Al-Jawf Province ( Minṭaqat al-Jawf pronounced [alˈdʒoːf]), also spelled Al-Jouf, is one of the provinces of Saudi Arabia, located in the north of the country, partially bordered by Jordan to the west. It is one of the earliest inhabited regions of Arabian Peninsula, with evidence of human habitation dating back to the Stone Age and the Acheulean tool culture. Human settlement continued unbroken throughout the Copper Age, a period that saw the kingdom of Qidar fight against the Assyrian state for its independence. It is also in this period that references to Arabs first appear in historical texts. A Christian kingdom later emerged under the rule of the Bani Kalb tribe and survived until the arrival of Islam and the Islamic conquest of Al-Jawf. Following the region's Islamization it fell under the control of the Tayy tribe. Al-Jawf was incorporated into the third Saudi state at the time of its formation in 1932. In the 20th century the region was a site of conflict between the Al-Rashid family and the Al-Shaalan family, though it eventually came under the rule of King Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud.

The Al-Jawf region is one of the most fertile regions in Saudi Arabia. The area around the town of Tabarjal is known as a national breadbasket due to the variety of crops grown there. Unlike most of the country, parts of Al-Jawf boast a moderate climate, fertile soil, and abundant groundwater, allowing for the unusually high levels of agricultural activity seen in the region. The province is famous for cultivating olive trees and is responsible for approximately 67% of the olive oil made in the Kingdom. Al-Jawf is also home to the widespread cultivation of palm trees and produces approximately 150,000 tons of dates every year.

Etymology
The word "Al-Jawf" refers to land that has widened and collapsed into a broad cavity. The name is not unique in the Arabian Peninsula and is also used for Yemen's Al Jawf Governorate. The word has been used to refer to locations in Yamamah and Diyar Saad. Other regions bearing the name Al-Jawf include the Jawf of Muammar in the Asir Region and Jawf Bani Hajir in Eastern Province.

The Al-Jawf region was formerly known as Jawf al-Amr and was inhabited by the Tayy tribe. It is also known as Jawf Al-Sirhan, which refers to a valley in the province that extends from the northwestern tip of the An Nafud desert to eastern Jordan. The word al-Jawf is used locally to refer to the city of Dumat al-Jandal.

History

Pre-Islamic History

Prehistoric
Archaeological remains indicate that Al-Jawf has been inhabited since prehistoric times. A 1966 expedition to the Columns of Rajajil found numerous stone tools and pottery fractures that were used to date the site to the fourth millennium BC.

The Saudi Department of Antiquities and Museums discovered a site in 1977 near the center of Shuhitia dating to the Stone Age. In 1985, an archaeological team studying the ruins uncovered an additional 16 sites in the vicinity, with most of the locations dating to the Assyrian Early Period.

Assyrian Period
Al-Jawf has long held regional importance because of its strategic location on the Incense Road. The Assyrians considered the Kingdom of Qedar, whose capital of Dumat al-Jandal is located in Al-Jawf, to be a threat due to its hostility to Assyrian control. It was in this period that the first reference to the Arabs appears in the historical record on a monument built in 853 BC to memorialize of the Battle of Qarqar. The Qedarite Queen Zabibe is listed among the monarchs who had paid tribute to Assyrian King Tiglath-Pileser III.

Queen Samsi of Qedar later rebelled against Tiglath-Pileser III in alliance with the King of Damascus. Assyria suppressed the rebellion, killing 9,400 Qedarite warriors and capturing thousands of prisoners of war. Queen Samsi, realizing that the cause was lost, surrendered and declared obedience to the Assyrian monarchy. Tiglath-Pileser III restored her to the throne and appointed an emmissary with an army of 10,000 men to monitor her.

Hostilities continued under the reign of Queen Yatie, who supported of the Chaldeans under Marduk-apla-iddina II in their successful defense of Babylon against an Assyrian army commanded by King Sennacherib. Queen Yatie also sent her brother to participate in the battle for the city of Kish in 703 BC.

Queen Yatie's successor, Queen Te'el-hunu, was defeated by Sennacherib's forces and retreated to Dumat al-Jandal in 688 BC. Sennacherib captured her there along with the Princess Tabua and transported them to Nineveh.

During the reign of the Assyrian King Esarhaddon the Qedarite King Hazael travelled to the Assyrian capital of Nineveh bearing gifts in an attempt to reacquire sacred relics taken by the Assyrians from Dumat al-Jandal. Esarhaddon accepted and appointed the Princess Tabua as Hazael's co-regent. Yatia succeeded Hazael as King of Qedarites and was quickly met with a rebellion demanding independence from the Assyrians. The rebellion was ultimately suppressed by Assyrian forces.

King Yatia in turn rebelled against Esarhaddon while the latter was campaigning in Egypt against the Pharaoh Taharqa. Esarhaddon's army defeated Yatia and once again seized sacred relics from the Qederites, though Yatia himself survived. Esarhaddon was succeeded by his son Ashurbanipal in 668 BC, and following Ashurbanipal's ascension to the throne King Yatia travelled to Ninevah to request the return of the sacred relics and swear loyalty to the Assyrian state. Following the return of the relics, however, Yatia refused to pay tribute to Assyria and launched a revolt against Assyrian suzerainty. Ashurbanipal sent an army that crushed the uprising and forced Yatia into exile. Resistance to Assyrian power continued under Yatia's successors King Amoladi and Queen Attia, who had also previously been married to Yatia. The new king launched a failed attack on the Assyrian state and was captured by King Kamish of Moab. Amoladi and Attia were taken to Nineveh where they were punished by Ashurbanipal.

Ashurbanipal then appointed Abb Yatia Bin Tari King of the Qedarites, but the move backfired as Abb Yatia backed Ashurbanipal's older brother Shamash-shum-ukin when he launched a rebellion to usurp the throne in 652 BC. Abb Yatia failed to enter Babylon with his army and was routed by forces loyal to Ashurbanipal. After once again pleading fealty to the Assyrian crown he was allowed to remain King of Qedar. Abb Yatia rebelled once again with the support of the former Qedari King Yatia bin Hazael. This time, however, Ashurbanipal launched a major campaign against the Kingdom of Qedar, definitively ending the Qedarite resistance.

Post-Assyrian
The Assyrian Empire ceased to function shortly after the sack of Ninevah in 612 BC. It was replaced as the regional power in Al-Jawf by the Neo-Babylonian Empire, which at least initially led to a period of relative peace. This period of peace lasted until Nabonidus rose to power in 556 BC and sought to occupy several areas to the south of Al-Jawf including Tayma, Lihyan, Khaybar, and Medina. While the specifics are not entirely clear, it is possible that the Qedarite Kingdom cooperated with Nabonidus in his conquest of the Kingdom of Tayma. The Neo-Babylonian Empire collapsed and Nabonidus' reign was terminated when Babylon was captured by the Achaemenid King Cyrus the Great in 539 BC.

The Kingdom of Qedar came to rule a large area in the second half of the fifth century BC including southern Palestine, the Sinai Peninsula, the southern regions of eastern Jordan, and parts of the Hejaz. Both the Bible and Herodotus record that the Qederite Geshem the Arabian feuded with the Prophet Nehemiah over whether to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem in 445 BC. Silver vessels have been uncovered near Pithom that bear the name of the Qederite King Qinu ibn Geshem, the king of Qidar, who is believed to be the son of Geshem the Arabian.

References to the Qedarites start to be replaced in the historical record with references to the Nabataeans following Alexander the Great's conquest of Gaza in 332 BC. The Nabataean Kingdom seized control of the regional incense trade in this period. In 106 AD, the last Nabataean King Rabbel II died and the Nabataean Kingdom was conquered by the Roman Emperor Trajan and turned into Arabia Petraea.

The former Qaderite capital of Dumat al-Jandal continued to serve as a major regional urban center into the Byzantine era and was home to a major marketplace. Following Byzantine rule Al-Jawf came under the control of the Kalb tribe and then the Kingdom of Kinda.

Islamic history
The Prophet Muhammad  invaded al-Jawf twice as part of his Arab conquests between 622 and 632. Following the second conquest led by Muslim leader Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf the region converted to Islam.

When Abu Bakr became caliph in 632 he launched the Ridda wars against rebel Arab tribes in a number of regions, including Al-Jawf. In 633 a Rashidun Army under Khalid ibn al-Walid persecuted rebels in the region following al-Walid's victory at the Battle of Ayn al-Tamr. He successfully captured and occupied Dumat al-Jandal before retreating back to Al-Hirah.

Imru Al Qais bin Al Asbagh Al Kalbi ruled the region during the reign of the Caliph Umar between 634 and 644. Marwan bin Al Hakam ruled Al-Jawf during the reign of the Caliph Uthman in the 640s and 650s.

The Tayy tribe became dominant in the Al-Jawf region during the 10th century. The Al-Fadl family from the Tayy tribe ruled the area between the 12th and 14th centuries. The Tayy began raiding Al-Shami, a location on the Egyptian Hajj route, in the 16th century. In 1521 the Ottoman Empire agreed to pay the Tayy tribe to cease their attacks on the Hajj route.

Al-Jawf was incorporated into the first Saudi state in 1793 during the reign of Imam Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad. The incorporation of the region was not achieved peacefully; Imam Muhammad sent an army to the Al Jawf that conquered three towns, killed many local civilians, and besieged the major population centers until they pledged allegiance to the Saudi state. During the reign of Imam Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, which lasted from 1803 to 1814, the area remained under Saudi control.

In the mid-19th century the region became part of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, which was ruled by the Rashidi dynasty and nominally affiliated with the second Saudi state. In 1838 Abdullah bin Ali Al Rashid sent an army of 3,000 men led by his brother Ubaid to attack al-Jawf and collect zakat, but the region was not formally conquered at that time. In 1853 Talal bin Abdullah Al Rashid sent another army to Al-Jawf that conquered and incorporated the region within Jabal Shammar over the course of a two year campaign.

Modern history
Muhsin al-Shaalan, Nuri Al Shalaan's cousin, ceded the Qurayyat (Qurayyat al-Salt) region, which is the last remaining part of the al-Jawf region, and he ceded it in favor of the Saudi state. Ibn Battah was appointed a follower of Abdullah al-Tamimi, the emir of al-Jawf, The Emirate of Transjordan, however, rejected this. It saw that it was more deserving to rule the Qurayyat region, so it escalates with the Saudi state by demanding of establish a neutral zone between the two countries, the withdrawal of the Saudis from the Hijaz, and the return of the Al-Rashid family in Hail and the family of Al-Ayed in Asir to authority. This was rejected by Saudi state. As a reaction of that, Saudi forces crawled over the Jordanian villages until they reached Yadodah, a few miles away from the city of Amman. At that time Britain intervened by bombing the Saudi forces and forcing them to withdraw and return to the dialogue. Which was the case so the Saudi state agreed with Britain, which represents East Jordan, to give the Qurayyat region to Saudi Arabia and protect Saudi trade with Syria. That agreement was known as the Hada agreement. After the annexation of the Hijaz, the Qurayyat region was known as the "Emirate of Qurayyat and the Northern Border Inspectorate." At the end of 1931, King Abdulaziz appointed governor for the second time Turki bin Ahmed Al-Sudairy a prince on Al-Jouf, and he moved the capital from Dumat al-Jandal to Sakaka. One of the most important events that passed on Al-Jouf during this period is the protection of Sultan al-Atrash, the leader of the Great Syrian Revolution in Al-Jouf region from 1927 to 1932 ..

In the year 1358 AH, governmental departments in the Qurayyat region moved from the village of Kaf to the village of Nabak (which later became known as the City of Qurayyat). In 1957 Tabarjal was established after a part of the Shararat tribe settled in the region. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia signed an agreement with the Kingdom of Jordan which was known as the Amman Agreement in 1965 to delineate the borders in the north of the Hijaz and confirm the previous agreement. In 1991, the zoning system was issued during the reign of King Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, and the Qurayyat region merged with the Jawf region and Tabuk region. The system also resulted in the formation of the District Council, which consists of 33 members, twenty of whom are residents of the region, and the rest are state employees.

Population
Population growth in the Al-Jouf region is generally high, with a population of 520,737 people, according to the report of the General Authority for Statistics for the year (2018). [58] [59]

Geography

Location
Al-Jouf region is located in the northwest of the Kingdom, and it is bordered by three Saudi administrative regions which are the Northern Border region to the north and east, the Hail region to the southeast, the Tabuk region to the southwest, and one country is the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to the north and northwest.

