Ripley's Believe It or Not! is an American franchise founded by Robert Ripley, which deals in bizarre events and items so strange and unusual that readers might question the claims. Originally a newspaper panel, the Believe It or Not feature proved popular and was later adapted into a wide variety of formats, including radio, television, comic books, a chain of museums and a book series.

The Ripley collection includes 20,000 photographs, 30,000 artifacts and more than 100,000 cartoon panels. With 80-plus attractions, the Orlando, Florida-based Ripley Entertainment, Inc., a division of the Jim Pattison Group, a Canadian global company, hosts more than 12 million guests annually. Ripley Entertainment's publishing and broadcast divisions oversee numerous projects, including the syndicated TV series, the newspaper cartoon panel, books, posters and games.

Syndicated feature panel

Ripley first called his cartoon feature, originally involving sports feats, Champs and Chumps, and it premiered on December 19, 1918, in The New York Globe. Ripley began adding items unrelated to sports, and in October 1919, he changed the title to Believe It or Not. When the Globe folded in 1923, Ripley moved to the New York Evening Post. In 1924, the panel began being syndicated by Associated Newspapers, (formed as part of a cooperative that had included the Globe). That same year, Ripley hired Norbert Pearlroth as his researcher, and Pearlroth spent the next 52 years of his life in the New York Public Library, working ten hours a day and six days a week in order to find unusual facts for Ripley.

Other writers and researchers included Lester Byck. In 1930, Ripley moved to the New York American and was picked up by the King Features Syndicate, being quickly syndicated on an international basis.

Ripley died in 1949; those working on the syndicated newspaper panel after his death included Paul Frehm (1938–1978; he became the full-time artist in 1949), and his brother Walter Frehm (1948–1989); Walter worked part-time with his brother Paul and became a full-time Ripley artist from 1978 to 1989. Others who assisted included Clem Gretter (1941–1949), Bob Clarke (1943–1944), Joe Campbell (1946–1956), Art Sloggatt (1971–1975), Carl Dorese, and Stan Randall. Paul Frehm won the National Cartoonists Society's Newspaper Panel Cartoon Award for 1976 for his work on the series. Clarke later created parodies of Believe It or Not! for Mad, as did Wally Wood and Ernie Kovacs, who also did a recurring satire called "Strangely Believe It!" on his TV programs. Other strips and books borrowed the Ripley design and format, such as Ralph Graczak's Our Own Oddities, John Hix's Strange as It Seems, and Gordon Johnston's It Happened in Canada. Don Wimmer took up the panel from 1989 to 2004. John Graziano from 2005 to 2021. The current artist is Kieran Castaño and is supported by the Ripley's Research Team.

At the peak of its popularity, the syndicated feature was read daily by about 80 million readers, and during the first three weeks of May 1932 alone, Ripley received over two million pieces of fan mail. Dozens of paperback editions reprinting the newspaper panels have been published over the decades. Recent Ripley's Believe It or Not! books containing new material have supplemented illustrations with photographs.

Peanuts creator Charles M. Schulz's first publication of artwork was published by Ripley. It was a cartoon claiming his dog was "a hunting dog who eats pins, tacks, screws, nails and razor blades". Schulz's dog Spike later became the model for Peanuts''' Snoopy.

Books
Some notable books:Believe It or Not! by Ripley The Big Little Book (1931)Ripley's Believe It or Not (1929), reprinted in 2004Ripley's Mammoth Book of Believe It or Not (1953)Ripley's Giant Book of Believe It or Not (1976)Ripley's 35th Anniversary Believe It or Not (1954)Ripley's 50th Anniversary Believe It or Not (1968)Ripley's Believe It or Not Special Edition 2012 (2011)

A series of paperback books containing annotated sketches from the newspaper feature:Ripley's Believe It or Not 1st Series (1941)Ripley's Believe It or Not 2nd Series (1948)Ripley's Believe It or Not 3rd Series (1954)Ripley's Believe It or Not 4th Series (1982)

Ripley Entertainment produces a range of books featuring unusual facts, news stories and photographs. In 2004 Ripley Entertainment founded Ripley Publishing Ltd, based in the United Kingdom, to publish new Believe It or Not titles. The company produces the New York Times bestselling Ripley's Believe It or Not! Annuals, the children's fiction series Ripley's RBI, an educational series called the Ripley's Twists, the Ripley's Believe It or Not! Special Edition in conjunction with Scholastic USA and a number of other titles. At the height of his popularity Robert Ripley received thousands of letters a day from the public, and Ripley Entertainment continues to encourage submissions from readers who have strange stories and photographs that could be featured in Ripley's Believe It or Not! books and media.

The people whose items are featured in such books as Strikingly True have what Edward Meyer, Vice President of Exhibits and Archives at Ripley Entertainment Inc., describes as an obsession: "Whatever it is they're after, it is so important to them that all the rest of the world can go on without them. They want to make something that makes them immortal, makes them a little different than you and me". Despite the wide range of true and unbelievable art, sculpture, photographs, interactive devices, animal oddities, and recycled objects contained within the Ripley's collection, rarely considered are alien or witchcraft-type stories, which are, according to Meyers, difficult to prove. To be included in Ripley's Believe It or Not books, museums, or television shows, items must undergo scrutiny from Ripley's staff and be 100% authenticated.

Comic books
In 1953, Harvey Comics published the first Ripley's Believe It or Not! comic book, titled Ripley's Believe It or Not! Magazine and lasted for four issues until March 1954.

From 1965 until 1980, Gold Key Comics published the second Ripley's Believe It or Not! comic book, which lasted for 94 issues.

In 2002, Dark Horse Comics published the third Ripley's Believe It or Not! comic book, written by Haden Blackman, which lasted for three issues and was later collected in a trade paperback published by Dark Horse in May 2003, entitled Ripley's Believe It or Not! ()

In 2015, Zenescope published a two issue comic edited by Terry Kavanagh.

Radio
On April 14, 1930, Ripley brought "Believe It or Not" to radio, the first of several series heard on NBC, CBS and the Mutual Broadcasting System. As noted by the website Ripley On Radio, Ripley's broadcasts varied in length from 15 minutes to 30 minutes and aired in numerous different formats. When Ripley's 1930 debut on The Collier Hour brought a strong listener reaction, he was given a Monday night NBC series beginning April 14, 1930, followed by a 1931–32 series airing twice a week. After his strange stories were dramatized on NBC's Saturday Party, Ripley was the host of The Baker's Broadcast from 1935 to 1937. He was scheduled in several different 1937–38 NBC timeslots and then took to the road with popular remote broadcasts. See America First with Bob Ripley (1938–40) on CBS expanded geographically into See All the Americas, a 1942 program with Latin music. In 1944, he was heard five nights a week on Mutual in shows with an emphasis on World War II. Romance, Rhythm and Ripley aired on CBS in 1945, followed by Pages from Robert L. Ripley's Radio Scrapbook (1947–48).

Robert Ripley is known for several radio firsts. He was the first to broadcast nationwide on a radio network from mid-ocean, and he also participated in the first broadcast from Buenos Aires to New York City. Assisted by a corps of translators, he was the first to broadcast to every nation in the world simultaneously.

As the years went on, the show became less about oddities and featured guest-driven entertainment such as comedy routines. Sponsors over the course of the program included Pall Mall cigarettes and General Foods. The program ended its successful run in 1948 as Ripley prepared to convert the show format to television.

Films, television, Internet, and computer game
The newspaper feature has been adapted into more than a few films and TV shows.

Film
 Ripley hosted a series of two dozen Believe It or Not! theatrical short films between 1930 and 1932 for Warner Bros. Vitaphone. A 2-DVD release featuring 24 of these theatrical shorts is available in the United States beginning March 16, 2010, from Warner Home Video, through their Warner Archive manufacture-on-demand program. Directors on the shorts included Murray Roth (on the first five), Roy Mack and Alfred J. Goulding (latter half of second season). Leo Donnelly assisted later on commentary.
 He also appeared in a Vitaphone musical short, Seasons Greetings (1931), with Ruth Etting, Joe Penner, Ted Husing, Thelma White, Ray Collins, and others.
 Ripley's short films were parodied in a 1939 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon titled Believe It or Else. Released on June 25, 1939, directed by Tex Avery and written by Dave Monahan, it featured a running gag in which a prototype Elmer Fudd appeared to declare, "I don't believe it!" On November 5 of the same year, another Avery documentary parody, Fresh Fish, was released. Written by Jack Miller, this cartoon's running gag was a two-headed fish that kept swimming onto the screen to ask, "Pardon me, but can you tell me where I can find Mister Ripley?"
 20th Century Fox produced another film short titled Acquitted by the Sea, released on September 27, 1940, produced by Truman Talley and directed by Earl Allvine. This told an unusual story involving the Titanic.

Possible film
In October 2004, Paramount Pictures announced plans for a film that would chronicle the life of Robert Ripley. The film was to be produced by James Jacks and his Alphaville Films company, associated with Paramount. Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski were hired to write the script. Jacks explained: "It's about the exploits of Robert Ripley, one of the most popular newspaper cartoonists in the '30s and '40s, who was well known for going around the world and looking for oddities and getting into adventures while doing so. We want to make a series of movies that, if not quite the truth, are the adventures that should have happened. We want to turn it into an Indiana Jones, a goofy version, as played by Johnny Depp. When they saw we had the writers from Larry Flynt, they thought that we wanted to make the kinky version, but we saw a chance to do a Spielberg-type movie with one of their characters".

In November 2005, Tim Burton was attached to direct the film, with Jim Carrey starring as Robert Ripley. Filming was to begin in October 2006, for a 2007 release. Paramount hinted that the film, if successful, could be the start of a Ripley's film series. In addition to Jacks, Sean Daniel and Richard D. Zanuck were to serve as producers for the film. Zanuck spent six weeks in China to scout filming locations for the project.

In June 2006, Paramount delayed the start of production on the film for at least a year because its projected budget went over the allowed $150 million. Carrey had waived his entire upfront salary to help keep costs low, but the project remained over budget. Burton and Carrey also wanted to have Alexander and Karaszewski make changes to the film's script to focus more on Ripley's Believe It or Not column. Carrey was adamant on avoiding what happened with his previous project Fun with Dick and Jane, which required reshoots and additional editing as a result of beginning production without a script. Filming had been scheduled to begin in China in November 2006. Although Paramount could have delayed production to spring 2007, the film was delayed further to allow Burton to film Sweeney Todd.

In December 2006, Burton and Carrey approved writer Steve Oedekerk to rewrite the script. Oedekerk had worked with Carrey on several previous projects. Production was to begin in China in winter 2008, for a 2009 release. Later in January, Zanuck said he was no longer involved with the project, and that he was unaware that it was proceeding. Oedekerk's draft was completed in June 2007, and was approved that month by Paramount, Burton, and Carrey. At that time, Carrey hoped to have production finished by summer 2008. Later that month, Paramount was searching for a new director.

In October 2008, Chris Columbus pitched an idea for the film that was approved by Carrey and Paramount. Columbus' idea involved scrapping the previous China-based storyline entirely. Negotiations were underway that month to hire Columbus as director, with plans to hire a writer afterwards. Paramount planned to release the film in 2011, and hoped that it would be the start of a Ripley's film series. In January 2011, Eric Roth was hired to write the script, with Carrey still attached to star. Ken Atchity and Chi-Li Wong joined the project as producers, alongside Jacks and Daniel.

