to speak the Shanghainese, Suzhou dialect and Wenzhounese but they are more playful and entertaining than serious attempts at promoting literacy or standardization.

Jianghuai Mandarin has replaced Wu as the language of multiple counties in Jiangsu. An example of this is Zaicheng Town in Lishui County; both Jianghuai and Wu languages were spoken in several towns in Lishui, with Wu being spoken by more people in more towns than Jianghuai. The Wu dialect is called "old Zaicheng Speech", while the Jianghuai dialect is called "new Zaicheng speech", with Wu languages being driven rapidly to extinction. Only  use it to talk to relatives. The Jianghuai dialect has been present there for about a century, even though all of the surrounding are Wu speaking. Jianghuai was always confined inside the town itself until the 1960s; at present, it is overtaking Wu.

Number of speakers
Wu Chinese was once historically dominant north of the Yangtze River and most of what is now Anhui province during the Sui dynasty. Its strength in areas north of the Yangtze vastly declined from the late Tang dynasty until the late Ming dynasty, when the first characteristics of Early Modern Wu were formed. During the early Qing period, Wu speakers represented about 20% of the whole Chinese population. This percentage drastically declined after the Taiping Rebellion devastated the Wu-speaking region, and it was reduced to about 8% by 1984, when the total number of speakers was estimated to be 80 million.

Classification
Wu's place within the greater scope of Sinitic varieties is less easily typified than prototypically northern Chinese varieties such as Mandarin or prototypically southern Chinese varieties such as Cantonese. Its original classification, along with the other Sinitic varieties, was established in 1937 by Li Fang-Kuei, whose boundaries more or less have remained the same and were adopted by Yuan Jiahua in his influential 1961 dialect primer.

The sole basis of Li's classification was the evolution of Middle Chinese voiced stops. In the original sense, a Wu variety was by definition one which retained voiced initials. This definition is problematic considering the devoicing process which has begun in many southern Wu varieties that are surrounded by dialects which retain the ancestral voicing. The loss of voicing in a dialect does not entail that its other features will suddenly become dramatically different from the dialects it has had long historic ties with. It furthermore would place Old Xiang in this category. Therefore, more elaborate systems have developed, but they still mostly delineate the same regions. Regardless of the justification, the Wu region has been clearly outlined, and Li's boundary in some ways has remained the de facto standard.

In Jerry Norman's usage, Wu dialects can be considered "central dialects" or dialects that are clearly in a transition zone containing features that typify both northern and southern Chinese varieties.

Possible Kra–Dai substratum
Li Hui (2001) finds possible 126 Kra-Dai cognates in the Maqiao Wu dialect spoken in the suburbs of Shanghai, out of more than 1,000 lexical items surveyed. According to the author, these cognates are likely traces of the Old Yue language (). The two tables below show lexical comparisons between the Maqiao Wu dialect and Kra-Dai languages as quoted from Li Hui (2001). He notes that, in Wu Chinese, final consonants such as -m, -ɯ, -i, ụ, etc. do not exist, and therefore, -m in the Maqiao dialect tends to become -ŋ, -n, or zero. In some cases, -m even becomes a final glottal stop.

Languages and dialects

Wu languages are spoken in most of Zhejiang province, the whole municipality of Shanghai, southern Jiangsu province, as well as smaller parts of Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. Many are located in the lower Yangtze valley.

Dialectologists traditionally establish linguistic boundaries based on several overlapping isoglosses of linguistic features. One of the critical historical factors for these boundaries lies in the movement of the population of speakers. This is often determined by the administrative boundaries established during imperial times. As such, imperial boundaries are essential for delineating one variety from another, and many varieties' isogloss clusters line up perfectly with the county boundaries established in imperial times, although some counties contain more than one variety and others may span several counties. Another factor that influences movement and transportation as well as the establishment of administrative boundaries is geography. Northernmost Zhejiang and Jiangsu are very flat, in the middle of a river delta, and as such are more uniform than the more mountainous regions farther south towards Fujian. The Taihu varieties, like Mandarin in the flat northern plains, are more homogeneous than Southern Wu, which has a significantly greater diversity of linguistic forms, and this is likely a direct result of geography. Coastal varieties also share more featural affinities, likely because the East China Sea provides a means of transportation. The same phenomenon can be seen with Min varieties.