Geography of the region

Highs
There are many lava fields, hills and mountains in the region, such as:
 Harrat al-Harrat extends from Syria in the south through Jordan to Al-Jawf, and its area within the Kingdom's lands is approximately 15,200 km2, and it is located in the northeast of Al-Jawf region.
 Harra al-Rashrasheyah is located 16 km north of Qurayyat.
 Harra al-Busaylah, is 17 km away from Kaf village.
 The Hammad Plateau, a flat-level plateau is located to the north of Hurra al-Hurra, has many channels, and is approximately 800 to 850 meters high.
 The Hajar Plateau is located to the east of the Hammad Plateau, and most of its lands are located in the northern border region.
 Jabal Touqa (Touqa mountain) is located northwest of Sakaka Governorate, and is approximately 1039 meters high.
 Jabal Naeej (Naeej mountain), is located northeast of Qurayyat, and it is approximately 1023 meters high.
 Laila Mountain is located to the northeast of Tabarjal, and its height is approximately 897 meters.
 Jabal Al-Hossan (Al-Hossan mountain), is located north of Qurayyat, is approximately 689 meters high.
 Jabal Maqil (Maqil mountain), one kilometer away from the village of Kaf, where many tools from the Copper age and Stone Age were found.
 Prince's Mountain, a two-peaks mountain in Sakaka, on the first summit is the Castle of Zaabal, and an ancient tomb is on the second summit.
 Jabal Al-Saidi (Al-Saidi mountain) is located near the village of Kaf, and on the top, there is a fortress believed to belong to the Nabataean period of the area.
 Qayyal Mountain, 12 km northeast of Sakaka, was found on the site of a Nabataean garrison.
 Qarat al-Nisah, located 5 km west of Mossen, has found many inscriptions and foundations.
 Qarat Al-Mazzad, is located 6 km north of the Alqait suburb, that is located northeast of Sakaka, and numerous inscriptions have been found there.

Desert
The Great Nafud desert is located in the Al-Jouf region, which was previously known as Sand Alaj. It extends from Al-Jouf in its west to Hail in the east, and its area is approximately 64,630 km2.

Lows
There are many short and large valleys in the region, but the most famous one is the Sirhan Valley. It is the most important valley of Al-Jouf, its length is 180 km, and it has an importance in agriculture in the region. There are several other important valleys such as Wadi Fajr and its length is 135 km. It flows into the Valley of Sirhan, [Wadi Al-Ayli is the largest of Harra Al-Harra and one of Siran valleys. There are also other valleys, such as: Wadi Al-Shuhatiyah, Wadi Al-Merir, Wadi Hasida, Wadi Baar, Wadi Al-Safa, Wadi Hadraj, Wadi Al-Moi, and Wadi Al-Bayer.

Other than the valleys, there are Khabara (Swamps). The most famous one is Khabara Al-Amhas, which is a land where rainwater collects, some plants grow in, and is located in the desert of Hammad. There also are many Sabkhas. The most popular is Sabkah Hadhodha, which is located near Al-Issawiya and covers an area of 540 km2, thus making it the largest Sabkhas of the kingdom's.

Al-Jouf is also famous for Dumat al-Jandal Lake, and it is 585 meters above sea level, with an area of one million and one hundred thousand square meters.

Climate
Al-Jawf region falls within the semi-tropical high pressure belt, which makes wind an influence in the region. In the winter, the arid northeast winds blow, making Al Jouf's weather stable and cool in this season. The astronomical location of the region may cause the development of air fronts as a result of the collision of the arid northeast winds with the humid southwest winds, causing Precipitation. The maritime impact on the region is limited because the geographical location of the Jawf is far from the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, the Arabian Gulf, and the winds through which it does not help in the rains. The Mediterranean is the sea that most affects the region.

The region is one of the coldest regions in Saudi Arabia during winter. Temperature reaches only 15 Celsius during the day in January, it drops to two degrees in the evening, and it may reach below zero. In summer, temperatures reach 40 degrees Celsius in late July, and at night it drops to 19 degrees in the north of the region and 23 in the south. High and low temperatures adversely affect the region in water loss, plant wilt or frost formation and damage to agricultural crops.

Rain falls in the region mostly between October and May in the fall and winter seasons, and it decreases during the rest of the year. The average annual rainfall is about 80 mm. The rains are fluctuating, falling one year significantly, but little in another year. In general, however, when it is raining accompanied by the formation of hail, strong wind, thunderstorms, and torrential torrents. This fluctuation and changing factors are detrimental to the region and its agricultural economy.

Administrative Divisions
The region is divided into the emirate's headquarters located in Sakaka Governorate, two (type A) governorates, the Qurayyat Governorate, and the Duma al-Jandal, and one (B) Governorate, Tabarjal. These governorates are divided into centers affiliated with them. The number of centers in the Al-Jouf region is 33 centers distributed among the four governorates. These centers are:

List of governors
Since annexation of the region to rule the third Saudi state, several princes have ruled it, including Turki bin Ahmed Al Sudairi, who ruled for two different periods, and they are:

The princes of the Qurayyat region
Nine princes have followed over the Qurayyat region from the time Muhsin al-Sha'lan abdicated it until her annexation to the Al-Jawf region, and they are: [47] [89]

Public services

Transportation
The region is connected with the capital Riyadh by a 1309 km long road that passes from the city of Sakaka and reaches the city of Arar. It is also linked to the city of Jeddah (on the Red Sea coast) through the city of Dumat al-Jandal and the city of Madinah by a road with a length of 1258 km. Furthermore, the provincial centers in the region are connected to each other. There are two airports in the region: The first is in the city of Sakaka is known as the Al-Jouf Domestic Airport(AJF / OESK), and the other airport is in Qurayyat and is known as the Gurayat Domestic Airport (URY / OEGT). It is planned that the region will also be linked with the rest of the Kingdom by a network of railways within the North-South Train (SAR), which links the capital Riyadh with the cities of Sakakah, Qurayyat, Haditha and the Basita farms.

The distance between the emirate's headquarters in Sakaka city and the different cities of the Kingdom in kilometers (km):

Education
Like other regions of the Kingdom, education was limited at the beginning to the Kuttab in mosques where the Qur'an and the Arabic language are taught, and wood planks and tamarix sticks are used for writing. In the year 1362 AH, the first regular school in the area, the Emiri School in Sakaka, was opened, and it includes one class and one teacher. In 1364 AH, the Omar bin al-Khattab School was opened in the city of Dumat al-Jandal, and then opening formal schools has continued.

In the year 1369 AH, the Al-Jouf region with the Qurayyat and Tabuk regions submitted a request to King Abdulaziz to grant a financial reward to each student, and the king agreed. Later, with the increase in the number of schools, the task of supervising them was assigned to the education of the Madinah region, then to the education of Dammam. In the year 1377 AH, the Central Inspection Office was established to link between Al-Jouf and Dammam. In the year 1388 AH, the Central Inspection Office turned into a special "education office" in the region, then to an "Educational Supervision Bureau" and finally in the year 1398 AH to an "Education Administration."

The first school for girls was opened in the region in the year 1382 AH. and in the year 1401AH, the College of Education for Girls arose. In the next year, the Health Institute for Nursing was established, and the "Girls 'Education Commission" became an independent department in the name of "the Department of Girls' Education in Al-Jouf". The following year the Boys' Health Institute was established, and in 1423 AH, the College of Science for Boys was established. In the year 1426 AH, Al-Jouf University was opened.

Healthcare
The central hospital in Sakaka (Abdel Rahman Al-Sudairy Hospital) was built in the year 1385 AH (1965 AD) to be the first hospital in the region, and this hospital was specialized in chest diseases due to the spread of tuberculosis in the region. With the increasing population need for hospitals, King Faisal Hospital in Qurayyat, the Diagnostic and Obstetric Center in Dumat al-Jandal, and the Ambulance and Obstetrics Center in Tabarja were established in the year 1395 AH. In 1404 AH, the Mental Health Hospital was established, The General Hospital was opened in Qurayyat in 1405 AH. On the first of Rajab 1406 AH, the Health Affairs Department was established Al-Jouf after it was affiliated with the Health Affairs Directorate of the Northern Health in the city of Arar, In 1425 AH Seven hospitals and 29 health centers were affiliated with the Health Affairs Department. In the following year, the Sawyer General Hospital was established, and in 1433 AH, the Abu Ajram General Hospital was established.

Economy and natural resources

Agriculture
Formerly, agriculture is considered the basic profession of the region's residents. Backpackers have described agricultural crops in Al-Jouf as they pass through it. Among those who referred to the agricultural crops is the Finnish backpacker George August Wallin (Yrjö Aukusti Wallin) who mentioned that palm trees, figs, apricots, oranges and grapes are planted in the region. This is what also was indicated by the William Palgrave adding that dates are the only crop that It is sold outside the region. In the modern era, Abdul Rahman bin Ahmed Al-Sudairy, the governor of Al-Jawf region, mentioned that olives, apples, pears, pomegranates, wheat and barley are grown in the region. The Guinness Book records that the largest modern olive farm in the world is also found in Al-Jouf.

Agricultural machines were brought to the region in the year 1368 AH. Branch of the Ministry of Agriculture was established in the year 1379 AH. Then the emirate distributed agricultural lands to citizens. The number of distributed farms reaching 7,500. The region is now famous for cultivating an olive tree, and it produces 67% of olive oil in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Olive trees began to be planted in 1392 AH. In 1437 AH (2016 AD), the number of olive trees reached 18 million trees producing between 30 and 40 thousand tons of olives and 10 thousand tons of olive oil. The number of olive presses reached 23 presses.

In addition to olives, there are 10 million fruit trees in Al-Jouf annually producing 170 thousand tons. Also, there are 1.2 million palm trees annually producing 40 thousand tons of dates, the most famous of which is Hilwah Al-Jouf. The number of Al-Jouf farms is 12 thousand farms and 3 thousand agricultural projects that contain 30 million trees that produces olives, palms, fruits, vegetables, and fodder.

Among the most important problems facing agriculture is the problem of depleting groundwater with the increasing number of agricultural projects, especially in the Basita Farms Project and the cultivated areas, where the cultivated area reached 428 thousand hectares.

Livestock
In 1402 AH, corresponding to 1982 AD (the former name of the ministry at the time), the Ministry of Agriculture and Water started the project of the rangeland development center and improved it to preserve livestock in the Al-Jawf region in cooperation with FAO. The center included several departments working on rangeland management, soil conservation, production management and animal health. The National Wildlife Protection and Development Authority has established several reserves to protect the region's animals and planets.

According to the statistics of 1426 AH corresponding to 2005 AD, Al-Jouf Region included 1,569,733 heads of sheep, 1,740 heads of cows, 7,398 heads of camels, 88,845 heads of goats, and 2,791,227 poultry. The region included 6 projects for raising chickens, 4 projects to produce eggs, and 3 projects specialized in breeding and fattening lamb.

Industry
Before the establishment of the Saudi state, the industry in the region was handcrafted products, such as: leather industry, such as horse belts, arms sheaths and water closures, weaving industries such as cages, utensils, baskets and fans, wooden industries such as doors and some agricultural tools, stone industries such as the millstone, the grind and the mortar, and woolen industries such as sleeping mats, carpets and the abaya. The industry before the year 1390 AH (1970 AD) was very limited, but it was increasing. Several industrial workshops were opened which numbered in the year 1418 AH nearly 200 workshops, and the number of factories reached 20 factories in the year that followed and their investments amounted to 112 million riyals at the time. Investment rose up to 220 million riyals in the year 1425 AH (2004 AD). 12 factories specialized in the food and beverage industry, then 4 factories for the chemical and plastic industries, and 4 factories for the building materials, ceramics and glass industries.

The industrial contribution in the region is limited, so that the number of factories in the region represents only 0.53% of the factories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The number of their workers represents only 0.23% of the number of workers in other factories, and the invested capital represents only 0.08% of the invested capital in the rest of the factories. Industrial projects in the region are mostly individual projects with limited funding. all of them are national in the absence of foreign investment. Most industrial activity is limited to the food and beverage industry, depending on wealth and potential in the region.