Television

 The first Believe It or Not TV series, a live show hosted by Ripley, premiered on the NBC television network on March 1, 1949. Shortly after the 13th episode, on May 27, Ripley died of a heart attack and several of his friends substituted as host, including future Ripley's Believe It or Not! president Doug Storer. Robert St. John served as host from the second season until the series ended on October 5, 1950.
 In 1956 an unsold pilot was made by Trident Productions. Stories include the invention of Streptomycin and a story on George Gershwin.
 A revival of the original series, titled Ripley's Believe It or Not!, aired from 1982 to 1986 on the ABC television network. Based on three pilots/specials conceived, produced and directed by Ron Lyon and Jack Haley, Jr. (1980–81), the series was a Haley/Lyon/Rastar production in association with Columbia Pictures Television. Featuring film star Jack Palance who hosted the popular series throughout its run, the series had three different co-hosts, who appeared from season to season, initially actress Catherine Shirriff followed by Palance's daughter, Holly Palance, later singer Marie Osmond. The 1980s series reran on the British and American versions of the Sci-Fi Channel during the 1990s; it last aired on NBCUniversal's horror/suspense-themed cable channel Chiller.
 A Canadian animated series, Ripley's Believe It or Not!, was produced for Fox Family in 1999 by Cinar (now WildBrain), and followed the adventures of "Michael Ripley", Robert Ripley's nephew. The show was aimed at a younger audience, and would often feature Michael going around the world.
 Another revival, once again titled Ripley's Believe It or Not!, aired from 2000 to 2003, produced by Columbia TriStar Television and shown on TBS. Hosted by actor Dean Cain, executive-produced by Dan Jbara and co-executive-produced by Dennis Lortz, the series took a slightly more sensationalistic approach to its subject matter and "premiered as the highest-rated original series on cable" at that time. The series was canceled in October 2003 after four seasons. Like the previous syndicated live-action series, this latest edition was later aired on The Biography Channel, Chiller and Decades for reruns.
 In 2006, the Philippines made a local adaptation of Ripley's Believe it or Not! with a local host. ABC 5 (now known as TV5) was the first to make it with Raymond Bagatsing as host. The show however was short-lived.
 In 2008, GMA Network bought the rights and revived Ripley's Believe It or Not! in the Philippines. This time Chris Tiu of the Ateneo Blue Eagles was chosen as host. It is part of the Bilib Ka Ba? Nights/Araw-araw (Do You Believe? Nights/Daily) programming block of the network which premiered on August 18, 2008, and lasted until September 22, 2010.
 In 2012, a composite parody of Ripley's Believe It or Not! and Guinness World Records dubbed The Guinness O'Ripley Enormous Book of Curiosities, Oddities, and World Records served as the focus of the SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Squirrel Record", in which the title character assists his friend Sandy Cheeks in breaking the records within.
 Another revival titled Ripley's Believe It or Not!, produced by Texas Crew Productions, with Bruce Campbell as the host, premiered on the Travel Channel in 2019.

Internet and games
 In 2006, the Ripleys.com website held a "Dear Mr. Ripley" contest in which contestants submitted "unbelievable" stories and with a public vote selecting a winner. The submissions included stories about a two-faced kitten, a car hurdler, a painting on human flesh canvas, a snake swallowing a golfball, an unopened deck of cards in a thin-necked bottle, a collector of Converse shoes with over 400 pairs, a man who survived a dumptruck falling on him, a painting made of nail polish, a child who played sports while hopping on a pogo stick, and a tongue swallower. The winners were announced on December 15 the same year.
 In 2003, a Ripley's Believe It or Not! pinball machine was released.
 The point and click adventure computer game Ripley's Believe It or Not!: The Riddle of Master Lu was published and developed by Sanctuary Woods and released in 1995.

Museums

When Ripley first displayed his collection to the public at the Chicago World's Fair in 1933, it was labeled Ripley's Odditorium and attracted over two million visitors during the run of the fair (in an apparent promotional gimmick, beds were provided in the Odditorium for people who "fainted" daily). That successful exhibition led to trailer shows across the country during the 1930s, and Ripley's collections were exhibited at many major fairs and expositions, including San Francisco, San Diego, Dallas, and Cleveland. In New York City, the famed Times Square exhibit opened in 1939 on Broadway. In 1950, a year after Ripley's death, the first permanent Odditorium opened in St. Augustine, Florida. The Odditorium is housed in the Castle Warden, built in 1888 by an associate of Henry Flagler, President of the Florida East Coast Railway.

, there are 28 Ripley's Believe It or Not! Odditoriums around the world. Odditoriums, in the spirit of Believe It or Not!, are often more than simple museums cluttered with curiosities. Some include theaters and arcades, such as the ones in Gatlinburg, Tennessee and Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin. Others are constructed oddly, such as the Orlando, Florida Odditorium which is built off-level as if the building is sinking (a commemoration of a sinkhole that opened on the site while construction was in progress).

Asia

Alphabetical, by country or district:
 Shanghai, China (closed) – This Ripley's museum was located at Huangpu River.
 Victoria Peak, Hong Kong (closed) – There was an Odditorium in The Peak, opened in 1998 and closed on March 20, 2005.
 Jakarta, Indonesia (closed) – This Ripley's museum, called the "Fun Odditorium", was located in the Pondok Indah Mall complex. It was the largest Ripley's Odditorium in the world (). It opened on September 28, 1995 and closed in the late 1990s.
 Kuwait City, Kuwait (closed) – This Ripley's museum was located in the Hadiqat Al Sheaab Amusement Park.
 Genting Highlands, Malaysia – This Ripley's museum was located in the First World Plaza. It reopened as Ripley's Adventureland located on level 4 in SkyAvenue.
 Mandaluyong, Philippines (closed) – This Ripley's museum was in the Shangri-La Mall in Ortigas.
 Jeju Island, South Korea (closed)  – This Ripley's museum is located at the Jeju Jungmun resort.
 Pattaya, Thailand – This Ripley's museum is in Royal Garden Plaza in Pattaya. It appears as if an airplane has crashed into it.
 Dubai, United Arab Emirates – This Ripley's museum is located in Global Village features a mirror maze and a moving 4D theater.

Europe
Denmark
 Copenhagen – This Ripley's museum is a smaller one located close to the city hall and next to a museum of Hans Christian Andersen.

The Netherlands
 Amsterdam – The Ripley's Believe It or Not! Amsterdam museum opened on June 23, 2016, at the Dam Square, Dam 21, in a building that belongs to the Heritage of Amsterdam. It has more than 500 exhibits.

United Kingdom

 Blackpool – Located at Blackpool Pleasure Beach, this Ripley's museum is based in the popular holiday destination of Blackpool. It was located further north in the 1980s at a location adjacent to Central Pier.
 Great Yarmouth (closed) – There was an Odditorium in Great Yarmouth on the east coast of England. It opened in 1993 and closed in 1997. It is now an indoor miniature golf course that uses some of the leftovers from the Odditorium as scenery for the holes.
 London (closed) – This Ripley's museum was the world's largest and it opened on August 20, 2008, at the London Pavilion, 1 Piccadilly Circus, and closed on September 25, 2017. It housed over 500 exhibits. It was famed for its large collection of Marilyn Monroe's personal belongings and interactive exhibits over five floors, including a mirror maze and illusion tunnel.

North America
Canada
 Cavendish, Prince Edward Island – This Ripley's museum is located in a concentrated area of tourist attractions adjacent to the Prince Edward Island National Park. A lighthouse (the top broken) features the Ripley's sign. The museum is adjoined to a wax museum and also features a mini-golf attraction.

 Niagara Falls, Ontario – This Ripley's museum is shaped like a toppled over Empire State Building with King Kong standing on top of it. This is the second oldest Ripley's Museum in the world and is one of three in Canada. The museum was closed for major renovations between November 2015 and May 2016. The newly updated museum is the largest and most valuable museum for the company. Located across the street is a Ripley's 4D Moving Theatre, and up the street there is a Louis Tussaud's Wax Works which is owned by Ripley's.
 Toronto, Ontario – The Ripley's Aquarium of Canada opened in October 2013 next to the CN Tower and Metro Toronto Convention Centre. The  structure boasts the longest underwater tunnel in North America. The aquarium was originally set to open in Niagara Falls, Ontario, near Great Wolf Lodge in 2007, but relocated to Toronto.

Mexico
 Guadalajara – Opened in 1994, this Ripley's museum is a small one like Mexico City's location. It is near downtown.
 Mexico City – Opened in 1992, this Ripley's museum is shaped like a medieval castle and has 14 exhibition halls within it. This was the first of three locations to open in Latin America.
 Veracruz – Opened in 2011, this Ripley museum is small and available in a mall with the associated Veracruz Aquarium and Wax Museum, has 150 figures on display, and features a mirror maze and rotating tunnel.
 Cancún – Opened in 2021, this Ripley's museum is located in La Isla Mall and features a mirror maze and laser maze.

United States

 California
 Buena Park (closed) – This Ripley's Museum was located in Buena Park's E-Zone district on Beach Boulevard, close to Knott's Berry Farm. This is the location where Steve Sindad broke the world record for consuming ranch dressing, drinking 61 bottles worth (about 7 gallons). It opened in August 1990 and closed on March 30, 2009.
 Hollywood – This Ripley's Museum is on Hollywood Boulevard.
 San Francisco – This Ripley's Museum is located near Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco.

 Florida
 Key West (closed) – Opened on April 15, 1993, in the former Strand Theatre, this Ripley's Museum was located on Duval Street. It then relocated to the former Planet Hollywood building nearby on July 6, 2003. It closed permanently in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
 Orlando – Opened in July 1992, this museum is located on the busy International Drive tourist corridor, and is built to appear as though it is dropping into a sinkhole.
 Panama City Beach – Opened in June 2006, this Ripley's Museum is at the intersection of Front Beach Road, Middle Beach Road, and Thomas Drive on Panama City Beach and is designed to look like a 1950s luxury cruise liner that has run aground on the beach. It also has a moving 4D theater.
 St. Augustine – This is the oldest Ripley's Believe It or Not! museum, located in the Castle Warden. It was purchased shortly after Ripley's death in 1949 and opened in 1950. Before becoming home to his vast collections from his many travels, "The Castle", as it is known, was once a hotel which played host to many famous guests, including Ripley and author/owner Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings. It was originally a Moorish Revival style mansion, built in 1887 by millionaire William Warden as a winter home. Its popularity and success led Ripley's associates to open new establishments throughout the United States and the world. Perhaps not surprisingly, it is rumored to be haunted. Segments of the most recent Ripley's TV series were filmed here, including the opening credits. Among the attractions here are a mummified cat, a  scale model of the original Ferris wheel made out of erector sets, life and death masks of famous celebrities (including Abraham Lincoln), and shamanistic apparati from cultures around the world.

 Illinois
 Chicago (closed) – Opened on November 21, 1968, the museum was located on Wells Street in the Chicago Old Town area until its closure in 1987.

 Maryland

 Baltimore (closed) – This Ripley's Museum opened on June 26, 2012, in the Light Street Pavilion of Harborplace on the Inner Harbor. The museum's entrance featured a sculpture of a sea monster known as Chessie. It was dismantled and closed permanently in May 2020.
 Ocean City – This Ripley's Museum opened in 2001 and is located on the boardwalk at Wicomico Street. It is a popular destination for tourists and it sits at the entrance to Jolly Roger's Pier Amusement Park. It features a large model of a shark that appears as if it has crashed through the museum.

 Missouri
 Branson – This Ripley's museum looks like a stone edifice that was cracked by an earthquake.

 New Jersey
 Atlantic City (closed) – This Ripley's museum was on the Boardwalk. It opened in late June 1996. It closed on December 31, 2022.

 New York
 New York City (closed) – This location opened in Manhattan on 42nd Street in July 2007. This was the largest Ripley's in the world, housing over 1000 authentic artifacts and interactive exhibits. It closed on November 28, 2021.

 Oregon
Newport – This Ripley's museum was funded by Jacob Walters and built in 1986. It is at the Historic Bayfront and one of two amusements known as Mariner Square, the other being Wax Works.

 South Carolina

 Myrtle Beach – This Ripley's museum looks like a building cracked by a hurricane, located near the center of Myrtle Beach's Ocean Boulevard. It opened in 1976. Also in Myrtle Beach is Ripley's Crazy Golf, a mirror maze, Ripley's Haunted Adventure, Ripley's Illusion Lab, and Ripley's Aquarium of Myrtle Beach.

The aquarium, opened in 1997 at Broadway at the Beach, does scientific research and veterinary care for sharks, turtles and other fish but is not always taken seriously because of the Ripley's reputation.

 Tennessee
 Gatlinburg – The original museum was built in 1970. On July 14, 1992, a fire started from a neon light fixture in a neighboring T-shirt shop. It quickly spread and engulfed a total of twelve businesses in one city block and damaged almost every building along the main street. From that Tuesday night to Wednesday morning, firefighters managed to get the situation under control, but the Ripley's Odditorium was one of the twelve to be completely consumed. Some of Ripley's most prized and unique possessions were lost in the fire, although some artifacts were able to be salvaged. The museum was rebuilt and opened in 1994 with nearly twice the amount of exhibit space, plus a tribute to the city's firefighters included among the collections. Artifacts salvaged from the blaze sport decals saying "I Survived the Fire". As with other Ripley museums, it has an architectural theme by looking as if it has survived a major earthquake, with interior and exterior feature cracks throughout. The Ripley's Company has since opened several other attractions in the Gatlinburg-Pigeon Forge area, including a "four-dimensional" theater, a state-of-the-art aquarium, a haunted factory, several arcades, two miniature golf courses, and a mirror maze, all of which carry the Ripley's brand name and logo.

 Texas
 Grand Prairie – This Ripley's Museum is located at 601 East Safari Parkway in Grand Prairie, Texas. It is west of downtown Dallas on IH-30 and is on the northwest intersection of Belt Line Road and IH-30,  east of Six Flags Over Texas.
 San Antonio – This Ripley's Museum is located across from the historic Alamo. Next door is Louis Tussaud's Waxworks, and just a short walk down the road is Ripley's Haunted Adventure.

 Virginia
 Williamsburg – This Ripley's Museum opened in 2006. It has 11 galleries and over 350 exhibits. There is also a 4D theater that shows 3D movies with added effects (air, water, scent, etc.).

