STS-62 was a Space Shuttle program mission flown aboard . The primary payloads were the USMP-02 microgravity experiments package and the OAST-2 engineering and technology payload, both in the orbiter's cargo bay. The two-week mission also featured a number of biomedical experiments focusing on the effects of long duration spaceflight. The landing was chronicled by the 1994 Discovery Channel special about the Space Shuttle program and served as the show's opening. A C.F. Martin backpacker guitar was also flown aboard Columbia during the mission.

Crew

Mission highlights

Day 1

Flight Day One (Friday, March 4) consisted of ascent operations and reconfiguration of the orbiter in order to support orbital operations, an OMS-2 burn to circularize Columbias orbit to a  orbit, USMP-2 activation, PSE operations, APCG activation, CPCG operations, RMS checkout, DEE operations, CGBA activation. The payload bay doors were opened at 10:26 am EDT.

Day 2
On Flight Day Two (Saturday, March 5), the astronauts took turns on the crew cabin exercise facility in an effort to slow down the effects of muscle atrophy. Pilot Andrew M. Allen and mission specialist Charles D. Gemar also spent time in the Lower Body Negative Pressure Container. Mission specialists Pierre J. Thuot and Marsha S. Ivins started the Protein Crystal Growth Experiment (PCGE) and the Physiological Systems Experiment (PSE), while scientists on the ground in the Payload Operations Control Center controlled eleven other experiments mounted in the orbiter's payload bay. Mission controllers in Houston also investigated a problem in a fuel line pressure sensor on one of Columbias three Auxiliary Power Units (APUs). Higher than normal pressures were detected and then returned to normal after engineers powered up heaters on the unit. The APUs provided hydraulic power to operate key landing systems and only one of the three was needed for a successful landing. However, flight rules called for a shortened mission in the event a single unit was lost.

Day 3

On Flight Day Three (Sunday, March 6), following a morning of medical studies, the crew spent the last half of the day exercising and continuing to study the behavior of a space station truss model in weightlessness. Pilot Allen and mission specialists Ivins and Gemar each took a turn on a stationary bicycle mounted in Columbia's middeck. The stationary bike had long been a staple of shuttle flights to allow exercise that countered the effect of weightlessness on the muscles. The bike aboard Columbia, however, featured a new mounting system of shock-absorbing springs that was evaluated as a method of keeping vibrations from exercise, which could disturb sensitive experiments, to a minimum.

Also, Gemar set up a model of a scaffold-like truss structure that could be applied to a future space station design in the lower deck. The model, linked to sensitive recorders in a shuttle locker, was used to determine the characteristics of such structures in orbit. The model and its reactions were studied in several different configurations during the day.

Other activities for the crew included photography of the glow created as the orbiter's outer skin interacted with atomic oxygen in orbit, and continued monitoring of protein crystal growth experiments in the cabin.

Although not highly visible except to the Earth-bound scientists watching over them, Columbias wide assortment of external payloads continued their investigations throughout the day. The second United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-2) experiments continued to produce a wealth of data for scientists on the ground.

The Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment, or ZENO, science team reported that they expected to locate the critical temperature of xenon at "any time." Team members closely watched computer data traces which indicate their experiment was very near the critical temperature—the goal of a lengthy, methodical "sensitive" search process. This was a more precise search for the critical temperature after its location had been determined within a narrow band. Once the temperature was located, the team spent nearly 24 hours taking a good look at the phenomenon they waited years to see. They studied the properties of xenon at its critical point, taking subtle optical measurements in the region surrounding it. A fluid's "critical point" occurs at a condition of temperature and pressure where the fluid is simultaneously a gas and a liquid. By understanding how matter behaves at the critical point, scientists hope to gain a better insight into a variety of physics problems ranging from phase changes in fluids to changes in the composition and magnetic properties of solids.

The Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS) continued to measure the microgravity environment on the USMP-2 carrier in support of the four other experiments on board. The SAMS team began sending results of their data collection during various orbiter activities to the crew, as they were interested in how they could minimize their influence on the microgravity environment. Measurements were made with the system at specific times when microgravity disturbances were caused by events such as crew exercise and movement of the orbiter's Ku-band antenna. Such observations also collected "signatures" which the team were able to easily identify in future data.

A related system, the Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment (OARE), was managed by NASA's Johnson Space Center. It was useful on missions such as USMP-2 where it was important to accurately characterize a wide variety of disturbances in the microgravity environment. Working closely with SAMS, the OARE recorded any low-frequency activity such as the orbiter's friction with the rarefied upper atmosphere. SAMS was most suitable for recording higher-frequency activity such as crew exercise.

The Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE) continued to assemble data to test theories concerning the effect of gravity-driven fluid flows on dendritic solidification of molten materials. Upon completion of its first phase of pre-programmed operations the previous night, the dendritic experiment entered its second phase of crystal growth when team members began sending commands to their experiment from the ground using a unique set of capabilities known as "telescience." This allowed them to get the best possible data from their investigation.

The Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (AADSF) studied the directional solidification of semiconductor materials in microgravity. Downlinked experiment data from the third day of the mission indicated that solidification of a crystal of mercury cadmium telluride took place, and the AADSF science team constantly monitored this slow but steady progress. Testing the AADSF in microgravity was beneficial because on Earth, gravity causes fluids to rise or fall within the melted portion; a warm liquid is less dense than a cool one and will rise to the top of the melt. These convective movements of molten material contribute to physical flaws in the internal structure of the growing crystal. Such flaws affect a crystal's overall electrical characteristics, and consequently, its usefulness in electronic devices.

The MEPHISTO team reported that they had gathered good data with their directional solidification furnace. During the day, the team troubleshooted a problem discovered on the previous night with a troublesome "Seebeck measurement." This electronic signal measured changes in the microstructure of a solidifying metal, and was conducted on one of three experiment samples of bismuth-tin. Other measurement techniques were used on the two remaining samples later in the mission; both these samples operated nominally.

Flight controllers had a quiet Sunday in Mission Control with no significant troubles seen aboard the spacecraft. A reading of high pressure that was seen in a fuel line to one of the shuttle's three auxiliary power units earlier in the flight had dissipated, and controllers became confident the APU would operate well if needed. However, they continued to closely watch the readings from that area. The crew began eight hours of sleep at 4:53 pm.

Day 4
Flight Day 4 began on Monday, March 7 at 12:53 am. The crew started its day with a medley of armed forces anthems sung by the U.S. Military Academy Glee Club. The medley honored all four branches of the service which were represented by the STS-62 crew. During the time of the mission, Commander Casper was a colonel in the U.S. Air Force, Pilot Allen a major in the U.S. Marine Corps, mission specialist Gemar a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army, and mission specialist Thuot was a commander in the U.S. Navy.

After completing their post-sleep activities, the crew started the payload work for the day. The crew performed checks of the Protein Crystal Growth Experiment and the rodents that were housed in the middeck as part of the Physiological Systems Experiment. Gemar also continued his work with the Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment, designed to study the fundamental, non-linear, gravity-dependent behavior of hybrid scaled structures. Understanding these structures became important for designers of large space structures such as the International Space Station.

Casper conducted a special presentation about the Space Acceleration Measurement System. A frequent flyer on the shuttle, SAMS used accelerometers to take measurements of on-board vibrations and accelerations. Such disturbances, though slight, could have affected the sensitive microgravity experiments. SAMS measurements allowed scientists to adjust their experiments to improve their scientific results.

Allen and Gemar got a half-day off from their busy schedule operating the many microgravity experiments on the mission. Due to the long duration of the mission, each crew member received two half-days off during the 14-day mission.

The other astronauts spent the first half of the day working with the Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment, or MODE, and a model of a truss structure which was under consideration for use on a future space station. The truss model, set up to float free in the middeck, was analyzed to determine its behavior in weightlessness.

Around the clock, experiments with the U.S. Microgravity Payload-2, the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology-2, the Space Shuttle Backscatter Ultraviolet instrument and the Limited Candidate Duration Materials Exposure experiments continued to operate, many of them being controlled by scientists on the ground. The SSBUV instrument operated since the first day of the flight, and plans were made by its ground controllers on Flight Day 4 to attempt to detect sulfur dioxide emissions from volcanoes in Central America. The objective of the observations by SSBUV were to investigate whether such emissions low in the atmosphere were detectable from orbit. SSBUV's measurements in general were used to fine-tune satellites that monitored the ozone and other gases in the Earth's atmosphere. The crew began its eight-hour sleep period at 4:53 pm EST.

During USMP-2 operations on Flight Day 4, the Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment, or ZENO, team reported overnight that they started seeing behavior in the fluid xenon unlike any they had seen on Earth. They believed this meant the experiment had passed through the xenon sample's critical point. Meanwhile, the team continued their delicate temperature manipulations in order to verify what they had seen. Once the team was certain they had located the critical point, they planned to conduct a series of precise measurements in the area surrounding it using laser light scattering. When xenon is at or extremely near its critical point—the point where it is simultaneously a liquid and a gas—patches of the otherwise clear substance briefly take on a "milky" iridescence. Closer to the critical point, the milky-white areas are larger and exist for longer periods. When a laser light is passed through the sample in these areas, fluctuations in the sample's density cause the light to be scattered.

Team members for the MEPHISTO furnace began running a series of metal solidification studies and received analyzable data. On Monday, the team made much progress in overcoming some difficulty they had been experiencing with one of the experiment's electronic measurements and successfully completed a Seebeck run. The Seebeck measurement is an electrical signal which measures temperature variations during crystal growth at the boundary where liquid becomes solid—the solidification front. MEPHISTO was used to conduct a series of melting and solidification cycles on three identical rod-shaped samples of a bismuth-tin alloy. During these runs, temperature, velocity and shape of the solidification front were measured in order to study the behavior of metals and semiconductors as they solidified.

Team members of the Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE), said they were pleased with the performance of their apparatus and the data they acquired during USMP-2. While dendrite growth was taking place, two 35 mm cameras took photographs for post-mission analysis. When a dendrite growth cycle was completed, the small crystalline structure was re-melted and another grown at a different "supercooling" temperature. Dendrites were grown at 20 different levels of supercooling ranging up to approximately 1.3 degrees Celsius. Supercooling is the slow cooling of a liquid to below its normal freezing point, but due to its purity, does not solidify. The level of supercooling is determined by the difference between the temperature of the liquid and its normal freezing point. IDGE was a fundamental materials science experiment performed in the microgravity environment of space in order to increase understanding of the solidification processes.

The Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (AADSF) continued to operate smoothly, growing a single cylinder-shaped crystal of mercury cadmium telluride, an exotic material used as an infrared radiation detector. The AADSF provided scientists with a unique apparatus in which to test theories of semiconductor crystal growth without the effects and limitations caused by Earth's gravity. The information gained by growing crystals of a semiconductor material in microgravity can be used to study the physical and chemical processes of many materials and systems. A greater understanding in these areas could aid researchers in the discovery of processes and materials that perform better and cost less to produce.

The crew was awakened at 11:53 pm for the start of Flight Day Five activities. The middeck payloads took center stage as the STS-62 crew worked through the second half of its fifth day on orbit. Allen and Gemar took turns in the Lower Body Negative Pressure Unit, each turn lasting an hour and 45 minutes. The sack-like device sealed at the waist so that pressure around the lower body could be gradually decreased. The lowered pressure drew body fluids down to the legs and lower torso, similar to the body's normal state on Earth. The LBNP protocol underwent testing as a countermeasure to a condition known as "orthostatic intolerance", in which a person feels lightheaded after standing. Some astronauts experienced such sensations upon standing after shuttle landings. Allen and Gemar also performed a 45-minute ramp test, but at the direction of ground controllers, terminated the test 40 seconds early. Casper, Thuot and Ivins relaxed on board Columbia for the first half of the day.

Day 5
On Flight Day 5 (Tuesday, March 8) Columbias crew continued a daily regimen of daily exercise, photography and monitoring the progress of crystal growth and bioprocessing experiments aboard Columbia.

Meanwhile, ground-based researchers remotely operating experiments in Columbias payload bay continued their observations. Scientists working with the Space Shuttle Backscatter Ultraviolet instrument continued probing the layers of Earth's atmosphere and recorded data on tropospheric emissions from Mexican and Central American volcanoes; sulfur dioxide from industrial by-products in the troposphere above China and Japan; and observations in the mesosphere above the Mexican volcano Colima.