Minerals
The Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (now called the Ministry of Energy, Industry and Mineral Resources) has conducted exploratory and prospecting studies for the region. Consequently, the presence of many raw materials was determined, such as: clay in the areas of Jal Ajrabeh and Al Dhailiya, which is used in the manufacture of building materials. Silica sand is found in the areas of Al-Malih and Al-Luja and on the extension of the Tabuk road, southeast Sakaka. Silica is used in the manufacture of glass, and it exists in its forms of quartz, opal, and chalcedony. In the region, there are also basalt rocks found in Hurra Al Hurra, and enter in the manufacture of Pozzolan cement. The region also contains limestone rocks found in Wadi Al Hablah and western Jabal Al Abd, dolomite rocks along the Sakaka Arar road, the mineral phosphate found in Hurra Al Hurra, and salt found in Wadi Al-Sarhan, Hadhodhaa, Kaf, and Etherh.

Trade
In the past, trade in the region depended on the system of bartering and the exchange of goods according to the needs of the individual. The region suffered in the year 1356 AH (1937 AD) and until the year 1365 AH (1945 AD) for two reasons, namely the lack of imports due to the weak financial resources of the population, and the Second World War that caused an economic crisis to a number of countries in the world.

With the development of the state and the emergence of chambers of commerce, increasing records and licenses, securing basic life necessities and developing income sources among the population as a result of development, the number of markets, commercial complexes, individual institutions and companies has increased, which numbered 6191 institutions and companies in the Al-Jouf region. Among the most important commercial activities in the region in the commercial sector are wholesale and retail trade in foodstuffs, electrical and sanitary ware, fabrics and clothing.

Because of its geographical location in the northwest of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, A large portion of land trade passes through a Al-Hadithah port, one of the most important commercial outlets for the Kingdom, and it is one of the largest and most important outlets in the Middle East region linking the Gulf Cooperation Council states with Jordan, the countries of the Levant, Egypt and Turkey, the destination to the countries European. The region has a branch of the Ministry of Trade and Investment that issues licenses to companies and institutions, combats commercial fraud, conforms to specifications, and monitors markets to protect consumers.

Wildlife

Vegetable cover
The vegetation is weak in many locations. The most important plants that form the cover are: Lavender, Ziziphus, Opophytum, Truffles, Malva, Plantago ovata, Maha, Erodium, Artemisia, Achillea, Pulicaria, Asafoetida, chrysanthemum, Haloxylon, Haloxylon persicum, Calligonum, Tamarix, Rhanterium epapposum, Neurada procumbens, Atriplex, Salsola, Anisosciadium, Lepidium, Diplotaxis, Papaver dubium, Erucaria, Hippocrepis unisiliquosa, Sonchus, Anchusa, Tragopogon, Scorzonera, Allium sindjarense, Leek, Chamomile, Clover, Thyme, Anemone, Stipagrostis, Retama, Lycium shawii and Aloysia.

Animal life

Mammals
Desert and mountain environment in Al – Jouf contributed to the existence of many mammals. In the region, there are five species of the order of even – numbered Hoof namely the Arabian oryx , and Goitered gazelle, Ghazal junction , Dorcas gazelle , and Nubian ibex. These species are deemed one of the rarest species in the region due to excessive hunting that they were exposed to in the twentieth century which led to their disappearance from all or most of their natural habitats.  There are also seven species of the order of Carnivores, Arabian wolf , Rüppell's fox , Red fox, Honey badger , Striped hyena , Sand cat, and a wild cat. Numbers of these species are constantly decreasing because they are considered a threat to livestock and Badia residents. Finally, in the area, there are ten species belonging to four order of insectivora, desert hedgehog from erinaceidae order, Cape hare from lagomorpha order, Rock hyrax from Aleupreat order, and finally Rodents order, which 7 types belong to it, they are Cheesman's gerbil, Wagner's gerbil, Libyan rat, Sundoval rat, Lesser Egyptian jerboa, Euphrates jerboa, and Porcupine.

Birds
The first person who wrote about the birds of the region was John Philby in the year 1923. The most important thing, he mentioned was that the Arabian ostrich, which was raised in Dumat al-Jandal and was found naturally in Wadi Al-Sarhan. Studies in the area have continued to register birds, there was Richard Minershagen's study in 1954, Arthur Green's study in 1983, a study by the National Wildlife Service, then a study by British bird scientist Michael Jennings in 1995. The Harra Al Hurra and Dumat Al Jandal Lake are the two most important regions in Al Jawf for birds; first provides protection for birds due to the difficulty in accessing and hunting people, and the second is a wet area where birds visit. During the surveys in the nineties of the twentieth century, more than 10 thousand birds were registered in Winter. Birds in Al-Jouf suffer from overfishing, the disappearance of natural areas, and their vulnerability to unregulated human consumption of groundwater. Although many birds live in the region, and it is considered a transit area for birds in their migration, yet only 170 migratory species have been registered there.

Reptiles
In Al-Jawf region, there is one of the four orders of reptiles, which is the order of the Squamata. There specifically is the existence of Twenty-two species of Lizards, and nine types of Snakes. Most of these species are found in good numbers in their natural habitats, but the Uromastyx aegyptia may face the risk of extinction due to the overfishing that it is exposed to. In addition to that, Elegant racer, Egyptian catsnake, and Desert black snakes are found in small numbers in their original habitat. For Jan's Cliff Racer, its numbers are medium in its places of spread

Arthropods
The Kingdom's environment is rich in many types of Arthropods, and many of them live in the Al-Jawf region. These types are classified in several classes such as arachnid and have several s such as Spiders, Solifugaes, Scorpions, and Acari. There are also other classes such as Centipede. There is in Al-Jouf only one type is Scolopendra (known locally as the mother of the forty-four). Also, there is insects class, and many belong t o it such as cockroaches, Orthoptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Beetles, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera order. These insects may be harmful to agricultural crops, disturbing people and most likely being gotten rid of.

Culture and tourism

Archaeologies
The region has many archaeological sites that date back to the stone and copper ages, and extend through the era of Qedar, the Nabataeans and Roman influence, to reach the first era Islam. Then, it is followed by the ages of the Umayyad and Abbasid states, the Ottoman era and the rule of the Shaalan family, then the Saudi state. In these sites, there were discovered settlements, tombs, pottery, Thamudic, Nabatean, and Roman inscriptions, as well as Arabic inscriptions from various Islamic periods.

museums
Al-Jouf region contains one general museum, Al-Jouf Museum, located in Dumat al-Jandal Governorate near the archaeological area and its current area is 3600 m2. The governorate also includes many private museums such as Al-Nuwaiser Heritage Museum, which consists of two halls and many rooms that include a popular market having numerous ancient coins, local industries, and farming tools. Furthermore, Wethiman Museum, which displays local industries, war tools, and wool products. In other cities, there are museums such as the Tree Museum for Heritage located in Qurayyat. A large tree mediates it, and a heritage tent and a building divided into three parts surround the tree and display old publications, mummies and local artifacts. In Sakaka, on the other hand there is the Nasser Qadir Al Arouj Heritage Museum, which displays many artifacts, coffee and hospitality tools, a range of war tools and weapons, some leather goods, and farming and house tools.

Festivals
Al-Jawf has many festivals that most of them are related to the region's special crops. Among the most famous festivals held in Al-Jouf are the Olive Festival, which number of visitors reached to about 95 thousand. Also, Al-Jouf Dates Festival includes 85 exhibition of dates in the region, and it contains 90 luxurious varieties of dates. In addition to the fruit festival, there are traditional festivals that are held in the region such as Al Sadu Festival that contributes to maintaining and spreading the craft of Al Sadu industry in the region and supporting productive families. Moreover, Mogidh Tabarajal Festival for Camels supports camel racing sport. Finally, Tabarjal's Festival for the Revival of Heritage has nearly 20,000 visitors annually. Many summer festivals are held in Al-Jouf, just like other regions in Saudi Arabia

Traditional Cuisine
The region abounds with many special foods. Because of its proximity to Hail, they shares many foods. One of the region's special foods is the "bakkila",and it is made by mixing the dates of Al-Jawf, known as Al-Helwa, with the al-Samh plant after roasting its grains, known as al-Sabeeb, with natural ghee. In addition to many other regular Saudi food such as Kabsah.

Sport Clubs
Six Soccer Clubs was established in Al-Jouf, they are:

See also
 Winston's Hiccup

References

Further reading
 The Ancient Arabs: Nomads on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent, 9Th-5Th Centuries B.C. Israel Ephʻal. BRILL, 1982. .
 The inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III, King of Assyria. Critical edition, with introductions, translations and commentary. Hayim Tadmor. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1994. .
 The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads. Jan Retso. Routledge, 2013. .
 Continental Commentary Series. Second volume (13–27). Hans Wildberger. Fortress Press, 1997. .
 Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Second volume. Daniel David Luckenbill. University of Chicago Press, 1927.
 The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000–332 BCE. Margreet L. Steiner, Ann E. Killebrew. OUP Oxford, 2014. .
 Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra. Michel Mouton, Stephan G. Schmid. Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, 2013. .
 Dumbrell, William J.. 1971. "The Tell El-maskhuta Bowls and the 'kingdom' of Qedar in the Persian Period". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 203. American Schools of Oriental Research: 33–44. DOI:10.2307/1356289.
 Al-Otaibi, Fahad Mutlaq . (2015). The Annexation of the Nabataean Kingdom in 106 A.D: New Epigraphic and Archaeological Consideration. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 16, No 1,(2016),pp. 151–156. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.27743

External links
 A travel through the province of Al Jouf, Splendid Arabia: A travel site with photos and routes

Provinces of Saudi Arabia

Al-Jawf Province


As eleições estaduais no Paraná em 2022 foram realizadas em 2 de outubro, tendo sido decididas em primeiro turno. Os eleitores aptos a votar elegeram um governador, vice-governador, um senador, 30 deputados para a Câmara dos Deputados e 54 deputados à Assembleia Legislativa. O atual governador em exercício é Ratinho Júnior, do Partido Social Democrático (PSD), governador eleito em 2018. Pela legislação eleitoral, Massa esteve apto para disputar a reeleição e venceu com 69% dos votos. Para a eleição ao Senado Federal, foi disputada a vaga ocupada por Alvaro Dias, do PODE, eleito em 2014, que também esteve apto a disputar a reeleição, mas foi derrotado e sua vaga agora será ocupada pelo ex-Ministro da Justiça e Segurança Pública, Sergio Moro.

O governador e o vice-governador eleitos nesta eleição exercerão um mandato alguns dias mais longo. Isso ocorre devido a Emenda Constitucional n° 111, que alterou a Constituição e estipulou que o mandato dos governadores dos Estados e do Distrito Federal deverá ser iniciado em 06 de janeiro após a eleição. Entretanto, os candidatos eleitos nesta eleição assumem dia 1º de janeiro de 2023 e entregam o cargo no dia 06 de janeiro de 2027.

Calendário eleitoral

Candidatos ao governo do Paraná
As convenções partidárias iniciaram-se no dia 20 de julho, se estendendo até 5 de agosto. Os partidos políticos tinham até 15 de agosto de 2022 para registrar formalmente os seus candidatos. Os seguintes partidos políticos confirmaram as suas candidaturas:

Candidaturas confirmadas

 Ratinho Júnior (PSD): Natural de Jandaia do Sul, nasceu em 1981 e é empresário, comunicador, administrador de empresas e governador do Paraná desde 2019. Foi eleito pela primeira vez no pleito de 2002 como deputado estadual, permanecendo no cargo até 2007, quando assumiu seu primeiro mandato representando o Paraná na Câmara dos Deputados. Foi eleito novamente deputado estadual nas eleições de 2014, mas preferiu assumir a Secretaria do Desenvolvimento Urbano do Paraná na gestão do ex-governador Beto Richa, cargo no qual permaneceu entre janeiro de 2015 até setembro de 2017, quando retornou à Assembleia Legislativa. Ratinho esteve apto a disputar um segundo mandato. Sua candidatura foi oficializada em convenção do Partido Social Democrático em 30 de julho de 2022. Novamente, o vice que foi indicado em sua chapa foi o economista, empresário e vice-governador do Paraná desde 2019, Darci Piana. Natural de Carazinho e nascido em 1941, Piana também é filiado ao Partido Social Democrático.
 Roberto Requião (PT): Natural de Curitiba e nascido em 1941, Requião é advogado e jornalista. Ele foi eleito deputado estadual pelo estado do Paraná pela primeira vez nas eleições de 1982 pelo Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro, e permaneceu no cargo até 1986, quando foi eleito prefeito de Curitiba. Foi Secretário Estadual de Desenvolvimento Urbano do Paraná na gestão do ex-governador Alvaro Dias entre 1989 e 1990, quando renunciou à secretaria para disputar o cargo de governador nas eleições de 1990, sendo eleito em seguida. Permaneceu no cargo de governador até 1994, quando renunciou em abril para disputar o cargo de senador na eleição seguinte. Na disputa, Requião acabou saindo vitorioso e cumpriu seu mandato até 2003, sendo reeleito governador do Estado para um segundo e terceiro mandato (2003-2011). No pleito de 2010, foi eleito senador pela segunda vez, terminando seu mandato em 2019. Esta é a sexta vez que Requião tenta disputar o Palácio Iguaçu, disputando com uma chapa 'puro sangue' pelo Partido dos Trabalhadores e pela Federação Brasil da Esperança (FE Brasil) e tendo sua candidatura anunciada em convenção partidária em 23 de julho. O vice em sua chapa é Jorge Samek, também filiado ao Partido dos Trabalhadores, natural de Foz do Iguaçu e nascido em 1955. Samek é empresário, engenheiro agrônomo e foi Diretor-Geral Brasileiro da Itaipu Binacional entre 2003 e 2016. Também foi vereador de Curitiba por quatro mandatos consecutivos, e na eleição de 1994, foi candidato ao governo paranaense, não atingindo êxito. Foi eleito deputado federal pela primeira vez em 2002, cargo que acabou renunciando para assumir a diretoria-geral de Itaipu.
 Ricardo Gomyde (PDT): Natural de Ibaiti, nasceu em 1970 e é advogado. Oriundo dos movimentos sindicais, presidiu a União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE) em 1993. Em seguida, foi eleito deputado federal pelo Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCdoB) nas eleições de 1994, permanecendo no cargo até 1999. Também já foi vereador de Curitiba e atuou na Secretaria Nacional de Futebol no Ministério do Esporte em 2009, durante o segundo Governo Lula. O Partido Democrático Trabalhista oficializou sua candidatura ao governo do Estado em 30 de julho. A vice em sua chapa é a advogada Eliza Ferreira, também filiada ao PDT, natural de Curitiba e nascida em 1986.
 Ângela Machado (PSOL): Também conhecida como Professora Ângela, nasceu em 1977 e é natural de São José dos Pinhais. É professora e administradora, filiada ao Partido Socialismo e Liberdade. Já concorreu ao cargo de vereadora de Curitiba nas eleições de 2016 e 2020, não obtendo êxito. Sua candidatura foi oficializada pela Federação PSOL REDE em 30 de julho e o vice em sua chapa é Sergio Nakatani, natural de Santana do Itararé, nascido em 1962 e filiado à Rede Sustentabilidade.
 Adriano Vieira (PCO): Nasceu em 1987 e é natural de Nova Olímpia. Adriano é funileiro e já foi candidato a vereador de Paranavaí nas eleições de 2020, não obtendo êxito. Sua candidatura foi oficializada em convenção realizada pelo Partido da Causa Operária no dia 31 de julho. O vice em sua chapa é Cristiano Kusbick Poll, natural de São Borja e nascido em 1980. Kusbick é jornalista e servidor público e também é filiado ao PCO.
 Joni Correia (DC): Nasceu em 1977 em Cornélio Procópio. É professor, empresário e foi diretor das Secretarias de Trabalho e Emprego de Curitiba e da Secretaria de Governo de Foz do Iguaçu. Seu nome foi oficializado em convenção partidária do Democracia Cristã em 23 de julho. É a primeira vez que Joni disputa o governo do Paraná. O vice em sua chapa é Gledson Regnier Zawadzki, natural de Curitiba e nascido em 1972. É empresário e também filiado ao Democracia Cristã.
 Professor Ivan (PSTU): Natural de Paranavaí, nasceu em 1969. É professor da rede estadual e já disputou ao cargo de governador nas eleições de 2018. Seu nome foi oficializado pelo Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores Unificado em 30 de julho. O jornalista, redator e biólogo Phill Natal, natural de Pirajuí e nascido em 1986 é o candidato à vice em sua chapa ao governo estadual e também é filiado ao PSTU.
 Solange Ferreira (PMN): Natural de Maringá e nascida em 1967, Solange é professora de música. É a primeira vez que disputa um cargo eletivo. Sua candidatura foi oficializada pelo Partido da Mobilização Nacional em 30 de julho. O vice em sua chapa era originalmente Osni Minotto, mas seu nome foi indeferido pela Justiça Eleitoral por filiação partidária fora do prazo estipulado. Com isso, o empresário Marcos Antonio Santos, natural de Curitiba, nascido em 1977 e também filiado ao PMN, foi escolhido em seu lugar.
 Viviane Motta (PCB): Natural de Cuiabá e nascida em 1991, Viviane é professora da rede estadual de ensino do Paraná e militante do Coletivo Feminista Classista Ana Montenegro (CFCAM). É a primeira vez que disputa um cargo eletivo. Sua candidatura foi oficializada em 29 de julho. O vice em sua chapa é Diego Valdez, natural de Foz do Iguaçu e nascido em 1987. Valdez trabalha como agente educacional na rede estadual do Paraná e é também filiado ao Partido Comunista Brasileiro.

Candidatos

Desistências

 Zé Boni (AGIR) - Retirou sua pré-candidatura ao governo do Estado para concorrer a Câmara dos Deputados.

Candidaturas retiradas

 Filipe Barros (PL) - Deputado federal pelo Paraná (2019 – atualidade). Seu nome foi retirado pelo partido que decidiu entrar na coligação de Ratinho Júnior. Com isso, Filipe concorrerá a reeleição na Câmara dos Deputados.

Candidatura reprovada na convenção partidária

 César Silvestri Filho (PSDB) - Prefeito de Guarapuava (2013–2021). Por não ter seu nome aprovado na convenção da Federação PSDB Cidadania que definiria sua candidatura ao Governo do Paraná, o ex-prefeito acabou tendo sua candidatura retirada. A federação o indicou para disputar a vaga ao Senado Federal.

Candidatos ao Senado
As convenções partidárias iniciaram-se no dia 20 de julho, se estendendo até 5 de agosto. Os partidos políticos tinham até 15 de agosto de 2022 para registrar formalmente os seus candidatos. Os seguintes partidos políticos que confirmaram suas candidaturas:

Candidaturas confirmadas

 Alvaro Dias (PODE) - Natural de Quatá, embora tenha feito sua carreira política pelo estado do Paraná, Alvaro é historiador, professor e foi vereador de Londrina (1969–1971), deputado estadual (1971–1975), deputado federal (1975–1983), senador pelo Paraná (1983–1987), até que renunciou ao cargo para assumir o governo estadual (1987–1991). Depois disso, retornou ao cargo de senador em 1999, e permaneceu nele até então. O Podemos lançou a candidatura de Alvaro Dias à reeleição em convenção partidária, no dia 5 de agosto de 2022. Ele tentou disputar um quarto mandato. Seu 1º suplente é o empresário Wilson Matos Filho e o 2º suplente é o advogado Rolf Koerner, ambos filiados ao Podemos.
 Sergio Moro (UNIÃO) - Natural de Maringá, Moro foi juíz federal do Tribunal Regional Federal da 4.ª Região (1996–2018), professor universitário e Ministro da Justiça e Segurança Pública do Brasil entre 2019 e 2020 no governo Jair Bolsonaro. Ficou conhecido nacionalmente por ter sido o juíz responsável em julgar os processos da Operação Lava Jato em primeira instância. Inicialmente, Moro concorreria à presidência da República pelo Podemos, mas logo em seguida tentou transferir seu título de eleitor para São Paulo, sem objetivar qual cargo disputaria. Todavia, o TRE-SP negou a transferência, o que acabou obrigando Moro a disputar a vaga de senador pelo Paraná. Sua candidatura foi oficializada em 2 de agosto pelo União Brasil. Seu 1º suplente é o advogado Luís Felipe Cunha e o 2º suplente é o empresário Ricardo Guerra, ambos filiados ao União Brasil.
 Paulo Martins (PL) - Natural de Presidente Venceslau, Paulo Martins é jornalista e foi deputado federal pelo Paraná entre 2019 e 2023. Ficou conhecido por ter sido comentarista político do extinto Jornal da Massa entre 2009 e 2014. Sua candidatura foi oficializada em 3 de agosto pelo Partido Liberal. Sua 1º suplente é a vereadora de Assis Chauteaubriand, Franciane Micheletto e seu 2º suplente é o advogado Juarez Berté, ambos filiados ao PL.
 Rosane Ferreira (PV) - Natural de Clevelândia, Rosane é enfermeira e foi deputada estadual (2007–2011), deputada federal pelo Paraná (2011–2015) e vereadora de Araucária (2021). Sua candidatura foi oficializada pela Federação Brasil da Esperança (FE Brasil - PT, PCdoB e PV) em 3 de agosto. Sua 1ª suplente é a assistente social Elza Campos, filiada ao Partido Comunista do Brasil e sua 2ª suplente é a professora Marlei Fernandes de Carvalho (conhecida como Professora Marlei), filiada ao Partido dos Trabalhadores.
 Desiree Salgado (PDT) - Natural de Curitiba, Desiree é mestre e doutora em Direito pela Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR). Sua candidatura foi oficializada pelo Partido Democrático Trabalhista em 30 de julho. Sua 1ª suplente é a corretora de imóveis Samantha Sitnik e seu 2º suplente é o advogado Cristiano Dionísio, ambos filiados ao PDT.
 Orlando Pessuti (MDB) - Natural de Califórnia, Pessuti é veterinário e foi deputado estadual por cinco mandatos consecutivos (1983–2002) e vice-governador entre 2003 e 2010 na gestão de Roberto Requião. Com a renúncia de Requião para disputar uma vaga ao Senado Federal, acabou assumindo o governo do Paraná entre abril de 2010 e janeiro de 2011. Pessuti também foi diretor-presidente do Banco Regional do Desenvolvimento do Extremo Sul (BRDE) entre 2017 e 2019. Sua candidatura foi oficializada pelo Movimento Democrático Brasileiro em 25 de julho. Seu 1º suplente é o empresário Claudio Quadri e a sua 2ª suplente é a vereadora de Pontal do Paraná, Rosiane Rosa Borges (conhecida como Nega), ambos filiados ao MDB.
 Aline Sleutjes (PROS) - Natural de Castro, Aline é profissional de educação física e foi deputada federal pelo Paraná (2019–2023). Sua candidatura foi oficializada pelo Partido Republicano da Ordem Social em 30 de julho. O 1º suplente em sua chapa é o empresário Ademar Pereira, conhecido também por se candidatar a prefeito na eleição de Curitiba em 2016. Seu 2º suplente é o policial militar Fabio Alves de Amaral (conhecido como Policial Fabio Amaral), ambos filiados ao PROS.
 Dr. Sabóia (PMN) - Natural de Rio Negro, Carlos Eduardo Saboia Gomes é médico e foi vereador de Maringá por dois mandatos consecutivos (2009–2017). Sua candidatura foi oficializada pelo Partido da Mobilização Nacional em 5 de agosto. Seu 1º suplente é o empresário Clovis Santos e a sua 2ª suplente é a servidora pública aposentada Gisele Durigan, ambos filiados ao PMN.
 Laerson Matias (PSOL) - Natural de Cascavel, Laerson é bancário, tendo sido candidato a deputado estadual, em 2006, e a vereador de Cascavel, em 2016, mas não foi eleito. A Federação PSOL REDE oficializou sua candidatura ao Senado em convenção partidária em 30 de julho. Seu 1º suplente é o professor Sebastião Santarosa e seu 2º suplente é o também bancário Leonardo Martins, ambos filiados ao PSOL.
 Roberto França (PCO) - Natural de São Paulo, Roberto é professor e teve sua candidatura oficializada pelo Partido da Causa Operária em convenção realizada no dia 31 de julho. Seu 1º suplente é o professor Gilson Mezarobba e seu 2º suplente é o servidor público aposentado Antonio Cesar Gariza, ambos filiados ao PCO.

Desistências

 Guto Silva (PP) - Secretário-Chefe da Casa Civil do Paraná (2019–2022). Ele desistiu de sua candidatura para ser o coordenador da campanha do Ratinho Júnior.

Candidaturas retiradas

 César Silvestri Filho (PSDB) - Prefeito de Guarapuava (2013–2021). Em respeito a um acordo estabelecido entre o PSDB e o Podemos no estado de São Paulo, seu nome foi descartado pela federação em troca de apoio formal à candidatura de Álvaro Dias, candidato a reeleição ao Senado pelo Paraná.