 Wisconsin
 Wisconsin Dells – This Ripley's Museum franchise is owned by Concept Attractions. It opened in May 1990. The exterior of the original museum is designed as a temple with a plane crashed into its side. It feature 3 floors with 11 galleries with illusions and puzzles. It is located on Broadway, the downtown strip of Wisconsin Dells. The museum recently relocated to a larger building about two doors from its original location on July 8, 2023.

Oceania
Australia
 Gold Coast – This Ripley's museum is located at the popular tourist destination Surfers Paradise. It reopened in the new Soul Centre on January 22, 2010, featuring a band of human oddities playing songs at the entrance.

Inaccuracies
Authorities at the company insist that they thoroughly investigate everything and ensure their accuracy before they publish their research. This is emphasized on its television show, where they often say "If you see it on Ripley's, you can bet that it's real". However, two claims appearing in their books have been dubbed "myths" by the Discovery Channel television show MythBusters. One claim which had previously appeared in Ripley's books, concerning an accidental execution of 1,200 Turkish prisoners ordered under Napoleon Bonaparte, has had its accuracy called into question by Snopes.

Ripley's has reported the urban legend of Frank Tower – an individual who was supposed to have survived the sinkings of the RMS Titanic, RMS Empress of Ireland, and RMS Lusitania – as being factual, but this story has been debunked by several sources.

Ripley's has also repeated the Muhlenberg legend, which claims that German was once one vote short of becoming the official language of the United States.

See also
 Strange as It Seems'', a rival publication
 Museum of Jurassic Technology, an oddities museum

References

External links

 Inventory of the Doug and Hazel Anderson Storer Collection, 1920s–2003, in the Southern Historical Collection, UNC-Chapel Hill
 National Cartoonist Society Award, 1976: Paul Frehm
 Ripley's Believe It or Not! at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on January 19, 2017.
 Ripley On Radio

1918 comics debuts
Non-fiction comic strips
Educational comics
Jim Pattison Group
Comics adapted into television series
Comics adapted into radio series
NBC radio programs
1930 radio programme debuts
1948 radio programme endings
1940s American radio programs
CBS Radio programs
American radio dramas
Amusement museums in Canada
Amusement museums in the United States
Blackpool Pleasure Beach
Mass media franchises
Mass media museums in the United States
Museums in Branson, Missouri
Museums in Copenhagen
Museums in Dallas County, Texas
Museums in Horry County, South Carolina
Museums in Jalisco
Museums in Lancashire
Museums in Lincoln County, Oregon
Museums in Malaysia
Museums in Mexico City
Museums in Niagara Falls, Ontario
Museums in Orlando, Florida
Museums in Prince Edward Island
Museums in Queensland
Museums in Quintana Roo
Museums in San Antonio
Museums in San Francisco
Museums in Sauk County, Wisconsin
Museums in Sevier County, Tennessee
Museums in St. Augustine, Florida
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Museums in the City of Westminster
Museums in Williamsburg, Virginia
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Mutual Broadcasting System programs
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Ripley's Believe It or Not!


NGC 376 este un roi deschis situat în Micul Nor al lui Magellan, în constelația Tucanul. A fost descoperit în 2 septembrie 1826 de către James Dunlop. De asemenea, a fost observat încă o dată în 12 august 1834 de către John Herschel.

Note

Vezi și

 NGC 375
 NGC 377

Legături externe

 NGC 376 pe WikiSky
 NGC 376 pe spider.seds.org

Roiuri deschise
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Tucanul
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1826
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de James Dunlop

NGC 376


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 Mutasım, Abbasi halifesi (d. 794)

842


يمنح وسام الكويت بدرجاته الثماني لرؤساء الوزرات والسفراء وأبناء الكويت والأجانب الذين يقدمون خدمات جليلة للكويت ولمن أظهر شجاعة فائقة. ونظم قانون 20 لسنة 1974 المختص بأنشاء قلادة مبارك الكبير الأمور المختصة بهذا الوسام.

درجات الوسام
شرحت المادة الأولى من المرسوم درجات الوسام الثمانية كاللآتي:
 وسام الكويت ذو الوشاح من الطبقة الممتازة
 وسام الكويت ذو الوشاح من الطبقة الأولى
 وسام الكويت ذو الرصيعة من الطبقة الممتازة
 وسام الكويت ذو الرصيعة من الطبقة الأولى
 وسام الكويت من الطبقة الثانية
 وسام الكويت من الطبقة الثالثة
 وسام الكويت من الطبقة الرابعة
 وسام الكويت من الطبقة الخامسة

أشهر من حصل على الوسام

 الفريق أول الركن الأمير خالد بن سلطان بن عبد العزيز (وسام الكويت ذو الوشاح من الطبقة الممتازة 1992)
 الشاعر غازي القصيبي (وسام الكويت ذو الوشاح من الطبقة الممتازة 1992)
 السكرتير العام للأمم المتحدة السابق خافيير بيريز دي كويلارد (وسام الكويت ذو الوشاح من الطبقة الممتازة 1993)
 عبد الله يعقوب بشارة (وسام الكويت ذو الوشاح من الطبقة الأولى 1993)
 جيمس بيكر وزير الخارجية الأمريكي الأسبق (وسام الكويت ذو الوشاح من الطبقة الممتازة 1993)
 الأمير فيصل بن فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود (وسام الكويت ذو الوشاح من الطبقة الممتازة 1993)
 الأمير محمد بن فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود (وسام الكويت ذو الوشاح من الطبقة الممتازة 1993)
 كولن باول (وسام الكويت ذو الوشاح من الطبقة الممتازة 1993)
 جميل إبراهيم الحجيلان أمين عام مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربية السابق (وسام الكويت ذو الرصيعة من الطبقة الممتازة 2002)
 د.فايزة الخرافي مديرة جامعة الكويت السابقة (وسام الكويت ذو الوشاح من الطبقة الأولى 2002)
 عبد العزيز سعود البابطين (وسام الكويت ذو الوشاح من الطبقة الأولى 2007)
 البطل الأولمبي فهيد الديحاني (وسام الكويت ذو الرصيعة من الطبقة الأولى 12 أغسطس 2012)
 البطل الأولمبي عبدالله الرشيدي (وسام الكويت ذو الرصيعة من الطبقة الأولى 16 أغسطس 2016)
 وزير الخارجية الشيخ أحمد ناصر المحمد الصباح (وسام الكويت ذو الوشاح من الطبقة الأولى 7 يناير 2021)
 ولي عهد السعودية محمد بن سلمان آل سعود (وسام الكويت ذو الوشاح من الطبقة الأولى 10 ديسمبر 2021)

الوسام

المراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1974 في الكويت
جوائز أسست في 1974
مراتب تشريفية وأوسمة وميداليات الكويت

وسام الكويت


An Puya novarae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ganapathy Subramaniam Varadarajan, Gómez Rom. ngan A.Grau. An Puya novarae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puya, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puya

Puya novarae


Coryloideae, biljna potporodica, dio porodice brezovki. Sastoji se od četiri živa priznata roda listopadnih grmova i drveća: Carpinus, Corylus, Ostrya i Ostryopsis.

Postoji i nekoliko fosilnih rodova: †Asterocarpinus, †Coryloides, †Cranea, †Kardiasperma, †Palaeocarpinus.

Zajedno s potporodicom Betuloideae  (breza i joha) čini porodicu brezovki.

Rodovi
 Tribus Coryleae Dumort.
 Corylus L.  (19 spp.)
 Tribus Carpineae A. DC.
 Carpinus L. (48 spp.)
 Ostrya Scop. (8 spp.)
 Ostryopsis Decne. (3 spp.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Palaeocarpinus dakotensis sp.n. (Betulaceae: Coryloideae) and Associated Staminate Catkins, Pollen, and Leaves from the Paleocene of North Dakota

Brezovke

Coryloideae


Olaylar
 Rafael, Şeytanla Savaşan Mikâil adlı eserini tamamladı.

Doğumlar
 29 Eylül - Tintoretto, İtalyan ressam (ö. 1594)

Ölümler
 1 Ocak - Sultan Murad, Son Akkoyunlu sultanı (d. 1490)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Jozef Hamon, Osmanlı'da hekim, Yavuz Sultan Selim'in özel doktorluğunu yapan Moşe Hamon'un babası (d. 1450'ler)
 Oruç Reis, Osmanlı denizcisi, Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa'nın ağabeyi (d. 1470 - 74)
 Saturnino Gatti, İtalyan Rönesans dönemi ressamı ve heykeltıraşı (d. 1463)

1518


Espírito Santo do Pinhal es un municipio brasileño situado en el estado de São Paulo. Según el censo de 2022, tiene una población de 39 816 habitantes.

Se localiza a una latitud 22º19" sur y a una longitud 46º74'' oeste.

Posee un área de 389.24 km².

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2000/2010

Población Total: 41.853 (2010)
 Urbana: 34.753 (2000)
 Rural: 5.727 (2000)

 Hombres: 20.039 (2000)
 Mujeres: 20.441 (2000)

Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 103,69 (2000)

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 11,12 (2000)

Expectativa de vida (años): 73,98 (2000)

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 2,01 (2000)

Tasa de Alfabetización: 90,62% (2000)

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,808 (2000)
 IDH-M Salario: 0,751
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,816
 IDH-M Educación: 0,857

Educación
Universidad
 Centro Regional Universitário de Espírito Santo do Pinhal - UNIPINHAL

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Historia de Espírito Santo do Pinhal

Localidades de São Paulo

Espírito Santo do Pinhal


ديفا مدينة تقع غربي رومانيا, عاصمة محافظة هونيدوارا في إقليم بانات. تبعد عن بوخارست العاصمة 381 كم، عدد سكانها 67.508 نسمة حسب إحصاء 2007.
( بالرومانية : Deva - بالهنغارية: Déva - بالألمانية : Diemrich, Schlossberg, Denburg )

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لديفا:

توأمة
لديفا (رومانيا) اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 زغتفار
 أراس
 شيربورغ

أعلام
 بوغدان جوراتوني
 فلورنتينا إيوسكو
 دانييلا سيليفاش
 بوغدان مارا
 لورا بيفل

معرض صور

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة هوندوارا
بلدات رومانيا
مقاطعات عواصم الرومانية

ديفا (رومانيا)


Poiana Uzului a fost un sat situat în județul Bacău pe valea Uzului la 10-12 km de comuna Dărmănești (căreia îi aparținea). A fost înființat în anii 1850 și a fost desființat în septembrie 1969, ca urmare a creării lacului de la Poiana Uzului.

Dat fiind că a fost edificat pe o cale de comunicație cu Transilvania intens folosită pe perioada unor conflicte militare, s-a aflat în calea armatelor care treceau prin Pasul Uz. Ca atare, satul a fost distrus în fiecare din celor două războaie mondiale, refăcându-se ulterior. În perioada de maximă dezvoltare a ajuns la peste 600 de locuitori. Economia sa a fost de tip pastoral și forestier.

În Primul Război Mondial, aici a fost situat un punct cheie în defensiva asigurată de trupele române ale Diviziei 7 Infanterie, împotriva trupelor ungare ale Divizia 39 Infanterie Honvéd.

Etimologie
Toponimul Uz, care desemnează satul ardelean Valea Uzului, Harghita, râul Uz și satul Poiana Uzului, amintește de trecerea uzilor în aceste zone, alături și de toponimul Oituz.

Așezare geografică
Așezat pe valea râului Uz, la 10–12 km de Dărmănești într-o zonă tipic montană cu păduri amestecate de fag și molid, ocupa un mic bazinet de facies petrografic localizat la o altitudine de circa 450 m în partea de vest a flișului marginal. Acest bazinet, apărut pe seama complexului litologic al șisturilor negre, este dominat de înălțimi de 1000-1 200 m care aparțin faciesului de Tarcău. De asemenea, este limitat în aval de o bară de gresie eocenă, iar în amonte continuă cu defileul Uzului.

Istoric și evoluție

Apariția sa după anul 1850 se datorează atât existenței resurselor exploatabile de lemn, cât și existenței locurilor de pășunat, precum și proximității graniței cu Transilvania. Populația sa provine din depresiunea Dărmănești, primii locuitori fiind stabiliți aici lângă pârâul Grozea, ca urmare a dorinței lui Gheorghe Știrbey (nepotul lui Barbu Știrbey), de a exploata economic pășunea din partea locului (aceasta se dovedise nerentabilă pe vremea lui Barbu Știrbei, ca urmare a faptului că fiind în proximitatea graniței, era adesea ținta furturilor de vite).