Among the experiments of the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology-2 package, materials being designed for future spacecraft in the SAMPIE experiment were exposed to the orbital environment for the first time. Results included the operation of an advanced solar energy cell and plasma interactions with various materials while the orbiter's payload bay was pointed toward Earth.

Other OAST-2 accomplishments included ten freeze and thaw cycles of a new cooling technology for future spacecraft; spectrometer readings of airglow phenomena in the upper atmosphere with the EISG instrument; and studies of the orbiter's interaction with atomic oxygen using the SKIRT instrument.

Three members of the crew had a half-day off (Casper, Thuot, Ivins), and all of the crew would receive one more half-day off before the mission concluded on March 18. Columbia operated well with few problems encountered by the crew or Mission Control. The spacecraft remained in an orbit with a high point of  and a low point of . The crew began eight hours of sleep at 2:53 pm CST and awakened at 10:53 pm CST to start a sixth day in space.

Day 6
On Flight Day 6, (Wednesday, March 9) the crew members devoted their time to the secondary experiment housed in Columbias middeck. Gemar returned to his work with the Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment. Allen took time from his day to talk with reporters in Cleveland, Ohio; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Knoxville, Tennessee. Prior to his interview, Allen discussed the medical tests that the crew performed before, during, and after the flight. The astronauts collected blood and urine samples to help researchers determine the chemical regulatory changes the human body undergoes while in space. Pre- and post-flight tests studied the crew members' gait, steadiness while standing and exercise capacities.

Other crew members checked on the protein crystal growth experiments, performed some Auroral Photography experiments and checked the orbiter windows for any debris impacts. Later on Flight Day 6, the crew exercised using the Shuttle's ergometer.

Spacelab Mission Operations Control at the Marshall Space Flight Center reported the second United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-2) completed yet another day of successful operations in orbit aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia.

On the previous day, scientists with the Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment, or ZENO, concluded that they had indeed pinpointed the location of the long-sought-after critical point of xenon. For the next 24 hours, a series of subtle optical measurements were planned to be made in the area surrounding this phenomenon where the xenon behaved as both a liquid and a gas.

In the materials science field, the Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (AADSF) continued to grow a single crystal of mercury cadmium telluride in the microgravity environment of the orbiter's payload bay. The AADSF scientists said that telemetry from their experiment indicated crystal growth proceeded "exceptionally well."

After several days of successfully growing crystalline dendrites in microgravity, team members for the Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE) reported that they were very pleased with the performance of the IDGE as well as the number and quality of the dendrites grown so far during the mission. The IDGE experimenters continued to monitor slow-scan video images of dendrites growing in their apparatus in order to maximize the efficiency of the instrument and the science results.

The Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS) continued to provide a running account of vibrations aboard the Shuttle to the other USMP-2 experiment teams. It recorded detailed measurements to characterize how smooth and stable a platform Columbia is providing for the experiments.

Day 7–8
On Flight Day 7 (Thursday, March 10), Casper informed Allen that he was selected for promotion from Major in the US Marine Corps to Lt. Colonel.

On Flight Day 8 (Friday, March 11), marking the midpoint of the mission, Casper switched several of the environmental control systems to their backups for on-orbit check out. The procedures required crew members to switch to the alternate humidity separator, cabin pressure and temperature control systems, orbiter heaters, and carbon dioxide removal system.

Columbia also changed attitudes for the first time since launch day. Columbia orbited with its tail pointing toward the Earth and the payload bay pointing in the direction of travel or the "ram" position. With the maneuver, Casper closed and opened sample trays for the Long Duration Space Environment Candidate Material Exposure (LDCE) experiment. The LDCE consisted of three identical sample plates with 264 samples of various materials used in space vehicles. One of the sample plates was exposed to the space environment for most of the mission. Another was exposed only when the payload bay was pointing in the ram position – or pointing into the direction of travel – and a third only when the orbiter was not in the ram position.

Mission specialist Ivins was interviewed by students at the Bronx High School of Science. The students asked a variety of questions about the microgravity experiments being conducted during the mission on living and working in space.

Also, Gemar and Allen each completed 45-minute ramp tests in the lower body negative pressure unit, and performed more tests with the Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment. Astronauts also performed the standard checks of the protein crystal growth and rodent experiments housed in Columbia's middeck.

Flight controllers in Houston put the finishing touches on a plan to uplink more digital video to the crew on Flight Day 9. The plan required procedural changes on the ground, but no action by the crew. The STS-62 crew began its sleep shift on time at 1:53 pm CST, and was scheduled to be awoken at 9:53 pm CST to begin its ninth day of orbit operations.

Day 9
On Flight Day 9 (Saturday, March 12) plan called for operations of the Auroral Photography Experiment, the Commercial Protein Crystal Growth experiment and the Limited Duration Space Environment Candidate Exposure (LDCE) experiment. During the latter part of the day on Saturday, the crew unlatched the Remote Manipulator System and used it to help troubleshoot some off-nominal reception from the Experimental Investigation of Spacecraft Glow instrument in the payload bay. The arm's end effector camera was used to get a birds-eye view of EISG in operation.

Day 10

On Flight Day 10 (Sunday, March 13), the crew enjoyed a relatively light day of work, taking the first half of the day off, and spending the second half working with middeck experiments.

During an in-flight news conference, the crew responded to questions ranging from budget cutbacks and safety, to experimentation and life on the then-future International Space Station. Activities in the Mission Control Center focused on preparing, reviewing and uplinking messages outlining changes to the crew's scheduled activities for Flight Day 11. The crew began its standard eight hour sleep shift a little before 2 pm and was scheduled to wake up at 9:53 pm CST.

Day 11
The Flight Day 11 (Monday, March 14) plan called for two OMS burns, OMS-3 of 37.9 ft/s (11.6 m/s) at MET 9/17:44 to lower the spacecraft's orbit to , and an OMS-4 of 31.8 ft/s (9.7 m/s) at MET 9/18:34 to lower the orbit even further to a  orbit.

Awakened for their tenth day in space to the song "Starship Trooper" performed by the group Yes, Columbia'''s crew started the day by lowering the Shuttle's orbit by about  and shifting the focus of science on board to the second major goal of the flight.

Experiments and observations in the cargo bay focused on the interaction of the orbiter with atomic oxygen, nitrogen and other gases in orbit, an interaction that caused a well-known glowing effect around the surfaces of the spacecraft. The lower orbit increased the effect, and instruments with the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology-2 (OAST-2) package took center stage for the rest of the mission.

Early in the morning, Casper and Allen fired Columbias Orbital Maneuvering System engines twice to descend from a  high orbit to a  circular orbit. Shortly thereafter, observations by OAST-2 began with a three-minute release of nitrogen gas from a canister in the cargo bay and a study of its effect on the glow of a special plate, constructed of materials to be used on future satellites. Later, Columbia, with tail pointed toward Earth, performed a 25-minute-long series of 360-degree spins to allow observations by OAST-2's Spacecraft Kinetic Infrared Test instrument. Such observations by both instruments set the pace for the ensuing days of the flight.

Ivins and Gemar each took a turn evaluating a tracking system for Columbias RMS. Part of the Dexterous End Effector (DEE) experiment, the system used a mirror near the end of the arm, flashing light-emitting diodes, a cargo bay camera and a portable computer to assist an astronaut in finely aligning the arm. The Dexterous End Effector (DEE) experiment also looked at the forces generated by arm movements when its magnetic end effector was engaged. The forces were recorded by a force torque sensor that was also part of the DEE equipment. Each crew member also took a turn at exercise as had been the daily routine during the long-duration flight.

The astronauts continued to work with these experiments for the remaining part of their day, and began an eight-hour sleep period at 1:53 pm CST and awakened at 9:53 pm. On its 159th orbit, Columbia was in excellent condition and flight controllers noted no new problems with the spacecraft's systems.

As payload cameras showed the Earth vista from  up, the crew sent a special goodnight message—the Bette Midler song "From a Distance" – for the people watching over them from below in Houston.

The message came at the end of a busy 11th day of on-orbit operations that featured a shift in focus from United States Microgravity Payload-2 to work with the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology-2 (OAST-2) package.

Day 12
The Flight Day 12 (Tuesday, March 15) plan called for Gemar and Allen to spend another hour and 45 minutes in the LBNP, the operation of the Dexterous End Effector (DEE) experiment, and the Experimental Investigation of Spacecraft Glow (EISG) experiment. The crew was awakened to the song "View From Above", written and performed by Allison Brown, who was inspired to write the song by Ivins. Columbias crew spent the first half of their 12th day in space evaluating new technologies for the Shuttle's RMS.

Ivins, Thuot and Gemar took turns operating the arm as part of the DEE experiment. The crew gave good reviews to the technology during the morning, testing it by using the 50 foot (15 m) long arm to insert pins into sockets that had progressively smaller clearances, ranging from  of clearance for the loosest to  for the tightest. Later, a foot (300 mm) wide flat beam was inserted into a slot and then moved back and forth to correlate readings by the force sensor, technology that also was highly complimented by the crew.

While DEE operations progressed on the flight deck, Gemar and Allen each had one ramp session in the Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) device.

The Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology-2 payload took center stage among the scientific investigations in the payload bay. The crew cooperated with investigators of the Experimental Investigation of Spacecraft Glow instruments, positioning the robot arm's camera above its sample plate in between DEE runs. A low-light camera in the payload bay that was supposed to have recorded the effects of gaseous nitrogen releases and their effect on shuttle glow failed earlier in the mission.

The Space Shuttle Backscatter Ultraviolet instruments in the payload bay also continued to take readings that were used to help calibrate free-flying satellites that continually monitored the ozone content of Earth's atmosphere.

The crew began an eight-hour sleep shift at 1:53 pm CST, and were awakened at 9:53 pm CST. About 2:08 am CST, a fifth Orbital Maneuvering System burn was planned in order to lower the perigee of Columbias orbit to  for additional spacecraft glow measurements.

Day 13
The Flight Day 13 (Wednesday, March 16) plan called for another orbit change, an OMS-5 burn of 56.6 ft/s (17.3 m/s) at MET 11/18:08 which was planned to lower the orbit to . Also included was more work with the DEE experiment, a waste water dump and operation of both the Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA) and the Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG) experiment.

Casper and Allen started out their 13th day in orbit with an eye toward the trip home, performing a standard check of the orbiter systems used for entry and landing.

For the first part of the morning's flight control systems checkout, the crew used APU 3, one of three units that supplied power for the spacecraft's hydraulic systems during launch and landing. APU 3, which had been the subject of scrutiny early in the mission due to high pressure readings in a fuel line, operated normally during the checkout.

Following the checkout, the crew fired Columbias Orbital Maneuvering System engines for 38 seconds, dropping one side of their orbit by about  to the lowest orbital altitude of any Shuttle flight to that date. Columbia was then placed in an elliptical orbit with a high point of  and a low point of . The lower orbit was required for continuing observations of the glowing effect created as the Shuttle interacted with atomic oxygen and other gases in low orbit.

During the first shuttle glow observations in the new orbit, Thuot reported the glowing effect was much more pronounced at the lower altitude. The crew also activated the Limited Duration Candidate Materials Exposure, or LDCE, experiment, exposing materials to the low-orbit environment that were under study for use on future spacecraft.
The crew also began another series of evaluations of the Dexterous End Effector equipment using the RMS, testing the technology's magnetic grapple system, alignment system and force sensor.

The crew was awakened by the song "Traveling Prayer" performed by Billy Joel.

Day 14

The Flight Day 14 (Thursday, March 17) plan called for a hot firing of the Reaction Control System (RCS) in preparation for the return flight, flight control system checkout, cabin stowage, SSBUV deactivation, and a final run in the Lower Body Negative Pressure device for Gemar. The crew was awakened for the 14th day of the flight to the song "Living in Paradise" by the Brothers Cazimero.

The crew performed final checks of their spacecraft, wrapped up their experiments and began packing their bags in preparation for the return to Earth. Columbia was scheduled to fire its OMS engines at 6:18 am CST to begin a descent that would culminate with a touchdown on the Kennedy Space Center Shuttle Landing Facility runway at 8:09 am EST. Casper and Allen test-fired Columbias 38 primary steering jets early that morning as planned, finding them all in good shape for the trip home. Later, Casper and Allen each spent time practicing landings using a portable computer simulation designed for the Shuttle. During this time, Gemar spent four hours in the Lower Body Negative Pressure Device (LBNP).