Resultados

Governador

Senador

Deputados federais eleitos
Esses são os 30 deputados federais que irão representar o Estado do Paraná. O ícone  e os nomes destacados em verde indicam os que foram reeleitos.

Assembleia Legislativa
O resultado das últimas eleições estaduais e a situação atual da bancada da Assembleia Legislativa do Paraná está abaixo:

Deputados estaduais eleitos
Esses são os 54 deputados estaduais que irão representar o Estado do Paraná. O ícone  e os nomes destacados em verde indicam os que foram reeleitos.

Pesquisas de opinião

Governador

Primeiro turno
O primeiro turno está marcado para acontecer em 2 de outubro de 2022.

2021–2022

Segundo turno

O segundo turno (caso este seja necessário) está marcado para acontecer em 30 de outubro de 2022.

Ratinho Jr x Requião

Demais hipóteses com Ratinho

Senador

Debates

Eleições estaduais no Paraná
Paraná
2022 no Paraná

Eleições estaduais no Paraná em 2022


بلاستيك صفاقس  شركة تونسية تأسست عام 1984، مختصة في صناعة اللفّ والتغليف بمادة اللدائن الرقيق.

انظر أيضا

وصلات خارجية
  الموقع الرسمي لشركة بلاستيك صفاقس.

المراجع

شركات تونسية منتجة للمواد اللدائنية
شركات أسست في 1984

بلاستيك صفاقس


Brown motorları, ısıyla etkinleştirilen kimyasal reaksiyonların kontrol edilerek uzayda yönlü hareket oluşturmasını ve mekanik veya elektronik iş yapmasını sağlayan nano skalada veya moleküler aletlerdir. Bu küçük motorlar akışkanlığı eylemsizliğinden daha etkili olan ve ısıl gürültünün belirli bir yönde hareketi, fırtına'da yürümek kadar zor hale getirdiği ortamlarda kullanılır. Bu tip motorları istenen yönde döndüren kuvvet, rastlantısal yönlerde etki eden kuvvetlere kıyasla çok küçüktür. Bu tip motorun çalışması ısıl gürültüye bağlı olduğundan bu tip motorların ancak nano skalada mümkün olduğu düşünülür.

Biyolojide rastladığımız protein tabanlı moleküler motorlardan birçoğu gerçekte birer Brown motoru olabilir. Bu moleküler motorlar ATP'de saklı olan enerjiyi mekanik enerjiye çevirirler.

Brown motorlarının dinamiği şu anda teorik ve deneysel biyofiziğin alanına girmektedir. Brown motorları bazen Fokker-Planck denklemini kullanarak, bazen de Monte Carlo metodu ile modellenirler. Günümüzde birçok araştırmacı moleküler motorların ihmal edilemeyecek kadar ısıl gürültü içeren ortamlarda nasıl çalıştığını araştırmaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Brown kastanyolası
 Brown Hareketi
 Robert Brown

İlgili Makaleler
 R. D. Astumian (1997). "Thermodynamics and kinetics of a Brownian motor" , Science 276, p. 917-922.
 J. A. Freund, T. Pöschel, ed. (2000). Stochastic processes in physics, chemistry, and biology. Lecture notes in physics, vol. 557. Springer Publishers, Berlin.
 Lukasz Machura: Performance of Brownian Motors. University of Augsburg, 2006 (PDF )
 Brownian motor on arxiv.org
 Friends

Nanoteknoloji
Termodinamik

Brown motoru


Alphonse Pénaud (31 Mayıs 1850, Paris – 22 Ekim 1880) Fransız havacı havacılığın en önemli öncülerinden biriydi.

Kauçuk (lastik) gücüyle çalışan model uçağı bulan ve aynı zamanda havacılık endüstrisini kuran kişidir. Pervaneli ornithopterler üretmiş ve satmıştır. Aynı zamanda Paul Gauchot ile birlikte toplanabilen iniş takımları olan bir amfibik (su üzerinde hareket edebilen) tek kanat (monoplane) tasarlamıştı. İntihar ederek ölmüştür.

Kaynakça
 Aviation, The Pioneer Years, Ben Mackworth-Praed, Studio Editions, Ltd., London, 1990

1850 doğumlular
1880 yılında ölenler
Fransız kâşifler
Fransız mühendisler
Havacılık öncüleri
Fransa'da intihar edenler
Paris'te ölenler

Alphonse Pénaud


Et datacenter er en eller flere bygninger, eller dele af bygninger, som huser computersystemer og tilhørende apparatur, inden for telekommunikation og digital datalagring. I 2022 var der verden over mere end 6.000 datacentre, heraf godt 2.700 i USA.

De seneste årtier, og især op gennem 2010'erne, er såvel erhvervsliv som offentlige virksomheder og private brugere blevet stærkt afhængige af stabil datalagring og -udveksling, og datacentre indeholder derfor næsten altid infrastruktur og systemer til sikring af data i tilfælde af strømudfald, brand eller overophedning.

Verdens samlede energiforbrug til datacentre var i 2020 ca. 300 TWh, et tal som i 2030 forventes at stige til ca. 850 TWh. Et stort datacenter har et strømforbrug svarende til en stor dansk provinsby.

Historie

Tidlige computere, som den amerikanske ENIAC udviklet under 2. verdenskrig, var vanskelige at betjene og vedligeholde, og dertil krævende mht adgangs- og lokaleforhold. Der skulle bruges en mængde kabler for at forbinde computerens forskellige dele, og man udviklede derfor systemer med rack-reoler, hævede gulve og kabelhylder, enten under loftet eller under det hævede gulv. Den tids mainframe computere var meget energikrævende og behøvede afkøling for ikke at blive overophedede. Desuden blev sikkerhed efterhånden blev et vigtigt aspekt, fordi computere var bekostelige og ofte anvendtes til militære formål.

Da pc'ere i løbet af 1980'erne opnåede stor udbredelse, var det bl.a. fordi de kunne bruges stort set overalt, uden at man i nogen særlig grad behøvede bekymre sig om, hvilke omgivelser computeren befandt sig i. I takt med fremkomsten af billige og effektive it-netværk og nye kabel-standarder valgte firmaer og institutioner gerne at opstille servere i særlige rum, som man på denne tid begyndte at kalde datacentre.

Under it-boblen omkring årtusindskiftet oplevede datacentre en voldsom vækst. Firmaerne behøvede hurtige og stabile internet-forbindelser for at kunne drive deres virksomhed, og mange steder blev der bygget store lagerfaciliteter, såkaldte internet data centre (IDC) eller cloud data centre (CDC). For små virksomheder var det dog urentabelt selv at skulle etablere de nødvendige systemer, og her koblede man sig i stedet på eksterne systemer, som efterhånden alle gik under betegnelsen data center.

Energiforbrug
Datacentre bruger store mængder energi, hvadenten det er nogle få kW for et rack af servere i et skab eller adskillige titals MW for større anlæg, svarende til måske 100 gange større forbrug end en typisk kontorbygning. Datacenteret Citadel Campus i Nevada var i 2017 verdens største, med et areal på 670.000 m2 og et energiforbrug på op til 650 MW, som udelukkende kommer fra vedvarende energi. For sådanne store anlæg kan udgifter til strømforsyning udgøre over 10% af de samlede driftsomkostninger.

Public cloud i Danmark
Danmark er, som resten af Skandinavien, blevet interessant med hensyn til etablering af public cloud datacentre, fordi der her er køligt klima, god infrastruktur, rigeligt med vedvarende energi, samt en velvilje fra offentlige myndigheder over for disse byggerier.

Klimarådet påpegede dog i en analyse i 2019, at de mange datacentre, som i årene omkring 2020 er under opførelse i Danmark, vil udgøre en stor udfordring for de danske klimamål og den grønne omstilling, bl.a. fordi de i 2040 anslås at ville stå for 22% af det danske elforbrug og derfor vil kræve elektricitet svarende til to havvindmølleparker. Hertil svarede brancheorganisationen Dansk Energi, at den teknologiske udvikling inden for sol- og vindenergi er i så hastig udvikling, at problemet ikke bliver nær så stort.

Public cloud datacentre i Danmark
Public cloud datacentre i Danmark:
 Facebook - Meta Odense Data Center () - to serverhaller på hver 375m x 100m stod færdige september 2019; en udvidelse med tre serverhaller igangsat i 2021 blev i december 2022 ændret til kun en ny hal
 Apple - Foulum datacenter () - én serverhal med LxBxH = 360m x 80m x 14m stod færdig september 2020
 Google - Fredericia ()— én serverhal på 105m x 120m stod færdig november 2020
 Microsoft - Roskilde () - opførelse påbegyndt forår 2022 af én serverhal 295m x 35m
 Microsoft - Høje Taastrup () - opførelse påbegyndt efterår 2022 af én serverhal 295m x 65m
 Microsoft - Køge () - opførelse påbegyndt i 2022 af tre serverhaller på hver 4.314 m2 og med et samlet elforbrug på 91 MW, af hvilke dog i første omgang kun den ene skal tages i brug

I februar 2020 oplyste Aabenraa kommune, at de havde solgt to grunde til datacenterbyggeri til en unavngiven køber, efter tidligere at have solgt grunde til såvel Apple som Google.

Se også
 Krydsfelt

Noter

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Brancheorganisationen Danish Data Center Industry

Datacentre
Dataforvaltning
Servere

Datacenter


Nicolás de Ramos y Santos (1531 – 1º de dezembro de 1599) foi um prelado católico romano que serviu como arcebispo de Santo Domingo de 1592 a 1599) e terceiro bispo de Porto Rico 1588 a 1592.

Biografia
Nicolás de Ramos y Santos nasceu em Villasabariego, Espanha, e foi ordenado sacerdote na Ordem dos Frades Menores. A 12 de fevereiro de 1588, foi nomeado pelo Rei da Espanha e confirmado pelo Papa Sisto V como Bispo de Porto Rico. No dia 13 de julho de 1592, foi nomeado pelo Rei da Espanha e confirmado pelo Papa Clemente VIII como Arcebispo de São Domingos, onde serviu até à sua morte no dia 1 de dezembro de 1599.

Ligações externas
  (for Chronology of Bishops)
  (for Chronology of Bishops)
  (for Chronology of Bishops)
  (for Chronology of Bishops)

Mortos em 1599
Nascidos em 1531
Bispos católicos
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Clemente VIII
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Sisto V

Nicolás de Ramos y Santos


أنتونيوس نيكوبوليديس ، من مواليد 14 أكتوبر 1971م في أرتا في اليونان، لاعب كرة قدم يوناني.

يلعب مع نادي أولمبياكوس منذ عام 2004.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب اليونان لكرة القدم في عام 1997.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب أنتونيوس نيكوبوليديس خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 3 أندية في أربعة وعشرون موسمًا ولم يسجل خلالها أي هدف ضمن 415 مباراة. حيث فاز في تسعة مواسم بالكأس وفي أحد عشر موسمًا بالدوري.

خاض أنتونيوس نيكوبوليديس مسيرته مع نادي أناغينيسي أرتاس في موسم 1987–88 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 49 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي باناثينايكوس في موسم 1989–90 ليلعب معه خمسة عشر موسمًا، حيث شارك في 189 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي أولمبياكوس في موسم 2004–05 ليلعب معه سبعة مواسم، مشاركًا في 177 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من آرتا
أشخاص من آرتا (اليونان)
لاعبو أناغينيسي أرتاس
لاعبو أولمبياكوس
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو باناثينايكوس
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2004
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو كأس القارات 2005
لاعبو كرة قدم يونانيون
لاعبو منتخب اليونان لكرة القدم
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
مواليد 1971
مواليد في آرتا
رياضيون من إبيروس (إقليم)
لاعبو كرة قدم من آرتا

أنتونيوس نيكوبوليديس


Satoru Hoshino (født 4. februar 1989) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Thespakusatsu Gunma og FC Machida Zelvia.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Satoru Hoshino


Breklum (Frizce: Brääklem), Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 10,06 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2015 itibarıyla yaklaşık 2.348 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 233 kişilik bir nüfus yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Belediye Başkanlığı Heinrich Bahnsen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.breklum.de

Kaynakça

Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Breklum


Gafanha da Boa Hora Portekiz'de Vagos belediyesine bağlı olan, 37,10 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 2.277 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vagos

Gafanha da Boa Hora


Sivas Kongresi ya da Kurultayı Mustafa Kemal'in Amasya Genelgesi'ni açıkladıktan sonra bir çağrı üzerine I. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra işgale uğrayan Türk topraklarını kurtarmak ve Türk milletinin bağımsızlığını sağlamak için çareler aramak amacıyla seçilmiş ulus temsilcilerinin Sivas'ta bir araya gelmesiyle, 4 Eylül 1919 - 11 Eylül 1919 tarihleri arasında gerçekleşen ulusal nitelikte bir kongredir.