Deja  în jurul anului 1900 satul avea 20 de case și un fierăstrău cu apă pentru tăiatul buștenilor, localitatea trecând rapid de la o economie cu o dominantă pastorală la una cu o dominantă forestieră. În anul 1903 satul a fost conectat la rețeaua de drumuri, s-a ridicat aici o bisericuță și a fost înființată o școală. Dezvoltându-se, satul s-a răsfirat pe valea Uzului.

Fiind ridicat pe o cale de comunicație cu Transilvania mai puțin folosită în vremuri de pace, dar foarte intens folosită pe perioada unor conflicte militare, s-a aflat în calea armatelor care treceau prin Pasul Uz. Ca atare, satul a fost distrus în fiecare din celor două războaie mondiale, refăcându-se ulterior. După Primul Război Mondial, localitatea s-a refăcut rapid datorită materialelor de construcție existente din abundență și populația a revenit aproape integral, urmând o perioadă de prosperitate. Atfel, în perioada interbelică s-a extins spre Sălătruc și a apărut cătunul Pivniceri, dezvoltarea locală fiind impulsionată de apariția la Sălătruc a unei fabrici de oțet, a altor fierăstraie de cherestea și a unei uzine electrice acționată de forța apei. Ca atare, în anul 1935 se aflau la Poiana Uzului 120 de case și aproximativ 600 de locuitori.

În timpul delui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, ca urmare a retragerii pe aici a trupelor germane, populația s-a refugiat din nou, găsindu-și la întoarcere cea mai mare parte din case distruse. A urmat o nouă perioadă de dezvoltare, aflată însă în strânsă legătură de această dată cu cea a localității Dărmănești. În preajma strămutării așezării localitatea avea o structură răsfirată și rămăsese tipic rurală, iar economia sa avea un profil zootehnic și forestier, venitul pe gospodărie al locuitorilor  menținându-se în zona mijlocie. În jurul vetrei satului care avea circa 80 de hectare, se găseau suprafețe întinse de pășuni și fânețe,   folosirea suprafețelor indicând la nivelul anului 1967 un minim, în ce privește terenurile folosite ca suprafețe agricole.

În anii 1960 populația satului a început să scadă, în special pe seama populației tinere apte de muncă, drept urmare a migrației forței de muncă spre obiectivele industriale din zona depresiunii Dărmănești. Astfel, statistica a consemnat atât îmbătrânire apopulației cât și într-un singur an, de la 1965 la 1966, scăderea numărului de locuitori de la 645 la 575. În anul 1967, repartiția populației active era de 60 % în activitățile zootehnice și forestiere și de 40 % în sectorul industrial din afara localității.

Înființarea lacului

Din punct de vedere administrativ, în 1968, satele Poiana Uzului și Pivniceri au fost desființate și comasate cu satul Dărmănești.

Fosta așezare de la Poiana Uzului a fost desființată în septembrie 1969, ca urmare a construcției în aval în zona Pivniceri, a barajului de la Poiana Uzului. Locuitorii satului au fost strămutați în zona Boiștea a Dărmăneștiului, pe locul numit "Lanul Dumbrăvița". La momentul strămutării, satul mai avea 231 de familii.

Rol militar
În Primul Război Mondial aici a fost situat un punct cheie în defensiva asigurată de Divizia 7 Infanterie împotriva Divizia 39 Infanterie Honvéd, în timpul operația Armatei României de apărare a trecătorilor.

Un loc de înhumare pentru cei căzuți în Marele Război a fost creat aici, în locul numit "Vadu Rău".. Acesta a fost desființat în perioada interbelică, osemintele de aici fiind centralizate în Cimitirul eroilor din Comănești.

În timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, în apropierea localității s-au aflat, la Valea Uzului, lucrări de fortificații ale Liniei Árpád.

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Văcărașu, Iulia; Poiana Uzului, un sat dispărut de pe harta județului Bacău; Carpica, 3/1970; accesat la 15 iunie 2019
Lectură suplimentară
 Alexa, Vasile & Alexa, & Viorica & Creangă, Liliana & Alexa, Iuliana; Monografii Dărmăneștene, Vol 1: Satul Poiana Uzului, Cătunul Pivniceri, Cătunul Valea Uzului; Ed. Activ; Bacău; 2006; ISBN 978-973-86862-5-3

Localități dispărute din România
Localități din județul Bacău

Poiana Uzului, Bacău


جوجل فيديو هو موقع فيديو مجاني، وكذلك محرك بحث للفيديو من غوغل. غوغل فيديو يسمح للفيديو أن يكون جزءًا لا يتجزأ من مواقع أخرى بعيدة ويوفر ما يلزم من كود HTML (لغة تأثير النصوص التشعبية) ويسمح كذلك للمواقع باستضافة كميات كبيرة من الفيديو عن بعد على جوجل فيديو دون الوقوع في عرض النطاق الترددي. بعض أشرطة الفيديو معروضة أيضاً للبيع من خلال متجر غوغل فيديو.

تم طرح هذه الخدمة في 25 يناير، 2005. في 9 أكتوبر، 2006 قامت جوجل بشراء منافسها السابق يوتيوب. أعلنت غوغل في 13 يونيو، 2007 أن نتائج بحث جوجل فيديو ستبدأ لتشمل أشرطة الفيديو التي اكتشفتها عن طريق البحث في خادمات الاستضافة الأخرى ويوتيوب. تفتح روابط نتائج البحث الآن مجموعة إطارات مع جوجل فيديو في أعلى الصفحة، وتكون الصفحة الأصلية تحتها، فتكون مشابهة لطريقة عرض Google images(مجموعات الصور) التي تعرض نتائج البحث.

تم اغلاق جوجل فيديو في 20 أغسطس 2012. وانتقل محتوى فيديو جوجل تلقائياً إلى موقع يوتيوب.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

استضافة فيديو
خدمات جوجل المتوقفة
مواصفات إنترنت انحلت في 2009
مواصفات إنترنت انحلت في 2012
مواقع ويب ترفيهية
مواقع ويب أسست في 2005
مواقع ويب أمريكية سابقة

جوجل فيديو


سباق المشي  هو سباق رياضي للمشي لمسافات طويلة. ويختلف عن المشي (المعتاد) في أنه يجب أن تكون هناك قدم واحدة على اتصال بالأرض في جميع الأوقات. يتم تقصير طول الخطوة، لتحقيق سرعة تنافسية، يجب على المتسابقين تحقيق معدلات مماثلة لتلك التي يتم تحقيقها في السباقات الأولمبية في سباقات 400 متر. ويوجد منها سباق 20 كيلومتر (للرجال والنساء)، وسباق 50 كيلومتر (رجال فقط).

أفضل العدائين

الرجال

20 كم

50 كم

السيدات

20 كم

50 كم

في الثقافة العامة
نظرا للصورة التي يبدو عليها المتنافسين أثناء المسابقة، وهي صورة من يريد الجري لكنه يمشي، فكثيرا ما يتم التعليق عليها بطريقة ساخرة. في سنة 1992 م علق أحدهم على تلك المنافسة بقوله: إنها تشبه مسابقة لمن يمكنه أن «يهمس» بأعلى صوت.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 World Class Racewalking Dave McGovern's website
 Racewalk.com
 High School Race Walking
 Race Walking Record - News, photos and reports all about racewalking
 World Masters Race Walking Rankings
 Race Walk UK
 WALK! Magazine
 The Walking Site
 Racewalking with Mark
 D. Guebey walking pages

سباق المشي
ألعاب القوى حسب النوع
ألعاب رياضية فردية
ألعاب رياضية نشأت في المملكة المتحدة
مشي

سباق المشي


Francisco Hernando Velásquez Henríquez, conocido también como Francisco «Frank» Velásquez (Barra de Santiago, municipio de Jujutla, Ahuachapán, 12 de febrero de 1990) es un jugador salvadoreño de fútbol playa. En la Copa Mundial de Fútbol Playa FIFA 2011, fue considerado como el tercer mejor jugador del evento.

Trayectoria
Concacaf
Debutó con la selección salvadoreña en el campeonato de Concacaf de 2009 en el que anotó cuatro goles, y adonde también logró el título regional. Para el torneo del año 2010, se proclamó campeón goleador con doce anotaciones, y se hizo acreedor del reconocimiento de jugador más valioso. En Bahamas 2013 se agenció ocho anotaciones.

Copas del Mundo
En copas del mundo, anotó dos goles en Dubái 2009; y en Rávena 2011 fue el tercer mejor anotador del evento con seis goles, entre los que destacaron las cuatro anotaciones contra la selección de Italia en los cuartos de final, uno de ellos en tiempo extra que decidió el resultado del juego a favor de los centroamericanos (6:5). Además, su primer gol en ese partido fue escogido como el mejor del torneo por parte de los usuarios de Fifa.com. Su destacada actuación fue reconocida con el Balón de bronce como el tercer mejor jugador del evento, adonde descolló «con su velocidad y su capacidad rematadora».

En Tahití 2013 anotó en dos ocasiones, todos en la primera ronda.

Otras participaciones
Su carrera comprende el Mundialito de Clubes de Fútbol Playa de 2011 con el conjunto Seattle Sounders. También ha participado en juegos con equipos de «fútbol once», como el CD Once Municipal  y otros de Guatemala.

Vida personal
Velásquez es originario del cantón Barra de Santiago del municipio de Jujutla, en el que también habitan sus compañeros de selección nacional, Baudilio Guardado y Darwin Ramírez. En el año 2008 obtuvo el grado de Bachiller, y posteriormente inició la carrera de Licenciatura en Turismo.

Para el mes de diciembre de 2011, y durante un juego de exhibición, sufrió una rotura de ligamento cruzado anterior en la rodilla izquierda que lo mantuvo afuera de las canchas entre cinco y seis meses.

Palmarés

Campeonatos internacionales

Distinciones individuales

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Jugadores de fútbol playa de El Salvador

Frank Velásquez


Kruge su zagrebačko gradsko naselje (kvart) i istoimena ulica koji se nalaze u sastavu Gradske četvrti Trnje. Graniči na istoku sa Sigečicom (Avenija Marina Držića), na zapadu s Miramarama (Ulica Hrvatske bratske zajednice, na sjeveru s Ulicom grada Vukovara, te na jugu sa Starim Trnjem i Savicom (Slavonska avenija). Naselje obuhvaća Mjesni odbor Trnje na zapadu i Mjesni odbor Marin Držić na istoku.

Naselje karakteriziraju stambene zgrade sagrađene po socijalističkom modelu funkcionalnog naselja, odnosno naselja koje ima sve sadržaje potrebne za svakodnevni život stanovnika. U kvartu se nalaze osnovne škole Grigora Viteza i Marina Držića, VIII. policijska postaja, Športsko rekreacijski centar Trnje, dvije srednje škole, Industrijska strojarska škola i Strojarska tehnička škola Fausta Vrančića.

Naselja u Gradu Zagrebu

Kruge (Zagreb)


The École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr (ESM, literally the "Special Military School of Saint-Cyr") is a French military academy, and is often referred to as Saint-Cyr (). It is located in Coëtquidan in Guer, Morbihan, Brittany. Its motto is Ils s'instruisent pour vaincre, literally meaning "They study to vanquish" or, more freely put, "Training for victory". French cadet officers are called saint-cyriens or cyrards. France's other most senior military education institute is the  (EdG) (School of Warfare), located in the École militaire complex, in Paris.

French students who enter Saint-Cyr as cadets are about 21 years old, and undergo three years of training. All ESM cadets graduate with a Master of Arts or a Master of Science and are commissioned officers.

The academy was founded in Fontainebleau in 1802 by Napoleon. It was moved in 1806 to the buildings of the former Maison Royale de Saint-Louis, in Saint-Cyr-l'École, west of Paris. During the Second World War, the cadets moved several times due to the German invasion. They eventually settled in 1945 in the Coëtquidan military camp in Morbihan.

History

The École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr was created by order of Napoleon Bonaparte on 1 May 1802 (the Law of 11 Floréal an X according to the then-official revolutionary calendar), to replace the École Royale Militaire then located in Fontainebleau. Renamed the École Spéciale Impériale Militaire after Bonaparte was proclaimed emperor, it moved in 1808 to Saint-Cyr-l'École (Yvelines) in the castle of the former Maison royale de Saint-Louis, a school for girls of the French nobility disbanded at the time of the Revolution.

The school trained a large number of young officers and generals who served during the Napoleonic Wars, and later Napoleon III created the Prince Imperial division for family members, It remained stationed in Saint-Cyr-l'École after Napoleon's deposition and through all regime changes until 1940. After the defeat of the French Army against Germany in 1940, the school moved to the free zone, in the south of France, in Aix-en-Provence. After the invasion of the free zone by the Germans in 1942, the school was disbanded, but French cadet officer training went on, part in Cherchell (Algeria, then Free French territory) and part in the United Kingdom (Cadets de la France Libre) under General de Gaulle's command, albeit under British supervision and guidance.