Ivins powered down Columbia's mechanical arm and latched it in its cradle for the trip home, and Thuot completed operation of the two protein crystal growth experiments on board, preparing them for entry and landing.

Several final observations of the Shuttle glow effect, a phenomenon created as atomic oxygen and other gases impact the spacecraft, were conducted. Columbia performed another series of spins for the investigations that included more releases of nitrogen gas from payload bay canisters.

The final few hours of the crew's day were devoted to stowing gear and preparing Columbia for the mission's end. Before reentry, Columbia'' was in an orbit with a high point of  and a low point of .

The Flight Day 15 (Friday, March 18) plan called for deorbit preps and a deorbit burn of 209 ft/s (63.7 m/s) at MET 13/22:04 with a planned landing at KSC. Landing occurred on Runway 33 of the Shuttle Landing Facility on March 18, 1994 at approximately 8:10 am EST.

See also

 List of human spaceflights
 List of Space Shuttle missions
 Outline of space science
 Space Shuttle

External links

 NASA mission summary
 STS-62 Video Highlights

Space Shuttle missions
Spacecraft launched in 1994
Spacecraft which reentered in 1994
1994 in Florida
March 1994 events

STS-62


El Instituto de Investigaciones Socio-Económicas (IISEC) es el centro de investigación científica en economía y sociología más antiguo de Bolivia.  Fue creado el 11 de mayo de 1974. A lo largo de más de tres décadas el IISEC ha creado , más de trescientos documentos de trabajo en áreas relacionadas con macroeconomía, crecimiento económico, pobreza, educación, salud, equidad de género, cambio climático y economía energética. Además de contar con la publicación ininterrumpida de la Revista Latinoaméricana de Desarrollo Económico (LAJED) desde 2003. Durante estos años el IISEC ha conformado una red de contactos, con más de 300 instituciones en 50 países.

Miembros destacados
 Alejandro Mercado Salazar, actual profesor en la Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo. También se desempeño como vicerrector académico, decano de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Financieras de la Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo", académico  de la Academia Boliviana de las Ciencias Económicas.
 Horacio Villegas Quino, es economista en Jefe del Instituto de Investigaciones Socio-Económicas de la Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo", es profesor de economía de la Universidad Católica "San Pablo".
 Juan Antonio Morales Anaya, es profesor de economía de la Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo", académico de número de la Academia Boliviana de las Ciencias Económicas. Fue Presidente del Banco Central de Bolivia y Director del Instituto de Investigaciones Socio-Económicas.

Véase también
 Economía de Bolivia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial

Institutos de investigación de Bolivia
Institutos de investigación económica


Apollo 11 este un documentar american din 2019 editat, produs și regizat de Todd Douglas Miller. Se concentrează pe misiunea Apollo 11 din 1969, prima misiune spațială umană pentru a aseleniza pe Lună. Filmul este alcătuit exclusiv din materiale de arhivă, inclusiv un film de 70 mm care nu a fost dat publicității și nu conține narațiuni, interviuri sau recreații moderne.

Filmul a avut premiera la Festivalul de Film Sundance la 24 ianuarie 2019 și a fost lansat în cinematografe în Statele Unite la 1 martie 2019. Apollo 11 a primit aprecieri din partea criticilor și a încasat peste 8 milioane de dolari.

Prezentare

Producția
CNN Films l-a abordat pe regizorul Todd Douglas Miller în 2016 pentru a realiza un film pentru cea de a 50-a aniversare a aselenizării misunii Apollo 11. La acea vreme, Miller termina The Last Steps, un documentar despre Apollo 17. Concepția lui Miller despre film s-a concentrat pe o abordare directă a cinematografiei; filmul final nu conține nici o voce-narațiune sau interviuri în afară de ceea ce era disponibil în materialul sursă contemporan, similar cu documentarul Senna din 2010.

În mai 2017, colaborarea dintre echipa de producție a lui Miller, NASA și National Archives and Records Administration a avut ca rezultat descoperirea unor imagini realizate pe 70 de mm de la lansarea și recuperarea Apollo 11, imagini nepublicate. Înregistrările în format mare includ scenele de la Complexul de Lansări 39, cu spectatorii prezenți pentru lansare, cu lansarea rachetei Saturn V, recuperarea astronauților Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong și Michael Collins și a modulului de comandă Apollo 11 și eforturile post-misiune la bordul USS Hornet. Documentarul a inclus această înregistrare, alături de imaginile obișnuite a filmului de 35 și de 16 mm, fotografii cu natură moartă și film cu circuit închis.

Echipa lui Miller a folosit facilitățile Final Frame, o firmă post-producție din New York, pentru a realiza scanări digitale de înaltă rezoluție din toate materialele disponibile. Vehicule specializate, controlate climatic, au fost folosite pentru transportul în condiții de siguranță a materialului de arhivă la și de la Arhivele Naționale din Washington, DC. Echipa de producție a catalogat peste 11.000 de ore de înregistrări audio și sute de ore de video. Printre înregistrările audio s-au găsit 30 de casete cu înregistrări vocale la fiecare post de control al misiunii. Ben Feist, un inginer canadian de software, a scris software-ul pentru a îmbunătăți fidelitatea noilor informații audio disponibile. Arhivarul britanic și redactorul de film Stephen Slater, care a sincronizat înregistrările audio cu imaginile de 16 mm ale Mission Control în proiectele anterioare, a avut sarcina de a sincroniza înregistrările audio cu filmul. Echipa de producție a reușit să identifice Mother Country, o melodie a muzicianului John Stewart, în înregistrările vocale ale modulului lunar. Cântecul a fost prezentat ulterior în film.

Neon a obținut drepturi de distribuție ale filmului în cinematografe la nivel mondial în iulie 2018. În 2019, o versiune editată a filmului, redusă la 45 de minute pentru prezentarea în cinematografele IMAX, a fost lansată ca Apollo 11: First Steps.

Muzica

Un album Apollo 11 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) compus de Matt Morton a fost lansat în întreaga lume de către Milan Records pentru descărcare digitală pe 8 martie 2019. Albumul cu șaptesprezece melodii va fi lansat pe CD pe 28 iunie și pe vinil pe 19 iulie 2019.

Lansare
Premiera mondială a lui Apollo 11 a avut loc la Salt Lake City, la Festivalul de Film Sundance la 24 ianuarie 2019. A fost dată o lansare limitată în Statele Unite la 1 martie 2019 în IMAX prin Neon și a fost lansat în Marea Britanie la 28 iunie 2019 prin Universal Pictures.

Universal Pictures a lansat Apollo 11 în S.U.A. pentru descărcare digitală, DVD și Blu-ray pe data de 14 mai 2019. Discurile au două caracteristici suplimentare; o apariție de 3 minute intitulată Apollo 11: Discovering the 65mm și a unui forșpan.

Primire

În weekendul său de deschidere, Apollo 11 a încasat 1,6 milioane de dolari din 120 de cinematografe IMAX (un venit brut de 13.392 $ per cinematograf), clasându-se pe locul 15 în box-office. În cel de-al doilea weekend, filmul a fost prezentat în 405 cinematografe tradiționale și a realizat 1,3 milioane de dolari, clasându-se pe locul 10 în box-office. În cel de-al treilea weekend, a câștigat 1,2 milioane de dolari din 588 de cinematografe.

Răspunsul criticilor

La premiera de la Festivalul de Film Sundance din 2019, filmul a fost apreciat de critici, care au lăudat în mare măsură calitatea filmului. Pe Rotten Tomatoes, filmul are un rating de aprobare de 98% pe baza a 102 recenzii, cu un rating mediu de 9,07/10. Consensul critic al site-ului spune: Edificând și inspirând într-o măsură egală, Apollo 11 folosește în mod repetat imagini de arhivă pentru a trimite publicul să revină într-o perioadă importantă din istoria americană. Pe Metacritic filmul are un scor mediu ponderat de 87 din 100, pe baza a 29 de păreri, indicând recunoașterea universală.

Într-o recenzie pozitivă pentru IndieWire, David Ehrlich a complimentat capacitatea lui Miller de a face ca secvența de aselenizare să se simtă ca fiind unică și palpitantă iar claritatea filmului îți taie respirația. Într-o altă recenzie pozitivă, Owen Gleiberman de la Variety a numit filmul destul de spectaculos, iar mulți critici au comparat documentarul cu filmul Primul om pe Lună al lui Damien Chazelle din 2018. Glenn Kenny de la The New York Times a numit filmul cu totul înspăimântător și a scris: Deși știm cum se termină misiunea, filmul generează și menține suspansul. Și reaprinde un sentiment nebun de minunare, printre altele, față de ceea ce se poate face practic cu trigonometria. Matt Zoller Seitz de la RogerEbert.com a dat filmului patru stele din patru, numindu-l o injecție de adrenalină și îndemânare ... Filme astfel de complete imaginate și realizate în mod extatic sunt atât de rare încât, atunci când apare unul, face ca majoritatea celorlalte filme, chiar și cele bune, să pară slabe din punct de vedere al performanței. Orice informație pe care se întâmplă să o absorbiți în timp ce priviți Apollo 11 este secundară experienței viscerale de a-l privi și de a-l asculta. Paul Mavis pentru Movies & Drinks, a scris: Apollo 11 nu numai că vă face plăcere ca plimbarea cu un montagne russe, ci aduce înapoi un moment extrem de scurt în istoria americană, unde încrederea în superioritatea noastră tehnologică a creat un miraculos salt cuantic pentru noi ca o națiune (mai ales) unificată.

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 2019
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme CNN Films
Programul Apollo
Provocarea Apollo 11
Apollo 11
Filme documentare
Filme documentare despre spațiul cosmic

Apollo 11 (film din 2019)


Ioan Bacău (n. 18 octombrie 1887, Lugoj – d. 26 aprilie 1948, Lugoj) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Născut în anul 1887, Ioan Bacău urmează în vremea tinereții studiile la Academia Teologică din Blaj urmând să fie numit preot la Ghizesla (Coșari), ca mai apoi să se bucure și de statutul de preot militar într-o localitate din județul Bistrița-Năsăud. Pe lângă aceste funcții clericale, preotul Bacău va avea și funcția de membru al P.N.R.. Ioan Bacău a dirijat timp îndelungat corul "Lira" din Lugoj.. După anul 1918, este numit profesor la Academia Teologică din Lugoj și la Școala Pedagogică din același oraș. Anul 1948 este anul în care preotul Bacău își găsește sfârșitul în orașul Lugoj.

Activitatea politică
Ioan Bacău a participat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918 ca delegat titular al Reuniunii greco-catolice române de cânt "Lira" din Lugoj.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Nașteri în 1887
Decese în 1948
Preoți români
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Lugojeni

Ioan Bacău


Dian Fossey (16 Ocak 1932 - 28 Aralık 1985), Goriller üzerine çalışmış Amerikalı etolojisttir. Birçok goril grubuyla kapsamlı incelemeler yapmış, Ruanda'nın dağ ormanlarında yıllarca onları gözlemlemiştir.

Onu ilk paleontolojist Louis Leakey teşvik etmiştir. Yaptıkları Jane Goodall'ın şempanzeler üzerindeki incelemelerine benzerdir. Yaşamının 18 yılını geçirdiği Ruanda Millî Parkında, uğradığı saldırı sonucunda yaşamını yitirmiştir.

1988 yapımı Gorillas in the Mist: The Story of Dian Fossey (Sisteki Goriller) filmiyle, Sigourney Weaver tarafından sinemada canlandırılmıştır.

Kaynakça

1932 doğumlular
San Francisco doğumlular
1985 yılında ölenler
Amerikalı antropologlar
Amerikalı mammaloglar
Cambridge Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Etologlar
Amerikalı cinayet kurbanları
Ruanda'da cinayet sonucu ölenler
1985'te cinayet

Dian Fossey


Doğu Çin Denizi, Çin ve Kore kıyılarında, Ryukyu ve Kyushu Adaları ile Büyük Okyanus'tan ayrılan, Büyük Okyanus'un bir kolu. 1,249,000 km² lik yüzölçümüne sahip olan deniz, Çince'de Doğu Denizi olarak adlandırılır.