Major groupings
Wu is divided into two major groups: Northern Wu () and Southern Wu (), which are only partially mutually intelligible. Individual words spoken in isolation may be comprehensible among these speakers, but the flowing discourse of everyday life mostly is not. There is another lesser group, Western Wu, synonymous with the Xuanzhou division, which has a larger influence from the surrounding Mandarin varieties than Northern Wu, making it typologically much different from the rest of Wu.

Southern Wu is well known among linguists and sinologists as being one of the most internally diverse among the Sinitic groups, with very little mutual intelligibility between varieties across subgroups. On the other hand, some Wu varieties like Wenzhounese have gained notoriety for their high incomprehensibility to both Wu and non-Wu speakers alike, so much so that Wenzhounese was used during the Second World War to avoid Japanese interception.

In the Language Atlas of China (1987), Wu was divided into six subgroups:

Taihu (i.e., Lake Tai region): Spoken over much of southern Jiangsu province, including Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, the southern part of Nantong, Jingjiang, and Danyang; the city of Shanghai; and the northern part of Zhejiang province, including Ningbo, Hangzhou, Huzhou, Shaoxing and Jiaxing. This group makes up the largest population among all Wu speakers. The local varieties of this region are mostly mutually intelligible among each other.
Shanghainese
Suzhou dialect
Ningbo dialect
Hangzhou dialect
Huzhou dialect
Wuxi dialect
Changzhou dialect
Jiangyin dialect
Qi–Hai dialect
Jinxiang dialect
Taizhou (): Spoken in and around Taizhou, Zhejiang province. Taizhou Wu is among the southern varieties that are the closest to Taihu Wu, also known as North Wu, and speakers can communicate with speakers of Taihu Wu.
Taizhou dialect
Oujiang/Dong'ou (/): Spoken in and around the city of Wenzhou, Zhejiang province. This variety is the most distinctive and mutually unintelligible amongst all the Wu varieties. Some dialectologists even treat it as a variety separate from the rest of Wu and call it "Ou language" or  .
Wenzhounese
Yueqing dialect
Wuzhou (): Spoken in and around Jinhua, Zhejiang province. Like Taizhou Wu, it is somewhat mutually intelligible with Taihu Wu.
Chu–Qu (): Spoken in and around Lishui and Quzhou in Zhejiang as well as in Shangrao County and Yushan County in Jiangxi province.
Quzhou dialect
Jiangshan dialect
Qingtian dialect
Xuanzhou (): Spoken in and around Xuancheng, Anhui province. This part of Wu is becoming less spoken since the campaign started by the Taiping Rebellion, and it is being slowly replaced by the immigrant Mandarin from north of the Yangtse river.

Southern Wu
Chinese dialectologist Cao Zhiyun has rearranged some of the divisions based on a larger corpus of data.
According to Cao, Southern Wu can be divided into three broad divisions (note that he is using the pre-republican boundaries for the cited locations):
 Jin–Qu (), which contains twelve locations.
Jinhua Prefecture: Jinhua, Tangxi, Lanxi, Pujiang, Yiwu, Dongyang, Pan'an, Yongkang, and Wuyi
Quzhou Prefecture: Quzhou and Longyou
Lishui Prefecture: Jinyun
 Shang–Li (), which contains seventeen locations and has two subdivisions:
Shang–Shan (), which contains six locations.
Shangrao prefecture, Jiangxi province: Shangrao, Guangfeng, Yushan
Quzhou prefecture: Kaihua, Changshan, Jiangshan
Lishui (), which contains eleven locations.
Lishui Prefecture: Lishui, Suichang, Songyang,  (former county of Lishui, now belonging to Wuyi), Qingtian, Yunhe, Jingning She Autonomous County, Longquan, and Qingyuan
Wenzhou Prefecture: Taishun county
Nanping Prefecture in Fujian: Pucheng
 Oujiang or Ou River, which contains eight locations.
Wenzhou prefecture: Wenzhou, Yongjia, Yueqing, Rui'an, Dongtou, Pingyang, Cangnan, and Wencheng (excluding the Min speaking regions of Pingyang and Cangnan).
This was later adopted by the second edition of Li's Language Atlas.