At the Libération of France in 1944, the school was reunited under the command of General de Lattre de Tassigny and settled in the somewhat remote and isolated military camp of Coëtquidan, Morbihan, because the "vieux bahut" (old school) had been severely damaged by an Allied bombing during the Libération campaign.

Saint-Cyr has remained there to this day. A reform in 1961 split the school into two entities: the current École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (ESM), devoted to the training of direct-recruitment officers, recruited through an annual national competitive exam, and the École Militaire Interarmes (EMIA), cadets from internal recruitment (selected from non-commissioned officer (NCO) ranks and reserve officer ranks) and added a third entity, the École Militaire du Corps Technique et Administratif (EMCTA), devoted to the formation of administrative specialist officers and generals. The school admitted its first female cadets in 1983 and underwent a minor reform in 2002 devised to broaden the diversity of its recruitment.

Since 1802, 65,000 Saint-Cyriens have been trained, along with 2,000 international cadets. Of the French graduates 9,639 died on the field of battle. Alumni also count 11 Maréchaux de France, three French heads of state, two flying aces, six members of the Académie Française, and one Blessed of the Catholic Church.

The school has links with the Royal Military College of Canada, United States Military Academy (West Point), and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in Britain, including student exchanges.

Motto
Napoleon's original motto, "Ils s'instruisent pour vaincre" ("They study to overcome/conquer/win"), was changed by the restoration king, Louis XVIII, to: "Ils s'instruisent pour la Défense de la Patrie" ("They study for the Defence of the Fatherland"). The Napoleonic version was used again from 1848 to 1870. That motto was next changed to "Honneur et Patrie" ("Honour and Fatherland") until 1918, when it reverted again to the original Napoleonic wording.

Museum
The museum is open to the public Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday mornings from 10 a.m. – 12 a.m. to group tours and afternoons to the public on Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday from 2:30 p.m. – 5 p.m. On the weekend, the museum is open to the public from 10 a.m. – 12 a.m. and from 2 p.m. – 6 p.m. The museum is closed to the public on Mondays and it is closed from 2:30 p.m. to 5 p.m. on Thursdays. The museum is located on Rivoli court. The permanent collection explores the lives of the Saint-Cyrien from the end of the ancient regime to today. The collection shows the evolution of the uniform, personal objects, artwork, authentic documents, arms, clothing and family relics.

Traditions

Class names and insignia
Since 1829, every class (promotion) of Saint-Cyr chooses a name. It can be a nickname (du Firmament, "of the Stars", for the first one), the name of a famous battle (Sevastopol for the 1855–56 Class), the name of a famous soldier or general (Bayard, 1923–25 Class, Foch, 1928–30 Class). Since 1934, every class also chooses a special insignia.

Uniform
Cadets of Saint-Cyr wear in full dress (grand uniforme ou grand U) a special uniform, derived from the 1845 Regulations Infantry Officer Dress. This dress incorporates a dark-blue tunic, red trousers (red skirts for female cadets) and a shako with red and white plumes. Tunic facings and trouser stripes are light blue, as is the képi worn on less formal occasions. Red fringed epaulettes are worn by cadets and yellow by cadet-officers. This traditional uniform was worn by both cadets and instructors at Saint-Cyr from 1845 until 1914 and then again from 1930 until 1939. After World War II it was again adopted in 1949.

The shako plumes are nicknamed Casoars (cassowaries), because they were first adopted in 1855 at the time of this colorful bird's first appearance in the Paris Zoo. While the plumes were not at first welcomed by the cadets, they have become a symbol of Saint-Cyr. The Saint-Cyr cadets of the class of 1913–14, graduating ahead of time with the outbreak of World War I, reportedly vowed to lead their platoons in battle wearing the casoar on their service kepis.

Ceremonies
The various steps of the cadets' formation are celebrated in various ceremonies, all performed during nighttime. At the beginning of the first year, after boot camp, the cadets are welcomed with shakos granted to them by the third-year cadets. This is called the petit soir or "small night". At the end of the first year, the cadets are presented with the Casoar (the red and white plumes on their shakos) and with their officer's sword. This is the grand soir or "big night". At the end of the second year, cadets are officially commissioned second lieutenants. This is celebrated in the "baptism" (baptême) of the class, a ceremony in which every cadet receive the accolade from a senior officer. At the end of the third and final year, the cadets are promoted to the rank of lieutenant and receive their new insignia in a ceremony called the "triumph" (triomphe). This ceremony is also the time of solemn proclamation of the class name.

Re-enactment
Using authentic battle gear and uniforms of the period, re-enactments of famous battles and ceremonies are regularly staged. The most famous of these is the Battle of Austerlitz, which took place on 2 December 1805 and has been celebrated ever since. 2 December, nicknamed "2S" by the Saint-Cyr cadets, is the date of many Saint-Cyr related celebrations in the Army proper or among the alumni associations made up of graduates of the school.

Application
Cadets are recruited through a national annual competitive exam, after previous tertiary education. French students take exams on general knowledge, aptitude and intelligence; sit for an interview and pass a test of physical ability.

 Standard test (concours sur épreuves) : Recruitment occurs after two years of classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles, like most other French Grandes écoles, or a three-year license in a university. The exams propose optional pathways. Maths/science was traditionally the preferred entrance path but today economics and philosophy/literature are also common.
 Interview and record exam (concours sur titres) : These saint-cyriens are recruited after graduate education (master's degree). They will follow only the last year of Saint-Cyr training.

In addition, a number of foreign students are admitted annually.

Training
As all officers obtain a college major upon graduation, military and leadership education is nested with academic instruction. The course is three years long and covers academic training, military strategy and theory, practice of war, training, physical training and leadership and organisational training.

The first-year involves military training and academics. The last two years focus on academics with one to three week breaks for military training. Officer cadets at St-Cyr are commissioned officers. The cadets attend school from September to July.

Each promotion (class) of the ESM is organised as a battalion and thus the Corps of Cadets is structured as a regiment. The 1st-year students (rank of élève-officier – Cadet) are France's Third Battalion, 2nd-year (rank of aspirant – Officer Designate) are France's Second Battalion and third-year (rank of sous-lieutenant – 2nd Lieutenant) are France's First Battalion. The Reserve Officers, Special Duty Officers and Aspirants trained at the ESM in short sessions are France's Fourth Battalion.

Upon graduation, cadets are awarded the diploma of Saint-Cyr, which is a master's degree in Strategy and International Relations or Management, or a military degree, depending on their major. Majors are in engineering or science subjects or specialization in classics, modern or ancient history, modern languages, applied modern languages, security, science and economics, law, computer science, physical education, political science or military studies.

Graduates leave the school with the rank of lieutenant and join the specialist school of the branch they select for one additional year, before being assigned to a regiment to serve as a platoon leader.

Notable alumni

 Jean-François Gentil (1789–1852): French general
 Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (1936–2019): President of Tunisia
 Abdullah Atfeh (1897–1976): Chief of Staff and Minister of Defense of Syria
 Michel Arnaud (1915–1990): class of 1935
 Bahram Aryana (1906–1985): Military Chief of Staff, Iran
 Felipe Ángeles (1868–1919): Mexican revolutionary
 Narciso Campero (1813–1896): Military Commander of Bolivia's 5th Division during War of the Pacific, President of Bolivia
 François Certain Canrobert (1809–1895): class of 1828
 Marcel Deslaurens (1883–1940): French general
 Achille Pierre Deffontaines (1858–1914): youngest French general to die in World War I
 Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970): class of 1912, President of the French Republic
 Jacques de Sieyes (1891–1949) (a classmate of de Gaulle)
 Henri Hay De Slade (1893–1979): flying ace, WWI
 Louis Franchet d'Espérey (1856–1942): class of 1876
 Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque (1902–1947): class of 1924, Marshal of France
 Hélie de Saint Marc (1922–2013)
 Gabriel Brunet de Sairigné (1913–1948): class of 1933
 Ettore Perrone di San Martino (1789–1849): class of 1806
 David Galula (1919–1967): class of 1940
 Babacar Gaye (b. 1951) : Head of MONUSCO
 Adolphe Guillaumat (1863–1940): class of 1884
 Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (1889–1952): Marshal of France
 Charles de Foucauld (1858–1916): class of 1876
 Joseph Gallieni (1849–1916)
 Jacques Guillermaz (1911–1998): class of 1937, diplomat, sinologist
 Sardar Homayoun (1850s–1930s)
 Alphonse Juin (1888–1967): class  of 1912, Marshal of France
 Arthur Constantin Krebs (1878–1964)
 Auguste Lahoulle (1891–1959): flying ace, WWI
 François-Henry Laperrine (1860–1920): French general in WWI
 Guillaume Konsbruck (1909–1983): class of 1933, Luxembourgian politician
 Paul Legentilhomme (1884–1975): class of 1907
 Liao Yaoxiang (1903–1968): class of 1936, Chinese general in the Second Sino-Japanese War
 Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1870–1949)
 Hubert Lyautey (1854–1934)
 Patrice MacMahon (1808–1893): class of 1827
 Peter I of Serbia (1844–1921): King of Serbia (1903–1918); King of Yugoslavia (1918–1921)
 Dragoljub Mihailović: class of 1930
 Pierre Nord (1900–1985): writer
 Hüseyin Nâzım Paşa (1848–1913): Chief of Staff of the military of the Ottoman Empire
 Philippe Pétain (1856–1951): Marshal of France
 Aimable Jean Jacques Pélissier (1794–1864)
 Peter I of Serbia (1844–1921): class of 1862
 Lucien Poirier (1918–2013): class of 1939
 Haj Ali Razmara (1901–1951): Prime Minister of Iran 1950–51
 Joaan bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (b. 1986): son of the Emir of Qatar
 Jean-Etienne Valluy (1899–1970)
 Maxime Weygand (1867–1965): class of 1897
 Michał Rola-Żymierski (1890–1989): class of 1923, first marshal of the Polish People's Republic
 Manouchehr Khosrodad (1927–1979): commander of Imperial Iranian Army Aviation
 Philippe Morillon (b. 1935): French general commanding the United Nations Forces in Bosnia (1992–1993) and a Member of the European Parliament until 2009
 Francisco Solano López (1827–1870): Paraguayan President and Military Leader during the War of the Triple Alliance
 François Lecointre (b. 1962): class of 1987, Chief of the Defence Staff of the Armies
 Franco Albrecht (b. 1989): class of 2011, suspected German right-wing terrorist

See also
Ecole de Guerre-Terre (EDG-T), Paris
 (EdG) (School of Warfare)
École militaire, Paris
École militaire interarmes (EMIA), Coëtquidan, Brittany
École supérieure de guerre (1876–1993)

References

External links

 Official website (in French)

Military academies of France
Educational institutions established in 1802
Training establishments of the French Army
1802 establishments in France
Education in Brittany
Buildings and structures in Morbihan

École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr


විලාසිතා සතිය යනු ආසන්න වශයෙන් සතියක් පුරාවට පැවැත්වෙන විලාසිතා කර්මාන්ත උත්සවයක් වන අතර එහිදී විලාසිතා නිර්මාණකරුවන්ට හෝ සමාගම්වලට ඔවුන්ගේ නවතම එකතු ප්‍රදර්ශනය කිරීමට අවස්ථාවක් ලබා දෙයි. කැට්වෝක් සංදර්ශන සමාන්‍යයෙන් විලාසිතා සතිවල වඩා ඉස්මතු වී පෙනෙන අවස්ථා වේ. වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ විලාසිතා සති පැවැත්වෙනු ලබන්නේ මිලාන්, පැරිස්, ලන්ඩන් හා නිව් යෝර්ක් වැනි විලාසිතා නඟරවලදීය. 2000 මුල් භාගයේ හා මැදභාගයේ දී විවිධ පැතිවල සිටින නිර්මාණකරුවන්ගේ අවධානය දිනා ගැනීම සඳහා ලොව පුරා විලාසිතා සති පැවැත්වෙන ලදී.