Deniz, doğuda Büyük Okyanus, kuzeyde Güney Kore, güneyde Tayvan ve batıda Çin ana toprakları ile çevrilidir. Yangtze Nehri, denize dökülen en önemli akarsudur.

Denizin en önemli adası Tong Adası olup, su altında pek çok resif bulunur. Denizin ekonomik kullanım hakkı içinde Çin, Japonya ve Güney Kore arasında bir takım anlaşmazlıklar vardır. Çin ve Japonya arasındaki anlaşmazlıklar, Çin'in varlığını keşfettiği doğalgazın kullanım hakkından kaynaklanır. Çin ve Güney Kore arasındaki anşalmazlık ise Güney Kore'nin üzerine bir doğal araştırma istasyonu kurduğu Socotra Kayalıkları'dır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki körfezler listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Çin'deki su kütleleri
Japonya'daki denizler
Tayvan'daki denizler
Büyük Okyanus'taki marjinal denizler

Doğu Çin Denizi


Wired er et amerikansk internet- og papirbaseret magasin som fokuserer på It-industrien, indholdsindustrien og telekommunikation.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

 WorldCat: 24479723
 Hjemmeside: wired.com

Tidsskrifter fra USA
Tidsskrifter om it
Nettidsskrifter
Medievirksomheder fra USA
Etableret i 1993

Wired (magasin)


Kurt Herrmann (* 3. August 1950 in Wetzlar) ist ein Generalleutnant a. D. der Luftwaffe. In seiner letzten Verwendung war er Direktor der NATO Communications and Information Systems Services Agency in Mons (Belgien).

Militärische Laufbahn
Generalleutnant Kurt Herrmann trat 1969 in die Luftwaffe ein, durchlief die Offizierausbildung an der Offizierschule der Luftwaffe in Fürstenfeldbruck und Neubiberg (Bayern) und studierte zunächst Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik an der Fachhochschule der Luftwaffe. Ab 1973 folgte ein Studium der Informatik an der Technischen Universität München, das er 1977 mit dem Diplom abschloss.

Seine erste Truppenverwendung als Technischer Offizier für Luftfahrzeugelektronik des Waffensystems F-104G, "Starfighter" absolvierte er in der Elektronik- und Waffenstaffel des  Jagdbombergeschwader 33. Dem folgte eine Verwendung als Programmier-Stabsoffizier für das Waffensystem TORNADO PA-200 im Programmierzentrum der Luftwaffe für fliegende Waffensysteme in Kaufering bei Landsberg/Lech.

Nach dem zweijährigen Generalstabslehrgang (1981–1983) an der Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr in Hamburg wurde er Chef der Elektronik- und Bildgerätestaffel beim Aufklärungsgeschwader 52 in Leck/Nordfriesland (1983–1985). Von 1985 bis 1987 war er Abteilungsleiter Logistik beim Luftwaffenführungsdienstkommando in Köln. Seine erste ministerielle Verwendung durchlief er als Referent für elektronische Datenverarbeitung und Sekretär einer Arbeitsgruppe für Führungs- und Informationssysteme im Führungsstab der Luftwaffe im Bundesministerium der Verteidigung (1987–1990).

Danach diente er als Generalstabsoffizier (Einsatz) im Bereich der Streitkräfteplanung bei SHAPE (1990–1992). Als Referent für militärpolitische Angelegenheiten beim Führungsstab der Streitkräfte kehrte er von 1993 bis 1994 zurück in das Bundesministerium der Verteidigung in Bonn. Mit seiner Beförderung zum Oberst wurde er 1994 Kommandeur des Luftwaffen-Versorgungsregiments 5 in Trollenhagen. Bereits im März 1996 kehrte er als Referatsleiter für Strategische Optische- und Radaraufklärungssysteme in die Stabsabteilung für das militärische Nachrichtenwesen beim Führungsstab der Streitkräfte erneut in das Bundesministerium der Verteidigung zurück. Während dieser Verwendung nahm er auch die Aufgaben des Beauftragten des Inspekteurs der Luftwaffe für das militärische Nachrichtenwesen wahr. Ab November 1998 war er Stellvertreter des Kommandeurs und Chef des Stabes der 1. Luftwaffendivision in Karlsruhe und hatte diesen Posten bis September 2000 inne.

Zum Oktober 2000 übernahm er den Dienstposten General Inspizierungen und Weiterentwicklung Luftwaffe im Luftwaffenamt in Köln und wurde 2001 zum Brigadegeneral befördert. In dieser Funktion arbeitete er direkt für den Inspekteur der Luftwaffe.

Im Januar 2002 wurde er der erste Kommandeur des Kommandos Strategische Aufklärung und hatte diesen Posten bis Ende November 2004 inne. Von Oktober 2004 bis März 2005 durchlief er eine Sprachausbildung in Russisch im Bundessprachenamt in Hürth. Ende Mai 2005 übernahm er, nach seiner Beförderung zum Generalmajor, den Posten des Leiters der NATO Military Liaison Mission (MLM) in Moskau, Russische Föderation.

Zurück in Deutschland, folgte ab Juli 2008 seine Verwendung als Stellvertreter des Befehlshabers des Streitkräfteunterstützungskommandos in Köln.
Im April 2009 wurde er Direktor der NATO Communications and Information Systems Services Agency (NCSA) und es erfolgte seine Beförderung in den Dienstgrad Generalleutnant. Er ist Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande und des Ehrenkreuzes der Bundeswehr in Gold.

Von Oktober 2013 bis September 2020 war er Präsident der Clausewitz-Gesellschaft.

Privates
Generalleutnant Herrmann ist seit 1972 verheiratet. Das Ehepaar hat zwei erwachsene Söhne.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Generalleutnant (Luftwaffe der Bundeswehr)
Militärperson (NATO)
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Träger des Ehrenkreuzes der Bundeswehr in Gold
Präsident der Clausewitz-Gesellschaft
Deutscher
Geboren 1950
Mann

Kurt Herrmann (General)


غاري كوبر (7 مايو 1901 - 13 مايو 1961)  ممثل أمريكي، حاصل على جائزتي أوسكار كأفضل ممثل عام 1941 عن فيلم العريف يورك، وعام 1952 عن فيلم ظهيرة مشتعلة. كما فاز بجائزة الغولدن غلوب عن نفس الفيلم عام 1952.

مواقع خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من دونستابل
أشخاص من هولمبي هيلز (حي)
أشخاص من هيلينا (مونتانا)
أمريكيون معادون للشيوعية
أمريكيون مغتربون في إنجلترا
أمريكيون من أصل إنجليزي
أمريكيون مناهضون للفاشية
أنجليكانيون تحولوا إلى الكاثوليكية
المحافظة في الولايات المتحدة
جمهوريون من ولاية كاليفورنيا
حائزون على جائزة الأوسكار الفخرية
رومان كاثوليك أمريكيون
ممثلو أفلام أمريكيون
ممثلو أفلام صامتة أمريكيون
ممثلو أفلام غرب أمريكي
ممثلو تلفزيون أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ممثلون حائزون على جائزة أوسكار لأفضل ممثل
ممثلون حائزون على جائزة غولدن غلوب لأفضل ممثل دراما
ممثلون من ولاية مونتانا
مواليد 1901
مواليد في هيلينا (مونتانا)
وفيات 1961
وفيات السرطان في كاليفورنيا
وفيات بسبب سرطان البروستات
وفيات في بيفرلي هيلز (كاليفورنيا)
كاثوليك من مونتانا

غاري كوبر


Communications Capabilities Development Programme, kurz CCDP, ist ein vom Home Office (britisches Innenministerium), dem britischen Inlandsgeheimdienst MI5, dem britischen Auslandsgeheimdienst MI6 und dem Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) ausgearbeiteter Gesetzentwurf zur Errichtung einer zentralen Überwachungsdatenbank für Großbritannien.

Die britische Regierung möchte Nachrichten, Anrufe, E-Mails, besuchte Webseiten, Facebook und Twitter-Aktivitäten und sogar Online-Spiel-Chaträume überwachen. Anschließend sollen die Daten mindestens ein Jahr gespeichert und den Geheimdiensten zur Verfügung gestellt werden.
Bei dem Vorhaben handelt es sich um eine Wiederaufnahme eines bereits wegen der hohen Kosten und der Kritik von Datenschützern gescheiterten Gesetzesvorhabens der Labour-Regierung vom April 2009.

Kritik
 Jim Killock, Direktor der Open Rights Group sagte: "Kein Staat in der Geschichte war in der Lage, Informationen in dem vorgesehenen Ausmaß zu erlangen – es ist eine Möglichkeit, alles zu sammeln, über das wir reden, nur für den Fall, dass sich mal etwas daraus entwickeln könnte".

Einzelnachweise

Datenbanken
Recht (Vereinigtes Königreich)


Sebastiano Dolci est un homme de lettres et érudit italien.

Biographie
Né en 1699 à Raguse, Sebastiano Dolci entra dans l'ordre des frères mineurs de l'Observance à l'âge de quatorze ans, s'appliqua à l'étude de la théologie et de l'histoire. La République de Raguse le nomma son théologien, et il fut chargé par le patriarche de préparer les matières qui devaient être soumises aux assemblées synodales et de revoir leurs décisions. Prédicateur, il occupa quarante ans les principales chaires de l'Italie. Sebastiano Dolci mourut à Raguse le .

Œuvres
Outre des panégyriques, des hymnes, et une élégie à la louange de St. Thomas d'Aquin, on a de lui :

 Maximus Hieronymus vitæ suæ scriptor sive de moribus, doctrina, et rebus gestis D. Hieronymi, Ancône, 1750, in-4°. Cette vie de St. Jérôme est un centon composé de passages tirés des écrits mêmes du saint docteur.
 De illyricæ linguæ vetustate et amplitudine dissertatio historico-chronologico-critica, Venise, 1754 Girolamo Francesco Zanetti ayant rendu de cet ouvrage un compte peu favorable dans les Memorie del Valvasense, le P. Dolci fit imprimer cet article et y joignit des notes dans lesquelles il réfute solidement son adversaire.
 Ragusiniarchi episcopatus Antiquitas, eorumque antistitum Chronologia, Ancône 1761 ;
 Fasti litterario-ragusini usque ad annum 1766, Venise, 1767.

Sources et références

Liens externes

Écrivain italien du XVIIe siècle

Sebastiano Dolci


العِمَادَة أصغر قسم إداري بالجمهورية التونسية. والعمادة ترجع بالنظر إلى المعتمدية، التي هي بدورها ترجع بالنظر إلى الولاية.

المناطق الترابية (العمادات) حسب الولايات والمعتمديات

مصدر :

مراجع

تقسيمات إدارية
تقسيمات تونس

عمادة (تونس)


Anne-Marie Olesen Thinghuus er manuskriptforfatter og manuskriptkonsulent. Hun har siden 1993 skrevet manuskripter til både TV-serier, julekalender og spillefilm, samt skrevet bøger.

TV-serier

 Andersens julehemmelighed (1993) 24 afsnit. I samarbejde med Lars Mering.
 Score Kaj (1995) 16 afsnit. I samarbejde med Lars Mering.
 Black Widows (2016-2017) 9 afsnit.

Spillefilm
 Lotto (2006)

Bøger
 Pløk og Bisse (2005)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Manuskriptforfattere fra Danmark

Anne-Marie Olesen Thinghuus


لاباسا وتلفظ لامباسا، هي إحدى مدن فيجي وبالتحديد في الشمال الشرقي لجزيرة فانوا ليفو على مصب ثلاثة أنهر، يبلغ سكانها حوالي 28,000 نسمة، إداريا تتبع محافظة ماكواتا.

أعلام
 روي كريشنا
 إيفور إيفانز
 سيتاريكي هوغيس

مراجع

فانوا ليفو
مدن فيجي

لاباسا


Tomokazu Myojin (født 24. januar 1978) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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|2000||9||2
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|2001||7||0
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|2002||10||1
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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2002

Tomokazu Myojin


El Arlequín fue una revista manuscrita editada por Eduardo Toda y Josep Ribera por primera vez el 22 de noviembre de 1867, con una tirada total de doce ejemplares y se publicaron doce números. La revista trataba la actualidad cultural, además de incluir poemas entre sus páginas y los primeros dibujos de Antoni Gaudí.