Phonology
The Wu dialects are notable among Chinese varieties in having kept the "muddy" (voiced; whispery voiced word-initially) plosives and fricatives of Middle Chinese, such as  etc., thus maintaining the three-way contrast of Middle Chinese stop consonants and affricates, , , etc. (For example, 「  」 , where other varieties have only .) Because Wu dialects never lost these voiced obstruents, the tone split of Middle Chinese may still be allophonic, and most dialects have three syllabic tones (though counted as eight in traditional descriptions). In Urban Shanghainese, some more tones have undergone merging, and thus can be analysed to only have two phonemic tones.

Wu varieties and Germanic languages have the largest vowel quality inventories in the world.  The Jinhui dialect spoken in Shanghai's Fengxian District has 20 vowel qualities. Because of these different changes within Wu, which gives it its unique quality, it has also sometimes been called the "French of China".

For more details, see , , and .

Grammar
The pronoun systems of many Wu dialects are complex when it comes to personal and demonstrative pronouns. For example, Wu exhibits clusivity (having different forms of the first-person plural pronoun depending on whether or not the addressee is included). Wu employs six demonstratives, three of which are used to refer to close objects, and three of which are used for farther objects.

In terms of word order, Wu uses SVO (like Mandarin), but unlike Mandarin, it also has a high occurrence of SOV and in some cases OSV.

In terms of phonology, tone sandhi is extremely complex, and helps parse multisyllabic words and idiomatic phrases. In some cases, indirect objects are distinguished from direct objects by a voiced/voiceless distinction.

In most cases, classifiers take the place of genitive particles and articles – a quality shared with Cantonese – as shown by the following examples:

Plural pronouns
Wu dialects vary in the way they pluralize pronouns. In the Suzhou dialect, second- and third-person pronouns are suffixed with , while the first-person plural is a separate root, , from the singular.  In Shanghainese, the first-person pronoun is suffixed with , and third-person with  (underlying ), but the second-person plural is a separate root, .  In the Haiyan dialect, first- and third-person pronouns are pluralized with , but the second-person plural is a separate root .

Classifiers
All nouns could have just one classifier in Shanghainese.

Examples

Shanghainese

Suzhounese

Romanization

There are three major schools of romanization of Wu Chinese.

Vocabulary
Like other varieties of Southern Chinese, Wu Chinese retains some archaic vocabulary from Classical Chinese, Middle Chinese, and Old Chinese. For instance, for "to speak" or "speaking", Wu dialects, with the exception of Hangzhou dialect, use góng (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ), whereas Mandarin uses shuō (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ). Furthermore, in Guangfeng and Yushan counties of Jiangxi province,  ( or yuē) is generally preferred over its Mandarin counterpart. In Shangrao county of Jiangxi province, Simplified Chinese:  Traditional Chinese:  pinyin: huà/ is preferred over the spoken Mandarin version of the word for "to speak" or "speaking". For Wu dialects closer to Fuzhou such as Ningbonese, Jinhuanese, and Wenzhounese the word nóng (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ) is used for "person" instead of rén/nin , similar to Min.

Pronouns

Examples

In Wu dialects, the morphology of the words are similar, but the characters are switched around. Not all Wu Chinese words exhibit this phenomenon, only some words in some dialects.

Colloquialisms
In Wu Chinese, there are colloquialisms that are traced back to ancestral Chinese varieties, such as Middle or Old Chinese. Many of those colloquialisms are cognates of other words found in other modern southern Chinese dialects, such as Gan, Xiang, or Min.

Mandarin equivalents and their pronunciation on Wu Chinese are in parentheses. All IPA transcriptions and examples listed below are from Shanghainese.
「」 ()  wok, cooking pot. The Mandarin equivalent term is also used, but both of them are synonyms and are thus interchangeable.
「」 ()  clothing. Found in other Chinese dialects. It is a reference to traditional Han Chinese clothing, where it consists of the upper garments 「」 and the lower garments 「」.