ඉතිහාසය
1943 දී නිව් යෝර්ක් හි පැවති මුල්ම විලාසිතා සතිය දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය අතරතුර දී ප්‍රංශ විලාසිතාවලින් ඔබ්බට අවධානය දිනා ගැනීම සඳහා නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී.ඒ විලාසිතා කර්මාන්තයේ නියුතු වූවන්ට ප්‍රංශ විලාසිතා සංදර්ශණ නැරඹීම සඳහා ප්‍රංශයට ගමන් කළ නොහැකිව තිබූ කාලයේ දීය. විලාසිතා ප්‍රචාරිකාවක වන එලනර් ලැම්බර් විසින් විලාසිතා ජනමාධ්‍යකරුවන් සඳහා මුලදී එතරම් තැකීමක් නොකළ ඇමරිකානු නිර්මාණකරුවන් ප්‍රදර්ශනය කිරීමට ඇය විසින් ප්‍රෙස් වීක් ලෙස හැඳින්වූ උත්සවයක් සංවිධානය කරන ලදී. (ගැණුම්කරුවන් සංදර්ශණවලට ඇතුල් කර නොගන්නා ලද අතර ඔවුන්ට නිර්මාණකරුවන්ගේ ප්‍රදර්ශනාගාර වෙත යාමට සිදු විය. මෙම ප්‍රෙස් වීක් උත්සවය සාර්ථක වූ අතර සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ප්‍රංශ සැලසුම්වලින් පිරී තිබූ වෝග් වැනි විලාසිතා සඟරා ක්‍රමක්‍රමයෙන් ඇමරිකානු විලාසිතා නිරූපණය කිරීම ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. කෙසේ නමුත් යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව මිනිසුන් නැවතත් පැරිස් හා අනෙකුත් විලාසිතා ස්ථාන කරා (ලන්ඩන් හා මිලාන්, අලුතෙන් ඇති වූ විලාසිතා සති සඳහා) නැවත ගියහ. මෙම කාලය වන විට මෙම නඟර 4 විලාසිතා දින දර්ශනය පාලනය කරන ලද අතර වර්තමානය දක්වා අඛණ්ඩව එහි පාලනය නතු කරගෙන සිටී. මිළදී ගැනීම් අන්තයෙන් හා ජනමාධ්‍ය අන්තයෙන් එය හොඳය. මන්දයත් නිව් යෝර්ක් සිට ලන්ඩන් දක්වා ද ඉන්පසු මිලාන් දක්වා ද අවසානයේ පැරිස් දක්වා ද පහසුවෙන් ගුවන් මඟින් මාසයක් තුළ දී සංචාරය කළ හැක. පිටරටවල සිටින මිළදී ගන්නන් සඳහා ලන්ඩන් සිට මිලාන් හා ඉන්පසු පැරිස් දක්වා වූ ආසන්න බව නිසා විලාසිතා සතිය වඩාත් වැදගත් බවට පත්විය.

එක් ප්‍රධාන විවේචනයක් වන්නේ ලොස් ඇන්ජලීස් හෝ සාඕපාලෝ වැනි විලාසිතා සතිවලින් මතුවෙන දක්ෂ විලාසිතා නිර්මාණකරුවන්ට සාම්ප්‍රදායික විලාසිතා සති 4 වන පැරිස්, ලන්ඩන්, මිලාන් හෝ නිව් යෝර්ක් සංදර්ශණවලින් මතුවන නිර්මාණකරුවන්ට තරම් පිළිගැනීමක් නොලැබෙන බවයි. තවද යම් ස්ථානයක් අයත් කරගෙන සිටින නිර්මාණකරුවන් විසින් වෙළඳපොළ පාලනය කරන අතර ආර්ථිකමය වශයෙන් අඩු දියුණුවකින් යුත් රටවලින් පැමිණෙන නව නිර්මාණකරුවන් සඳහා විලාසිතා අගනඟර 4 දී පැවැත්වෙන විලාසිතා සති දින සටහනේ ඉඩක් වෙන් කර ගැනීමට නොහැකි වනු ඇත. එමනිසා ඔවුන් දක්ෂතාවලින් යුක්ත වුණත් ඔවුන්ගේ දක්ෂතා පෙන්වීම සඳහා  වූ හැකියාවට බාධා පැමිණී ඇත.

ලක්ෂණ
ප්‍රධාන මෝස්තර නිර්මාණ නගරවල මෝස්තර නිර්මාණ සති අර්ධ වාර්ෂික උත්සව ලෙස පැවැත්වෙයි. සරත් සෘතුවේ මොස්තර නිර්මාණ සතිවලදී සැළසුම් කරුවාගේ එකතූන් කුටි තුළ දක්නට ලැබෙයි. එය ජනවාරි සිට මාර්තු දක්වා පැවැත්වෙන අතර සිසිර සෘතුවේ මොස්තර නිර්මාණ සති සැප්තැම්බර් සිට නොවැම්බර් දක්වා පැවැත්වෙයි. මොස්තර නිර්මාණ සති මාස ගනනාවක් පුරා රැස්කළ පිරිසට හා මිල දී ගන්නන්ට මීළග උත්සව සමයේ මෝස්තර නිර්මාණ පෙර දැකීම සදහා අනිවාර්යයෙන් පැවැත්විය යුතුවේ. මෙය සිල්ලර වෙළෙන්දන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ සිල්ලර වෙළද පොළට නිර්මාණ ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට කල්ලබා දේ.

මිල දී ගන්නන්, මෝස්තර නිර්මාණ සඟරා වල කර්තෘවරුන් මාධ්‍යයන් සමරන්නන් හා විනෝදාත්මක කර්මාන්තයේ සාමාජිකයන් මෝස්තර නිර්මාණ සති වලට සහභාගි වේ. අවුරුදු ගණනකට පෙර මෙය වෙළද පොල සදහා පමණක් පැවැත් වුවද අද ඒවා මාධ්‍ය හා විනෝදාත්මක උත්සව බවට පත් විය. සජීවි සංගීතඥයන් සැමරුම් අමුත්තන් මිල අධික උත්සව අවස්ථාවන් හා පුන්‍ය කටයුතු මීට සමගාමීව පැවැත්වෙන අතර ඇතමුන් මහජනයාට අත්බෑග්, ආභරණ, සපත්තු, තොප්පි හා රූපලාවණ්‍ය කටයුතු අඩංගු  ප්‍රදර්ශණයන් නැරඹීමට ඉඩ ලබාදෙයි. වැදගත් මෝස්තර නිර්මාණ පාර්සල් රැසක්ද මීට සහභාගි වෙයි.

ඇතැම් මෝස්තර නිර්මාණ සති සුවිශේෂි වෙයි. උදාහරණ ලෙස Miami මෝසතර නිර්මාණ සතිය (පිහිනුම් ඇදුම්), Preta Porter (ඇඟලුමට සුදානම) , Couture (ප්‍රබව නිර්මාණක ආකාරයක්), මනාලියන්ගේ මෝස‍්තර නිර්මාණ සතිය ගත හැකි අතර Portland (Oregon ඇ.එ.ජ) නිර්මාණ සිතය තුළදී පරිසර හිතකාමී නිර්මාණයන් දැක ගත හැක.

විලාසිතා සතිය


ප්රන්ස බසින් 'ආ සූස දෙ'හ්ජො' (ප්රන්ස: Anse Source d'Argent; ඉංගිරිසි ඌරුවට: //අන්ස් සූස් ඩ'ජොන් //; අරුත: Cove source of silver(?)) යනු සෙචිලිස් (සීෂෙල්ස්) කොදිව් පෙළේ 'ලා දීගේ' (ප්රන්ස: La Digue; ඉංගිරිසි ඌරුවට: //ලා ඩීග්//) දූපතෙහි පිහිටා ඇති වෙරළෙකි. "Guide du routard"  ට අනුවැ එය ලොවැ පසිඳුතම වෙරළ තීරයෙකි.

බිම කොසුව
කිලෝ මීටර දෙකක් දිගු, 'ආ සූස දෙ'හ්ජො' පිහිටා ඇත්තේ 'ලා දීගේ' දිවයිනෙහි නිරිත දෙසිනි. එය ට පිවිසිය හැක්කේ සෙචිලිස්හි යෝධ කැස්බෑවන් සිටුනා පැරැණි යටත් විජිත නිවසක් වන "ද යුනියන් එස්ටේට් ෆාම්" (ප්රන්ස බසින්: l'Union Estate Farm,   //ලූනියෝ එස්ටෙයිට් ෆාහ්ම් //) හරහා පමණි.

බිම් ලකුව
මීට වසර මිලියන 65කට පමණ පෙරැ, මේ කොදිව් රැස නිමැවී ඇත්තේ (බිම් ලකු) සංසිද්ධිවල එකතුවකිනි: ගොන්ඩ්වානාව, එක් අතකින් ඉන්දු බිම් තලයකට හා අනෙක් අතින් අප්රිකානු බිම් තලයකට වෙන් වීම, මුරුසිය හා රීයුනියන් දූපත් නිමැවුණු අයුරින් මැ, දිය යට ගිනි කන්දෙක් හා බැඳුනෙකි. ග්‍රැනිටික් දූපත් මේ අනුවැ සෙචිලිස් ඉවුරෙහි/ඉමෙහි(?) (bank) මැද පිහිටයි. 'ලා දීගේ'හි සිදු වූයේ මේ යැ.

'ආ සූස දෙ'හ්ජො' වෙරළෙහි අවුල් සහගත අයුරින් සැකැසී ඇති නෙත් ඇදගන්නා සුලු කළුගල් කුට්ටි ඇත. සෙචිලිස්හි අනෙකුත් බොහෝ වෙරළ තීරයන් මෙන් නො වැ, 'ආ සූස දෙ'හ්ජො' වෙරළ කොරල් පරයෙකින් රැකී ඇත.

වෙසෙසියාවන්
'ආ සූස දෙ'හ්ජො' බොහෝ ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් අනුවැ  ,  ,  ලොවැ දැකුම්කලුතම වෙරළ තීරයන් අතර නිරන්තරයෙන් ඉතා ඉහළින් මැ ස්ථානගත වැ ඇති.

Catégorie:Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata

සටහන් සහ යොමු

ආ සූස දෙ'හ්ජො


Pierre Dugua de Mons (or Du Gua de Monts;  – 1628) was a French merchant, explorer and colonizer. A Calvinist, he was born in the Château de Mons, in Royan, Saintonge (southwestern France) and founded the first permanent French settlement in Canada. He was Lieutenant General of New France from 1603 to 1610. He travelled to northeastern North America for the first time in 1599 with Pierre de Chauvin de Tonnetuit.

Biography

Pierre Du Gua de Mons was born about 1558 in Saintonge, France to Guy and Claire Goumard Du Gua. He fought for the cause of Henri IV during the religious wars in France. The king later awarded him an annual pension of 1,200 crowns and the governorship of the town of Pons in Saintonge in recognition of his outstanding service.

De Mons seems to have made several voyages to Canada including in 1600, with Pierre de Chauvin de Tonnetuit to Tadoussac. In 1603, King Henry granted Du Gua exclusive right to colonize lands in North America between 40°–60° North latitude. The King also gave Du Gua a monopoly in the fur trade for these territories and named him Lieutenant General for Acadia and New France. In return, Du Gua promised to bring 60 new colonists each year.

In 1604, Du Gua organized an expedition, underwritten by merchants in Rouen, Saint-Malo, and La Rochelle, and left France with 79 settlers including François Gravé Du Pont as senior officer, Royal cartographer Samuel de Champlain, the Baron de Poutrincourt, a priest Nicolas Aubry, and Mathieu de Costa: a legendary linguist, the first registered black man to set foot in North America, and a Protestant member of the clergy.

Entering Baie Française (the Bay of Fundy) in June 1604, he and his settlers founded a colony on St. Croix Island. Numerous settlers succumbed to the harsh winter climate and scurvy as they exhausted the limited natural resources on the island.  The colony moved to better land on the south shore of Baie Française at Port-Royal in 1605.

Following the disaster of the Saint Croix settlement in the winter of 1604–1605, the French began to look for a more hospitable location for a colony. During this time, they encountered Native Americans along the northeastern coast of the continent, and also had a pair of Native guides in their party, the man who is named as Panounias, and his wife who came from the part of the country they were exploring. Travelling along the coast, Samuel de Champlain is given to have recounted their meetings with the natives, noting when the languages between the groups began to vary. Also, it was noted that the Natives who lived in this area also practised cultivation, particularly methods of farming that were new to the French explorers. It was from these signs and the trading that occurred between the French and the natives that the explorers felt as though they were on the correct track, for if the Natives were living off of this land, this area offered far more hope than Saint Croix Island ever did.

In 1606, Hendrick Lonck, the Dutch West India Company sea captain boarded two of Du Gua's boats, and pillaged them for furs and munitions. The Port-Royal settlement survived and prospered somewhat until 1607 when other merchants protested the monopoly, which the King had to revoke. As a consequence, Du Gua and the settlers had to abandon the colony and return to France.

Du Gua then turned his attention to the colony of Nouvelle-France in the St. Lawrence River valley, after ceding Port-Royal to Poutrincourt. He never came back to the New World but he sent Champlain to open a colony at Quebec in 1608, thus playing a major role in the foundation of the first permanent French colony in North America.

Henri IV appointed him as Governor of the Protestant city of Pons, Charente-Maritime, from 1610 to 1617, when he retired. He then oversaw the construction of the monumental grand staircase along the ramparts near the Keep of Pons. This 6-level staircase connected the once segregated upper city to the lower city. He died in 1628, in the nearby Château d'Ardenne in Fléac-sur-Seugne.