Referencias

Antoni Gaudí
Revistas desaparecidas de España

El Arlequín


ماء إيفيان المعدني علامة تجارية من المياه المعدنية الفرنسية ينبع من عدّة مصادر قرب إيفيان لي-بينز، على الشاطئ الجنوبي لبحيرة جنيف.

مراجع

علامات تجارية لمجموعة دانون
تأسيسات سنة 1829 في أوروبا
تاريخ منطقة سافوا
سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)
شركات مقرها في أوفيرني-رون ألب
علامات تجارية فاخرة
علامات تجارية فرنسية
علامات تجارية للمياه المعبأة
مشروبات فرنسية
مياه معدنية
شركات فرنسية أسست في 1829

إيفيان (ماء)


The First Air Force (Air Forces Northern & Air Force Space; 1 AF-AFNORTH & AFSPACE) is a numbered air force of the United States Air Force Air Combat Command (ACC). It is headquartered at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. Its primary mission is the air defense of the Contiguous United States (CONUS), United States Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Since May 2022, it also provides the Air Force contribution to United States Space Command, as Air Forces Space (AFSPACE), including support functions for NASA human space flight.

It was one of the four original pre-World War II numbered air forces formed during the existence of the United States Army Air Corps. It was activated as the Northeast Air District on 18 December 1940, at Mitchel Field, Long Island, New York with a mission of air defense of the Northeastern United States and Great Lakes regions.  Its primary mission was the organization and training of new combat units prior to their deployment overseas. It was active in 1941–42; 1942–58; 1966–69; and with minor name and function changes from 1985 to the present.

First Air Force is commanded by Lieutenant General Steven S. Nordhaus. Its Command Chief Master Sergeant is Chief Master Sgt. Denny L. Richardson.

It has the responsibility for ensuring the air sovereignty and air defense of the Contiguous United States (CONUS), United States Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. As the CONUS NORAD Region (CONR) for North American Aerospace Defense Command, CONR provides air defense in the form of airspace surveillance and airspace control. 1AF (AFNORTH) is also the designated air component for the United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). USNORTHCOM's area of responsibility includes the continental United States, Canada, and Mexico, and its air, land and maritime approaches.

With the transfer of responsibility for continental air defense from the active duty component of the Air Force to the Air National Guard, 1 AF became the first numbered air force to be made up primarily of citizen airmen. Furthermore, 1AF now has operational control (OPCON) of the Civil Air Patrol.

History
One of the four original numbered air forces, First Air Force was activated as the Northeast Air District of the GHQ Air Force on 18 December 1940, at Mitchel Field, Long Island, New York. It was redesignated First Air Force on 9 April 1941 with a mission for the defense of the Northeast and Great Lakes regions of the United States.

World War II

During the initial months after the Pearl Harbor Attack, First Air Force organized what would eventually become the core of the Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command (AAFSC), obtaining most of its forces from I Bomber Command to combat the German U-boat threat along the Atlantic Coast.  AAFSC would eventually expand that mission to the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean until the antisubmarine mission was taken over completely by the Navy in mid-1943.

Beginning in May 1942, the mission of First Air Force became operational training of units and crews, and the replacement training of individuals for bombardment, fighter, and reconnaissance operations. It received graduates of Army Air Forces Training Command flight schools; navigator training; flexible gunnery schools and various technical schools, organized them into newly activated combat groups and squadrons, and provided operational unit training (OTU) and replacement training (RTU) to prepare groups and replacements for deployment overseas to combat theaters.  The First Air Force became predominantly a fighter OTU and RTU organization. Most P-47 Thunderbolt fighter groups were trained by I Fighter Command, along with P-39/P-63 Airacobra groups; C-47 Skytrain and later C-46 Commando groups by I Troop Carrier Command. By 1944, most of the Operational Training of groups ended, with the command concentrating on the training of individual replacements using Army Air Force Base Units (AAFBU) as training organizations at the airfields controlled by First Air Force.

Air Defense Wings were also organized for the major metropolitan areas along the northeast coast, using training units attached to the Wings.  By 1944 the likelihood of an air attack along the eastern seaboard was remote, and these air defense wings were reduced to paper units.

By 1944, the vast majority of the USAAF was engaged in combat operations in various parts of the world, such as the Eighth Air Force in Europe and the Twentieth Air Force in the Pacific.  The training units located within the United States (known as the Zone of the Interior, or "ZI".) under First, Second, Third and Fourth Air Force were all placed under the unified command of the Continental Air Forces (CAF) on 13 December 1944, with the Numbered Air Forces becoming subordinate commands of CAF.

Air Defense Command
In March 1946, USAAF Chief General Carl Spaatz had undertaken a major re-organization of the postwar USAAF that had included the establishment of Major Commands (MAJCOM), who would report directly to HQ United States Army Air Forces.  Continental Air Forces was inactivated, and First Air Force was assigned to the postwar Air Defense Command in March 1946 and subsequently to Continental Air Command (ConAC) in December 1948 being primarily concerned with air defense. First Air Force Headquarters was located at Fort Slocum, New York, from 1946 to 1949.

The command was originally assigned the region of the New England states, along with New York and New Jersey.  With the inactivation of the ADC Eleventh Air Force on 1 July 1948 due to budget restrictions, command's region of responsibility was increased to include the upper Midwest states of Michigan and Ohio, along with the Mid-Atlantic region south to the North Carolina/Virginia Border.

In 1949 Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve units were placed under First Air Force command, with its active-duty units being reassigned to Eastern Air Defense Force (EADF) or to the 30th, 32d or 26th Air Divisions.
The command was inactivated on 23 June 1958 for budgetary reasons, its assigned units being placed under ConAC.

First Air Force was reactivated at Stewart Air Force Base, Newburgh, N.Y., on 20 January 1966 due to the inactivation of the ADC Air Defense Sectors.  First Air Force assumed responsibility for the ADC 21st, 33d, 34th, 35th, and 36th Air Divisions, primarily located in the northeast and upper Midwest regions of the United States.  It also was responsible for the air defense of Greenland, Iceland and parts of Canada. By July 1968, First Air Force had again assumed total responsibility for the air defense of the eastern seaboard, just as it had during World War II.

On 16 January 1968 Air Defense Command was re-designated Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM) as part of a restructuring of USAF air defense forces.  First Air Force's second period of service was short lived, however, and the command was again inactivated as the result of a major ADCOM reorganization on 31 December 1969 of the First, Fourth, Tenth Air Forces and several Air Divisions. This reorganization was the result of the need to eliminate intermediate levels of command in ADCOM driven by budget reductions and a perceived lessening of the need for continental air defense against attacking Soviet aircraft.

ADCOM reassigned the units under the inactivated First Air Force were reassigned primarily to the 20th, 21st or 23d Air Divisions.

Tactical Air Command
As part of realignment of military assets. ADCOM was reorganized on 1 October 1979. The atmospheric defense resources (interceptors and warning radars) of ADCOM were reassigned to Tactical Air Command (TAC). With this move many Air National Guard units that had an air defense mission also came under the control of TAC, which established a component called Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), at the level of a numbered air force.

On 6 December 1985 HQ USAF reactivated First Air Force at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, and assigned it to Tactical Air Command (TAC), replacing ADTAC. First Air Force was given the mission to provide, train and equip combat ready air defence forces for the air defense of the North American continent.

Upon its reactivation, First Air Force was composed of units of the active Air Force and the Air National Guard. Because of its unique mission and its binational responsibilities, First Air Force works closely with the Canadian Forces. Canadian personnel are stationed at First Air Force Headquarters at Tyndall Air Force Base Florida, and at the various regional air defense sectors located throughout the United States.

Activation of the Continental NORAD Region on 1 October 1986, resulted in a new structure for North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). The continental U.S. region, along with Alaskan and Canadian regions provided the command and operational system for North American air defense.

 On 1 July 1987, four of the previous Air Defense Command Air Defense sectors were reactivated, re-designated, assigned and co-located with the four remaining air divisions.
 The Montgomery Air Defense Sector (MOADS, Inactivated 1966) was reactivated as the Southeast Air Defense Sector (SEADS); assigned to 23d Air Division
 23d Air Division inactivated 4 July 1987; assets transferred to SEADS.

 The Los Angeles Air Defense Sector (LAADS, Inactivated 1966) was reactivated as the Southwest Air Defense Sector (SWADS); assigned to 26th Air Division
 26th Air Division inactivated 30 September 1990; assets transferred to SWADS.

 The Seattle Air Defense Sector (SEADS, Inactivated 1966) was reactivated as the Northwest Air Defense Sector (NWADS); assigned to 25th Air Division
 25th Air Division inactivated 30 September 1990; assets transferred to NWADS.

 The New York Air Defense Sector (NYADS, Inactivated 1966) was reactivated as the Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS); assigned to 24th Air Division.
 24th Air Division inactivated 30 September 1990; assets transferred to NEADS.

The Air Defense Sectors were transferred by the Air Force to the National Guard Bureau and allotted to the Air National Guard on 1 October 1990.  They were operationally gained by First Air Force, Tactical Air Command.
 SEADS became part of the Florida ANG at Tyndall AFB
 SWADS became part of the California ANG at March AFB
 NWADS became part of the Washington ANG at McChord AFB
 NEADS became part of the New York ANG at Griffiss AFB

First Air Force was transferred to Air Combat Command along with the rest of TAC on 1 June 1992.

Air Combat Command
In the years since its third activation, more of the responsibility for the defense of American air sovereignty has primarily shifted to the Air National Guard. Also, reorganization of the command structure of the U.S. Air Force saw the assignment of air defense to Tactical Air Command and later, its successor, Air Combat Command.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the role of the Air National Guard in the defense of North America increased. As this role changed, discussions between the active Air Force and the Air National Guard commenced concerning roles and responsibilities.

As the Cold War began to wind down and budgetary constraints became realities, more and more of the missions previously carried out by active duty forces began to be transferred into the reserve components. By the 1990s, 90 percent of the air defense mission was being handled by the Air National Guard.

In October 1997, First Air Force became primarily composed of Air National Guard units charged with the air defense of the North American continent. Today, First Air Force consists primarily of members of the Air National Guard. Its headquarters is located at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida and it comprises 9 fighter wings, 1 composite wing with a fighter mission, and two air defense sectors for the Eastern and Western regions of the continental United States (CONUS).

Units circa 2022
 Eastern Air Defense Sector (EADS), former Griffiss AFB, Rome, New York
 Western Air Defense Sector (WADS), JB Lewis–McChord (formerly McChord AFB), Washington
 601st Air and Space Operations Center (601 AOC), Tyndall AFB, Florida
 Air Force Rescue Coordination Center (AFRCC), Tyndall AFB, Florida
 Air Force National Security Emergency Preparedness Agency (AFNSEP), Tyndall AFB, Florida
 1 AF Detachment 1, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
 Air Force Element, Joint Air Defense Operations Center (AFELM JADOC), JB Anacostia-Bolling (formerly Bolling AFB, District of Columbia

First Air Force also has operational control of the Civil Air Patrol, the USAF Auxiliary headquartered at Maxwell AFB, Alabama.  Administrative control of CAP, to include its Regular Air Force & Air Force Reserve CAP-USAF liaison support components, remains with Air University at Maxwell AFB.