Literature
The genres of kunqu opera and tanci song, appearing in the Ming dynasty, were the first instances of the use of Wu dialect in literature. By the turn of the 20th century it was used in several novels that had prostitution as a subject. In many of these novels, Wu is mainly used as dialogue of prostitute characters. In one work, Shanghai Flowers by Han Bangqing, all of the dialogue is in Wu. Wu originally developed in genres related to oral performance. It was used in manners related to oral performance when it proliferated in written literature and it was widely used in fiction about prostitutes, a particular genre, and not in other genres. Donald B. Snow, author of Cantonese as Written Language: The Growth of a Written Chinese Vernacular, compared the development of Wu in this manner to the patterns of Baihua and Japanese vernacular writing.

According to Jean Duval, author of "The Nine-Tailed Turtle: Pornography or 'fiction of exposure", at the time The Nine-tailed Turtle by  () was published, it was one of the most popular novels written in the Wu dialect. Magnificent Dreams in Shanghai () by Sun Jiazhen () was another example of a prostitute novel with Wu dialogue from the turn of the 20th century.

Snow wrote that Wu literature "achieved a certain degree of prominence" by 1910. After 1910 there had been no novels which were as popular as The Nine-tailed Turtle or the critical acclaim garnered by Shanghai Flowers. In the popular fiction of the early 20th century the usage of Wu remained in use in prostitute dialogue but, as asserted by Snow, "apparently" did not extend beyond that. In 1926 Hu Shih stated that of all of the Chinese dialects, within literature, Wu had the brightest future. Snow concluded that instead Wu dialect writing became "a transient phenomenon that died out not long after its growth gathered steam."

Snow argued that the primary reason was the increase of prestige and importance in Baihua, and that one other contributing reason was changing market factors since Shanghai's publishing industry, which grew, served all of China and not just Shanghai. Duval argued that many Chinese critics had a low opinion of Wu works, mainly originating from the eroticism within them, and that contributed to the decline in Wu literature.

See also

 Romanization of Wu Chinese
 Huizhou Chinese

 Wo Bau-Sae
 Jiangnan
 List of varieties of Chinese
 Wu (region)
 Speakers of Wu Chinese
 Wuyue
 Wuyue culture

Notes

Further reading

References

Sources

 Snow, Donald B. Cantonese as Written Language: The Growth of a Written Chinese Vernacular. Hong Kong University Press, 2004.  . .

External links

Resources on Wu dialects
 Wugniu.com
 Wu Dictionary– Wu dictionary available in 8 dialects.
 Wu Character Pronunciation Shows how character(s) are pronounced in Wu, data available for many dialects.
 Wu Pronunciation Map How a character is pronounced in Wu depending on the region.
 glossika.com
 Shanghainese Wu Dictionary– Search in Mandarin, IPA, or
 Classification of Wu Dialects – By James Campbell
 Tones in Wu Dialects – Compiled by James Campbell

A BBS set up in 2004, in which topics such as phonology, grammar, orthography and romanization of Wu Chinese are widely talked about.  The cultural and linguistic diversity within China is also a significant concerning of this forum.

A website aimed at modernization of Wu Chinese, including basics of Wu, Wu romanization scheme, pronunciation dictionaries of different dialects, Wu input method development, Wu research literatures, written Wu experiment, Wu orthography, a discussion forum etc.

References on Wu Chinese, including tones of the sub-dialects.
Tatoeba Project Tatoeba.org - Examples sentences in Shanghainese dialect, and in Suzhouan dialect.
Wu wordlist available through Kaipuleohone
Pronunciation dictionary - with audio from various Chinese cities.