See also

 Order of Good Cheer

References

Explorers of Canada
French explorers of North America
Governors of Acadia
Huguenots
People of New France
People from Royan
1628 deaths
1550s births
1600s in Canada
17th century in Quebec
Acadia
Acadian history

Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons


باسل مهدي حمادي (1943 - 31 مارس 2020) لاعب كرة قدم ومدرب عراقي. بغداد أب لخمسة أولاد كرس حياته للكرة العراقية منذ عام 1959 إلى حين وفاته. لعب لفرق آليات الشرطة ونادي القوة الجوية ومثل منتخب بغداد ومنتخب العراق إلى عام 1974 حيث عمل بعدها في مجال التدريب الكروي.

شارك في افتتاح ملعب الشعب الدولي عام 1966 لأول مباراة مع نادي بنفيكا البرتغالي.
درب المنخب الوطني عام 1980 وعمل مساعدا لعمو بابا ودرب العديد من الأندية العراقية منها نادي الشرطة عام 1982 حيث أحرز وقتها بطولة العراق لأول مرة ودرب أندية التجارة والأمانة وصلاح الدين والشباب ونادي سيروان ونادي حيفا وغيرها.

إنجازاته الخارجبة
درب أندية السلط ونادي سحاب والرمثا الأردني 1995 ونادي وحدة صنعاء اليمني 2002 حيث أحرز بطولة الدوري اليمني ودرب فريق الاشغال في دوري المؤسسات الإماراتي. عمل خبيرا ومستشارا في الاتحاد العراقي لكرة القدم قبيل وفاته.

المراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية عراقيون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص من بغداد
لاعبو كرة قدم عراقيون
لاعبو منتخب العراق لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي الشرطة (العراق)
لاعبو نادي القوة الجوية
مدربو كرة قدم عراقيون
مدربو نادي الشرطة
مواليد 1363 هـ
مواليد 1364 هـ
مواليد 1943
وفيات 1441 هـ
وفيات 2020

باسل مهدي


Tommy Svindal Larsen (født 11. august 1973 i Skien, Norge) er en norsk tidligere fodboldspiller (defensiv midtbane).

Larsen spillede på klubplan størstedelen af sin karriere i hjemlandet, hvor han blandt andet af tre omgange repræsenterede Odd Grenland i sin fødeby. Han havde også ophold hos Start og Stabæk, ligesom han spillede fire sæsoner i Tyskland hos FC Nürnberg. I 1998 var han med til at vinde den norske pokaltitel med Stabæk.

For Norges landshold spillede Larsen 24 kampe. Han debuterede for holdet 24. april 1996 i en venskabskamp på hjemmebane mod Spanien.

Titler
Norsk pokalturnering
 1998 med Stabæk

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Norge
Fodboldspillere fra 1. FC Nürnberg
Fodboldspillere fra Odds BK
Fodboldspillere fra IK Start
Fodboldspillere fra Stabæk Fotball
Personer fra Skien

Tommy Svindal Larsen


An Stanhopea oculata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Conrad Loddiges, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John Lindley. An Stanhopea oculata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stanhopea, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Stanhopea

Stanhopea oculata


Finnoo auparavant Suomenoja est une  subdivision du quartier de Kaitaa à Espoo en Finlande

Présentation
Située en bordure de la Länsiväylä, Finnoo accueillera des logements pour 17 000 habitants et 1 800 nouveaux emplois dans les années 2020.
Le territoire a vocation à être un pionnier du développement urbain durable.
Les choix en matière de construction et de circulation sont dirigés vers des formes à faibles émissions et durables.
La construction de logements a commencé au printemps 2020 .
Pour l'essentiel, la zone devrait être achevée d'ici les années 2030.

Des immeubles d'appartements sont construits dans quatre zones différentes : le centre, Djupsundsbäcken et Finnoonsatama, et la partie nord de Finnoonkartano.
Plusieurs écoles et jardins d'enfants sont aussi en cours de construction dans la région.

Transports
La station station Finnoo du métro située au centre de Finno a ouvert ses portes le 3 décembre 2022.
Avec la construction de la nouvelle zone résidentielle, de nombreuses nouvelles routes et des ponts seront construits à Finno.

Références

Galerie

Voir aussi

Liens externes
Finno, Finnå, Finnoo ou Suomenoja?

Articles connexes
Subdivisions d'Espoo
 Finnoontie

Nöykkiö
Kaitaa

Finnoo


Vibrația este un film românesc din 2012 regizat de Germain Kanda.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1970 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1970
Filme documentare românești

Vibrația


O Club Deportivo Murano,  é  um time chileno de voleibol indoor feminino e masculino da cidade de Santiago, com filial em Concepción (Chile). Atualmente disputa a Liga A1 Chilena e o Liga A1 Chilena.

Histórico

Resultados obtidos nas principais competições

Voleibol masculino

Títulos conquistados

 Campeonato Sul-Americano de Clubes

Campeonato Chileno

Campeão: 2022

Super 4 Nacional

Voleibol feminino

Títulos conquistados

 Campeonato Sul-Americano de Clubes

Campeonato Chileno
Vice-campeão: 2018, 2019
Terceiro posto:2021
Quarto posto:2021

Super 4 Nacional

Elenco

 Treinador:
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Ligações externas

Clubes de voleibol masculino do Chile
Clubes de voleibol feminino do Chile

Club Deportivo Murano


Las letras UIP pueden hacer referencia a:

La Unión Interparlamentaria, organización fundada en 1889 representante de los órganos legislativos de todo el mundo;
Las Unidades de Intervención Policial, unidades antidisturbios del Cuerpo Nacional de Policía de España;
United International Pictures, distribuidora de cine británica.

UIP


Joarlem Batista Santos (født 1. maj 1995) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Mito HollyHock.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Joarlem Batista Santos


ජල්ෂගාර් ( ජල්ෂගාර්, "සංගීත කාමරය") යනු 1958 තිරගතවූ සහ  සත්‍යජිත් රායි විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කල සහ චාබි බිස්වාස් රඟ පෑ ඉන්දියානු බෙංගාලි ක‍්‍රියාපර චිත‍්‍රපටයකි.

ජල්ෂගාර්


Sådan gør de det - også er en pornofilm fra 1973 instrueret af Ole Ørsted efter manuskript af Søren Strømberg.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Pornofilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1973

Sådan gør de det - også!


36 هو العدد الخاص الثاني من سلسلة الأعداد الخاصة التي تتبع سلسلة ما وراء الطبيعة التي تصدرها المؤسسة العربية الحديثة ضمن روايات مصرية للجيب للكاتب أحمد خالد توفيق حيث تعد السلسلة أول سلسلة روايات عربية في أدب الرعب.

نمط الرواية

مثل العدد الخاص الأول في كهوف دراجوستان، القارئ هو المتحكم في هذه القصة حيث يمكنه ان يختار الرفيق المناسب لرفعت إسماعيل كما يمكنه أن يختار نوع الخطر الذي يريد أن يمر به بالأضافة لاختياره للنهاية التي يفضلها : (نهاية مملة وأخرى سخيفة حسب وصف المؤلف، وقد صدق، فهو كتاب ممل سخيف لا يصلح للقراءة، وإنما لتضييع الوقت). حيث يصف المؤلف هذا العدد بأنه قصة مطاطة جدا، وأنها هي البساطة بعينها.

أبطال الرواية

 رفعت إسماعيل : طبيب أمراض الدم والأستاذ الجامعي الكهل المقيم بالقاهرة، نحيل، أصلع، ذو عوينات، يعاني من كتيبة من الأمراض منها على سبيل المثال لا الحصر : القرحة المعدية، ضيق الشرايين، الربو الشعبي، التهاب الرئة، آلام المفاصل، قلق، متشائم، نحس يقع في المصائب.

كما يمكن للقارئ اختيار رفيق مناسب لرفعت إسماعيل في المغامرة من الشخصيات التالية :

 ماجي ماكيلوب : حبيبته المخلصة التي عرفها منذ كان يدرس في اسكتلندا، والتي ارتبطت معه بحب دائم حتي تحترق النجوم.
 عزت شريف : المهندس السابق جار رفعت، والشاب النحيل المصاب بمرض عضال، وهو مخلص لرفعت لكنه يقع في مشاكل دائمة.
 هن-تشو-كان : آخر كهنة النافاراي الناجي من المذبحة التي تعرض لها كهنة النافاراي، والمرتحل إلى القرن العشرين. وهو شديد النبل والشجاعة بالإضافة لقدراته الشبه خارقة.

أحداث الرواية

يمكن للقارئ اختيار الخطر الذي سيواجه رفعت إسماعيل ورفيقه من الخيارات التالية :

 مصاصو دماء.
 تعويذة قديمة منسية كالعادة.
 الموتي الذين ليسوا كذلك.
 عراف شرير.

اسم الرواية

بعد اختيار القارئ للرفيق الذي سوف يرافق رفعت إسماعيل ونوع المغامرة يتوفر لنا 12 قصة مختلفة، لكل قصة منها نهايتان مختلفتان (واحدة مملة وأخرى سخيفة حسب وصف المؤلف) ليصبح لدينا 36 فصلا في هذا العدد ومن هنا جاء اسم الرواية.

المصادر

سلسلة ما وراء الطبيعة
روايات بالعربية

36 (ما وراء الطبيعة)


ريان كروكر  هو رجل سياسي أمريكي تقلد مناصب عديدة.

نشأته
نشأ في ولاية واشنطن، في كنف عائلة معظم أفرادها يعملون في سلاح الجوّ الأمريكي. ولد في سبوكين بولاية واشنطن (العاصمة) عام 1945.

ترجمة الشخصية
 درس في المغرب وكندا وتركيا، ونال شهادة في الأدب الإنكليزي من جامعة «ويتمان» في واشنطن عام 1971 وحصل على الدكتوراه الفخريّة في القانون من الجامعة نفسها عام 2001.
 يُعدّ كروكر رائداً أكاديميّاً ودبلوماسيّاً في شئون المنطقة العربية نظراً لمعرفته العميقة بتاريخ وثقافة هذه المنطقة، التي قضى فيها مرحلة طويلةً من عمره، إضافةً إلى إتقانه لغاتها.
درس اللغة الفارسيّة، وتسلّم منصباً في القنصليّة الأمريكيّة في«كرمنشاه» في إيران عام 1972.
 عُيّن بعد سنتين، ممثّلاً للإدارة الأمريكيّة في حقل الاقتصاد التجاري بدولة قطر، عاد بعدها عام 1976 إلى واشنطن لتلقّي دروس مكثّفة في اللغة العربيّة، وكانت تلك بدايات تولّي وزارة الخارجيّة الأمريكيّة صقل قدراته الدبلوماسية
 واصل دراسته للغة العربية أثناء فترة تواجده في تونس عام 1978.
 عُيّن كروكر رئيساً للبرنامج الاقتصادي التجاري لضمان المصالح الأمريكيّة في بغداد، وتوجّه بعدها إلى بيروت بصفتة رئيساً للشعبة السياسيّة الأمريكيّة من عام 1981 حتى 1984.
 قضى العام التالي (1984- 1985) في جامعة «برينستون» في إطار برنامج وزارة الخارجيّة الأمريكيّة لشئون الشرق الأدنى، ومن ثمّ خدم كنائب لمدير مكتب الشئون العربيّة - الإسرائيليّة في الوزارة بين عامي 1985 و1987، وبعدها مستشاراً في السفارة الأمريكيّة في القاهرة عام 1990.
 في عام 1990 عُيّن سفيراً للبنان، حيث عمل سابقاً في السفارة الأمريكيّة خلال الاحتلال الإسرائيلي عام 1982.
 نجا كروكر من عملية تفجير استهدفت السفارة الأمريكية في لبنان في أبريل 1983 والتي أسفرت عن مقتل 63 شخصا.
 في عام 1994 انتقل ليتسلّم زمام الدبلوماسيّة الأمريكيّة في الكويت التي ظل فيها أربع سنوات.
 نُقل ليصبح سفيراً في دمشق حتّى عام 2001.
 شهد عام 2001 استلام كروكر منصب نائب مساعد وزير الخارجيّة الأمريكيّة لشئون الشرق الأدنى حتّى عام 2003، وتخلّل تلك الفترة تعيينه مبعوثاً لواشنطن لدى الحكومة الأفغانيّة، إلى حين استلامه المنصب الأعلى للدبلوماسيّة الأمريكيّة في باكستان عام 2004 المنصب الذي بقي فيه حتّى تعيينه في مارس 2007سفيراً في بغداد، التي خاض فيها تجربّة سياسيّة سابقة، إذ شغل منصب المدير الأوّل للحكم في «سلطة التحالف المؤقّتة» في بغداد عام 2003..
 رشحت إدارة الرئيس الأمريكي (جورج بوش) كروكر ليخلف السفير الأمريكي زلماي خليل زاد الذي أصبح مندوبا لبلاده في الأمم المتحدة، في إطار تغيير للمستشارين أعلن عنه في يناير 2007 بعد تطبيق إستراتيجية بوش الجديدة في العراق.