Additionally, First Air Force provides operational control of alert Air National Guard air defense fighter units and supporting non-flying units:

 104th Fighter Wing (104 FW), Westfield-Barnes RAP / Barnes ANGB, Massachusetts F-15 Eagle
 Detachment 1, 104 FW, JB Langley–Eustis (formerly Langley AFB), Virginia
 113th Wing (113 WG), Joint Base Andrews (formerly Andrews AFB), Maryland F-16 Fighting Falcon
 125th Fighter Wing (125 FW), Jacksonville IAP / Jacksonville ANGB, Florida, F-15 Eagle
 Detachment 1 (OL-A), 125 FW, Homestead ARB (formerly Homestead AFB), Florida
 138th Fighter Wing (138 FW), Tulsa IAP / Tulsa ANGB, Oklahoma F-16 Fighting Falcon
 Detachment 1, 138 FW, Ellington Field JRB, Texas
 142d Fighter Wing (142 FW), Portland IAP / Portland ANGB, Oregon, F-15 Eagle
 144th Fighter Wing (144 FW), Fresno Yosemite IAP / Fresno ANGB California, F-15 Eagle
 Detachment 1, 144 FW, March ARB (formerly March AFB), California
 148th Fighter Wing (148 FW), Duluth IAP / Duluth ANGB, Minnesota, F-16 Fighting Falcon
 158th Fighter Wing (158 FW), Burlington IAP / Burlington ANGB, Vermont, F-35 Lightning II
 159th Fighter Wing (159 FW), NAS JRB New Orleans, Louisiana, F-15 Eagle
 177th Fighter Wing (177 FW), Atlantic City IAP / Atlantic City ANGB, New Jersey, F-16 Fighting Falcon

Non-flying units
 101st Air and Space Operations Group (101 AOG), Tyndall AFB, Florida
 101st Information Operations Flight (101 IOF), Salt Lake City IAP / Roland R. Wright ANGB, Utah
 254th Combat Communications Group, Hensley Field (formerly NAS Dallas), Garland, Texas

New space-related responsibilities, 2021
On July 15, 2021, First Air Force, now AFSPACE, assumed the operational command and control of the Human Space Flight Support (HSFS) mission, previously carried out by the Combined Force Space Component Command at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California. This mission is executed by its assigned Detachment 3, First Air Force, based at Patrick Space Force Base, Florida.

Detachment 3, formerly commanded by Space Launch Delta 45, came under First Air Force control during a redesignation and change of command ceremony held at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida, that day. Air Force Lt. Gen. Kirk Pierce, commander, First Air Force, Continental U.S. NORAD Region, AFNORTH, and now AFSPACE, said First Air Force responsibilities now included '..to plan, train and execute worldwide rescue and recovery of NASA astronauts during contingency operations.'

Lineage
 Established as Northeast Air District on 19 October 1940
 Activated on 18 December 1940.
 Re-designated: 1 Air Force on 26 March 1941
 Re-designated: First Air Force on 18 September 1942
 Discontinued on 23 June 1958
 Activated on 20 January 1966
 Organized on 1 April 1966
 Inactivated on 31 December 1969
 Activated on 6 December 1985, assuming assets of Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (Inactivated)
 Re-designated First Air Force (ANG) on 1 October 1995
 Re-designated First Air Force (Air Forces Northern) on 1 November 2007.

Assignments
 General Headquarters Air Force (later, Air Force Combat Command), 18 Dec 1940
 Eastern Theater of Operations (later, Eastern Defense Command), 24 Dec 1941
 United States Army Air Forces, 17 Sep 1943
 Continental Air Forces, 16 Apr 1945
 Air Defense Command, 21 Mar 1946
 Continental Air Command, 1 Dec 1948 – 23 Jun 1958
 Air (later, Aerospace) Defense Command, 20 Jan 1966 – 31 Dec 1969
 Tactical Air Command, later Air Combat Command, 6 Dec 1985 onwards, at least until 24 March 2022.
 Air Forces Space (AFSPACE, USAF contribution to United States Space Command), 3 May 2022 – present

Major components
 15th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron: 3 February 1946.
 1st Sea-Search Attack Group (Medium): November 1943-10 April 1944.

Commands
 1 Air Force Service (later, 1 Air Force Base; 1 Base): 1 October 1941 – 13 May 1942
 1 Air Support (later, I Air Support; I Ground Air Support) Command: 1 September 1941 – 17 August 1942
 1 Bomber (later, I Bomber) Command: 5 September 1941 – 15 October 1942
 1 Bomber Command: 24 August 1943 – 21 March 1946
 1 Interceptor (later, I Interceptor; I Fighter) Command: 5 June 1941 – 21 March 1946
 XVI Air Force Service: 27 December 1946 – 1 April 1949
 XVII Air Force Service: 1 July 1948 – 23 February 1949
 XIX Air Force Service: 13 August 1948 – 23 February 1949.

Forces
 Air Forces Iceland: 6 December 1985 – 31 May 1993

Air Divisions

 3d Air Division (formerly, 98 Bombardment Wing; 3 Bombardment Wing): 20 Dec 1946 – 27 Jun 1949
 4th Air Division (formerly, 4 Combat Bombardment; 4 Bombardment Wing): 20 Dec 1946 – 27 Jun 1949
 90th Air Division (formerly, 90 Reconnaissance Wing): 20 Dec 1946 – 27 Jun 1949
 91st Air Division (formerly, 91 Reconnaissance Wing): 20 Dec 1946 – 27 Jun 1949
 12th Air Division: 1 Jul 1948 – 23 Feb 1949
 69th Air Division: 1 Jul 1948 – 23 Feb 1949
 26th Air Defense (later, 26 Air) Division: 16 Nov 1948 – 1 Apr 1949; 16 Nov 1949 – 1 Sep 1950 (detached 8 Dec 1949 – 1 Sep 1950); 6 Dec 1985 – 30 Sep 1990
 32d Air Division: 8 Dec 1949 – 1 Sep 1950 (detached 8 Dec 1949 – 19 Feb 1950); 1 Jul 1968 – 31 Dec 1969

 21st Air Division: 1 Apr 1966 – 31 Dec 1967
 33d Air Division: 1 Apr 1966 – 19 Nov 1969
 34th Air Division: 1 Apr 1966 – 31 Dec 1969
 35th Air Division: 1 Apr 1966 – 19 Nov 1969
 36th Air Division: 1 Apr 1966 – 30 Sep 1969
 37th Air Division: 1 Apr 1966 – 1 Dec 1969
 29th Air Division: 15 September – 19 November 1969
 23d Air Division: 19 November – 1 December 1969; 6 Dec 1985 – 1 Jul 1987
 24th Air Division: 6 Dec 1985 – 30 Sep 1990
 25th Air Division: 6 Dec 1985 – 30 Sep 1990

Districts
 1 Air Reserve District: 1 Dec 1951 – 1 Apr 1954

Centers
 1 Airborne Engineer Aviation Unit Training Center: 1 Apr 1943 – 10 Apr 1944
 Combined Air Defense Training Center: 4 Aug 1943 – 15 Jul 1944
 Eastern Signal Aviation Unit Training Center: 12 Mar 1943 – 12 Feb 1944
 USAF Air Defense Weapons Center: 6 Dec 1985 – 12 Sep 1991
 601st Air and Space Operations Center: 1 Nov 2007 – present
 Air Force Rescue Coordination Center: 27 Apr 2007 – present
 Civil Air Patrol: 26 June 2016 – present

Sectors
 Northwest Air Defense Sector, 1 October 1990 – 31 December 1994
 Western Air Defense Sector, 1 January 1995–present
 Southeast Air Defense Sector, 1 October 1990 – 31 December 1994
 Southwest Air Defense Sector, 1 October 1990 – 31 December 1994

Wings and squadrons
 551st Airborne Early Warning and Control Wing, 1 April 1966 – 4 December 1969
 701st Air Operations Squadron, 1990 - 1 November 2007

Stations
 Mitchel Field, New York, 18 December 1940
 Fort Slocum (later, Slocum AFB), New York, 3 June 1946
 Mitchel AFB, New York, 17 October 1949 – 23 June 1958
 Stewart AFB, New York, 1 April 1966 – 31 December 1969
 Langley AFB, Virginia, 6 December 1985
 Tyndall AFB, Florida, 12 September 1991–present

List of commanders

See also
 Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces First Air Force

References

Sources

 Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .
 Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .
  A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946 – 1980, by Lloyd H. Cornett and Mildred W. Johnson, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado

External links
 First Air Force Factsheet
AFNORTH Flight Plan 2012
FAS.org: Air Force Doctrine Document 2–10, 21 March 2006

01
01
American Theater of World War II
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations in Florida
Space units and formations of the United States Air Force

First Air Force


روبرت سبنسر  هو مدون وكاتب مسيحي أمريكي من أصول تركية كاثوليكية، لمقالات وكتب لها علاقة بالإسلام. يظهر سبنسر في كثير من الأحيان على شبكة فوكس نيوز وقد أعطى مؤتمرات إلى العديد من وحدات إنفاذ القانون في الولايات المتحدة.

سبنسر، والذي يعتبر نفسه خبيرا في «الإسلام الراديكالي» نشر له عدد من الكتب حول هذا الموضوع بما في ذلك اثنين دخلا في قائمة نيويورك تايمز للأكثر مبيعا. في عام 2003 أسس جهاد ووتش، وهي مدونة وصفها بأنها تحتوي على «أخبار الجهاد الدولي، والتعليق عليه» وهي مخصصة وفقا له لـ «توجيه انتباه الجمهور إلى دور الجهاد والعقيدة في العالم الحديث، وتصحيح المفاهيم الخاطئة الشائعة عن دور الجهاد والدين في الصراعات الحديثة».

كما شارك في تأسيس جماعة ضد المسلمين وهي «أوقفوا أسلمة أمريكا» (SIOA)، أو«مبادرة الدفاع عن الحرية الأمريكية» مع المدونة باميلا جيلر، والتي شارك معها أيضا في تأليف كتاب ما بعد الرئاسة الأمريكية: حرب إدارة أوباما على أمريكا.

تم وصف وجهات نظره بأنها معادية للإسلام أو كارهة للإسلام سبنسر يصف نفسه بأنه «النوع الجيد من معادي الإسلام». في عام 2013، منعت وزارة الداخلية البريطانية سبنسر وجيلر من السفر إلى المملكة المتحدة لمدة 3 إلى 5 سنوات بسبب «ذكر تصريحات قد تعزز الكراهية والتي قد تؤدي إلى العنف الطائفي».

اتهم مؤخرًا بالتأثير على أندرس بريفيك للقيام بمذبحة أوسلو عن طريق منشورات مدونته العنصرية والمعادية للمسلمين.

حياته السابقة
تم تعميد سبنسر في الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية اليونانية وانضم إلى كنيسة الروم الملكيين الكاثوليك في عام 1984 في مقابلة عام 2006، ذكر سبنسر أن أجداده أجبروا على الهجرة من منطقة هي الآن جزء من تركيا لأنهم كانوا مسيحيين. وفقًا لمقابلة أجريت عام 2010 في مجلة نيويورك، عمل والد سبنسر في إذاعة صوت أمريكا خلال الحرب الباردة، وفي أيام شبابه، عمل سبنسر في شركة ريفيلوشين بوكس، وهي مكتبة ماوية في مدينة نيويورك أسسها روبرت أفاكيان.

حصل سبنسر على درجة الماجستير عام 1986 في الدراسات الدينية من جامعة نورث كارولينا في تشابل هيل. كانت أطروحة الماجستير في التاريخ الكاثوليكي. قال إنه يدرس علم اللاهوت والشريعة والتاريخ الإسلامي منذ عام 1980. عمل في مراكز الفكر لأكثر من 20 عامًا، وفي 2002-2003 كان زميلًا مساعدًا في مؤسسة الكونجرس الحر. عين سبنسر بول ويريش، وهو أيضًا ملكي كاثوليكي، كمرشد لكتاباته عن الإسلام. كتب سبنسر، «لقد علمني بول ويريش الكثير، بالكلمة وبالقدوة، حول كيفية التعامل بشكل شخصي ومهني مع الافتراءات والتشهير التي تشكل جانبًا يوميًا من هذا العمل».

تعرض سبنسر لانتقادات من قبل رجال الدين في الكنيسة الكاثوليكية بسبب آرائه حول الإسلام. ترك الكنيسة في عام 2016 ليعود إلى الكنيسة الأرثوذكسية اليونانية نتيجة «تفكير شخصي ودراسة تاريخية».

الآراء حول الإسلام
سبنسر معروف بآرائه المعادية للمسلمين. يصف نفسه بأنه من "النوع" الجيد"من الإسلاموفبيا، ويعلق على الإسلام الراديكالي.

سبنسر لا يعتقد أن الإسلام التقليدي هو «بطبيعته إرهابي» ولكن يقول أنه يمكنه إثبات أن «الإسلام التقليدي يحتوي على عنف وعناصر تمييزية»، وأن «مختلف مدارسه بالإجماع تحض على الحرب ضد وإخضاع الكافرين». إلا أنه يرفض فكرة أن جميع المسلمين بالضرورة عنيفين. وقال أن من بين المسلمين المعتدلين «هناك بعض الذين يحاولون جعل نظرية وممارسة الإسلام من شأنها أن تسمح بالتعايش السلمي مع الكفار على قدم المساواة.»