Sivas Kongresi'nde alınan kararlar, daha önce gerçekleştirilen Erzurum Kongresi kararlarını genişleterek tüm ulusu kapsar bir nitelik kazandırmış ve yeni bir Türk Devleti'nin kuruluşuna temel olmuştur; bu nedenle Sivas Kongresi'nin Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihindeki önemi büyüktür.

Sivas Kongresi'nde, Erzurum Kongresi'nde alınan vatanın bütünlüğü ve bağımsızlığıyla ilgili kararlar aynen kabul edilmiştir.

Kongre aynı zamanda Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi'nin ilk kurultayı olarak kabul edilmektedir. İrâde-i Milliye gazetesinin çıkarılmasına bu kongrede karar verilmiştir.

Kongre delegeleri
Kongrede doğu illeri adına delege olarak Erzurum Kongresi'nde seçilen Heyet-i Temsiliye (Temsil Kurulu) üyeleri bulunuyordu. Batı ve Orta Anadolu illerinden gelen diğer temsilcilerin de katılımı sayesinde Sivas Kongresi, ulusal bir kongre niteliği kazanmıştı.

Kongreye katılan delege sayısı tartışmalı bir konudur. Ankara gibi bazı illerde vâlilik baskısı ile delege seçimi gerçekleşememiş, bazı illerden seçilen delegelerin ise yola çıkması engellenmiş, bu nedenle kongreye katılamamış veya kongre çalışmaları bittikten sonra Sivas'a gelebilmişlerdi. Sonradan katılanlarla birlikte delege sayısının 41'i bulduğu söylenebilir. (Farklı kaynaklara göre 31, 33, 38 katılımcı vardır.)

Delegeler kongrenin ilk oturumunda İttihat ve Terakki ile bir bağları olmadığını ispat için bir yemin metni hazırlamış ve bu metni okumuştur.

"Makam-ı celil-i hilafet ve saltanata, İslamiyete, devlete, millete ve memlekete manen ve maddeten hizmetten başka bir gaye ve emelimiz olmadığına binaen kongrenin müzakeresi devamı müddetince ihtirasat-ı şahsiye ve siyasiyeden ve fırkacılık amalinden münezzeh bir azim ve iman ile çalışacağıma namusum ve bilcümle mukaddesatım namına vallah, billah"

Kongreye katılanlar

Aşağıdaki adlar ise Sivas Kongresi'ne delege olarak seçilmişler, ancak kongre çalışmaları sona erdikten sonraki günlerde Sivas'a gelebilmişlerdir.

Bursa delegeleri gösterilen askerlikten istifa etmiş Necati (Kurtuluş) ve hukukçu Asaf'a (Doras) kongre tutanaklarında rastlanmadığı halde, bazı eserlerde adları geçmektedir.

Mustafa Kemal, delegelerin otelde kalmasını yasakladığı için delegeler Sivaslıların evinde kaldılar. Şekercizade İsmail Efendi çok sayıda delegeyi evinde uzun süre misafir etti. Kongre Başkanı Mustafa Kemal Paşa, kongrenin yapıldığı lise binasında hazırlanan odada kaldı.

Sivas Kongresi Temsil Heyeti

Erzurum Kongresi'nde seçilmiş olanlar

Heyet-i Temsiliye tarafından seçilmiş olanlar

Sivas Kongresi'nde seçilenler

Alınan kararlar

 Osmanlı Devleti ile itilaf Devletleri arasında yapılan Ateşkes Anlaşması'nın imzalandığı 30 Ekim 1918 tarihindeki sınırlarımız içinde kalan ve her noktasında çok büyük bir İslâm çoğunluğunun bulunduğu Osmanlı ülkesinin parçaları birbirinden ve Osmanlı topluluğundan parçalanamaz ve hiçbir sebeple ayrılmaz bir bütündür. Bu ülkede yaşayan bütün Müslüman halklar, birbirine karşılıklı hürmet ve fedakârlık duygularıyla dolu, birbirlerinin ırkî ve sosyal haklarına saygılı, yaşadıkları muhitin şartlarına tam olarak riayetkâr öz kardeştirler.
 Osmanlı toplumunun bütünlüğü, millî istiklalimizin sağlanması, Hilâfet ve Saltanat yüce makamının dokunulmazlığı için Kuvâ-yi milliye'yi etkili ve millî iradeyi hâkim kılmak esastır.
 Osmanlı topraklarının herhangi bir parçasına karşı yapılacak müdahale ve işgale ve özellikle vatanımız içinde müstakil birer Rumluk ve Ermenilik kurulmasına yönelik hareketlere karşı, Aydın, Manisa ve Balıkesir Cephelerindeki millî cihatlarda olduğu gibi, elbirliğiyle savunma ve direnme esası meşru kabul edilmiştir.
 Öteden beri aynı vatan içinde birlikte yaşadığımız, bütün gayr-i müslim azınlıkların her türlü hakları bütünüyle mahfuz bulunduğundan, bu azınlıklara siyasi egemenlik ve toplumsal dengemizi bozacak imtiyazlar verilmesi kabul edilmeyecektir.
 Osmanlı Hükûmeti bir dış baskı karşısında memleketimizin herhangi bir parçasını terk ve ihmal etmek zorunda kalırsa, Hilafet ve Saltanat makamı ile vatan ve milletin dokunulmazlığını ve bütünlüğünü sağlayacak her türlü tedbir ve kararlar alınmıştır.
 İtilaf Devletleri'nce Ateşkes Anlaşması'nın imzalandığı 30 Ekim 1918 tarihindeki sınırlarımız içinde kalıp İslâm çoğunluğunun oturmakta olduğu, kültür ve medeniyet üstünlüğünün Müslümanlarda bulunduğu ve bir bütün teşkil eden vatan topraklarının taksimi görüşünden büsbütün vazgeçip, bu topraklar üzerindeki tarihi, ırki, dini ve coğrafi haklarımıza riayet edilmesine ve buna aykırı teşebbüslere son verilmesine ve böylece hakka ve adalete dayalı bir karar alınmasını bekleriz.
 Milletimiz insani, muasır (çağdaş) gayeleri yüceltir, teknik, sınaî ve ekonomik durumu ve ihtiyacımızı takdir eder. Böylece devlet ve milletimizin iç ve dış bağımsızlığı ve vatanımızın bütünlüğü saklı kalmak şartıyla, altıncı maddede yazılı sınırlar içinde, milliyet esaslarına saygılı olan ve memleketimize karşı istila emeli gütmeyen herhangi bir devletin teknik, sınaî, ekonomik yardımını memnuniyetle karşılarız. Bu adaletli ve insani şartların gerçekleşmesi, bir barışın acilen kararlaştırılması, insanlığın selameti ve dünyanın esenliği adına, en has millî emelimizdir.
 Milletlerin kendi geleceğini bizzat kendilerinin tayin ettiği bu tarihi dönemde İstanbul Hükûmeti'nin de millî iradeye bağlı olması zaruridir. Çünkü millî iradeye dayanmayan herhangi bir hükûmetin keyfi kararlarına milletçe baş eğilmediği gibi, böyle kararların dışta da muteber olmadığı ve olamayacağı, şimdiye kadar geçen olaylarla ve sonuçlarla ortaya çıkmıştır. Böylece, milletin içinde bulunduğu sıkıntı ve endişeden kurtulmak çarelerine bizzat başvurmasına gerek kalmadan, İstanbul Hükûmeti'nin millî meclisi hemen ve hiç zaman yitirmeden toplaması ve böylece milletin, memleketin geleceği üzerinde alacağı bütün kararları millî meclisin denetimine sunması mecburidir.
 Vatan ve milletimizin maruz kaldığı zulüm ve elemler ile ve hepsi aynı amaç ve maksatla millî vicdandan doğan vatansever ve millî cemiyetlerin birleşmesinden oluşan genel topluluk, bu kez "Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti" adını almıştır. Bu cemiyet her türlü particilik akımlarından ve şahsi ihtiraslardan uzaktır ve arınmıştır. Bütün Müslüman vatandaşlarımız bu Cemiyet'in tabii üyeleridir.
 Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti'nin 4 Eylül 1919 tarihinde Sivas'ta toplanan Genel Kongresi tarafından, mukaddes maksadı takip ve genel teşkilatı idare etmek için bir Heyet-i Temsiliye seçilmiş ve köylerden il merkezlerine kadar bütün millî teşkilatlar takviye edilmiş ve birleştirilmiştir.

Fotoğraflar

Kaynakça

Sivas Kongresi


Sass Jordan (c. 1962) is a British-born Canadian rock singer from Montreal, Quebec. Her first single, "Tell Somebody," from her debut album of the same name won the Juno Award for Most Promising Female Vocalist in 1989. Since then, she has been nominated three more times for Juno Awards. Her album Rebel Moon Blues hit #5 on the Billboard Blues chart. Released April 28, 2023, her latest is a live album from 1994 when she toured with Taylor Hawkins on drums called Live in New York Ninety-Four.

Early life

Sass Jordan was born in 1962, in Birmingham, England to French-born literary professor Albert Jordan and former ballerina Jean Lanceman. When Jordan was three years old, her dad moved them from France to Montreal for a position as a professor at Concordia University.

Jordan was first inspired to pursue music after hearing The Band's 1969 track "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" on the radio. Jordan's parents only had classical music in the house, and she has described hearing The Band on the radio as a "revelation." She has cited Rod Stewart, Judas Priest, Ozzy Osbourne, David Bowie, Tears For Fears, Anthrax and American soul singer Al Green as among her musical influences.

In her early teens, Jordan regularly sang and played guitar with a group of friends in Westmount Park. By the age of 16, Sass Jordan began performing with bands at clubs in downtown Montreal, eventually becoming a vocalist/bassist for high-profile local band The Pinups.

In 1986, Jordan made her recording debut on the Bündock album Mauve as co-lead vocalist on the song "Come On (Baby Tonight)". She soon began working as a session vocalist for other Montreal-based acts, notably for The Box. Jordan appeared as a vocalist in the music video for The Box song "Closer Together", although the vocals were recorded by Martine St. Clair. Local acts began recording songs written by Jordan, including the Canadian hit single "Rain" by Michael Breen, which was featured on his 1987 self-titled album.

Recording career
Jordan's debut album, Tell Somebody, was released in 1988 on Atlantic Records, featuring the Canadian chart hit singles "Tell Somebody", "Double Trouble", "Stranger Than Paradise", and "So Hard". "They played the "Tell Somebody" video on Much Music a lot," said Jordan. "I remember going in two weeks from relative obscurity to being recognized as the girl in the video." During the 1988–89 chart run of "So Hard", Jordan was also represented on the Canadian charts with her remake of the 1965 R&B classic "Rescue Me", which had been recorded for the soundtrack of the film American Boyfriends. As a result of her quick rise to fame, Jordan relocated from Montreal to Los Angeles in January 1990 to try breaking into the American music market.

Jordan's second album, Racine, was released in 1992 on MCA Records. Recorded in Los Angeles, Racine is Jordan's highest-selling album, with global sales estimated at 450,000 copies, and yielded the Canadian hit singles "Make You a Believer", "I Want to Believe", "You Don't Have to Remind Me" and "Goin' Back Again". "Make You a Believer" and "I Want to Believe" were ranked on Billboard magazine's  Mainstream Rock chart. Racine has sold 100,000 copies in Canada.

In 1992, Jordan recorded the duet "Trust in Me" with  Joe Cocker for the motion picture The Bodyguard, after star Kevin Costner heard Jordan on his car radio. The soundtrack album for The Bodyguard would sell in excess of 45 million copies worldwide.

In 1994, Sass Jordan released Rats which she has cited as her favorite album. Rats yielded Jordan's first song on the Billboard Hot 100 with the single "Sun's Gonna Rise". However, Rats failed to build on the momentum of Racine, and Jordan subsequently was dropped from the MCA Records roster. Jordan then began recording for Aquarius Records, acquiescing to the label's request for a more mainstream sound for the albums Present (1997) and Hot Gossip (2000).  "Those are probably my least favourite records," says Jordan. "I think there are some great songs, I just don't like the production at all."