Articles
 Globalization, National Culture and the Search for Identity: A Chinese Dilemma (1st Quarter of 2006, Media Development) – A comprehensive article, written by Wu Mei and Guo Zhenzhi of World Association for Christian Communication, related to the struggle for national cultural unity by current Chinese Communist national government while desperately fighting for preservation on Chinese regional cultures that have been the precious roots of all Han Chinese people (including Hangzhou Wu dialect). Excellent for anyone doing research on Chinese language linguistic, anthropology on Chinese culture, international business, foreign languages, global studies, and translation/interpretation.
 Modernisation a Threat to Dialects in China  – An excellent article originally from Straits Times Interactive through YTL Community website, it provides an insight of Chinese dialects, both major and minor, losing their speakers to Standard Mandarin due to greater mobility and interaction. Excellent for anyone doing research on Chinese language linguistic, anthropology on Chinese culture, international business, foreign languages, global studies, and translation/interpretation.
 Middlebury Expands Study Abroad Horizons – An excellent article including a section on future exchange programs in learning Chinese language in Hangzhou (plus colorful, positive impression on the Hangzhou dialect, too). Requires registration of online account before viewing.
 Mind your language (from The Standard, Hong Kong) – This newspaper article provides a deep insight on the danger of decline in the usage of dialects, including Wu dialects, other than the rising star of Standard Mandarin. It also mentions an exception where some grassroots' organizations and, sometimes, larger institutions, are the force behind the preservation of their dialects. Another excellent article for research on Chinese language linguistics, anthropology on Chinese culture, international business, foreign languages, global studies, and translation/interpretation.
 China: Dialect use on TV worries Beijing (originally from Straits Times Interactive, Singapore and posted on AsiaMedia Media News Daily from UCLA) – Article on the use of dialects other than standard Mandarin in China where strict media censorship is high.
 Standard or Local Chinese – TV Programs in Dialect (from Radio86.co.uk) – Another article on the use of dialects other than standard Mandarin in China.

Languages of China
Subject–verb–object languages
Varieties of Chinese

Wu Chinese


قبيلة عربية يرجع نسبها إلى بني ساعدة من الخزرج من الأنصار وهذه القبيلة موجودة في عدة دول من أهمها موريتانيا مهد القبيلة حيث توجد الغالبية العظمى بالإضافة إلى دول مثل المغرب الجزائر ومالي وليبيا ومصر والسودان وتركيا والمملكة العربية السعودية واليمن.

اسم القبيلة
تعرف هذه القبيلة باللهجة العامية الحسانية (الدارجة لدى عرب غرب وجنوب الصحراء الكبري) باسم (إِدَوبسات)وهي كلمة بربرية مركبة من جزئين (إد)التي تعني أبناء أو آل و(بسات)الذي هو تحريف اللقب الذي عرف به الجد الجامع للقبيلة أحمد أبي الصاد الذي عرف بـ(أحمد بسات)،والنسبة إليها بالدارجة (بُسَاتي) وهو ابن ألف بن أنس بن أجْبَ، بن نوشق، وقيل ( أوشق ) بن شئثة بن عامر بن كنت بن هنض بن بوهم بن صعصعة من ذرية أبي صعصعة الأنصاري واسم أبي صعصعة : عمرو بن زيد بن عوف بن مبذول بن عمرو بن غنم بن مازن بن النجار الأنصاري
في حين تصح النسبة العربية البُصاديين واحدهم بوصادي وهم آل بوصاد وقد وجدت هذه النسبة في بعض النصوص القديمة.

البطون
تتفرع هذه القبيلة إلى بطنين كبيرين يتفرع من كل منهما أفخاذ عدة وهذان الفخذان هما:
 الطالب مالك
 أعمر الكبير
وهما ابني كنتة بن سيدي عبد الله (هنض) بن موهم بن أحمد بسات الجد الجامع للقبيلة.
فمن أولاد الطالب مالك خمسة أفخاذ هم :
 إدغموهم
 إدغميام
 إدغملمس
 أهل آبة
 أهل أحمد ناية
 أهل الطالب مصطف
ولكل من هذه الأفخاذ عشائر وخوامس يتفرع إليها.
ومن أولاد أعمر الكبير ثلاثة رجال تفرع منهم سبعة أفخاذ هم :
 أولاد إبراهيم
 أولاد أعج
 أولاد مُسَّ
 أهل محم
 أولاد بوياحم: وينقسمون إلي البطون التالية :
ــ أهل صالح : ويقطنون في مقاطعة كيفة المركزية وضواحيها ــ أهل فال سيدي: ويقطنون في بلدية الراضي ــ القظذف: ويقطنون في مقاطعة بومديد، ــ والمجموعات التي تقطن المليحس، وغليك القظف : وهم الذين بطلق عليهم الاسم الجامع للبطون السابقة الذكر { أولاد بوياحم }،
 أهل خيار
ولكل من هذه الأفخاذ عشائر وخوامس يتفرع إليهاأيضا.