جوائز
يتضمّن ملفّه جوائز تكريميّة عديدة أبرزها:
 «جائزة الرئاسة الأمريكيّة للخدمة المميّزة» عام 1994
 «ميداليّة الخدمة المدنيّة المتميّزة» من وزارة الدفاعٍ
 «جائزة الرئيس الأمريكي للجدارة» عامي 1999 و2003
 «جائزة روبرت سي. فريزر» لـ«الشجاعة والقيادة الاستثنائيّين» تقديراً لجهوده في السفارة الأمريكيّة في كابول عام 2002.

المناصب التي تقلدها
 سفيرا للولايات المتحدة في لبنان 1990
 في الكويت 1994
 في سوريا 1998
 في أفغانستان 2002
 لدى باكستان منذ عام 2004
 يشغل الآن منصب السفير الأمريكي في العراق منذ يناير 2007

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من سبوكين
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة تكساس إيه اند إم
حائزون على الوسام الرئاسي للحرية
خريجو كلية وايتمان
دبلوماسيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
دبلوماسيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
سفراء الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية لدى لبنان
سفراء الولايات المتحدة لدى أفغانستان
سفراء الولايات المتحدة لدى باكستان
سفراء الولايات المتحدة لدى العراق
سفراء الولايات المتحدة لدى الكويت
سفراء الولايات المتحدة لدى سوريا
كلية دبلن الجامعية
مواليد 1368 هـ
مواليد 19 يونيو
مواليد 1945
مواليد 1949
مواليد في سبوكين

ريان كروكر


Valkíria é uma personagem brasileira de histórias em quadrinhos. A personagem é uma garota das selvas que vive em um mundo pós-apocalíptico com criaturas pré-históricas. Valkíria foi criada pelo roteirista Alex Mir e o ilustrador Alex Genaro,  ela estreou na revista independente Tempestade Cerebral nº2 (março de 2008).

Valkíria é sempre acompanhada de Rama, uma espécie de lêmure. Suas histórias misturam elementos de fantasia e ficção científica e tem como principal característica o fato dela estar mais preocupada com justiça e sobrevivência do que com eventuais ganhos pessoais, como é comum nesse tipo de história. Embora não fique explícito, há indicações de que o mundo devastado em que Valkíria vive no que seria o Brasil em um futuro distante.

Histórico
Segundo o roteirista Alex Mir, a personagem surgiu em 1997 como uma garota das selvas por uma encomenda do editor Paulo Hamasaki, como quadrinhista, o próprio Hamasaki criou personagens selvagens que tinham contato com dinossauros como Torn e Jongo, apesar disso, Valkíria acabou engavetada, Mir tentou a parceria com alguns ilustradores, mas não ficou do seu agrado, dez anos depois, ele resolveu retomar a personagem com Alex Genaro, que fez modificações no visual da personagem.

Valkíria estreou na revista independente Tempestade Cerebral nº2 (março de 2008), com a história O Mapa, primeira parte do arco A Fonte da Juventude, roteirizada por Alex Mir e ilustrada por Alex Genaro, o arco foi encerrado em Tempestade Cerebral nº 5 (abril de 2009), a revista era distribuída pelo coletivo Quarto Mundo. Em agosto de 2011, a personagem retorna na revista independente Lorde Kramus nº 4 (agosto de 2011), revista do personagem epônimo do gênero espada e feitiçaria criado por Gil Mendes, na edição, é publicada a história Café da manhã com os Mortos, produzida pela dupla Laudo Ferreira e Omar Viñole, na edição seguinte de julho de 2012, é publicada uma nova história pela dupla Alex Mir e Alex Genaro:O homem que veio do céu.  Em 2013, O Homem que Veio do Céu foi publicada na antologia Imaginários em Quadrinhos – Volume 1 da Editora Draco, organizada por Raphael Fernandes. Em 2014, Valkíria estreia no formato webcomic no site do coletivo Petisco.

Em 2015, é publicado o primeiro álbum da série Valkiria:A Fonte Da Juventude, lançado pela Editora Draco, o álbum é uma edição encadernada de histórias publicadas anteriormente, em 2016, o álbum ganhou o Prêmio Angelo Agostini de melhor lançamento e seu roteirista, Alex Mir, ganhou como melhor roteirista por seu trabalho nesta obra e em Orixás:o Dia do Silêncio, também em 2016, foi lançado o álbum independente Valkíria:Olhos de Cristal, com histórias publicadas no site Petisco.

Em 2020, foram publicados dois álbuns independentes Valkíria:Contatos Imediatos e Valkíria:Guerra Fria publicado através da plataforma de financiamento coletivo Catarse, o álbum contém as histórias Guerra Fria, roteirizada por Jorge Gonçalves e ilustrada por Alex Genaro, publicada no site Petisco e A Deusa da Caverna, história inédita escrita por João Carpalhau (falecido em 2018) e Valkíria:Contatos Imediatos contendo as histórias O homem que veio do céu e A mulher dourada. No mesmo ano, o álbum Valkíria:Guerra Fria foi premiado como Lançamento do ano na primeira edição do Dia do Super-Herói Brasileiro.

Em 2021, uma nova edição encadernada intitulada Valkiria:A Fonte da Juventude e Outras Histórias foi financiada via Catarse, além de republicar as histórias A Fonte da Juventude e Café da manhã com os mortos, o álbum traz duas histórias inéditas Poesia Inacabada, escrita por Danilo Dias e ilustrada por Alex Genaro e Musa, escrita por Hamilton Kabuna e Thais Linhares, com desenhos de Thais Linhares e May Santos, o êxito da campanha permitiu que também fosse publicada uma adaptação da série para RPG de mesa pelo Lampião Game Studio. Também em 2021, o site Petisco é descontinuado e a série recebe indicações ao 33º Troféu HQ Mix nas seguinte categorias:Web tiras (Valkíria no espaço) Publicação Independente Seriada (Valkíria:Guerra Fria) e Publicação Juvenil (Valkíria:Guerra Fria) e Arte-finalista Nacional (Alex Genaro - Valkíria:Guerra Fria).

Em julho de 2023, a  editora americana Antarctic Press anunciou que publicará Valkíria na revista Jungle Comics, o título remete a uma revista de mesmo nome publicada pela editora Fiction House durante a Era de ouro das histórias em quadrinhos americanas.

Bibliografia

Histórias

Álbuns

Ligações externas

 Alex Genaro Catarse
 Valkíria Site oficial de Alex Mir
 Valkíria RPG Lampião Game Studio

Histórias em quadrinhos do Brasil
Banda desenhada independente
Cenários de campanha
Garotas das selvas
Histórias em quadrinhos de ficção científica
Obras ganhadoras do Prêmio Angelo Agostini
Personagens fictícias do Brasil
RPGs de ficção científica
Webcomics do Brasil

Valkíria


I. razred nogometnog prvenstva Zagrebačkog okruga u sezoni 1946./47. je osvojila "Dubrava" iz Zagreba.  Sudjelovalo je 10 klubova, a završilo ih je osam. Netjecanje je započelo u studenom 1946.

Ljestvica

 Zelina – tadašnji naziv za Sveti Ivan Zelinu
 Gajevo – danas dio Zagreba

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Prvenstva Zagrebačkog nogometnog podsaveza
 Zagrebački nogometni podsavez
 Nogometno prvenstvo Zagreba 1946./47.
 II. razred nogometnog prvenstva Zagrebačkog okruga 1946./47.
 Prvenstvo rezervnih sastava nogometnih momčadi za grad Zagreb 1947.

Izvori
 Branko Mesarić, Josip Ljubić: 70 godina nogometa u Jarunu, Gajevu i Staglišću : 1921. – 1991., Zagreb, 1991., str. 24-25
 Zdenko Vuković: NK "Jaska" : (1925. – 1995.), Jastrebarsko, 1997., , str. 42-43
 Ico Kerhin, Miroslav Rede: Platinasti jubilej Zagrebačkog nogometnog saveza : 1919 - 1994, Zagreb, 1995., str. 194-195

1946-47
Zagreb-O-1


Julius Houseman (December 8, 1832 – February 8, 1891) was an American businessman and politician who served as mayor of Grand Rapids, Michigan, as representative in the Michigan House of Representatives and as Congressman in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Early life
He was born in Zeckendorf (near Bamberg), in the Kingdom of Bavaria in the German Confederation. His father, Solomon Houseman, was a merchant and manufacturer of silk and cotton goods in Zeckendorf. Houseman was educated in the national schools of Zeckendorf and Bamberg and finished with a two-year course of study at a commercial school at Munich. He then worked as dry goods clerk in a store in Bavaria, where he remained for three years.

Career
He immigrated to the United States in 1851, at the age of nineteen, stopping first in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was clerk in a clothing house for a few months. He then moved to New Vienna, Ohio, where he remained as clerk in a general store until March 1852. He then moved to Battle Creek, Michigan, and engaged in the merchant tailoring and clothing business with Mr. I. Amberg, the firm name being Amberg & Houseman. He moved to Grand Rapids in August 1852, before he was twenty years old, and established a branch of the Battle Creek firm. He is recognized as the first permanent Jewish settler of Grand Rapids.

The business prospered, and in 1854, he became sole proprietor, which he continued for nine years. In 1864 the firm of Houseman, Alsberg & Co. was organized, with branch houses in New York, Baltimore and Savannah. The firm continued until 1870, when it was dissolved, with Mr. Houseman retaining possession of the Grand Rapids establishment. In 1876 he disposed of his business to his cousin, Joseph Houseman, who had been a partner for several years, and Moses May, who continued it for a number of years under the firm name of Houseman & May, which was later succeeded by Houseman, Donally & Jones.

Houseman had developed an active interest in other lines of business and investments, notably in timber lands and the manufacture of pine lumber in Michigan, and after 1876 devoted himself largely to those interests. He was one of the largest holders of real estate in the Grand Rapids area and also held large tracts in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and in other states.

He also became involved with other business interests in Grand Rapids. In 1870 he became a stockholder in the City National bank, the predecessor of the National City bank. In August 1874, he was chosen a director to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of the late Ransom E. Wood, who was going to Europe with his family.

In 1882, at the annual meeting in January he was chosen vice president of the bank when the late William B. Ledyard declined a re-election because of infirm health. Houseman was one of the organizers of the Grand Rapids chair company, serving as a director and vice president. He was also a director of the Grand Rapids Brush company and a leading stockholder, director and president of the Grand Rapids Fire Insurance company. He was one of the founders and directors of the Michigan Trust company and was also identified with many other enterprises.

Political career
Houseman was also active in the political arena. He was member of the board of aldermen of Grand Rapids for eight years, from 1863 to 1870. He represented the first district of Kent County in the Michigan House of Representatives from 1871 to 1872, He served two terms as mayor of Grand Rapids in 1872-1873 and 1874–1875 and was an unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant governor in 1876. He was elected as a Fusion candidate and seated with the Democrats in the United States House of Representatives from Michigan's 5th congressional district, serving from 1883 to 1885, the first Jewish representative from Michigan. He was not a candidate for reelection in 1884 and resumed his former business pursuits.

He became a member of the Freemasons in 1854 and was a member of the Odd Fellows and of the B'nai B'rith. He was a charter member of the local Peninsular Club and was a member of the local Owashtanong club. He was influential in forming the Temple Emanuel in 1857, the fifth oldest reform congregation in the United States, and in founding the first Jewish organization in Grand Rapids, the Jewish Benevolent and Burial Society.

Death and legacy
He died in Grand Rapids and is interred in Oak Hill Cemetery there. He left a large property, estimated to be worth approximately a million dollars. He was survived by his daughter, an only child, Mrs. David M. Amberg and family of Grand Rapids; his sister, Mrs. M. Alsberg of New York city; William Houseman, a half brother; Mrs. Simon Mainzer, a half sister, and his cousin, Mr. Joseph  Houseman and family. There were also several half-brothers and half-sisters in Germany.

In 1907, his daughter, Hattie Houseman Amberg, donated six acres (24,000 m²) of land to the Grand Rapids Board of Education for use as an athletic field in memory of her father. In 1924, she gave an additional adjoining tract of land. The Houseman Field continues be shared by several Grand Rapids area high schools.

See also
List of Jewish members of the United States Congress

External links
Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress (portions of this article were derived from this public domain resource)
Biographical notes from the Pioneer Society of the State of Michigan, 1891 (portions of this article were derived from this public domain resource)

1832 births
1891 deaths
Burials in Michigan
Mayors of Grand Rapids, Michigan
Democratic Party members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Bavarian emigrants to the United States
Jewish members of the United States House of Representatives
Jewish mayors of places in the United States
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan
19th-century American politicians
Jewish American state legislators in Michigan

Julius Houseman