Sass Jordan's success as a judge on Canadian Idol encouraged her to return to recording in 2006, with the release of her album Get What You Give, recorded at the Nashville studio of Colin Linden, who served as producer. Guest artists on the album included bassist Garry Tallent (of Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band), drummers Ken Coomer (Uncle Tupelo, Wilco) and Bryan Owings (Shelby Lynne), guitarist Audley Freed (The Black Crowes) and keyboardist Richard Bell (The Band, Janis Joplin).

In 2009, Jordan entrusted her husband Derek Sharp with producing her album From Dusk 'til Dawn. The album was recorded in only three weeks and was mixed in Los Angeles. In discussing the songwriting for From Dusk 'til Dawn, Jordan explained, "I was thinking about how human beings seem to be more sensitive and worried about things from sunset to sunrise. When you're alone is when the fear of death really hits you, and I was trying to write songs that were related to the fears of the middle of the night."

In 2011, Jordan recorded the studio project album S.U.N.: Something Unto Nothing featuring Brian Tichy and Michael Devin of Whitesnake, and Tommy Stewart. The album began when Jordan reunited with Tichy at his Santa Clarita home studio to write songs. Something Unto Nothing marked the first collaboration between Jordan and Tichy since Rats. "Burned" was the first song that Jordan and Tichy wrote together for the project, which soon evolved into a full album.

In 2017, 25 years after the release of Racine, Jordan recorded Racine Revisited featuring reimagined versions of the songs from the original 1992 album. "We pushed the sound back to the Misty Mountain Hop days of the 1970s and made it as if we were actually recording back then," said Jordan. "We would all live together in the studio and record live off the floor [without] Auto-Tune or click track or anything like that". Of the recording process, Sass Jordan said that Racine Revisited was "the most fun I've had in a while making a record." "Instead of taking Racine from 1992 to 2017, we went from 1992 to 1976".

In 2020, Sass Jordan released Rebel Moon Blues, her first blues album. Rebel Moon Blues features covers of blues classics, as well as the original "The Key". In discussing "The Key" on SXMCanadaNow, Jordan said, "That song was written about three weeks before we went into recording. Derek and I realized we should have at least one song that we wrote together on here, and so we came up with "The Key". The whole song came together in an hour. When it's meant to happen it really just flows out." Rebel Moon Blues was critically acclaimed upon release, with American Blues Scene writing, "After three decades in the business, many singers lose that certain something that may have launched their career. Not so with Sass Jordan. Not only is her voice as muscular as ever, I think, like fine wine, it's improved over the years." The album debuted at #5 on the Billboard Blues Album Chart.

Her second blues album called Bitches Blues, featuring the song Still Alive and Well, was released on June 3, 2022.

In April 2023, Sass Jordan's much anticipated live album featuring Taylor Hawkins on drums in 1994 will be available on streaming and vinyl pre-orders. Album is called Live in New York Ninety-Four. First single is High Road Easy Live.

Other projects

Sass Jordan has enjoyed a successful acting career in theatre and television. Jordan played the lead role of  Janis Joplin in the off-Broadway hit Love, Janis in 2001, and performed in the Toronto and Winnipeg productions of The Vagina Monologues. Jordan guest starred in the 1990s family-drama Sisters, which was her last television experience before joining Canadian Idol.

Sass Jordan served as a judge on all six seasons of Canadian Idol, beginning in 2003. In a bizarre twist of fate, Jordan had met Idol creator Simon Fuller twenty years before the launch of Canadian Idol when Fuller was managing English bands touring in Montreal. In 1981, a band that Fuller was managing had run out of money, and he ended up living in Sass Jordan's basement for two weeks. The Canadian Idol participants who Jordan is most fond of are Carly Rae Jepsen and Melissa O'Neil.

In 2019, Sass Jordan joined A Bowie Celebration: The David Bowie Alumni Tour. Led by Mike Garson, Bowie's keyboard player for forty years, the one-of-a-kind roving tribute to David Bowie features Bowie's past bandmates and has received wide acclaim. In discussing her involvement with the band, Jordan said, "I am extremely honored to be part of a show that celebrates the astonishing legacy of one of my ultimate idols, David Bowie, as well as getting to play with some of the master musicians from his bands. Bowie is one of the reasons I wanted to be a performer, and doing this tour is like playing a love letter to his memory every night!". Sass Jordan's first ever concert was David Bowie on his Diamond Dogs Tour.

Sass Jordan has ventured into the world of alcohol and spirits, with Rebel Moon Whiskey (a blended Canadian whisky by Dixon Distilleries) and Kick Ass Sass Wine (from Vineland Estates Winery in the Niagara Region). In discussing her branded lines of alcohol, Jordan said, "I am fascinated with the use of alcohol throughout history, in medicinal as well as gourmet types of approaches. It's also a wonderful companion to celebration, and I'm all about celebration - through music, through food, through dance, and art of all kinds!"

Personal life
Jordan is married to musician Derek Sharp, the current lead singer of The Guess Who. Together they have one daughter.

In the early 1990s, Sass Jordan toured with 22-year-old Taylor Hawkins, who later gained fame as the drummer of Foo Fighters. Of Jordan, Hawkins has said, "Sass taught me how to be in a rock and roll band and gave me my first rock and roll check." On July 9, 2015, Jordan was reunited with Hawkins when she joined Foo Fighters on stage in Toronto to cover "Stay With Me" by the Faces. Before the performance, Dave Grohl said, "If it weren't for Sass Jordan, Taylor Hawkins wouldn't be in Foo Fighters."

Sass Jordan is a vegetarian. "It's not an ethical thing," Jordan explained, "I don't think it will save the planet or anything, I just don't like meat."

Honours
Jordan was the recipient of the Juno award for Most Promising Female Vocalist of the Year in 1989, and was nominated for Best Female Vocalist in 1990, 1993, and 1995.

Billboard magazine listed Sass Jordan as the Top Female Rock Artist of the Year in 1992.

In 2012, Jordan was appointed honorary colonel of 417 Combat Support Squadron, an appointment she held until Glen Suitor's appointment in August 2016.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References

External links

SassJordan.com
 SomethingUntoNothing.com

1962 births
Living people
Canadian women rock singers
Canadian Idol
Canadian women singer-songwriters
Canadian singer-songwriters
English emigrants to Canada
Juno Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year winners
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Singers from Montreal
Anglophone Quebec people
Singers from Birmingham, West Midlands
20th-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Canadian women singers
Canadian blues singers
20th-century Canadian singer-songwriters
21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters

Sass Jordan


Friedhof der Namenlosen (Türkçe: İsimsizler ya da Kimsesizler Mezarlığı), Viyana'nın Simmering ilçesinin Albern adlı bölgesinde bulunan bir mezarlıktır. 1840 yılında Tuna'dan buraya sürüklenen bir ceset İsimsizler Mezarlığı'nın oluşmasına önayak olmuştur.

Tarihçe

1840'dan 1900'e kadar
1840 yılında Tuna Nehri'nden sürüklenen bir ceset bugünkü mezarlığın bulunduğu alanda takılmıştır ve su hızının bu bölgede değişerek su üzerinde yüzen her şeyin özellikle de cesetlerin buraya toplanmasına neden olmuştur.
Buraya sürüklenen birçok cesedin teşhisi mümkün olamamıştır ve haliyle sahibi çıkmayan cesetlerde bu bölgede gelişigüzel defnedilmişlerdir.
Zamanla çoğalan cesetlerden dolayı mezarlık olması da kaçınılmaz olmuştur.

1900'den günümüze kadar
1900'lerde Simmering Belediye Meclis üyesi Albin Hirsch'in ve gönüllü birçok Simmeringliler'in çabaları ile mezarlık su taşmalarına karşı duvarları yükseltilmiş ve alanı genişletilmiştir.
Zamanla Albern Limanı'nın düzenlenmesi ile eskiye nazaran daha az ceset bu alana sürüklenmiştir.1939'dan sonra toplam 104 ceset buraya sürüklenmiş ve bunların 43'ü teşhis edilebilmiştir.

Daha önce Schwechat şehrinin yönetiminde olan bu alan 1940 yılında Viyana'ya bağlandıktan sonra kimsesiz cesetler Zentralfriedhof-Merkez Mezarlığı'na defnedilmeye başlanmıştır.

Mezarlığın gönüllü mezarcısı Josef Fuchs öldüğü 1996 yılına kadar mezarlığın her şeyi ile gönüllü ilgilenmiş ve Viyana Belediyesi tarafından kendisine Altın Övünç Madalyası verilmiştir. Kendisinden sonra da yanında yetişmiş gönüllü kişiler hiçbir devlet desteği almadan günümüzde de mezarlıkla ilgilenmektedirler.

Bugün toplam 478 adet bilinmeyen kişinin mezarı vardır.

Amerikan yapımı Before Sunrise adlı filme de konu olmuş ve bir bölümü de bu mezarlıkta çekilmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar

 Friedhof der Namenlosen  (Almanca)

Viyana'daki mezarlıklar

Friedhof der Namenlosen


Ziethen er en by og kommune i det nordøstlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Züssow i den nordlige del af Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald. Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald ligger i delstaten Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Geografi
Ziethen er beliggende fire kilometer nord for Anklam og omkring 20 kilometer øst for Gützkow. Mod syd grænser kommunen op til Peenedalen. Nord for Ziethen ligger et ca. 20 moh. højdedrag. Peenedalen er et hedelandskab med op til 9 meter dybe tørvegrave der blev gravet i 1950'erne.

Det var først i 1990'erne, at man begyndte naturgenopretning af hedelandet ved at fjerne gamle kog. Man afbrød pumpeanlæggene og åbnede digerne med efterfølgende oversvømmelse af de afvandede områder.
Resultatet var de store lavvandede vandflader på Menzlin-polderen over for byen Anklam, som blev et fristed for vandfugle.

I kommunen findes landsbyerne:
 Ziethen
 Jargelin
 Menzlin

og bebyggelserne:
 Plachta (Wüstung)
 Nemantewitz (Wüstung)

Kommunens administration ligger i den tidligere Amtsbygning i Ziethen.

Nabokommuner
Nabokommuner er Klein Bünzow mod nord, Rubkow mod nordøst, Murchin mod øst, byen Anklammod sydøst, Postlow mod syd, Stolpe an der Peene mod sydvest og Groß Polzin mod vest.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted.

Byer i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Kommuner i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Amt Züssow
Byer i Kreis Vorpommern-Greifswald

Ziethen (bei Anklam)


Gerilme gevşemesi deneyi, sabit bir sıcaklık ve sabit bir gerilme altında, malzemede oluşan gerilmenin zamana göre değişimini tespit eden bir deneydir. gerilme gevşemesi deneyi de Sürünme deneyine benzer olarak uzun zaman dilimlerinde gerçekleştirilebilen bir deneydir. Son zamanlarda gerilme gevşemesi deneyi giderek yaygınlık kazanmaktadır özellikle arabaların amortisör kısımlarında kullanılan çeliklerin geliştirilmesi konusunda mutlak gereklilik duyulmaktadır çünkü bu malzemelerden istenen temel özellik herhangi bir gerilim anında oluşan enerjiyi absorbe ederek daha sonra serbest bırakması istenir. Gerilme gevşemesi deneyi ile malzemenin yoğun olduğu bölgelerdeki bu bölgeler döküm, plastik şekil verme ve kaynaktır. Isıl işlemin kalıcı iç gerilmelere ve bunların giderilmesine olan etkisini test eden bir deneydir.
Gerilme gevşemesi ile malzemelerin mekanik özellikleri arasında bir ilişki olup bu ilişkiden faydalanarak aktivasyon enerjisi, deformasyon hızı duyarlılığı üssü, dislokasyon hareketi için gerekli etkin gerilme, dislokasyon hızı gerilme üssü gibi mekanik özelliklerle ilgili bazı parametreler de gerilme gevşemesi deneyi ile tespit edilir.

Gerilme gevşemesi deneyi çeşitli servis koşullarında gerilme altında çalışacak olan malzemelerde gerilmelerin gevşemesi ile ilgili gerekli tasarım bilgilerinin elde edilmesin de de gerekli olan bir deneydir. Metalik malzemelerde yapılmış bir yapıda veya bir makinede bağlantı yerlerinde kullanılan malzemelerle sağlanan sıkıştırma kuvvetinin veya birbirine sıkıca geçmiş olan parçaların bağlantı yelerinde sıkıştırma kuvvetinin zamana bağlı olarak azalması veya gerekli sıkıştırma kuvvetinin ne kadar zaman için kullanılabileceği gerilme gevşemesi deneyi ile tespit edilir.