مناطق السكن (موريتانيا)
تنتشر هذه القبيلة على جميع التراب الموريتاني تقريبا وبخاصة أقاليم القبلة وأفلَّة والحوضين. ومن أسماء تجمعاتها:
 الـريان
 أفام الخذيرات
 بومديد
 الودي
 تكانت
 كيفة
 أغورط
 النزاهة
 دار السلام
 بودراعة
 ازمية
 أدويرارة
 أخويويرة
 لوسيخية
 آرشان
 سانقو
 أم لمحار
 تامشكط
 المليحس
 آكوينيت
 العيون
 ألاق
 الغايرة
 كندرة
 أبير ألبن
 أنصفني
 بيرالبركة
 اغليق القظف
 لغش
 ميلس
 لخشب

قبائل موريتانيا

إيديبوسات


ريم أحمد (23 يناير 1989 -)؛ ممثلة مصرية.

عنها
اشتهرت وهي صغيرة من خلال تقديم شخصية هدى البنت الصغرى لونيس في مسلسل يوميات ونيس، وظهر تميز ريم من خلال هذا الدور رغم سنها الصغير خاصة في الجزء الأول الذي تم تصويره عام 1994 حين كانت تبلغ من العمر 4 سنوات.

حصلت ريم على بكالوريوس المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية 2011/2012.

أعمالها

زواجها
متزوجة من الفنان/ طه خليفة

في الإعلام
كما شاركت في تقديم برنامج ست الحسن مع الاعلامية/ شريهان أبو الحسن

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلات مصريات في القرن 20
ممثلات أطفال مصريات
مواليد 1410 هـ
مواليد 1990
ممثلات مصريات في القرن 21
ممثلات تلفزيون مصريات
ممثلات مسرح مصريات

ريم أحمد


Liparus glabrirostris, le Charançon des pétasites, est une espèce d'insectes coléoptères de la famille des Curculionidae, de la sous-famille des Molytinae.

Description
Grand charançon (longueur jusqu'à ), à la face dorsale brun foncé parsemée de taches crème, ressemblant un peu à Hylobius abietis mais plus brillant, plus arrondi notamment à l'avant des élytres, aux fémurs dépourvus de dents.

Biologie
Cette espèce vit parmi les plantes de milieux humides dont des apiacées (ombellifères) dans des régions de moyenne montagne.

Références

Liens externes

 Illustrations sur galerie-insecte.org

Bibliographie

Espèce de Coléoptères (nom scientifique)
Molytinae
Insecte décrit en 1849

Liparus glabrirostris


المروحة هي جهاز يتضمن محركًا يستخدم للتهوية في الأجواء الحارة من أجل تأمين جو مريح.

تتألف المروحة في أبسط أشكالها من محرك كهربائي متصل بنهايته شفرات أو ريش، عندما يدور المحرك تتحرك الريش مولدة تيارا هوائيا.

مبدأ عمل المروحة
تعمل المروحة على أساس توليد فرق في الضغط وبالتالي إزاحة الهواء من جهة الضغط الأعلى نحو الضغط الأدنى الناجم عن حركة الشفرات. تتم هذه العملية بواسطة شفرات المروحة (مائلة الشكل) التي تقوم بإزاحة الهواء الملامس لسطح الشفرة أثناء دورانها. بسبب إزاحة الهواء من أحد جانبي سطح الشفرة فإن الضغط يرتفع قليلا على أحد الأسطح ويتولد فراغا جزئيا على السطح الآخر من الشفرة. نظراً لأن الضغط (الجوي هنا) متساو فإنه يدفع بكمية من الهواء البعيد عن السطح الخالي من الهواء نحوه لسد هذا الفراغ. تستمر هذه العملية مع دوران المروحة.