سبنسر شارك في تأسيس وقف أسلمة أمريكا (SIOA)، ومبادرة الدفاع عن الحرية الأمريكية (AFDI) مع باميلا جيلر في عام 2010. كلتا المنظمتين تم تصنيفهما على أنهما جماعات كارهة من قبل رابطة مكافحة التشهير ومركز قانون الحاجة الجنوبي.
في تموز / يوليه 2011، ذكرت وايرد أن اثنين من كتب سبنسر مدرجان في كتب التدريب الخاصة بمكتب التحقيقات الفدرالي. كل من كتابي الحقيقة حول محمد والدليل غير الصحيح سياسيا للإسلام كانا يوصى بهما لوكلاء المكتب «لمساعدتهم على فهم الإسلام».

في عام 2009، ألقى سبنسر باللوم على الرئيس آنذاك باراك أوباما في الشائعات الكاذبة بأن أوباما كان "مسلمًا سريًا".

استشهد أندرس بريفيك، المسلح النرويجي الذي يقف وراء الهجمات الإرهابية في النرويج عام 2011 والتي أسفرت عن مقتل 77، بسبنسر 64 مرة في بيانه وكتب عنه، «عن الإسلام أوصي بشكل أساسي بكل ما كتبه روبرت سبنسر». أدان سبنسر بريفيك وقال إن وسائل الإعلام ألقى باللوم عليه ظلماً في الهجوم.

قضايا جدلية
في 20 ديسمبر 2006، أعلنت حكومة باكستان فرض حظر على كتاب سبنسر الحقيقة حول محمد، مع ذكر «مواد غير لائقة» كسبب للقرار.

تم حظر Onward Muslim Soldiers في ماليزيا في 12 يوليو 2007.

في عام 2009، طلبت من سبنسر المشاركة في دورة عن الإسلام والمسلمين بعنوان «وجهات نظر حول الإسلام: ما وراء النمطية» في الاجتماع السنوي لعام 2009 لجمعية المكتبات الأمريكية والتي كانت برعاية ALA's Ethnic & Multicultural Information Exchange Round Table (EMIERT). بعد أن أثيرت اعتراضات من قبل الأعضاء والجمهور، انسحب المتحدثون الثلاثة الآخرون احتجاجا وتم إلغاء الجلسة في نهاية المطاف.

خلال الحرب على غزة 2014 تم اتهام سبنسر بنشر فيديو تضليلي معادي للفلسطينيين. الفيديو كان قد نشر في البداية من قبل باميلا جيلر، وادعى بصورة غير دقيقة أنه يمثل «حماس» وهي تزور عدد الضحايا الذين قتلتهم إسرائيل، بينما كان الفيديو لمظاهرة مصرية يتظاهر المشاركون فيها بالموت (die-in) بصورة احتجاجية (في جريدة البديل المصرية). روبرت سبنسر كتب ""كما قال محمد، الحرب خدعة. «وهنا المزيد من بروباجاندا الضحية الفلسطينية المكشوفة. غير أن وسائل الإعلام الدولية و'مجتمع حقوق الإنسان' العالمي لن يأخذ أي موقف. الفيديو بفضل باميلا جيلر.» بعد أن قامت البديل بإزالة الفيديو من حساب يوتيوب جيلر بسبب انتهاك حقوق الطبع والنشر، كتبت البديل أن عدم قدرة سبنسر وجيلر على التمييز بين احتجاج "die-in" (تظاهر بالموت) وبين جنازة إسلامية إما يجعلهما «غير كفء للكلام عن الإسلام أو يجعلهما كذابين محترفين.»

في تقرير إخباري في تشرين الأول / أكتوبر 2010، وصف تقرير تحقيقي من The Tennessean سبنسر باعتباره واحدا من الأفراد الذين «... يعملون على نشر الكراهية والخوف من الإسلام». خلص تقرير Tennessean إلى «ملفات من عام 2008 تظهر أن روبرت سبنسر حصل على 132,537 دولار من مركز ديفيد هورويتز للحرية، وربح هورويتز أكثر من 400,000 دولار لنفسه في عام واحد فقط».

سبنسر تمت دعوته إلى أن يكون متحدثا في مؤتمر كاثوليكي في أبرشية ووستر في 16 مارس 2013. قرر الأسقف روبرت جوزيف مكمانوس بعد ذلك إلغاء الدعوة.

قال سبنسر إن «شابا يساريا آيسلنديا» قام بتسميمه في عام 2017 في ريكيافيك بأيسلندا. كما انتقد سبنسر الطبيب الذي عالجته والشرطة التي قامت بالتحقيق.

الحظر من دخول المملكة المتحدة
في 26 يونيو 2013، تم منع سبنسر وباميلا جيلر من دخول المملكة المتحدة. وكان من المقرر أن يتحدثا في مسيرة لرابطة الدفاع الإنجليزية في ولويتش، جنوب لندن حيث تعرض الطبال لي ريجبي للقتل. أبلغت وزيرة الداخلية تيريزا ماي سبنسر وجيلر أن وجودهما في المملكة المتحدة «لن يكون في الصالح العام».

رسالة من وزارة الداخلية البريطانية ذكرت أن هذا القرار يستند إلى قول سبنسر أن:

«[الإسلام] دين أو نظام إيمان يفرض حربا ضد الكفار لغرض إنشاء نموذج اجتماعي يتعارض تماما مع المجتمع الغربي... بسبب عدم رغبة الإعلام الحكومي والعامة في مواجهة مصادر الإرهاب الإسلامي، هذه الأشياء لا تزال مجهولة إلى حد كبير.»

انظر أيضًا

 قائمة الكتب المحظورة من قبل الحكومات
 مبادرة كلمة سواء

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص محظورو الدخول إلى المملكة المتحدة
أمريكيون معادون للشيوعية
أمريكيون من أصل أرثوذكسي أنطاكي
رهاب الإسلام في الولايات المتحدة
خريجو جامعة ولاية كارولينا الشمالية في تشابل هيل
روم أرثوذكس أمريكيون
كاثوليك شرقيون أمريكيون
كتاب سياسة أمريكيون
كتاب غير روائيين أمريكيون في القرن 21
كتاب غير روائيين ذكور أمريكيون
مدونون أمريكيون
مدونون ومدونات أمريكيون
مسيحيون شرق أوسطيون
معارضة الإسلام في الولايات المتحدة
منظرو مؤامرة أمريكيون
مواليد 1962
نقاد أمريكيون للإسلام
نقاد مسيحيون للإسلام
نقد الإسلاموية

روبرت سبنسر


1 Mayıs İşçi ve Emekçiler Bayramı, işçi ve emekçiler tarafından dünya çapında kutlanan, birlik, dayanışma ve haksızlıklarla mücadele günü. Dünya üzerindeki pek çok ülkede, resmî tatil olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Tarihçe

İlk kez 1856'da Avustralya'nın Melbourne kentinde taş ve inşaat işçileri, günde sekiz saatlik iş günü için Melbourne Üniversitesinden Parlamento Evi'ne kadar bir yürüyüş düzenlediler.

1 Mayıs 1886'da Amerika İşçi Sendikaları Konfederasyonu önderliğinde işçiler günde 12 saat, haftada 6 gün olan çalışma takvimine karşı, günlük 8 saatlik çalışma talebiyle iş bıraktılar. Chicago'da yapılan gösterilere yarım milyon işçi katıldı. Luizvil'de (Kentaki) 6 binden fazla siyah ve beyaz işçi, birlikte yürüdü. O dönemde Luizvil'deki parklar, siyahlara kapalıydı. İşçiler, sokaklarda yürüdükten sonra hep birlikte Ulusal Park'a girdi. Her eyalet ve kentte, siyah ve beyaz işçilerin birlikte yaptığı gösteriler, gazeteler tarafından, 'Böylece önyargı duvarı yıkılmış oldu' şeklinde yorumlanmıştı. Bu gösteriler 1 Mayıs'ı izleyen günlerde tüm harareti ile devam etti ve 4 Mayıs'ta kanlı Haymarket Olayı'na yol açtı. Uygulanan yasal baskılarla bu gösterinin tekrarlanması engellendi. 14 Temmuz-21 Temmuz 1889'da toplanan İkinci Enternasyonal'de Fransız bir işçi temsilcisinin önerisiyle 1 Mayıs gününün tüm dünyada "Birlik, mücadele ve dayanışma günü" olarak kutlanmasına karar verildi. Böylece ikinci gösteri 1890 yılında yapılabildi.

Zamanla 8 saatlik iş günü birçok ülkede resmen kabul edildi. 1 Mayıs böylece işçilerin birlik ve dayanışmasını yansıtan bir bayram niteliğini kazandı. Günümüzde sosyalist ülkelerde (Çin, Kuzey Kore, Vietnam, Laos, Küba, Venezuela, Nepal, Bolivya) ve daha birçok ülkede tatil günü olan 1 Mayıs'ı işçiler büyük kitle gösterileriyle kutlar; bazı ülkelerde 1 Mayıs siyasal bir eylem biçimini de alır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'de 1 Mayıs İşçi Bayramı
 Kanlı 1 Mayıs
 1 Mayıs Marşı

Galeri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 1 Mayıs'ın Doğuşu
 1 Mayıs 1977'yi yaşayanlar anlatıyor
 Resmi Gazete - 27 Nisan 2009
 1 Mayıs 1977 Olayları

Mayıs'ta belirli gün ve haftalar
Rusya'da bayramlar
Türkiye'deki resmî tatiller
Anma günleri
Sovyetler Birliği'nde bayramlar
Ukrayna'da bayramlar
Birleşik Krallık'taki bayramlar
Antikapitalizm
Anarşizm tarihi
Sendikalizm
İsveç'te bayramlar

1 Mayıs İşçi Bayramı


Nataliia Morkvych (en ), née le  à Lviv, est une escrimeuse handisport ukrainienne. Elle participe aux compétitions individuelles en catégorie A (avec équilibre du tronc). Elle est médaillée d'argent aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2020.

Carrière

Jeunesse
Morkvych naît en  à Lviv. Sa jambe gauche est amputée alors qu'elle a quinze ans après un accident de la route en scooter. Deux ans plus tard, alors qu'elle est remise et qu'elle vient tout juste d'obtenir sa première prothèse. Au lycée, elle décide de participer à une séance de sport pour handicapés en pensant avoir le choix entre différent sports. Finalement, on ne lui propose que l'escrime en fauteuil roulant. Elle refuse dans un premier temps, effrayée par l'idée de monter dans un fauteuil, mais elle décide finalement de tenter sa chance. La première séance se déroule bien, elle continue donc, avec les encouragement du maitre d'armes Andrii Demchuk.

Elle est diplômée de l'université de Lviv en journalisme.

Carrière
Sa première compétition mondiale est une épreuve de coupe du monde non loin de son pays de résidence, à Minsk (Biélorussie), en 2009.

Après quelques années sans récompense particulière au fleuret, elle se tourne davantage à nouveau vers cette arme en 2019. Cette même année, elle remporte pour la première fois une médaille dans cette catégorie, le bronze en individuel à Cheongju. Pour autant, elle ne laisse pas totalement tomber le sabre puisqu'elle le pratique lors des  de Charjah, au cours desquels elle remporte l'argent.

Avec un palmarès déjà important, elle décroche sa première médaille paralympique en 2020 à Tokyo. Elle fait également partie, avec Yevheniia Breus, Olena Fedota et Nataliia Mandryk, de l'équipe médaillée d'argent à l'épée en tant que première remplaçante mais ne prend pas part au match de la finale et n'obtient donc pas de médaille.