Metalurji

Gerilme gevşemesi deneyi


Cocktailul de creveți este un  cu fructe de mare constând din  fierți și decorticați în , servit într-un pahar. A fost cel mai popular aperitiv în Marea Britanie între deceniul anilor 1960 și sfârșitul anilor 1980, perioadă în care era omniprezent și în Statele Unite. Potrivit jurnalistului culinar englez , cocktailul de creveți, "și-a petrecut cea mai mare din (viață) într-un du-te-vino între foarte la modă și ridicol de demodat", iar astăzi are asociată o anumită ironie.

Originile

Combinația de fructe de mare fierte și sos picant este de origine străveche și există multe varietăți. Preparatele de acest fel cu stridii sau creveți erau populare în Statele Unite în secolul al XIX-lea și unele surse pun servirea lor în pahare de cocktail în legătură cu interdicția băuturilor alcoolice din timpul prohibiției din Statele Unite ale Americii din  anii 1920.

În Regatul Unit, inventarea cocktailului de creveți este deseori atribuită omului de televiziune și maestrei culinare  din anii 1960; cu toate acestea, este mult mai probabil ca Cradock doar să fi populariza versiunea ei proprie a unui fel de mâncare deja existent, dar care nu era bine cunoscut până atunci în Regatul Unit. În cartea The Prawn Cocktail Years din 1997,  și  consemnau că cocktailul de creveți "se trage direct de la ".

Variante
Sosul este de obicei denumit sos de cocktail, și este, în esență, ketchup cu maioneză.

În Regatul Unit

Nigel Slater spune "totul este în sos" și că "sosul adevărat este, în principal, maioneză, ketchup și puțin Tabasco."

Maestrul culinar Heston Blumenthal afirmă că cocktailul de creveți este "viciul [său] secret": "când ajung târziu acasă după ce am lucrat la Fat Duck nu-mi place nimic mai mult decât să dau iama în frigider după un cocktail de creveți". Blumenthal constată că cel mai bine este să se folosească maioneză de casă, și recomandă adăugarea busuioc și tarhon tocate.

Maestra culinară și scriitoarea și omul de televiziune  afirmă că cea mai bună versiune este cu creveți gătiți în casă, și că în anii 1960 era "ceva simplu, dar foarte elegant, și totuși de-a lungul anilor a suferit de la unele adaptări foarte slabe, nu în ultimul rând cu creveți prea apoși și sosuri inferioare".

Potrivit maestrului culinar Jamie Oliver, un cocktail de creveți este un "aperitiv deosebit ... garantat să vă satisfacă musafirii". Rețeta lui include usturoi, castraveți, mentă, creson și carne de crab, care demonstrează versatilitatea și adaptabilitatea conceptului de bază.

Cum remarcau Hopkinson și Bareham în The Prawn Cocktail Years, ceea ce a fost odată considerat a fi "marea mâncare britanică", consta din cocktail de creveți, urmat de friptură Garni cu  și cu prăjitură Pădurea Neagră ca desert, comentând că "gătit așa cum trebuie, această cină atât de mult și de des ironizată încă este ceva foarte special".

"Ofensiva cocktailului de creveți"
Înainte de alegerile generale britanice din 1992, Partidul Laburist a dus o campanie pentru a obține sprijinul liderilor mediului de afaceri și financiar, convingându-i că nu se vor amesteca în economia de piață. Campania a fost poreclită ironic "ofensiva cocktailului de creveți".

Produse derivate
Omniprezența cocktailului de creveți a condus la apariția unor produse alimentare cum ar fi chipsuri cu aromă de cocktail de creveți, care sunt încă una dintre cele mai populare tipuri de chipsuri. Chipsurile cu aromă de cocktail de creveți erau al doilea cel mai popular sortiment de chipsuri în 2004, cu o cotă de piață de 16%.

Referințe

Legături externe

Anii 1960 în Regatul Unit
Anii 1970 în Regatul Unit

Cocktail de creveți


قلبي على ولدي فيلم مصري تم إنتاجه عام 1953، من إخراج هنري بركات و بطولة كمال الشناوي و نزهة يونس و زكي رستم.

فريق العمل

تمثيل
 كمال الشناوي
 نزهة يونس
 زكي رستم
 شكري سرحان
 أمينة رزق
 فاخر فاخر
 سميحة توفيق
 كيتي
 علي الكسار
 ثريا فخري

الفريق الفني
إخراج: هنري بركات
تأليف:
 يوسف عيسى (قصة)
 هنري بركات (سيناريو)
 بديع خيري (حوار)
إنتاج: لوتس فيلم (آسيا داغر)

مصادر=

وصلات خارجية

أفلام أمينة رزق
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1953
أفلام إنتاج لوتس فيلم
أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام زكي رستم
أفلام كمال الشناوي
أفلام فاخر فاخر
أفلام ثريا فخري
أفلام سميحة توفيق
أفلام شكري سرحان

قلبي على ولدي (فيلم)


Andrea Walther () é uma matemática aplicada alemã, cujos interesses de pesquisa incluem otimização não linear, otimização não suave e computação científica, conhecida em particular por seu trabalho em diferenciação automática. É professora de otimização matemática no instituto de matemática da Universidade Humboldt de Berlim.

Formação e carreira
Depois de estudar matemática financeira na Universidade de Bayreuth a partir de 1991 e obter um diploma em 1996, completou um doutorado na Universidade Técnica de Dresden em 1999. Sua tese, Program Reversal Schedules for Single-and Multi-processor Machines, foi orientada por Andreas Griewank. Completou a habilitação na Universidade Técnica de Dresden em 2008.

Trabalhou como pesquisadora assistente e professora júnior na Universidade Técnica de Dresden de 2000 a 2008. Em 2009 assumiu uma cátedra na Universidade de Paderborn e, em 2019, mudou-se para seu cargo atual na Universidade Humboldt de Berlim.

Desde 2020 é coordenadora da European Women in Mathematics.

Livro
Com seu orientador Andreas Griewank é coautora da segunda edição do livro Evaluating derivatives: principles and techniques of algorithmic differentiation (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2008).

Referências

Ligações externas
Página pessoal

Professores da Universidade Técnica de Dresden
Professores da Universidade de Paderborn
Professores da Universidade Humboldt de Berlim
Matemáticos da Alemanha
Matemáticas da Alemanha
Alunos da Universidade de Bayreuth
Alunos da Universidade Técnica de Dresden
Pessoas vivas

Andrea Walther


Kongerevue paa Fælleden er en dansk dokumentarisk optagelse fra 1906, der er instrueret af Peter Elfelt.

Handling
Hesteoptog med Kong Frederik 8. og andre kongelige i kareter. Fodfolk marcherer. Fremføring af kanoner. Ekvipager i galop.

Referencer

Se også
 Kongerevue paa Fælleden (dokumentarfilm), dokumentarfilm fra 1902
 Kongerevy, dokumentarfilm fra 1930
 Kongerevyen 1936, dokumentarfilm fra 1936

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1906
Dokumentariske optagelser
Det danske kongehus
Danmark i 1900'erne

Kongerevue paa Fælleden


Empire er et britisk filmmagasin, der bliver udgivet på månedlig basis af Bauer Consumer Media i den Hamburgbaserede Bauer Media Group. Fra første nummer i juli 1989 blev magasinet redigeret af Barry McIlheney og udgivet af Emap. Bauer købte Emap Consumer Media i begyndelsen af 2008. Det er det bedst sælgende filmmagsin i Storbritannien, og det bliver også udgivet i USA, Australien, Tyrkiet, Rusland Italien og Portugal. Empire arrangerer den årlige Empire Awards der blev sponsoreret af Sony Ericsson, og fra 2009 af Jameson. Priserne bliver givet på baggrund af læsernes stemmer.

Mesterværker
En regelmæssig tilbagevendende ting i bladet, siden nummer 167, er de såkaldte mesterværker, hvor en film udvalgt af Empire får en tosiders artikel i Re.View-sektionen. Valget af film er tilfældig, og følger ikke et specifikt mønster. Der er kun ganske få udgaver, siden nummer 167, der ikke indeholder et mesterværk – 169, 179, 196, 197, 198 og 246. I nummer 240 har lederen af bladet, Frank Darabont, udvalgt 223 mesterværker, men den bruger ikke magasinet Mæsterværks-nummerering.

Mesterværksfilmene indtil videre har været:

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Empireonline.com  - officiel hjemmeside

Tidsskrifter fra Storbritannien
Etableret i 1989
Tidsskrifter om film

Empire (magasin)


Olaylar

 Urfa'nın İmadeddin Zengi tarafından 24 Aralık'ta fethi. Bu zaferle I. Haçlı seferi sonunda kurulan Urfa Kontluğu yıkıldı.

Doğumlar
 III. Boemondo, Antakya Prensliği prensi (ö. 1201)
 Maria Komnini, Macaristan Kraliçesi (ö. 1190)

Ölümler
 13 Haziran - Zemahşerî, İranlı İslam bilgini (d. 1075)

1144


Áramótaskaup 2020 er áramótaskaup sem sýnt var á RÚV þann 31. desember 2020. Aðal viðfangsefni skaupsins var Covid-19 faraldurinn  og samkomutakmarkanir sem fylgdu honum.

Höfundar skaupsins voru Hugleikur Dagsson, Lóa Hjálmtýsdóttir, Vala Kristín Eiríksdóttir, Þorsteinn Guðmundsson, Bragi Valdimar Skúlason og Katla Margrét Þorgeirsdóttir. Reynir Lyngdal var leikstjóri. Tökur byrjuðu í nóvember 2020 og var framleiðandi Republik.

Viðfangsefni
Meðal viðfangsefna voru:
Mikið magn af sömu spurningum á upplýsingafundum Almannavarna.
Seinkanir á fermingum vegna samkomutakmarkana.
Mikil aðsókn í Sorpu því það voru allir að nýta tímann við samkomutakmarkanirnar að taka til.
Fólk að syngja fyrir utan elliheimili fyrir eldriborgara í samkomutakmörkununum.
Flóknar sóttvarnareglur.
Fólk sem hélt að sóttvarnareglur ættu ekki við þau því það var búið að fá Covid.
Þegar Samherji framleiddi sína eigin heimildamynd um Samherjaskjölin.
Þegar allir vildu sýna gamla mynd af sér með Vigdísi Finnbogadóttur.
Rasískt merki á fatnaði lögregluþjóns.
Veggjakrot á Skúlagötu "Hvar er nýja stjórnaskráin" fjarlægt.
Þegar fólk missti félagsfærni vegna of mikillar einangrunar í Covid.
Lítil athygli nemenda í fjarkennsla.
Helgi Björnsson, Bubbi og fleiri með tónleika sem sýndur voru í beinni útsendingu á netinu.
Skipverjar á Júlíusi Geirmundssyni haldið um borð á meðan Covid-19 veikindi geisuðu um borð.
Auglýsing Borgarleikhússins þar sem Bubbi var með sígarettu.
Tveir fótboltamenn með enska karlalandsliðinu brutu sóttvarnir þegar þeir hittu tvær konur á hótelherbergi í Hótel Sögu.
Annað sem kom fram í skaupinu: Pabbabrandarar, Björn Ingi, loftslagskvíði, Ísland í dag, Katrín Jakobsdóttir, útilokunarmenning, átakið "Ferðumst innanlands", Gísli Marteinn, Sindri Sindrasson, samskiptaforritið Zoom, Kári Stefánsson, Alma Möller, Víðir Reynisson, Þórólfur Guðnason, "Let It Out!" auglýsingaherferðin Inspired by Iceland, jarðskjálftahrinan á Reykjanesinu,

Lög

Frumsamin
Upphafslag - lag Stefán Örn Gunnlaugsson og Birgir Steinn Stefánsson, texti Hugleikur Dagsson
Held í mér andanum - lag Stefán Örn Gunnlaugsson, texti Hugleikur Dagsson
Klárum þetta saman (lokalag) - lag Stefán Örn Gunnlaugsson og Birgir Stefán Stefánsson, texti Bragi Valdimar Skúlason, söngur Friðrik Dór Jónsson, Salka Sól Eyfeld, Stefán Hilmarsson og Ragnhildur Gísladóttir

Lög með nýjum texta
Think about things - Daði og Gagnamagnið
Husavik - Molly Sanden

Heimildir

Áramótaskaup
2020

Áramótaskaup 2020