تتميز المراوح بإنتاج تيار هوائي بكميات كبيرة لكن بضغط منخفض (الضغط الأمامي الناجم عن دفع الهواء)، على عكس الضواغط (الكمبرسورات) والتي تنتج عادة ضغطاً أعلى نسبياً بتدفق أقل نسبيا.

يمكن للمروح أن تعمل بطريقة عكسية أي أنها تدور إذا ما دفع تيار هوائ نحو شفراتها وفي هذه الحال تسمى العنفات الهوائية (توربينات هوائية) التي لها تطبيقاتها في قياس سرعة الرياح (مرياح)، الطاحونة الهوائية.

أنواع المراوح

 مروحة محورية - Axial fan: يكون تدفق الهواء موازياً للمحور كما في مراوح تبريد الثلاجات المنزلية، مراوح التهوية، مروحة الحاسوب، ومراوح السقف.
 مروحة طرد مركزي Centrifugal fan:يندفع الهواء نحو المحور ثم يتوزع عموديا أي شعاعيا على المحور.

 مروحة تدفق عرضي - Crossflow fan:يندفع الهواء عمودياً على المحور دخولاً من زاوية وخروجا من زاوية أخرى. يوجد هذا النوع من المراوح في المكيفات المركزية (التدفئة والتهوية وتكييف الهواء) بشكل خاص.

المراجع

انظر أيضًا
 مروحة الطرد المركزي
 مروحة حاسوب
 نقطة تشغيل

آلات توربينية
تدفئة وتكييف
تقنيات التبريد
تهوية
جريان الموائع
ديناميكا حرارية
ديناميكا هوائية
ضاغط غاز
عنفات
مراوح
هندسة كيميائية
هندسة الميكانيك

مروحة (آلة)


D. João de Almada ou João de Abranches, escudeiro fidalgo, filho do 3.º Conde de Abranches D. Antão de Almada, era um militar português do século XVI.

Segundo Garcia de Resende, este dom Joam Dabranches (d´Abranches) ou dom Joam de Brãches, "era muito valente cavaleiro e sabia muito na guerra".

Foi um dos fidalgos que foram designados para serem capitães das nove "fustas" que, em Abril de 1545, foram armadas para socorrerem a fortaleza de Diu que tinha ficado cercado dos "guzarates, chefiados por Coje Çofar. Tendo sido um dos poucos que conseguiu lá arribar durante essa contenda.

Mais tarde, em 1554, partia de novo de Lisboa para Diu mas desta vez para ocupar o lugar de capitão-mor da mesma localidade e lá morreu solteiro.

Capitães navais de Portugal
Capitães-mores de Diu
Nobres de Portugal do século XVI

João de Almada (Abranches)


Prvenstvo se igralo dvokružno. Ligu je osvojio NK Podravac Bistrinci i time se kvalificirao u 2. ŽNL Osječko-baranjsku NS Valpovo – Donji Miholjac.

Tablica

Rezultati

Izvori

 RSSSF.com

2015-16
osječko-baranjska-3-valpovo

3. ŽNL Osječko-baranjska NS Valpovo 2015./16.


Caprona es un género de lepidópteros ditrisios de la subfamilia Pyrginae  dentro de la familia Hesperiidae.

Especies
Caprona adelica Karsch, 1892
Caprona agama (Moore, [1858])
Caprona alida (de Nicéville, 1891)
Caprona cassualalla Bethune-Baker, 1911
Caprona pillaana Wallengren, 1857
Caprona ransonnetii (R. Felder, 1868)

Enlaces externos

 http://www.tolweb.org/Caprona/95330
Caprona at funet

Tagiadini

Caprona


فايب لبنان هي إذاعة لبنانية تبث عبر الإنترنت، وتأسست في بيروت العاصمة اللبنانية في شهر نوفمبر/تشرين الثاني من عام 1998 م، وتعتبر أول إذاعة إلكترونية بلبنان. تبث البرامج الغنائية والمقابلات في مجال الفن والموسيقى والغناء وآخر الأنباء الفنية والرياضية.

مراجع

إذاعات إنترنت
إذاعات لبنان

فايب لبنان