Palmarès

 Jeux paralympiques
  Médaille d'argent au fleuret individuel aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2020 à Tokyo

 Championnats du monde
  Médaille d'or au sabre par équipes aux championnats du monde 2017 à Rome
  Médaille d'or au sabre individuel aux championnats du monde 2017 à Rome
  Médaille d'argent au sabre individuel aux championnats du monde 2013 à Budapest
  Médaille d'argent au sabre par équipes aux championnats du monde 2021 à Varsovie
  Médaille de bronze au fleuret individuel aux championnats du monde 2019 à Cheongju
  Médaille de bronze au sabre par équipes aux championnats du monde 2019 à Cheongju

 Jeux mondiaux
  Médaille d'argent au sabre individuel aux Jeux mondiaux de 2019 à Charjah

 Coupe du monde (sabre  A)
 Numéro 1 au classement mondial sur la saison 2018-2019
  Médaille d'or en individuel dans des épreuves de coupe du monde : Eger 2014 et 2018 ; Varsovie 2016 ; Tbilisi 2018
  Médaille d'argent en individuel dans des épreuves de coupe du monde : Varsovie 2014, 2015, 2017 et 2021 ; Hong Kong 2014 ; Montréal 2015 ; Paris 2015 ; Charjah 2015 ; Eger 2016 et 2020 ; Laval 2016 ; Sao Paulo 2019
  Médaille de bronze en individuel dans des épreuves de coupe du monde : Lonato 2013 ; Pise 2015 et 2018 ; Eger 2017 ; Pise 2017 ; Stadskanaal 2017 ; Varsovie 2018 et 2019 ; Kyoto 2018

 Coupe du monde (fleuret  A)
 Numéro 1 au classement mondial sur la saison 2020-2021
  Médaille d'or en individuel dans des épreuves de coupe du monde : Pise 2017 ; Varsovie 2021
  Médaille d'argent en individuel dans des épreuves de coupe du monde : Paris 2015 ; Pise 2018 ; Amsterdam 2019 ; Eger 2020
  Médaille de bronze en individuel dans des épreuves de coupe du monde : Varsovie 2015 ; Charjah 2015 ; Eger 2017 et 2018 ; Stadskanaal 2017 ; Tbilisi 2018 ; Sao Paulo 2019

 Championnats d'Europe
  Médaille d'or au sabre individuel aux championnats d'Europe 2014 à Strasbourg
  Médaille d'or au sabre individuel aux championnats d'Europe 2016 à Turin
  Médaille d'or au sabre par équipes aux championnats d'Europe 2016 à Turin
  Médaille d'or au sabre individuel aux championnats d'Europe 2018 à Terni
  Médaille d'or au sabre par équipes aux championnats d'Europe 2018 à Terni
  Médaille d'argent au fleuret par équipes aux championnats d'Europe 2014 à Strasbourg
  Médaille d'argent au fleuret individuel aux championnats d'Europe 2016 à Turin
  Médaille d'argent au fleuret individuel aux championnats d'Europe 2014 à Strasbourg

Décorations
  (2020)
 Médaille pour le travail et la victoire (2021)

Références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en janvier 1992
Naissance à Lviv
Escrimeuse handisport ukrainienne
Fleurettiste ukrainienne
Médaillée d'argent paralympique ukrainienne
Escrimeuse aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2020

Nataliia Morkvych


Obscurant ist eine finnische Death-Metal-Band aus Jyväskylä, die im Jahr 2000 gegründet wurde.

Geschichte
Die Band wurde ursprünglich gegen Ende des Jahres 2000 als Soloprojekt von Gitarrist und Sänger Mynni Luukkainen gegründet. Kurze Zeit später kamen jedoch noch weitere Mitglieder zur Band, die die Besetzung vervollständigten. Im Herbst 2001 erreichte die Band einen Vertrag mit Woodcut Records und begann mit den Arbeiten zum Debütalbum. Die Aufnahmen dazu fanden im Sundi-Coop Studio im März und April 2002 statt. Das Aufnehmen und Abmischen der Lieder dauerte insgesamt zwei Wochen. Das Album Lifeform: Dead erschien noch im selben Jahr.

Gegen Ende 2003 verließ Honkonen die Band, sodass Luukkainen für das zweite Album den Bass übernahm. Die Aufnahmen dazu fanden im August 2004 statt. Nach zweieinhalb Wochen wurde das Album First Degree Suicide fertiggestellt. Im Winter 2005 kam Viljanen als Bassist zur Band. Nachdem das Album veröffentlicht worden war, folgten Auftritte in ganz Finnland. Im Sommer 2006 verließen Järvinen und Kaakkolahti die Band. Ein paar Monate später kam Rautio als neuer Gitarrist zur Besetzung. Als neuer Schlagzeuger kam im Frühling 2007 Pakkanen hinzu.

Stil
Die Band spielt eine Mischung aus Doom- und Death-Metal, wobei die Musik mit den Werken von Rapture verglichen wird.

Diskografie
 2002: Lifeform: Dead (Album, Woodcut Records)
 2005: First Degree Suicide (Album, Woodcut Records)

Weblinks
 Obscurant bei Myspace

Einzelnachweise

Death-Doom-Band
Finnische Band

Obscurant


Sarah Miles (født 31. december 1941) er en engelsk teater- og filmskuespiller. Datter af en velhavende forretningsmand, begyndte hun at studere i en alder af femten på Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Hun filmdebuterede i 1962 som en frivol skolepige, der forfører skolens rektor, der spilles af Laurence Olivier i filmen Farligt forår. I 1960'erne og 1970'erne blev hun anset for en af Storbritanniens mest lovende skuespillere.

Privatliv
Hun var gift med dramatikeren Robert Bolt, først 1967-1975 og derefter fra 1988 til sin død i 1995.

Filmografi (udvalg)
 1962 – Farligt forår
 1963 – Snylteren
 1965 – Disse prægtige mænd i deres flyvende maskiner, eller hvordan jeg fløj fra London til Paris på 25 timer og 11 minutter
 1966 – Blowup
 1970 – Ryans datter
 1972 – Lady Caroline's elsker
 1973 – Vildmarkens lovløse
 1978 – Marlowe går til sagen
 1984 – Forsinket alibi
 1987 – Farligt forfald
 1987 – Hope and Glory

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra England
Englændere i 1900-tallet

Sarah Miles


قصر المشور أو القصر الملكي الزياني: شيَّد يغمراسن بن زيان قصر المشور في أوائل القرن الثالث عشر عند مغادرته القصر المرابطي الذي كان موازيا للجامع الأعظم، فقد وصف التنسي منازله الجليلة وحدائقه النضرة، هدم بعض حجراته باي الجزائر، إثر ثورة قام بها التلمسانيون على الحاكمين، ثم قضى على مابقي منها الفرنسيون سنة 1843 هدموه واتخذوه معسكرا إلا أنهم تركوا صومعة قصيرة جميلة تدل على أنه كان للقصر مسجدا.

تاريخ

جاء اختيار «تلمسان عاصمة الثقافة الإسلامية» سنة 2011، لكون هذه المدينة من الحواضر الإسلامية العريقة، فهي عاصمة الزيانيين، وهي مهوى أفئدة العلماء والمرابطين والأولياء الصالحين.
ومن المعالم الأثرية التي تقف إلى اليوم شاهدة على عراقة تلمسان "قلعة المشور" التي تتوسّط المدينة، ولا يستطيع زائرو عاصمة الزيانيين تجاهلها، أو إتمام الزيارة من دون التجوُّل داخل هذه القلعة الضخمة.
تقول الكثير من المصادر التاريخية، إنّ هذه القلعة أسّسها المرابطون على عهد يوسف بن تاشفين، خلال الحصار الذي ضربوه على مدينة أغادير من أجل السيطرة عليها، وذلك في القرن الحادي عشر للميلاد، وهناك من يقول إنّ بني زيان هم الذين بنوه في القرن الرابع عشر للميلاد، وبحسب بعض المؤرخين، فإنّ كلمة "المشور" تعني المكان الذي يعقد فيه السلطان أمير المسلمين اجتماعاته مع وزرائه وكتّابه وضُبّاطه لمناقشة شؤون الدولة، والتشاور في أمور الرعية وقت السلم ووقت الحرب.
وتضمُّ القلعةُ قصرَ المشور، وهو القصر الوحيد المتبقّي من أربعة قصور كانت تشكّل فيما مضى قلعة المشور، وهي "دار الملك" و"دار أبي فهر" و"دار السرور" و"دار الراحة". وبحسب ما تذهب إليه العديد من المراجع التاريخية، فإنّ الأمير عبد القادر الجزائري أقام بهذا القصر مدة أربع سنوات كاملة خلال توقيع معاهدة تافنة مع الجنرال الفرنسي بيجو، ثم خرج عنه بعد نقض الفرنسيين لتلك المعاهدة.
وفي فترة الاحتلال الفرنسي، تمّ تحويل القلعة إلى ثكنة عسكرية، وأُزيلت العديد من الآثار التاريخية التي كانت موجودة بها، كما حُوّل القصر إلى مستشفى عسكري.
ويُلاحظ الزائر للقصر أنّه يتكوّن من جناحين خُصّصا لإقامة الملك، أحدهما مهيّأٌ لفصل الصيف، وهو مبنيٌّ بالطين، بشكل يجعله باردا ومنعشا على مدار الفصل، وجناحٌ آخر يقيم فيه الملك في فصل الشتاء، وهو مبنيٌّ بالحجارة التي تجعل الجناح دافئا على مدار فصل الشتاء، وهي هندسة معمارية فريدة من نوعها كانت ترتكز على حسابات شروق الشمس وغروبها.
ويضمُّ الجناح الخاص بفصل الصيف، ممرّا سريّا، كان الملك يستخدمه عند الخروج لأداء الصلاة في المسجد الكبير، للاختفاء عن أعين العامة من الناس، كما كان يستخدمه كذلك في أوقات النزاعات والحروب، وكان يتّسع لمروره على ظهر جواده، كما يُلاحظ في قصر المشور زخرفة عربية إسلامية، تتكرّرُ فيها جملة واحدة على كلّ الجدران، وفي جميع الغرف والأجنحة، وهي "العزُّ القائم بالله.. الملك القائم بالله".
تقع قلعة المشور على مساحة تصل إلى حوالي كيلومترين مربعين، وهي في شكل مستطيل من الغرب إلى الشرق. وكانت القلعة تضمُّ، إضافة إلى قصر السلطان، حمامات ومنازل وحدائق، وأيضا الجامع الذي يقع في الزاوية الجنوبية الغربية.
وبحسب عدد من المراجع التاريخية، فإنّه ليس هناك تاريخ محدّدٌ لبناء هذا المسجد، غير أنّ تأسيسه تمّ، على ما يبدو، عقب بناء القلعة بمدة، ويُقال إنّ تاريخ بنائه كان عام 517 للهجرة، الموافق لـ 1124م، على عهد يوسف بن تاشفين، وهناك من يقول إنّ بني زيان هم الذين بنوه في القرن الرابع عشر للميلاد.
يقع مسجد المشور على أرض مستوية، وقد شارك في نهضة تلمسان الثقافية والحضارية بشكل كبير، حيث استقبل عددا كبيرا من العلماء الكبار الذين درسوا فيه ورابطوا للوعظ والإرشاد، وتخرّجت على أيديهم أجيالٌ من طلبة العلم والأدباء والمحدّثين. وما يُؤكد دور هذا الجامع الريادي في الحركة الفكرية والعلمية لتلمسان قُربه من قصور الأمراء والسلاطين الذين عُرفوا في تلك الفترة بتقريب العلماء والفقهاء وأهل العلم والأدب.
وقد واصل المسجد دوره الديني والثقافي طيلة قرون طويلة، إلى غاية الاحتلال الفرنسي لتلمسان سنة 1840م، وهو التاريخ الذي كان منعرجا حاسما في مهام هذا المسجد الذي حوّله الفرنسيون إلى كنيسة، حيث أزالوا سقفه وجدّدوه ليأخذ شكل كنيسة.
وبقي المسجد مدة من الزمن على تلك الحال، إلى أن ركّز الاحتلال الفرنسي وجوده بتلمسان، وكثُر العنصر الأوروبي المسيحي، ما أدّى إلى تأسيس العديد من الكنائس خارج (قلعة المشور)، واستغنى الفرنسيون فيما بعد عن كنيسة المشور، وتحوّلت إلى مخزن ومستودع تابعين للمستشفى العسكري. وما إن تحرّرت الجزائر، حتى عاد المسجد إلى وظيفته الدينية الإسلامية التي ما يزال يقوم بها إلى يوم الناس هذا، إلى جانب العشرات من المساجد الشامخة العامرة التي تنتشر عبر أحياء مدينة تلمسان العريقة وأزقّتها.

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بنو زيان
تلمسان
عمارة مغاربية
قصور الجزائر
مبان ومنشآت في ولاية تلمسان

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